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tomekkorbak

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pii-pile-chunk3-1500000-1550000

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[ "I just spoke to Peter and in order for him to finalize his memo regarding the \nresults of our due diligence review, we need to get copies of the contracts \nwith Bob Campbell and Ganady Batrak referred to below. ", "So far, we have not \nhad any luck. ", " Any help any of you can provide in locating these would be \ngreatly appreciated. ", " \n\nAnne C. Koehler\nSr. ", "Counsel, ENA\nEB 3839\n713-853-3448\n----- Forwarded by Anne C Koehler/HOU/ECT on 01/23/2001 01:38 PM -----\n\n\tAnne C Koehler\n\t01/23/2001 10:48 AM\n\t\t\n\t\t To: Greg Piper/Corp/Enron@ENRON\n\t\t cc: Mark S Palmer/NA/Enron@Enron, Rex Shelby/NA/Enron@Enron, Mark \nTaylor/HOU/ECT@ECT, Andy Zipper/Corp/Enron@Enron\n\t\t Subject: Re: Offline update - legal, technology, demo\n\nPeter Mims is preparing a memo to me that will confirm our findings on the IP \nissues based on the contracts we have reviewed and the meeting we had \nyesterday. ", " I should get a copy of it today and will circulate it once it is \nfinalized. ", " I will also prepare a list of the contracts we have reviewed. ", " I \nam still collecting a few agreements (Ganady Batrak's prior service agreement \nand Bob Campbells agreement) and will also be collecting copies of our \nagreements with Enron Net Works employees for review. ", " \n\nWith respect to the NDA's, they have all been drafted and it is my \nunderstanding that they were sent to our counterparties last week. ", " Oracle \nhas already signed an NDA and I have a copy if you would like to have it. ", " I \nwould suggest that before we have further conversations with Oracle that we \nconsider asking them to also sign a non-solicitation agreement with us. ", " The \nNDA with Oracle is the only NDA that does not contain a non-solicitation \nprovision. ", " \n\nIn order to facilitate getting the rest of NDA's signed as quickly as \npossible, I would suggest that Rex ask each of his contacts for the name and \nphone number of the legal counsel reviewing the agreement and I will give \nthem a call and find out if they have any issues that need to be resolved. ", " \nObviously the i2 contract should be our priority.", "\n\nFYI- I received a call from the contact at PriceWaterhouseCoopers and we will \nsend him a NDA directly.", "\n\nAnne C. Koehler\nSr. ", "Counsel, ENA\nEB 3839\n713-853-3448\n\n\n\n\tGreg Piper@ENRON\n\t01/23/2001 10:28 AM\n\t\t \n\t\t To: Anne C Koehler/HOU/ECT@ECT\n\t\t cc: Mark S Palmer/NA/Enron@Enron\n\t\t Subject: Re: Offline update - legal, technology, demo\n\nFYI\n\nI forgot to include you on this.", "\n\nThanks.", "\n\nGP\n---------------------- Forwarded by Greg Piper/Corp/Enron on 01/23/2001 10:23 \nAM ---------------------------\nFrom: Greg Piper on 01/23/2001 10:17 AM\nTo: Mark S Palmer/NA/Enron@Enron\ncc: Rex Shelby/NA/Enron@Enron, Andy Zipper/Corp/Enron@Enron, David \nForster/Corp/Enron@Enron, Mark Taylor/HOU/ECT@ECT, Marc \nEichmann/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Jay Webb/HOU/ECT@ECT \nSubject: Re: Offline update - legal, technology, demo \n\nSounds good so far.", "\n\nWhat I want by the end of today is a complete inventory of legal contracts \nreviewed and a final risk memo completed by Enron and outside council. ", " We \nneed to make sure we have a complete list of agreements, that they have all \nbeen reviewed and that any risks found are summarized in a memo and we need \nit done today so we can make sure we can keep our i2 meeting Thursday.", "\n\nI also want the technology audit summary completed today for the same reasons \nas the legal audit above. ", " I want clear documentation that the system is \nseverable, what was audited and that we know if we are going to have any \nissues upon a due diligence.", "\n\nI also want a completed update of the NDA list by this afternoon. ", " What stage \nwe are in, if there are issues, etc. ", " We need the i2 NDA signed today. ", " We \nwill cancel the meeting with them Thursday if it is not signed and in our \nhands very soon. ", " I would like the Oracle one done in the next few days and \nthe IBM one done as soon as possible. ", " \n\nLet's meet at the end of today to finalize these three issues.", "\n\nI will see you at 2 PM for the demo.", "\n\nThanks.", "\n\nGP\n\n\n\n\n\nMark S Palmer\n01/23/2001 09:04 AM\nTo: Greg Piper/Corp/Enron@Enron, Rex Shelby/NA/Enron@Enron\ncc: Laura Howenstine/NA/Enron@Enron, Brandon Wax/HOU/ECT@ECT, Marc \nEichmann/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Dovie Keprta/NA/Enron@Enron, Anne C \nKoehler/HOU/ECT@ECT, Mark Taylor/HOU/ECT@ECT, David Forster/Corp/Enron@Enron, \nAndy Zipper/Corp/Enron@Enron \nSubject: Offline update - legal, technology, demo\n\nLegal\n- Peter Mims of Vinson & Elkins is the outside counsel who will be working on \nthe deal\n- The team met Monday at 11:30am - Jay, Andy, Dave F., John P, Mark P, Anne \nK, and Peter\n- Everything looks OK-- no problems anticipated\n- Action items\n - Need to obtain copies of two contractor agreements: Bob Campbell, Ganadi \nBatrak\n - Need to verify that all employees who have worked on Offline have signed \nemployment agreements\n - Need to resolve provisional patent filings\n- Peter will produce a memo assessing risk\n\nTechnology\n- An summary of Jay and Kevin's audit work should be done today.", "\n- Need to define data room contents and location\n\nDemo\n- Demo script is in draft form.", "\n- The first review of the draft demo is today at 2:00pm in Greg W's old office\n- Conference call today at 11:30am to review demo set-up with Oracle's \ntechnical contact." ]

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[ "2. ", "Provide to the Coordinator appropriate recent medical, psychological, psycho-educational,or neuro-psychologicaldocumentation that substantiate the accommodation request. ", "Guidelines are available on the Disabilities Webpage at the website in listed in the previous step (#1).", "\n\nIf you have questions please contact Kelly Flynn at the Center for Teaching and Learning (ctl@endicott.edu).", "\n\n* Required\n\nStudent First Name\n*\n\nThis is a required question\n\nStudent Last Name\n*\n\nThis is a required question\n\nStudent Endicott ID Number\n*\n\nThis is a required question\n\nStudent Endicott Email Address\n*\n\nThis is a required question\n\nStudent Cell Phone Number\n*\n\nThis is a required question\n\nStudent Cell Phone Provider\n*\n\nThis question is required to enable us to send text messages to you throughout the year." ]

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[ "A Computational Framework to Model Degradation of Biocorrodible Metal Stents Using an Implicit Finite Element Solver.", "\nBioresorbable stents represent an emerging technological development within the field of cardiovascular angioplasty. ", "Their temporary presence avoids long-term side effects of non-degradable stents such as in-stent restenosis, late stent thrombosis and fatigue induced strut fracture. ", "Several numerical modelling strategies have been proposed to evaluate the transitional mechanical characteristics of biodegradable stents using a continuum damage framework. ", "However, these methods rely on an explicit finite-element integration scheme which, in combination with the quasi-static nature of many simulations involving stents and the small element size needed to model corrosion mechanisms, results in a high computational cost. ", "To reduce the simulation times and to expand the general applicability of these degradation models, this paper investigates an implicit finite element solution method to model degradation of biodegradable stents." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates generally to rotisseries for cooking meat, and more particularly rotisserie grill used for cooking of a whole animal carcass adjacent a source of heat.", "\n2. ", "Background Art\nRotisserie barbecue grills involve roasting a whole animal carcass, usually over the heat source. ", "During the roasting process, grease and fluids are released from the animal carcass. ", "As these make contact with the heat source, the result is the heat source flame can flare-up and present a danger to those adjacent the rotisserie grill. ", "Prior art attempts have been proposed that are directed to prevent flame flare-ups by the use of grease catching devices between the meat and the heat source.", "\nOne prior art design disposes a grease dripping tray between the heat source and the animal carcass to collect grease drippings. ", "These types of designs are not ideal because the tray is heated by the heat source from the heat source below and allows for flare-ups to occur when the tray becomes heated enough. ", "In addition, the use of a drip tray between the heat source and the cooking meat acts to reflect some of the radiant heat and creates convective flow patterns that impede cooking. ", "Other prior art designs fail to include a means for draining grease from the tray.", "\nAnother approach, shown and described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,773,319 to Holland, proposes a means for collecting grease in a large tray that is nearly as large as the cooking surface. ", "One embodiment shown and described therein shows the grease collection pan as having nearly the same size in terms of surface area as the heat source, which reduces and essentially diminishes any radiant heat from reaching the cooking meat to a bare minimum. ", "These designs are deficient for use in whole animal rotisserie cooking because they deflect and block the radiant heat from reaching the animal carcass. ", "Other inventions use pans of varying sizes. ", "In most of these designs, the general result is an obstruction of the radiant heat emanating from the heat source toward the cooking meat. ", "It is preferable to have minimal obstructions between the heat source and the meat being cooked so that the radiant heat is unobstructed.", "\nAdvancing on this approach, there are rotisseries that propose to dispose staggered grease dripping catches, as seen in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,574,770 to Wells. ", "Wells teaches staggered grease dripping catches with a shield below them to prevent the heating of the grease and possible flare-ups. ", "While this invention may minimize heat deflection and effectively catch the grease drippings, it is complex in construction and assembly, and does not lend itself readily to grill construction for the non-commercial consumer.", "\nStill other approaches, such as those taught by Wang in US Published Pat. ", "Appln. ", "No. ", "2008/0121221 and by Felecitas in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,883,514, both have heat sources that are disposed off to the sides and laterally from the cooking meat. ", "Both inventions allow grease to drip between and below the heat sources but are deficient due to the heat source being limited to the outer extremes of the devices and not providing uniform radiant heat.", "\nA need remains for a rotisserie barbecue grill that minimizes flare-ups while disposing of grease drippings with minimal obstructions to the radiant heat. ", "Preferably, such a construction utilizes all the surface area of the grill body and is designed for efficient, and easy, construction. ", "There is also a need to construct such a grill in a simple and most efficient way possible in order to reduce costs. ", "To provide these benefits, what is described and claimed herein is the invention addressing these and other problems encountered in the prior art." ]

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[ "Justin Delaney\n\nJustin Delaney, a patrolman with the Brick Township Police Department, was indicted on Wednesday on charges of official misconduct and stalking.", "\n\n(Brick Township Police Department)\n\nTOMS RIVER – An Ocean County Grand Jury indicted a Brick Township police officer on Wednesday on official misconduct and stalking charges.", "\n\nThe two-count indictment alleges that between November 2012 and May 2013, Justin A. Delaney, 33, of Brick, used various social media websites – including Instagram and Facebook – to publish harassing, annoying, humiliating and alarming messages about a former girlfriend, the Ocean County Prosecutor's Office announced Friday.", "\n\nInvestigators were able to link the various social media accounts to IP addresses registered to Delaney, who is also alleged to have used a prepaid cellular telephone to make harassing and offensive text messages and phone calls to the victim, authorities said.", "\n\nThe indictment also alleges that Delaney – an eight-year veteran of the Brick Township Police Department - used a password he obtained in his official capacity as a patrolman for the police department to access a law enforcement investigative data base without authorization.", "\n\nDelaney improperly accessed the database after the victim asked for his assistance in trying to determine the source of the harassing telephone calls and text messages, authorities said.", "\n\nDelaney allegedly accessed the database and provided the purported results of that inquiry to the victim, and created the false impression that the cellular telephone at issue was untraceable. ", "However, a subsequent investigation determined it was Delaney who obtained the prepaid cellular telephone that was used to make the offensive and disturbing communications, the prosecutor's office said.", "\n\nOn Wednesday, the grand jury indicted Delany – who is currently suspended from his job without pay – on charges of second-degree official misconduct and fourth-degree stalking. ", "He is currently free on $30,000 bail with no 10-percent option, the prosecutor's office said.", "\n\nThe second-degree official misconduct charge carries a maximum sentence of 10 years in New Jersey state prison with a stipulated period of parole ineligibility of five years. ", "The fourth degree stalking statute carries a maximum potential sentence of up to 18 months in New Jersey state prison, authorities said.", "\n\nThe indictment was presented by Executive Assistant Prosecutor Michael Paulhus and the case will be prosecuted by Chief Trial Attorney Laura Pierro.", "\n\nOcean County Prosecutor Joseph Coronato commended the Ocean County High Tech Crime Unit its \"significant contribution to the investigation\" and said that the Brick Township Police Department, specifically its Office of Internal Affairs, contributed and cooperated fully with the investigation." ]

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[ "This project studies peripheral blood progenitors (PBP) as a target for retrovirus mediated gene therapy of inherited diseases affecting the function of human phagocytic cells, including neutrophils and monocytes. ", "PBPs which may include totipotent stem cells are similar or identical to the blood precursors in bone marrow, but circulate in small numbers in peripheral blood. ", "PBP harvested and concentrated from peripheral blood by centrifugation apheresis have been used successfully by a number of investigators as an autologous transplant in lieu of or combined with progenitors harvested from bone marrow to reconstitute the bone marrow of patients with cancer treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy. ", "Our hypothesis is that PBP harvested from patients with inherited immune diseases such as chronic granulomatous disease or leukocyte adhesion deficiency are a readily available target for functional correction by gene transfer. ", "Using either whole peripheral blood or apheresis derived leukocytes enriched for PBP, we used monoclonal antibodies to enrich PBP several thousand fold yielding a population of cells where 40-90% of cells expressed the surface antigen CD34 characteristic of early blood progenitors. ", "Using both liquid and soft agarose cultures we determined optimum conditions for growth and differentiation of PBP into colonies of mature neutrophils demonstrating a cloning efficiency of up to 10%. ", "We showed that maximum proliferation occurred when the following growth factors were added to the culture: multilineage growth factor (MGF) (also called stem cell factor [SCF]), FGF-beta, IL6, IL3, GM-CSF, and G-CSF. ", "SCF acted as a co-factor to increase both the number and size of colonies. ", "We also showed that the number of colony forming PBP in circulating blood was remarkably constant between individuals at 12 colony forming PBP/ml blood. ", "This number increased from 2 to 4 fold in volunteers administered 3 ng/kg endotoxin. ", "In related studies using the retroviral construct LXSN to transfer neomycin resistance to PBP we showed that under ideal growth conditions up to 30% of colony forming PBP cells could be transduced to acquire neomycin resistance. ", "Thus, we have established methodology to harvest and purify PBP, to grow PBP in culture, and to transfer and express new genes in PBP. ", "These represent important steps in the development of techniques for gene therapy of immune diseases affecting blood phagocytic cells." ]

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[ "Labor Standards Act (Japan)\n\nThe is a Japanese law. ", "It was enacted on 7 April 1947 to govern working conditions in Japan. ", "According to Article 1 of the Act, its goal is to ensure that \"Working conditions shall be those which should meet the needs of workers who live lives worthy of human beings.\"", "\n\nHistorical background \nAs the Second World War was nearing its end, on 26 July 1945, Allied leaders Winston Churchill, Harry S Truman, and Chiang Kai-shek issued the Potsdam Declaration, which demanded Japan's unconditional surrender. ", "This declaration also defined the major goals of the postsurrender Allied occupation: \"The Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people. ", "Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established\" (Section 10). ", "In addition, the document stated: \"The occupying forces of the Allies shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives have been accomplished and there has been established in accordance with the freely expressed will of the Japanese people a peacefully inclined and responsible government\" (Section 12). ", "The Allies sought not merely punishment or reparations from a militaristic foe, but fundamental changes in the nature of its political system. ", "In the words of political scientist Robert E. Ward: \"The occupation was perhaps the single most exhaustively planned operation of massive and externally directed political change in world history.\"", "\n\nAllied Occupation of Japan\nAfter the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945, allied forces, mostly American, rapidly began arriving in Japan. ", "Almost immediately, the occupiers began an intensive program of legal changes designed to democratize Japan.", "\n\nWhile it was created while Japan was under occupation, the origins of the Act have nothing to do with the occupation forces. ", "It appears to have been the brainchild of Kosaku Teramoto, a former member of the Thought Police, who was now the head of the Labor Standards section of the Welfare Ministry.", "\n\nThe situation during the occupation was very confusing, and Teramoto managed to convince a number of industrialists, bureaucrats, and politicians that GHQ was demanding strict controls on working conditions. ", "He and a small staff then drafted the bill, based on prewar provisions that had been suspended by the military government, as well as a review of International Labor Organization conventions. ", "The occupation authorities knew nothing about the bill until Teramoto handed it to Theodore Cohen, head of GHQ's Labor Division. ", "The Americans gave the law their blessing, and Teramoto was able to tell the industrialists, bureaucrats and politicians that they had no choice but to go along with what the occupation forces wanted.", "\n\nAmendments\nAfter being passed in 1947, The Labor Standards Act was amended in 1947, 1949 (twice), 1950, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1962, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1976, 1983, 1984, 1985 (three times), 1987, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999 (four times), 2001 (three times), 2002 (three times), and 2003 (three times).", "\n\nMain provisions \nThe law consists of 13 chapters and supplementary provisions:\n\n Chapter 1 General Provisions (Articles 1-12)\n Chapter 2 Labor Contract (Articles 13-23)\n Chapter 3 Wages (Articles 24-31)\n Chapter 4 Working Hours, Rest Periods, Rest Days, and Annual Paid Leave (Articles 32-41)\n Chapter 5 Safety and Health (Articles 42-55)\n Chapter 6 Juveniles (Articles 56-64)\n Chapter 6-7 Women (Articles 64-2-68)\n Chapter 7 Training of Skilled Laborers (Articles 69-74)\n Chapter 8 Accident Compensation (Articles 75-88)\n Chapter 9 Rules of Employment (Articles 89-93)\n Articles 89 and 90 cover Work rules\n Chapter 10 Dormitories (Articles 94-96-3)\n Chapter 11 Inspection bodies (Articles 97-105)\n Chapter 12 Miscellaneous Provisions (Articles 105-2-116)\n Chapter 13 Penal Provisions (Articles 117-121)\n Supplementary Provisions\n\nSee also\nJapanese labor law\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nFull text of the Labor Standards Act from the Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training\n\nCategory:Government of Japan\nCategory:Postwar Japan\nCategory:Japanese labour law\nCategory:1947 in law\nCategory:Occupational safety and health law\nCategory:1947 in Japan\nCategory:1947 in labour relations" ]

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[ "ADDRESS\n\nLISTING BROKER\n\nSEND MESSAGE TO\n\n17-92 FRONTAGE DEVELOPMENT SITE PARCEL A\n\nListing Price\n\n$900,000\n\nPROPERTY INFORMATION\n\nProperty Type\n\nHospitality, Mobile Home Parks, Retail\n\nDETAILS\n\nBuilding Square Feet\n\n3,400\n\nYear Built\n\n1900\n\nLand Acres\n\n0.51\n\nDESCRIPTION\n\nLocationLocated on 17-92 between 436 and Horatio Ave. ", "This property is across from the future Strive at Fern Park, a 125-bed, $22 million assisted living and memory care community and adjacent to Garden Park Senior living, an active adult apartment complex with 108 nicely appointed units.", "\n\nProperty Details\n\n± 0.51 Acres\n\nZoning: C-2\n\nDirect frontage on Hwy 17-92 of ± 95 ft\n\nExisting building: 2,886 sf\n\nExisting duplex: 1,008 sf\n\nHighly visible with heavy traffic on 17-92.", "\n\nIncrease acreage, frontage, and value!", "\n\nCombining this property with the adjacent vacant lot (Parcel B) would increase the acreage to 1.14 ac. ", "and the frontage to 237 ft. ", "Details are included in the brochure.", "\n\nIn order to access the due diligence information Please sign this confidentiality agreement." ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction\n===============\n\nThe marine environment has been recognized as a rich source of bioactive metabolites with various biological and pharmacological activities. ", "The chemical complexity and biological diversity of the marine-derived compounds is enormous, so that bioprospecting of marine organisms represents today a major tool for the discovery of new therapeutic agents and drug candidates \\[[@B1-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B2-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B3-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B4-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B5-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B6-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B7-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B8-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nCnidarians polyps and jellyfish have increasingly become an attractive source of physiologically active compounds. ", "Extracts from different species were reported to exert hemolytic \\[[@B9-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], insecticidal \\[[@B10-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], cardiovascular \\[[@B11-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], antioxidant \\[[@B12-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], anti-microbial \\[[@B13-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], and cytotoxic \\[[@B9-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] effects. ", "Strong fibrinogenolytic factors have been recently found in the moon jellyfish *Aurelia aurita* tentacle extract \\[[@B14-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Partially purified venom from the mauve stinger jellyfish *Pelagia noctiluca* displayed potent anti-tumoral properties against U87 cells \\[[@B15-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Collagen hydrolysate from edible jellyfish *Rhopilema esculentum* exerted antioxidant and protective effects on mice skin subjected to photo aging induced by UV irradiation \\[[@B16-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Collagen from giant jellyfish *Nemopilema nomurai* has been shown to exert immunostimulatory effect on hybridoma cell line HB4C5 and human peripheral blood lymphocytes \\[[@B17-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B18-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nMarine jellyfish are currently recognized as subject to worldwide proliferations in coastal areas, becoming a crucial ecological and societal issue in recent decades \\[[@B19-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Occurrences of jellyfish outbreaks increasingly interfere with human economic and recreational activities, such as bathing, fishery, tourism, *etc.*, ", "as well as the public health \\[[@B20-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] and coincide with human proliferations and man-induced environmental perturbations \\[[@B21-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Jellyfish have been reported to clog fishing nets, spoil commercial catches, cause serious damage to aquaculture, clog the cooling systems of coastal power plants, and sting or even kill tourist swimmers \\[[@B22-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B23-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B24-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B25-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B26-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B27-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B28-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B29-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Conversely, under an opposite perspective, the large amount of jellyfish biomass could be considered as a valuable source of bioactive compounds including bioactive peptides, collagen and gelatin, oligosaccharides, fatty acids, enzymes, calcium, water-soluble minerals, and biopolymers. ", "The identified various biological activities, including antioxidant activity, make them a potentially valuable material for food, cosmetic, and biomedical industries, such as has been proposed for seafood processing by-products \\[[@B30-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nThe scyphozoan *Cotylorhiza tuberculata* (Macrì, 1778) \\[[@B31-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], the most common rhizostome jellyfish in the Mediterranean Sea, is subject to summer population outbreaks. ", "High jellyfish abundances can be found in enclosed bays such as Vlyho Bay in the Ionian Island of Lefkada-Greece \\[[@B32-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] and in coastal lagoons, such as the Mar Menor in the western Mediterranean Sea where annual blooms have been observed since 1995 \\[[@B33-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "To protect human leisure activities from high *C. tuberculata* abundance in Mar Menor, local maritime authorities now constantly implement management plans by use of fishing vessels for removal of large jellyfish biomasses or by use of protective coastal nets to create safe bathing areas \\[[@B34-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "In 2002 and 2003, approximately five thousands tons of *C. tuberculata* were yearly removed during summers months \\[[@B35-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nAn important biological aspect, linked to the success of *C. tuberculata* populations, is the occurrence of endosymbiotic, unicellular dinoflagellates, usually referred as zooxanthellae. ", "As for several other rhizostome jellyfish species and other cnidarians \\[[@B32-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B36-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B37-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], *C. tuberculata* hosts in its endodermal tissue a dense population of the dinoflagellate *Symbiodinium* (=*Gymnodinum*) *microadriaticum* (Freudenthal) \\[[@B38-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "The endosymbiotic association occurs very early in the life cycle of *C. tuberculata* \\[[@B37-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] and the occurrence of zooxanthellae in the polyp stage is required to activate the process of medusa formation (strobilation) of *C. tuberculata* \\[[@B32-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B37-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B39-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Apparently, the importance of autotrophy provided by zooxanthellae seems to be lower than heterotrophic uptakes for jellyfish growth and survival \\[[@B39-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B40-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Nevertheless, we observed that unfed polyps maintained for two years under natural daylight conditions and laboratory room temperature in closed aquarium system, did not show any sign of ageing or reduction in size. ", "The molecular regulation and maintenance of the symbiotic relationships between the microalgae and their animal hosts is still largely unknown, but algal-derived metabolites, resulting from photosynthetic framework and secondary metabolism play crucial roles in homeostatic mechanisms \\[[@B41-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B42-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "In *Symbiodinium* dinoflagellates, the majority of the photosynthetic pigments are associated to light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes \\[[@B43-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B44-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B45-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "These photosynthetic pigments are believed to be central to photoprotection in jellyfish-associated *Symbiodinium*, by stabilization of the chloroplast thylakoids, and vital to the prevention or quenching of ROS in the host \\[[@B45-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B46-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Another key area of metabolic activity within the symbiosis is the free fatty acid synthesis and translocation within the dinoflagellate symbionts and their cnidarian host. ", "Indeed, lipids are the main energy stores in cnidarians and the primary products derived from photosynthetically fixed carbon and translocated from the dinoflagellate symbionts to the host \\[[@B47-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Total lipids from the symbiosis (triacylglycerols, wax esters, phospholipids and free fatty acids), account for 10%--46% of the cnidarian tissue dry weight \\[[@B48-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B49-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Production and accumulation of long-chain, highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), *n*-3 and *n*-6, such as DHA \\[22:6 (*n*-6)\\], is well documented \\[[@B49-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B50-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Beyond the significance of essential FAs in symbiosis regulation, the importance of *n*-3 and *n*-6 derived essential FAs, such as DHA, to supplement animal diets is well known \\[[@B51-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B52-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Essential fatty acids (EFA) are PUFAs involved in biological processes, but not synthesized by animal cells. ", "These fatty acids represent a necessary component of animal diets, since they are used as starting points for building longer chains of fatty acids and their deficiency may lead to severe damage to the organism. ", "These FAs are produced by the symbiotic microalgae and, in some cases, in large amounts \\[[@B53-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Therefore, the relationship with the symbiotic dinoflagellate *S. microadriaticum* makes the jellyfish *C. tuberculata* a heterogeneous and complex biomass consortium rich in diverse and potentially bioactive compounds.", "\n\nThe chemical, biological and ecological diversity of marine metabolites has largely contributed to the discovery of potent compounds with strong antitumor activities \\[[@B54-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "However, the structural diversity of the marine compounds, from simple linear peptides to complex macrocyclic polyethers, represents one of the first difficulties in new drug discovery from marine natural products. ", "Recent advances in sophisticated technologies for the isolation and characterization of marine natural products and the development of high-throughput screening methods have substantially increased the rate of discovery of various compounds of biomedical application. ", "High-throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry and, most recently, *in silico* virtual screening techniques partly supported successful attempts to identify new drug candidates. ", "However, the classical approach to recognize bioactive compounds through analysis of their specific biologic activity remains highly effective, especially when associated to the above-mentioned technological approaches.", "\n\nOne of the mechanisms underlying the multistage carcinogenesis process is the homeostatic regulation disorder related to abnormal gap junction intercellular communications (GJIC).", "\n\nGJ are communicating junctions that are present in most cells in animal tissue. ", "The GJ channels are formed by four-pass transmembrane proteins sharing a similar function and overall structure but encoded from different gene families, pannexins and connexins in chordates, and pannexins and innexins in invertebrates. ", "The molecular architecture of GJIC consists of a couple of hexameric structures in the membrane of two adjacent cells, docking each other and forming a channel with a central pore, which allows the diffusion of metabolites, ions, small signaling molecules, and mediate electrical synapses \\[[@B55-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B56-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B57-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Gap junctions are grouped in plaques at the cell plasma membrane surface allowing molecules smaller than about 1--2 kDa to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another adjacent cell. ", "Traditionally, the function of GJ proteins was associated to the formation of membrane channels; however, recent studies revealed additional functions, including sensing of the extracellular environment, cell-cell adhesion, facilitation of cell migration, and modulation of endocrine, pain, signal transduction and apoptotic pathways \\[[@B58-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B59-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nThe mechanisms controlling GJ functionality are strictly regulated \\[[@B60-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] at multiple levels, ranging from gene transcription to gap junction trafficking and degradation \\[[@B59-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Connexin phosphorylation is involved both in changing single channel conductance and in protein trafficking to the cell surface and degradation. ", "The regulation of GJIC by connexin phosphorylation is quite complex, as the outcome of this post translational modification is both connexin- and kinase specific \\[[@B61-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B62-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B63-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B64-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nGJIC has been speculated to be a necessary, if not sufficient, biological function of metazoan cells for the regulation of growth control, differentiation and apoptosis of normal progenitor cells, able to regulate both tissue homeostasis and the triggering of intra-cellular signal transduction mechanisms. ", "Normal, contact-inhibited cells have functional GJIC, while most, if not all, tumor cells have dysfunctional homologous or heterologous GJIC \\[[@B65-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Cancer cells are characterized by the lack of growth control, inability to terminally differentiate or apoptose under normal conditions and have extended or immortalized life spans. ", "Cancer cells either have no connexin expression or have expressed connexins but no functional GJIC; as a consequence, cancer cells lose the ability to respond appropriately to extra-cellular stimuli \\[[@B66-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "In this context it would seem that GJIC is the ultimate down-stream cell function that must be maintained to prevent cancer \\[[@B67-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "The classical model of carcinogenesis begins with an *initiation* step, when the exposure to a carcinogen results in an irreversible genetic change within a single cell. ", "The reversible down regulation of GJIC plays a role during the *promotion* phase of carcinogenesis and the presence of GJIC is closely linked to the suppression of tumorigenic phenotypes \\[[@B65-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B68-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "In normal tissues, GJIC is necessary for apoptosis and by blocking apoptosis with chemicals, it is possible to promote initiated premalignant cells or by increasing apoptosis by increasing GJIC, one could prevent tumorigenesis \\[[@B68-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Increasing evidences indicated that prevention of GJIC during the *promotion* phase or the up-regulation of GJIC in tumorigenic cells represents a mechanistic-based strategy for chemoprevention or chemotherapy \\[[@B69-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B70-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "A consistent observation is that many chemopreventive compounds such as phytochemicals \\[[@B70-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B71-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], antitumor-promoting agents and anticancer drugs can reverse the down-regulation of GJIC \\[[@B65-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B68-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B72-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B73-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B74-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B75-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B76-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nAs the inhibition of GJIC is considered an *in vitro* biomarker of tumor promotion, the GJIC enhancement, through several processes, could be regarded as anti-tumor mechanism. ", "The GJIC modulation can be proposed as an antitumor mechanism underlying the action of several natural bioactive compounds \\[[@B70-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nSeveral bioactive marine compounds may affect GJIC. ", "For instance, the depsipeptides isolated from the sponge *Geodia corticostylifera* have antiproliferative activity on breast cancer cells and increases the size of GJ plaques in HTC-Cx43-GFP cells \\[[@B77-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, xanthophylls synthesized by microalgae and yeast, with demonstrated cancer preventive effect in animal studies, were able to modulate GJIC, inducing changes in the phosphorylation state of connexin 43 proteins \\[[@B78-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B79-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nConversely, similarly to several tumor promoter chemicals, the potential tumor promoting effects of several marine cyanobacteria seems related to their ability to inhibit GJIC \\[[@B80-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nFrom a computational analysis of naturally occurring marine compounds, based on protein-ligand interactions, many compounds have shown selective interaction towards gap junction and cell adhesive communication proteins resulting as ligand against the specific target molecules \\[[@B81-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Despite the limits of this approach, many molecules reported for other interesting bioactivities, such as the anti-inflammatory sesterterpene manoalide \\[[@B82-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B83-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B84-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] were identified as good ligands of the GJ connexin 43 and connexin 26 proteins. ", "Dihydroxrytetrahydrofurans, some stereoisomers of which had been recognized as metabolites of the marine brown alga *Notheia anomala* \\[[@B85-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], ascosalipyrrolidinone A \\[[@B86-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], an antimicrobial alkaloid isolated from the endophytic obligate marine fungus *Ascochyta salicorniae*, and solenolide A, a briariane diterpene lactone from the cnidarian octocoral *Solenopodium excavatum* \\[[@B87-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B88-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], they all resulted as ligands specifically against GJ protein targets, connexin 43 and connexin 26 \\[[@B81-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nThe present study aimed to isolate and identify potentially bioactive compound(s) occurring in the tissues of *C. tuberculata* jellyfish. ", "Here the extraction, fractioning and biological activity assessment of different fractions of a jellyfish hydroalcoholic extract are described. ", "The effects of the extract fractions on cancer (MCF-7) and non cancer (HEKa) cells were evaluated by cell-based assays allowing the quantification of cytotoxicity of jellyfish-derived compounds and their effect on the GJIC functionality as target of anti-tumor promoting activity.", "\n\n2. ", "Results and Discussion\n=========================\n\n2.1. ", "Jellyfish Sample Features\n------------------------------\n\n*Cotylorhiza* *tuberculata*, collected in late summer off the Apulia coasts, showed high variability in size ([Figure 1](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Table S1](#marinedrugs-11-01728-s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The specimens ranged from about 6 cm to nearly 30 cm in bell diameter; the oral arms and tentacles usually expand beyond the increase in size of the umbrella. ", "The mature organisms (with gametes or larvae), reached considerable size and mass, as showed from the weight/diameter ratios, which ranged from about 3 to 61 in younger and mature individuals, respectively ([Table S1](#marinedrugs-11-01728-s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\n{#marinedrugs-11-01728-f001}\n\nPreliminary biometric analyses, limited to the summer 2011, showed that dry matter from *C. tuberculata* biomass, obtained by lyophilization, was increasing with the jellyfish size and represented until 30% of its fresh weight in mature organisms ([Table S1](#marinedrugs-11-01728-s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "These data clearly indicated that the *Cotylorhiza* jellyfish biomass could be quantitatively significant and a considerable amount of material can be provided when jellyfish blooms occur.", "\n\nThe endosymbiotic algae *S. microadriaticum* is known to live in association within *C. tuberculata* in the Mediterranean Sea. ", "The dinoflagellates are typically located in the jellyfish endodermal cells within symbiosomes: A perisymbiotic membrane, derived from the host cell plasmalemma, keeps the coccoid stage of the dinoflagellate separated from the jellyfish cell cytoplasm \\[[@B89-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "The color of the umbrella top and the frilled edges of the oral arms, appeared greenish-brown in the living tissue where high density of zooxanthellae in the mesoglea was observed ([Figure 1](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Figure 2](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B), mostly aggregated in small clusters and showing high division rates ([Figure 2](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). *", "Symbiodinum* spp. ", "was present as both coccoid and motile biflagellate cell stages. ", "However, most of the cells were in the coccoid stage, spherical, with homogeneous size of 8.4 ± 1.0 μm in diameter, with a single, peripheral, reticulated chloroplast, occupying a large part of the cell volume. ", "Coccoid *Symbiodinium* cells appeared metabolically active, since they undergo mitosis ([Figure 2](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}C); therefore, high photosynthetic activity and product accumulation it is expected at this stage \\[[@B90-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "It was also evident a relatively large accumulation body (3.0 ± 0.5 μm in diameter), as a round shaped, reddish-brown vacuole, which displayed an unspecific green auto-fluorescence under confocal microscope, with emission peak between 505 and 530 nm ([Figure 2](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}C), similarly to previous observationsin *Symbiodinium*-coral symbiotic associations \\[[@B91-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\n{#marinedrugs-11-01728-f002}\n\nThe green auto-fluorescence in the accumulation body resulted clearly separated from the red auto-fluorescence of chlorophylls and other photosynthetic pigments related to the chloroplast organelle, since the confocal microscopy allows for the resolution of multiple distinct fluorescent emissions associated with a single cell. ", "Although a number of compounds are responsible for green-autofluorescence in vegetal organisms, green auto-fluorescence in algae is not well investigated, and the composition of the described fluorescing substances in different algal species is largely unknown. ", "Recently, Tang and Dobbs \\[[@B92-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] reported a green auto-fluorescence, which occurred in species of different algal classes (mainly dinoflagellates and diatoms) that interfered with detection of green-fluorescing stains. ", "The reported connection \\[[@B92-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B93-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] between the decrease of chlorophyll red auto-fluorescence, due to photodegradation, and the increase of \"green autofluorescence\" in algae, is not supported from our observations by confocal microscope, where the red-autofluorescence of chlorophylls in the chloroplast was not related to the green-autofluorescence in the accumulation body. ", "Although the accumulation body content and its metabolic significance are still unknown, a role of storage of secondary metabolites, with potential biological activity, can be hypothesized.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Hydro-Alcoholic Extraction and Fractioning\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nA hydroalcoholic extraction was performed from lyophilized samples of different *C. tuberculata* specimens. ", "The extraction in 80% ethanol was used as mild extraction method suited to remove polar or mildly non-polar low molecular weight substances, such as small proteins, soluble carbohydrates and secondary metabolites. ", "Unlike the variability of the fresh biomasses and the related amount of dry material, quite constant percentages of hydro-alcoholic extractable material was obtained ([Tables S1 and S2](#marinedrugs-11-01728-s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "A considerable amount of extract was obtained from the lyophilized total tissue and its dry weight amounted to an average of 11.7 ± 1.7% of the fresh biomass and of 43.6 ± 4.1% of dry biomass ([Table S2](#marinedrugs-11-01728-s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nDue to the putatively heterogeneous nature of the compounds present in the hydro-alcoholic extract, a first separation of the different classes of compounds was performed by protein precipitation with acetonitrile organic solvent (ACN). ", "ACN precipitation allows efficiently precipitation of abundant proteins (usually larger than \\~40 kDa) in complex biological samples \\[[@B94-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B95-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B96-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Due to its physicochemical properties, ACN is also widely used as solvent in the extraction of high value products; furthermore, salting-out as well as sugaring-out procedures were also used to trigger phase separation in ACN-water mixtures \\[[@B97-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B98-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "The natural presence of salts in the jellyfish samples allowed a spontaneous phase separation, yielding an upper layer that was primarily ACN (Upper Phase, UP in [Figure 3](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}), as described in Mathies and Austin \\[[@B99-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], and a partitioning of the proteins in two fractions: Intermediate and Lower Phases (IP and LP), respectively ([Figure 3](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "By this method, dilution of the specimen was avoided and cleaner solutions were available for analyses. ", "Beside simplicity and rapidity, this procedure is found to be an effective method in complex sample protein separation \\[[@B94-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B95-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B96-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] and it was used here for the first time for whole animal tissues. ", "We found the phase separation method to be a very convenient approach, which allowed separating over the 90% of the proteins present in the extract. ", "The phase equilibrium of ACN-water systems after the phase separation showed that the bottom phases (IP and LP) contain a certain amount of ACN, since they did not freeze at −20 °C \\[[@B100-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "This makes this phase separation method more attractive for bioactive molecules, since no strong organic solvent is used and no damage of freeze-sensitive proteins occurs in presence of the highly polar solvent ACN. ", "We routinely used this method in our protocol before the samples were lyophilized and we propose this method for the extraction of bioactive molecules from marine gelatinous organisms.", "\n\n{#marinedrugs-11-01728-f003}\n\n2.3. ", "Fraction Characterization\n------------------------------\n\nThe UP consisted essentially of ACN-soluble compounds including non-polar or less-polar compounds. ", "As expected, the IP and LP contained the most part of proteins (about 1.09 ± 0.19 mg and 3.29 ± 0.26 mg of proteins per gram of dried extract, respectively), where very low protein content was detectable in UP fraction (about 0.35 ± 0.03 mg/g of dry weight, DW, of extract). ", "Phenol compounds were detected in all the three fractions, the most part being in the LP (about 520 μg of gallic ac. ", "equivalents/g of dried extract) compared to UP and IP fractions (245 μg/g DW and 221 μg/g DW of extract, respectively). ", "All the three fractions showed considerable antioxidant activity correspondent to 865, 1433 and 6294 nmol of Trolox equivalents (TE) per gram of dried sample in UP, IP and LP, respectively. ", "The most antioxidant activity appeared related to the LP, since its value remained higher compared to the other fractions also when normalized to proteins or total phenols content ([Figure 4](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}C1--C3). ", "Since the LP showed the highest content of both proteins and phenols, the nature of the antioxidant compound(s) cannot be identified at this level of analysis.", "\n\nThe absorbance spectra of the three fractions measured in the visible and far-red region ([Figure 5](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}) showed that the absorption properties of the UP correspond to the characteristic absorption spectra of the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) and pigment-protein-complexes recognized in polar organic solvent \\[[@B45-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B101-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "The fractions showed high absorbance from 215 to 280 nm where peptide bonds in proteins and free amino acids have maximum absorption.", "\n\n{#marinedrugs-11-01728-f004}\n\n{#marinedrugs-11-01728-f005}\n\n### 2.3.1. ", "Lipophilic Fraction: Upper Phase\n\nThe yellowish to brown pigmented upper phase (UP) consisted essentially of ACN-soluble compounds, expectably including less polar and lipid components of both animal and dinoflagellate origin. ", "A separation of isoprenoids was obtained using a reverse-phase C30 column and a mobile phase consisting of methanol, ammonium acetate aqueous solution/methanol (20/80 v/v) and terz-methyl butyl ether through an isocratic elution as described in the Experimental Section. ", "The resulting HPLC profile of UP was dominated by the algal-derived chlorophyll a and xanthophylles: peridinin, peridinin isomer and lutein as showed by comparison with authentic standards ([Figure 6](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B). ", "Chlorophyll a was clearly detected in the UP fraction; isomers b and c were not detected in our experimental conditions ([Figure 6](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "The identification of compounds was carried out by means of authentic standards as described in the Experimental Section.", "\n\n{#marinedrugs-11-01728-f006}\n\nThe quantitative analysis ([Table 1](#marinedrugs-11-01728-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}) showed that peridinin was the main xanthophyll detected and carotenoids were quantitatively predominant with respect to chlorophyll.", "\n\nmarinedrugs-11-01728-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nIsoprenoid composition in the upper phase (UP) of the 80% ethanol extract from *C. tuberculata*. ", "Values are expressed as μg/g DW of total extract and are means ± SD of three independent experiments.", "\n\n Isoprenoids Upper Phase of hydro-alcoholic extract\n ------------------ ----------------------------------------\n Peridinin 385.1 ± 49.6\n Peridinin isomer 186.5 ± 17.3\n Lutein 108.7 ± 9.5\n Chlorophyll a 20.3 ± 9.5\n\nThe presence of these photosynthetic pigments has been reported previously in HPLC studies of *Symbiodinium* \\[[@B46-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "The occurring light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes use chlorophyll to collect incoming photons, and most of these systems rely on carotenoids to supplement light-capture in the spectral region of maximal solar irradiance from 420 to 550 nm. ", "Carotenoids, functioning as energy donors in antenna systems with an efficiency ranging from 30% to nearly 100%, also fulfil a crucial photoprotective role that preserves the structural and functional integrity of the photosynthetic apparatus. ", "In endosymbiotic microalgae, the photoprotective role of photosynthetic pigments as well as other algal compounds \\[[@B102-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B103-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] is likely exerted also for the benefit of the host jellyfish.", "\n\nIn addition to the pigments, UP showed a significant lipid component and the amount of total fatty acids (FA) present was 2.450 ± 0.289 mg/g of dry weight of total extract. ", "Fatty acids as methyl esters in the UP were determined separately using gas chromatography and verified by mass spectrometry (GC-MS). ", "The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of saturated (SFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) but not monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids ([Figure 7](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The hydroalcoholic extraction allowed a preferential removal of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; indeed the PUFA represented more than 70% of the total FA ([Table 2](#marinedrugs-11-01728-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Mass spectral fragmentation ([Figure S1](#marinedrugs-11-01728-s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) showed the presence of palmitic (C16:0) and stearic acids (C18:0) together with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids belonging to ω-3 and ω-6 in the UP, including a considerable amount of the *cis*-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA; C20:4, ω-3), and the occurrence of *cis*-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (AA; C20:4, ω-6), *cis*-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5, *n*-3), *cis*-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester (DHA; C22:6, ω-3) ([Figure 7](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 2](#marinedrugs-11-01728-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n{#marinedrugs-11-01728-f007}\n\nThe fatty acids belonging to ω-3 and ω-6 are essential diet components for animals, being involved in a number of biological processes including growth, development, tissue and cell homeostasis \\[[@B104-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Several studies have reported biological activities of fatty acids from various microalgal species, like anti-bacterial \\[[@B105-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B106-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B107-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] andanti-cancer activities \\[[@B108-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Further characterization of the lipid content in the total jellyfish extract (TE) and its fractions is in progress.", "\n\nmarinedrugs-11-01728-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nFatty acids composition of the lipids present in the upper phase (UP) of the 80% ethanol extract from *C. tuberculata*. ", "Values are expressed as percentages of total fatty acids and are means *±* SD of three independent experiments.", "\n\n Fatty acids Upper Phase of hydro-alcoholic extract\n --------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------\n \\% of total FA\n **Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA)** \n Palmitic acid (C16:0) 18.9 ± 0.7\n Stearic acid (C18:0) 9.5 ± 0.4\n **Total SFA** 28.4\n **Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)** n.d. ", "^1^\n **Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)** \n *cis*-8,11,14,17-Eicosatetraenoic acid C20:4 (ω-3) 28.2 ± 2.6\n *cis*-5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid C20:4 (ω-6) 12.5 ± 0.4\n *cis*-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5 (ω-3) 14.9 ± 1.4\n *cis*-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester C22:6 (ω-3) 15.9 ± 0.9\n **Total PUFA** 71.6\n TOTAL (%) 100.0\n Total (mg/g DW of the extract) 2.450 ± 0.289\n\n^1^ n.d.: ", "not detected.", "\n\nIn addition to pigments and lipids, UP contained also phenol compounds measured here as total phenols ([Figure 4](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}), whose complete characterization is in progress.", "\n\n### 2.3.2. ", "Protein Fractions: Intermediate and Lower Phases\n\nThe IP and LP were rich in proteins; IP contained also protein-pigment complexes where LP was pigment and lipid free (data not shown). ", "To start the characterization of the proteinaceous components of *C. tuberculata* jellyfish extract, we separated the proteins present in TE, IP and LP by SDS-PAGE. ", "The total jellyfish extract (TE) contained several proteins with various molecular sizes ([Figure 8](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"}): Most polypeptides ranged from 10 to 50 kDa, but some bands over 50 kDa were also detected. ", "After ACN precipitation, most proteins were included in IP and LP fractions, where a higher concentration of low molecular weight polypeptides was observed, as compared to the protein pattern in TE. ", "As revealed by the SDS-PAGE separation ([Figure 8](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B), three polypeptide bands at 14.2, 12.0 and 10.5 kDa appeared more neatly concentrated in the IP and LP fractions.", "\n\nSpecifically, the IP fraction showed a higher concentration of the 10.5 and 14.2 kDa polypeptides, where LP seemed enriched in the 12.0 kDa polypeptide. ", "Since a bright green color characterized both IP and LP extractswith a darker green former fraction ([Figure 3](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}B), it can be hypothesized that protein-pigment complexes from the symbiont zooxanthellae are found and differenly partitioned there. ", "The peculiar chemical-physical features and their different affinity with ACN could be responsible of the polypeptide layering. ", "The denaturating conditions of SDS-PAGE, breaking up quaternary protein structure and overcoming some forms of tertiary protein folding, induce degradation of protein-pigment complexes and differential polypeptide separations.", "\n\n{#marinedrugs-11-01728-f008}\n\nDiverse peptides with a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumoral, and antiviral activities as well as toxins, have been discovered from different marine organisms \\[[@B109-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B110-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B111-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B112-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Marine microalgae have been found to be a good source of proteins \\[[@B113-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Protein content of *Navicula incerta* was found to be higher than lipid and carbohydrates, reaching a value over 50% of its dry matter \\[[@B113-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B114-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] and many other microalgae species have showed similar protein content \\[[@B115-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "In addition, antioxidative peptides from marine algae are gaining attention as new antioxidative alternatives in the last few years \\[[@B110-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B116-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B117-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Recently, a great deal of interest has been expressed in marine-derived bioactive peptides because of their numerous beneficial health effects such as antihypertensive, antioxidative, anticoagulant, and antimicrobial components in functional foods or nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals due to their therapeutic potential in the treatment or prevention of disease. ", "Presently, the commercial applications of microalgae are as nutritional supplements, natural dyes and skin care products \\[[@B118-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], but there are few studies reporting the antioxidative or other activities of microalgae protein derived peptides \\[[@B113-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B116-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nThe polypeptides in the ranges of 10--15 kDa and 20--40 kDa appeared to be the major protein components of our jellyfish total hydro-alcoholic extracts. ", "These ranges of molecular weights are in agreement with the size of jellyfish venom \\[[@B119-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B120-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], extracted from the cnidocytes of the scyphozoan jellyfish *Nemophilema nomurai* \\[[@B9-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], *Rhopilema esculenta*, *Cynea nozakii*, *Aurelia aurita* and *Pelagia noctiluca* \\[[@B14-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B15-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B121-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B122-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], thus we cannot exclude the occurrence of polypeptide *C. tuberculata* venom in our extract fractions. ", "Whether the detected polypeptides are components of the jellyfish nematocysts, other jellyfish cell types, or derived from the symbiotic dinoflagellates, this remains to be investigated. ", "Further study will be required to identify these molecular entities and polypeptide composition in the near future.", "\n\n2.4. ", "Biological Activities of Jellyfish Extract Fractions\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\n### 2.4.1. ", "Effect on Cell Viability\n\nDifferent amounts of the three extract fractions were assayed for their effects on breast cancer (MCF-7) and epidermal keratinocyte (HEKa) human cell cultures ([Figure 9](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f009){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "By the MTS assay method, we detected a highly significant (*p* ≤ 0.01) dose-dependent decrease of cell viability (as compared to the vehicle controls) of human breast cancer cells, at all tested concentrations, for each of the three jellyfish extract fractions ([Figure 9](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f009){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "The UP fraction was already effective at the lowest tested protein concentration (0.0005 μg/μL); at its highest tested concentration (0.015 μg/μL) the UP fraction was effective to reduce cancer cell viability by up to 65% of the control value. ", "The two protein-enriched fractions, IP and LP, both induced a comparably remarkable and dose-dependent decline of MCF-7 cell viability. ", "The IP showed the highest antiproliferative activity, resulting in a remarkable decrease of MCF-7 cell viability in a concentration dependent manner, by up to 38% of the control value when cell cultures were treated with 0.08 μg/μL of proteins. ", "For the IP fraction, an exponential regression curve (*R*^2^ = 0.99813) best represents the inhibition curve for MCF-7, with the IC~50~ value coincident with the experimental treatment with 0.015 μg/μL of protein extract.", "\n\n{#marinedrugs-11-01728-f009}\n\nSurprisingly, no cytotoxic effect was observed in the non-malignant HEKa cells, when treated with the same concentrations of UP, IP and LP. ", "No significant differences with the control values were found, except following treatment with the highest IP concentration (0.08 μg/μL, *p* \\< 0.05) ([Figure 9](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f009){ref-type=\"fig\"}B).", "\n\nTo verify whether the cell viability decrease was due to cytotoxic/pro-apoptotic or cytostatic effect, the viability assays were also analyzed by Trypan blue dye exclusion associated to automatic cell counting, a method able to quantify live and dead cells ([Figure 10](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f010){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The results confirmed a significant (*p* ≤ 0.01) dose dependent decrease of cell viability in MCF-7 cancer cells treated with the highest doses of UP and IP ([Figure 10](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f010){ref-type=\"fig\"}A), and no significant differences in cell viability of non-malignant HEKa cells, as compared to the control, except for the highest tested concentrations of IP and LP ([Figure 10](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f010){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ", "At the same time, a remarkable dose-dependent increase of cell death in MCF-7 cancer cell cultures was recognizable after treatment with UP and IP at all tested concentrations.", "\n\n{#marinedrugs-11-01728-f010}\n\nTherefore, the antiproliferative effect of the *C. tuberculata* jellyfish extracts against breast cancer cells was clearly due to cytotoxic rather than cytostatic effects, at least during the 16 h incubation assay. ", "On the contrary, the extract fractions seem to have no or weak cytostatic effect upon non-malignant HEKa cells. ", "Indeed no significant differences in the dead cell number, as compared with the control, were recorded in HEKa treated with the three extract fractions, and only IP and LP affected the HEKa cells through a slight decrease of live cell number.", "\n\nThe effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cell was higher by treatment with the UP and IP fractions of *C. tuberculata* extract, whose protein contents were lower. ", "Thus, although the dose-response was related to the protein content, the involvement of other classes of compounds, like phytochemicals from the symbiotic algae cannot be excluded.", "\n\nThe apparent absence of cell-specific (MCF-7 *vs.* HEKa) effects of LP fractions ([Figure 10](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f010){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B, bottom graphs) might be related to the potential concentration of venom-like substances in this proteinaceous fraction. ", "Antiproliferative activity has been reportedfor jellyfish venoms. ", "Recently, thevenom of the mauve stinger *P. noctiluca* was suggested to have moderate cytotoxic effects on U87 cancer cells and to promote apoptotic death of non-malignant Vero cells by generation of intracellular ROS \\[[@B15-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B123-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B124-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "However in these studies, appropriate controls with protein denatured treatments were missing. ", "More generally, only a small fraction of the vast diversity of cnidarian toxins has been studied in detail \\[[@B125-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] and comparative studies on their toxicity on cancer and non-cancer cells are still lacking. ", "To our knowledge, our results show for the first time a cell-specific cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells induced by components of *C. tuberculata* jellyfish extracts, an activity which does not manifest against non-malignant HEKa cells in the same experimental conditions.", "\n\n### 2.4.2. ", "Effect on Cell-Cell Communication\n\nIn order to identify the action mechanism(s) of the observed cell-specific antiproliferative activity, the influence of *C. tuberculata* extract on the gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) functionality was studied. ", "Non-cytotoxic amounts of UP, IP and LP for HEKa cells, which were shown to induce antiproliferative effect on MCF-7, were used to challenge the two different cell populations for 30 min, 2 h and 4 h ([Figure 11](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f011){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The results obtained by cytotoxicity assays by MTS or direct cell counting were strongly correlated with the observed changes in GJIC functionality of both MCF-7 and HEKa cell types during the first 2--4 h of exposure to the jellyfish extract fractions.", "\n\nA remarkable time- and dose-dependent enhancement of GJIC was evident in MCF-7 cells treated with all the three fractions of the jellyfish extract ([Figure 11](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f011){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "Indeed, a 4 h treatment with both UP concentrations (0.0005 and 0.0025 μg/μL of protein) resulted into increases of GJIC functionality by up to 150 and 220% of the control value, respectively. ", "A stronger effect was evident for both IP and LP, which affected the GJIC functionality with both tested concentrations (0.005 and 0.0075 μg/μL) at 2 h and 4 h of treatment but not after 30 min. ", "After 2 h of treatment, IP was the most active fraction, inducing a GJIC increase two and a half times higher than the control.", "\n\n{#marinedrugs-11-01728-f011}\n\nThe effect on GJIC in non-malignant cells HEKa was much less detectable. ", "All treatments on HEKa cells were carried out with non-cytotoxic doses of UP, IP and LP. ", "No significant changes in GJIC in HEKa was recorded after treatment with all fractions at all checked concentrations and times, except for a 4 h treatment with IP at 0.0075 μg/μL, producing an increase of GJIC functionality of about one and half times ([Figure 11](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f011){ref-type=\"fig\"}B).", "\n\nThe ability to enhance GJ mediated cell-cell communication seems to be peculiar of *C. tuberculata* extract fractions on both considered cell types. ", "In addition, the GJIC enhancement would appear not related to transient effects on GJ proteins, such as phosphorylation state changes, since no significant changes in the GJIC functionality were observed after 30 min of treatment with all the three fractions at all checked concentrations.", "\n\nThe correlation between the effect on GJIC and cell viability enable us to hypothesize that the GJIC enhancement during the first h of the treatment, in MCF-7 breast cancer cells underlies the cell-specific cytotoxicity. ", "It is known that a transient increasing of GJIC functionality is able to trigger apoptosis and to determine the cell death leading to reduction in cancer cells \\[[@B68-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Since the MCF-7 cells are a model for chemotherapy-induced apoptosis as well as chemo-resistance studies \\[[@B126-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], we believe that the evidenced up-regulation of GJIC could be considered one of the mechanisms able to reduce the tumorigenic phenotype.", "\n\nAt our knowledge no data on GJIC modulation by bioactive marine compounds have been so far reported. ", "The only available data derive from an *in silico* study addressing the efficiency of interactions between some naturally occurring marine compounds with active site residues of target proteins \\[[@B81-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "The analysis was carried out using marine compounds from marine algae, sponges, corals, bacteria, cnidarians, and marine fish targeted against gap junction proteins (Connexin 26, Connexin 43) and cell adhesive molecules (cadherins, integrins) via molecular docking studies. ", "Several compounds from Cnidaria, as well as marine algae, were demonstrated to potentially bind connexin proteins \\[[@B81-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nMany compounds able to modulate GJIC have anticancer effects and most of which are phytochemicals \\[[@B70-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "The UP of the *C. tuberculata* extract contains mainly carotenoids and photosynthetic pigments. ", "Many carotenoids were demonstrated to exert antitumor promoter activity \\[[@B71-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B127-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B128-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], including xanthophills as astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, which are common in marine organisms. ", "These compounds proved to actively enhance cell-cell communication by direct connexin over expression \\[[@B70-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B129-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "As the UP jellyfish fraction actively affected both GJIC functionality and cell viability in MCF-7 cells, the involvement of carotenoids or similar phytocompounds should be considered.", "\n\nHere we showed that PUFAs were peculiar components of the *C. tuberculata* extract. ", "A relationship between GJIC functionality and PUFA has been also observed. ", "Modulation of cardiac connexins by *n*-3 PUFAs probably contributes to the antiarrhythmic effects of oral treatment withfish oils in dog model \\[[@B130-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Several finding have demonstrated the modulation of connexin expression and distribution by PUFAs \\[[@B130-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B131-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B132-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "The mechanism probably relies on some non-specific role of PUFAs as components of biologic membranes. ", "PUFA-rich, phospholipid-cholesterol-poor microdomains provide the molecular platform for the permanent reconstruction of the membrane and adaptor protein complexes of most cell junctions as TJ, GJ and AJ \\[[@B133-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Indeed, *n*-3 PUFAs (e.g., EPA and DHA) form a part of cell membrane, replacing other mostly unsaturated fatty acids upon incorporation, and thereby modulating membrane fluidity and cellular functions \\[[@B134-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B135-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B136-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "DHA enrichment of membrane phospholipids was shown to increase gap junction coupling capacity in cultured astrocytes \\[[@B131-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "The enhanced gap junction coupling of DHA-enriched cells was associated with a more functional distribution of connexin 43 at cell interfaces and more of the main phosphorylated isoform of connexin 43. ", "It seems therefore very likely that incorporated *n*-3 PUFA can modulate Cx43 channel (as well as other channel) function, via affecting microdomains of cell membrane through which the channel protein penetrates \\[[@B136-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\nOur experimental finding cannot exclude the possible involvement of jellyfish venom compounds in the observed effects on human cells. ", "Although envenomation effects, including cytolysis and ion channel perturbations \\[[@B137-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], could be related with mechanisms involving gap junction functions, to date there is no evidence of direct effects of nematocyst venoms on GJIC functionality and connexins. ", "The increase in membrane conductance evoked in *Xenopus oocytes* by incubation with the *Cassiopea* *xamachana* venom did not correspond to opening of Cx38 hemi-gap-junction channels \\[[@B138-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\n3. ", "Experimental Section\n=======================\n\n3.1. ", "Chemicals and Media\n------------------------\n\nMethanol, ethanol, hexane, ammonium acetate, terz-methyl butyl ether, acetonitrile (HPLC grade) and acetic acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); potassium persulfate (dipotassium peroxdisulfate) and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) were purchased from Hoffman-La Roche. ", "2,20-Azinobis (3-ethylben-zothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, FAME mix (C~8~--C~24~), PUFA No. ", "3 (from menhaden oil), boron trifluoride (BF~3~), Trypsin-EDTA solution and methyl tricosanoate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. ", "MTS CellTiter 96^®^ AQueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), RPMI 1640 medium, Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (PBS), [l]{.smallcaps}-glutamine (GLN), antibiotic-antimycotic stabilized solution (AA), heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), Trypan blue solution 0.4%, Epilife Medium, HKGS, Penicillin-Streptomycin solution and Lucifer Yellow CH dilithium salt, were purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). ", "Acrylamide solution was purchased from Euroclone (Pero, Milano, Italy). ", "Peridinin, lutein in ethanol and chlorophylls in acetone were purchased from DHI Water & Environment (Copenhagen, Denmark). ", "All other reagents were of analytical grade.", "\n\n3.2. ", "Jellyfish Samples\n----------------------\n\nLive jellyfish specimens of *C. tuberculata* were collected in south Adriatic and Ionian Sea (Otranto and Santa Caterina, Lecce, Italy) in September 2010 and 2011. ", "After biometric measurement (weight and diameter), samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C until lyophilization. ", "Large specimens were cut and quarter radial sectors of the jellyfish were used as homogeneous portion representative of the whole animal. ", "Frozen jellyfish were freeze-dried for 4 days at −55 °C in a chamber pressure of 0.110 mbar in a freeze dryer (Freezone 4.5L Dry System, Labconco Co. Thermo Scientific, Kansas City, MO, USA). ", "After lyophilization, the dry weight was recorded and the samples were stored at −20 °C until use.", "\n\n3.3. ", "Preparation and Fractionation of the Jellyfish Extract\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nFour grams of lyophilized jellyfish sample were subjected to hydro alcoholic extraction by stirring in 16 volumes (w/v) of 80% ethanol, overnight at 4 °C. ", "Samples were then centrifuged at 9000× *g* for 30 min, at 4 °C, and the supernatants indicated as Total Extract (TE) were used for biochemical assays. ", "TE was concentrated by vacuum rotary evaporator (Buchi), at low temperature and protected from light, in order to evaporate the ethanol, and then frozen in liquid nitrogen and lyophilized.", "\n\nDried extract was weighed and 50 mg were solubilized in 1 mL of acetonitrile/water 1:1 (v/v) at 4 °C, in order to separate proteins. ", "After gentle shacking, the suspension was left on ice in order to facilitate the phase separation. ", "Three phase were obtained ([Figure 2](#marinedrugs-11-01728-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}) indicated as Upper Phase (UP), Intermediate Phase (IP) and Lower Phase (LP). ", "Protein concentration, antioxidant activity and total phenol content were evaluated in the TE and in UP, IP, and LP fractions.", "\n\n3.4. ", "Protein Concentration\n--------------------------\n\nProtein content in TE, UP, IP and LP was estimated by modified Bradford assay \\[[@B139-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a standard for curve construction.", "\n\n3.5. ", "Determination of Phenol Content\n------------------------------------\n\nThe total content of phenols was determined by a modified Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method. ", "The test solutions containing 100 μL of sample were mixed with 500 μL of Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent and with 500 μL of 7.5% sodium carbonate (Na~2~CO~3~). ", "After 2 h, at room temperature in the dark, the absorbance was spectrophotometrically measured at 760 nm. ", "The calibration curve was plotted *versus* concentrations of gallic acid ranging from 25 to 200 μg/mL, used as standard. ", "The results were expressed as gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry extract.", "\n\n3.6. *", "In Vitro* Antioxidant Activity Analysis\n---------------------------------------------\n\nThe total antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically by using the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) method, as described in Leone *et al.* ", "\\[[@B71-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], using the radical cation ABTS^•+^ and Trolox as standard. ", "Ten microliters of the jellyfish extract or fractions were assayed into 1 mL of the reaction mixture and the absorbance decrease was measured at 734 nm. ", "Solutions of 80% ethanol, acetonitrile or acetonitrile/water were used as control. ", "A Trolox calibration curve in a range of 2.5--20 μM was prepared under the same conditions of the samples. ", "The antioxidant capacity of the samples was calculated, on the basis of the inhibition exerted by standard Trolox concentrations at 734 nm, inhibition time being fixed at 6 min. ", "Results were expressed as nmol of Trolox equivalents per gram of sample or per mg of contained proteins.", "\n\n3.7. ", "Fatty Acid Profiles Determination\n--------------------------------------\n\nFatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were obtained using BF~3~ according to Szczesna-Antczak *et al.* ", "\\[[@B140-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] with some modifications. ", "Upper phase (1 mL) was saponified at 90 °C for 20 min with 0.5 M KOH in methanol (3 mL). ", "Forty-nine micrograms of the internal standard (methyl tricosanoate) were added before saponification. ", "The fatty acids were methylated by adding 14% BF3 in MeOH (2 mL) and heating at 90 °C for 10 min. ", "After cooling, hexane (1 mL) was added and vigorously stirred for 30 s before the addition of 1 mL of sodium chloride solution (0.6%). ", "The esterified sample was left at 4 °C for better phase separation. ", "After collecting the supernatant, another 1.0 mL of hexane was added and stirred. ", "The supernatant was collected and added to the previous fraction. ", "The sample was concentrated to a final volume of 1.0 mL for GC-MS analysis.", "\n\n3.8. ", "HPLC Analysis of the UP Fraction\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe pigments in upper phase were separated according to Guaratini *et al.* ", "\\[[@B141-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\] using an Agilent 1100 HPLC. ", "Analyses were carried out as described by Fraser *et al.* ", "\\[[@B142-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\], with slight modifications. ", "Isoprenoids were separated using a reverse-phase C30 column (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm) (YMC Inc., Wilmington, NC, USA) with mobile phases consisting of methanol (A), 0.2% ammonium acetate aqueous solution/methanol (20/80 v/v) (B), and terz-methyl butyl ether (C). ", "The isocratic elution was as follows: 0 min, 95% A and 5% B; 0 to 12 min, 80% A, 5% B, and 15% C; 12 to 42 min, 30% A, 5% B, and 65% C; 42 to 60 min, 30% A, 5% B, and 65% C; 60 to 62 min, 95% A, and 5% B. The column was re-equilibrated for 10 min between runs. ", "The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the column temperature was maintained at 25 °C. ", "The injection volume was 10 μL. Absorbance was registered by diode array at wavelengths of 450 and 475 nm for carotenoids and 657 nm for chlorophylls. ", "Isoprenoids were identified by comparing their retention times and UV-visible spectra to authentic standards peridinin, lutein in ethanol and chlorophylls.", "\n\n3.9. ", "GC-MS Analysis\n-------------------\n\nThe analyses were performed on a GC-MS system, Shimadzu GC-17A version 3.0 (Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan), with MS QP5050A according to Talà *et al.* ", "\\[[@B143-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Compounds were separated on DB-5 capillary column having 30 m length, 0.25 mm ID and 0.25 μm thickness. ", "The GC parameters were as follows: the column temperature was 80 °C at the injection then programmed at 10 °C/min to 150 °C, at 5 °C/min to 250 °C and maintained at 250 °C for 15 min. ", "Split injection was conducted with a split ratio of 50:1, the flow-rate was 1.0 mL/min, carrier gas used was 99.999% pure helium, the injector temperature was 250 °C and the column inlet pressure was 74 kPa. ", "The MS detection conditions were as follows: 250 °C interface temperature; ionization mode, EI^+^; electron energy, 70 eV; scanning method of acquisition, ranging from 30 to 450, for mass/charge (*m*/*z*) optimization. ", "Spectrum data were collected at 0.5 s intervals. ", "Solvent cut time was set at 2 min and 45 min retention time enough for all fatty acids separation all. ", "Compounds were identified by using online NIST-library spectra and published MS data. ", "Moreover, FAME mix (C~8~--C~24~) and PUFA No. ", "3 (from menhaden oil) authentic standards were used to confirm MS data.", "\n\n3.10. ", "Protein Analysis by SDS-PAGE\n----------------------------------\n\nDifferent component proteins in the total extract and fractions (TE, IP and LP) and their molecular weights were assessed by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) on 12% separating gel with a 4% stacking gel. ", "The Precision Plus Protein Dual Color Standard (Bio-Rad, Hertfordshire, UK) was used as molecular weight marker. ", "The protein bands were stained with 0.25% Coomassie brilliant blue R250 in 10% acetic acid and 50% methanol for 20 min. ", "The gel was then detained with 10% acetic acid and 30% methanol overnight.", "\n\n3.11. ", "Cell Cultures\n-------------------\n\nBreast cancer cell line, MCF-7, containing the estrogenic receptor, was obtained from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, London, UK). ", "Cell line was routinely grown in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM glutamine (GLN), 50 U/mL penicillin G, 50 μg/mL streptomycin (all from GIBCO) in 75 cm^2^ plastic flasks (Corning, NY, USA) at 37 °C in a 5% CO~2~ humidified atmosphere. ", "Cells were passaged at 70%--80% confluence, about twice a week by trypsinization.", "\n\nHEKa cells (Invitrogen) were cultured in Epilife Medium supplemented with HKGS, 50 U/mL of penicillin G and 50 μg/mL of streptomycin (all from GIBCO). ", "Cells were plated at density of 150,000 cell/mL in 75 cm^2^ for HEKa and 250,000 cell/mL for MCF7 plastic flasks and incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO~2~ humidified atmosphere and trypsinized when reached 80%--90% confluences.", "\n\n3.12. ", "Cell Viability and Treatments\n-----------------------------------\n\nCell viability was assayed by MTS assay, as indirect measure of viable cell number, and by Trypan blue dye exclusion associated to automated cell counting (Countess^®^ Automated Cell Counter, Invitrogen Carlsbad, CA, USA), as suitable method to asses the real number of live and dead cells, in order to overcoming the possible inaccuracy of MTS assay in presence of supplements or new bioactive chemicals \\[[@B144-marinedrugs-11-01728],[@B145-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\].", "\n\n### 3.12.1. ", "MTS Assay\n\nMCF-7 cells were seeded in flat bottomed 96-well plates (Corning, NY, USA) at 25 × 10^4^ cells/well in 200 μL of RPMI medium supplemented with FBS, GLN and AA and HEKa were seeded at 25 × 10^4^ cells/well in 200 μL supplemented Epilife Medium, and allowed to attach for 24 h at 37 °C in a 5% CO~2~ humidified atmosphere. ", "Subsequently, the culture medium was replaced with complete medium containing the extract fractions at the following protein concentrations: UP, ranging from 0.0005 to 0.015 μg/μL and IP and LP from 0.005 to 0.08 μg/μL. For negative controls, the test compounds were replaced with solvent only (0.1% acetonitrile) or medium only, controls were included on each plate. ", "Each treatment was performed in quadruplicate. ", "The cells were then incubated for 16 h at 37 °C and 5% CO~2~ and assayed for vitality by MTS assay. ", "Twenty microliters of CellTiter 96^®^ Aqueous One Solution Reagent (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) were added to each well according to the manufacturer's instructions. ", "After 1 h in culture the cell viability was determined as assessment of metabolic activity by measuring the absorbance at 490 nm using a 3550 Ultra Microplate Reader (Biorad Instruments) (Bio-Rad, Hertfordshire, UK). ", "The assay was performed in quadruplicate for three independent experiments and the results were expressed as a percentage of control.", "\n\n### 3.12.2. ", "Trypan Blue Dye Exclusion Assay\n\nCell viability was determined by Trypan blue (Invitrogen™, Carlsbad, CA, USA) dye exclusion in order to evaluate the cytotoxic effect induced by extract treatment. ", "HEKa cells were seeded at a density of 6 × 10^5^ cells and MCF-7 were seeded at 10^6^ cells in 35 mm plate in 2 mL of the relative complete medium and treatments were performed when cells reached the 90% of confluence. ", "Treatments and controls were performed as for MTS assay. ", "At the end of treatment, cultures were trypsinized and a sample of cell suspension (20 μL) was mixed with Trypan blue (20 μL; 0.4% dye solution). ", "A Cell Countess system (Invitrogen) was used to count the number of viable and non-viable cells and the percentage viability was calculated. ", "Three independent experiments were performed in triplicate for each treatment and controls with vehicles and medium only.", "\n\n3.13. ", "Estimation of GJIC by Scrape-Loading Dye Transfer (SL/DT) Assay\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nGJIC was assessed using the SL/DT technique described by El-Fouly \\[[@B146-marinedrugs-11-01728]\\]. ", "Cells were seeded at 6 × 10^5^ cells/plate (HEKa) and at 10^6^ cells/plate (MCF-7) in 35 mm cell culture dishes, and incubated at 37 °C and 5% humidified atmosphere. ", "Only cells at 95% confluence were used for the experiments herein, they were incubated with the test compounds (UP, IP and LP fractions) at the two lower tested concentrations in the vitality tests. ", "The incubation with test substances was 30 min, 2 h or 4 h. Controls with only medium or vehicles were included in each experiment. ", "After treatment, the MCF-7 and HEKa cells were rinsed carefully with PBS without Ca^2+^ Mg^2+^, and then scraped and incubated with 0.5 mL of 0.1% (w/v) Lucifer Yellow CH (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen), for 3 min. ", "The cells were then washed with PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. ", "The distance that Lucifer Yellow had travelled through gap junctions was observed with a laser scanning confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Munchen, Germany) and the number of fluorescent cells (cell in communication via gap junctions) was compared with the controls. ", "Six random images were recorded for each plate and means were considered. ", "Three independent experiments for each cell type were performed in triplicate for each treatment and for controls with the vehicles and medium only.", "\n\n3.14. ", "Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy\n----------------------------------------\n\nFresh jellyfish tissues containing symbiont cells were imaged using a Zeiss LSM Pascal confocal microscope excited using a 488 nm (argon) and 543 nm (He--Ne) lasers. ", "Emissions were collected using two detection channels within 505--530 nm (virtual green) and over 560 nm (virtual red) emission. ", "Following spectral mapping of innate cell fluorescence, online profiling was used to image a consistent number of clustered cells in tissues from different jellyfish anatomical portions. ", "The offline tools of confocal microscopy were used to measure the cell and subcellular dimensions.", "\n\n3.15. ", "Statistical Analysis\n--------------------------\n\nStatistical analysis was performed using a Student's *t*-test and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test to analyse any differences in the measured endpoints observed between controls and the treatment groups. ", "In the GJIC assays, these tests were used to analyse fluorescent cell average values. ", "The mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for all data.", "\n\n4. ", "Conclusions\n==============\n\nThis study revealed that partially characterized fractions of an extract of the zooxanthellate *Cotylorhiza tuberculata* jellyfish exert antioxidant ability and a cell-specific cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells rather than against non-malignant HEKa cells. ", "The cytotoxicity correlated with an effective enhancement of cell-cell communication mediated by gap junction communication, which may represent one of the targets in the action mechanism of the extract bioactivity. ", "Since the goal for an effective anticancer drug is to prove a cytotoxic selective effect preferentially expressed for cancer cells rather non-malignant cells, we believe the jellyfish *C. tuberculata* deserves further studies to verify the effects of the extract fractions on additional cell lines. ", "Further studies directed towards the isolation of the active compound(s) and in-depth knowledge on antiproliferative activity and the molecular targets of marine natural compounds may provide valuable information for the development of therapeutic approaches towards new strategies of cancer prevention and control. ", "In this framework, on going work in our laboratory will verify the hypothesis of the role of *C. tuberculata* extracts as transcriptional activators of connexin proteins.", "\n\nIn several Mediterranean coastal areas, *C. tuberculata* populations seasonally reach high biomass values. ", "Therefore, our results suggest increased attention should be paid to the jellyfish-algal symbiont consortium of *C. tuberculata* for its potential as a source of bioactive compounds of nutraceutical and chemopreventive relevance. ", "The exploitation of the jellyfish/algal consortium, occurring with large unexploited biomasses in coastal areas, should be enhanced by promoting new studies towards the complete characterization of the bioactive molecules and their molecular action mechanisms.", "\n\nMore generally, jellyfish biomasses represent a source of pharmacological research largely unexplored and may lead to a future different perception of jellyfish outbreaks in our seas.", "\n\nThe research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007--2013) under Grant Agreement No. ", "266445 for the project Vectors of Change in Oceans and Seas Marine Life, Impact on Economic Sectors (VECTORS) and by the ENPI CBCMED programme MED-JELLYRISK---Integrated monitoring of jellyfish outbreaks under anthropogenic and climatic impacts in the Mediterranean Sea coastal zones: Trophic and socio-economic risks (Project registration numberI-A/1.3/098).", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n###### \n\nSupplementary Information (PDF, 439 KB)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Adrienne Crossman, Video\n\nOn March 17, 2015\n\nAdrienne Crossman is an artist, educator and curator working and living in Toronto. ", "A graduate of OCAD University, she holds a BFA in Integrated Media and a Minor in Digital and Media Studies. ", "She has completed residencies at Spark Contemporary Art Space in Syracuse, New York and La Baraque in Montréal, Quebec. ", "Her practice explores the manipulation and deconstruction of digital and analogue media in order to create new artifacts through formal re-interpretations. ", "Adrienne is currently a Programming Coordinator at Xpace Cultural Centre. ", "xpace.info\n\nEssentially, I take videos off YouTube or archive.org and mash them together. ", "It’s really finicky, and because I work off a laptop, the video has to render before I can watch it. ", "Every time I change anything, it has to render for an hour or two. ", "When I made a projection for the band Alvvays, it took two days to render the timeline before I could watch it. ", "The video was one hour and created for their live performance. ", "I would go to work and leave the computer humming really loudly, hoping that it wouldn’t die.", "\n\nA lot of my practice is glitch work and you never know what it’s going to look like. ", "You can have an idea, but you have to accept that it might fuck up and do whatever it wants to do. ", "Using glitch within a digital framework is tricky as the technology is inherently binary, and my practice is often based on deconstructing different kinds of binaries, often those to do with identity such as gender. ", "I’m really interested in a queer aesthetic and glitches fuck with the order of things, so conceptually it makes sense to me as a queer medium. ", "It completely goes against how technology was created.", "\n\nI’ve made a really big effort to have a feminist and queer art practice without being pigeonholed. ", "Last year, I curated a show for Xpace Cultural Centre, where I’m one of the programming directors, called Transcending Binaries. ", "It was a super queer show without being labeled as a queer show. ", "That’s always my intent. ", "I want anyone to walk in and relate to the work without realizing right away that it’s about queer identity.", "\n\nI think it’s successful when you can take something personal and make it universal, which is what I try to do with my work. ", "It might be about queerness or transcending normativity but it’s done in a way that my parents could walk in and be like, ‘I relate to this,’ without being alienated.", "\n\nWith my current practice, I don’t have any physical objects. ", "I’d like to print stills of my video work so that I have some kind of archive. ", "Sometimes I get jealous that people can produce tangible things while all my stuff is on hard drives and on the internet where it could potentially get wiped out. ", "There’s an anxiety attached to archiving it.", "\n\nThe glitch community is very political. ", "When I told a friend about making prints out of my glitch work, she said that some people might be pissed off about that. ", "There’s a movement that uses glitches for antiestablishment. ", "I decided I don’t care–but I had to think about it for a minute. ", "Even if I don’t want it to be, everything I make ends up being super conceptual. ", "I’m reading books constantly as my practice continues to grow." ]

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[ "Fidelity of muscle fibre reinnervation modulates ageing muscle impact in elderly women.", "\nSusceptibility to age-related muscle atrophy relates to the degree of muscle denervation and the capacity of successful reinnervation. ", "However, the specific role of denervation as a determinant of the severity of muscle aging between populations with low versus high physical function has not been addressed. ", "We show that prefrail/frail elderly women exhibited marked features of muscle denervation, whereas world class octogenarian female master athletes showed attenuated indices of denervation and greater reinnervation capacity. ", "These findings suggest that the difference in age-related muscle impact between low- and high-functioning elderly women is the robustness of the response to denervation of myofibers. ", "Ageing muscle degeneration is a key contributor to physical frailty; however, the factors responsible for exacerbated vs. muted ageing muscle impact are largely unknown. ", "Based upon evidence that susceptibility to neurogenic impact is an important determinant of the severity of ageing muscle degeneration, we aimed to determine the presence and extent of denervation in pre-frail/frail elderly (FE, 77.9 ± 6.2 years) women compared to young physically inactive (YI, 24.0 ± 3.5 years) females, and contrast these findings to high-functioning world class octogenarian female masters athletes (MA, 80.9 ± 6.6 years). ", "Muscle biopsies from vastus lateralis muscle were obtained from all three groups to assess denervation-related morphological and transcriptional markers. ", "The FE group displayed marked grouping of slow fibres, accumulation of very small myofibres, a severe reduction in type IIa/I size ratio, highly variable inter-subject accumulation of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)-positive myofibres, and an accumulation of pyknotic nuclei, indicative of recurring cycles of denervation/reinnervation and persistent denervation. ", "The MA group exhibited a smaller decline in type IIa/I size ratio and fewer pyknotic nuclei, accompanied by a higher degree of type I fibre grouping and larger fibre group size, suggesting a greater reinnervation of denervated fibres. ", "Consistent with this interpretation, MA had higher mRNA levels of the reinnervation-promoting cytokine fibroblast growth factor binding protein 1 (FGFBP1) than FE. ", "Our results indicate that the muscle of FE women has significant neurogenic atrophy, whereas MA muscle exhibit superior reinnervation capacity, suggesting that the difference in age-related muscle impact between low- and high-functioning elderly women is the robustness of the response to denervation of myofibres." ]

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[ "Chromatin higher-order structure: two-start double superhelix formed by zig-zag shaped nucleosome chain with folded linker DNA.", "\nHydrodynamic properties of chromatins differing in linker DNA length and in transcriptional activity have been studied by the method of sedimentation velocity. ", "Oligonucleosomes of different chain length were isolated from chromatins of pigeon brain cortical neurones, rat thymus and sea urchin sperm characterized by nucleosome DNA repeat length of 165, 198 and 248 base pairs respectively. ", "The hydrodynamic behaviour of oligonucleosomes in the dependence on the number of nucleosomes in the chain and on the ionic strength has been analysed on the basis of cylinder model. ", "The data obtained allows one to calculate the main structural parameters of the oligonucleosomal chain: its mass per unit length, the hydrodynamic diameter of the chain, the length of the chain per nucleosome and DNA packing ratio. ", "It is shown that hydrodynamic behaviour of nucleosome oligomers from all types of chromatins investigated at low ionic strength can be well described by the model of three-dimensional zig-zag chain with similar diameter and length of the chain per nucleosome, DNA packing ratio growing with the increase of linker DNA length. ", "It can be achieved by unfolding the short linker DNA in neurone chromatin and by coiling the long linker DNA of sea urchin sperm chromatin into a loop. ", "With the increase of ionic strength zig-zag shaped nucleosomal chain is condensed into a two-start double superhelix with closely arranged nucleosomes and linker DNA loops packed inside the superhelix. ", "The suggested model is in good agreement with available experimental data and overcomes a number of difficulties which arise for the solenoid model and other models of the 30-nm chromatin fibril." ]

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[ "It’s important to note that when Modu started in 2007, it wasn’t looking at smartphones or pocket PCs. ", "Instead, it focused on adding “smart cases” to dumb phones.", "\n\nFor example, the Modu 1 was a simple small phone by itself. ", "You could then slip it into different types of cases to add functionality. ", "You could add a QWERTY keyboard instead of a numpad, a speakers module to listen to music, and so on.", "\n\nModu didn’t take off, eventually shutting down in 2011. ", "Its patents were bought by Google.", "\n\nFor example, the Vibe X2 Speaker was made in association with JBL to provide a set of strong speakers with a kickstand. ", "There was also a battery layer that boosted the battery life by double.", "\n\nOf course, none of this actually let you change the smartphone itself, which was restricted to what you got out of the box. ", "However, as a precursor to modular phones, Lenovo’s device was an important milestone.", "\n\nThe Latest Modular Phone: LG G5\n\nMuch like the Lenovo Vibe X2, the LG G5 comes with add-on modules too. ", "But even though it launched years later, the philosophy of the G5 is the same: the smartphone stays unchanged while you snap extra units on or off.", "\n\nFor example, the LG CAM Plus adds a more powerful camera module with a shutter, hand grip, zoom dial, and record button. ", "Similarly, the LG Hi-Fi Plus — made in association with Bang and Olufsen — adds an amp and a digital audio converter to your smartphone (for high quality song output).", "\n\nAgain, the G5 isn’t going to let you change your battery to add a higher capacity battery or swap out an 8MP camera for a 13MP camera. ", "It’s more like Lenovo’s layers than Google’s Ara, which we’re coming up on.", "\n\nFairphone: Truly Modular and Ethical\n\nIt’s the first phone to receive 10/10 from iFixit for its repairability, which speaks volumes about Fairphone. ", "You can take the entire phone apart and put it back together, and all you need to do it is a single screwdriver.", "\n\nFairphone’s approach to making a phone is about ethics. ", "It sources conflict-free minerals and materials from places where it knows the labor isn’t being exploited — a stark contrast to companies like Apple and the deplorable conditions in their Chinese factories.", "\n\nMore importantly, Fairphone wants you to be able to fix things yourself.", "\n\nSmartphones are fragile. ", "The screen can break and you’ll have to shell out a large amount to get it replaced. ", "Batteries deteriorate with age, but try getting it replaced for cheap. (", "Good luck.) ", "Fairphone puts all these options back in the user’s hands.", "\n\nThe main core module (which has the PCB, antennae, and ports) costs about $350, the screen costs just about $100, while the battery costs about $25. ", "You can buy any of these, or other items, separately and place them in your smartphone on demand.", "\n\nWe weren’t too impressed with the first Fairphone (read our reviewFairphone Review and GiveawayFairphone Review and GiveawayThe Fairphone was quietly put on pre-order last year for an initial European-only run of 25,000 units.", "Read More) but Fairphone 2 seems like a far better device on paper. ", "Fairphone hasn’t announced yet whether it will release different types of parts that can fit into the phone, so it’s aimed more at repairing than modifying your phone.", "\n\nGoogle’s Project Ara: The Next Step\n\nAll of these previous modular smartphones show why Google’s Project Ara is so important.", "\n\nThere’s a “base unit” that consists of your screen, PCB, and other internal components like processor and RAM. ", "The back is also made up of removable modules.", "\n\nAdd a camera module to click photos. ", "Remove it and replace it with the E-ink reader module to read a book without taking up too much battery. ", "The possibilities are endless, at least in theory.", "\n\nThere are six module slots on the Ara, which you can release from the phone with ease. ", "The open-standard UniPro port will let anyone make modules, so it’s easy to snap and release without worry of stuff breaking. ", "Wired, which got a sneak peek at the phone, describes how it works:\n\nPress a button on the right side of the phone to bring up a map of all your modules, tap on the picture of the one you want to release, then flip over your phone. ", "A moment later, it releases. ", "Or do it like Camargo (Ara’s technical project lead) and say, “OK Google, eject the camera.”", "\n\nThe Ara Still Has One Big Flaw\n\nDespite all the strides it has made, Project Ara still has some flaws in making sure it has a long life. ", "For starters, the base unit can’t be upgraded so you’re stuck with the same processor + RAM + screen combination even if technology moves ahead.", "\n\n“The 6 little blocky modules on the back of the phone are just add-ons like better cameras, speakers, scanners, etc. ", "Things to customize your phone, for fun,” criticizes Hakken.", "\n\n“It means your phone still gets obsolete after a while. ", "What if your screen breaks? ", "Well you still need to replace the entire phone. ", "And after a couple of years it gets slow and you need to replace your entire skeleton.”", "\n\nThis is a big deal. ", "The modular Ara is letting you change things that aren’t essential to the smartphone experience, but it keeps the important parts still in the hands of the manufacturer. ", "What’s the longevity of the phone then? ", "Hopefully more than a few years.", "\n\nAra vs. Fairphone: Which Is Better?", "\n\nThe philosophical battle of modular phones comes down to a fight between Ara and Fairphone. ", "Ara has Lenovo, LG, and others like it on its side, which believes “modular” means adding and removing parts to gain functions that a smartphone does not otherwise have.", "\n\nFairphone, on the other hand, believes “modular” means being able to replace core elements of a smartphone so that it doesn’t get outdated as technology progresses.", "\n\nWhich side are you on? ", "What’s your definition of the “modular” philosophy? ", "And since Fairphone is already available while Ara will be available soon, which of the two will be your next smartphone?", "\n\nFairphone 2 is better in theory, I'd get one if it had more powerful parts available over what the unit ships with, mostly some more RAM 2GB is a bit low, I like ho you can repair it if anything breaks but I think the 'core' module needs braking down into seprate main components (not everything needs replacing at once and it's an expensive part to replace if 1 piece of it breaks) and upgrades sold rather than just replacements of what it ships with.", "\n\nI have a Fairphone 2. ", "It's a pretty good phone, and I really like the idea of being able to replace broken screens, dead batteries, or other components at a fair cost - my previous android phone survived for quite a few years, but the battery was getting \"old\", and my wife's phone suffered from a difficult to repair cracked screen.", "\n\nI also like its dual-sim capability - useful if you're travelling outside the EU, when data and call roaming rates can become prohibitive.", "\n\nAnd it's nice that the workers who make it are not being oppressed so badly, and that the mineral supply chain is better at not supporting warlords in conflict zones!", "\n\nThe Fairphone hardware design is published, so anyone is free to design components (even if the customer base is not yet huge). ", "And the interconnects are spring loaded, so won't wear out after a few insertions. ", "There is scope, for example for a \"smart back\", which could make a Fairphone a plug-in controller for all sorts of hardware.", "\n\nAnd it's available, now (or now-ish, since you need to order it online)." ]

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[ "Thunder crashes in the distance as lightning flashes on a gothic-looking rooftop. ", "The iconic Bat Signal shoots a beam of light into the sky as Commissioner Gordon looks out over Gotham City. ", "On the other side of the rooftop, Batman appears, flanked by Wonder Woman and the Flash.", "\n\n“How many of you are there?” ", "asks Gordon.", "\n\nBatman dryly responds, “Not enough.”", "\n\nI’m on the set of Justice League watching a scene be filmed for Zack Snyder’s follow-up to the divisive Batman V Superman: Dawn of Justice.", "\n\nMoments later, Cyborg walks out of the shadows to join the group. ", "It’s not really Cyborg — he will created later in visual effects, but more on that later — it’s actor Ray Fisher in a performance capture suit and a rig that projects red lights from his head and chest. ", "Ezra Miller, playing the Flash, comically overreacts at Cyborg’s appearance. ", "This doesn’t feel like the previous Zack Snyder DC Extended Universe films.", "\n\nCyborg informs the group that “the head of Star Labs was taken tonight” and it’s now clear that while he may have been reluctant earlier, he is now willing to join up with this league of “meta humans” to fight a group of villains that Batman humorously refers to as “flying monkeys.”", "\n\nWonder Woman gives Cyborg a smile, and the camera moves in to capture this moment in closeup. ", "It’s a moment of warmth and humanity, something that many fans and critics believed to be lacking from the two previous Superman films. ", "After someone yells “cut,” one of my colleagues on set comments that this might be the first smile we’ve seen in Snyder’s DCU so far, or at very least, the most obvious.", "\n\nI didn’t hate Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as much as most of my movie reviewing colleagues, but my 6 out of 10 review was far from gushing. ", "It was negative enough to earn me thousands of hate tweets and threatening emails from DC fanboys, something that persisted for weeks. ", "So I was surprised to get a call from Zack Snyder’s personal publicist asking if I’d be interested in visiting his Avengers-style team-up film Justice League.", "\n\nI’ve been invited to dozens of movie sets over the years and usually the offer comes from the movie studio in charge, or more rarely a filmmaker friend will send out the personal invite. ", "But this is the first time I’ve had the filmmaker’s personal publicist has reached out.", "\n\nI boarded a British Airways flight to London with a bunch of other movie bloggers and journalists, most of whom did not like Batman v Superman, and this seems completely by design. ", "We were told that Zack Snyder had read our reviews, our coverage, and picked this particular batch of bloggers because while we weren’t fans of BvS, we were fair in our assessments and thoughtfully explained our issues with that film. ", "It seems like Zack Snyder and Warner Bros. know they have something to prove, and are willing to open the curtain to try to change the perception of their big franchise series.", "\n\nBatman v Superman was far from a disaster, but the film did not make the monstrous amount of money that Warner Bros. was probably hoping it would. ", "Since the film’s release, we have seen a barrage of reports of a shakeup on both the executive and producing levels. ", "There were rumors that producers Charles Roven and Deborah Snyder had been privately demoted. ", "Batman actor Ben Affleck was given an increased creative presence on this film as well as an executive producer credit. ", "And there are lots of additional rumblings in the inner circles that haven’t made the Internet.", "\n\nWe visited the Justice League set on June 17th, 2016, day 31 of a planned 111-day shoot, while they were filming an hour outside of London at Leavesden Studios. ", "When I was last at this facility, it was when I was on the set of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. ", "The movie studio has since turned into a tourist destination with the opening of the Warner Bros. Studio Tour in 2012. ", "But films are still shot at this studio, including Edge of Tomorrow, 300: Rise of an Empire, Paddington, Jupiter Ascending, Kingsman, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., In the Heart of the Sea, Pan, Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation, Tarzan, Fantastic Beasts, Wonder Woman and King Arthur. ", "In fact, some areas of the studio were under strict lockdown because Steven Spielberg is currently prepping Ready Player One.", "\n\nBefore I get into my thoughts on my visit, I should acknowledge that a set visit gives us a very limited and almost completely orchestrated look at the production. ", "Everything we saw on set and everything that was said by the filmmakers is completely by design, to paint a particular picture.", "\n\nWith that bit of warning out of the way, I won’t bury my lede here: Even though Justice League may look much like the other Zack Snyder DCEU films, it feels like a much different film from Man of Steel or Batman v Superman. ", "There are moments of humor, humanity, personality and color.", "\n\nI encourage you to read the rest of my written coverage but if you purely want my reaction, feel free to watch this video blog I recorded after the set visit with Steve Weintraub from Collider and Devin Faraci from Birth.", "Movies.", "Death.:", "\n\nDirector Zack Snyder admits that he was not expecting the critical reaction to Batman v Superman:\n\nYou know, when Batman v Superman first came out, I was like, “Wow, okay, woof.” ", "It did catch me off-guard. ", "I kind of felt like — and I have had to, in my mind, make an adjustment, and maybe it is my hardcore take on characters as far as I love ’em, and I love the material. ", "I do, I take it really deep. ", "So I think the nice thing about working on Justice League is that it is an opportunity to really blow the doors off of the scale and the bad guys and team-building and all the stuff that I think I could justify as a big, modern comic book movie, if that makes any sense.", "\n\nAnd producer Deborah Snyder is very clear about it — Justice League is “a totally different movie than Batman v Superman.” ", "From what I saw while visiting the set, this film seems to have more humor, more personalities, and a sense that the filmmakers have learned something from their mistakes.", "\n\nZack says that the characters in the Justice League are “inherently, sort of this larger-than-life, big, fun”:\n\nFlash and with [Aquaman actor Jason] Momoa, when you see, I’ve been out with Jason and the way that he’s interacting with the group, even just in his Jason-ness, the contrast to Ben and to Gal [Gadot] is really interesting and fun.", "\n\nIts these kind of personality contrasts that make the Marvel Universe team-up films so much fun, and it seems like Snyder and team are aiming for the same kind of delightful interplay. ", "Wonder Woman actress Gal Gadot thinks they have found a very interesting dynamic in this film.", "\n\nIt’s fun, it’s funny. ", "It’s different, each and every character brings their own flavor and color to the team. ", "And for me, you know, personally it’s really fun to play with them. ", "They’re great, they’re talented, and I’m having a great time.", "\n\nBut by far the biggest surprise for me was Ezra Miller as the Flash. ", "Imagine going into Captain America: Civil War not looking forward to Spider-Man’s appearance and coming out totally blown away. ", "This is how I felt leaving the Justice League set.", "\n\nI’ve read runs of Superman and Batman but I’ve never regularly read any of the DC series. ", "And I’ve never really been interested in the Flash. ", "I tried watching the pilot of the CW show, and I know everyone says it’s great but it just didn’t hook me. ", "I’m not sure if its just that Ezra Miller is that good (he is very good) or if it’s that the character is just written so well (it is written packed with personality and amusement) but after my trip to set, I found myself back at the hotel purchasing Flash comics on my iPad." ]

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[ "Update for Radio Silver Rain\n\nRadio Silver Rain\n- FM 100.1\n- Moscow\n\nМы с вами на одной волне\n\nRadio Silver Rain 100.1 is a broadcast Radio station from Moscow, Russia, providing infotainment that meets the needs of the modern listener, providing quality information\n...\nSee more\nand analytical and musical product." ]

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[ "Waikato Mounted Rifles\n\nThe Waikato Mounted Rifles (WMR) is the New Zealand Army’s only Territorial Force (Army Reserve) squadron of the Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps (RNZAC). ", "The Squadron's origins can be traced back to 1869 when the first mounted unit was raised in the Waikato. ", "Today the Squadron is part of Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles (QAMR) where it forms the regiment's reserve squadron. ", "WMR's role is mounted reconnaissance and surveillance.", "\n\nHistory\n\n1869–1914 \n\nWMR’s lineage extends back to the New Zealand Wars (1843–72) and the formation of the Cambridge Mounted Rangers Volunteers. ", "This unit was accepted for service on 24 July 1869, and today this date is recognised as WMR's ‘birthday’ and commemorated by the Squadron each year. ", "Although the Cambridge Mounted Rangers Volunteers were disbanded in 1870, they were effectively re-formed shortly afterwards as the Cambridge Cavalry Volunteers.", "\n\nThe formation of the Cambridge Cavalry Volunteers, together with the nearby Te Awamutu Cavalry Volunteers (1871) and the Hamilton Cavalry Volunteers (1880) led directly to the creation of the Waikato Mounted Rifle Volunteers (1897), and then to the 4th (Waikato) Mounted Rifles when New Zealand's Volunteer Force was superseded by the Territorial Force (TF) in 1911.", "\n\nIn 1885 all of New Zealand's Volunteer Force cavalry units were turned into mounted rifles units. ", "This was more than just a change of title, as the New Zealand Volunteer Manual makes clear: “It cannot be too frequently impressed upon all ranks of mounted rifles that they are in no sense cavalry. ", "They are only intended to fight on foot; their horses enabling them to make longer and more rapid movements than the infantry soldier.”", "\n\nMounted riflemen had the same mobility as cavalry, but because they dismounted out of direct fire range, they were much less vulnerable. ", "New Zealand's mounted troops still required, “all the élan, dash and spirit of cavalry, but train to fight dismounted”.", "\n\nThe historian of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles in the First World War, Lieutenant Colonel (Retired) Terry Kinloch, however draws an important distinction between mounted rifles and mounted infantry. “", "A mounted rifleman was a horseman who was trained to fight on foot, but also to carry out some of the other cavalry functions, such as reconnaissance and screening. ", "A mounted infantryman was no horseman. ", "He rode a horse when he had to, but he fought on foot, and did not undertake reconnaissance or any other cavalry role. ", "Mounted riflemen thus fitted in between cavalry and mounted infantry, performing some of the secondary roles of cavalry, but fighting on foot.”", "\n\nAnother source explains that mounted infantry were foot soldiers provided with increased mobility, whilst mounted riflemen were horsemen trained to fight on foot in both offensive and defensive actions. ", "As horsemen they were also expected to perform the duties of reconnoitring and screening troop movements as well as providing protection from surprise attacks. ", "Mounted infantry were picked soldiers often organised in small units as adjuncts to an infantry brigade, or to an independent force of cavalry.", "\n\nEach mounted rifles unit was recruited on a voluntary basis with troopers bringing their own horses to take part in military training. ", "They were well represented when New Zealand first sent troops overseas to South Africa. ", "On 28 September 1899, the New Zealand Government offered a contingent to serve with the British Imperial Forces in South Africa, two weeks before the war with the Boer republic began. ", "A total of 10 contingents – the New Zealand Mounted Rifles (NZMR) – were sent between 1899 and 1902, totalling 6,495 officers and men and more than 8000 horses. (", "At this time New Zealand's population was only 900,000.)", "\n\nThe largest engagement in South Africa involving New Zealanders was at Langverwacht Hill in February 1902. ", "Here, whilst defending a cordon enveloping between 800 and 900 Boer guerrillas under De Wet, the Seventh Contingent suffered badly: of approximately 90 men holding the New Zealand line, 24 were killed and more than 40 wounded. ", "These losses are some of the most severe suffered by a New Zealand unit in a single short action in any war . ", "Lord Kitchener reported that they had, \"displayed great gallantry and resolution at a critical moment,\" and that their conduct on this occasion, \"reflects the highest credit upon all ranks of the contingent, and upon the Colony to which it belongs. ", "Nothing could have been finer than the behaviour of the men.\"", "\n\nEarlier, General Sir Ian Hamilton, had said this of the New Zealanders he had observed in the field: \"I have soldiered a long time now, but I have never in my life met men I would sooner soldier with than New Zealanders. ", "I feel the greatest affection for them and I shall never forget the work they did in South Africa\" Hamilton was to meet New Zealanders again in an even greater test fourteen years later at Gallipoli.", "\n\nAnother senior British officer, quoted in The Times History of the War in South Africa, wrote of the New Zealanders: \"It would hardly be an exaggeration to say that after they had a little experience, they were, by general consent, regarded as on average the best mounted troops in South Africa.\"", "\nThe battle honour ‘South Africa 1900–02’ was the first to be awarded to WMR.", "\n\nWhen the TF was formed in 1911 (three years after the Territorial Army in Britain) and compulsory military training introduced, New Zealand could field 12 mounted rifles regiments. ", "Today only two NZ Army units still carry the Mounted Rifles title: WMR and QAMR.", "\n\nThe cap badge of the 4th (Waikato) Mounted Rifles dates from shortly before the First World War: a native Kaka parrot within a wreath of kowhai leaves and blossoms. ", "The Latin motto, “Libertas et Natale Solum” is best translated as “Liberty and Homeland”.", "\n\nThe Regimental March, ‘D’ye ken John Peel’ was also adopted. ", "This was published in 1903 for general use as a trot by all mounted units, and in England was then used by the East Riding of Yorkshire Yeomanry. ", "While this regiment has since evolved into today's Yorkshire Squadron of The Queen's Own Yeomanry, the same Regimental March has been retained.", "\n\n1914–1918 \n\nOn the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the 1st New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) was formed for overseas service. ", "It included a NZMR brigade. ", "The TF Auckland Mounted Rifles Brigade comprised three regiments. ", "For the NZEF, each of those regiments contributed and sustained a service squadron to the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment (AMR) of the NZMR Brigade. ", "The squadron provided to AMR by WMR was known as the 4th (Waikato) Squadron.", "\n\nTerry Kinloch has described how the New Zealand mounted rifles regiments were organised: \"Each mounted rifles regiment numbered 549 men and 608 horses organised as a headquarters, three squadrons and a machine gun section.", "\n\nA squadron of 158 men and 169 horses comprised a headquarters and four troops. ", "Each troop consisted of eight four-man sections. ", "The section was the fundamental building block of the mounted rifles regiment. ", "In combat, one man in each section was responsible for holding the horses when the other three fought on foot. ", "The four men lived, worked, fought and sometimes died together, and they usually became close friends.\"", "\n\nAs part of the NZMR Brigade, the AMR served throughout the Gallipoli, Sinai and Palestine campaigns, finally returning to New Zealand in 1919 when it was demobilised. ", "For this service the following battle honours were awarded to WMR: Anzac, Defence of Anzac, Hill 60 (Anzac), Sari Bair, Gallipoli 1915, Rumani, Magdaba-Rafah, Egypt 1915–17, Gaza-Beersheba, Jerusalem, Jaffa, Jericho, Jordan (Amman), Megiddo, Nablus and Palestine 1917–18.", "\n\nThe role played by the NZMR Brigade fighting dismounted alongside the infantry against the Turks during the Gallipoli campaign of 1915 has been well recorded; less well known are the Brigade's operations in Egypt, Palestine and Syria.", "\n\nArguably the finest hours of AMR's 4th Waikato Squadron on Gallipoli occurred during the 8 and 9 August 1915 during the assault on Chunuk Bair, the summit of the dominant Sari Bair Ridge. ", "After a most hazardous approach under continuous fire, AMR succeeding in reaching the sorely pressed Wellington Infantry Battalion that had earlier seized the peak. ", "Together the survivors held out against repeated Turkish assaults, suffering appalling casualties. ", "When eventually relieved, AMR had virtually ceased to exist. ", "Of the 288 that had advanced on the summit, only 22 were able to walk off the hill unaided. ", "All the officers in the 4th Waikato Squadron were dead. ", "Ultimately Chunuk Bair was lost, and Hamilton's August offensive failed.", "\n\nThe Gallipoli campaign decimated the original NZMR Brigade. ", "When the peninsula finally came to be evacuated in December, almost half of the 4000 mounted riflemen who had served there since May had been killed or wounded.", "\n\nOnce reunited with their horses in Egypt, the Brigade formed part of what later became known as the Desert Mounted Corps, eventually consisting of 20,000 horsemen drawn from Australian, Indian, British Yeomanry and New Zealand units, and the largest tactical force of cavalry ever to operate under one command. ", "The campaign under General Allenby concluded with the fall of Damascus and the complete defeat of the Turkish Army in 1918.", "\n\nIt is instructive to read extracts from the tributes paid afterwards to the NZMR Brigade by successive British Commanders in Chief:\n\"New Zealand has every reason to be proud of what her sons have done for the Empire, and in no theatre have they more reason to be so than the glorious and bewilderingly successful campaign in Palestine.\" ", " (General Sir John Maxwell, GCB, KCMG, CVO, DSO.)", "\n\"Fortunate indeed is a commander in the field who has at his disposal New Zealand mounted troops, for he can depend on them at all times to display energy, resource and endurance. ", "All these three qualities were time after time exemplified by the New Zealanders in the waterless desert country of Sinai... Not only is the brigade equal to any troops in energy, resource and endurance, but in addition it is second to none in determination and dash... The Empire is proud of the New Zealand Mounted Brigade and I personally owe it a debt of lasting gratitude.\" ", " (General Sir Archibald Murray, CCMG, KCB, CVO, DSO.)", "\n\"When the autumn campaign was in progress, the New Zealanders took a leading part in defeating the Turkish IV Army. ", "In the Jordan Valley, and thence eastward, over their old battlefield of Shunet Nimrin, Es Salt and Amman, to the Hedjaz railway, the men of New Zealand fought and marched to final and complete victory. ", "Nothing daunted these intrepid fighters; to them nothing was impossible.\" ", " (Field Marshall Sir Edmund Allenby, GCB, GCMG).", "\n\nField Marshall Lord Wavell summarised the part played by the Desert Mounted Corps in the campaign like this:\n\"The greatest exploit in history of horsed cavalry, and possibly their last success on a large scale, had ended within a short distance of the battlefield of Issus (333 B.C.), where Alexander the Great first showed how battles could be won by bold and well-handled horsemen.\"", "\n\nThe campaign in Egypt, Palestine and Syria was to be the heyday of New Zealand's mounted rifles regiments.", "\n\n1918–1939 \n\nAfter the First World War the TF continued much in its previous form, although in 1921 the 12 mounted rifles regiments were reduced to nine. ", "Horses were maintained in all the regiments. ", "In the same year, the title of the 4th (Waikato) Mounted Rifles was altered first to the 4th New Zealand Mounted Rifles (Waikato), and then on 6 September 1927 to the Waikato Mounted Rifles.", "\n\nIn 1927 the New Zealand mounted rifles regiments received permission from King George V to carry Guidons. ", "Although some mounted rifles regiments were later presented with Guidons, there is no record of WMR ever having received this honour, and that position continues to this day.", "\n\n1927 was also the year in which two British cavalry regiments, the 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) and the 12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's), were converted to armoured cars, becoming the first regular cavalry in the world to be fully mechanised. ", "The era of the horse in land warfare was slowly drawing to a close.", "\n\nMeanwhile, the Waikato Mounted Rifles regiment was now based at the Drill Hall in Knox Street in Hamilton and organised into four squadrons: HQ, A, B, and C. A typical squadron consisted of about 160 soldiers with their horses, broken down into four troops.", "\n\nCompulsory military training ceased in 1930 at the beginning of the Depression. ", "At the same time pressure for mechanisation was growing and in 1936 it was decided that the TF would be motorised. ", "As part of this process, each mounted rifles regiment was allowed to raise a light car and motorcycle troop. ", "By 1937, with TF numbers dropping, the Government was forced to reduce the numbers of TF units in each military district. ", "From now on, each district would have a composite mounted rifles regiment and a composite motorised mounted rifles squadron. ", "In the Northern Military District, WMR provided one squadron for the horsed regiment, and one troop for the motorised squadron.", "\n\nIn 1939 the first armoured vehicles were purchased for the Army: six Bren gun carriers. ", "Initially two were issued to each military district; later these were recalled to become the nucleus for the 2nd New Zealand Divisional Cavalry Regiment (more commonly known as the ‘Div Cav’).", "\n\n1939–1945 \n\nAfter the outbreak of war with Germany, the TF was returned to its former size. ", "There were some changes, mainly increasing the pre-war efforts to motorise the Army. ", "One regiment in each mounted rifles brigade was now fully motorised, on the same basis as a British motorised battalion. ", "In the Northern Military District this was to be WMR, and so as vehicles became available, the regiment was gradually parted from its horses.", "\n\nAt the start of the war, the Government agreed to raise an expeditionary force to be placed at the disposal of the British Government. ", "The Div Cav was part of this force with the majority of its personnel coming from the mounted rifles regiments, including WMR who also provided the unit's first commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel CJ Pierce, MC .", "\n\nThe Div Cav subsequently fought with General Freyberg's 2nd New Zealand Division in Greece, North Africa and Italy, equipped variously with Vickers Light Mark III and VIb tanks, Bren carriers, Marmon-Herrington armoured cars, M3 Stuart light tanks and Staghound armoured cars. ", "The Div Cav had the double distinction of being the first unit to be raised and equipped with armour in New Zealand and the first New Zealand armoured unit to be deployed operationally overseas.", "\n\nWar correspondent and 2NZEF staff officer Geoffrey Cox described the men of the Div Cav he saw fighting in Crete like this: \"They were mostly farmers, brown-faced, weather-beaten men, sinewy and fit, with at their head the huge figure of their commander, Major John Russell. ", "Had the 2nd New Zealand Division run to an elite force the Divisional Cavalry would have been a candidate for that title.\"", "\n\nThe Div Cav provided many of the original volunteers for what was to become the Long Range Desert Group, amongst whom was at least one former WMR trooper.", "\n\nBack in New Zealand in November 1941 it was decided that the mounted rifles regiments were to be reconstituted as armoured units and organised along the lines of a divisional cavalry unit, with armoured cars, Bren carriers and lorries. ", "Much to the chagrin of those concerned, they were redesignated as ‘Light Armoured Fighting Vehicle Regiments’. ", "WMR thus became the 4th Light Armoured Fighting Vehicle (4 LAFV) regiment, based at Ngaruawahia Camp near Hamilton. ", "With the entry of the Japanese into the war in December 1941, the TF was mobilised for home defence.", "\n\nThe New Zealand Armoured Corps was formed on 1 January 1942 (the ‘Royal’ prefix was not granted until 12 July 1947). ", "The first Stuart tanks, 24 in all, arrived in New Zealand in June 1942. ", "The following month personnel from each LAFV regiment were sent to the New Zealand Armoured Fighting Vehicle School at Waiouru Military Camp to take part in training on the new tanks, more of which arrived in October.", "\n\nIn November further developments took place with each unit being designated as either an armoured regiment with a mix of Stuart and valentine tanks, or a reconnaissance regiment with Stuart tanks, Beaverette armoured cars and carriers. ", "In the process, and much to their satisfaction, the units regained their old titles. ", "It took until 1943 to implement these changes.", "\n\nFrom April 1943 onwards the mounted rifles regiments were called upon to provide personnel for the reinforcement drafts for units overseas, mainly being the 18th, 19th and 20th Armoured Regiments that were equipped with M4 Sherman tanks in the 4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade in Italy. ", "This service was recognised at the end of the war when the Auckland, Waikato and North Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiments inherited the battle honours of the 18th Armoured Regiment from the Italian campaign: The Sangro, Castel Frentano, Orsogna, Advance to Florence, San Michele, Paula Line, Celle, Pisciatello, the Senio, Santerno Crossing, Bologna, Idice Bridgehead and Italy 1943–45.", "\n\nBy June the drain on personnel had been so severe that no TF unit was fully operational, and in July all the mounted rifles regiments were reduced to training cadres for training personnel for overseas service. ", "Finally, in March 1944 came the reorganisation of the New Zealand Armoured Corps. ", "Three armoured regiments were to be formed, one in each military district. ", "In the Northern Military District the three mounted rifles regiments, including WMR, were amalgamated to form the 1st Armoured Regiment.", "\n\n1945–1999 \n\nFollowing the Second World War, the TF remained largely dormant until 1949 when compulsory military training was reintroduced in New Zealand for the armed forces. ", "In 1951 the Waikato Regiment, a pre-war infantry unit, was incorporated into the 1st Armoured Regiment to form the 1st Armoured Regiment (Waikato), RNZAC. ", "The Colours of the Waikato Regiment were handed to the 1st Armoured Regiment (Waikato) and accepted by it at a ceremonial Colours Parade held in Seddon Park, Hamilton on Anzac Day 1956. ", "These Colours were later laid up in St Andrew's Church, Cambridge in October 1970.", "\n\nOver the next 50 years, as compulsory military training has come and gone, with successive reorganisations taking place, regimental titles in the RNZAC have frequently changed. ", "In 1959 the 1st Armoured Regiment (Waikato), RNZAC became the Waikato Regiment, RNZAC; the 2nd Armoured Regiment became Queen Alexandra's Regiment RNZAC; and the 4th Armoured Regiment became the Wellington East Coast Regiment, RNZAC. ", " A year later the Waikato, Queen Alexandra's and Wellington East Coast Regiments were reduced to squadrons, together forming a new 1st Armoured Regiment, RNZAC.", "\n\nIn 1963–64 the 1st Armoured Regiment split, with Queen Alexandra's and Wellington East Coast Squadrons becoming the 1st Armoured Squadron (Queen Alexandra's), and the Waikato Squadron becoming the 2nd Armoured Squadron (Waikato).", "\nIn 1970 the 1st and 2nd Armoured Squadrons amalgamated to form Queen Alexandra's (Waikato/Wellington East Coast) Squadron, but in 1983 this divided again to form Queen Alexandra's Squadron and the Waikato/Wellington East Coast (Wai/WEC) Squadron.", "\n\nIn 1990 all New Zealand's armoured units were brought together for the first time in the 1st Armoured Group. ", "Three years later this was re-titled Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles (QAMR). ", "The Wai/WEC Squadron formed C Squadron.", "\n\nSix years of relative stability followed before further changes occurred. ", "In 1999 a wide-ranging review and reorganisation of the TF took place that resulted in the transfer of the Wai/WEC Squadron to the 6th Battalion (Hauraki), Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment (RNZIR) – a Territorial infantry unit based in Tauranga in the Bay of Plenty.", "\n\n1999–today \nWithin the Haurakis, C and D Companies were absorbed into Wai/WEC Squadron, together being known as the Waikato Squadron, although no official title change took place. ", "The Squadron's recruiting boundaries were reduced to conform to those of the Haurakis, which excluded the Wellington/East Coast region. ", "The years that followed proved a particular challenge to the Squadron, as it fought to retain its existence, separate identity and mounted reconnaissance role.", "\n\nAt the TF Seminar in August 2002, the Chief of Army, Major General Mateparae, directed that – in the interests of fostering unit pride, respecting tradition, raising morale, strengthening links with local communities and assisting recruitment – Territorial units (and where appropriate sub-units) would revert to their previous titles. ", "To accommodate these changes, Territorial infantry regiments would form battalion groups; thus the Haurakis would become the 6th (Hauraki) Battalion Group in which Wai/WEC Squadron would be a sub-unit.", "\n\nThe re-adoption of historical titles did not alter battalion group boundaries, so with the loss of the Wellington East Coast region it was inappropriate to maintain the WEC part of the Squadron's title. ", "This provided the opportunity for the Squadron to return to its historical roots and revive the title of the Waikato Mounted Rifles. ", "In early 2003, and strongly supported by the Waikato Mounted Rifles Regimental Association, a formal submission was made to alter the Squadron's title. ", "This was approved by the Chief of Army in September of the same year.", "\n\nA further submission was to follow. ", "This was for the restoration of the WMR hat and collar badges. ", "After a protracted campaign, this was eventually agreed in April 2006. ", "Based exactly on the pre-1914 originals, it was not however until May 2008 that the new badges were finally presented to Squadron personnel by the then Colonel Commandant RNZAC, Brigadier IH Duthie, CNZM.", "\nIn 2003, WMR's role was defined as: “...to provide general purpose medium reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition in order to support New Zealand Light Armoured Vehicle mounted battalion operations. ", "It is to provide trained personnel to top up and round out Queen Alexandra’s Squadron...”\n\nPartly as a result of diminishing resources, and partly due to the low priority accorded the TF within the Army, WMR had by then moved from reconnaissance training on FV101 Scorpion CVR(T) and M113 APCs to modified V8 Land Rovers. ", "By the start of the 21st century some of the latter vehicles were actually older than their crews.", "\n\nIn 2004 the Government purchased from Automotive Technik (UK) 321 armoured and non-armoured Pinzgauer Light Operational Vehicles (LOV) to replace the Army's ageing Land Rover fleet. ", "It was only in 2007 that the decision was made that WMR would be equipped with the 6 x 6 armoured (and armed) version of LOV, and the following year WMR received sufficient vehicles for one troop. ", "While these vehicles may not perfectly fit the Squadron's role, they have provided the crucial training platform necessary to continue as a reserve reconnaissance squadron.", "\n\nAs part of a revised policy of integrating non-infantry TF units into the RF (or re-integrating in the case of WMR), in July 2012 the Squadron left the Haurakis and returned to QAMR as the regiment's reserve squadron. ", "WMR's role was now defined as being to provide a reserve cavalry capability to the NZ Army, focusing on a mounted reconnaissance and surveillance skill set.", "\nWith the re-integration of WMR into QAMR, a formal proposal for the presentation of a Guidon to the Squadron was withdrawn.", "\n\nCurrent Organisation \nBased in Hamilton (pop.141,000) in the Waikato, upper North Island, WMR is normally equipped with the armoured version of the Pinzgauer LOV, armed with either a single 7.62mm FN MAG 58 MG or a 7.62mm FN Minimi MG.", "\n\nThe Squadron is presently configured for up to 70 personnel in two light reconnaissance troops mounted in LOV, together with a skeleton Squadron headquarters, an administrative section and a forward repair team. ", "In future it is hoped that a small composite troop with LAV crewmen and a dismounted scout section will be added. ", "If deployed, the Squadron's strength would be raised to 102 personnel, with the additional manpower creating a full NZLAV troop and rounding out the two LOV troops and Squadron headquarters.", "\n\nQAMR's two regular squadrons are equipped with the NZLAV (a version of the General Dynamics Land Systems Canada 8 x 8 LAVIII), armed with the M242 25mm chain gun and two 7.62mm MGs. ", "QAMR is based at Linton Military Camp outside Palmerston North (pop.80,000) in the lower North Island.", "\n\nAlliances \nAn alliance between the 4th (Waikato) Mounted Rifles and the British 4/7th Royal Dragoons (today the Royal Dragoon Guards) was formed in 1926. ", "This alliance was inherited by QAMR when Wai/WEC Squadron was transferred to the 6th Battalion (Hauraki) RNZIR in 1999.", "\n\nAn alliance between the RNZAC and the British Royal Tank Regiment (RTR) was formed in 1966. ", "In January 1967, in recognition of this alliance, Her Majesty The Queen (as Captain-General of the RNZAC and Colonel-in-Chief of the RTR) gave her approval for members of the RNZAC to wear the RTR's tank arm badge.", "\n\nRegimental Association \nFollowing the successful bid to restore the WMR title to the Squadron, members of the WMR Regimental Association (founded in 1946) amended their Rules in 2004 to admit and welcome past and serving personnel of the Squadron as members of the Association. ", "Some Squadron personnel were also invited to join the Association's committee. ", "Today there are about 140 members, of whom roughly one third are currently serving in WMR.", "\n\nRegimental History: 'Waikato Troopers' \nIn 2007 the first complete history of WMR, ‘Waikato Troopers’, was written and published by Richard Stowers, a military historian and author living in Hamilton. ", "The Foreword to ‘Waikato Troopers’ was written by Lieutenant General Mateparae (then Chief of the Defence Force and now Governor-General of New Zealand). ", "In it he wrote: \"New Zealand has a tradition of military service that, in large part, rests on the service of citizen soldiers in both peace and war. ", "The men of the Waikato Mounted Rifles represent that tradition admirably.\"", "\n\nIn Memoriam \nThe Government declared 2006 to be the ‘Year of the Veteran’ and established a Community Grants Fund. ", "The WMR Regimental Association successfully applied for funding to enable a number of memorial plaques to be commissioned, dedicated to the memory of former comrades who lost their lives in conflicts overseas. ", "Rather than a single memorial, the Association preferred the idea of placing these plaques in churches and public grounds in settlements and towns in the heart of the Waikato, where WMR still recruits and trains today.", "\n\nBetween 2007 and 2010 eight plaques were dedicated and unveiled in Waerenga, Te Kauwhata, Te Awamutu (2), Hamilton (2) and Cambridge (2). ", "Beneath the WMR title and badge, the inscription on each plaque reads:\n\"In memory of those from this district [or town/city, as appropriate] who lost their lives on active service and in honour of all those who served.\"", "\n\nMounted riflemen from the Waikato have served in all the overseas conflicts in which New Zealanders have fought. ", "Casualty figures are incomplete, but recent research has revealed that eight died in South Africa; 74 at Gallipoli; and 42 in Sinai and Palestine. ", "One hundred and fifty-eight were wounded on Gallipoli and in the Middle East.", "\n\nIt is unfortunately impossible to discover the exact losses of former WMR servicemen during the Second World War, for unlike the First World War, WMR did not send and sustain a formed service squadron overseas for the duration. ", "Aside from the Div Cav, to which all nine mounted rifles regiments then in existence contributed, WMR's soldiers were drafted as reinforcements, mainly to the 4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade, but also to the infantry and some even to the Navy and Air Force. ", "It is known that 29 former WMR soldiers were killed in action with the Div Cav. ", "A further 14 died in other units, but sadly the list is incomplete.", "\n\nWhile it is not known whether any former WMR soldiers died in either the Korean or Vietnam wars, the only New Zealander to be killed in action in East Timor (in 2000) came from the Waikato and had previously served in the Squadron for several years before transferring to the Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment.", "\nSince 2000, some 37 members of WMR have served on operational deployments overseas in East Timor, the Solomon Islands, South Korea and Afghanistan, but so far without incurring any further losses.", "\n\nWar Horse Statue \nIn November 2017 several members of WMR participated in a parade during the presentation of a statue dedicated to the horses sent to war with the New Zealand Army.", "\n\nReferences\n\nFootnotes\n\nBibliography \n\n Andrews, Ted, Kiwi Trooper, The Story of Queen Alexandra's Own, Wanganui Chronicle Co.Ltd, 1967.", "\n Angelsey, The Marquess of, A History of the British Cavalry, 1816–1919, Volume 4 (1899–1913), Leo Cooper, 1986; Volume 5 (1914–1919), Leo Cooper, 1994; and Volume 8 (1919–1939), Leo Cooper, 1997.", "\n Bullock, David L., Allenby's War, The Palestine – Arabian Campaigns, 1916–1918, Blandford Press, 1988.", "\n Corbett, D.A., The Regimental Badges of New Zealand, Ray Richards, Auckland, 1970; Revised and Enlarged Edition, 1980.", "\n Cox, Geoffrey, A Tale of Two Battles – A Personal Memoir of Crete and the Western Desert 1941, William Kimber, 1987.", "\n Crawford, John, with Ellis, Ellen To Fight for the Empire, An Illustrated History of New Zealand and the South African War, 1899–1902, Reed Books, 1999.", "\n Crawford, John and McGibbon, Ian (Ed), New Zealand's Great War – New Zealand, the Allies and the First World War, Exisle Publishing Limited, 2007.", "\n Cooke, Peter and Crawford, John The Territorials, The History of the Territorial and Volunteer Forces of New Zealand, Random House, 2011.", "\n Harper, Glyn and Hayward, Joel (Ed), Born to Lead? ", "Portraits of New Zealand Commanders, Exisle Publishing limited, 2003.", "\n Kinloch, Terry Echoes of Gallipoli – In the Words of New Zealand's Mounted Riflemen, Exisle Publishing Limited, 2005.", "\n Kinloch, Terry Devils on Horses – In the Words of the Anzacs in the Middle East, 1916–19, Exisle Publishing Limited, 2007.", "\n Loughnan, R.J.M., Divisional Cavalry, Wellington: War History Branch, Dept of Internal Affairs, 1963.", "\n Macksey, Kenneth, A History of the Royal Armoured Corps, 1914–1975, Newtown Publications, Beaminister, England, 1983.", "\n McGibbon, Ian (Ed), The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History, Oxford University Press, 2000.", "\n Moore, A.Brisco The Mounted Rifleman in Sinai and Palestine, Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd, 1920.", "\n Newark, Peter, Sabre & Lance An Illustrated History of Cavalry, Blandford Press, 1987.", "\n Nicol, Sergeant C.G., The Story of Two Campaigns – Official War History of the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919, Wilson and Horton, Auckland, 1921.", "\n Plowman, Jeffrey and Thomas, Malcolm 4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade in Italy, Kiwi Armour 1, Jeffrey Plowman, 2000.", "\n Plowman, Jeffrey and Thomas, Malcolm New Zealand Armour in the Pacific 1939–45, Kiwi Armour 2, Jeffrey Plowman, 2001.", "\n Plowman, Jeffrey and Thomas, Malcolm 2nd New Zealand Divisional Cavalry Regiment in the Mediterranean, Kiwi Armour 3, Jeffrey Plowman, 2002.", "\n Plowman, Jeffrey and Thomas, Malcolm Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps, Kiwi Armour 6, Jeffrey Plowman, 2004.", "\n Powles, Lieutenant Colonel C.Guy, CMG, DSO, New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine, Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd, 1922.", "\n Stowers, Richard Bloody Gallipoli – The New Zealanders' Story, David Bateman Ltd, 2005.", "\n Stowers, Richard Waikato Troopers, History of the Waikato Mounted Rifles, Richard Stowers, 2008.", "\n Warner, Philip The British Cavalry, J.M.Dent & Sons, 1984.", "\n\nExternal links \n New Zealand Army\n Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps Association\n New Zealand Mounted Rifles Association\n Royal Armoured Corps\n 1st Royal Tank Regiment\n 2nd Royal Tank Regiment\n Royal Tank Regiment Association\n Richard Stowers\n\nCategory:Cavalry regiments of New Zealand\nCategory:Military units and formations established in 1869\nCategory:1869 establishments in New Zealand" ]

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[ "Blue Lacy\n\nThe Lacy Dog or Blue Lacy Dog is a breed of working dog that originated in Texas in the mid-19th century. ", "The Lacy was first recognized in 2001 by the Texas Senate. ", "In Senate Resolution No. ", "436, the 77th Legislature honored the Lacy as \"a true Texas breed\". ", "In June 2005, Governor Rick Perry signed the legislation adopting the Blue Lacy as \"the official State Dog Breed of Texas\". ", "As expected, the vast majority of Lacy dogs are found in Texas. ", "However, as the breed becomes more well recognized, there are breeding populations being established across the United States, Canada, and most recently in Europe.", "\n\nDescription\n\nAppearance\nLacy dogs are strong and fast, lightly built but proportional within the height-to-weight ratio. ", "Height at the withers is from . ", "Dependent on height and general conditioning, weight should be approximately for females and for males. ", "The standards listed in the Texas House Concurrent Resolution No. ", "108 are slightly different: height between , weight between but it was not until 2005 that it was officially recognized as the state dog.", "\n\nColor\nThough they are often called \"blue\" Lacys, there are three permissible color varieties of the Lacy. \"", "Blues\" are any shade of gray from light silver to dark charcoal. \"", "Reds\" range from light cream to rust. ", "The \"Tri\" combines a blue base with distinct red markings as appropriate for trim, and white which may appear on the brisket and stretch from chin to groin. ", "White may also be present on one or more paws. ", "Excessive white is discouraged, and markings on the face or above mid-line are a disqualifying fault. ", "Their eyes are sharp and alert, ranging in color from bright yellow to rich amber.", "\n\nCoat\nThe coat should be short, smooth and tight. ", "An excessively long or rough coat is a disqualification. ", "Lacys shed, but require minimal grooming.", "\n\nTemperament\n \nBlue Lacy Dogs in general are intelligent, intense, active, and alert. ", "Developed to be both hunting and herding dogs, they display great drive and determination to work with big game and control difficult livestock. ", "Young dogs may have too much energy and drive for small children. ", "They are easy to train, learning new skills quickly.", "\n\nActivities\nThe Lacy is a working breed, and does much better when given a job, which allows them to burn off excessive energy. ", "Work they excel at includes herding livestock, blood trailing or tracking, treeing game, running trap lines, and hunting wild hogs. ", "\nModern activities like agility that stress intelligence, passion, speed and nimbleness may be appropriate substitutes for traditional work. ", "Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. ", "Lacys generally exhibit herding instincts and can be trained to compete in stock dog trials or hog bays. ", "During recent years, Lacy dogs have also become recognized for their great tracking skills, and sought after to be used to locate \"lost\" game animals. ", "Besides, they're used by United States trappers for save and chasing operation.", "\n\nHealth\nLacys are generally very healthy dogs. ", "Developed for generations to meet the requirements of ranchers and hunters, they are sturdy enough to withstand tough terrain, difficult working conditions, and both hot and cold weather by Texan standards. ", "However, skin problems and food allergies can occur. ", "Color dilution alopecia is very rare but has occurred in Lacys.", "\n\nHistory\n\nThe Lacy dog was named after the Lacy brothers (Frank, George, Ewin, and Harry Lacy) who moved from Kentucky to Texas in 1858, settling in Burnet County, Texas. ", "The dog, according to the Lacy family, was a mixture of English Shepherd (or perhaps coyote), greyhound, and wolf. ", "Texas House Concurrent Resolution No. ", "108 also mentions scenthound. ", "The brothers originally developed the dogs' natural herding instincts to work the family's free-roaming hogs.", "\n\nOn March 15, 2005, in the 79th Legislature of the State of Texas, Representative Joaquin Castro at the request of the Texas Lacy Game Dog Association filed House Concurrent Resolution No. ", "108, proposing the blue Lacy as state dog of Texas. ", " This legislation was proposed to recognize the original breeders and their contribution to the State of Texas as well as to honor the Lacy as a Texas original. ", " House Concurrent Resolution No. ", "108 was adopted by the Texas House of Representatives on May 15, 2005, and by the Senate ten days later on May 25, 2005. ", " Governor Rick Perry signed the legislation adopting the Lacy as \"the official State Dog Breed of Texas\" on June 18, 2005.", "\n\nThe Lacy was proposed by some in 2008 to replace Reveille VII, a collie, as the mascot dog of Texas A&M. In accordance with tradition since Reveille III, however, a collie was chosen.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nCategory:Scent hounds\nCategory:Herding dogs\nCategory:Dog breeds originating in the United States\nCategory:Rare dog breeds" ]

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[ "9 AN ACT\nconcerning the chief executive officers of the state\neducational\n10 institutions; relating\nto the compensation of such officers; amending\n11 K.S.A. 76-714 and\nrepealing the existing section.", "\n12\n13 Be it enacted by the Legislature of the\nState of Kansas:\n14 Section\n1. ", "K.S.A. 76-714 is hereby amended to read as follows: 76-\n15 714. ", "The chief executive officer of the\nuniversity of Kansas shall have the\n16 title of chancellor. ", "The chief executive\nofficers of other state educational\n17 institutions shall have the title of\npresident. ", "The chief executive officers\n18 of the state educational institutions shall\nbe appointed by the board of\n19 regents. ", "Such chief executive\nofficers, shall serve at the pleasure of the\n20 board of regents and shall receive such\ncompensation as the board of\n21 regents prescribes. ", "Such compensation\nshall be prescribed subject to and\n22 within the limits of a specific\nappropriation made to the board of regents\n23 for such purpose and shall be paid to\nthe chief executive officers by the\n24 board of regents only from such\nappropriation.", "\n25 Sec. ", "2. ", "K.S.A. 76-714 is hereby\nrepealed.", "\n26 Sec. ", "3. ", "This act shall\ntake effect and be in force from and after its\n27 publication in the statute book." ]

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[ "Story highlights Christopher Lane was attending an Oklahoma university on a baseball scholarship\n\nThe Australian was shot -- randomly, police say -- while out jogging last August\n\nHis killing spurred sadness and anger, with some Australians calling for a U.S. tourism boycott\n\n2 teenagers enter not guilty pleas on murder charges, district attorney says\n\nTwo teenagers accused in a random \"thrill kill\" that left a 23-year-old college athlete from Australia dead pleaded not guilty Thursday to first-degree murder charges, an Oklahoma district attorney said.", "\n\nChancey Allen Luna, 16, and Michael Dewayne Jones, 18, entered the pleas at their arraignment Thursday inside of a Stephens County courthouse, said Jason Hicks, the district attorney serving that area.", "\n\nHicks couldn't offer more details of what transpired inside the courtroom or the case because of a gag order.", "\n\nAmong those in attendance was Sarah Harper, the girlfriend of the victim, Christopher Lane.", "\n\nPolice say the teenagers shot Lane -- who was attending East Central University on a baseball scholarship -- last August as he was jogging in Duncan, a town of about 23,000 people located some 80 miles southwest of Oklahoma City.", "\n\nJames Edwards Jr, Chancey Luna and Michael Jones were charged in the death of Christopher Lane.", "\n\nLuna, Jones and a third teenager -- James Francis Edwards, Jr. -- saw Lane passing by and shot him because \"they had nothing to do,\" according to authorities.", "\n\nAs the teenagers sped away, Duncan police Chief Danny Ford told CNN affiliate KSWO that \"there were some people that saw (Lane) stagger across the road, go to a kneeling position and collapse on the side of the road.\"", "\n\nWhen police arrested the teens, one of them offered a motive that made clear that Lane was chosen at random.", "\n\n\"He said the motive was, 'We were going to kill somebody,'\" Ford told Australian radio station 3AW.", "\n\nAfter their arrest, all three alleged assailants were charged as adults, according to Kaylee Chandler, the Stephens County Court Clerk.", "\n\nThe shooting shook many around the college town like Sam Malchar, who called his classmate and teammate Lane \"a charming guy, genuinely good person, with great character and ... a love for life.\"", "\n\nIt also reverberated some 10,000 miles away in Lane's native Australia, from which some called for a U.S. tourism boycott. ", "Former Australian Deputy Prime Minister Tim Fischer characterized the slaying as \"another example of murder mayhem on Main Street.\"", "\n\nA judge on Thursday set Luna and Jones' trial date for August 18, which is when a jury term starts.", "\n\nThe other implicated teen, Edwards, is scheduled to be in court for a preliminary hearing on May 13.", "\n\nEdwards' older sister, Rachel Padilla, told CNN last summer that her brother had been in trouble with police before for fighting, but was not a vicious person, and she never thought he might kill someone." ]

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[ "Hypersensitivity in the anterior median eye of a jumping spider.", "\nChanges in sensitivity of the photoreceptor cells of the anterior median eye of the jumping spider Menemerus confusus Boes. ", "et Str. ", "have been studied by recording electroretinograms (ERGs) and receptor potentials. ", "The amplitudes of the responses (ERGs and receptor potentials) increase during repetitive stimulation, with a maximum increase at 3-5 s intervals. ", "The sensitivity of the photoreceptor cell is greater for about 60 s following illumination (maximum magnitude at 3-5 s) than it is during complete dark adaptation. ", "This phenomenon, which we call 'hypersensitivity', is lost within one day following surgery in physiological saline. ", "Upon loss of hypersensitivity, the sensitivity decrease during light adaptation is greater than for the normal eye and the small increase of sensitivity following the onset of illumination observed for the normal eye is lost." ]

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[ "Steven Pak was 17 when he committed to six years of pharmacy school in 2010. ", "His family had struggled financially during his childhood, and his mother, an immigrant from South Korea, had heard about the career’s upsides: prestige, a professional degree, and a six-figure salary, all before his 25th birthday. ", "Though he had originally wanted to study acting, Pak agreed that pharmacy was the more responsible choice. ", "He was admitted to the PharmD program at St. John’s University, and began his degree there the following year.", "\n\nPak’s mother was not alone in urging her child to pursue this career: All across America, teenagers were making similar calculations. ", "A predicted shortage of pharmacists over the last decade, combined with an expected expansion of the pharmacist’s role in medical care, made it a lucrative career path. ", "Even as the economy struggled in the mid-aughts, pharmacy graduates easily found big salaries, 9-to-5 jobs, and the respect that came along with handling medications. ", "Nicholas Popovich, a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, tells me that, “Some signing bonuses even involved a car, that type of thing.”", "\n\nNow, the profession is on the verge of a crisis: The number of pharmacy jobs has dried up but the number of pharmacy students keeps growing. ", "It’s difficult to find a cushy, full-time job and metropolitan job markets are saturated. ", "PharmD candidates are graduating with hundreds of thousands of dollars of debt, and each year, there are more and more of them in a six-year-long pipeline. ", "When Pak graduates in 2016 with a PharmD degree, he’ll have up to $150,000 in loans.", "\n\nThe pharmacy boom began in 2000. ", "That year, a report from the Department of Health and Human Services suggested that 98 percent of Americans lived in an area adversely affected by a pharmacist shortage. ", "Almost 6,000 pharmacist jobs stood empty, and the shortage was only predicted to grow worse. ", "The following year, a group now known as the Pharmacy Workforce Center predicted a shortfall of 157,000 pharmacists nationally within two decades as demand and responsibilities increased while the number of pharmacists stood still. ", "As Baby Boomers aged, the thought went, pharmacists would be able to fill some roles traditionally held by doctors, and would be able to counsel them on how to take the medications prescribed to them.", "\n\nQuickly, the free market kicked in. ", "Over the last 20-odd years, the number of pharmacy schools in the United States has almost doubled. ", "There were just 72 such schools in 1987; today, there are more than 130." ]

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[ "1938 São Paulo FC season\n\nThe 1938 football season was São Paulo's 9th season since club's existence.", "\n\nOverall\n\n{|class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n|Games played || 42 (10 Campeonato Paulista, 32 Friendly match)\n|-\n|Games won || 18 (6 Campeonato Paulista, 12 Friendly match)\n|-\n|Games drawn || 6 (2 Campeonato Paulista, 4 Friendly match)\n|-\n|Games lost || 18 (2 Campeonato Paulista, 16 Friendly match)\n|-\n|Goals scored || 93\n|-\n|Goals conceded || 79\n|-\n|Goal difference || +14\n|-\n|Best result || 8–1 (H) v Luzitano - Campeonato Paulista - 1938.11.13\n|-\n|Worst result || 0–5 (H) v Portuguesa - Campeonato Paulista - 1939.04.02\n|-\n|Most appearances || \n|-\n|Top scorer || \n|-\n\nFriendlies\n\nOfficial competitions\n\nCampeonato Paulista\n\nRecord\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nofficial website\n\nCategory:Association football clubs 1938 season\n1938\nCategory:1938 in Brazilian football" ]

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[ "Sign up for our mailing list\n\nNews\n\nTOM WAITS’ received the seventh Grammy nomination of his decades long career for his critically lauded and first Billboard “Top Ten Album,” BAD AS ME.", "\n\n“Best Alternative Music Album” category has been a head scratcher since its 1991 inception, regarded as a slot for respected artists whose work defies labels. ", "Waits’ first Grammy, for the avant garde industrial 1992 album, Bone Machine, was the second album to be awarded in the category. ", "The jubilant reinvented blues and roots rocking album, Bad As Me is fitting tribute to this genre defying artist.", "\n\nAs the New York Times’ Jon Pareles said in his review of Bad As Me:\n“At 61 Mr. Waits is acclaimed as an American marvel: a songwriter who can be smart and primal, raucous and meticulous, ethereal and earthy, bleak and comical…Waits is cherished by his generation of musicians as skillful songwriter and uncompromising outsider…Now indie- rockers study him, emulating not only his rasp and growl vocals and spiky arrangements, but also his self guided career path.”", "\n\nWaits reunited with veteran guitarists Keith Richards, Marc Ribot, David Hidalgo, and bassist Larry Taylor and his son, drummer Casey Waits for Bad As Me. ", "The album also featured his first studio recording with bass player Flea of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, and legendary Texan keyboardist Augie Meyers, member of Sir Douglas Quintet and Texas Tornados." ]

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[ "Post navigation\n\nSermon for Proper 20/25th Sunday in Ordinary Time\n\nFor the fainthearted . . .", "\n\nSermon at Saint Matthias’ Church at 9 am on Sunday, 21st September\n\n“Without being frightened in any way by those who oppose you”\n\nPhilippians 1:28\n\nI attended the induction of the new parish priest of Ballybrack last Sunday lunchtime. ", "Twenty years ago, in the North, attendance at such an event would have been an invitation to abuse and threats from the ‘defenders’ of the Protestant faith. ", "Taking part in cross-community or ecumenical gatherings in the mid-80s used to be fun, not so much because the gatherings themselves were particularly inspiring, but because there was the guarantee of abuse and harassment from the defenders of the Protestant cause. ", "Where I was a curate, the fundamentalists used to take out advertisements in the local newspaper denouncing the Church of Ireland for its alleged heresies. ", "We used to have an ecumenical carol service at Christmas with stewards to weed out extremist rabble-rousers who would try to disrupt the proceedings. ", "There was always a rush of adrenalin in the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity because it would be almost be sure to produce a picket line of placard wavers denouncing the Pope, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Dr Eames. ", "The attendances at such services were huge, it seemed that people came deliberately to defy our persecutors.", "\n\nIn another town a decade later, the spark had gone out of things. ", "The town still had bitter sectarian tensions, but the sort of people who would burn a Catholic family out of an estate had no interest in church matters. ", "We could have ecumenical events every week and get no response. ", "The clergy fraternal met in the convent every month and not once did anyone object. ", "The Christian Unity Week service was held in the leisure centre to try to reach a wider audience but only the usual people came along.", "\n\nIt seemed paradoxical – when going to a service meant abuse and harassment, there were big crowds; when it was unopposed and easy, then hardly anyone bothered.", "\n\nThe experience seemed to be an object lesson in how persecution can be good for the church.", "\n\nIf we think about our own lives, it seems common sense that if something is difficult it makes us stronger than something that is easy. ", "If we never have to work hard, if life is always easy, if there are no demands upon us, it is easy to become soft and lazy. ", "Often it is doing the things we don’t like, having to work harder than we would choose, going through experiences we would prefer not to have, that makes us into the people we are.", "\n\nIt was the hard experiences that shaped the Church in the days of Saint Paul. ", "If being a follower of Jesus meant that you were liable to be beaten up or thrown out of the community or even killed, then you thought very carefully about what you believed, and, if you believed, you did so with all your heart. ", "There wasn’t much room for being a casual attender or a fringe member of the Church, you were in or you were out. ", "The Church grew and grew and spread through the known world because there was absolute commitment on the part of its members and absolute confidence in their faith. ", "Paul urges them to stand firm “without being frightened in any way by those who oppose you”.", "\n\nThere was no need to be afraid because nothing could separate them from God. ", "Paul wrote to the Christians at Rome, “I am convinced that neither death nor life, neither angels nor demons, neither the present nor the future, nor any powers, neither height nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God that is in Christ Jesus our Lord”. ", "With such confidence, Christians could face everything that was thrown at them, even violent death, and still come out the winners.", "\n\nOne of the weaknesses of the church now is that it is part of the state. ", "It is associated with schools and hospitals and organizations. ", "Bishops are seen in the company of the great and the good. ", "The church is seen as part of the fabric of traditional Irish society. ", "The experience of being a national institution has made the church soft and complacent.", "\n\nEven when there is criticism of aspects of church life, those who do the criticizing still profess the same beliefs as the church. ", "Because of the comfortable situation enjoyed by the church there has been a reticence about condemning the State at times when things should have been said. ", "I read Sean O’Casey’s autobiography during the summer; his account of Ireland in the 1920s and 1930s made grim reading. ", "The Church of Ireland seemed to say nothing\n\nPaul envisages us as struggling for what we believe, in putting clear space between ourselves and the State, he thinks we should contend ‘as one man for the faith of the gospel’. ", "Whatever happens, conduct yourselves in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ’, he says.", "\n\nWe have been lulled into a sense of complacency; much of what goes on in the country contradicts the Gospel, but we say nothing. ", "Eventually, a choice hast to be made. ", "There will be some who will be like those in John 6:66, ‘From this time many of his disciples turned back and no longer followed him”.", "\n\nMany of the followers of Jesus did not want any adversity. ", "There are many people now who are happy with a traditional, institutional church that says nothing and slowly fades away\n\nThe question that Jesus asks us his followers is one that confronts us, “You do not want to leave too, do you?”", "\n\nThe answer Peter gave, is “Lord, to whom shall we go? ", "You have the words of eternal life. ", "We believe and know that you are the Holy One of God.”", "\n\nIt is with such assurance that Paul can write about his readers not “being frightened in any way by those who oppose you”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nC++ Increase int size limit\n\nIs there a way in C++ to increase the limit on integers? ", "I want to work with a 13 digit number e.g. 4823423658586. ", "The complier does not allow this.", "\n\nA:\n\nSince the largest 13 digit integer can be stored using 6 bytes you need a type which will store at least 6 bytes, that type is a long long which can hold 8 bytes.", "\nSo instead of\nint x=100;\n\nuse\nlong long x=100;\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ " IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT\n\n __________________\n\n No. ", "95-60544\n Conference Calendar\n __________________\n\n\nCHRISTOPHER CARBIN,\n\n Plaintiff-Appellant,\n\nversus\n\nUNITED STATES NAVY ET AL.", "\n\n Defendants-Appellees.", "\n\n\n - - - - - - - - - -\n Appeal from the United States District Court\n for the Northern District of Mississippi\n USDC No. ", "1:94CV60-S-D\n - - - - - - - - - -\n (October 19, 1995)\nBefore POLITZ, Chief Judge, and REAVLEY and SMITH, Circuit Judges.", "\n\nPER CURIAM:*\n\n Christopher Carbin appeals the district court's dismissal of\n\nhis $20 million suit against the Board for Corrections of\n\nMilitary Records and other defendants. ", " The Board is immune from\n\nsuit for monetary damages. ", " See Gochnour v. Marsh, 754 F.2d 1137,\n\n1138 (5th Cir.), ", "cert. ", "denied, 471 U.S. 1057 (1985). ", " Carbin has\n\nnot alleged any involvement by any of the other named defendants.", "\n\nThe defendants cannot be liable without some personal involvement\n\n\n\n *\n Local Rule 47.5 provides: \"The publication of opinions\nthat have no precedential value and merely decide particular\ncases on the basis of well-settled principles of law imposes\nneedless expense on the public and burdens on the legal\nprofession.\" ", "Pursuant to that Rule, the court has determined\nthat this opinion should not be published.", "\n\f No. ", "95-60544\n -2-\n\nor their implementation of a constitutionally deficient policy.", "\n\nThompkins v. Belt, 828 F.2d 298, 303-04 (5th Cir. ", "1987).", "\n\n To the extent that Carbin's request for mandamus to speed\n\nthe proceedings may be construed as a request for injunctive\n\nrelief, that claim was properly dismissed as the Board had ruled\n\nduring the pendency of the suit, rendering the issue moot.", "\n\n The appeal is without arguable merit and is thus frivolous.", "\n\nHoward v. King, 707 F.2d 215, 219-20 (5th Cir. ", "1983). ", " Because\n\nthe appeal is frivolous, it is DISMISSED. ", " See 5TH CIR. ", "R. 42.2.", "\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Yathit takes SuiteCRM user experience to the next level\n\nObsession with outstanding user experience lies at the core of our company’s culture. ", "We researched several SuiteCRM mobile apps, but the experience of using them ended up being un-intuitive and unpleasant. ", "Most of the apps we saw use web view based mobile framework, which is essentially a glorified web browser. ", "Their user interface is rough and lacks fluidness. ", "These apps tend to be out of tune with other native apps. ", "After a careful analysis and a combination of ideas and events, we decided to propel SugarCRM experience to the next level.", "\n\nDuring a meet-up with Google Developers Experts, we were introduced to their new mobile framework called Flutter. ", "We have heard of Flutter a few years ago, but have not paid much attention to it. ", "Flutter SDK was still in alpha stage in early 2018, but Google team assured us that the company is already utilizing this framework and it is ready for production. ", "We were still very skeptical since it is a cross platform technology.", "\n\nWe noticed another major difference that made Flutter stand out: the app is compiled to native binary, which ensures its performance will not have limitation like other cross platform technologies. ", "We also have to remember that app development is a relatively new field and the tools to develop high quality, responsive apps are still in their infancy. ", "Professional third-party developers have been building Apple iOS and Android apps for less than nine years (Apple iOS SDK was released in 2008 and the Google Android SDK in 2009). ", "These two SDKs are based on different programming languages: Objective-C and Java. ", "When an app interacts with a platform to create widgets or access various services such as a camera or a player, we would usually create separate apps unless we utilize a cross-platform framework.", "\n\nAlthough initially the platform was somewhat buggy and unstable, it turn out to be a perfect fit for Yathit. ", "It came out of beta status on Google IO a little a month ago, all issues work out. ", "We strongly believe in the open source aspect of Flutter and are convinced of its potential. ", "It is also in line with SuiteCRM’s open source strategy and ours.", "\n\nWe would like to send special thanks to Google Developers Experts! ", "They are a global network of experienced strategists, designers, developers and marketing professionals, which support startups and established companies. ", "GDE’s in Singapore joined our team and became a critical component in our development team. ", "Their expertise and continuous commitment to our goals accelerated the project and made the rollout of Yathit app possible!", "\n\nWe are committed to deliver the best experience for SuiteCRM users! ", "Please try out our mobile app and feedback (feedback@yathit.com) what you think." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "*Stenotrophomonas maltophilia* (*S. maltophilia*) is a non-fermentative, gram-negative bacillus that has assumed an increasingly important role as a nosocomial pathogen in immune compromised patients \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "Treatment of *S. maltophilia* infections is also complicated by the fact that isolates are resistant to many broad-spectrum agents \\[[@B2]\\]. ", "Ophthalmologic syndromes, including conjunctivitis, keratitis, dacrocystitis and pre-septal cellulitis, may be caused by *S. maltophilia* \\[[@B3]\\]. *", "S. maltophilia* keratitis is associated with very poor prognoses because of its resistance to many broad-spectrum antibiotics \\[[@B4]\\]. ", "We describe a case of *S. maltophilia* keratitis that was effectively treated with topical moxifloxacin (fourth-generation fluoroquinolone) monotherapy.", "\n\nCase Report\n===========\n\nA 70-year-old male presented to our hospital (Department of Ophthalmology, Sahm Yook Medical Center, Seoul, Korea) with a three-day history of left eye pain and decreased vision. ", "He had a long history of diabetes mellitus that was controlled with oral anti-hyperglycemic agents. ", "The patient suffered from bilateral proliferative diabetic retinopathy and had undergone pan retinal photocoagulation several times since March 1995. ", "At age 60 he had undergone phacoemulsifications with intraocular lens implantation for the treatment of senile cataracts in both eyes.", "\n\nOn presentation, the patient\\'s visual acuity was hand motion in the left eye. ", "Slit lamp examination revealed a heavily edematous cornea and a round 3.7 × 5.0 mm dense central stromal infiltrate with an overlying epithelial defect ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Anterior chamber cells 3+ and ciliary injection were also observed.", "\n\nAfter scrapings were collected from the lesion for smears and cultures, the patient was treated hourly with 0.5% moxifloxacin and 0.5% tobramycin. ", "Four days after the initiation of treatment, heavy growth of *S. maltophilia* was observed in culture. ", "The isolated bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin, but were resistant to all aminoglycosides and *B*-lactams ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "According to the results of susceptibility tests, topical 0.5% moxifloxacin was given every hour and 0.5% tobramycin was stopped.", "\n\nThe patient\\'s corneal epithelium healed in two weeks after the initiation of treatment. ", "After the epithelium had healed, moxifloxacin was administered four times per day. ", "The corneal infiltrate resolved within four weeks. ", "However, mild opacity remained in the posterior stroma ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The patient\\'s best corrected visual acuity improved from hand motion to 20 / 25. ", "His infectious keratitis was controlled and had not recurred at the one-year follow-up examination.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\n*S. maltophilia* is a motile, non-fermentative, oxidase-negative, aerobic, Gram-negative bacillus that is widespread in the environment \\[[@B5]\\]. ", "It is an opportunistic pathogen believed to have limited pathogenicity unless it is associated with nosocomial infections of immune compromised patients \\[[@B6]\\]. *", "S. maltophilia* is a seldom-reported pathogen in lens care systems or ocular infections \\[[@B7]\\]. ", "However, reports of postoperative and post-traumatic *S. maltophilia* ocular infections are increasing \\[[@B8]\\]. ", "The reasons underlying this emergence are complex, but may be related to the improved laboratory isolation techniques and enhanced reporting. ", "Treatment of *S. maltophilia* infections is complicated by the fact that isolates are often resistant to many broad-spectrum antibiotic agents \\[[@B2]\\].", "\n\nYou et al. ", "\\[[@B4]\\] reported the treatment results and prognoses of 10 cases of *S. maltophilia* keratitis in 2007 after one time applications of levofloxacin ophthalmic solution as a first line treatment of choice before culture results. ", "They then added fortified tobramycin and cefazolin if corneal ulcers were large and centrally located of the cornea. ", "Patients also underwent surgical treatment when there was no response to medication. ", "The final visual acuity in three cases that had no co-infections was worse than hand motion.", "\n\nFourth-generation fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin) show an enhanced spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria and comparable activity to second- and third-generation fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) against Gram-negative bacteria \\[[@B9]\\]. ", "New ocular antibiotic formulations with improved potency, such as moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.5% (Vigamox®; Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX, USA) or gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3% (Zymar®; Allergan, Irvine, CA, USA) are currently available and have been shown to inhibit growth of organisms resistant to second- and third-generation fluoroquinolones \\[[@B10]\\]. ", "Several *in vitro* susceptibility studies, demonstrate that moxifloxacin is more active than earlier generation fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin), especially against *S. maltophilia* \\[[@B9]\\]. ", "For these reasons, we chose moxifloxacin monotherapy for treatment of *S. maltophilia* keratitis, even though antibiotic sensitivity was equal for both levofloxacin and moxifloxacin.", "\n\nIn conclusion, we report the case of a patient who was diagnosed with *S. maltophilia* keratitis and effectively treated with moxifloxacin monotherapy. ", "Unlike most previously-reported cases, which had poor prognoses, in our patient moxifloxacin monotherapy led to a good visual outcome.", "\n\nNo potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n###### \n\nResults of antimicrobial sensitivity tests\n\n![](", "kjo-25-349-i001)\n\nMIC = minimal inhibitory concentration; R = resistant; S = sensitive.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Modulation of the growth-inhibitory effects of progestins and the antiestrogen hydroxyclomiphene on human breast cancer cells by epidermal growth factor and insulin.", "\nThe molecular basis of the growth-inhibitory effects of progestins or antiestrogens in human breast cancer has not been fully elucidated. ", "Both direct actions and indirect actions, where the growth inhibition results from modulation of the production of, and/or the response to, growth factors, have been proposed. ", "In this study the ability of some growth factors to modulate progestin-induced inhibition of cell proliferation was investigated in vitro, using T-47D human breast cancer cells. ", "When T-47D cells grown in insulin-containing medium were treated for 4 to 5 days with the synthetic progestin, ORG 2058, at a concentration of 10 nM, cell numbers were reduced to 10 to 20% of control. ", "Simultaneous treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and ORG 2058 led to a partial reversal of the growth-inhibitory effect of the progestin. ", "The magnitude of the effect of EGF was concentration dependent, being half-maximal at 0.48 ng/ml (0.08 nM) and maximal at concentrations greater than 5 ng/ml (greater than 0.8 nM), where cell numbers were increased by 50% compared to those in the presence of ORG 2058 alone. ", "ORG 2058 was no more potent in the absence of insulin, and, after several passages in insulin-free medium, addition of insulin failed to modulate the effect of ORG 2058. ", "However, when maximal concentrations of insulin (5 micrograms/ml) and EGF (10 ng/ml) were administered together with ORG 2058, insulin and EGF appeared to act synergistically to reduce the ORG 2058-induced inhibition of proliferation. ", "In similar experiments in which cells were treated with hydroxyclomiphene, a potent antiestrogen, insulin was shown to partially reverse the growth-inhibitory effects of hydroxyclomiphene. ", "Significant increases in cell number above hydroxyclomiphene-treated controls were apparent at insulin concentrations greater than 50 ng/ml, and at 5 micrograms/ml the increase was approximately 2-fold. ", "In contrast to the situation with progestins, simultaneous treatment with EGF and insulin had only an additive effect in reversing the growth-inhibitory effect of the antiestrogen. ", "The results are compatible with the hypothesis that part of the growth-inhibitory effects of progestin and antiestrogen on human breast cancer cell proliferation is mediated by inhibition of autocrine growth factor production. ", "However, they do not exclude more direct mechanisms involving modulation of progesterone and/or estrogen receptors by EGF and/or insulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "/*\n * KZM Board System emulation.", "\n *\n * Copyright (c) 2008 OKL and 2011 NICTA\n * Written by Hans at OK-Labs\n * Updated by Peter Chubb.", "\n *\n * This code is licensed under the GPL, version 2 or later.", "\n * See the file `COPYING' in the top level directory.", "\n *\n * It (partially) emulates a Kyoto Microcomputer\n * KZM-ARM11-01 evaluation board, with a Freescale\n * i.MX31 SoC\n */\n\n#include \"hw/arm/fsl-imx31.h\"\n#include \"hw/boards.h\"\n#include \"qemu/error-report.h\"\n#include \"exec/address-spaces.h\"\n#include \"net/net.h\"\n#include \"hw/devices.h\"\n#include \"hw/char/serial.h\"\n#include \"sysemu/qtest.h\"\n\n/* Memory map for Kzm Emulation Baseboard:\n * 0x00000000-0x7fffffff See i.MX31 SOC for support\n * 0x80000000-0x8fffffff RAM EMULATED\n * 0x90000000-0x9fffffff RAM EMULATED\n * 0xa0000000-0xafffffff Flash IGNORED\n * 0xb0000000-0xb3ffffff Unavailable IGNORED\n * 0xb4000000-0xb4000fff 8-bit free space IGNORED\n * 0xb4001000-0xb400100f Board control IGNORED\n * 0xb4001003 DIP switch\n * 0xb4001010-0xb400101f 7-segment LED IGNORED\n * 0xb4001020-0xb400102f LED IGNORED\n * 0xb4001030-0xb400103f LED IGNORED\n * 0xb4001040-0xb400104f FPGA, UART EMULATED\n * 0xb4001050-0xb400105f FPGA, UART EMULATED\n * 0xb4001060-0xb40fffff FPGA IGNORED\n * 0xb6000000-0xb61fffff LAN controller EMULATED\n * 0xb6200000-0xb62fffff FPGA NAND Controller IGNORED\n * 0xb6300000-0xb7ffffff Free IGNORED\n * 0xb8000000-0xb8004fff Memory control registers IGNORED\n * 0xc0000000-0xc3ffffff PCMCIA/CF IGNORED\n * 0xc4000000-0xffffffff Reserved IGNORED\n */\n\ntypedef struct IMX31KZM {\n FslIMX31State soc;\n MemoryRegion ram;\n MemoryRegion ram_alias;\n} IMX31KZM;\n\n#define KZM_RAM_ADDR (FSL_IMX31_SDRAM0_ADDR)\n#define KZM_FPGA_ADDR (FSL_IMX31_CS4_ADDR + 0x1040)\n#define KZM_LAN9118_ADDR (FSL_IMX31_CS5_ADDR)\n\nstatic struct arm_boot_info kzm_binfo = {\n .loader_start = KZM_RAM_ADDR,\n .board_id = 1722,\n};\n\nstatic void kzm_init(MachineState *machine)\n{\n IMX31KZM *s = g_new0(IMX31KZM, 1);\n Error *err = NULL;\n unsigned int ram_size;\n unsigned int alias_offset;\n unsigned int i;\n\n object_initialize(&s->soc, sizeof(s->soc), TYPE_FSL_IMX31);\n object_property_add_child(OBJECT(machine), \"soc\", OBJECT(&s->soc),\n &error_abort);\n\n object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->soc), true, \"realized\", &err);\n if (err !", "= NULL) {\n error_report(\"%s\", error_get_pretty(err));\n exit(1);\n }\n\n /* Check the amount of memory is compatible with the SOC */\n if (machine->ram_size > (FSL_IMX31_SDRAM0_SIZE + FSL_IMX31_SDRAM1_SIZE)) {\n error_report(\"WARNING: RAM size \" RAM_ADDR_FMT \" above max supported, \"\n \"reduced to %x\", machine->ram_size,\n FSL_IMX31_SDRAM0_SIZE + FSL_IMX31_SDRAM1_SIZE);\n machine->ram_size = FSL_IMX31_SDRAM0_SIZE + FSL_IMX31_SDRAM1_SIZE;\n }\n\n memory_region_allocate_system_memory(&s->ram, NULL, \"kzm.ram\",\n machine->ram_size);\n memory_region_add_subregion(get_system_memory(), FSL_IMX31_SDRAM0_ADDR,\n &s->ram);\n\n /* initialize the alias memory if any */\n for (i = 0, ram_size = machine->ram_size, alias_offset = 0;\n (i < 2) && ram_size; i++) {\n unsigned int size;\n static const struct {\n hwaddr addr;\n unsigned int size;\n } ram[2] = {\n { FSL_IMX31_SDRAM0_ADDR, FSL_IMX31_SDRAM0_SIZE },\n { FSL_IMX31_SDRAM1_ADDR, FSL_IMX31_SDRAM1_SIZE },\n };\n\n size = MIN(ram_size, ram[i].size);\n\n ram_size -= size;\n\n if (size < ram[i].size) {\n memory_region_init_alias(&s->ram_alias, NULL, \"ram.alias\",\n &s->ram, alias_offset, ram[i].size - size);\n memory_region_add_subregion(get_system_memory(),\n ram[i].addr + size, &s->ram_alias);\n }\n\n alias_offset += ram[i].size;\n }\n\n if (nd_table[0].used) {\n lan9118_init(&nd_table[0], KZM_LAN9118_ADDR,\n qdev_get_gpio_in(DEVICE(&s->soc.avic), 52));\n }\n\n if (serial_hds[2]) { /* touchscreen */\n serial_mm_init(get_system_memory(), KZM_FPGA_ADDR+0x10, 0,\n qdev_get_gpio_in(DEVICE(&s->soc.avic), 52),\n 14745600, serial_hds[2], DEVICE_NATIVE_ENDIAN);\n }\n\n kzm_binfo.ram_size = machine->ram_size;\n kzm_binfo.kernel_filename = machine->kernel_filename;\n kzm_binfo.kernel_cmdline = machine->kernel_cmdline;\n kzm_binfo.initrd_filename = machine->initrd_filename;\n kzm_binfo.nb_cpus = 1;\n\n if (!", "qtest_enabled()) {\n arm_load_kernel(&s->soc.cpu, &kzm_binfo);\n }\n}\n\nstatic void kzm_machine_init(MachineClass *mc)\n{\n mc->desc = \"ARM KZM Emulation Baseboard (ARM1136)\";\n mc->init = kzm_init;\n}\n\nDEFINE_MACHINE(\"kzm\", kzm_machine_init)\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "ECO 1,2 &3 Parts and Accessories\n\nThe Eco Range\n\nPlease Note\n\nThere are four versions of this bike. ", "The Eco-1, Eco-2, Eco-3 and the Eco Custom. ", "If you are unsure as to which bike you have please click on the links below. ", "You will find each machines distinguishing features to help you identify your model.", "\n\nIf you cannot find the part you are looking for please contact us and we will be happy to help." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Aphrodite\n\n8. ", "Aphrodíti(Aphrodite; Gr. ", "Ἀφροδίτη, ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΗ. ", "Etym. ", "ἀφρός \"foam\" + δύτης \"diver,\" the diver rises from the sea, and evoking ἀναδύομαι, \"come up from\" [especially the sea]. ", "Pronunciation: ah-froh-THEE-tee, roll the 'r' slightly; the d (dælta) is pronounced like the soft th in this, not like the hard th in theory.)", "\n\nAphrodíti is one of the most important deities of all Ællinismόs(Hellenismos; Gr. ", "Ἑλληνισμός), the ancient Greek religion, being one of theTwelve Olympian Gods. ", "She is the great Goddess of Armonía (Harmony; Gr. ", "Ἁρμονία).", "\n\nPándimos Aphrodíti and OuraníaAphrodíti\n\nAccording to the mythology presented in the Orphic Rhapsodic Theogony, there are two births of Aphrodíti. ", "First she is born from the castrated genitals of Ouranós (Uranus; Gr. ", "Οὐρανός) as they fell into the sea and created a foam [1] . ", "She is, therefore, known as Ouranía (Gr. ", "Οὐρανία), the \"heavenly\" Goddess, she who was born of Ouranós or the Sky.", "\n\nIn the story of the second birth of Aphrodíti, Zefs (Zeus; Gr. ", "Ζεύς) pursues the Goddess Dióhni (Dione; Gr. ", "Διώνη) [2] , but his advances are resisted and his seed falls into the sea from which later emerges Pándimos (common or vulgar; Gr. ", "Πάνδημος) Aphrodíti, she who blesses the sexual unions of mortals.", "\n\nThese two mythologies can be seen as revealing two aspects, or two faces, of one Goddess.", "\n\n\"But since there are two Venuses (ed. ", "Aphrodíti), there must of necessity be two loves (ed. ", "Ǽrohs or Eros; Gr. ", "Ἔρως). ", "For it is undeniable, that two different Goddesses there are, each of whom is a Venus: one of them elder, who had no mother, and was born only from Uranus (ed. ", "Ouranós), or Heaven, her father; she is called the celestial Venus: the other, younger, daughter of Jupiter (ed. ", "Zefs) and Dione (ed. ", "Dióhni); and to her we give the name of the vulgar Venus.\" [", "3]\n\nConsidering this, we can see that Aphrodíti has two general aspects. ", "She is Ouranía, the great mystical Goddess who harmonizes the struggles of Life, the dominion of quarrelsome Áris. ", "Aphrodíti is also Pándimos, she of the common popular religion, the great Goddess who sanctions the necessary physical unions of the mortal creatures; she fosters and blesses the Ǽrohs of sex (Ἵμερος and the mundane Ἔρωτες), the natural reproductive functions of the humans and the many creatures (but this Ǽrohs is not quite the same as the Kozmogonic Ǽrohs, which is the dominion of the Goddess Íra [Hera; Gr. ", "Ήρα]). ", "In our religion, sex or generation, is not in any way condemned, but is considered sacred and is protected by the beautiful Goddess.", "\n\nGeneralities Concerning Aphrodíti\n\nWho is Aphrodíti? ", "There are many people in our time who love the Goddess because they think she is a great deity of pleasure, but the Neoplatonic philosopher Damáskios (Damascius; Gr. ", "Δαμάσκιος), writing in the sixth century C.E., has a different opinion:\n\n\"None of the ancients identifies Aphrodite with Pleasure: how do we account for this? ", "Because Aphrodite is the cause of union, of which pleasure is only an accompaniment; and because there is much ugliness in bodily pleasure at least, whereas Aphrodite is beauty, not only the beauty that comes from divine inspiration, but also that of nature.\" [", "4]\n\nAphrodíti, like Poseidóhn, is identified with the Sea because of the mythology which states that she was born from the genitive material of Ouranós which fell into the ocean, and, thus, the scallop-shell is associated with her.", "\n\nAphrodíti is the personification of nature's generative ability. ", "Thus, she is popularly believed to be the Goddess of love and thought of as the most beautiful and graceful.", "\n\nAphrodíti possesses a girdle or belt which has the ability to attract the object of one's desire to the one who wears it.", "\n\nThe poppy flower as well as the rose, myrtle, and the apple are sacred to her. ", "The milokydóhnion (ancient) or simply kydóhni (modern Gr. ", "κυδώνι) is the quince, another fruit sacred to Aphrodíti, traditionally given as part of a Greek wedding ceremony. ", "The dove and the swan are birds which are sacred to the Goddess, as well as swallows and sparrows. ", "The tortoise is sacred to Ouranía Aphrodíti (see above) and the ram was sacred to Pándimos Aphrodíti (see above). ", "The month of Távros (Taurus; Gr. ", "Ταύρος) is sacred to her, and one of the planets, Venus, is named after her.", "\n\nAphrodíti and Íphaistos\n\nAphrodíti is said to be married to Íphaistos (Hephaestus; Gr. ", "Ἥφαιστος); this is because she beautifies the Forms created by the mighty God. ", "In the Orphic Rhapsodic Theogony the story is told somewhat differently, Íphaistos unites with Aphrodíti, creating the Form of the universe and he then mingles with the younger Kháritæs (Charities; Gr. ", "Χάριτες) who beautify his work. ", "The Younger Kháritæs are Splendor (Ἀγλαΐα) Good Glory (Εὔκλεια), Abundance (Ευθηνία), Good Fame (Εὐφήμη), and Friendliness (Φιλοφροσύνη). [", "5]\n\nAphrodíti and Áris\n\nAlso in the mythology, Aphrodíti is amorously tied to Áris (Ares; Gr. ", "Ἄρης) by which they produce the child Armonía (Harmonia; Gr. ", "Ἁρμονία). ", "Armonía, or Harmony, is the result of the necessary struggles which are inherent in Life, the dominion of Áris, struggles which are harmonized at the Eighth Íkos (Oikos [i.e. zodiacal house]; Gr. ", "Οἶκος) by Aphrodíti. ", "Armonía is wedded to Kádmos (Cadmus; Gr. ", "Κάδμος), a divine being, a Light Being, the founder of Thívai (Thebes; Gr. ", "Θῆβαι) and the first Hero. ", "Armonía and Kádmos produce a child, Sæmǽli (Semele; Gr. ", "Σεμέλη), who later unites with mighty Zefs (Zeus; Gr. ", "Ζεύς). ", "And when Sæmǽli is burnt in the famous myth, Zefs retrieves from her body the tiny fetus conceived from the heart of Zagréfs and sews it into his leg. ", "When the time is up, Diónysos (Dionysus; Gr. ", "Διόνυσος) the Liberator is born from the leg of Zefs, who later reveals to mankind the great Mysteries which free us from the sufferings of the sorrowful cycle of births (κύκλος γενέσεως). ", "All this story may be found in the Orphic Rhapsodic Theogony (See The Sixth King). ", "Thus we can see how in many ways, the great Goddess is deeply involved in the Mysteries of our religion.", "\n\nAphrodíti, Áris, and Ádohnis\n\nFor this story, we follow that told by Panyásis (Gr. ", "Πανυάσις) as recorded in The Library of Apollódohros (Gr. ", "Ἀπολλόδωρος).", "\n\nSmýrna (Gr. ", "Σμύρνα) was the daughter of Theias (Gr. ", "Θείας), king of the Assyrians. ", "According to the mythology, she had angered the Goddess Aphrodíti who placed an unnatural desire into her heart for her own father. ", "She tricked him into sleeping with her for twelve nights, but at last he discovered her deception. ", "King Theias was furious and flew into a rage, running at the girl with a sword. ", "Smýrna petitioned the Gods to save her and in answer to her prayer, they transformed her into a myrrh tree. ", "But she had conceived a child and when the months were up, the trunk split to reveal a beautiful baby boy: Ádohnis (Adonis; Gr. ", "Ἄδωνις). ", "When Aphrodíti beheld the child she was instantly enamored of his bountiful loveliness. ", "She hid him away in a chest and gave him to Pærsæphóni (Persephone or Proserpina; Gr. ", "Περσεφόνη) for safekeeping. ", "But Pærsæphóni was curious and opened the box. ", "When the Goddess looked upon the child, she loved him and raised him in her kingdom. ", "But when Aphrodíti returned, they fought over Ádohnis who was now a strikingly handsome young man. ", "The case was put before Zefs (Zeus; Gr. ", "Ζεύς) and it was decided that each Goddess would be given Ádohnis for four months of the year and the remaining four months were to be his own. ", "But Ádohnis chose to remain with Aphrodíti for these four months also. ", "Later one day, Ádohnis was hunting and he was killed by a boar [6] . ", "The boar, it is said, was actually a transformation of Áris [7] .", "\n\nThe story of Ádohnis has several variants, but this one, perhaps the most familiar, would seem to be most coherent. ", "Aphrodíti, the Goddess of the pair, prepares the ground for the action of the male deity Áris, and the killing by a God is symbolic (always) of deification.", "\n\nAphrodíti in Iconography\n\nIn iconography, Aphrodíti is always a Goddess of incredible beauty and is often depicted naked or partially naked, unlike most of the female Goddesses.", "\n\n\"...Venus is naked; since harmony generates beauty, and beauty is not concealed in objects of sensible inspection.\" [", "8]\n\nThe Orphic Hymn to Aphrodíti\n\nPlease visit this page for a thorough examination of the Orphic hymn to Aphrodíti, a veritable snapshot of the essence of the Goddess. ", "It includes the Thomas Taylor translation, the original Greek text, an easy transliteration of the Greek text for anyone who may wish to learn the hymn in ancient Greek, and a word-by-word examination of the poem:\n\nAphrodíti rules the eighth Orphic House, the month of Távros (Taurus; Gr. ", "Ταύρος) from April 21 to May 20. ", "The Divine Consort of Aphrodíti is Áris (Ares; Gr. ", "Ἄρης), with whom she unites and produces the child Armonía (Harmonia; Gr. ", "Ἁρμονία). [", "9] Thus, the dominion of Aphrodíti at the Eight Íkos (= House = Oikos; Gr. ", "Οἶκος) is that of Harmony: she harmonizes the soul, producing Armonía, a semi-divine being who has been harmonized of the necessary internal battles presented by Áris. ", "Armonía is then united with Kádmos (Cadmus; Gr. ", "Κάδμος) and they produce the child Sæmǽli (Semele; Gr. ", "Σεμέλη) [10] who, after uniting with Zefs (Zeus; Gr. ", "Ζεύς), produce the child Diόnysos (Dionysus; Gr. ", "Διόνυσος). [", "11] This is the mythological story of the the birth of the great liberator-God, but it is also symbolic of all souls who accept the influence of Zefs at the Eighth Íkos where they become a Semi-God, i.e. almost a God. ", "And without it being harmonized by Aphrodíti, the soul cannot be deified at the next level, that of Apóllohn (Apollo; Gr. ", "Ἀπόλλων). ", "When the souls are deified, because they have undergone the same process as Diόnysos, they are sometimes called \"Diόnysi.", "\"[12]\n\nμήδεα δ᾿ ἐς πέλαγος πέσεν ὑψόθεν, ἀμφὶ δὲ τοῖσι λευκὸς ἐπιπλώουσιν ἑλίσσετο πάντοθεν ἀφρός· ἐν δὲ περιπλομέναις ὥραις Ἐνιαυτὸς ἔτικτεν παρθένον αἰδοίην, ἥν δὶ παλάμαις ὑπέδεκτο γεινομένην τὸ πρῶτον ὁμοῦ Ζῆλός τ' Ἀπάτη τε.", "“The genitals (of Ouranos) fell down into the sea, and round about them as they floated swirled the white foam. ", "Then in the circling season the Year brought forth a tender maiden, and the spirits of Rivalry (Ζῆλος) and Beguilement (Ἀπάτη) together took her up in their arms, so soon as she was born.” (", "Translation as found in Orpheus and Greek Religion by W.K.C. Guthrie, 1952; found in the 1993 Princeton Univ. ", "Press edition [Princeton, NJ USA] on p. 139.)", "\n\n“(Described by Proclus as the birth of the second Aphrodite.) …", "and the sea received the seed of great Zefs. ", "So as the year completed its circling course, in the season of fair springing plants he bore the waker of laughter, Aphroditē, the foam-born.” (", "trans. ", "Ibid. ", "Guthrie, p. 140.)", "\n\nSee also Ὅμηρος Ἰλιάς Book 5, line\n370 and Ἀπολλόδωρος Βιβλιοθήκη 1.3.1.", "\n\n[3] Πλάτων Συμπόσιον180.d-e,\nspeech of Παυσανίας; trans. ", "Thomas Taylor, 1804; found here in The\nWorks of Plato, Vol. ", "III published by The Prometheus Trust, Somerset UK, in\n1996, Vol. ", "XI of The Thomas Taylor Series (TTS XI) p. 501.", "\n\n[4] Δαμάσκιος On the Φίληβος of Πλάτων i.21. ", "trans. ", "L. G.\nWesterink, first published in 1959 by New Holland Publishing. ", "We are\nusing the revised third edition from 2010 published by Prometheus Trust\n(Wiltshire UK), p. 14.", "\n\n[7] Serv. ", "ad Virg. ", "Ecl. ", "x.\n18; Ptolem. ", "Hephaest. ", "i. p. 306, ed. ", "Gale (as cited by William\nSmith DGRBM). ", "Some versions of the story say that the boar was actually\nother deities, but from an Orphic perspective, Áris makes most\nsense.", "\n\n\"Never may pestilence empty this city of its men nor\nstrife stain the soil of the land with the blood of slain inhabitants. ", "But may\nthe flower of its youth be unplucked, and may Ares, the partner of Aphrodite's\nbed, he who makes havoc of men, not shear off their bloom.\"", "\n\n\"Also Cytherea (ed. ", "Aphrodíti) bare to Ares the\nshield-piercer Panic and Fear, terrible gods who drive in disorder the close\nranks of men in numbing war, with the help of Ares, sacker of towns: and\nHarmonia whom high-spirited Cadmus made his wife.\"", "\n\n[10] Ibid. ", "Ἡσίοδος Θεογονία\n975, H.G. Evelyn-White p. 151:\n\n\"And Harmonia,\nthe daughter of golden Aphrodite, bare to Cadmus Ino and Semele and fair-cheeked\nAgave and Autonoe whom long haired Aristaeus wedded, and Polydorus also in\nrich-crowned Thebe.\"", "\n\n\"Kadmos made a brilliant marriage, if, as the Greek\nlegend says, he indeed took to wife a daughter of Aphrodite and Ares. ", "His\ndaughters too have made him a name; Semele was famed for having a child by\nZeus, Ino for being a divinity of the sea.\"", "\n\n\"Me too hath the Muse raised up for Hellas as a chosen\nherald of wise words, who am proud that my race and my home are in Thebes the\ncity of chariots, where of old the story telleth how Cadmus by high design won\nsage Harmonia, as his wedded wife, who obeyed the voice of Zeus, and became the\nmother of Semele famed among men.\"", "\n\n[11] Ibid. ", "Ἡσίοδος Θεογονία 940, Evelyn-Whitep. ", "149:\n\n\"And Semele, daughter of Cadmus was joined with him\n[ed. ", "Zeus] in love and bare him a splendid son, joyous Dionysos,--a mortal\nwoman an immortal son. ", "And now they both are Gods.\"", "\n\n[12] While any soul which becomes deified by the\nGods may be called a Diónysos, not all Gods are the true\nDiónysos, but only those which have been deified by Zefs (Zeus) at the Ninth\nHouse of Apόllohn.", "\n\nThe logo to the left is the principal symbol of this website. ", "It is called the CESS logo, i.e. the Children of the Earth and the Starry Sky. ", "The Pætilía (Petelia, Πετηλία) and other golden tablets having this phrase (Γῆς παῖς εἰμί καὶ Οὐρανοῦ ἀστερόεντος) are the inspiration for the symbol. ", "The image represents this idea: Earth (divisible substance) and the Sky (continuous substance) are the two kozmogonic substances. ", "The twelve stars represent the Natural Laws, the dominions of the Olympian Gods. ", "In front of these symbols is the seven-stringed kithára (cithara, κιθάρα), the lyre of Apóllohn (Apollo, Ἀπόλλων). ", "It (here) represents the bond between Gods and mortals and is representative that we are the children of Orphéfs (Orpheus, Ὀρφεύς).", "\n\nPLEASE NOTE: Throughout the pages of this website, you will find fascinating stories about our Gods. ", "These narratives are known as mythology, the traditional stories of the Gods and Heroes. ", "While these tales are great mystical vehicles containing transcendent truth, they are symbolic and should not be taken literally. ", "A literal reading will frequently yield an erroneous result. ", "The meaning of the myths is concealed in code. ", "To understand them requires a key. ", "For instance, when a God kills someone, this usually means a transformation of the soul to a higher level. ", "Similarly, sexual union with a God is a transformation.", "\n\nSPELLING: HellenicGods.org uses the Reuchlinian method of pronouncing ancient Greek, the system preferred by scholars from Greece itself. ", "An approach was developed to enable the student to easily approximate the Greek words. ", "Consequently, the way we spell words is unique, as this method of transliteration is exclusive to this website. ", "For more information, visit these three pages:\n\nPHOTO COPYRIGHT INFORMATION: The many pages of this website incorporate images, some created by the author, but many obtained from outside sources. ", "To find out more information about these images and why this website can use them, visit this link: Photo Copyright Information\n\nDISCLAIMER:The inclusion of images, quotations, and links from outside sources does not in any way imply agreement (or disagreement), approval (or disapproval) with the views of HellenicGods.org by the external sources from which they were obtained.", "\n\nFurther, the inclusion of images, quotations, and links from outside sources does not in any way imply agreement (or disagreement), approval (or disapproval) by HellenicGods.org of the contents or views of any external sources from which they were obtained." ]

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[ "Q:\n\njQuery(selector) or $(selector), which one?", "\n\nWhich is better way to use jQuery()? ", "I've heard that jQuery(element) doesn't ruin code in e.g. Wordpress. ", "But $ is easier and faster to write.", "\nWhich one do you prefer and why?", "\n\nA:\n\nMy order of preference is $(), then var $jq = jQuery.noConflict(); $jq(), then finally jQuery(). ", " You can also limit the scope of the $ function by doing:\n;(function($){\n ...in here $ means jQuery...\n})(jQuery);\n\nThat is create an anonymous function with a parameter of $, pass in jQuery as the parameter and within the function the parameter scope overrides any globally scoped $ function. ", "The latter is most useful when creating plugins yourself.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt just depends on what you need to do, they're both identical.", "\nIf you're using another library like Prototype (which also uses $), you'll need to us jQuery, but in most cases where there is no clash, just use $()\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSet the size of a UIViewControllers view\n\nHow does one set the size of a UIViewController view so that the view behind it is visible? ", "Or will setting a UIViewControllers view to clear, allow for the view below it in the display stack to be visible?", "\n\nA:\n\nSize of view is set using its frame property.", "\nYou can play with alpha property of that view to change its transparency.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\n151 S.W.3d 151 (2004)\nTommy R. BEWLEY, Movant-Appellant,\nv.\nSTATE of Missouri, Respondent-Respondent.", "\nNo. ", "26103.", "\nMissouri Court of Appeals, Southern District, Division One.", "\nDecember 22, 2004.", "\n*152 Mark A. Grothoff, Columbia, for appellant.", "\nJeremiah W. (Jay) Nixon, Atty. ", "Gen., Leslie E. McNamara, Assistant Attorney General, Jefferson City, for respondent.", "\nPHILLIP R. GARRISON, Presiding Judge.", "\nTommy R. Bewley (\"Movant\") appeals from the Circuit Court of Mississippi County's denial of his Rule 29.15[1] motion for post-conviction relief. ", "We affirm.", "\nThe following is a brief description of the facts of the underlying case.[2] Movant and his wife Jewell Bewley (\"Dee\") sexually abused fourteen-year-old C.H.[3], a runaway from the Missouri Baptist Children's Home in East Prairie, Missouri, by kissing and touching her body and by Movant having sexual intercourse with her. ", "Other incidents of sexual abuse involved E.T., a mentally challenged young girl less than twelve years of age at the time, and A.T., E.T.'s younger brother who at the time of the abuse was less than ten years of age. ", "Movant and Dee were respite providers, paid by the Missouri Department of Mental Health to baby-sit E.T. and A.T. for their mother. ", "E.T. testified to being touched by Movant, having been forced to have sexual intercourse with him, and having been forced to have sexual intercourse with A.T. E.T. also told a social worker that she and A.T. were forced to watch Movant and Dee \"do it.\" ", "A.T. testified on videotape to being sodomized by Movant and being forced to kiss and lick the private parts of Movant and Dee. ", "He also confirmed that Movant had forced E.T. and he to have sexual intercourse and that he had watched Movant and Dee have *153 sexual intercourse. ", "The fourth child to claim abuse at the hands of Movant was A.D., an eight-year-old girl, who said Movant touched her on her chest and between her legs, as well as made her watch movies where the actors \"all got in a bed together and they were touching each other.\"", "\nMovant was tried by the court, without a jury, and convicted of two counts of sexual misconduct in the first degree, pursuant to Section 566.090[4]; one count of child molestation in the first degree, pursuant to Section 566.067; two counts of endangering the welfare of a child in the first degree, pursuant to Section 568.045, RSMo Cum.", "Supp. (", "1998); two counts of statutory sodomy in the first degree, pursuant to Section 566.062; one count of statutory rape in the first degree, pursuant to Section 566.032; one count of statutory rape in the second degree, pursuant to Section 566.034; and one count of statutory sodomy in the second degree, pursuant to Section 566.064. ", "He was sentenced to concurrent terms in the Missouri Department of Corrections of four years for each count of sexual misconduct, four years for each count of endangering the welfare of a child, life for statutory rape in the first degree, six years for statutory rape in the second degree, and six years for statutory sodomy in the second degree. ", "Movant was also sentenced to consecutive terms of ten years for child molestation in the first degree, life for the first count of statutory sodomy in the first degree, and life for the second count of statutory sodomy in the first degree. ", "He directly appealed his convictions to this Court and we affirmed in Bewley, 68 S.W.3d 613.", "\nMovant filed a motion seeking post-conviction relief pursuant to Rule 29.15. ", "The motion court issued its findings of fact and conclusions of law denying Movant's motion after an evidentiary hearing. ", "This appeal followed.", "\nAppellate review of the denial of a motion for post-conviction relief is limited to a determination of whether the findings of fact and conclusions of law are clearly erroneous. ", "Rule 29.15(k); Parham v. State, 77 S.W.3d 104, 106 (Mo.App. ", "S.D.2002). \"", "Findings and conclusions are clearly erroneous if, after a review of the entire record, the court is left with the definite and firm impression that a mistake has been made.\" ", "Middleton v. State, 80 S.W.3d 799, 804 (Mo. banc 2002) (quoting Moss v. State, 10 S.W.3d 508, 511 (Mo. banc 2000)).", "\nIn order for a criminal defendant to be granted post-conviction relief on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must demonstrate that \"his counsel failed to exercise the customary skill and diligence that a reasonably competent attorney would exercise under substantially similar circumstances, and that he was thereby prejudiced.\" ", "Parham, 77 S.W.3d at 106 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. ", "2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674, 693 (1984)). ", "Prejudice means that there is \"`a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.'\" ", "State v. Shurn, 866 S.W.2d 447, 468 (Mo. banc 1993) (quoting State v. Ervin, 835 S.W.2d 905, 929 (Mo. banc 1992)).", "\nMovant presents two points on appeal, both relating to the failure of his trial counsel to call certain witnesses. ", "When the claim of error is failure to call a witness, the \"[a]ppellant must show that the outcome may have been different had the witness testified and that counsel's failure to call the witness was something other than trial strategy.\" ", "White v. State, 122 S.W.3d 118, 120 (Mo.App. ", "S.D.2003). ", "It is *154 virtually impossible to challenge a decision not to call a witness to testify as a matter of trial strategy. ", "Payne v. State, 21 S.W.3d 843, 845 (Mo.App. ", "E.D.1999).", "\nIn his first point, Movant claims that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel failed to call Dr. Claudia Preuschoff (\"Dr. Preuschoff\") to testify that her examination of E.T. showed no vaginal penetration. ", "Dr. Preuschoff, a pediatrician, testified at the evidentiary hearing on Movant's Rule 29.15 motion. ", "She examined E.T. under sedation after E.T. was uncooperative during a previous SAFE examination. ", "Dr. Preuschoff found no obvious evidence of vaginal penetration in her exam of E.T., though she found that E.T. had trichomonas, a sexually transmitted disease that can be spread through penis to genitalia contact. ", "She stated, however, that \"we know now that you oftentimes don't have physical findings even in observed instances [of vaginal penetration].\" ", "Dr. Preuschoff testified that the more sexually mature a girl is, the less likely it is for there to be evidence of penetration. ", "The tissues which would show vaginal penetration heal very quickly when there is an injury. ", "Furthermore, Dr. Preuschoff testified that E.T. was \"very much along the way towards sexual maturity\" at the time of the exam.", "\nMovant's trial counsel also testified at the evidentiary hearing. ", "She stated that she did not call Dr. Preuschoff for strategic reasons because she believed that the doctor's testimony would neither help the defense nor indicate that E.T. had not been raped. ", "The motion court found that calling Dr. Preuschoff would have actually hurt Movant's defense and, furthermore, the decision not to call her was within the wide range of reasonable trial strategy.", "\nOn appeal, Movant claims that Dr. Preuschoff's testimony would have bolstered his defense that he was innocent of the charges by showing that E.T. had not been vaginally penetrated, therefore creating reasonable doubt that E.T. had been raped. ", "The State responds by pointing out that Dr. Preuschoff's testimony would not have provided a defense to Movant because of her testimony that a girl of E.T.'s age and maturity may not show evidence of vaginal penetration. ", "According to the State, her testimony would only show what the doctor would expect to find in similar cases of sexual abuse.", "\nWe agree with the motion court and Movant's trial counsel that Dr. Preuschoff's testimony would not have aided Movant's defense in any substantial way because it would have been evidence that it is not unusual for a young girl of E.T.'s age and maturity to show no physical evidence of vaginal penetration even where penetration had occurred. \"", "When defense counsel believes a witness' testimony would not unequivocally support his client's position, it is a matter of trial strategy not to call him, and the failure to call such witness does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.\" ", "Winfield v. State, 93 S.W.3d 732, 739 (Mo. banc 2002). ", "The motion court did not clearly err in denying post-conviction relief to Movant for his counsel's failure to call Dr. Preuschoff. ", "Movant's first point is denied.", "\nIn his second point, Movant claims that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel failed to call Delberta Taylor (\"Taylor\"). ", "In an affidavit filed with the motion court, Taylor stated that she knew Jeanetta Taylor, the mother of E.T. and A.T., as well as Movant and Dee. ", "Taylor claimed that E.T. and A.T. caused many disturbances when they lived with their mother, including fighting with and cursing her. ", "She said that the police were constantly being called to the *155 house. ", "According to Taylor, when Movant and Dee would baby-sit A.T. and E.T., the children appeared to be much better behaved, well-adjusted, obedient, and respectful. ", "An investigator from Movant's trial counsel's office spoke to Taylor, and that investigator's report, part of the record on appeal, contained substantially the same information as Taylor's affidavit. ", "Movant's trial counsel testified that she did not call Taylor as a part of her trial strategy in that she believed that Taylor would not testify to anything that would provide a defense to the State's charges. ", "The motion court found that Taylor was not called because of trial strategy and that her testimony would not have aided the defense.", "\nMovant claims that if called, Taylor's testimony would have shown that A.T. and E.T. were \"happier and more comfortable\" with Movant and Dee than with their own mother, and that a reasonable probability exists that the trial court's opinion would have been swayed. ", "The State responds by stating that Taylor's testimony would not have provided any viable defense to Movant and would have merely shown that A.T. and E.T. were happier around him. ", "Her testimony would not have provided evidence that Movant did not sexually abuse them. ", "We agree with the motion court that the decision not to call Taylor was a matter of trial strategy and that Movant was not prejudiced as a result. ", "Movant's second point is denied.", "\nThe judgment of the motion court is affirmed.", "\nPREWITT and RAHMEYER, JJ., ", "concur.", "\nNOTES\n[1] All rule references are to Missouri Rules of Criminal Procedure (2003) unless otherwise noted.", "\n[2] For a more thorough discussion of the facts, see our opinion in State v. Bewley, 68 S.W.3d 613, 615-617 (Mo.App. ", "S.D.2002).", "\n[3] We use the initials of all the victims in this case to protect their identity.", "\n[4] All statutory references are to RSMo (1994) unless otherwise indicated.", "\n" ]

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[ "Hooks Notebook: 04.21.06\n\nHooks catcher/first baseman J.R. House set a franchise record by\nhitting safely in his 14th consecutive game. ", "House was 0 for 2 on\nThursday before lacing a single up the middle in the sixth inning to\ngive him a hit in every game this season.", "\n\nJosh Anderson had set the previous record of 13 straight games last\nseason.", "\n\nMUECKE TO HOUSTON\n\nLeft-hander Josh Muecke left the Hooks on Thursday to go to Houston\nand have his injured left wrist examined by Astros medical personnel.", "\nHooks manager Dave Clark said Muecke is expected to rejoin the team in\nFrisco today.", "\n\nHowever, that could change if developments arise with Muecke's\nwrist. ", "He has not pitched since being hit by a line drive during the\nApril 6 opener against San Antonio.", "\n\nPICK YOUR POISON?", "\n\nMidland manager Von Hayes made an eyebrow-raising move during the\nninth inning of Wednesday's game. ", "With Josh Anderson on second with one\nout, Hayes opted to intentionally walk Hunter Pence to pitch to J.R.\nHouse.", "\n\nWhile that's the high-percentage move to set up a possible double\nplay, House is the leading hitter in the Texas League, entering\nThursday's game with a .407 average. ", "The move paid off for Hayes, as\nHouse hit into an inning-ending double play.", "\n\n\"I was thinking the same thing (about House),\" Clark said. \"", "But that\nlate in the game, you've got to do that. ", "It's the right plan.\"", "\n\nIt was the first --- and likely not the last --- intentional walk\nfor Pence this season.", "\n\n\"It's good to have a guy like that behind me because he's going to\nhurt them,\" Pence said.", "\n\nCHEERING FOR CHANCE\n\nThe Hooks were in enemy territory on Thursday, but starting pitcher\nChance Douglass probably felt at home. ", "The Amarillo native had a\ncheering section of family and friends sitting behind the Corpus\nChristi dugout that made the roughly four-hour trip to watch him\npitch.", "\n\nMOUND MATCHUPS\n\nThe Hooks will send out a rotation of five right-handers for their\nseries at Frisco. ", "Josh Miller will start tonight's opener, followed by\nJuan Gutierrez, Matt Albers, Mitch Talbot and Chance Douglass. ", "Frisco\nis expected to counter with righty Thomas Diamond, lefty John Danks and\nrighties Nick Masset, Juan Diaz and Armando Galarraga." ]

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[ "Race Overview: This is quite a tricky contest for punters to call but Gleneagles gets the vote ahead of Buxton and Zach's Harmoney. ", "This 3-year-old from the William Haggas yard showed plenty of promise on his debut when he chased home A Big Sky Brewing at Pontefract. ", "If he can build on that effort then he should take plenty of beating here from a good draw. ", "Buxton has had the two runs so far and he showed improved form last time to chase home Monte Alto. ", "However, he has shown a tendency to be slowly away in his races and that could prove his undoing here from his wide draw. ", "Zach's Harmony showed signs of greenness on his debut but also demonstrated ability and Brian Meehan's newcomers usually come on from their first outings, so it would be no surprise to see him go well. ", "Capping and Ionian are interesting newcomers and are worth a look in the market, but for the winner we will return to Gleneagles." ]

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[ "Replacing Shower Walls\n\nDeveloping a dwelling which has a dazzling model in addition to theme is usually excitement, sign in forums get some good layouts inspiration with this Replacing Shower Walls picture collection. ", "Ideas is actually the very first thing you ought to have, consequently, you might want to examine Replacing Shower Walls picture gallery to build up it. ", "Replacing Shower Walls pic stock could ease your following measure to produce a house. ", "It is possible to have a house which drawn to anybody if you can fill out an application the options with Replacing Shower Walls picture gallery effectively. ", "Although many persons have difficulty with figuring out the proper type for their home, after that you simply would not encounter the idea in the event you gain knowledge of Replacing Shower Walls snapshot gallery certainly.", "\n\nreplacing\n\nAs verb (used with object), replaced, replacing\n\nto assume the former role, position, or function of; substitute for (a person or thing):Electricity has replaced gas in lighting\n\nto provide a substitute or equivalent in the place of:to replace a broken dish\n\nto restore; return; make good:to replace a sum of money borrowed\n\nto restore to a former or the proper place:to replace the vase on the table\n\nshower\n\nAs noun\n\na brief fall of rain or, sometimes, of hail or snow\n\nAlso called shower bath\n\na bath in which water is sprayed on the body, usually from an overhead perforated nozzle (showerhead)\n\nthe apparatus for this or the room or stall enclosing it\n\na large supply or quantity:a shower of wealth\n\na party given for a bestowal of presents of a specific kind, especially such a party for a prospective bride or prospective mother:a linen shower; a baby shower\n\na fall of many objects, as tears, sparks, or missiles\n\nAstronomy\n\nair shower\n\nshowers, a room or area equipped with several showerheads or stalls for use by a number of people at the same time\n\nAs verb (used with object)\n\nto bestow liberally or lavishly\n\nto deluge (a person) with gifts, favors, etc\n\n:She was showered with gifts on her birthday\n\nto bathe (oneself) in a shower bath\n\nAs verb (used without object)\n\nto rain in a shower\n\nto take a shower bath\n\nAs Idioms\n\nsend to the showers, Baseball\n\nto replace (a pitcher) during a game, usually because he or she is ineffective: The coach sent him to the showers after he walked three batters in a row\n\nto cause (a pitcher) to be replaced in a game, as by getting many hits off him or her; knock out of the box: Two home runs and a line-drive double sent her to the showers\n\nwalls\n\nAs noun\n\nany of various permanent upright constructions having a length much greater than the thickness and presenting a continuous surface except where pierced by doors, windows, etc\n\n: used for shelter, protection, or privacy, or to subdivide interior space, to support floors, roofs, or the like, to retain earth, to fence in an area, etc\n\nUsually, walls\n\na rampart raised for defensive purposes\n\nan immaterial or intangible barrier, obstruction, etc\n\n, suggesting a wall:a wall of prejudice\n\na wall-like, enclosing part, thing, mass, etc\n\n:a wall of fire; a wall of troops\n\nan embankment to prevent flooding, as a levee or sea wall\n\nthe outermost film or layer of structural material protecting, surrounding, and defining the physical limits of an object:the wall of a blood cell\n\nSoccer\n\na line of defenders standing shoulder to shoulder in an attempt to block a free kick with their bodies\n\nMining\n\nthe side of a level or drift\n\nthe overhanging or underlying side of a vein; a hanging wall or footwall\n\nAs adjective\n\nof or relating to a wall:wall space\n\ngrowing against or on a wall:wall plants; wall cress\n\nsituated, placed, or installed in or on a wall:wall oven; a wall safe\n\nAs verb (used with object)\n\nto enclose, shut off, divide, protect, border, etc\n\n, with or as if with a wall (often followed by in or off):to wall the yard; to wall in the play area; He is walled in by lack of opportunity\n\nto seal or fill (a doorway or other opening) with a wall:to wall an unused entrance\n\nto seal or entomb (something or someone) within a wall (usually followed by up):The workmen had walled up the cat quite by mistake\n\nAs Idioms\n\nclimb (the) walls, Slang\n\nto become tense or frantic:climbing the walls with boredom\n\ndrive / push to the wall, to force into a desperate situation; humiliate or ruin completely:Not content with merely winning the match, they used every opportunity to push the inferior team to the wall\n\ngo over the wall, Slang\n\nto break out of prison:Roadblocks have been set up in an effort to capture several convicts who went over the wall\n\ngo to the wall, to be defeated in a conflict or competition; yield\n\nto fail in business, especially to become bankrupt\n\nto be put aside or forgotten\n\nto take an extreme and determined position or measure: I'd go to the wall to stop him from resigning\n\nhit the wall, (of long-distance runners) to reach a point in a race, usually after miles, when the body's fuels are virtually depleted and willpower becomes crucial to be able to finish\n\noff the wall, Slang\n\nbeyond the realm of acceptability or reasonableness: The figure you quoted for doing the work is off the wall\n\nmarkedly out of the ordinary; eccentric; bizarre: Some of the clothes in the fashion show were too off the wall for the average customer\n\nup against the wall, placed against a wall to be executed by a firing squad\n\nin a crucial or critical position, especially one in which defeat or failure seems imminent: Unless sales improve next month, the company will be up against the wall\n\nup the wall, Slang\n\ninto an acutely frantic, frustrated, or irritated state:The constant tension in the office is driving everyone up the wall\n\nReplacing Shower Walls Install A Shower Pan\n\nReplacing Shower Walls Install A Glue Up Shower Enclosure\n\nNice Replacing Shower Walls Enter Image Description Here ...\n\nYou must get exciting creative ideas just like Replacing Shower Walls photo gallery if you would like to employ a dwelling with a unique glimpse. ", "In combination with relax, terrific home type just like within Replacing Shower Walls snapshot stock is a destination to get back your personal spirits. ", "List of positive actions is usually know Replacing Shower Walls graphic gallery in addition to embrace the points which correspond to your identity. ", "Moreover, you may may use that Replacing Shower Walls image collection as a supply of ideas to complete the suggestions for you to surely have in advance of beautify your personal property. ", "If you want a different check, you will be able to unite several styles of Replacing Shower Walls photograph collection. ", "Due to the fact Replacing Shower Walls snapshot stock solely can provide High Definition shots, to help you collect this without worrying concerning top quality. ", "Experiencing those facts, Replacing Shower Walls picture stock is a excellent way to obtain ideas to suit your needs. ", "Benefit from your pursuit within this web in addition to Replacing Shower Walls pic collection." ]

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[ "<!--", "\n@license\nCopyright (c) 2015 The Polymer Project Authors. ", "All rights reserved.", "\nThis code may only be used under the BSD style license found at http://polymer.github.io/LICENSE.txt\nThe complete set of authors may be found at http://polymer.github.io/AUTHORS.txt\nThe complete set of contributors may be found at http://polymer.github.io/CONTRIBUTORS.txt\nCode distributed by Google as part of the polymer project is also\nsubject to an additional IP rights grant found at http://polymer.github.io/PATENTS.txt\n-->\n\n<!", "doctype html>\n<html>\n<head>\n <meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, minimum-scale=1.0, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes\">\n <meta name=\"theme-color\" content=\"#00AA8D\">\n\n <title>Pesto by Polymer</title>\n\n <link rel=\"manifest\" href=\"manifest.json\">\n\n <script src=\"bower_components/webcomponentsjs/webcomponents-lite.js\"></script>\n\n <!-- ", "Promise polyfill needed for 1.0-hybrid mode since neither iron-request 2.x nor\n webcomponentsjs 0.x include the Promise polyfill. --", ">\n <script src=\"bower_components/es6-promise/dist/es6-promise.auto.min.js\"></script>\n\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway:400,700\">\n\n <link rel=\"import\" href=\"bower_components/iron-ajax/iron-ajax.html\">\n <link rel=\"import\" href=\"src/recipe-app.html\">\n\n <style>\n\n body {\n margin: 0;\n font-family: Raleway, sans-serif;\n background-color: #f5f5f5;\n }\n\n </style>\n\n</head>\n<body unresolved>\n\n <dom-bind>\n <template is=\"dom-bind\">\n\n <iron-ajax url=\"data/recipes.json\" auto last-response=\"{{recipes}}\"></iron-ajax>\n <recipe-app recipes=\"[[recipes]]\"></recipe-app>\n\n </template>\n </dom-bind>\n\n</body>\n</html>\n" ]

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[ "Rupert Murdoch welcomed the crowd this morning at the Guggenheim Museum in New York, with much discussion over News Corporation‘s expanding media empire with the world’s first digital newspaper exclusively built for the iPad.", "\n\n“New times demand new journalism… and a new service edited and designed specifically for new devices. ", "Our challenge is to take the best of traditional journalism…and combine it with the best of contemporary technology. ", "360 degree photographs, graphics that respond to the touch are unthinkable in either print or television. ", "The iPad demands that we completely re-imagine our craft. ", "There’s a growing segment of the population that is educated and sophisticated that does not read national print or newspapers…and they expect content tailored to their specific interests…What we are losing today are the opportunities for true news discovery. ", "The magic of newspapers lies in their seredipity and surprise and the deft touch of a good editor….Our aim is to inform people, to make them think and make them smile and help them engage in the great issues of the day. ", "We can and we must make the business of news gathering viable again.” ", "-Rupert Murdoch\n\nThe Daily’s digital renaissance launches with 100 journalists including Executive Creative Director John Kilpatrick; two managing editors: Mike Nizza, a veteran of The New York Times, AOL News and The Atlantic and Steve Alperin, a producer at ABC News; LA Bureau Chief Richard Johnson; Editor of Arts and Life, Sasha Frere-Jones; Sports Editor Chris D’Amico; Opinions Editor Elisabeth Eaves; and Apps, Games and Tech Editor Peter Ha. ", "Also on the list is Wired’s Danny Dumas and the New York Post’s Justin Rocket Silverman. ", "Thus far the only active reporter on The Daily’s Twitter stream is The Daily’s Josh Hersh, who is reporting from Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt. ", "Their Facebook page went live moments ago.", "\n\nProduction has been underway for 6 weeks. ", "The first Daily issue features Mubrak and the crisis in Egypt. ", "The Daily’s carousel includes a beautiful visual representation of all the stories in each issue. ", "The stories are completely interactive, and I’m not talking about hyperlinks, you can even record text and voice comments on stories. ", "The Daily will include breaking news, so expect your issue to update repeatedly during the day. ", "The Daily’s apps and games section links right into the Apple store. ", "At its first US only release, their target audience is for 15 million Americans.", "\n\nThe Daily will feature news articles, interactive graphics, videos and photos designed to work with the iPad’s touchscreen. ", "The Daily will cost a mere 14 cents per day, 99 cents a week, $40 per year and will be sold exclusively via Apple’s iTunes store. ", "The first two weeks will be free, courtesy of Verizon. ", "A small selection of the iPad newspaper will be available on its site. ", "A full list of The Daily’s contents:\n\n• Over 100 pages of original news, life, entertainment, opinion and sports\n\n• every single day of the year\n\n• Original video content\n\n• A selection of articles read aloud\n\n• 360 degree photos you can explore by swiping\n\n• Immersive photography\n\n• Interactive charts, info-graphics and clickable ‘hot spots’\n\n• The option to save articles to read later\n\n• Web-friendly versions of articles you can share via Twitter, Facebook and email\n\n• In-app comments – including audio comments\n\n• Your local weather\n\n• Your favorite sports teams’ scores, news and feeds\n\n• Crossword and Sudoku puzzles\n\nThe Daily totaled $30 million to set up and will cost $500,000 to run weekly. ", "Subscription will be the larger part of their revenue model at first, but they expect to be moving towards a 50/50 revenue split with ads later in the year. ", "Launch advertisers include HBO, Macy’s, Paramount, Pepsi Max, Range Rover, Verizon, and Virgin Atlantic Airways.", "\n\nMurdoch expects The Daily to be on all major tablets, but says “last year, this year and maybe next year belong to iPad.” ", "Murdoch’s aim is refreshing, particularly juxtaposed against yesterday’s The AOL Way; Murdoch sees the The Daily has a revival of quality journalism in the digital realm. ", "If this goal truly permeates into The Daily’s ethos, I think we can expect a truly quality and engaging product. ", "Although, since playing with the product, my colleague Martin Bryant, has much to say on Murdoch’s new “newspaper.”", "\n\nMurdoch’s other publications, The Wall Street Journal, The Times and The Sunday Times, have all introduced paywalls for their websites. ", "The Daily joins the ranks of other paid-for newspaper apps on the iPad including Esquire, the New Yorker, Vanity Fair, Glamour, GQ and Wired.", "\n\n“The Daily is not a legacy backed brand moving from the print to the digital world. ", "We believe The Daily will be the model for how stories will be told.” ", "Rupert Murdoch\n\nThe Australian mogul is entering the iPad publishing race with Richard Branson, who launched Project magazine on the iPad in November of last year." ]

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[ "Transport of Na and Cl across the epithelium of ruminant forestomachs: rumen and omasum. ", "A review.", "\nRumen: 1. ", "It is generally accepted that sodium and chloride is transported across the rumen epithelium of ruminants in the mucosal-serosal direction by an active transport mechanism. ", "In all in vitro studies the short circuit current, Isc, was significantly lower than the net transport of sodium, JNanet. ", "It was concluded that most of the sodium is transported by an electrically silent mechanism. ", "A Na, Cl cotransport and/or a double exchange system Na/H and Cl/HCO3 was proposed. ", "2. ", "Recent in vitro studies in our laboratory revealed that the Na/H exchange inhibitor amiloride (1 mmol/l) reduced JNanet by 70%. ", "The Na/K/2Cl-cotransport inhibitor bumetanide or furosemide (1 mmol/l) had no effect. ", "3. ", "Replacement of permeable anions led to an inhibition of JNanet by 87%. ", "However, under these experimental conditions Isc and JNanet were not significantly different. ", "The remaining small electrogen transport of sodium was not influenced by mucosal amiloride. ", "4. ", "It is concluded that two transport systems are operating in the ruminal epithelium: a Na/H exchange system which accounts for 80-90% of JNanet and an electrogen Na transport which is not sensitive against amiloride. ", "Omasum: 1. ", "The data concerning the transport of sodium and chloride in the omasum are very limited. ", "In vivo measurements of flow rates demonstrated that sodium is absorbed by the omasum (40-60% of inflow in bull calves, 10-20% in sheep) and chloride is secreted. ", "2. ", "In vitro studies with isolated preparation of sheep omasum epithelium demonstrated a net transport of Na and Cl in the mucosal-serosal direction. ", "JNanet is completely abolished by ouabain (0.1 mmol/1) and JClnet by replacement of Na." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Effects of targeted neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene disruption and nitroG-L-arginine methylester on the threshold for isoflurane anesthesia.", "\nConsiderable evidence suggests that nitric oxide plays a role in synaptic transmission in the central and peripheral nervous system. ", "Nonselective inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by nitroG-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) reduces the minimum alveolar concentration of halothane anesthesia. ", "The effects of selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition on the anesthetic requirements in mice congenitally deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (knockout mice) were examined. ", "Isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration and righting reflex ED50 (RRED50) were determined in knockout and wild-type mice. ", "Subsequently, the effects of intraperitoneal L-NAME on minimum alveolar concentration and RRED50 of knockout and wild-type mice were examined. ", "In a separate experiment, the effects of week-long administration of L-NAME were examined in wild-type mice. ", "Isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration and RRED50 were measured on the 8th day and were repeated after an acute intraperitoneal dose of L-NAME. ", "Targeted disruption of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene did not modify isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration and RRED50 of knockout mice. ", "Acute intraperitoneal L-NAME decreased the minimum alveolar concentration and RRED50 of wild-type but did not alter those values in knockout mice. ", "The wild-type mice, when given L-NAME for a week, showed a minimum alveolar concentration and RRED50 identical to that of untreated wild-type mice. ", "Although acute nonselective inhibition of nitric oxide synthase reduces the anesthetic requirements of wild-type mice, a chronic congenital deficiency of neuronal nitric oxide synthase or a week of L-NAME treatment of wild-type mice does not produce a state of greater sensitivity to the effects of isoflurane anesthesia." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "John McLeod\n\nJohn McLeod may refer to:\n\nPolitics\n John McLeod (New Brunswick politician) (1825–?), ", "shipbuilder and assembly member\n John McLeod (New Zealand politician) (1825–1883), MP for Mongonui\n John McLeod (Ontario politician) (1833–1879), member of the Ontario legislature\n John McLeod (Canada West politician) (1816–1887), merchant, shipbuilder and politician in Canada West\n John R. McLeod (1872–1931), politician from Alberta\n\nSports\n John McLeod (basketball) (born 1934), Canadian basketball player\n John McLeod (footballer, born 1866) (1866–1953), Scottish football goalkeeper (Dumbarton FC and Scotland)\n John McLeod (footballer, born 1888) (1888 – after 1912), Scottish football full back (Inverness Caledonian, Bury and Darlington)\n Jack McLeod (born 1930), former ice hockey player\n Jack McLeod (rugby league), New Zealand international\n John McLeod (rugby league) (born 1957), Australian rugby league player\n\nOther\n John McLeod (explorer) (1795–?), ", "Canadian fur trader and explorer\n John McLeod (composer) (born 1934), Scottish contemporary composer\n John McLeod (songwriter), songwriting partner of Tony Macaulay\n John Bryce McLeod (1929–2014), British mathematician\n John P. McLeod, Australian writer and broadcaster\n\nSee also\n John MacLeod (disambiguation)\n Jack McLeod (disambiguation)\n John McLeod Campbell (1800–1872), Scottish minister\n John McLeod Murphy (1827–1871), U.S. naval officer during the American Civil War" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.020202020202020204, 0.019630484988452657, 0.023157894736842106 ]

[ "Q:\n\nNeed help - Haskell Replace\n\nI need to change one string from a list of strings (chars if a string is just one letter) for another one from the other list. ", " The signature looks like this:\nreplace :: [(String, String)] -> String -> String\n\nand I should use functions words/unwords. ", "for e.g. I have [(\"train\",\"Car\")] \"John got hit by train.\" ", " and if I run it the result has to be \"John got hit by car.\". ", "You see the \"train\" string was replaced for the \"car\" one.", "\nI tried everything but I couldn't figure it out.", "\nCan you help me with this?", "\n\nA:\n\nPlease note that the other provided solutions are more idiomatic. ", "Since it sounds like you're being taught and need to structure it this way, here's an example using words/unwords and explicit recursion:\nreplace :: [(String, String)] -> String -> String\nreplace a b = unwords $ foldl inner (words b) a\n where inner ls tup = replace' tup ls\n\nreplace' :: (String, String) -> [String] -> [String]\nreplace' tup (x:xs)\n | x == fst tup = snd tup : replace' tup xs\n | otherwise = x : replace' tup xs\nreplace' _ [] = []\n\nThis words approach breaks when you use punctuation, but it works for simple examples:\n*Main> replace [(\"train\", \"car\"), (\"dog\", \"cat\")] \"dog cannot drive a train\"\n\"cat cannot drive a car\"\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nElegant way to create a new map from old one in Java, while keeping the sorting of elements the same\n\nLet's consider the following code:\n//...\n\npublic Map<String, Integer> getFruits() throws SomeException {\n QueryResult[] queryResults = queryFruits();\n Map<String, Integer> fruits = new TreeMap<>(String.", "CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER);\n for (QueryResult qr : queryResults) {\n fruits.put(qr.getField(\"Name\").toString(), (Integer) rec.getField(\"ArticleNumber\"));\n }\n return fruits;\n}\n\n//...\n\npublic static void main(String args[]) {\n App app = new App();\n Map<String, Integer> originalFruits = app.getFruits();\n System.out.println(originalFruits.keySet());\n}\n\n– the result of execution will be \n[Apple, banana, cherry, Dragon_Fruit, Papaya ]\n\nAfter that I'm calling getApprovedFuits() and passing originalFruits to it, along with whiteListedFruitNames:\npublic Map<String, Integer> getApprovedFruits(Map<String, Integer> fruits, Set<String> whiteListedFruitNames) {\n Map<String, Integer> approvedFruits = new TreeMap<>(fruits);\n approvedFruits.keySet().retainAll(whiteListedFruitNames);\n return approvedFruits;\n}\n\n//...\n\npublic static void main(String[] args) {\n App app = new App();\n Map<String, Integer> originalFruits = app.getFruits();\n\n // v\n\n Set<String> whiteListedFruitNames = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(\"Apple\",\n \"banana\",\n \"cherry\",\n \"Dragon_Fruit\",\n \"kiwi\",\n \"Pineapple\"));\n\n Map<String, Integer> approvedFruits = getApprovedFruits(originalFruits, whiteListedFruitNames);\n System.out.println(approvedFruits.keySet());\n\n}\n\n– the result of the latter println() will look like this:\n[Apple, Dragon_Fruit, banana, cherry]\n\n– and I expected to see this:\n[Apple, banana, cherry, Dragon_Fruit]\n\nAnd here is my question: how to make map constructor TreeMap<>(fruits) respect the sorting order of the map that is passed to it? ", "Is there an elegant way to create a new map based on the original one, with the same sorting order? ", "\n\nA:\n\nTreeMap has a constructor from a SortedMap that retains the same Comparator (and thus, the ordering). ", "However, since you're passing your TreeMap as a Map, this constructor is not used - instead, the constructor from a Map is called, and the ordering is lost.", "\nTo make a long story short - change getApprovedFruits' signature to use a SortedMap and you should be fine:\npublic Map<String, Integer> getApprovedFruits\n (SortedMap<String, Integer> fruits, Set<String> whiteListedFruitNames) {\n\nA:\n\nTwo other options in addition to @Mureinik's answer:\n\nConstruct your new TreeMap with an explicit comparator:\nMap<String, Integer> approvedFruits = new TreeMap<>(String.", "CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER);\napprovedFruits.putAll(fruits);\n\nIf you're not planning on adding to the resulting map, you can use LinkedHashMap which will simply keep the initial insertion order:\nMap<String, Integer> approvedFruits = new LinkedHashMap<>(fruits);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nTSQL -- Retrieve parent ID\n\nThe raw data in my table consists of an ID column and a column 'IsFolder' which can be 1 or 0, like this: \nID IsFolder\n1 1\n2 0\n3 0\n4 1\n5 0\n6 0\n7 0\n8 0\n9 0\n10 0\n11 1\n12 0\n13 0\n14 0\n15 1\n16 0\n17 0\n\nThe way the code interprets this is that if a line has a 1 for 'IsFolder' then it is a Folder, and all of the tasks below it (until you hit the next Folder) are children of that folder.", "\nWhat I'd like to have is a Select statement that will just return the ID of the parent folder for all non-folder tasks. ", "So something like:\nID ParentFolder\n2 1\n3 1\n5 4\n6 4\n7 4\n8 4\n9 4\n10 4\n12 11\n13 11\n14 11\n16 15\n17 15\n\nI'm using MS SQL Server Management Studio 2005. ", "I feel like this is an easy answer to those familiar with using cursors (which I am not). ", "I can't think of any other way to do it but maybe someone else can. ", "Anyway thanks in advance for any answers and sorry if I did something wrong, this is my first post. ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou don't need a cursor for that - just a subquery:\nSELECT ID, \n (SELECT MAX(ID) \n FROM Folders \n WHERE ID < f.ID\n AND IsFolder = 1) AS Parent\nFROM Folders f\nWHERE IsFolder = 0\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat libraries do I need to link to build a googlemock example?", "\n\nI'm able to compile googlemock v1.6.x in VS2010 and produce both release and debug libraries. ", "In other words, the issue I have is NOT this GoogleMock and GoogleTest in Visual Studio 2010\nNow I'm following the example here http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/ForDummies, and I'm having these errors. ", "I did link the generated *.lib files and added the correct library directory in VS2010. ", "So what else do I need to link?", "\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: __thiscall std::_Container_base12::~_Container_base12(void)\" (??", "1_Container_base12@std@@QAE@XZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: __thiscall std::_Container_base12::_Container_base12(void)\" (??", "0_Container_base12@std@@QAE@XZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: void __thiscall std::_Container_base12::_Orphan_all(void)\" (?_", "Orphan_all@_Container_base12@std@@QAEXXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __thiscall std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::operator<<(int)\" (??", "6?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEAAV01@H@Z) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: virtual __thiscall std::basic_ios<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::~basic_ios<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >(void)\" (??", "1?$basic_ios@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@UAE@XZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: virtual __thiscall std::basic_iostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::~basic_iostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >(void)\" (??", "1?$basic_iostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@UAE@XZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: __thiscall std::basic_iostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::basic_iostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >(class std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > *)\" (??", "0?$basic_iostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAE@PAV?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@1@@Z) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: __thiscall std::basic_ios<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::basic_ios<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >(void)\" (??", "0?$basic_ios@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IAE@XZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: virtual __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::~basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >(void)\" (??", "1?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@UAE@XZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: char * __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::gptr(void)const \" (?", "gptr@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IBEPADXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: void __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::setg(char *,char *,char *)\" (?", "setg@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IAEXPAD00@Z) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: void __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::setp(char *,char *)\" (?", "setp@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IAEXPAD0@Z) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: char * __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::eback(void)const \" (?", "eback@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IBEPADXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: char * __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::_Pninc(void)\" (?_", "Pninc@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IAEPADXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: void __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::setp(char *,char *,char *)\" (?", "setp@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IAEXPAD00@Z) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: char * __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::pbase(void)const \" (?", "pbase@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IBEPADXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: char * __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::epptr(void)const \" (?", "epptr@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IBEPADXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: char * __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::pptr(void)const \" (?", "pptr@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IBEPADXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: void __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::gbump(int)\" (?", "gbump@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IAEXH@Z) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: char * __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::egptr(void)const \" (?", "egptr@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IBEPADXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: void __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::pbump(int)\" (?", "pbump@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IAEXH@Z) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"protected: __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >(void)\" (??", "0?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@IAE@XZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: struct std::_Iterator_base12 * * __thiscall std::_Container_base12::_Getpfirst(void)const \" (?_", "Getpfirst@_Container_base12@std@@QBEPAPAU_Iterator_base12@2@XZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: void __thiscall std::basic_ios<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::setstate(int,bool)\" (?", "setstate@?$basic_ios@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEXH_N@Z) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: __int64 __thiscall std::ios_base::width(__int64)\" (?", "width@ios_base@std@@QAE_J_J@Z) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: __int64 __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::sputn(char const *,__int64)\" (?", "sputn@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAE_JPBD_J@Z) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: int __thiscall std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::sputc(char)\" (?", "sputc@?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEHD@Z) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: class std::basic_streambuf<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > * __thiscall std::basic_ios<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::rdbuf(void)const \" (?", "rdbuf@?$basic_ios@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QBEPAV?$basic_streambuf@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@2@XZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: char __thiscall std::basic_ios<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::fill(void)const \" (?", "fill@?$basic_ios@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QBEDXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: int __thiscall std::ios_base::flags(void)const \" (?", "flags@ios_base@std@@QBEHXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: __int64 __thiscall std::ios_base::width(void)const \" (?", "width@ios_base@std@@QBE_JXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __thiscall std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::flush(void)\" (?", "flush@?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEAAV12@XZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > * __thiscall std::basic_ios<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::tie(void)const \" (?", "tie@?$basic_ios@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QBEPAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@2@XZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: bool __thiscall std::ios_base::good(void)const \" (?", "good@ios_base@std@@QBE_NXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: void __thiscall std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::_Osfx(void)\" (?_", "Osfx@?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEXXZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __thiscall std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> >::operator<<(unsigned int)\" (??", "6?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@QAEAAV01@I@Z) already defined in gmockd.lib(gtest-all.obj)\n1>msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll) : error LNK2005: \"public: class std::locale::facet * __thiscall std::locale::facet::_Decref(void)\" (?_", "Decref@facet@locale@std@@QAEPAV123@XZ) already defined in gmockd.lib(gmock-all.obj)\n1>libcpmtd.lib(ios.obj) : error LNK2005: \"private: static void __cdecl std::ios_base::_Ios_base_dtor(class std::ios_base *)\" (?_", "Ios_base_dtor@ios_base@std@@CAXPAV12@@Z) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll)\n1>libcpmtd.lib(ios.obj) : error LNK2005: \"public: static void __cdecl std::ios_base::_Addstd(class std::ios_base *)\" (?_", "Addstd@ios_base@std@@SAXPAV12@@Z) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll)\n1>libcpmtd.lib(locale0.obj) : error LNK2005: \"private: static void __cdecl std::locale::facet::_Facet_Register(class std::locale::facet *)\" (?_", "Facet_Register@facet@locale@std@@CAXPAV123@@Z) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(locale0_implib.obj)\n1>libcpmtd.lib(locale0.obj) : error LNK2005: \"private: static class std::locale::_Locimp * __cdecl std::locale::_Getgloballocale(void)\" (?_", "Getgloballocale@locale@std@@CAPAV_Locimp@12@XZ) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll)\n1>libcpmtd.lib(locale0.obj) : error LNK2005: \"private: static class std::locale::_Locimp * __cdecl std::locale::_Init(void)\" (?_", "Init@locale@std@@CAPAV_Locimp@12@XZ) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll)\n1>libcpmtd.lib(locale0.obj) : error LNK2005: \"public: static void __cdecl std::_Locinfo::_Locinfo_ctor(class std::_Locinfo *,char const *)\" (?_", "Locinfo_ctor@_Locinfo@std@@SAXPAV12@PBD@Z) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll)\n1>libcpmtd.lib(locale0.obj) : error LNK2005: \"public: static void __cdecl std::_Locinfo::_Locinfo_dtor(class std::_Locinfo *)\" (?_", "Locinfo_dtor@_Locinfo@std@@SAXPAV12@@Z) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll)\n1>libcpmtd.lib(xlock.obj) : error LNK2005: \"public: __thiscall std::_Lockit::_Lockit(int)\" (??", "0_Lockit@std@@QAE@H@Z) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll)\n1>libcpmtd.lib(xlock.obj) : error LNK2005: \"public: __thiscall std::_Lockit::~_Lockit(void)\" (??", "1_Lockit@std@@QAE@XZ) already defined in msvcprtd.lib(MSVCP100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(_file.obj) : error LNK2005: ___iob_func already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(setlocal.obj) : error LNK2005: __configthreadlocale already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(dbgheap.obj) : error LNK2005: __free_dbg already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(dbgheap.obj) : error LNK2005: __CrtSetCheckCount already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(osfinfo.obj) : error LNK2005: __open_osfhandle already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(dosmap.obj) : error LNK2005: __errno already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(crt0dat.obj) : error LNK2005: _exit already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(crt0dat.obj) : error LNK2005: __exit already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(crt0dat.obj) : error LNK2005: __cexit already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(crt0dat.obj) : error LNK2005: __amsg_exit already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(crt0dat.obj) : error LNK2005: __initterm_e already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(fflush.obj) : error LNK2005: _fflush already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(lconv.obj) : error LNK2005: _localeconv already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(dbghook.obj) : error LNK2005: __crt_debugger_hook already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(mlock.obj) : error LNK2005: __lock already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(mlock.obj) : error LNK2005: __unlock already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(winxfltr.obj) : error LNK2005: __XcptFilter already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(crt0init.obj) : error LNK2005: ___xi_a already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(cinitexe.obj)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(crt0init.obj) : error LNK2005: ___xi_z already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(cinitexe.obj)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(crt0init.obj) : error LNK2005: ___xc_a already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(cinitexe.obj)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(crt0init.obj) : error LNK2005: ___xc_z already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(cinitexe.obj)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(hooks.obj) : error LNK2005: \"void __cdecl terminate(void)\" (?", "terminate@@YAXXZ) already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(invarg.obj) : error LNK2005: __invalid_parameter already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(invarg.obj) : error LNK2005: __invoke_watson already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(sprintf.obj) : error LNK2005: _sprintf_s already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(tolower.obj) : error LNK2005: _tolower already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(strtol.obj) : error LNK2005: _strtol already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(strtoq.obj) : error LNK2005: __strtoui64 already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(dbgrptw.obj) : error LNK2005: __CrtDbgReportW already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(vsnprnc.obj) : error LNK2005: __vsnprintf_s already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(printf.obj) : error LNK2005: _printf already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(vprintf.obj) : error LNK2005: _vprintf already defined in MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCR100D.dll)\n1>LINK : warning LNK4098: defaultlib 'MSVCRTD' conflicts with use of other libs; use /NODEFAULTLIB:library\n1>LINK : warning LNK4098: defaultlib 'LIBCMTD' conflicts with use of other libs; use /NODEFAULTLIB:library\n1>LIBCMTD.lib(crt0.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol _main referenced in function ___tmainCRTStartup\n1>C:\\Documents and Settings\\fouts\\My Documents\\Visual Studio 2010\\GMockTest\\Debug\\GMockTest.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 1 unresolved externals\n1>\n\nA:\n\nThis looks like you've got a mismatch in your choice of C Runtime and C++ Standard Libraries.", "\nYou can choose between the static (.lib) or shared (DLL) versions of these using the compiler switches /MT, /MTd, /MD or /MDd. ", " MT variants indicate the static libraries, and MD the shared. ", " The d appendix indicates the debug versions of each.", "\nThese can be set in Visual Studio by going to Project => Properties => Configuration Properties => C/C++ => Code Generation => Runtime Library\nThe problem appears to be that your project uses /MD and /MDd, but that GMock and Gtest were built with /MT and /MTd. ", " You need to recompile GMock/Gtest with the /MD and /MDd flags, or change yours to /MT and /MTd.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "# Calibration\n\nHere, we explain how to use the calibration tools with [TUM-VI](https://vision.in.tum.de/data/datasets/visual-inertial-dataset), [EuRoC](https://projects.asl.ethz.ch/datasets/doku.php?id=kmavvisualinertialdatasets), [UZH-FPV](http://rpg.ifi.uzh.ch/uzh-fpv.html) and [Kalibr](https://github.com/ethz-asl/kalibr/wiki/downloads) datasets as an example.", "\n\n\n## TUM-VI dataset\nDownload the datasets for camera and camera-IMU calibration:\n```\nmkdir ~/tumvi_calib_data\ncd ~/tumvi_calib_data\nwget http://vision.in.tum.de/tumvi/calibrated/512_16/dataset-calib-cam3_512_16.bag\nwget http://vision.in.tum.de/tumvi/calibrated/512_16/dataset-calib-imu1_512_16.bag\n```\n\n### Camera calibration\nRun the camera calibration:\n```\nbasalt_calibrate --dataset-path ~/tumvi_calib_data/dataset-calib-cam3_512_16.bag --dataset-type bag --aprilgrid /usr/etc/basalt/aprilgrid_6x6.json --result-path ~/tumvi_calib_result/ --cam-types ds ds\n```\nThe command line options have the following meaning:\n* `--dataset-path` path to the dataset.", "\n* `--dataset-type` type of the datset. ", "Currently only `bag` and `euroc` formats of the datasets are supported.", "\n* `--result-path` path to the folder where the resulting calibration and intermediate results will be stored.", "\n* `--aprilgrid` path to the configuration file for the aprilgrid.", "\n* `--cam-types` camera models for the image streams in the dataset. ", "For more details see [arXiv:1807.08957](https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.08957).", "\n\nAfter that, you should see the calibration GUI:\n\n\nThe buttons in the GUI are located in the order which you should follow to calibrate the camera. ", "After pressing a button the system will print the output to the command line:\n* `load_dataset` loads the dataset.", "\n* `detect_corners` starts corner detection in the background thread. ", "Since it is the most time consuming part of the calibration process, the detected corners are cached and loaded if you run the executable again pointing to the same result folder path.", "\n* `init_cam_intr` computes an initial guess for camera intrinsics.", "\n* `init_cam_poses` computes an initial guess for camera poses given the current intrinsics.", "\n* `init_cam_extr` computes an initial transformation between the cameras.", "\n* `init_opt` initializes optimization and shows the projected points given the current calibration and camera poses.", "\n* `optimize` runs an iteration of the optimization and visualizes the result. ", "You should press this button until the error printed in the console output stops decreasing and the optimization converges. ", "Alternatively, you can use the `opt_until_converge` checkbox that will run the optimization until it converges automatically.", "\n* `save_calib` saves the current calibration as `calibration.json` in the result folder.", "\n* `compute_vign` **(Experimental)** computes a radially-symmetric vignetting for the cameras. ", "For the algorithm to work, **the calibration pattern should be static (camera moving around it) and have a constant lighting throughout the calibration sequence**. ", "If you run `compute_vign` you should press `save_calib` afterwards. ", "The png images with vignetting will also be stored in the result folder.", "\n\nYou can also control the process using the following buttons:\n* `show_frame` slider to switch between the frames in the sequence.", "\n* `show_corners` toggles the visibility of the detected corners shown in red.", "\n* `show_corners_rejected` toggles the visibility of rejected corners. ", "Works only when `show_corners` is enabled.", "\n* `show_init_reproj` shows the initial reprojections computed by the `init_cam_poses` step.", "\n* `show_opt` shows reprojected corners with the current estimate of the intrinsics and poses.", "\n* `show_vign` toggles the visibility of the points used for vignetting estimation. ", "The points are distributed across white areas of the pattern.", "\n* `show_ids` toggles the ID visualization for every point.", "\n* `huber_thresh` controls the threshold for the huber norm in pixels for the optimization.", "\n* `opt_intr` controls if the optimization can change the intrinsics. ", "For some datasets it might be helpful to disable this option for several first iterations of the optimization.", "\n* `opt_until_converge` runs the optimization until convergence.", "\n* `stop_thresh` defines the stopping criteria. ", "Optimization will stop when the maximum increment is smaller than this value.", "\n\n\n### Camera + IMU + Mocap calibration\nAfter calibrating the camera you can run the camera + IMU + Mocap calibration. ", "The result path should point to the **same folder as before**:\n```\nbasalt_calibrate_imu --dataset-path ~/tumvi_calib_data/dataset-calib-imu1_512_16.bag --dataset-type bag --aprilgrid /usr/etc/basalt/aprilgrid_6x6.json --result-path ~/tumvi_calib_result/ --gyro-noise-std 0.000282 --accel-noise-std 0.016 --gyro-bias-std 0.0001 --accel-bias-std 0.001\n```\nThe command line options for the IMU noise are continous-time and defined as in [Kalibr](https://github.com/ethz-asl/kalibr/wiki/IMU-Noise-Model):\n* `--gyro-noise-std` gyroscope white noise.", "\n* `--accel-noise-std` accelerometer white noise.", "\n* `--gyro-bias-std` gyroscope random walk.", "\n* `--accel-bias-std` accelerometer random walk.", "\n\n\n\nThe buttons in the GUI are located in the order which you need to follow to calibrate the camera-IMU setup:\n* `load_dataset`, `detect_corners`, `init_cam_poses` same as above.", "\n* `init_cam_imu` initializes the rotation between camera and IMU by aligning rotation velocities of the camera to the gyro data.", "\n* `init_opt` initializes the optimization. ", "Shows reprojected corners in magenta and the estimated values from the spline as solid lines below.", "\n* `optimize` runs an iteration of the optimization. ", "You should press it several times until convergence before proceeding to next steps. ", "Alternatively, you can use the `opt_until_converge` checkbox that will run the optimization until it converges automatically.", "\n* `init_mocap` initializes the transformation from the Aprilgrid calibration pattern to the Mocap coordinate system.", "\n* `save_calib` save the current calibration as `calibration.json` in the result folder.", "\n* `save_mocap_calib` save the current Mocap to IMU calibration as `mocap_calibration.json` in the result folder.", "\n\nYou can also control the visualization using the following buttons:\n* `show_frame` - `show_ids` the same as above.", "\n* `show_spline` toggles the visibility of enabled measurements (accel, gyro, position, velocity) generated from the spline that we optimize.", "\n* `show_data` toggles the visibility of raw data contained in the dataset.", "\n* `show_accel` shows accelerometer data.", "\n* `show_gyro` shows gyroscope data.", "\n* `show_pos` shows spline position for `show_spline` and positions generated from camera pose initialization transformed into IMU coordinate frame for `show_data`.", "\n* `show_rot_error` shows the rotation error between spline and camera pose initializations transformed into IMU coordinate frame.", "\n* `show_mocap` shows the mocap marker position transformed to the IMU frame.", "\n* `show_mocap_rot_error` shows rotation between the spline and Mocap measurements.", "\n* `show_mocap_rot_vel` shows the rotation velocity computed from the Mocap.", "\n\nThe following options control the optimization process:\n* `opt_intr` enables optimization of intrinsics. ", "Usually should be disabled for the camera-IMU calibration.", "\n* `opt_poses` enables optimization based camera pose initialization. ", "Sometimes helps to better initialize the spline before running optimization with `opt_corners`.", "\n* `opt_corners` enables optimization based on reprojection corner positions **(should be used by default)**.", "\n* `opt_cam_time_offset` computes the time offset between camera and the IMU. ", "This option should be used only for refinement when the optimization already converged.", "\n* `opt_imu_scale` enables IMU axis scaling, rotation and misalignment calibration. ", "This option should be used only for refinement when the optimization already converged.", "\n* `opt_mocap` enables Mocap optimization. ", "You should run it only after pressing `init_mocap`.", "\n* `huber_thresh` controls the threshold for the huber norm in pixels for the optimization.", "\n* `opt_until_convg` runs the optimization until convergence.", "\n* `stop_thresh` defines the stopping criteria. ", "Optimization will stop when the maximum increment is smaller than this value.", "\n\n\n**NOTE:** In this case we use a pre-calibrated sequence, so most of refinements or Mocap to IMU calibration will not have any visible effect. ", "If you want to test this functionality use the \"raw\" sequences, for example `http://vision.in.tum.de/tumvi/raw/dataset-calib-cam3.bag` and `http://vision.in.tum.de/tumvi/raw/dataset-calib-imu1.bag`. ", "\n\n## EuRoC dataset\nDownload the datasets for camera and camera-IMU calibration:\n```\nmkdir ~/euroc_calib_data\ncd ~/euroc_calib_data\nwget http://robotics.ethz.ch/~asl-datasets/ijrr_euroc_mav_dataset/calibration_datasets/cam_april/cam_april.bag\nwget http://robotics.ethz.ch/~asl-datasets/ijrr_euroc_mav_dataset/calibration_datasets/imu_april/imu_april.bag\n```\n\n### Camera calibration\nRun the camera calibration:\n```\nbasalt_calibrate --dataset-path ~/euroc_calib_data/cam_april.bag --dataset-type bag --aprilgrid /usr/etc/basalt/aprilgrid_6x6.json --result-path ~/euroc_calib_result/ --cam-types ds ds\n```\n\n\n### Camera + IMU calibration\nAfter calibrating the camera you can run the camera + IMU calibration. ", "The result-path should point to the same folder as before:\n```\nbasalt_calibrate_imu --dataset-path ~/euroc_calib_data/imu_april.bag --dataset-type bag --aprilgrid /usr/etc/basalt/aprilgrid_6x6.json --result-path ~/euroc_calib_result/ --gyro-noise-std 0.000282 --accel-noise-std 0.016 --gyro-bias-std 0.0001 --accel-bias-std 0.001\n```\n\n\n\n## UZH dataset\nDownload the datasets for camera and camera-IMU calibration:\n```\nmkdir ~/uzh_calib_data\ncd ~/uzh_calib_data\nwget http://rpg.ifi.uzh.ch/datasets/uzh-fpv/calib/indoor_forward_calib_snapdragon_cam.bag\nwget http://rpg.ifi.uzh.ch/datasets/uzh-fpv/calib/indoor_forward_calib_snapdragon_imu.bag\n```\n\n### Camera calibration\nRun the camera calibration:\n```\nbasalt_calibrate --dataset-path ~/uzh_calib_data/indoor_forward_calib_snapdragon_cam.bag --dataset-type bag --aprilgrid /usr/etc/basalt/aprilgrid_5x4_uzh.json --result-path ~/uzh_calib_result/ --cam-types ds ds\n```\n\n\n### Camera + IMU calibration\nAfter calibrating the camera you can run the camera + IMU calibration. ", "The result-path should point to the same folder as before:\n```\nbasalt_calibrate_imu --dataset-path ~/uzh_calib_data/indoor_forward_calib_snapdragon_imu.bag --dataset-type bag --aprilgrid /usr/etc/basalt/aprilgrid_5x4_uzh.json --result-path ~/uzh_calib_result/ --gyro-noise-std 0.05 --accel-noise-std 0.1 --gyro-bias-std 4e-5 --accel-bias-std 0.002\n```\n\n\n\n## Kalibr dataset\nDownload the datasets for camera and camera-IMU calibration from [here (Sample datasets)](https://github.com/ethz-asl/kalibr/wiki/downloads):\n```\nmkdir ~/kalibr_calib_data\ncd ~/kalibr_calib_data\n# Download data\ntar xvf static.tar.gz\ntar xvf dynamic.tar.gz\n```\n\n### Camera calibration\nRun the camera calibration:\n```\nbasalt_calibrate --dataset-path ~/kalibr_calib_data/static/static.bag --dataset-type bag --aprilgrid /usr/etc/basalt/aprilgrid_6x6.json --result-path ~/kalibr_calib_result/ --cam-types ds ds ds ds\n```\n\n\n\n### Camera + IMU calibration\nAfter calibrating the camera you can run the camera + IMU calibration. ", "The result-path should point to the same folder as before:\n```\nbasalt_calibrate_imu --dataset-path ~/kalibr_calib_data/dynamic/dynamic.bag --dataset-type bag --aprilgrid /usr/etc/basalt/aprilgrid_6x6.json --result-path ~/kalibr_calib_result/ --gyro-noise-std 0.005 --accel-noise-std 0.01 --gyro-bias-std 4.0e-06 --accel-bias-std 0.0002\n```\n" ]

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[ "Send me email updates about messages I've received on the site and the latest news from The CafeMom Team.", "\nBy signing up, you certify that you are female and accept the Terms of Service and have read the\nPrivacy Policy.", "\n\nNewtown school gunman fired 154 rounds in less than 5 minutes\n\nReuters/Reuters - The home of Nancy Lanza and her son Adam in Newtown Connecticut\n\nBy Mary Ellen Clark and Noreen O'Donnell\n\nMERIDEN/NEWTOWN, Connecticut (Reuters) - The gunman who killed 20 children and six adults at a Connecticut elementary school fired 154 rounds in less than 5 minutes, selecting high capacity magazines from a home arsenal stocked with swords, knives and a cache of guns, officials said.", "\n\nInvestigators also found a newspaper clipping about a mass shooting in the home that Adam Lanzashared with his mother, along with a gun safe in his bedroom, receipts from shooting ranges andNational Rifle Association certificates for both of them, according to court papers released on Thursday.", "\n\nTo carry out the second deadliest school shooting in U.S. history, Lanza used 30-round magazines atSandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, said Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy after the previously sealed searches of Lanza's car and home were made public.", "\n\n\"We now know that he left the lower capacity magazines at home,\" Malloy said in a statement. \"", "This is exactly why we need to ban high capacity magazines and why we need to tighten our assault weapons ban.\"", "\n\nAs more details about the shooting came to light, President Barack Obama urged with U.S. lawmakers not to forget those shot to death in Newtown three months ago.", "\n\n\"The entire country pledged we would do something about it and that this time would be different. ", "Shame on us if we've forgotten,\" said Obama, appearing at the White House with mothers of children who had been shot to death.", "\n\nThe December 14 rampage started at the Lanza family home, where authorities say the 20-year-old shot dead his mother, Nancy Lanza, and then drove to the school he once attended. ", "Armed with an AR-15-type assault rifle and two handguns he killed the 20 children, six staff members and himself.", "\n\nThe pale yellow two-story suburban colonial house where Lanza lived is directly across the street from the home of Dylan Hockley, 6, who died in his teacher's arms in the massacre. ", "The Hockley family has since moved to another part of town.", "\n\nSearches of the house by police turned up a cache of guns, three samurai-style swords and boxes of bullets, along with items that could offer some clues on Adam Lanza's thinking.", "\n\nAmong them were a 2008 New York Times clipping on an Illinois school shooting and books on Asperger's syndrome and autism. ", "Friends of the Lanza family had described Adam Lanza as having Asperger's syndrome, which is a form of autism.", "\n\nFor some in the tight-knit southern New England town, the release of the new details only inflamed emotional wounds.", "\n\n\"We struggle every day to stay on the path of recovery and every bit of information that becomes part of the public discourse holds a potential hurt for a family who has already suffered immeasurable harm,\" said Newtown First Selectman E. Patricia Llodra.", "\n\nThe attack, which Obama called the worst day of his presidency, reignited a fierce debate on gun violence and gun regulation in the United States. ", "The Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects the right to gun ownership.", "\n\nThe National Rifle Association called after the shooting for armed guards to patrol public schools, while gun-control advocates called for tighter restrictions on both the process to buy guns and the types of guns and ammunition clips that may be sold.", "\n\nTHE CACHE OF WEAPONS\n\nThe court papers said police searching the Lanza home found an Enfield bolt-action rifle, a Savage Mark II rifle, a revolver, three samurai-style swords with blades measuring up to 28 inches and a 6-foot, 10-inch wood-handled pole with a blade on one side and a spear on the other.", "\n\nThey also found a smashed computer hard drive and a gun safe in the room they believed to be Adam Lanza's bedroom; NRA certificates in the names of both Adam Lanza and his mother; and Nancy Lanza's body in her bed with a gunshot wound to her forehead and a rifle on the floor nearby.", "\n\nFBI agents interviewed one or more people who described Lanza as \"a shut-in and avid (video) gamer who plays Call of Duty amongst other games.\" ", "It was noted that the Sandy Hook Elementary School was his \"life.\"", "\n\nMayors Against Illegal Guns on Thursday released a TV ad featuring family members of the victims calling for tighter control of guns. ", "Broadcast in Hartford, Connecticut, it was aimed to encourage a proposed Connecticut gun-control law.", "\n\n\"We cannot afford to wait for another tragedy,\" said New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, the group's co-chairman.", "\n\nThe investigation documents were released on the same day as hundreds of protesters demonstrated at the National Shooting Sports Foundation, less than 3 miles from the school, over the NRA's opposition to new gun control laws. ", "Newtown residents were enraged after receiving a slew of robo-calls on behalf of the NRA that were critical of gun control laws.", "\n\nCaithlin De Marrais, a 40-year-old musician from Easton, Connecticut, who brought along her 7-month-old baby, carried a handmade sign proclaiming \"Enough.\"", "\n\n\"I'm here to support Newtown and all the communities that have lost loved ones due to gun violence,\" she said.", "\n\nThe crowd also included those who oppose more gun control, among them Tahra Erickson, 33, who stood with her three-year-old son Zachary.", "\n\n\"I don't think it's the government's job to tell me how I can protect my son,\" she said.", "\n\n\"We now know that he left the lower capacity magazines at home,\" Malloy said in a statement. \"", "This is exactly why we need to ban high capacity magazines and why we need to tighten our assault weapons ban.\"", "\n\nHe coulda easily unloaded smaller magazines as easily as the bigger ones. ", "People really should do more research. ", "No matter what laws you place, do you really think criminals or non law abiding citizens will follow? ", "I don't think it's right for people who have never shot a gun or that don't have the knowledge of guns should be determining what magazines need to be banned.", "\n\nI'm all for a ban on high capacity magazines. ", "However, I will not sleep soundly and feel gullible believing that crazy people with guns will think twice before going on killing sprees. ", "One person killed, one person wounded and many people traumatized is still too many. ", "This ban is a bandage.", "\n\nSend me email updates about messages I've received on the site and the latest news from The CafeMom Team.", "\nBy signing up, you certify that you are female and accept the Terms of Service and have read the\nPrivacy Policy." ]

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[ "The crk1 gene encodes an Ime2-related protein that is required for morphogenesis in the plant pathogen Ustilago maydis.", "\nThe fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis alternates between budding and filamentous growth during its life cycle. ", "This dimorphic transition is regulated by environmental factors and mating. ", "We cloned a new gene, crk1, which encodes a protein with sequence similarity to Ime2, a kinase involved in developmental choices in S. cerevisiae. ", "Disruption of the crk1 gene in U. maydis resulted in cells that are unable to respond in an appropriate manner to environmental stimuli and show defects in morphogenesis and cell cycle adjustment to changing conditions. ", "We have analysed the regulation of the crk1 gene and demonstrated that cAMP and MAPK pathways have opposite influences on the transcript levels for crk1. ", "Furthermore, we have shown that alterations in the components of these pathways impair the ability of the cellular machinery to adapt to changing conditions. ", "These results demonstrate an important role for the crk1- encoded protein in the morphogenesis and environmental adaptation in Ustilago maydis." ]

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[ "\n458 Pa. 246 (1974)\nTonsic et vir, Appellants,\nv.\nWagner.", "\nSupreme Court of Pennsylvania.", "\nArgued September 25, 1973.", "\nDecember 6, 1974.", "\n*247 Before JONES, C.J., EAGEN, ROBERTS, POMEROY, NIX and MANDERINO, JJ.", "\n*248 Daniel M. Berger, with him Berger and Kapetan, for appellants.", "\nWilbur McCoy Otto, with him Michael W. Burns, Herbert Bennett Conner, and Dickie, McCamey & Chilcote, for appellee.", "\nOPINION BY MR. ", "JUSTICE MANDERINO, December 6, 1974:\nAppellants, Kathryn M. Tonsic and her husband, James J. Tonsic, filed a negligence action against the appellee, Pittsburgh Hospital Association, and against Dr. J. Huber Wagner, claiming damages for injuries sustained by the appellant wife during an operation in the appellee's hospital. ", "A jury returned a verdict of $37,000 against Dr. Wagner, but found in favor of the appellee hospital. ", "Appellants moved for a new trial on their claim against the appellee hospital. ", "The motion was denied, and on appeal the Superior Court affirmed. ", "Tonsic v. Wagner and Pittsburgh Hospital Association, 220 Pa. Superior Ct. ", "468, 289 A.2d 138 (1972) (Judge HOFFMAN filed a dissenting opinion). ", "We granted appellant's petition for allowance of appeal limited to the issue of whether the hospital and the operating surgeon can both be held liable for the negligence of hospital personnel during an operation.", "\nThe dissenting opinion of Judge HOFFMAN in the Superior Court provides the following accurate summary of the case:\n\"The jury verdicts followed a trial in which appellants claimed that both the Pittsburgh Hospital and Dr. Wagner were liable for damages resulting from the *249 failure to remove a Kelly clamp from appellant wife's abdomen at the conclusion of a colectomy operation. ", "Wife appellant had been admitted to appellee hospital for the performance of the surgery. ", "A part of the hospital's charge for services was for the use of the operating room. ", "The operation was performed by Dr. Wagner who was assisted by nurses and an intern, who were employees of appellee hospital, and by another surgeon, Dr. Weitzel, Dr. Wagner's associate.", "\n\"In the course of the operation a number of instruments were used. ", "These instruments, including the Kelly clamp, were the property of the hospital. ", "The instruments were handed to Dr. Wagner by the scrub nurse who stood by his side and were then returned by the doctor to this nurse. ", "Neither the scrub nurse, nor the circulating nurse, nor the intern, nor the hospital itself counted the instruments or in any other way kept track of the instruments to determine if any had been allowed to remain in appellant's abdomen. ", "Neither of the nurses nor the intern called Dr. Wagner's attention to the fact that a clamp was still in appellant's abdomen, nor did any of them take any action to remove the clamp.", "\n\"At the conclusion of the testimony the trial judge, despite appellants' counsel's specific request, refused to permit the jury to determine whether appellee-hospital was vicariously liable for the negligence of its nurses and intern in failing to remove the clamp or cause it to be removed prior to the incision being closed with sutures. ", "Rather the Court held that the doctor, as `captain of the ship', had exclusive control over the persons in the operating room and was therefore solely liable for any negligence committed there. . . .\"", "\nIn its charge, the trial court, at several points, instructed the jury that the hospital could not be liable for the negligence of hospital employees during the operation. ", "One such reference was as follows:\n*250 \"[W]hen a surgical operation is being performed in a hospital by a private surgeon . . . ", "who is not an employee of the hospital itself, and the hospital furnishes. . . ", "certain employees for his assistance in performing the operating, those servants, such as nurses, interns, and the like, become for the time being, for the duration of the operation, the servants of the surgeon in charge subject to his control as to any acts relating to the operation. ", "And he is responsible and legally liable for any wrongful acts or negligent acts that they perform to the exclusion of the hospital, although the hospital is in general the employer of the nurses or the interns. (", "Emphasis added.)", "\n. . . .", "\n\"[The operating surgeon] is responsible for the negligence of any other person in the operating room during the operation because he is the `captain of the ship.'\" (", "Emphasis added.)", "\nAt the conclusion of the charge, the appellants' counsel made the following objection: \"I want to except to the Court's charge as follows: The Court should have charged that the conduct of the nurses and intern can make the Hospital vicariously liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior, to the Court's statement that in the operating room the doctor is in complete control of the hospital employees to the exclusion of the hospital; and I would like the Court to have charged that the Hospital has an affirmative duty to treat patients, to make patients well, and that the nurses and the intern in the operating room, although subject to the control of the doctor, can also be servants of the Hospital; and that would have to be up to the jury to determine whether the nurses and the intern during the operation were the servants of the Hospital and the doctor both.", "\n\"I also except to the failure of the Court to charge the jury that the nurses and the intern, who could have been found to be subject to the control of the Hospital *251 as servants, knew or should have known of the presence of the clamp and failed to remove the clamp. ", "This is a matter to be determined by the jury.\" (", "Emphasis added.)", "\nThe issue before us is whether the trial court erred in ruling as a matter of law that the appellee hospital could not be liable for the negligence of its personnel during an operation. ", "Prior to our decision in Flagiello v. Pennsylvania Hospital, 417 Pa. 486, 208 A.2d 193 (1965), we had no occasion to consider that issue. ", "Suits against hospitals qualifying as charities failed because such hospitals were not liable, vicariously or otherwise. ", "See Benedict v. Bondi, 384 Pa. 574, 122 A.2d 209 (1956); Yorston v. Pennell, 397 Pa. 28, 153 A.2d 255 (1959). ", "Since Flagiello abolished the doctrine of charitable immunity, the issue before us is no longer academic.", "\nThe trial court's charge erroneously extended the application of the captain of the ship analogy first used in McConnell v. Williams, 361 Pa. 355, 65 A.2d 243 (1949). ", "McConnell, in holding that a doctor in the operating room could be vicariously liable for the negligence of others during the operation, did not hold or say that the operating surgeon, as captain, was the only one who could be held legally responsible for the negligence of other persons in the operating room. ", "Indeed, McConnell, specifically recognized a contrary \"firmly established\" principle of agency. ", "McConnell noted that: \"A person may be the servant of two masters, not joint employers, at one time as to one act, provided that the service to one does not involve abandonment of the service to the other. ", "Rest. ", "Agency, § 226. ", "Such is the case where an employee is transferred to carry on work which is of mutual interest to both of two employers and to effect their common purpose. ", "Siidekum, Administrator, v. Animal Rescue League of Pittsburgh, 353 Pa. 408, 414, 45 A.2d 59, 62; *252 Kissell v. Motor Age Transit Lines, Inc., 357 Pa. 204, 209, 53 A.2d 593, 596.\" ", "Id. at 360, 65 A.2d at 245.", "\nMoreover, McConnell, in discussing the negligence of the intern employed by the hospital, noted that \"even if in the performance of that act [the intern] may also have been serving the hospital, that fact would not change his legal status with respect to [the operating surgeon], since a borrowed employee may, in the performance of a given act, be serving the interests of both his general employer and his temporary master. (", "Emphasis added.) ", "The Comment to Section 226 of the Restatement (Second) of Agency, the section noted in McConnell, says: [a] single act may be done to effect the purposes of two independent employers. ", "Since, however, the relation of master and servant is dependent upon the right of the master to control the conduct of the servant in the performance of the service, giving service to two masters at the same time normally involves a breach of duty by the servant to one or both of them. ", "A person, however, may cause both employers to be responsible for an act which is a breach of duty to one or both of them. ", "He may be the servant of two masters, not joint employers as to the same act, if the act is within the scope of his employment for both; he cannot be a servant of two masters in doing an act as to which an intent to serve one necessarily excludes an intent to serve the other.\" (", "Emphasis added.)", "\nSee also Restatement (Second) of Agency, § 227 (1957). ", "This rule of agency was applied in Kissell v. Motor Age Transit Lines, 357 Pa. 204, 53 A.2d 593 (1947), also cited in McConnell. ", "In holding that a jury properly found that two defendants were vicariously liable for the negligence of a driver operating a tractor owned by one defendant which was pulling a trailer owned by the other defendant, Kissell said: \"`Where . . . ", "it is not entirely clear who was the controlling master of the borrowed employe, and different *253 inferences in that regard can fairly be drawn from the evidence, it is for the jury, not the court, to determine the question of agency': Dunmire v. Fitzgerald, 349 Pa. 511, 516, 37 A.2d 596. ", "`. . . ", "under some circumstances both the lender and the borrower may have control over the servant so as to render each of them liable for his conduct, for he may have been transferred to carry on work which is of mutual interest to them and to effect their common purpose, so that his service to the one does not involve abandonment of his service to the other': Siidekum v. Animal Rescue League of Pittsburgh, 353 Pa. 408, 414, 45 A.2d 59, 62. ", "Whether the power of control was sole or joint was to be determined by the jury and the finding of joint control is amply sustained by the evidence.\" ", "Id. at 209, 53 A.2d at 595-96.", "\nWe are thus unable to read McConnell's use of the captain of the ship analogy as intending that only the operating surgeon can be liable for the negligence of hospital employees during an operation. ", "McConnell was not concerned with the hospital's liability. ", "Moreover, subsequent cases have continued to note that a person \"may be at the same time the agent both of [an operating surgeon] and of a hospital even though the employment is not joint.\" ", "Yorston v. Pennell, 397 Pa. 28, 39, 153 A.2d 255 (1959); Rockwell v. Kaplan, 404 Pa. 574, 579-80, 173 A.2d 54, 57 (1961). ", "See also Section 251 of the Restatement (Second) of Agency.", "\nWe conclude that agency law principles applicable to others should also apply to hospitals and operating surgeons. ", "Hospitals, as well as the operating surgeons, owe a duty to the patient. ", "If that duty is breached under circumstances from which a jury could reasonably conclude that the negligent party was at the same time the servant of two masters, both masters may be liable. ", "The trial court thus erred in charging that, as a matter of law, only the operating surgeon could be *254 liable for the negligence of hospital personnel during an operation. ", "The evidence presented raised issues of fact which should have been submitted to the jury with proper instructions. ", "A new trial against the appellee hospital must therefore be granted.", "\nAppellants also request that we limit the new trial solely to the issue of liability and allow the amount of the verdict to remain undisturbed. ", "We agree that the appellants are entitled to that relief. ", "Appellants, having secured a verdict against one of two alleged tortfeasors, should not be denied their verdict because a new trial is granted as to the other alleged tortfeasor. ", "McArthur v. Balas, 402 Pa. 116, 166 A.2d 640 (1961); Soltan v. Shahboz, 383 Pa. 485, 119 A.2d 242 (1956); Ratcliff v. Myers, 382 Pa. 196, 113 A.2d 558 (1955); Trerotola v. Philadelphia, 346 Pa. 222, 29 A.2d 788 (1943).", "\nThe order of the trial court denying appellants' motion for a new trial as to the appellee, Pittsburgh Hospital Association, and the order of the Superior Court affirming the trial court's order are reversed. ", "A new trial, limited to the issue of appellee's liability to the appellants, is granted.", "\nMr. Justice O'BRIEN took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.", "\nDISSENTING OPINION BY MR. ", "JUSTICE POMEROY:\nWhile I agree in general with the legal principles set forth in the Court's opinion, including the applicability of § 226 of the Restatement (Second) of Agency, I must dissent from its conclusion that a new trial of the claim against the hospital must be had.[1]\n*255 The negligence charged to the Hospital in the plaintiffs' complaint was of three sorts: the employment of unqualified, untrained and careless personnel for work in the operating room; the failure to set up adequate safeguards and precautions to prevent the leaving of clamps in a patient's body; and the failure of the hospital employees in attendance to inspect the situs of the operation and make certain that no clamps or other foreign objects were left in the patient's body. ", "No evidence was introduced to show the Hospital's neglect in these areas, except that it had in force no rule or policy as to clamp counts, and that its intern and two *256 nurses in attendance did not in fact make a clamp count; but there was no evidence to indicate that the Hospital had any right to control either the application or the removal of the clamps while the doctor was performing the operation, or that its employees were in any way under the control or direction of the Hospital during the operating procedure. ", "On the facts proved, therefore, the only issue of negligence of the hospital was whether it should have had in force a practice, policy or procedure which would require one or more of its employees to make a count of all surgical instruments used in the operation. ", "The Court's opinion overlooks the fact that this issue was discussed at length and was put to the jury by the trial judge several times in his charge:\n\". . . ", "the only duty of the hospital in this particular instance would be to use the care of an ordinary reasonably prudent person to provide guidelines for the conduct of operations of this character in its operating facilities, and whether it did or did not do that is for you to determine in passing upon the question of negligence of the hospital.\"", "\n. . . .", "\n\"If in your judgment, in the exercise of reasonable care, the Board of Directors should have established guidelines regardless of what other bodies provide, then you could well find the defendant Hospital negligent in failing to have laid down such a guideline which would require even the operating surgeon to comply with.\"", "\nIt is also to be noted that although no points for charge were submitted by appellants (other than a point for binding instructions) they did request a special verdict as to the duty of the Hospital to require an instrument count by its employees. ", "This request *257 was accepted by the court, and the jury found no negligence in the failure to have such a requirement.[2]\nIt is true, as the Court's opinion indicates, that appellants excepted to the court's failure to charge on the general proposition that hospital employees can be the servants both of an operating doctor and a hospital, with possible resultant liability on both, but the court's failure to do so was not prejudicial error under the proof in this case.[3] While the trial court's statement of the so-called \"captain of the ship\" doctrine was perhaps broader than necessary or proper,[4] it did not rule out a finding of hospital negligence on the only theory warranted by the evidence; it was the jury, not the court, which held the hospital not liable.[5] For the *258 reasons indicated, I would affirm the order of the Superior Court.", "\nMr. Chief Justice JONES joins in this dissenting opinion.", "\nNOTES\n[1] I also have grave doubt as to the propriety of the mandate contained in the opinion of the Court, which limits the scope of the new trial to the issue of liability. ", "The result of this limitation, if liability is found as to the hospital, is to foist upon it the dollar amount of the verdict which another jury found in favor of the plaintiffs against another defendant. ", "It is true, of course, as the Court states, that the plaintiffs \"should not be denied their verdict [against Dr. Wagner] because a new trial is granted as to the other alleged tortfeasor\". ", "The verdict against Dr. Wagner, who has not appealed, remains intact, and our cases have uniformly so held. ", "See, e.g., Soltan v. Shahboz, 383 Pa. 485, 493, 119 A.2d 242 (1956). ", "Cf. ", "Frank v. W.S. Losier & Co. Inc., 361 Pa. 272, 278, 64 A.2d 829 (1949). ", "But it is quite another thing to say that a defendant who has been exonerated by one jury in an earlier trial must, if found liable on a new trial, be \"stuck\" with a verdict that jury has returned against another defendant. ", "My limited research has disclosed only one case in which our Court has sanctioned such a procedure. ", "Ratcliff v. Myers, 382 Pa. 196, 113 A.2d 558 (1955). ", "In that case Mr. Justice (later Chief Justice) Charles Alvin JONES, joined by Mr. Justice CHIDSEY, dissented, asserting that this procedure was a deprivation of property without due process of law with respect to the defendant faced with the new trial. ", "382 Pa. at 206. ", "If the verdict in the present case against the doctor had been deemed by the plaintiffs to have been on the low side, they would be the first to assert that a new trial as to a co-defendant should be plenary. (", "It is to be noted that prior to trial the claim against Dr. Wagner had been settled for $14,000, and a joint tortfeasor release taken; the aggregate verdict was $37,500.) ", "As it was, appellants' proposal for a restricted new trial was presented in a \"by the way\" fashion in the \"conclusion\" portion of their brief, and was not responded to by appellees. ", "I therefore do not pursue the matter further in this dissent.", "\n[2] The special question was: \"Was the Pittsburgh Hospital Association negligent for failing to have in effect on September 5, 1963, a rule or regulation requiring a count to be made of all medical instruments in the operating room, prior to terminating the colectomy operation on September 5, 1963 in this case? ", "Yes or No.\" [", "Answer] \"No.\"", "\n[3] Judge McKAY, the trial judge, acknowledged that \"as an abstract legal treatise on the whole subject it [his charge] failed to cover possibilities of other situations that did not prevail at the trial,\" but stated that \". . . ", "it is not the function of a trial judge to dissert at length on possible situations not related to the case at bar.\" ", "I agree.", "\n[4] The scope of that doctrine has been most recently expressed by Chief Justice JONES in speaking for the Court in Thomas v. Hutchinson, 442 Pa. 118, 275 A.2d 23 (1971): \"the `captain of the ship' doctrine imposes liability on the surgeon in charge of an operation for the negligence of his assistants during the period when these assistants are under the surgeon's control, even though the assistants are also employees of the hospital. ", "Stated differently, the `captain of the ship' concept is but the adaptation of the familiar `borrowed servant' principle in the law of agency to the operating room of a hospital.\" ", "442 Pa. at 125.", "\n[5] I disagree with the comment in the majority opinion that because of the doctrine of charitable immunity, the issue of hospital liability was academic before the decision in Flagiello v. Pennsylvania Hospital, 417 Pa. 486, 208 A.2d 193 (1965). ", "Not all hospitals were or are charities, and claims of immunity were honored only where they were asserted. ", "The opinion of the Court recognizes, indeed, that Justice (later Chief Justice) STERN'S formulation of \"captain of the ship\" rule in McConnell v. Williams, 361 Pa. 355, 65 A.2d 243 (1949) was directed to the liability of the physician; it did not exclude joint liability of another person, including a hospital.", "\n" ]

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[ "If this is your first visit, be sure to\ncheck out the FAQ by clicking the\nlink above. ", "You may have to register\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ", "To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.", "\n\nWe had a strong storm move through KC last night with 70 mph winds/heavy rain. ", "The supers/lid to one of my hives were blown off and it rained 3 inches down through the hive bodies all night. ", "I was out of town this weekend and discovered it this afternoon. ", "I put the hive back together but those bees weren't happy. ", "The supers had been 'cleaned' by the surrounding hives. ", "I'm assuming that the brood/eggs were all lost in those conditions. ", "It seperated at the queen excluder which is a slick plastic. ", "I should have spent a few extra $ on the wood/metal and this may not have happened.", "\n\nI live east of downtown, the news said the downtown airport clocked 60mph winds. ", "I had just put on medium supers about 6pm.", "\n\nI put 1/2 of a cinder block on top of mine. ", "After the storm let up and went out and looked and everything was fine. ", "The girls were out flying today.", "\n\nAre yours out in the open? ", "Mine are at the rear of my backyard with bushes behind them (west side) and the garage is to the south of them about 20 ft.", "\n\nI was surprised there weren't more limbs down here. ", "My BBQ gril and smoker usually blow over in these storms, not this time. ", "My youngest son was at Boy Scout Camp for Mic-O-Say Tribal feast. ", "They didn't get the storm as hard as we did here.", "\n\nAll my hives survived but my ash tree decided that my back porch was more inviting then standing tall....so......it blew down (snapped 8 feet up) and went sailing through my back porch destroying everything in its path......\n\nNot lately but I had four hives blown over by 60 mile an hour winds once. ", "They survived. ", "I'm sure they took some loses. ", "I'm not talking about lids blowing off. ", "The whole hives went over. ", "Part of my roof went also.", "\n\nI have also seen lids blow off in wind and rains storms. ", "Don't remember any that didn't survive because of it.", "\n\nMy hives line up facing the south... backed up against a barn. ", "The one on the East end was \"topped\". ", "I knew it wasn't good when I heard all the buzzing while coming through the barn. ", "I had a half of cinder block on my lid too but that wind must have been bad. ", "Not sure why the others didn't fall.", "\n\nI have had covers blow off in high winds so I got some nylon straps with cam buckles (strapworks.com) It sure beats lifting those 40lb blocks off of each and every hive. (", "My hives are on stands so wraping them with straps was pretty easy.)", "\n\nI have had covers blow off in high winds so I got some nylon straps with cam buckles (strapworks.com) It sure beats lifting those 40lb blocks off of each and every hive. (", "My hives are on stands so wraping them with straps was pretty easy.)", "\n\nBoth my hives blew over and got rainned into . ", "They did survive and now short of a tornado they should stand the test . ", "I staked on each side and have a rope across them with a locking pulley I found at Menard's ." ]

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[ "Valofane\n\nValofane is a sedative drug structurally related to the barbiturates and similar drugs such as primidone. ", "It is metabolized once inside the body to form the barbiturate proxibarbital (proxibarbal) and is thus a prodrug.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Allyl compounds\nCategory:Ureas\nCategory:Imides\nCategory:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators\nCategory:Prodrugs\nCategory:Sedatives\nCategory:Tetrahydrofurans\nCategory:Furanones" ]

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[ "\nAsk HN: Need advice for an API building product - ruslan_talpa\nHi, I am the founder of Sub0 - GraphQL and REST API for your database (http:&#x2F;&#x2F;graphqlapi.com)\nIt&#x27;s a piece of software that your run on your server and it will generate and expose a GraphQL and REST API by introspecting your database schema.<p>Like most developers I am more comfortable with technical issues then with sales and marketing but as a founder I need to figure out this part too.", "\nI would be very grateful if you could give me feedback on the following topics.<p>- What would be your expectations when it comes to licensing and pricing of such a tool?<p>- Which of the flowing 4 messages resonates more with you as a developer?<p>http:&#x2F;&#x2F;graphqlapi.com&#x2F;dont-waste-time&#x2F; http:&#x2F;&#x2F;graphqlapi.com&#x2F;graphql&#x2F; http:&#x2F;&#x2F;graphqlapi.com&#x2F;postgrest&#x2F; http:&#x2F;&#x2F;graphqlapi.com&#x2F;your-data&#x2F;<p>The tool currently is in private beta but anyone is welcome to request an invite if you are interested in trying it out.", "\nAlthough this is more of a sales&#x2F;marketing thread, i am happy to answer any technical questions you might have here.<p>Thank you\n======\nareed\n[http://graphqlapi.com/your-data/](http://graphqlapi.com/your-data/) is the\nbest of the 4\n\n~~~\nruslan_talpa\nThank you for taking the time. ", "Any feedback/expectations for licensing model,\nprice range?", "\n\n------\nsamblr\n1 and 4 makes sense. ", "Ok it provides an api ? ", "is it like parse or BaaS - what\ndoes end user get - backend with apis,frontend ? ", "Or how is it different to\nKinvey who are in similar space.", "\n\n~~~\nsamblr\nI am interested in trying out - my email is in profile about @gmail\n\n~~~\nruslan_talpa\nOh, i see you already did, nevermind :)\n\n~~~\nsamblr\nThank you. '", "ve got the invite - Im facing issue with cloning repo. ", "Have pinged\non slack.", "\n\n------\nAznHisoka\nI may not understand your product but isnt an ORM already an api for your\ndatabase? ", "with ruby for example, all i need to do is Object.where(id = 1) to\nget a specific record out.", "\n\n~~~\nruslan_talpa\nThank you for the feedback, these kind of questions do help to zoom in on the\ncorrect message.", "\n\nWhen i say API, i am referring to \"curl\n[http://api.site.com/object/1\"](http://api.site.com/object/1\") type of api,\nthe kind you expose to the web where other developers can use to access the\ndata in your backend/database, or even your frontend/mobile app talking to\nyour backend through this API.", "\n\n~~~\nAznHisoka\nA lot of basic db operations is basically built into rails scaffolding though.", "\nfor instance /object/1 automatically gives u id 1 back without any extra\ncoding.", "\n\n~~~\nruslan_talpa\nI get what you are saying but even to get that you had to (manually) define\nyour model and it's fields and relations and that is only the most basic thing\nyou can ask of an api, but how about the following tasks: requesting a subset\nof objects using a few filters, requesting only specific properties of\nobjects, specifying what users can and can not access info about those\nobjects, making sure garbage does not get into the database (input\nvalidation).", "\n\nAll these things have to be manually solved by you in your controllers, there\nis no scaffolding for that, while in Sub0 all those things are already solved,\nmost of what you have to do is define your database schema and the rest just\nworks.", "\n\nAs an example in terms of time invested (based on specific personal\nexperience): To build an api the way you describe for a product like Basecamp\nit will take a good developer at least a few months. ", "With sub0 we are talking\n1-2 weeks.", "\n\n~~~\nAznHisoka\nMaybe I am extreely strict but I would want a developer to create that api\nhimself in just 2-3 days. ", "we're not talking anything sophisticated here like\nbulding a web crawler. ", "This is basic CRUD 101 and not a huge pain point in the\ndevelopment process.", "\n\n~~~\nruslan_talpa\nWhile it's not compiler technology (crawlers are trivial too), it's not basic\nCRUD either. ", "It's an API able to support your entire frontend/SPA/mobile app,\nbasic CRUD won't give you that. ", "If you think it will take you 2-3 days to\nimplement an api for Basecamp i would say you are overly optimistic :). ", "If it\nwould be that simple, products like Parse/Firebase would have not existed in\nthe first place (much less acquired by facebook and google)\n\n" ]

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[ "“Christ invites us to remain in touch with the many sufferings of every day and to taste the beginning of hope and new life right there, where we live amid our hurts and pains and brokenness.”", "\nHenri Nouwen\n\nTabs\n\nThursday, July 28, 2005\n\nDo you know what it means to be held?", "\n\nSong lyrics of the month...and they aren't Nichole Nordeman!", "\n\nMy mom bought the new Natalie Grant CD for me, and the song \"Held\" is extremely powerful. ", "The lyrics alone aren't going to do the entire song justice (although they are awesome alone), so you need to actually hear the song sometime. ", "You could go to www.nataliegrant.com and try to listen to a snippet. (", "If your computer's speakers are as crummy as ours, that's not going to be great). ", "You could listen to KTIS long enough to hear the song played. (", "Wouldn't be my first choice, but I'm trying to help you out here). ", "You could download it onto your nifty iPod. (", "Yeah, I don't have one either). ", "You could go to Northwestern Bookstore, where the CD, Awaken, is currently on sale for under $10! ", "The choice is obvious!", "\n\nHeldTwo months is too littleThey let him goThey had no sudden healingTo think that providenceWould take a child from his motherWhile she prays, is appalling\n\nWho told us we'd be rescuedWhat has changed andWhy should we be saved from nightmaresWe're asking why this happens to usWho have died to live, it's unfair\n\nThis is what it means to be heldHow it feels, when the sacred is torn from your lifeAnd you surviveThis is what it is to be loved and to knowThat the promise was that when everything fellWe'd be heldThis hand is bitternessWe want to taste it andLet the hatred numb our sorrowsThe wise hand opens slowlyTo lilies of the valley and tomorrow\n\nThis is what it means to be heldHow it feels, when the sacred is torn from your lifeAnd you surviveThis is what it is to be loved and to knowThat the promise was that when everything fellWe'd be heldIf hope is born of sufferingIf this is only the beginningCan we not wait, for one hourWatching for our savior\n\nThis is what it means to be heldHow it feels, when the sacred is torn from your lifeAnd you surviveThis is what it is to be loved and to knowThat the promise was that when everything fellWe'd be held" ]

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[ "<!", "--QuoteBegin-Leper Messiah+Feb 16 2005, 05:55 PM--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE(Leper Messiah @ Feb 16 2005, 05:55 PM)</div><div class='quotemain'><!--QuoteEBegin-->ye of little faith<br />[right][snapback]1019[/snapback][/right]<br />[/quote]<br /><br />I know, I know, it's just getting close to \"crunch time\" and I'd just feel better if there was some sort of update about how production is coming, or how distributorship will work. ", "Not trying to sound any alarms yet, but if we get past February and there's still nothing new, it will certainly be worrisome.", "\n\nHi all,<br /><br />This is my first post here, and I actually came here to see if anyone had a confirmed UK release date for the film yet. ", "On other sites there seems to be a lot of confusion about whether March 30 is a US date only or the UK release date as well. ", "Though as you say, it's all looking a bit quiet...<br /><br />\n\n<!", "--QuoteBegin-Leper Messiah+Feb 20 2005, 10:34 PM--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE(Leper Messiah @ Feb 20 2005, 10:34 PM)</div><div class='quotemain'><!--QuoteEBegin-->i assumed March 30th was intended to be a British release date, i didnt realise there was a confirmed US release of the film full stop,<br />[right][snapback]1169[/snapback][/right]<br />[/quote]<br /><br />I hope that there isn't a U.S release date.", "Let them stick to the original storyline and we will make do with our made up version.", "Oh no!now i'm confused,who is doing the book,them or us ......helpppppppppp!(dont ya just love mondays) :bunda:\n\nJust been on the phone to Arrowfilm distributers and although they know nothing about pendragons up and coming film,they have told me that whatever film is getting released in the UK will go through the BBFC.Maybe we can find out who's gonna distribute it from there.", "Just been on their site but nothing as yet.", "Hope this helps.", "Bit worried with March not far off.....!", "\n\nLee,with March round the corner and people concerned about where Pendragons film is going to land,i'm guessing that you will be the first to know.", "These college P.c's don't give us accsess to read E-mails(for some reason)so i have to rely on posts on your forum.", "Have you heard any little snips yet as regards where it may turn up and is March 30th the British release date or American.", "Just worried i will miss it at the flicks due to distribution or lack of it.", "Help\n\nWish I could help Curate! ", "Soon as Pendragon email me anything I add it to the forum first and then to the main site.<br /><br />When I have anything confirmed I'll let you all know, but at the moment we are all in the dark together :ph34r:\n\nYesterday afternoon i made a call to the BBFC in london and spoke to a nice young lady called Lucy.", "I had a little chat with her about the up and coming film adaptations of WOTW.Lucy told me that she had heard about Mr Spielbergs version.", "The hand of Paramount publicity is a far reaching thing isn't it?Anyway,as we suspected,i went on to tell her about Pendragons adaptation and Lucy told me that she had no idea of their efforts and even though March is just round the corner that she had heard nothing.", "What she did tell me is this............All films due to be released in Britain,'go through' the BBFC and that at some point,Pendragons film will turn up on their doorstep as to put it.", "She said sometimes film makers do have a habbit of leaving things to the last minute.", "Now for the good bit!Lucy went on to say that if i keep 'checking back' with her that when Mr Hines WOTW arrives at their place she should be able to tell us who the distributers are and on contacting them in turn,they should be able to tell us which cinemas are going to show it.", "She asked me to call her back in two weeks.", "With Pengragon in touch with Lee as well i would imagine this should give us all a fair crack of the whip at getting to see it at the 'flicks' and not coming across it after the event in the DVD section of HMV or the like.", "I know 'if' is the biggest word in the world but if i manage to obtain this info(lets be positive)then i would(with Lees permission)post all the cinemas showing it onto the forum.....\n\n<!", "--QuoteBegin-The Curate+Feb 24 2005, 10:46 AM--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE(The Curate @ Feb 24 2005, 10:46 AM)</div><div class='quotemain'><!--QuoteEBegin-->Yesterday afternoon i made a call to the BBFC in london and spoke to a nice young lady called Lucy.", "I had a little chat with her about the up and coming film adaptations of WOTW.Lucy told me that she had heard about Mr Spielbergs version.", "The hand of Paramount publicity is a far reaching thing isn't it?Anyway,as we suspected,i went on to tell her about Pendragons adaptation and Lucy told me that she had no idea of their efforts and even though March is just round the corner that she had heard nothing.", "What she did tell me is this............All films due to be released in Britain,'go through' the BBFC and that at some point,Pendragons film will turn up on their doorstep as to put it.", "She said sometimes film makers do have a habbit of leaving things to the last minute.", "Now for the good bit!Lucy went on to say that if i keep 'checking back' with her that when Mr Hines WOTW arrives at their place she should be able to tell us who the distributers are and on contacting them in turn,they should be able to tell us which cinemas are going to show it.", "She asked me to call her back in two weeks.", "With Pengragon in touch with Lee as well i would imagine this should give us all a fair crack of the whip at getting to see it at the 'flicks' and not coming across it after the event in the DVD section of HMV or the like.", "I know 'if' is the biggest word in the world but if i manage to obtain this info(lets be positive)then i would(with Lees permission)post all the cinemas showing it onto the forum..... <br />[right][snapback]1331[/snapback][/right]<br />[/quote]<br /><br />Thanks for the news Curate<br /><br />And yes post them cinema's when you know and I'll add them to the main site as well<br /><br /> <br /><br /><br />\n\n<!", "--QuoteBegin-The Curate+Feb 24 2005, 11:46 AM--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE(The Curate @ Feb 24 2005, 11:46 AM)</div><div class='quotemain'><!--QuoteEBegin-->Yesterday afternoon I made a call to the BBFC in London and spoke to a nice young lady called Lucy. ", "I had a little chat with her about the up and coming film adaptations of WOTW. ", "Lucy told me that she had heard about Mr Spielberg's version. ", "Anyway, I went on to tell her about Pendragon's adaptation and Lucy told me that she had no idea of their efforts and even though March is just round the corner that she had heard nothing. ", "Lucy went on to say that if I keep 'checking back' with her so when Mr Hines' WOTW arrives she should be able to tell us. ", "She asked me to call her back in two weeks.[/quote]<br /><br />As we're all going to be hanging on Lucy's every word, and since Curate can vouch for how helpful she is, I say that she make her the official mascot of Eve of the War. ", "<br /><br />Of course, we have no idea what this young lady looks like, so I suggest that we adopt Lee's avatar (which coincidentally is another Lucy) as BBFC Lucy's official visage, or Lucy-by-proxy.<br /><br />Lee could even get a second line of keyrings made, bearing the legend 'Eve of the War says: I Love Lucy'.<br /><br />C'mon people, let's turn this girl into a cult figure.<br /><br /><br />\n\n<!", "--QuoteBegin-gavv8+Feb 24 2005, 08:36 PM--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE(gavv8 @ Feb 24 2005, 08:36 PM)</div><div class='quotemain'><!--QuoteEBegin-->I keep seeing those words 'straight to video' flash in front of my eyes and dont have a go at me cos i'll be as depressed as everyone else if that happens.<br />[right][snapback]1381[/snapback][/right]<br />[/quote]<br />I would be depressed like you too if I only owned a video. ", "I'm looking forward to it coming out DVD not video, you poor buy. ", "<br /><br />Shall we have a wip round for gavv8, come on guys dvd players are only about £30 quid\n\n<!", "--QuoteBegin-Martian Myster The New Master+Feb 24 2005, 10:30 PM--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE(Martian Myster The New Master @ Feb 24 2005, 10:30 PM)</div><div class='quotemain'><!--QuoteEBegin-->I would be depressed like you too if I only owned a video. ", "I'm looking forward to it coming out DVD not video, you poor buy. ", "<br /><br />Shall we have a wip round for gavv8, come on guys dvd players are only about £30 quid <br />[right][snapback]1425[/snapback][/right]<br />[/quote]<br />thats right please send money, i am so very poor sob sob....\n\nI'm poor just like you Gavv8,so lets get some 'car boots' going Like i said lads i'll call Lucy back in two weeks but a good suggestion might be if we all call the BBFC it kind of puts 'more irons in the fire' as to put it and may generate a bit of publicity for Pendragon.", "In fact i wonder if Mr Hines would 'bung' us a couple of quid in commission.", "If you read this Tim and need a promoter for your films then i'm free mate\n\n<!", "--QuoteBegin-The Curate+Feb 25 2005, 10:08 AM--><div class='quotetop'>QUOTE(The Curate @ Feb 25 2005, 10:08 AM)</div><div class='quotemain'><!--QuoteEBegin-->In fact i wonder if Mr Hines would 'bung' us a couple of quid in commission.", "If you read this Tim and need a promoter for your films then i'm free mate <br />[right][snapback]1451[/snapback][/right]<br />[/quote]<br />Is that free as in available or free as in not costing a penny. ", "coz Mr Hines is gona need every penny he can get, me thinks\n\na lot of people will go with me to see Pendragons effort because ive bugged them so much about how this is the superior product and how they shouldnt let the Speilberg effort dazzle them with pretty explosions so ive done my part to promote the movie\n\nWho is online\n\nUsers browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest\n\nYou cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot post attachments in this forum" ]

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[ "Wydown-Forsyth District\n\nThe Wydown-Forsyth District, in Clayton and St. Louis, Missouri, is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. ", "It is roughly bounded by Forsyth, Skinker Blvd., ", "Fauquier and Wydown Terrace Dr., and University Lane. ", " The listing included 236 contributing buildings.", "\n\nIt includes works by Maritz & Young and other architects.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis County, Missouri\nCategory:Colonial Revival architecture in Missouri\nCategory:Tudor Revival architecture in the United States" ]

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[ "#include \"r8192U.h\"\n#include \"r8192U_hw.h\"\n#include \"r819xU_phy.h\"\n#include \"r819xU_phyreg.h\"\n#include \"r8190_rtl8256.h\"\n#include \"r8192U_dm.h\"\n#include \"r819xU_firmware_img.h\"\n\n#include \"dot11d.h\"\n#include <linux/bitops.h>\n\nstatic u32 RF_CHANNEL_TABLE_ZEBRA[] = {\n\t0,\n\t0x085c, /* 2412 1 */\n\t0x08dc, /* 2417 2 */\n\t0x095c, /* 2422 3 */\n\t0x09dc, /* 2427 4 */\n\t0x0a5c, /* 2432 5 */\n\t0x0adc, /* 2437 6 */\n\t0x0b5c, /* 2442 7 */\n\t0x0bdc, /* 2447 8 */\n\t0x0c5c, /* 2452 9 */\n\t0x0cdc, /* 2457 10 */\n\t0x0d5c, /* 2462 11 */\n\t0x0ddc, /* 2467 12 */\n\t0x0e5c, /* 2472 13 */\n\t0x0f72, /* 2484 */\n};\n\n\n#define rtl819XPHY_REG_1T2RArray Rtl8192UsbPHY_REG_1T2RArray\n#define rtl819XMACPHY_Array_PG Rtl8192UsbMACPHY_Array_PG\n#define rtl819XMACPHY_Array Rtl8192UsbMACPHY_Array\n#define rtl819XRadioA_Array Rtl8192UsbRadioA_Array\n#define rtl819XRadioB_Array Rtl8192UsbRadioB_Array\n#define rtl819XRadioC_Array Rtl8192UsbRadioC_Array\n#define rtl819XRadioD_Array Rtl8192UsbRadioD_Array\n#define rtl819XAGCTAB_Array Rtl8192UsbAGCTAB_Array\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function reads BB parameters from header file we generate,\n * and does register read/write\n * input: u32\tbitmask //taget bit pos in the addr to be modified\n * output: none\n * return: u32\treturn the shift bit position of the mask\n ******************************************************************************/\nstatic u32 rtl8192_CalculateBitShift(u32 bitmask)\n{\n\tu32 i;\n\n\ti = ffs(bitmask) - 1;\n\treturn i;\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function checks different RF type to execute legal judgement.", "\n * If RF Path is illegal, we will return false.", "\n * input: net_device\t *dev\n * u32\t\t eRFPath\n * output: none\n * return: 0(illegal, false), 1(legal, true)\n *****************************************************************************/\nu8 rtl8192_phy_CheckIsLegalRFPath(struct net_device *dev, u32 eRFPath)\n{\n\tu8 ret = 1;\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\n\tif (priv->rf_type == RF_2T4R) {\n\t\tret = 0;\n\t} else if (priv->rf_type == RF_1T2R) {\n\t\tif (eRFPath == RF90_PATH_A || eRFPath == RF90_PATH_B)\n\t\t\tret = 1;\n\t\telse if (eRFPath == RF90_PATH_C || eRFPath == RF90_PATH_D)\n\t\t\tret = 0;\n\t}\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function sets specific bits to BB register\n * input: net_device *dev\n * u32 reg_addr //target addr to be modified\n * u32 bitmask //taget bit pos to be modified\n * u32 data //value to be write\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice:\n ******************************************************************************/\nvoid rtl8192_setBBreg(struct net_device *dev, u32 reg_addr, u32 bitmask,\n\t\t u32 data)\n{\n\n\tu32 reg, bitshift;\n\n\tif (bitmask !", "= bMaskDWord) {\n\t\tread_nic_dword(dev, reg_addr, &reg);\n\t\tbitshift = rtl8192_CalculateBitShift(bitmask);\n\t\treg &= ~bitmask;\n\t\treg |= data << bitshift;\n\t\twrite_nic_dword(dev, reg_addr, reg);\n\t} else {\n\t\twrite_nic_dword(dev, reg_addr, data);\n\t}\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function reads specific bits from BB register\n * input: net_device\t*dev\n * u32\t \treg_addr //target addr to be readback\n * u32\t \tbitmask //taget bit pos to be readback\n * output: none\n * return: u32\t \tdata //the readback register value\n * notice:\n ******************************************************************************/\nu32 rtl8192_QueryBBReg(struct net_device *dev, u32 reg_addr, u32 bitmask)\n{\n\tu32 reg, bitshift;\n\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, reg_addr, &reg);\n\tbitshift = rtl8192_CalculateBitShift(bitmask);\n\n\treturn (reg & bitmask) >> bitshift;\n}\n\nstatic u32 phy_FwRFSerialRead(struct net_device *dev, RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath,\n\t\t\t u32 offset);\n\nstatic void phy_FwRFSerialWrite(struct net_device *dev,\n\t\t\t\tRF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath, u32 offset,\n\t\t\t\tu32 data);\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function reads register from RF chip\n * input: net_device *dev\n * RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath //radio path of A/B/C/D\n * u32 offset //target address to be read\n * output: none\n * return: u32 readback value\n * notice: There are three types of serial operations:\n * (1) Software serial write.", "\n * (2)Hardware LSSI-Low Speed Serial Interface.", "\n * (3)Hardware HSSI-High speed serial write.", "\n * Driver here need to implement (1) and (2)\n * ---need more spec for this information.", "\n ******************************************************************************/\nstatic u32 rtl8192_phy_RFSerialRead(struct net_device *dev,\n\t\t\t\t RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath, u32 offset)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\tu32 ret = 0;\n\tu32 new_offset = 0;\n\tBB_REGISTER_DEFINITION_T *pPhyReg = &priv->PHYRegDef[eRFPath];\n\n\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, pPhyReg->rfLSSIReadBack, bLSSIReadBackData, 0);\n\t/* Make sure RF register offset is correct */\n\toffset &= 0x3f;\n\n\t/* Switch page for 8256 RF IC */\n\tif (priv->rf_chip == RF_8256) {\n\t\tif (offset >= 31) {\n\t\t\tpriv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath] |= 0x140;\n\t\t\t/* Switch to Reg_Mode2 for Reg 31-45 */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, pPhyReg->rf3wireOffset,\n\t\t\t\t\t bMaskDWord,\n\t\t\t\t\t priv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath]<<16);\n\t\t\t/* Modify offset */\n\t\t\tnew_offset = offset - 30;\n\t\t} else if (offset >= 16) {\n\t\t\tpriv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath] |= 0x100;\n\t\t\tpriv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath] &= (~0x40);\n\t\t\t/* Switch to Reg_Mode1 for Reg16-30 */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, pPhyReg->rf3wireOffset,\n\t\t\t\t\t bMaskDWord,\n\t\t\t\t\t priv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath]<<16);\n\n\t\t\tnew_offset = offset - 15;\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tnew_offset = offset;\n\t\t}\n\t} else {\n\t\tRT_TRACE((COMP_PHY|COMP_ERR),\n\t\t\t \"check RF type here, need to be 8256\\n\");\n\t\tnew_offset = offset;\n\t}\n\t/* Put desired read addr to LSSI control Register */\n\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, pPhyReg->rfHSSIPara2, bLSSIReadAddress,\n\t\t\t new_offset);\n\t/* Issue a posedge trigger */\n\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, pPhyReg->rfHSSIPara2, bLSSIReadEdge, 0x0);\n\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, pPhyReg->rfHSSIPara2, bLSSIReadEdge, 0x1);\n\n\n\t/* TODO: we should not delay such a long time. ", "Ask for help from SD3 */\n\tusleep_range(1000, 1000);\n\n\tret = rtl8192_QueryBBReg(dev, pPhyReg->rfLSSIReadBack,\n\t\t\t\t bLSSIReadBackData);\n\n\n\t/* Switch back to Reg_Mode0 */\n\tif (priv->rf_chip == RF_8256) {\n\t\tpriv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath] &= 0xebf;\n\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, pPhyReg->rf3wireOffset, bMaskDWord,\n\t\t\t\t priv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath] << 16);\n\t}\n\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function writes data to RF register\n * input: net_device *dev\n * RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath //radio path of A/B/C/D\n * u32 offset //target address to be written\n * u32 data\t //the new register data to be written\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice: For RF8256 only.", "\n * ===========================================================================\n * Reg Mode\tRegCTL[1]\tRegCTL[0]\t\tNote\n *\t\t(Reg00[12])\t(Reg00[10])\n * ===========================================================================\n * Reg_Mode0\t0\t\tx\t\t\tReg 0 ~ 15(0x0 ~ 0xf)\n * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Reg_Mode1\t1\t\t0\t\t\tReg 16 ~ 30(0x1 ~ 0xf)\n * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Reg_Mode2\t1\t\t1\t\t\tReg 31 ~ 45(0x1 ~ 0xf)\n * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n *****************************************************************************/\nstatic void rtl8192_phy_RFSerialWrite(struct net_device *dev,\n\t\t\t\t RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath, u32 offset,\n\t\t\t\t u32 data)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\tu32 DataAndAddr = 0, new_offset = 0;\n\tBB_REGISTER_DEFINITION_T\t*pPhyReg = &priv->PHYRegDef[eRFPath];\n\n\toffset &= 0x3f;\n\tif (priv->rf_chip == RF_8256) {\n\n\t\tif (offset >= 31) {\n\t\t\tpriv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath] |= 0x140;\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, pPhyReg->rf3wireOffset,\n\t\t\t\t\t bMaskDWord,\n\t\t\t\t\t priv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath] << 16);\n\t\t\tnew_offset = offset - 30;\n\t\t} else if (offset >= 16) {\n\t\t\tpriv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath] |= 0x100;\n\t\t\tpriv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath] &= (~0x40);\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, pPhyReg->rf3wireOffset,\n\t\t\t\t\t bMaskDWord,\n\t\t\t\t\t priv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath]<<16);\n\t\t\tnew_offset = offset - 15;\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tnew_offset = offset;\n\t\t}\n\t} else {\n\t\tRT_TRACE((COMP_PHY|COMP_ERR),\n\t\t\t \"check RF type here, need to be 8256\\n\");\n\t\tnew_offset = offset;\n\t}\n\n\t/* Put write addr in [5:0] and write data in [31:16] */\n\tDataAndAddr = (data<<16) | (new_offset&0x3f);\n\n\t/* Write operation */\n\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, pPhyReg->rf3wireOffset, bMaskDWord, DataAndAddr);\n\n\n\tif (offset == 0x0)\n\t\tpriv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath] = data;\n\n\t/* Switch back to Reg_Mode0 */\n\tif (priv->rf_chip == RF_8256) {\n\t\tif (offset !", "= 0) {\n\t\t\tpriv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath] &= 0xebf;\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, pPhyReg->rf3wireOffset,\n\t\t\t\t\t bMaskDWord,\n\t\t\t\t\t priv->RfReg0Value[eRFPath] << 16);\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function set specific bits to RF register\n * input: net_device dev\n * RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath //radio path of A/B/C/D\n * u32 reg_addr //target addr to be modified\n * u32 bitmask //taget bit pos to be modified\n * u32 data //value to be written\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice:\n *****************************************************************************/\nvoid rtl8192_phy_SetRFReg(struct net_device *dev, RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath,\n\t\t\t u32 reg_addr, u32 bitmask, u32 data)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\tu32 reg, bitshift;\n\n\tif (!", "rtl8192_phy_CheckIsLegalRFPath(dev, eRFPath))\n\t\treturn;\n\n\tif (priv->Rf_Mode == RF_OP_By_FW) {\n\t\tif (bitmask !", "= bMask12Bits) {\n\t\t\t/* RF data is 12 bits only */\n\t\t\treg = phy_FwRFSerialRead(dev, eRFPath, reg_addr);\n\t\t\tbitshift = rtl8192_CalculateBitShift(bitmask);\n\t\t\treg &= ~bitmask;\n\t\t\treg |= data << bitshift;\n\n\t\t\tphy_FwRFSerialWrite(dev, eRFPath, reg_addr, reg);\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tphy_FwRFSerialWrite(dev, eRFPath, reg_addr, data);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tudelay(200);\n\n\t} else {\n\t\tif (bitmask !", "= bMask12Bits) {\n\t\t\t/* RF data is 12 bits only */\n\t\t\treg = rtl8192_phy_RFSerialRead(dev, eRFPath, reg_addr);\n\t\t\tbitshift = rtl8192_CalculateBitShift(bitmask);\n\t\t\treg &= ~bitmask;\n\t\t\treg |= data << bitshift;\n\n\t\t\trtl8192_phy_RFSerialWrite(dev, eRFPath, reg_addr, reg);\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\trtl8192_phy_RFSerialWrite(dev, eRFPath, reg_addr, data);\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function reads specific bits from RF register\n * input: net_device *dev\n * u32 reg_addr //target addr to be readback\n * u32 bitmask //taget bit pos to be readback\n * output: none\n * return: u32 data //the readback register value\n * notice:\n *****************************************************************************/\nu32 rtl8192_phy_QueryRFReg(struct net_device *dev, RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath,\n\t\t\t u32 reg_addr, u32 bitmask)\n{\n\tu32 reg, bitshift;\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\n\n\tif (!", "rtl8192_phy_CheckIsLegalRFPath(dev, eRFPath))\n\t\treturn 0;\n\tif (priv->Rf_Mode == RF_OP_By_FW) {\n\t\treg = phy_FwRFSerialRead(dev, eRFPath, reg_addr);\n\t\tbitshift = rtl8192_CalculateBitShift(bitmask);\n\t\treg = (reg & bitmask) >> bitshift;\n\t\tudelay(200);\n\t\treturn reg;\n\t} else {\n\t\treg = rtl8192_phy_RFSerialRead(dev, eRFPath, reg_addr);\n\t\tbitshift = rtl8192_CalculateBitShift(bitmask);\n\t\treg = (reg & bitmask) >> bitshift;\n\t\treturn reg;\n\t}\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: We support firmware to execute RF-R/W.\n * input: net_device *dev\n * RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath\n * u32 offset\n * output: none\n * return: u32\n * notice:\n ****************************************************************************/\nstatic u32 phy_FwRFSerialRead(struct net_device *dev, RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath,\n\t\t\t u32 offset)\n{\n\tu32\t\treg = 0;\n\tu32\t\tdata = 0;\n\tu8\t\ttime = 0;\n\tu32\t\ttmp;\n\n\t/* Firmware RF Write control.", "\n\t * We can not execute the scheme in the initial step.", "\n\t * Otherwise, RF-R/W will waste much time.", "\n\t * This is only for site survey. */", "\n\t/* 1. ", "Read operation need not insert data. ", "bit 0-11 */\n\t/* 2. ", "Write RF register address. ", "bit 12-19 */\n\tdata |= ((offset&0xFF)<<12);\n\t/* 3. ", "Write RF path. ", " bit 20-21 */\n\tdata |= ((eRFPath&0x3)<<20);\n\t/* 4. ", "Set RF read indicator. ", "bit 22=0 */\n\t/* 5. ", "Trigger Fw to operate the command. ", "bit 31 */\n\tdata |= 0x80000000;\n\t/* 6. ", "We can not execute read operation if bit 31 is 1. */", "\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, QPNR, &tmp);\n\twhile (tmp & 0x80000000) {\n\t\t/* If FW can not finish RF-R/W for more than ?? ", "times.", "\n\t\t We must reset FW. */", "\n\t\tif (time++ < 100) {\n\t\t\tudelay(10);\n\t\t\tread_nic_dword(dev, QPNR, &tmp);\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\t/* 7. ", "Execute read operation. */", "\n\twrite_nic_dword(dev, QPNR, data);\n\t/* 8. ", "Check if firmware send back RF content. */", "\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, QPNR, &tmp);\n\twhile (tmp & 0x80000000) {\n\t\t/* If FW can not finish RF-R/W for more than ?? ", "times.", "\n\t\t We must reset FW. */", "\n\t\tif (time++ < 100) {\n\t\t\tudelay(10);\n\t\t\tread_nic_dword(dev, QPNR, &tmp);\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\treturn 0;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, RF_DATA, &reg);\n\n\treturn reg;\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: We support firmware to execute RF-R/W.\n * input: net_device *dev\n * RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath\n * u32 offset\n * u32 data\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice:\n ****************************************************************************/\nstatic void phy_FwRFSerialWrite(struct net_device *dev,\n\t\t\t\tRF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath, u32 offset, u32 data)\n{\n\tu8\ttime = 0;\n\tu32\ttmp;\n\n\t/* Firmware RF Write control.", "\n\t * We can not execute the scheme in the initial step.", "\n\t * Otherwise, RF-R/W will waste much time.", "\n\t * This is only for site survey. */", "\n\n\t/* 1. ", "Set driver write bit and 12 bit data. ", "bit 0-11 */\n\t/* 2. ", "Write RF register address. ", "bit 12-19 */\n\tdata |= ((offset&0xFF)<<12);\n\t/* 3. ", "Write RF path. ", " bit 20-21 */\n\tdata |= ((eRFPath&0x3)<<20);\n\t/* 4. ", "Set RF write indicator. ", "bit 22=1 */\n\tdata |= 0x400000;\n\t/* 5. ", "Trigger Fw to operate the command. ", "bit 31=1 */\n\tdata |= 0x80000000;\n\n\t/* 6. ", "Write operation. ", "We can not write if bit 31 is 1. */", "\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, QPNR, &tmp);\n\twhile (tmp & 0x80000000) {\n\t\t/* If FW can not finish RF-R/W for more than ?? ", "times.", "\n\t\t We must reset FW. */", "\n\t\tif (time++ < 100) {\n\t\t\tudelay(10);\n\t\t\tread_nic_dword(dev, QPNR, &tmp);\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\t/* 7. ", "No matter check bit. ", "We always force the write.", "\n\t Because FW will not accept the command. */", "\n\twrite_nic_dword(dev, QPNR, data);\n\t/* According to test, we must delay 20us to wait firmware\n\t to finish RF write operation. */", "\n\t/* We support delay in firmware side now. */", "\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function reads BB parameters from header file we generate,\n * and do register read/write\n * input: net_device \t*dev\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice: BB parameters may change all the time, so please make\n * sure it has been synced with the newest.", "\n *****************************************************************************/\nvoid rtl8192_phy_configmac(struct net_device *dev)\n{\n\tu32 dwArrayLen = 0, i;\n\tu32 *pdwArray = NULL;\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\n\tif (priv->btxpowerdata_readfromEEPORM) {\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_PHY, \"Rtl819XMACPHY_Array_PG\\n\");\n\t\tdwArrayLen = MACPHY_Array_PGLength;\n\t\tpdwArray = rtl819XMACPHY_Array_PG;\n\n\t} else {\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_PHY, \"Rtl819XMACPHY_Array\\n\");\n\t\tdwArrayLen = MACPHY_ArrayLength;\n\t\tpdwArray = rtl819XMACPHY_Array;\n\t}\n\tfor (i = 0; i < dwArrayLen; i = i+3) {\n\t\tif (pdwArray[i] == 0x318)\n\t\t\tpdwArray[i+2] = 0x00000800;\n\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_DBG,\n\t\t\t \"Rtl8190MACPHY_Array[0]=%x Rtl8190MACPHY_Array[1]=%x Rtl8190MACPHY_Array[2]=%x\\n\",\n\t\t\t pdwArray[i], pdwArray[i+1], pdwArray[i+2]);\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, pdwArray[i], pdwArray[i+1],\n\t\t\t\t pdwArray[i+2]);\n\t}\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function does dirty work\n * input: net_device\t*dev\n * u8 ConfigType\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice: BB parameters may change all the time, so please make\n * sure it has been synced with the newest.", "\n *****************************************************************************/\nvoid rtl8192_phyConfigBB(struct net_device *dev, u8 ConfigType)\n{\n\tu32 i;\n\n#ifdef TO_DO_LIST\n\tu32 *rtl8192PhyRegArrayTable = NULL, *rtl8192AgcTabArrayTable = NULL;\n\n\tif (Adapter->bInHctTest) {\n\t\tPHY_REGArrayLen = PHY_REGArrayLengthDTM;\n\t\tAGCTAB_ArrayLen = AGCTAB_ArrayLengthDTM;\n\t\tRtl8190PHY_REGArray_Table = Rtl819XPHY_REGArrayDTM;\n\t\tRtl8190AGCTAB_Array_Table = Rtl819XAGCTAB_ArrayDTM;\n\t}\n#endif\n\tif (ConfigType == BaseBand_Config_PHY_REG) {\n\t\tfor (i = 0; i < PHY_REG_1T2RArrayLength; i += 2) {\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rtl819XPHY_REG_1T2RArray[i],\n\t\t\t\t\t bMaskDWord,\n\t\t\t\t\t rtl819XPHY_REG_1T2RArray[i+1]);\n\t\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_DBG,\n\t\t\t\t \"i: %x, Rtl819xUsbPHY_REGArray[0]=%x Rtl819xUsbPHY_REGArray[1]=%x\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t i, rtl819XPHY_REG_1T2RArray[i],\n\t\t\t\t rtl819XPHY_REG_1T2RArray[i+1]);\n\t\t}\n\t} else if (ConfigType == BaseBand_Config_AGC_TAB) {\n\t\tfor (i = 0; i < AGCTAB_ArrayLength; i += 2) {\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rtl819XAGCTAB_Array[i],\n\t\t\t\t\t bMaskDWord, rtl819XAGCTAB_Array[i+1]);\n\t\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_DBG,\n\t\t\t\t \"i: %x, rtl819XAGCTAB_Array[0]=%x rtl819XAGCTAB_Array[1]=%x\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t i, rtl819XAGCTAB_Array[i],\n\t\t\t\t rtl819XAGCTAB_Array[i+1]);\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function initializes Register definition offset for\n * Radio Path A/B/C/D\n * input: net_device\t*dev\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice: Initialization value here is constant and it should never\n * be changed\n *****************************************************************************/\nstatic void rtl8192_InitBBRFRegDef(struct net_device *dev)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\n\t/* RF Interface Software Control */\n\t/* 16 LSBs if read 32-bit from 0x870 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfintfs = rFPGA0_XAB_RFInterfaceSW;\n\t/* 16 MSBs if read 32-bit from 0x870 (16-bit for 0x872) */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfintfs = rFPGA0_XAB_RFInterfaceSW;\n\t/* 16 LSBs if read 32-bit from 0x874 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfintfs = rFPGA0_XCD_RFInterfaceSW;\n\t/* 16 MSBs if read 32-bit from 0x874 (16-bit for 0x876) */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfintfs = rFPGA0_XCD_RFInterfaceSW;\n\n\t/* RF Interface Readback Value */\n\t/* 16 LSBs if read 32-bit from 0x8E0 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfintfi = rFPGA0_XAB_RFInterfaceRB;\n\t/* 16 MSBs if read 32-bit from 0x8E0 (16-bit for 0x8E2) */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfintfi = rFPGA0_XAB_RFInterfaceRB;\n\t/* 16 LSBs if read 32-bit from 0x8E4 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfintfi = rFPGA0_XCD_RFInterfaceRB;\n\t/* 16 MSBs if read 32-bit from 0x8E4 (16-bit for 0x8E6) */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfintfi = rFPGA0_XCD_RFInterfaceRB;\n\n\t/* RF Interface Output (and Enable) */\n\t/* 16 LSBs if read 32-bit from 0x860 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfintfo = rFPGA0_XA_RFInterfaceOE;\n\t/* 16 LSBs if read 32-bit from 0x864 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfintfo = rFPGA0_XB_RFInterfaceOE;\n\t/* 16 LSBs if read 32-bit from 0x868 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfintfo = rFPGA0_XC_RFInterfaceOE;\n\t/* 16 LSBs if read 32-bit from 0x86C */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfintfo = rFPGA0_XD_RFInterfaceOE;\n\n\t/* RF Interface (Output and) Enable */\n\t/* 16 MSBs if read 32-bit from 0x860 (16-bit for 0x862) */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfintfe = rFPGA0_XA_RFInterfaceOE;\n\t/* 16 MSBs if read 32-bit from 0x864 (16-bit for 0x866) */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfintfe = rFPGA0_XB_RFInterfaceOE;\n\t/* 16 MSBs if read 32-bit from 0x86A (16-bit for 0x86A) */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfintfe = rFPGA0_XC_RFInterfaceOE;\n\t/* 16 MSBs if read 32-bit from 0x86C (16-bit for 0x86E) */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfintfe = rFPGA0_XD_RFInterfaceOE;\n\n\t/* Addr of LSSI. ", "Write RF register by driver */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rf3wireOffset = rFPGA0_XA_LSSIParameter;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rf3wireOffset = rFPGA0_XB_LSSIParameter;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rf3wireOffset = rFPGA0_XC_LSSIParameter;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rf3wireOffset = rFPGA0_XD_LSSIParameter;\n\n\t/* RF parameter */\n\t/* BB Band Select */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfLSSI_Select = rFPGA0_XAB_RFParameter;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfLSSI_Select = rFPGA0_XAB_RFParameter;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfLSSI_Select = rFPGA0_XCD_RFParameter;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfLSSI_Select = rFPGA0_XCD_RFParameter;\n\n\t/* Tx AGC Gain Stage (same for all path. ", "Should we remove this?) */", "\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfTxGainStage = rFPGA0_TxGainStage;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfTxGainStage = rFPGA0_TxGainStage;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfTxGainStage = rFPGA0_TxGainStage;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfTxGainStage = rFPGA0_TxGainStage;\n\n\t/* Tranceiver A~D HSSI Parameter-1 */\n\t/* wire control parameter1 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfHSSIPara1 = rFPGA0_XA_HSSIParameter1;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfHSSIPara1 = rFPGA0_XB_HSSIParameter1;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfHSSIPara1 = rFPGA0_XC_HSSIParameter1;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfHSSIPara1 = rFPGA0_XD_HSSIParameter1;\n\n\t/* Tranceiver A~D HSSI Parameter-2 */\n\t/* wire control parameter2 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfHSSIPara2 = rFPGA0_XA_HSSIParameter2;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfHSSIPara2 = rFPGA0_XB_HSSIParameter2;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfHSSIPara2 = rFPGA0_XC_HSSIParameter2;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfHSSIPara2 = rFPGA0_XD_HSSIParameter2;\n\n\t/* RF Switch Control */\n\t/* TR/Ant switch control */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfSwitchControl = rFPGA0_XAB_SwitchControl;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfSwitchControl = rFPGA0_XAB_SwitchControl;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfSwitchControl = rFPGA0_XCD_SwitchControl;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfSwitchControl = rFPGA0_XCD_SwitchControl;\n\n\t/* AGC control 1 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfAGCControl1 = rOFDM0_XAAGCCore1;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfAGCControl1 = rOFDM0_XBAGCCore1;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfAGCControl1 = rOFDM0_XCAGCCore1;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfAGCControl1 = rOFDM0_XDAGCCore1;\n\n\t/* AGC control 2 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfAGCControl2 = rOFDM0_XAAGCCore2;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfAGCControl2 = rOFDM0_XBAGCCore2;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfAGCControl2 = rOFDM0_XCAGCCore2;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfAGCControl2 = rOFDM0_XDAGCCore2;\n\n\t/* RX AFE control 1 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfRxIQImbalance = rOFDM0_XARxIQImbalance;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfRxIQImbalance = rOFDM0_XBRxIQImbalance;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfRxIQImbalance = rOFDM0_XCRxIQImbalance;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfRxIQImbalance = rOFDM0_XDRxIQImbalance;\n\n\t/* RX AFE control 1 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfRxAFE = rOFDM0_XARxAFE;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfRxAFE = rOFDM0_XBRxAFE;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfRxAFE = rOFDM0_XCRxAFE;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfRxAFE = rOFDM0_XDRxAFE;\n\n\t/* Tx AFE control 1 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfTxIQImbalance = rOFDM0_XATxIQImbalance;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfTxIQImbalance = rOFDM0_XBTxIQImbalance;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfTxIQImbalance = rOFDM0_XCTxIQImbalance;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfTxIQImbalance = rOFDM0_XDTxIQImbalance;\n\n\t/* Tx AFE control 2 */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfTxAFE = rOFDM0_XATxAFE;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfTxAFE = rOFDM0_XBTxAFE;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfTxAFE = rOFDM0_XCTxAFE;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfTxAFE = rOFDM0_XDTxAFE;\n\n\t/* Tranceiver LSSI Readback */\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_A].rfLSSIReadBack = rFPGA0_XA_LSSIReadBack;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_B].rfLSSIReadBack = rFPGA0_XB_LSSIReadBack;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_C].rfLSSIReadBack = rFPGA0_XC_LSSIReadBack;\n\tpriv->PHYRegDef[RF90_PATH_D].rfLSSIReadBack = rFPGA0_XD_LSSIReadBack;\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function is to write register and then readback to make\n * sure whether BB and RF is OK\n * input: net_device *dev\n * HW90_BLOCK_E CheckBlock\n * RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath //only used when checkblock is\n * //HW90_BLOCK_RF\n * output: none\n * return: return whether BB and RF is ok (0:OK, 1:Fail)\n * notice: This function may be removed in the ASIC\n ******************************************************************************/\nu8 rtl8192_phy_checkBBAndRF(struct net_device *dev, HW90_BLOCK_E CheckBlock,\n\t\t\t RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath)\n{\n\tu8 ret = 0;\n\tu32 i, CheckTimes = 4, reg = 0;\n\tu32 WriteAddr[4];\n\tu32 WriteData[] = {0xfffff027, 0xaa55a02f, 0x00000027, 0x55aa502f};\n\n\t/* Initialize register address offset to be checked */\n\tWriteAddr[HW90_BLOCK_MAC] = 0x100;\n\tWriteAddr[HW90_BLOCK_PHY0] = 0x900;\n\tWriteAddr[HW90_BLOCK_PHY1] = 0x800;\n\tWriteAddr[HW90_BLOCK_RF] = 0x3;\n\tRT_TRACE(COMP_PHY, \"%s(), CheckBlock: %d\\n\", __func__, CheckBlock);\n\tfor (i = 0; i < CheckTimes; i++) {\n\n\t\t/* Write data to register and readback */\n\t\tswitch (CheckBlock) {\n\t\tcase HW90_BLOCK_MAC:\n\t\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR,\n\t\t\t\t \"PHY_CheckBBRFOK(): Never Write 0x100 here!\\n\");\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tcase HW90_BLOCK_PHY0:\n\t\tcase HW90_BLOCK_PHY1:\n\t\t\twrite_nic_dword(dev, WriteAddr[CheckBlock],\n\t\t\t\t\tWriteData[i]);\n\t\t\tread_nic_dword(dev, WriteAddr[CheckBlock], &reg);\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tcase HW90_BLOCK_RF:\n\t\t\tWriteData[i] &= 0xfff;\n\t\t\trtl8192_phy_SetRFReg(dev, eRFPath,\n\t\t\t\t\t WriteAddr[HW90_BLOCK_RF],\n\t\t\t\t\t bMask12Bits, WriteData[i]);\n\t\t\t/* TODO: we should not delay for such a long time.", "\n\t\t\t Ask SD3 */\n\t\t\tusleep_range(1000, 1000);\n\t\t\treg = rtl8192_phy_QueryRFReg(dev, eRFPath,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t WriteAddr[HW90_BLOCK_RF],\n\t\t\t\t\t\t bMask12Bits);\n\t\t\tusleep_range(1000, 1000);\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\tret = 1;\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\n\n\t\t/* Check whether readback data is correct */\n\t\tif (reg !", "= WriteData[i]) {\n\t\t\tRT_TRACE((COMP_PHY|COMP_ERR),\n\t\t\t\t \"error reg: %x, WriteData: %x\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t reg, WriteData[i]);\n\t\t\tret = 1;\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function initializes BB&RF\n * input: net_device\t*dev\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice: Initialization value may change all the time, so please make\n * sure it has been synced with the newest.", "\n ******************************************************************************/\nstatic void rtl8192_BB_Config_ParaFile(struct net_device *dev)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\tu8 reg_u8 = 0, eCheckItem = 0, status = 0;\n\tu32 reg_u32 = 0;\n\n\t/**************************************\n\t * <1> Initialize BaseBand\n\t *************************************/\n\n\t/* --set BB Global Reset-- */\n\tread_nic_byte(dev, BB_GLOBAL_RESET, &reg_u8);\n\twrite_nic_byte(dev, BB_GLOBAL_RESET, (reg_u8|BB_GLOBAL_RESET_BIT));\n\tmdelay(50);\n\t/* ---set BB reset Active--- */\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, CPU_GEN, &reg_u32);\n\twrite_nic_dword(dev, CPU_GEN, (reg_u32&(~CPU_GEN_BB_RST)));\n\n\t/* ----Ckeck FPGAPHY0 and PHY1 board is OK---- */\n\t/* TODO: this function should be removed on ASIC */\n\tfor (eCheckItem = (HW90_BLOCK_E)HW90_BLOCK_PHY0;\n\t eCheckItem <= HW90_BLOCK_PHY1; eCheckItem++) {\n\t\t/* don't care RF path */\n\t\tstatus = rtl8192_phy_checkBBAndRF(dev, (HW90_BLOCK_E)eCheckItem,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t (RF90_RADIO_PATH_E)0);\n\t\tif (status !", "= 0) {\n\t\t\tRT_TRACE((COMP_ERR | COMP_PHY),\n\t\t\t\t \"PHY_RF8256_Config(): Check PHY%d Fail!!\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t eCheckItem-1);\n\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\t/* ---- Set CCK and OFDM Block \"OFF\"---- */\n\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_RFMOD, bCCKEn|bOFDMEn, 0x0);\n\t/* ----BB Register Initilazation---- */\n\t/* ==m==>Set PHY REG From Header<==m== */\n\trtl8192_phyConfigBB(dev, BaseBand_Config_PHY_REG);\n\n\t/* ----Set BB reset de-Active---- */\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, CPU_GEN, &reg_u32);\n\twrite_nic_dword(dev, CPU_GEN, (reg_u32|CPU_GEN_BB_RST));\n\n\t/* ----BB AGC table Initialization---- */\n\t/* ==m==>Set PHY REG From Header<==m== */\n\trtl8192_phyConfigBB(dev, BaseBand_Config_AGC_TAB);\n\n\t/* ----Enable XSTAL ---- */\n\twrite_nic_byte_E(dev, 0x5e, 0x00);\n\tif (priv->card_8192_version == (u8)VERSION_819xU_A) {\n\t\t/* Antenna gain offset from B/C/D to A */\n\t\treg_u32 = (priv->AntennaTxPwDiff[1]<<4 |\n\t\t\t priv->AntennaTxPwDiff[0]);\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_TxGainStage, (bXBTxAGC|bXCTxAGC),\n\t\t\t\t reg_u32);\n\n\t\t/* XSTALLCap */\n\t\treg_u32 = priv->CrystalCap & 0xf;\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_AnalogParameter1, bXtalCap,\n\t\t\t\t reg_u32);\n\t}\n\n\t/* Check if the CCK HighPower is turned ON.", "\n\t This is used to calculate PWDB. */", "\n\tpriv->bCckHighPower = (u8)rtl8192_QueryBBReg(dev,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t rFPGA0_XA_HSSIParameter2,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t 0x200);\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function initializes BB&RF\n * input: net_device\t*dev\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice: Initialization value may change all the time, so please make\n * sure it has been synced with the newest.", "\n *****************************************************************************/\nvoid rtl8192_BBConfig(struct net_device *dev)\n{\n\trtl8192_InitBBRFRegDef(dev);\n\t/* config BB&RF. ", "As hardCode based initialization has not been well\n\t * implemented, so use file first.", "\n\t * FIXME: should implement it for hardcode? */", "\n\trtl8192_BB_Config_ParaFile(dev);\n}\n\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function obtains the initialization value of Tx power Level\n * offset\n * input: net_device\t*dev\n * output: none\n * return: none\n *****************************************************************************/\nvoid rtl8192_phy_getTxPower(struct net_device *dev)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\tu8 tmp;\n\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, rTxAGC_Rate18_06,\n\t\t &priv->MCSTxPowerLevelOriginalOffset[0]);\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, rTxAGC_Rate54_24,\n\t\t &priv->MCSTxPowerLevelOriginalOffset[1]);\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, rTxAGC_Mcs03_Mcs00,\n\t\t &priv->MCSTxPowerLevelOriginalOffset[2]);\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, rTxAGC_Mcs07_Mcs04,\n\t\t &priv->MCSTxPowerLevelOriginalOffset[3]);\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, rTxAGC_Mcs11_Mcs08,\n\t\t &priv->MCSTxPowerLevelOriginalOffset[4]);\n\tread_nic_dword(dev, rTxAGC_Mcs15_Mcs12,\n\t\t &priv->MCSTxPowerLevelOriginalOffset[5]);\n\n\t/* Read rx initial gain */\n\tread_nic_byte(dev, rOFDM0_XAAGCCore1, &priv->DefaultInitialGain[0]);\n\tread_nic_byte(dev, rOFDM0_XBAGCCore1, &priv->DefaultInitialGain[1]);\n\tread_nic_byte(dev, rOFDM0_XCAGCCore1, &priv->DefaultInitialGain[2]);\n\tread_nic_byte(dev, rOFDM0_XDAGCCore1, &priv->DefaultInitialGain[3]);\n\tRT_TRACE(COMP_INIT,\n\t\t \"Default initial gain (c50=0x%x, c58=0x%x, c60=0x%x, c68=0x%x)\\n\",\n\t\t priv->DefaultInitialGain[0], priv->DefaultInitialGain[1],\n\t\t priv->DefaultInitialGain[2], priv->DefaultInitialGain[3]);\n\n\t/* Read framesync */\n\tread_nic_byte(dev, rOFDM0_RxDetector3, &priv->framesync);\n\tread_nic_byte(dev, rOFDM0_RxDetector2, &tmp);\n\tpriv->framesyncC34 = tmp;\n\tRT_TRACE(COMP_INIT, \"Default framesync (0x%x) = 0x%x \\n\",\n\t\trOFDM0_RxDetector3, priv->framesync);\n\n\t/* Read SIFS (save the value read fome MACPHY_REG.txt) */\n\tread_nic_word(dev, SIFS, &priv->SifsTime);\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function sets the initialization value of Tx power Level\n * offset\n * input: net_device *dev\n * u8 channel\n * output: none\n * return: none\n ******************************************************************************/\nvoid rtl8192_phy_setTxPower(struct net_device *dev, u8 channel)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\tu8\tpowerlevel = priv->TxPowerLevelCCK[channel-1];\n\tu8\tpowerlevelOFDM24G = priv->TxPowerLevelOFDM24G[channel-1];\n\n\tswitch (priv->rf_chip) {\n\tcase RF_8256:\n\t\t/* need further implement */\n\t\tPHY_SetRF8256CCKTxPower(dev, powerlevel);\n\t\tPHY_SetRF8256OFDMTxPower(dev, powerlevelOFDM24G);\n\t\tbreak;\n\tdefault:\n\t\tRT_TRACE((COMP_PHY|COMP_ERR),\n\t\t\t \"error RF chipID(8225 or 8258) in function %s()\\n\",\n\t\t\t __func__);\n\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function checks Rf chip to do RF config\n * input: net_device\t*dev\n * output: none\n * return: only 8256 is supported\n ******************************************************************************/\nvoid rtl8192_phy_RFConfig(struct net_device *dev)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\n\tswitch (priv->rf_chip) {\n\tcase RF_8256:\n\t\tPHY_RF8256_Config(dev);\n\t\tbreak;\n\tdefault:\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR, \"error chip id\\n\");\n\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function updates Initial gain\n * input: net_device\t*dev\n * output: none\n * return: As Windows has not implemented this, wait for complement\n ******************************************************************************/\nvoid rtl8192_phy_updateInitGain(struct net_device *dev)\n{\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function read RF parameters from general head file,\n * and do RF 3-wire\n * input: net_device\t*dev\n * RF90_RADIO_PATH_E eRFPath\n * output: none\n * return: return code show if RF configuration is successful(0:pass, 1:fail)\n * notice: Delay may be required for RF configuration\n *****************************************************************************/\nu8 rtl8192_phy_ConfigRFWithHeaderFile(struct net_device *dev,\n\t\t\t\t RF90_RADIO_PATH_E\teRFPath)\n{\n\n\tint i;\n\n\tswitch (eRFPath) {\n\tcase RF90_PATH_A:\n\t\tfor (i = 0; i < RadioA_ArrayLength; i = i+2) {\n\n\t\t\tif (rtl819XRadioA_Array[i] == 0xfe) {\n\t\t\t\tmdelay(100);\n\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\trtl8192_phy_SetRFReg(dev, eRFPath,\n\t\t\t\t\t rtl819XRadioA_Array[i],\n\t\t\t\t\t bMask12Bits,\n\t\t\t\t\t rtl819XRadioA_Array[i+1]);\n\t\t\tmdelay(1);\n\n\t\t}\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase RF90_PATH_B:\n\t\tfor (i = 0; i < RadioB_ArrayLength; i = i+2) {\n\n\t\t\tif (rtl819XRadioB_Array[i] == 0xfe) {\n\t\t\t\tmdelay(100);\n\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\trtl8192_phy_SetRFReg(dev, eRFPath,\n\t\t\t\t\t rtl819XRadioB_Array[i],\n\t\t\t\t\t bMask12Bits,\n\t\t\t\t\t rtl819XRadioB_Array[i+1]);\n\t\t\tmdelay(1);\n\n\t\t}\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase RF90_PATH_C:\n\t\tfor (i = 0; i < RadioC_ArrayLength; i = i+2) {\n\n\t\t\tif (rtl819XRadioC_Array[i] == 0xfe) {\n\t\t\t\tmdelay(100);\n\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\trtl8192_phy_SetRFReg(dev, eRFPath,\n\t\t\t\t\t rtl819XRadioC_Array[i],\n\t\t\t\t\t bMask12Bits,\n\t\t\t\t\t rtl819XRadioC_Array[i+1]);\n\t\t\tmdelay(1);\n\n\t\t}\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase RF90_PATH_D:\n\t\tfor (i = 0; i < RadioD_ArrayLength; i = i+2) {\n\n\t\t\tif (rtl819XRadioD_Array[i] == 0xfe) {\n\t\t\t\tmdelay(100);\n\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\trtl8192_phy_SetRFReg(dev, eRFPath,\n\t\t\t\t\t rtl819XRadioD_Array[i],\n\t\t\t\t\t bMask12Bits,\n\t\t\t\t\t rtl819XRadioD_Array[i+1]);\n\t\t\tmdelay(1);\n\n\t\t}\n\t\tbreak;\n\tdefault:\n\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function sets Tx Power of the channel\n * input: net_device *dev\n * u8 channel\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice:\n ******************************************************************************/\nstatic void rtl8192_SetTxPowerLevel(struct net_device *dev, u8 channel)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\tu8\tpowerlevel = priv->TxPowerLevelCCK[channel-1];\n\tu8\tpowerlevelOFDM24G = priv->TxPowerLevelOFDM24G[channel-1];\n\n\tswitch (priv->rf_chip) {\n\tcase RF_8225:\n#ifdef TO_DO_LIST\n\t\tPHY_SetRF8225CckTxPower(Adapter, powerlevel);\n\t\tPHY_SetRF8225OfdmTxPower(Adapter, powerlevelOFDM24G);\n#endif\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tcase RF_8256:\n\t\tPHY_SetRF8256CCKTxPower(dev, powerlevel);\n\t\tPHY_SetRF8256OFDMTxPower(dev, powerlevelOFDM24G);\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tcase RF_8258:\n\t\tbreak;\n\tdefault:\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR, \"unknown rf chip ID in %s()\\n\", __func__);\n\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function sets RF state on or off\n * input: net_device *dev\n * RT_RF_POWER_STATE eRFPowerState //Power State to set\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice:\n *****************************************************************************/\nbool rtl8192_SetRFPowerState(struct net_device *dev,\n\t\t\t RT_RF_POWER_STATE eRFPowerState)\n{\n\tbool\t\t\t\tbResult = true;\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\n\tif (eRFPowerState == priv->ieee80211->eRFPowerState)\n\t\treturn false;\n\n\tif (priv->SetRFPowerStateInProgress == true)\n\t\treturn false;\n\n\tpriv->SetRFPowerStateInProgress = true;\n\n\tswitch (priv->rf_chip) {\n\tcase RF_8256:\n\t\tswitch (eRFPowerState) {\n\t\tcase eRfOn:\n\t\t\t/* RF-A, RF-B */\n\t\t\t/* enable RF-Chip A/B - 0x860[4] */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_XA_RFInterfaceOE, BIT4,\n\t\t\t\t\t 0x1);\n\t\t\t/* analog to digital on - 0x88c[9:8] */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_AnalogParameter4, 0x300,\n\t\t\t\t\t 0x3);\n\t\t\t/* digital to analog on - 0x880[4:3] */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_AnalogParameter1, 0x18,\n\t\t\t\t\t 0x3);\n\t\t\t/* rx antenna on - 0xc04[1:0] */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rOFDM0_TRxPathEnable, 0x3, 0x3);\n\t\t\t/* rx antenna on - 0xd04[1:0] */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rOFDM1_TRxPathEnable, 0x3, 0x3);\n\t\t\t/* analog to digital part2 on - 0x880[6:5] */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_AnalogParameter1, 0x60,\n\t\t\t\t\t 0x3);\n\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tcase eRfSleep:\n\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tcase eRfOff:\n\t\t\t/* RF-A, RF-B */\n\t\t\t/* disable RF-Chip A/B - 0x860[4] */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_XA_RFInterfaceOE, BIT4,\n\t\t\t\t\t 0x0);\n\t\t\t/* analog to digital off, for power save */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_AnalogParameter4, 0xf00,\n\t\t\t\t\t 0x0); /* 0x88c[11:8] */\n\t\t\t/* digital to analog off, for power save - 0x880[4:3] */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_AnalogParameter1, 0x18,\n\t\t\t\t\t 0x0);\n\t\t\t/* rx antenna off - 0xc04[3:0] */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rOFDM0_TRxPathEnable, 0xf, 0x0);\n\t\t\t/* rx antenna off - 0xd04[3:0] */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rOFDM1_TRxPathEnable, 0xf, 0x0);\n\t\t\t/* analog to digital part2 off, for power save */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_AnalogParameter1, 0x60,\n\t\t\t\t\t 0x0); /* 0x880[6:5] */\n\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\tbResult = false;\n\t\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR, \"%s(): unknown state to set: 0x%X\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t __func__, eRFPowerState);\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t\tbreak;\n\tdefault:\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR, \"Not support rf_chip(%x)\\n\", priv->rf_chip);\n\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n#ifdef TO_DO_LIST\n\tif (bResult) {\n\t\t/* Update current RF state variable. */", "\n\t\tpHalData->eRFPowerState = eRFPowerState;\n\t\tswitch (pHalData->RFChipID) {\n\t\tcase RF_8256:\n\t\t\tswitch (pHalData->eRFPowerState) {\n\t\t\tcase eRfOff:\n\t\t\t\t/* If Rf off reason is from IPS,\n\t\t\t\t LED should blink with no link */\n\t\t\t\tif (pMgntInfo->RfOffReason == RF_CHANGE_BY_IPS)\n\t\t\t\t\tAdapter->HalFunc.", "LedControlHandler(Adapter, LED_CTL_NO_LINK);\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t/* Turn off LED if RF is not ON. */", "\n\t\t\t\t\tAdapter->HalFunc.", "LedControlHandler(Adapter, LED_CTL_POWER_OFF);\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\t\tcase eRfOn:\n\t\t\t\t/* Turn on RF we are still linked, which might\n\t\t\t\t happen when we quickly turn off and on HW RF.", "\n\t\t\t\t */\n\t\t\t\tif (pMgntInfo->bMediaConnect == TRUE)\n\t\t\t\t\tAdapter->HalFunc.", "LedControlHandler(Adapter, LED_CTL_LINK);\n\t\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t\t/* Turn off LED if RF is not ON. */", "\n\t\t\t\t\tAdapter->HalFunc.", "LedControlHandler(Adapter, LED_CTL_NO_LINK);\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_RF, DBG_LOUD, \"%s(): Unknown RF type\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t __func__);\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\n\t}\n#endif\n\tpriv->SetRFPowerStateInProgress = false;\n\n\treturn bResult;\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function sets command table variable (struct SwChnlCmd).", "\n * input: SwChnlCmd *CmdTable //table to be set\n * u32 CmdTableIdx //variable index in table to be set\n * u32 CmdTableSz //table size\n * SwChnlCmdID CmdID //command ID to set\n * u32 Para1\n * u32 Para2\n * u32 msDelay\n * output:\n * return: true if finished, false otherwise\n * notice:\n ******************************************************************************/\nstatic u8 rtl8192_phy_SetSwChnlCmdArray(SwChnlCmd *CmdTable, u32 CmdTableIdx,\n\t\t\t\t\tu32 CmdTableSz, SwChnlCmdID CmdID,\n\t\t\t\t\tu32 Para1, u32 Para2, u32 msDelay)\n{\n\tSwChnlCmd *pCmd;\n\n\tif (CmdTable == NULL) {\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR, \"%s(): CmdTable cannot be NULL\\n\", __func__);\n\t\treturn false;\n\t}\n\tif (CmdTableIdx >= CmdTableSz) {\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR, \"%s(): Access invalid index, please check size of the table, CmdTableIdx:%d, CmdTableSz:%d\\n\",\n\t\t\t __func__, CmdTableIdx, CmdTableSz);\n\t\treturn false;\n\t}\n\n\tpCmd = CmdTable + CmdTableIdx;\n\tpCmd->CmdID = CmdID;\n\tpCmd->Para1 = Para1;\n\tpCmd->Para2 = Para2;\n\tpCmd->msDelay = msDelay;\n\n\treturn true;\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function sets channel step by step\n * input: net_device *dev\n * u8 channel\n * u8 *stage //3 stages\n * u8 *step\n * u32 *delay //whether need to delay\n * output: store new stage, step and delay for next step\n * (combine with function above)\n * return: true if finished, false otherwise\n * notice: Wait for simpler function to replace it\n *****************************************************************************/\nstatic u8 rtl8192_phy_SwChnlStepByStep(struct net_device *dev, u8 channel,\n\t\t\t\t u8 *stage, u8 *step, u32 *delay)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\tSwChnlCmd\tPreCommonCmd[MAX_PRECMD_CNT];\n\tu32\t\tPreCommonCmdCnt;\n\tSwChnlCmd\tPostCommonCmd[MAX_POSTCMD_CNT];\n\tu32\t\tPostCommonCmdCnt;\n\tSwChnlCmd\tRfDependCmd[MAX_RFDEPENDCMD_CNT];\n\tu32\t\tRfDependCmdCnt;\n\tSwChnlCmd\t*CurrentCmd = NULL;\n\tu8\t\teRFPath;\n\n\tRT_TRACE(COMP_CH, \"%s() stage: %d, step: %d, channel: %d\\n\",\n\t\t __func__, *stage, *step, channel);\n\tif (!", "IsLegalChannel(priv->ieee80211, channel)) {\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR, \"set to illegal channel: %d\\n\", channel);\n\t\t/* return true to tell upper caller function this channel\n\t\t setting is finished! ", "Or it will in while loop. */", "\n\t\treturn true;\n\t}\n\t/* FIXME: need to check whether channel is legal or not here */\n\n\n\t/* <1> Fill up pre common command. */", "\n\tPreCommonCmdCnt = 0;\n\trtl8192_phy_SetSwChnlCmdArray(PreCommonCmd, PreCommonCmdCnt++,\n\t\t\t\t MAX_PRECMD_CNT, CmdID_SetTxPowerLevel,\n\t\t\t\t 0, 0, 0);\n\trtl8192_phy_SetSwChnlCmdArray(PreCommonCmd, PreCommonCmdCnt++,\n\t\t\t\t MAX_PRECMD_CNT, CmdID_End, 0, 0, 0);\n\n\t/* <2> Fill up post common command. */", "\n\tPostCommonCmdCnt = 0;\n\n\trtl8192_phy_SetSwChnlCmdArray(PostCommonCmd, PostCommonCmdCnt++,\n\t\t\t\t MAX_POSTCMD_CNT, CmdID_End, 0, 0, 0);\n\n\t/* <3> Fill up RF dependent command. */", "\n\tRfDependCmdCnt = 0;\n\tswitch (priv->rf_chip) {\n\tcase RF_8225:\n\t\tif (!(", "channel >= 1 && channel <= 14)) {\n\t\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR,\n\t\t\t\t \"illegal channel for Zebra 8225: %d\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t channel);\n\t\t\treturn true;\n\t\t}\n\t\trtl8192_phy_SetSwChnlCmdArray(RfDependCmd, RfDependCmdCnt++,\n\t\t\t\t\t MAX_RFDEPENDCMD_CNT,\n\t\t\t\t\t CmdID_RF_WriteReg,\n\t\t\t\t\t rZebra1_Channel,\n\t\t\t\t\t RF_CHANNEL_TABLE_ZEBRA[channel],\n\t\t\t\t\t 10);\n\t\trtl8192_phy_SetSwChnlCmdArray(RfDependCmd, RfDependCmdCnt++,\n\t\t\t\t\t MAX_RFDEPENDCMD_CNT,\n\t\t\t\t\t CmdID_End, 0, 0, 0);\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tcase RF_8256:\n\t\t/* TEST!! ", "This is not the table for 8256!! */", "\n\t\tif (!(", "channel >= 1 && channel <= 14)) {\n\t\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR,\n\t\t\t\t \"illegal channel for Zebra 8256: %d\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t channel);\n\t\t\treturn true;\n\t\t}\n\t\trtl8192_phy_SetSwChnlCmdArray(RfDependCmd, RfDependCmdCnt++,\n\t\t\t\t\t MAX_RFDEPENDCMD_CNT,\n\t\t\t\t\t CmdID_RF_WriteReg,\n\t\t\t\t\t rZebra1_Channel, channel, 10);\n\t\trtl8192_phy_SetSwChnlCmdArray(RfDependCmd, RfDependCmdCnt++,\n\t\t\t\t\t MAX_RFDEPENDCMD_CNT,\n\t\t\t\t\t CmdID_End, 0, 0, 0);\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tcase RF_8258:\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tdefault:\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR, \"Unknown RFChipID: %d\\n\", priv->rf_chip);\n\t\treturn true;\n\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n\n\n\tdo {\n\t\tswitch (*stage) {\n\t\tcase 0:\n\t\t\tCurrentCmd = &PreCommonCmd[*step];\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tcase 1:\n\t\t\tCurrentCmd = &RfDependCmd[*step];\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tcase 2:\n\t\t\tCurrentCmd = &PostCommonCmd[*step];\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tif (CurrentCmd->CmdID == CmdID_End) {\n\t\t\tif ((*stage) == 2) {\n\t\t\t\t(*delay) = CurrentCmd->msDelay;\n\t\t\t\treturn true;\n\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t(*stage)++;\n\t\t\t\t(*step) = 0;\n\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tswitch (CurrentCmd->CmdID) {\n\t\tcase CmdID_SetTxPowerLevel:\n\t\t\tif (priv->card_8192_version == (u8)VERSION_819xU_A)\n\t\t\t\t/* consider it later! */", "\n\t\t\t\trtl8192_SetTxPowerLevel(dev, channel);\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tcase CmdID_WritePortUlong:\n\t\t\twrite_nic_dword(dev, CurrentCmd->Para1,\n\t\t\t\t\tCurrentCmd->Para2);\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tcase CmdID_WritePortUshort:\n\t\t\twrite_nic_word(dev, CurrentCmd->Para1,\n\t\t\t\t (u16)CurrentCmd->Para2);\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tcase CmdID_WritePortUchar:\n\t\t\twrite_nic_byte(dev, CurrentCmd->Para1,\n\t\t\t\t (u8)CurrentCmd->Para2);\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tcase CmdID_RF_WriteReg:\n\t\t\tfor (eRFPath = 0; eRFPath < RF90_PATH_MAX; eRFPath++) {\n\t\t\t\trtl8192_phy_SetRFReg(dev,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t (RF90_RADIO_PATH_E)eRFPath,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t CurrentCmd->Para1,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t bZebra1_ChannelNum,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t CurrentCmd->Para2);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tbreak;\n\t} while (true);\n\n\t(*delay) = CurrentCmd->msDelay;\n\t(*step)++;\n\treturn false;\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function does actually set channel work\n * input: net_device *dev\n * u8 channel\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice: We should not call this function directly\n *****************************************************************************/\nstatic void rtl8192_phy_FinishSwChnlNow(struct net_device *dev, u8 channel)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\tu32\tdelay = 0;\n\n\twhile (!", "rtl8192_phy_SwChnlStepByStep(dev, channel, &priv->SwChnlStage,\n\t\t\t\t\t &priv->SwChnlStep, &delay)) {\n\t\tif (!", "priv->up)\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: Callback routine of the work item for switch channel.", "\n * input: net_device\t*dev\n *\n * output: none\n * return: none\n *****************************************************************************/\nvoid rtl8192_SwChnl_WorkItem(struct net_device *dev)\n{\n\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\n\tRT_TRACE(COMP_CH, \"==> SwChnlCallback819xUsbWorkItem(), chan:%d\\n\",\n\t\t priv->chan);\n\n\n\trtl8192_phy_FinishSwChnlNow(dev, priv->chan);\n\n\tRT_TRACE(COMP_CH, \"<== SwChnlCallback819xUsbWorkItem()\\n\");\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function scheduled actual work item to set channel\n * input: net_device *dev\n * u8 channel //channel to set\n * output: none\n * return: return code show if workitem is scheduled (1:pass, 0:fail)\n * notice: Delay may be required for RF configuration\n ******************************************************************************/\nu8 rtl8192_phy_SwChnl(struct net_device *dev, u8 channel)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\n\tRT_TRACE(COMP_CH, \"%s(), SwChnlInProgress: %d\\n\", __func__,\n\t\t priv->SwChnlInProgress);\n\tif (!", "priv->up)\n\t\treturn false;\n\tif (priv->SwChnlInProgress)\n\t\treturn false;\n\n\t/* -------------------------------------------- */\n\tswitch (priv->ieee80211->mode) {\n\tcase WIRELESS_MODE_A:\n\tcase WIRELESS_MODE_N_5G:\n\t\tif (channel <= 14) {\n\t\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR, \"WIRELESS_MODE_A but channel<=14\\n\");\n\t\t\treturn false;\n\t\t}\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase WIRELESS_MODE_B:\n\t\tif (channel > 14) {\n\t\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR, \"WIRELESS_MODE_B but channel>14\\n\");\n\t\t\treturn false;\n\t\t}\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase WIRELESS_MODE_G:\n\tcase WIRELESS_MODE_N_24G:\n\t\tif (channel > 14) {\n\t\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR, \"WIRELESS_MODE_G but channel>14\\n\");\n\t\t\treturn false;\n\t\t}\n\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n\t/* -------------------------------------------- */\n\n\tpriv->SwChnlInProgress = true;\n\tif (channel == 0)\n\t\tchannel = 1;\n\n\tpriv->chan = channel;\n\n\tpriv->SwChnlStage = 0;\n\tpriv->SwChnlStep = 0;\n\tif (priv->up)\n\t\trtl8192_SwChnl_WorkItem(dev);\n\n\tpriv->SwChnlInProgress = false;\n\treturn true;\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: Callback routine of the work item for set bandwidth mode.", "\n * input: net_device\t *dev\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice: I doubt whether SetBWModeInProgress flag is necessary as we can\n * test whether current work in the queue or not.//do I?", "\n *****************************************************************************/\nvoid rtl8192_SetBWModeWorkItem(struct net_device *dev)\n{\n\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\tu8 regBwOpMode;\n\n\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SWBW, \"%s() Switch to %s bandwidth\\n\", __func__,\n\t\t priv->CurrentChannelBW == HT_CHANNEL_WIDTH_20?\"20MHz\":\"40MHz\");\n\n\n\tif (priv->rf_chip == RF_PSEUDO_11N) {\n\t\tpriv->SetBWModeInProgress = false;\n\t\treturn;\n\t}\n\n\t/* <1> Set MAC register */\n\tread_nic_byte(dev, BW_OPMODE, &regBwOpMode);\n\n\tswitch (priv->CurrentChannelBW) {\n\tcase HT_CHANNEL_WIDTH_20:\n\t\tregBwOpMode |= BW_OPMODE_20MHZ;\n\t\t/* We have not verify whether this register works */\n\t\twrite_nic_byte(dev, BW_OPMODE, regBwOpMode);\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tcase HT_CHANNEL_WIDTH_20_40:\n\t\tregBwOpMode &= ~BW_OPMODE_20MHZ;\n\t\t/* We have not verify whether this register works */\n\t\twrite_nic_byte(dev, BW_OPMODE, regBwOpMode);\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tdefault:\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR,\n\t\t\t \"SetChannelBandwidth819xUsb(): unknown Bandwidth: %#X\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->CurrentChannelBW);\n\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n\n\t/* <2> Set PHY related register */\n\tswitch (priv->CurrentChannelBW) {\n\tcase HT_CHANNEL_WIDTH_20:\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_RFMOD, bRFMOD, 0x0);\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA1_RFMOD, bRFMOD, 0x0);\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_AnalogParameter1,\n\t\t\t\t 0x00100000, 1);\n\n\t\t/* Correct the tx power for CCK rate in 20M. */\n\t\tpriv->cck_present_attentuation =\n\t\t\tpriv->cck_present_attentuation_20Mdefault +\n\t\t\tpriv->cck_present_attentuation_difference;\n\n\t\tif (priv->cck_present_attentuation > 22)\n\t\t\tpriv->cck_present_attentuation = 22;\n\t\tif (priv->cck_present_attentuation < 0)\n\t\t\tpriv->cck_present_attentuation = 0;\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_INIT,\n\t\t\t \"20M, pHalData->CCKPresentAttentuation = %d\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->cck_present_attentuation);\n\n\t\tif (priv->chan == 14 && !", "priv->bcck_in_ch14) {\n\t\t\tpriv->bcck_in_ch14 = TRUE;\n\t\t\tdm_cck_txpower_adjust(dev, priv->bcck_in_ch14);\n\t\t} else if (priv->chan !", "= 14 && priv->bcck_in_ch14) {\n\t\t\tpriv->bcck_in_ch14 = FALSE;\n\t\t\tdm_cck_txpower_adjust(dev, priv->bcck_in_ch14);\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tdm_cck_txpower_adjust(dev, priv->bcck_in_ch14);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase HT_CHANNEL_WIDTH_20_40:\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_RFMOD, bRFMOD, 0x1);\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA1_RFMOD, bRFMOD, 0x1);\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rCCK0_System, bCCKSideBand,\n\t\t\t\t priv->nCur40MhzPrimeSC>>1);\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rFPGA0_AnalogParameter1, 0x00100000, 0);\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rOFDM1_LSTF, 0xC00,\n\t\t\t\t priv->nCur40MhzPrimeSC);\n\t\tpriv->cck_present_attentuation =\n\t\t\tpriv->cck_present_attentuation_40Mdefault +\n\t\t\tpriv->cck_present_attentuation_difference;\n\n\t\tif (priv->cck_present_attentuation > 22)\n\t\t\tpriv->cck_present_attentuation = 22;\n\t\tif (priv->cck_present_attentuation < 0)\n\t\t\tpriv->cck_present_attentuation = 0;\n\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_INIT,\n\t\t\t \"40M, pHalData->CCKPresentAttentuation = %d\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->cck_present_attentuation);\n\t\tif (priv->chan == 14 && !", "priv->bcck_in_ch14) {\n\t\t\tpriv->bcck_in_ch14 = true;\n\t\t\tdm_cck_txpower_adjust(dev, priv->bcck_in_ch14);\n\t\t} else if (priv->chan !", "= 14 && priv->bcck_in_ch14) {\n\t\t\tpriv->bcck_in_ch14 = false;\n\t\t\tdm_cck_txpower_adjust(dev, priv->bcck_in_ch14);\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tdm_cck_txpower_adjust(dev, priv->bcck_in_ch14);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tbreak;\n\tdefault:\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR,\n\t\t\t \"SetChannelBandwidth819xUsb(): unknown Bandwidth: %#X\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->CurrentChannelBW);\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\t}\n\t/* Skip over setting of J-mode in BB register here.", "\n\t Default value is \"None J mode\". */", "\n\n\t/* <3> Set RF related register */\n\tswitch (priv->rf_chip) {\n\tcase RF_8225:\n#ifdef TO_DO_LIST\n\t\tPHY_SetRF8225Bandwidth(Adapter, pHalData->CurrentChannelBW);\n#endif\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tcase RF_8256:\n\t\tPHY_SetRF8256Bandwidth(dev, priv->CurrentChannelBW);\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tcase RF_8258:\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tcase RF_PSEUDO_11N:\n\t\tbreak;\n\n\tdefault:\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_ERR, \"Unknown RFChipID: %d\\n\", priv->rf_chip);\n\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n\tpriv->SetBWModeInProgress = false;\n\n\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SWBW, \"<==SetBWMode819xUsb(), %d\\n\",\n\t\t atomic_read(&priv->ieee80211->atm_swbw));\n}\n\n/******************************************************************************\n * function: This function schedules bandwidth switch work.", "\n * input: struct net_deviceq *dev\n * HT_CHANNEL_WIDTH bandwidth //20M or 40M\n * HT_EXTCHNL_OFFSET offset //Upper, Lower, or Don't care\n * output: none\n * return: none\n * notice: I doubt whether SetBWModeInProgress flag is necessary as we can\n *\t test whether current work in the queue or not.//do I?", "\n *****************************************************************************/\nvoid rtl8192_SetBWMode(struct net_device *dev, HT_CHANNEL_WIDTH bandwidth,\n\t\t HT_EXTCHNL_OFFSET offset)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\n\tif (priv->SetBWModeInProgress)\n\t\treturn;\n\tpriv->SetBWModeInProgress = true;\n\n\tpriv->CurrentChannelBW = bandwidth;\n\n\tif (offset == HT_EXTCHNL_OFFSET_LOWER)\n\t\tpriv->nCur40MhzPrimeSC = HAL_PRIME_CHNL_OFFSET_UPPER;\n\telse if (offset == HT_EXTCHNL_OFFSET_UPPER)\n\t\tpriv->nCur40MhzPrimeSC = HAL_PRIME_CHNL_OFFSET_LOWER;\n\telse\n\t\tpriv->nCur40MhzPrimeSC = HAL_PRIME_CHNL_OFFSET_DONT_CARE;\n\n\trtl8192_SetBWModeWorkItem(dev);\n\n}\n\nvoid InitialGain819xUsb(struct net_device *dev,\tu8 Operation)\n{\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = ieee80211_priv(dev);\n\n\tpriv->InitialGainOperateType = Operation;\n\n\tif (priv->up)\n\t\tqueue_delayed_work(priv->priv_wq, &priv->initialgain_operate_wq, 0);\n}\n\nvoid InitialGainOperateWorkItemCallBack(struct work_struct *work)\n{\n\tstruct delayed_work *dwork = container_of(work, struct delayed_work,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t work);\n\tstruct r8192_priv *priv = container_of(dwork, struct r8192_priv,\n\t\t\t\t\t initialgain_operate_wq);\n\tstruct net_device *dev = priv->ieee80211->dev;\n#define SCAN_RX_INITIAL_GAIN\t0x17\n#define POWER_DETECTION_TH\t0x08\n\tu32\tbitmask;\n\tu8\tinitial_gain;\n\tu8\tOperation;\n\n\tOperation = priv->InitialGainOperateType;\n\n\tswitch (Operation) {\n\tcase IG_Backup:\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"IG_Backup, backup the initial gain.\\n\");\n\t\tinitial_gain = SCAN_RX_INITIAL_GAIN;\n\t\tbitmask = bMaskByte0;\n\t\tif (dm_digtable.dig_algorithm == DIG_ALGO_BY_FALSE_ALARM)\n\t\t\t/* FW DIG OFF */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, UFWP, bMaskByte1, 0x8);\n\t\tpriv->initgain_backup.xaagccore1 =\n\t\t\t(u8)rtl8192_QueryBBReg(dev, rOFDM0_XAAGCCore1, bitmask);\n\t\tpriv->initgain_backup.xbagccore1 =\n\t\t\t(u8)rtl8192_QueryBBReg(dev, rOFDM0_XBAGCCore1, bitmask);\n\t\tpriv->initgain_backup.xcagccore1 =\n\t\t\t(u8)rtl8192_QueryBBReg(dev, rOFDM0_XCAGCCore1, bitmask);\n\t\tpriv->initgain_backup.xdagccore1 =\n\t\t\t(u8)rtl8192_QueryBBReg(dev, rOFDM0_XDAGCCore1, bitmask);\n\t\tbitmask = bMaskByte2;\n\t\tpriv->initgain_backup.cca =\n\t\t\t(u8)rtl8192_QueryBBReg(dev, rCCK0_CCA, bitmask);\n\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Scan InitialGainBackup 0xc50 is %x\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->initgain_backup.xaagccore1);\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Scan InitialGainBackup 0xc58 is %x\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->initgain_backup.xbagccore1);\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Scan InitialGainBackup 0xc60 is %x\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->initgain_backup.xcagccore1);\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Scan InitialGainBackup 0xc68 is %x\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->initgain_backup.xdagccore1);\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Scan InitialGainBackup 0xa0a is %x\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->initgain_backup.cca);\n\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Write scan initial gain = 0x%x \\n\",\n\t\t\t initial_gain);\n\t\twrite_nic_byte(dev, rOFDM0_XAAGCCore1, initial_gain);\n\t\twrite_nic_byte(dev, rOFDM0_XBAGCCore1, initial_gain);\n\t\twrite_nic_byte(dev, rOFDM0_XCAGCCore1, initial_gain);\n\t\twrite_nic_byte(dev, rOFDM0_XDAGCCore1, initial_gain);\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Write scan 0xa0a = 0x%x \\n\",\n\t\t\t POWER_DETECTION_TH);\n\t\twrite_nic_byte(dev, 0xa0a, POWER_DETECTION_TH);\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase IG_Restore:\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"IG_Restore, restore the initial gain.\\n\");\n\t\tbitmask = 0x7f; /* Bit0 ~ Bit6 */\n\t\tif (dm_digtable.dig_algorithm == DIG_ALGO_BY_FALSE_ALARM)\n\t\t\t/* FW DIG OFF */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, UFWP, bMaskByte1, 0x8);\n\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rOFDM0_XAAGCCore1, bitmask,\n\t\t\t\t (u32)priv->initgain_backup.xaagccore1);\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rOFDM0_XBAGCCore1, bitmask,\n\t\t\t\t (u32)priv->initgain_backup.xbagccore1);\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rOFDM0_XCAGCCore1, bitmask,\n\t\t\t\t (u32)priv->initgain_backup.xcagccore1);\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rOFDM0_XDAGCCore1, bitmask,\n\t\t\t\t (u32)priv->initgain_backup.xdagccore1);\n\t\tbitmask = bMaskByte2;\n\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, rCCK0_CCA, bitmask,\n\t\t\t\t (u32)priv->initgain_backup.cca);\n\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Scan BBInitialGainRestore 0xc50 is %x\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->initgain_backup.xaagccore1);\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Scan BBInitialGainRestore 0xc58 is %x\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->initgain_backup.xbagccore1);\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Scan BBInitialGainRestore 0xc60 is %x\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->initgain_backup.xcagccore1);\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Scan BBInitialGainRestore 0xc68 is %x\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->initgain_backup.xdagccore1);\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Scan BBInitialGainRestore 0xa0a is %x\\n\",\n\t\t\t priv->initgain_backup.cca);\n\n\t\trtl8192_phy_setTxPower(dev, priv->ieee80211->current_network.channel);\n\n\t\tif (dm_digtable.dig_algorithm == DIG_ALGO_BY_FALSE_ALARM)\n\t\t\t/* FW DIG ON */\n\t\t\trtl8192_setBBreg(dev, UFWP, bMaskByte1, 0x1);\n\t\tbreak;\n\tdefault:\n\t\tRT_TRACE(COMP_SCAN, \"Unknown IG Operation. ", "\\n\");\n\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Queen's Quarter, Belfast\n\nQueen's Quarter (also known as the University Quarter) is the southern-most quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland and named after Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland's largest university. ", "The Quarter is centred on the Lanyon Building, the University's most prominent building, designed by architect Sir Charles Lanyon, while Botanic Avenue, Stranmillis Road, University Road and Malone Road are the main thoroughfares through the area. ", "The Quarter encompasses a region bounded by the Ormeau Road, the Holylands and Stranmillis Embankment to the east and the Lisburn Road to the west.", "\n\nCulture\nMany cultural events take place in this area of the city, in part because of the presence of the university, and in part because of the choice of venues, including the Whitla, Mandela and Elmwood Halls owned by the University. ", "As well as these inside venues, the Botanic Gardens, serve as an outdoor venue for events such as the Belfast leg of the Tennents T Vital concert. ", "The best known event that takes place in the quarter is the long running Belfast Festival at Queen's, an international arts festival held every November, now in its 46th year.", "\n\nThe Quarter is also home to the Lyric Players' Theatre, the Crescent Arts Centre, the Naughton Gallery at Queen's and Queen's Film Theatre (an art house cinema that hosts the annual Belfast Film Festival). ", "While many popular bands and performers play in the Queen's Students' Union's Mandela Hall and 'Speakeasy' venues.", "\n\nAttractions\nMuch of the area is near the Botanic Gardens, a public park opened in 1828, housing rare plant species in the iconic 'Palm House' (also designed by Charles Lanyon); the park is located close to the Stanmillis Embankment along the River Lagan, which consists of a towpath that runs to the town of Lisburn. ", "Northern Ireland's largest museum, the Ulster Museum, is located in the Quarter adjacent to the Friar's Bush Graveyard, a former monastery and one of Belfast's oldest Christian sites, with graves dating to the time of Saint Patrick.", "\n\nArchitecture\nThe area is also known for its architecture which includes not only the Lanyon Building, but also Union Theological College (a Presbyterian training college used as the base for the Parliament of Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1932), the main building of Methodist College Belfast and Elmwood Hall (a former Presbyterian Church, now owned by Queen's and used as a concert hall). ", "The main building of Stranmillis College (part of Queen's) was also designed by Charles Lanyon.", "\n\nStudents\nThousands of students from Queen's, as well as other institutions such as the University of Ulster and Belfast Metropolitan College, live in the area which has given rise to a large number of coffee shops, restaurants and pubs which have also made the area popular among tourists. ", "Clear examples of this can be seen in the Stranmillis Village area south of Queen's, and Botanic Avenue to the north of the main campus.", "\n\nImages\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\nBelfast Quarters\n\nExternal links\nDiscover the Quarters, Official Belfast Tourist Site\nQueen's University Belfast\n\nCategory:Quarters of Belfast\nCategory:Queen's University Belfast" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to create Vector3 for all resolutions\n\nI'm trying to fit my interface for all resolutions. ", "I have this code\nprivate void OnEnable() {\n GameObject back = Instantiate(Background) as GameObject;\n\n BoxCollider2D back_bc2d = back.", "GetComponent<BoxCollider2D>();\n\n float x = ((Screen.currentResolution.width) / back_bc2d.size.x) / 2;\n float y = (Screen.currentResolution.height / back_bc2d.size.y);\n\n back.transform.localScale = new Vector3(x, y, back.transform.localScale.z);\n Destroy(back_bc2d); \n}\n\nAs you can see, I'm trying to create something like GUI.DrawTexture (I don't want to use GUI.DrawTexture because of some reasons)\nMy texture have to draw on a half screen.", "\nBut on different resolutions it doesn't work. ", "What I'm doing wrong?", "\n\nA:\n\nScreen resolution does not mean anything in world space, only the aspect ratio is important there. ", "The in game geometry size is the same in every resolution, only the viewport may be wider showing more of it - this is how the camera works.", "\nAlso, you should not derive localScale used in world space from screen space coordinates - they don't work this way.", "\nIf you want to position some geometry in worldspace relative to the camera, use http://docs.unity3d.com/ScriptReference/Camera.ScreenToWorldPoint.html\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCustom error message for jQuery validation on radio button group\n\nI'm using the below code for combo box group validation and it shows This field is required. ", "as the error message. ", "How can I modify the below code to customize the message. ", "Thanks in advance.", "\n $(document).ready(function() { \n\n $('input[name=\"batches.batch\"]').rules(\"add\", \"required\");//works fine\n $('input[name=\"batches.batch\"]').messages(\"error message1\", \"error message2\");// no effect\n\n});\n\nMy html :\n <input name=\"batches.batch\" type=\"radio\" value=\"\" />First <br />\n <input name=\"batches.batch\" type=\"radio\" value=\"\" />Second<br />\n <input name=\"batches.batch\" type=\"radio\" value=\"\" />Third<br />\n <input name=\"batches.batch\" type=\"radio\" value=\"\" />Fourth<br />\n\nLibraries I'm using :\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"js/jquery-1.8.3.min.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"js/jquery-ui-1.10.1.custom.min.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"js/custom/jquery.validate.min.js\"></script>\n\nA:\n\nYour code...\n$('input[name=\"batches.batch\"]').rules(\"add\", \"required\");//works fine\n$('input[name=\"batches.batch\"]').messages(\"error message1\", \"error message2\");// no effect\n\nIt's not working because there is no documented method called .messages(). ", " Methods have to be created by the plugin developer in order to be available.", "\nInstead, messages goes inside of your rules('add') method, like this...\n$('document').ready(function() {\n\n $('#myform').validate();\n\n $('input[name=\"batches.batch\"]').rules(\"add\", {\n required: true,\n messages: {\n required: \"my custom required message\"\n }\n });\n\n});\n\nWorking DEMO: http://jsfiddle.net/rDcDW/\nThe above works great for dynamically adding rules, however, if you just need to workaround the name's with dots issue, simply declare the rules as normal but use quotes around the name...\n$(document).ready(function() {\n\n $('#myform').validate({ // initialize the plugin\n rules: {\n 'batches.batch': {\n required: true\n }\n },\n messages: {\n 'batches.batch': {\n required: \"my custom required message\"\n }\n }\n });\n\n});\n\nWorking DEMO: http://jsfiddle.net/YZs3Y/\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "# coding: utf-8\n\nfrom __future__ import unicode_literals, absolute_import\nimport json\nfrom mock import Mock, PropertyMock, ANY\nimport pytest\n\nfrom boxsdk.network.default_network import DefaultNetworkResponse\nfrom boxsdk.pagination.marker_based_object_collection import MarkerBasedObjectCollection\nfrom boxsdk.session.box_response import BoxResponse\nfrom boxsdk.session.session import Session\nfrom .box_object_collection_test_base import BoxObjectCollectionTestBase\n\n\nclass TestMarkerBasedObjectCollection(BoxObjectCollectionTestBase):\n \"\"\"\n In order to conveniently mimic marker based paging for the purposes of this test, the markers ('next_marker' in\n the response) returned by the mock_session object is always going to be of the convention: \"marker_i\", where\n i is the starting 0-index based offset of the element.", "\n \"\"\"\n\n NO_NEXT_MARKER = object()\n\n @staticmethod\n @pytest.fixture(params=['', None, NO_NEXT_MARKER])\n def next_marker_value_for_last_page(request):\n return request.param\n\n @pytest.fixture()\n def mock_items_response(self, entries, next_marker_value_for_last_page):\n \"\"\"Baseclass override.\"\"\"", "\n # pylint:disable=redefined-outer-name,arguments-differ\n def get_response(limit, marker):\n mock_box_response = Mock(BoxResponse)\n mock_network_response = Mock(DefaultNetworkResponse)\n mock_box_response.network_response = mock_network_response\n\n mock_json = {}\n # The marker string should be of format: \"marker_i\", where i is the offset. ", "Parse that out.", "\n # If the marker is None, then begin paging from the start of the entries.", "\n offset = 0\n if marker is not None:\n offset = int(marker.split('_')[1])\n mock_json['entries'] = entries[offset:limit + offset]\n\n # A next_marker is only returned if there are more pages left.", "\n if (offset + limit) < len(entries):\n mock_json['next_marker'] = 'marker_{0}'.format(offset + limit)\n elif next_marker_value_for_last_page is not self.", "NO_NEXT_MARKER:\n mock_json['next_marker'] = next_marker_value_for_last_page\n\n mock_box_response.json.return_value = mock_json\n mock_box_response.content = json.dumps(mock_json).encode()\n mock_box_response.status_code = 200\n mock_box_response.ok = True\n return mock_box_response\n return get_response\n\n @pytest.fixture()\n def mock_session(self, translator, mock_items_response):\n \"\"\"Baseclass override.\"\"\"", "\n mock_box_session = Mock(Session)\n type(mock_box_session).translator = PropertyMock(return_value=translator)\n\n def mock_items_side_effect(_, params):\n limit = params['limit']\n marker = params.get('marker', None)\n return mock_items_response(limit, marker)\n\n mock_box_session.get.side_effect = mock_items_side_effect\n return mock_box_session\n\n def _object_collection_instance( # pylint:disable=arguments-differ\n self,\n session,\n limit,\n return_full_pages=False,\n starting_pointer=None,\n supports_limit_offset_paging=False\n ):\n \"\"\"Baseclass override.\"\"\"", "\n return MarkerBasedObjectCollection(\n session,\n '/some/endpoint',\n limit=limit,\n return_full_pages=return_full_pages,\n marker=starting_pointer,\n supports_limit_offset_paging=supports_limit_offset_paging,\n )\n\n @pytest.mark.parametrize('return_full_pages', (True, False))\n def test_object_collection_sets_next_pointer_correctly(self, mock_session, return_full_pages):\n object_collection = self._object_collection_instance(mock_session, limit=5, return_full_pages=return_full_pages)\n assert object_collection.next_pointer() is None\n object_collection.next()\n assert object_collection.next_pointer() == 'marker_5'\n\n @pytest.mark.parametrize('supports_limit_offset_paging', (True, False))\n def test_object_collection_specifies_marker_param(self, mock_session, supports_limit_offset_paging):\n object_collection = self._object_collection_instance(\n mock_session,\n limit=100,\n supports_limit_offset_paging=supports_limit_offset_paging\n )\n object_collection.next()\n\n # Assert\n expected_params = {'limit': 100}\n if supports_limit_offset_paging:\n expected_params['useMarker'] = True\n mock_session.get.assert_called_with(ANY, params=expected_params)\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "0/(-2))/3 + 4 + 0. ", "Suppose -k - v*b = 46, -48 - 54 = 3*k + 3*b. ", "Let w = k - -30. ", "Is w !", "= -1/4?", "\nTrue\nLet k be 84/34 - 2*1. ", "Let o = -31095 + 31095. ", "Which is bigger: k or o?", "\nk\nLet f be (1 + 117/12)/((-3)/12). ", "Let b = 80 + f. Suppose -y + 9 = -b. ", "Is 46 < y?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 319*p - 762837 = 8*p + 209038. ", "Are 3125 and p equal?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -3*b + k = 41, -10*b + 5*b + 5*k = 85. ", "Let v(q) = q + 23. ", "Let p(a) = a + 23. ", "Let u(f) = 6*p(f) - 7*v(f). ", "Let d be u(b). ", "Which is smaller: d or -0.2?", "\nd\nLet h be 88/220 + (-16)/190. ", "Is h < 0?", "\nFalse\nLet k be (2 - (-1)/(-1))/3. ", "Let y = 5.061 + 23.929. ", "Let x = y - 1.99. ", "Which is bigger: x or k?", "\nx\nLet d = 27674 - 27674. ", "Let r(c) = -c**3 + 9*c**2 + c - 9. ", "Let k be r(9). ", "Let f be 172/84 + k + -2. ", "Is f <= d?", "\nFalse\nLet g = 171.045 - 242. ", "Let h = g - 0.045. ", "Which is bigger: h or 1?", "\n1\nLet b = -0.34549 + 0.43579. ", "Is b !", "= 0.6?", "\nTrue\nLet r be 1/(3/((-3)/1)). ", "Let w be -5 - r - (-249)/36. ", "Do w and 0.1 have the same value?", "\nFalse\nLet p = 2/3587 + -2534/3587. ", "Let j = -38 + 41. ", "Let x be j - -1 - (-18)/(-6). ", "Which is bigger: p or x?", "\nx\nLet g = -1384 + -11321. ", "Is -12704 at most g?", "\nFalse\nLet c = 0.24428 + -3.24428. ", "Suppose 2*i = i + 5. ", "Let n(p) = 2*p - 5. ", "Let h be n(i). ", "Which is greater: h or c?", "\nh\nSuppose -5*z - 49791 = 4*j - 3888, 6*z - 3*j = -55068. ", "Which is greater: z or -9178?", "\n-9178\nLet j(k) = 196*k**2 - k - 1. ", "Let a = -39 + 38. ", "Let w be j(a). ", "Suppose 22*n + w = 18*n. ", "Is -2/7 !", "= n?", "\nTrue\nLet m = -0.36078 + -15.61222. ", "Let u = m + 16. ", "Let l = -1.973 - u. Which is greater: l or -4/5?", "\n-4/5\nLet o(q) = 2*q**3 + 8*q**2 + q + 5. ", "Let c be o(-4). ", "Let j be 2/((68/102)/(12/(-477))). ", "Is c bigger than j?", "\nTrue\nLet i be (3 + (-42)/9)*36/(-1410). ", "Which is smaller: 1 or i?", "\ni\nLet f = -123 - -69. ", "Let m = 78 + f. Let x be (1 - 5) + m + -2. ", "Is 19 at least as big as x?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 0 = 3*j - 2*p + 4, 5*j = -4*p - 25 - 11. ", "Let s be ((-26)/10)/((-2)/j). ", "Is s at most as big as -6?", "\nFalse\nLet v = -2/39 - -23/26. ", "Let h = 31.9 + 35.1. ", "Let u = 67.1 - h. Are u and v nonequal?", "\nTrue\nLet z be (-20)/165*4938/(-12). ", "Let o = z + -148/3. ", "Which is bigger: -0.03 or o?", "\no\nLet u(d) = 2*d - 12. ", "Let n be u(7). ", "Suppose 2*j - 8 = -5*k, -4 = n*j - 3*j - 3*k. ", "Suppose x + 5 = -5*t, 4 = -4*t - j*x - 0. ", "Is 5 > t?", "\nTrue\nLet m(l) = l**2 + 16*l + 3. ", "Let o be m(-16). ", "Suppose 4*b - 169 = -o*u, -3*b + 141 = 3*u + 15. ", "Is 0 smaller than b?", "\nTrue\nLet c(i) = i**3 + 88*i**2 - 21*i - 822. ", "Let z be c(-88). ", "Which is greater: 1028 or z?", "\n1028\nSuppose -2*l - 2*x = 20, l - 3 = 2*x + 2. ", "Let p be (-2)/l - 4444/11385. ", "Are 1 and p nonequal?", "\nTrue\nLet i = -43 + 349/8. ", "Let b(x) be the first derivative of -x**4/4 + 31*x**3/3 - 15*x**2 + 2*x - 29. ", "Let q be b(30). ", "Is i less than q?", "\nTrue\nLet s be (13/39 + (-4)/(-42))*2/6. ", "Which is smaller: -510 or s?", "\n-510\nSuppose 0 = -33*d + 6*d - 12717. ", "Let i be (15/d)/(-5)*(1 - 0). ", "Is 0 at least i?", "\nFalse\nLet x(v) = -v**3 + 2*v**2 + 4*v - 3. ", "Let k be x(3). ", "Suppose -8*y - y + 9 = k. Let j = -40/9 + 1631/369. ", "Is y >= j?", "\nTrue\nLet i = -11676 - -11699. ", "Let v(w) = 20*w**3 + 9*w**2 + 11*w - 6. ", "Let n(y) = -7*y**3 - 3*y**2 - 4*y + 2. ", "Let p(h) = -8*n(h) - 3*v(h). ", "Let r be p(-2). ", "Is i >= r?", "\nFalse\nLet q = -37 + 42. ", "Suppose -k = q*o - 27, 2*k = -5*o + 28 + 1. ", "Suppose -o*s - 18 = -3, 5*t = -3*s - 4. ", "Which is smaller: -3/38 or t?", "\n-3/38\nLet h(k) = -2*k**2 + 19*k - 395. ", "Let l be h(19). ", "Is -755 less than l?", "\nFalse\nLet a = -161.38 + 0.38. ", "Let t = 161.38 + a. Are 1 and t equal?", "\nFalse\nLet j = -29 - -28. ", "Let x be (j/2)/((-3)/(-174)). ", "Let y = x + 27. ", "Is -11/6 greater than or equal to y?", "\nTrue\nLet j = 0.4163 + -29.9163. ", "Which is smaller: -9 or j?", "\nj\nLet w = -4624 + 189580/41. ", "Which is bigger: w or 1?", "\n1\nLet b = -185.465 + 186. ", "Let f = 0.54 - b. Is -1/4 less than or equal to f?", "\nTrue\nLet y = 89 + -153. ", "Let f be 1423/22 + ((-175)/55 - -3). ", "Let b = y + f. Does 0 = b?", "\nFalse\nLet r = 17568.668 + -17600. ", "Let n = 0.332 + r. Which is smaller: n or 1/2?", "\nn\nSuppose 0*o = -j - o + 10, -2*o - 28 = -4*j. ", "Suppose -26*q = -39*q + 39. ", "Suppose j*n - 255 = q*n. ", "Do n and 52 have different values?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -b + 53 = j, 275*b = 280*b - j - 265. ", "Which is greater: b or -132?", "\nb\nLet j be 1/(-4) + (-3966)/8. ", "Which is smaller: j or -2486/5?", "\n-2486/5\nLet u = -167.698 + 0.698. ", "Does -17 = u?", "\nFalse\nLet z be 12/(-60) + 32/10. ", "Let y be (-260)/(-28) + z/((-63)/6). ", "Suppose 33 + 111 = y*o. ", "Which is greater: 0 or o?", "\no\nLet v = -9183 - -82649/9. ", "Which is greater: v or -801?", "\nv\nLet v be (8*(-4)/(-32))/(2/64). ", "Let n = v - 29. ", "Let a(b) = -b**2 + 15*b - 12. ", "Let t be a(14). ", "Is t bigger than n?", "\nFalse\nSuppose q + 4*c + 29 = 0, 5*q + 5*c + 7 = 7*q. ", "Let u be (((-288)/(-40))/q)/(44/(-210)). ", "Which is bigger: 3 or u?", "\nu\nLet i(t) = 5*t - 30 + 0 + 11 + 5 - 28. ", "Let p be i(8). ", "Does p = -55/23?", "\nFalse\nLet k = -305.9719 - 0.0281. ", "Let i = k - -306. ", "Which is smaller: 1.26 or i?", "\ni\nLet b = 0.0417 - 25.0417. ", "Which is bigger: 35 or b?", "\n35\nLet w = 3626341/595896 - -40/10641. ", "Let j = w - 51/8. ", "Let y be 161/92 - 5/4. ", "Is y >= j?", "\nTrue\nSuppose -4 = 5*t + 5*z + 11, -4*t = -4*z + 44. ", "Let g(u) = -19*u - 90. ", "Let p be g(t). ", "Is 45 equal to p?", "\nFalse\nLet c = -21 + 7. ", "Let v = 84 + -83. ", "Let y be v/((-14)/189) - (-1)/2. ", "Which is bigger: c or y?", "\ny\nLet x(i) be the second derivative of -i**3/2 + 8*i**2 - 15*i. ", "Let w be x(5). ", "Let a be ((-1380)/(-9))/(-10) + w/3. ", "Which is bigger: -14 or a?", "\n-14\nLet q(k) = -k**3 + 8*k**2 - k + 9. ", "Let g be q(8). ", "Let s be 5066/(-8585) - (-3)/5. ", "Which is smaller: g or s?", "\ns\nLet o be (2603/(-304) - -10)*16. ", "Let u = -0.4 + 5.4. ", "Which is greater: u or o?", "\no\nSuppose 40*w + 1155 = 35*w + 3*s, 0 = -4*w + 5*s - 937. ", "Let j(p) = -9*p**2 - 3. ", "Let g be j(5). ", "Is w greater than g?", "\nFalse\nLet l(t) = -t + 7. ", "Let b be l(-17). ", "Suppose 3*n + 0*a - 93 = 4*a, -28 = -2*n - 3*a. ", "Is b <= n?", "\nFalse\nLet x = 35.4 - 1.4. ", "Let t = 15 - x. Let o = 23 + t. Is 0.1 > o?", "\nFalse\nLet y be -82*20/3*(-114)/95. ", "Which is bigger: y or 658?", "\n658\nSuppose -10 = -x + 6*x + 5*y, -2*y = -4*x - 2. ", "Let c be (((-175)/798)/25)/(-13*15/(-6435)). ", "Is c at least as big as x?", "\nTrue\nLet k = -173383057 + 32075672037/185. ", "Let u = -1046 - k. Which is smaller: 1 or u?", "\nu\nLet x be (-92)/(-134) - 2/(((-935)/22)/(-17)). ", "Is 1 less than x?", "\nFalse\nLet h be 1/((-21)/9) - (5 + (-1485)/280). ", "Is 415 at least h?", "\nTrue\nLet y = -5.27 - 20.03. ", "Let k = 39 + y. Let s = k + -2.7. ", "Is s equal to 0.1?", "\nFalse\nLet g = -382.17 + 0.17. ", "Let d = g + 383. ", "Is -320 !", "= d?", "\nTrue\nLet x = 42040/91 - 462. ", "Suppose 5*w + 593 + 132 = 0. ", "Let z = w - -146. ", "Is z smaller than x?", "\nFalse\nSuppose -14 = 21*a - 7*a. ", "Suppose -39 = -3*p + 5*b, 4*p - 3*b - 2*b - 57 = 0. ", "Let m be p/150*2/(-3 + 5). ", "Which is bigger: m or a?", "\nm\nLet s = 1408/3 + -575. ", "Do -105 and s have different values?", "\nTrue\nLet c = -94 - -47. ", "Let z be (1 - 3*c/(-3))/1. ", "Let a = z - -40. ", "Which is greater: -48/7 or a?", "\na\nLet c = -2296 - -1927. ", "Is c > -364?", "\nFalse\nLet i be 1/(-67)*462/385. ", "Which is greater: i or 0?", "\n0\nSuppose -303*c + 222*c = 119799. ", "Which is smaller: c or -1480?", "\n-1480\nSuppose 1281 = 24*o - 4*o + 5201. ", "Are -178 and o nonequal?", "\nTrue\nLet k = 13916 - 13817.73. ", "Let j = k - -0.73. ", "Which is bigger: -2 or j?", "\nj\nLet o(w) = 1698*w + 5095. ", "Let g be o(-3). ", "Which is smaller: g or 1911?", "\ng\nSuppose 40*y + 43*y = 913. ", "Let h(k) = k**2 + 5. ", "Suppose -n - g + 1 + 0 = 0, 3*n = 4*g - 4. ", "Let c be h(n). ", "Is c not equal to y?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 4*b + m + 343 = 0, -2*b - 20 - 162 = 4*m. ", "Which is greater: -683/8 or b?", "\nb\nLet z be (-416)/130 - (-11)/5. ", "Is -179 !", "= z?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 0 = -3*k - 1 - 14. ", "Let u be (-9)/(-6)*1000/(-150). ", "Is u bigger than k?", "\nFalse\nSuppose 3*a - q + 406 = 0, 2*a = 2*q - 5*q - 278. ", "Let z = 138 + a. Is z not equal to 27?", "\nTrue\nSuppose 0 = 22*u - 108 + 328. ", "Let y = -79 - -119. ", "Let q be ((-16)/y)/(0 + 62/u). ", "Which is smaller: q or -1?", "\n-1\nSuppose 7 = 13*u - 19. ", "Suppose 9*q = 5*q - 3*b - 28, -2*q - 16 = u*b. ", "Which is smaller: q or -6/11?", "\nq\nSuppose 2*f - x = -4, -4*x + 14 - 2 = -4*f. ", "Is -9/1169 less than f?", "\nFalse\nLet b be 2118/96 - 12 - 10. ", "Is b smaller than 403?", "\nTrue\nLet b(v) = 246*v - 3018. ", "Let y be b(31). ", "Do y and 4608 have different values?", "\nFalse\nLet x be (1/(-3) - 1)*51/(-34). ", "Suppose 3*d + 56 - 231 = -x*h, -2*d - 2*h = -120. ", "Which is smaller: -1 or d?", "\n-1\nLet v be 6/69 - 4/(-8)*(-4)/1081. ", "Which is bigger: 0 or v?", "\nv\nLet s = 24 - 76. ", "Let m = -45 - s. Let g(k) = 8*k - 55. ", "Let i be g(m). ", "Is i bigger than 12/7?", "\nFalse\nLet a(q) = 4*q**3 - " ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "/**\n * Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0.", "\n */\n\n#include <aws/monitoring/model/PutDashboardResult.h>\n#include <aws/core/utils/xml/XmlSerializer.h>\n#include <aws/core/AmazonWebServiceResult.h>\n#include <aws/core/utils/StringUtils.h>\n#include <aws/core/utils/logging/LogMacros.h>\n\n#include <utility>\n\nusing namespace Aws::CloudWatch::Model;\nusing namespace Aws::Utils::Xml;\nusing namespace Aws::Utils::Logging;\nusing namespace Aws::Utils;\nusing namespace Aws;\n\nPutDashboardResult::PutDashboardResult()\n{\n}\n\nPutDashboardResult::PutDashboardResult(const Aws::AmazonWebServiceResult<XmlDocument>& result)\n{\n *this = result;\n}\n\nPutDashboardResult& PutDashboardResult::operator =(const Aws::AmazonWebServiceResult<XmlDocument>& result)\n{\n const XmlDocument& xmlDocument = result.", "GetPayload();\n XmlNode rootNode = xmlDocument.", "GetRootElement();\n XmlNode resultNode = rootNode;\n if (!", "rootNode.", "IsNull() && (rootNode.", "GetName() !", "= \"PutDashboardResult\"))\n {\n resultNode = rootNode.", "FirstChild(\"PutDashboardResult\");\n }\n\n if(!resultNode.", "IsNull())\n {\n XmlNode dashboardValidationMessagesNode = resultNode.", "FirstChild(\"DashboardValidationMessages\");\n if(!dashboardValidationMessagesNode.", "IsNull())\n {\n XmlNode dashboardValidationMessagesMember = dashboardValidationMessagesNode.", "FirstChild(\"member\");\n while(!dashboardValidationMessagesMember.", "IsNull())\n {\n m_dashboardValidationMessages.push_back(dashboardValidationMessagesMember);\n dashboardValidationMessagesMember = dashboardValidationMessagesMember.", "NextNode(\"member\");\n }\n\n }\n }\n\n if (!", "rootNode.", "IsNull()) {\n XmlNode responseMetadataNode = rootNode.", "FirstChild(\"ResponseMetadata\");\n m_responseMetadata = responseMetadataNode;\n AWS_LOGSTREAM_DEBUG(\"Aws::CloudWatch::Model::PutDashboardResult\", \"x-amzn-request-id: \" << m_responseMetadata.", "GetRequestId() );\n }\n return *this;\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "\"Wonder had gone away, and he had forgotten that all life is only a set of pictures in the brain, among which there is no difference betwixt those born of real things and those born of inward dreamings, and no cause to value the one above the other.\" ", "--H.P. Lovecraft, The Silver Key" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.03125 ]

[ "Q:\n\nMpdf different header for first page\n\nI am working on quotation software where I am using mpdf for quotation generation using HTML format. ", "Header are set by code below.", "\n$mpdf->SetHTMLHeader($header);\n$mpdf=>SetHTMLFooter($footer);\n\nWhich applies uniformly to all pages. ", "But I need different header to first page. ", "How should I achieve it?", "\n\nA:\n\nAs you wrote, SetHTMLHeader and SetHTMLFooter apply to the entire document. ", "If you want different headers / footers for the first page you will have to remove both\n$mpdf->SetHTMLHeader($header);\n$mpdf->SetHTMLFooter($footer);\n\nAnd do it like so:\n\nIn your PDF's HTML code, place right after the <body> tag the different header definitions like so:\n\n<htmlpageheader name=\"firstpage\" style=\"display:none\">\n <div style=\"text-align:center\">First Page</div>\n</htmlpageheader>\n\n<htmlpageheader name=\"otherpages\" style=\"display:none\">\n <div style=\"text-align:center\">{PAGENO}</div>\n</htmlpageheader>\n\nSet your headers like this (still in you first page's code)\n\n<sethtmlpageheader name=\"firstpage\" value=\"on\" show-this-page=\"1\" />\n<sethtmlpageheader name=\"otherpages\" value=\"on\" />\n\nThis turns on both headers but on the first page shows the \"firstpage\" header.", "\n\nSame goes for footers.", "\n\nIMPORTANT NOTE:\nThere are actually a few ways to go about it. ", "They are all documented here. ", "I chose to write here the one I think is the most straight forward and will easily work, but I recommend you read the docs and choose the one that best suits your needs.", "\n\nA:\n\nAs Yotam said, there's other ways to acomplish this. ", "If you are using CSS to style your page, as usual, you may find the @page selector useful. ", "It should be something like this:\n@page {\n header: html_otherpages;\n}\n\n@page :first {\n header: html_firstpage;\n}\n\nHope this helps.", "\nRegards.", "\n\nA:\n\nplace right after the <body> \n<htmlpageheader name=\"firstpageheader\" style=\"display:none\">\n <div style=\"text-align:center\"> first page header</div>\n</htmlpageheader>\n\n<htmlpagefooter name=\"firstpagefooter\" style=\"display:none\">\n <div style=\"text-align:center\">first page footer</div>\n</htmlpagefooter>\n\n<htmlpageheader name=\"otherpageheader\" style=\"display:none\">\n <div style=\"text-align:center\"> all page Header</div>\n</htmlpageheader>\n\n<htmlpagefooter name=\"otherpagesfooter\" style=\"display:none\">\n <div style=\"text-align:center\">all page footer </div>\n</htmlpagefooter>\n\nIn CSS use following : \n@page { \n header: html_otherpageheader;\n footer: html_otherpagesfooter;\n}\n\n@page :first { \n header: html_firstpageheader;\n footer: html_firstpagefooter;\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Château Malartic-Lagravière\n\nChâteau Malartic-Lagravière, originally Domaine de Lagravière, is a Bordeaux wine from the Pessac-Léognan appellation, ranked among the Crus Classés for red and white wine in the Classification of Graves wine of 1953 and 1959. ", "The winery and vineyards are located south of the city of Bordeaux, in the commune of Léognan.", "\n\nHistory\nThe Domaine de Lagravière was bought in 1803 by Pierre de Malartic whose uncle, Comte de Malartic through battles against the British in Canada and Mauritius brought fame to the name and the maritime theme which is associated with this estate. ", "The Malartic name was not applied to the estate until after 1850 however.", "\n\nThe estate has belonged to the Bonnie family since 1997, with oenologists Michel Rolland and Athanase Fakorellis as consultants.", "\n\nProduction\nFrom a property of , the vineyard area consists of of the red grape varieties 45% Cabernet Sauvignon, 45% Merlot, with 8% Cabernet Franc and 2% Petit Verdot, and of the white grape varieties 80% Sauvignon blanc and 20% Sémillon.", "\n\nThe Grand vin, Château Malartic-Lagravière, is annually produced in 16,000 cases of the red wine and 2,500 cases of the dry white. ", "There are also red and white second wines, Sillage de Malartic, and a rosé, Le Rosé de Malartic.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Château Malartic-Lagravière official site \n\nCategory:Bordeaux wine producers" ]

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[ "Röstförklaringar\nMuntliga röstförklaringar:\nCharles Goerens\n(FR) Herr talman! ", "I går bidrog ordföranden för kommissionen till att stärka respekten för gemenskapsmetoden. ", "Och detta med all rätt, metoden garanterar att alla medlemsstater och gemenskapsinstitutioner får delta i beslutsprocesserna ända från början.", "\nDet sätt som G4 har handskats med bank- och finanskrisen 2008 på visade dock motsatsen till det som José Manuel Barroso uppmanade till i går eftermiddag. ", "År 2008 väntade vi förgäves på att kommissionsordföranden skulle uppmana till ordning.", "\nEuropeiska unionen består naturligtvis av Frankrike, Storbritannien, Tyskland och Italien, dvs. ", "alla medlemmarna i G4. ", "Men den består också av Österrike, Belgien, Estland, Lettland, Rumänien, Polen, Ungern, Luxemburg och så vidare. ", "Dessa blev uteslutna från en viktig fas i beslutsprocessen 2008.", "\nOrdförande Barroso! ", "Ni borde ha stärkt respekten för gemenskapsmetoden redan 2008 genom att göra det uttalande ni gjorde i går. ", "Det är därför som jag inte kan stödja er kandidatur i dag.", "\nHerr talman! ", "Får jag lägga till en personlig kommentar. ", "Det är svårt för dem som har ordet att tala på grund av allt detta oväsen.", "\nCrescenzio Rivellini\n(IT) Herr talman, mina damer och herrar! ", "Efter mitt tal kommer jag att säga några ord på napolitanska (Denna del är inte transkriberad eftersom napolitanska inte är ett officiellt språk). ", "Jag kommer inte att göra detta för att skapa ”lokalfärg” utan för att skapa ett politiskt och medialt intresse för den nödsituation som Syditalien befinner sig i för närvarande. ", "Jag röstade för ordförande Barroso, inte minst på grund av att jag hoppas att han kommer att bli ordförande för hela EU, även Syditalien.", "\nSyditalien är beläget mitt i Medelhavsområdet och är därför en port mot Europa och en länk mellan olika världar. ", "Genom dess historia, dess geografiska läge och kultur av gästfrihet kan området spela en viktig roll för hela den gamla kontinenten. ", "Syditalien bör behandlas med samma respekt som andra platser i EU, och när området nu står inför problem måste EU ingripa lika energiskt som när man lät 150 miljoner medborgare från Östeuropa bli EU-medborgare. ", "Detta hade sitt pris: om en arbetstagare från Gdańsk i dag tjänar 28 gånger mer än tidigare är det bland annat tack vare Italiens och Syditaliens ansträngningar.", "\n(Talaren fortsatte på napolitanska.)", "\nDaniel Hannan\n(EN) Herr talman! ", "Med tiden har vi kanske vant oss vid ihåligheten i den ritual som vi just har utfört. ", "Eftersom vi har blivit så vana vid EU:s struktur har vi slutat se hur felaktigt och hemskt där är att vi låter den högsta verkställande och lagstiftande makten vara i händerna på en byråkrati som inte är vald och som inte tar ansvar. ", "Majoriteten av medlemsstaternas lagar kommer från en kommission som ingen röstar fram och som ingen kan bli av med. ", "Endast i ett avseende gör man anspråk på demokratisk legitimitet - i den ritual som vi just har genomfört här i parlamentet. ", "Jag kan inte låta bli att säga att detta påminner mig om ett av parlamentets tillfälliga sammanträden under den gamla Comecon-eran där vi alla stod upp och gratulerade oss själva för att ha stämplat ett beslut.", "\nJag har personligen inga problem med José Manuel Barroso. ", "Om vi ska ha en federalistisk ordförande för kommissionen - och vad jag förstår är detta parlamentets vilja - kan det lika gärna vara han som någon annan. ", "Han verkar vara en trevlig kille, och som alla brittiska politiker älskar jag Portugal djupt och är medveten om vårt förhållande till vår äldsta bundsförvant. ", "Men det ligger något farsartat i att låtsas tro att ett system som ger monopol på rätten till lagstiftningsinitiativ till personer som vi inte kan rösta på och som vi inte kan göra oss av med präglas av ett demokratiskt engagemang.", "\nSyed Kamall\n(EN) Herr talman! ", "Precis som föregående talare, som för övrigt är min kollega, vill även jag uttrycka mina reservationer mot att José Manuel Barroso blir omvald som ordförande för kommissionen.", "\nTrots allt är han mer än någon annan hängiven ytterligare europeisk integration, ofta mot de europeiska folkens vilja. ", "Han kom dock till ECR-gruppens sammanträde och förklarade att han var för smart reglering.", "\nGivetvis råder det mycket tvivel om vad ”smart reglering” verkligen betyder. ", "Många människor tror att smart reglering är lika med dålig reglering, eller att reglering över huvud taget är motsatsen till smart.", "\nOm ordförande Barroso verkligen är för smart reglering skulle jag vilja be honom att försäkra sig om att kommissionen genomför en ordentlig ekonomisk konsekvensbedömning av varje direktiv. ", "Nästa år kommer parlamentet att gå igenom direktivet om alternativ investeringsfondsförvaltning. ", "Kommissionen har än så länge misslyckats med att genomföra en ordentlig ekonomisk konsekvensbedömning - den säger till och med att detta inte låter sig göras.", "\nHur ska vi, under dessa omständigheter, kunna få tillstånd en smart reglering? ", "Jag ber José Manuel Barroso att tänka över det igen.", "\nAndrew Henry William Brons\n(EN) Herr talman! ", "Jag motsatte mig det gemensamma resolutionsförslaget om skogsbränderna, trots att jag är positivt inställd till att EU-länderna samarbetar frivilligt för att förebygga, bekämpa och reparera de förfärliga skador som orsakats av skogsbränder.", "\nJag motsätter mig emellertid upprättandet av ett EU-organ som får mer makt över medlemsstaterna än vad som är nödvändigt för att handskas med dessa problem. ", "Min uppmärksamhet drogs till punkterna 3, 7 och 8 i det gemensamma resolutionsförslaget.", "\nEnligt detta förslag utnyttjas beundransvärda humanitära insatser i samband med dessa fruktansvärda tragedier för att gå vidare mot att upprätta en europeisk räddningsstyrka vid namn ”Europe Aid”, enligt vad som beskrivs i Michel Barniers rapport.", "\nPhilip Claeys\n(NL) Herr talman! ", "Jag lade ned min röst i den slutliga omröstningen om denna resolution, även om jag gjorde det med viss reservation och en del tvivel eftersom texten utan tvekan innehåller många positiva delar som ingen egentligen kan motsätta sig. ", "Jag tänker t.ex. ", "på stödet för att stärka medlemsstaternas åtgärder för civilskydd genom överföring av expertkunskaper och arbetsmetoder. ", "Förra sommaren såg vi återigen att vissa skogsbränder får en sådan omfattning att det är nödvändigt att samarbeta men att samarbete mellan medlemsstaterna redan sker. ", "Sådant samarbete kan givetvis fördjupas ytterligare men frågan är vilket värde det har att t.ex. ", "ha en separat insatsstyrka för EU. ", "Det skulle bara ta medlemsstaternas resurser i anspråk och innebära att ännu ett EU-organ inrättas med sin egen personal och än mer byråkrati.", "\nSkriftliga förklaringar\nMaria da Graça Carvalho \nTack vare ordförande José Manuel Barroso är EU världsledande i kampen mot klimatförändringen. ", "EU är det enda internationella block som har en tydlig och konsekvent förhandlingsposition till Köpenhamnskonferensen. ", "De politiska riktlinjer för kommissionen som har stakats ut av ordförande Barroso visar en ambitiös och modern vision för EU, där kampen mot klimatförändringen och kunskapstriangeln är centrala frågor.", "\nVi står inför komplexa utmaningar och därför måste svaren präglas av en helhetssyn. ", "För perioden efter 2010 föreslår José Manuel Barroso därför ett samordnat och samstämmigt angreppssätt där Lissabonstrategin, energi- och klimatpolitiken och socialpolitiken ingår. ", "Det föreslås nya källor till tillväxt och social sammanhällning utifrån en ny industristrategi för EU, en modern tjänstesektor och en dynamisk landsbygdsekonomi.", "\nOrdförande Barroso prioriterar sålunda realekonomin och moderniseringen av den genom vetenskaplig forskning, teknisk utveckling, innovationer och hållbarhetsprinciperna. ", "Kommissionen under ledning av ordförande José Manuel Barroso kan i partnerskap med Europaparlamentet och rådet bidra till att skapa ett blomstrande, hållbart och socialt avancerat EU.", "\nFrançoise Castex \nJag röstade mot omvalet av José Manuel Durão Barroso för den politiska konsekvensens skull och av respekt för vår valkrets. ", "Under sina fem år i ämbetet har José Manuel Durão Barroso exploaterat vissa medlemsstaters stöd för George W. Bushs krig i Irak, aldrig lyckats blåsa nytt liv i EU eller stärka EU gentemot nationella egenintressen. ", "Han höll inte måttet när den finansiella, ekonomiska och sociala krisen uppstod.", "\nAllt han har gjort under dessa fem år är att följa den finansiella kapitalismens nyckfulla vägar i stället för att föreslå den nya lagstiftning som EU behöver för 2000-talet. ", "Kommissionens politik behöver en ny inriktning. ", "José Manuel Durão Barroso är inte rätt man för jobbet. ", "Hans program kan inte matcha omfattningen av den aktuella krisen: det saknar en europeisk återhämtningsplan, en sysselsättningspakt, reglering och effektiv övervakning av finansmarknaderna och mer robusta och snabba instrument för att korrigera den bristande balansen. ", "Vi behöver ett direktiv om offentliga tjänster och att kommissionen omorienterar lönepolitiken. ", "Om vi vill rädda vår sociala modell i EU behöver vi en mycket mer ambitiös social dagordning.", "\nDiogo Feio \nJag är glad över att säga att jag som portugis och ledamot av Europaparlamentet röstade för omval av José Manuel Durão Barroso som ordförande för Europeiska kommissionen. ", "Jag anser att hans insatser under den gångna mandatperioden som omgavs av så många politiska, finansiella och sociala svårigheter tillsammans med den erfarenhet han har förvärvat på sin post motiverade regeringarnas stöd och parlamentets förnyade förtroende.", "\nJag beklagar djupt de många försök - som inte alltid var öppna eller allvarliga - att hindra att hans kandidatur skulle lyckas, och jag konstaterar att de omintetgjordes, inte bara för att trovärdiga alternativ saknades utan också för att de grundades på dåraktiga argument. ", "Jag beklagar att ledamöter från mitt eget land inte kunde motstå frestelsen att slå in på den vägen, vilket är lika lätt som inkonsekvent.", "\nJag hoppas att den andra Barrosokommissionen kan kombinera teknisk kompetens med det där lilla extra. ", "Jag hoppas också att man verkligen kommer att respektera och tillämpa subsidiaritetsprincipen och välja att skynda långsamt i små steg, som Jean Monnet förordade, snarare än att anta en snabbspårsstrategi som lovat runt men hållit tunt när det gäller verkliga framsteg för det europeiska projektet och den europeiska drömmen. ", "Hur mycket vi än blickar mot horisonten kommer vi bara dit genom att sätta den ena foten framför den andra. ", "Låt oss gå rätt väg.", "\nJosé Manuel Fernandes \nJag välkomnar resultatet av denna omröstning som innebär att José Manuel Durão Barroso på nytt blir Europeiska kommissionens ordförande. ", "Portugal är stolt över att kommissionen leds av en så erkänt duglig och skicklig portugis som Barroso. ", "Ännu stoltare blir man när man ser tillbaka på insatserna under hans första mandatperiod mellan åren 2004 och 2009. ", "Europaparlamentets omröstning innebär ett erkännande åt dessa insatser. ", "Han valdes faktiskt med mycket bred majoritet - med större majoritet än den som krävs enligt Lissabonfördraget.", "\nBarroso har under de senaste fem åren visat prov på ett starkt och allsidigt ledarskap. ", "Energi- och klimatfrågorna, tjänstedirektivet och kemikalieförordningen är bara några exempel på områden där han har nått framgång och visat ledarskap. ", "Han har även varit en förgrundsgestalt för att söka efter lösningar och lägga fram konkreta förslag för att lösa den ekonomiska kris som vi fortfarande lider av. ", "Europaparlamentet har nu skickat ut ett budskap om att EU är starkt och har en stark ledare. ", "Därför kan vi nu med hopp och tillförsikt gå vidare framåt mot ett mer välmående och solidariskt EU.", "\nJoão Ferreira \nDe politiska riktlinjerna för kommissionens kommande mandatperiod som just har presenterats är en bekräftelse på att dess ordförande har för avsikt att i huvudsak hålla fast vid principerna i riktlinjerna från den mandatperiod som nu går mot sitt slut. ", "Dessa riktlinjer ligger till grund för den djupa ekonomiska och sociala kris vi nu upplever, vars följdverkningar - arbetslöshet, ojämlikhet, fattigdom och utslagning - så skoningslöst har drabbat EU:s arbetstagare och befolkning.", "\nI Portugal har genomförandet av den politik som är en följd av dessa riktlinjer inneburit en ödeläggelse eller fullkomlig lamslagning av väsentliga produktionsområden såsom jordbruk, fiske och industri, ett angrepp på arbetstagarnas rättigheter, sänkta löner och en motsvarande ökning av arbetslöshet och osäkra arbetstillfällen, en orättvis lönefördelning, som nu tydligt avviker från EU-genomsnittet, samt en misslyckad politik med avregleringar, liberalisering och privatisering av basnäringarna, vilket har lett till en avveckling av offentliga tjänster och kommersialisering av väsentliga delar av vårt samhällsliv. ", "Om man håller fast vid dessa riktlinjer bevarar man också förmögenhetskoncentrationen, skapar divergens i stället för konvergens, och lägger grunden för att den latenta systemkrisen på nytt blossar upp inom kort och ställer till med skada.", "\nLidia Joanna Geringer de Oedenberg \nVi vill alla skapa ett starkare EU där folk har det bättre ställt! ", "Att döma av de politiska riktlinjer för nästa kommission som ni presenterade för parlamentet har ni samma avsikter. ", "Men det krävs mer än så av någon som är påtänkt som kommissionens framtida ledare: han förväntas berätta hur han tänkt sig åstadkomma detta och inte bara räkna upp alla utmaningar.", "\nMålen är i själva verket så vittomspännande att det finns en risk för att de tränger undan varandra, och det kommer säkert att komma en tid då man tvingas rangordna de olika prioriteringarna. ", "Vad skulle ni t.ex. ", "välja om målet att skapa ett ekonomiskt konkurrenskraftigt EU skulle råka i konflikt med målet om en hög sysselsättningsnivå? ", "I den text ni skickat till oss ges inget tydligt svar på den frågan.", "\nJag fick intrycket att ert dokument bara är en önskelista med mål som aldrig förverkligades under den första mandatperioden. ", "Frågan är varför de aldrig förverkligades?", "\nJag vill också säga några ord om den punkt i ert program som handlar om Internet. ", "Ni nämner Internets betydelse för den ekonomiska utvecklingen och den sociala sammanhållningen i EU och lovar till och med att den nya kommissionen kommer att utarbeta en s.k. ", "europeisk digital dagordning. ", "Jag skulle gärna vilja veta hur ni har tänkt er att omsätta detta förslag i praktiken och på vilket sätt denna dagordning kommer att innebära ett mervärde i förhållande till de tidigare initiativen?", "\nBruno Gollnisch \nLiksom de vänner som företräder de nationella rörelserna i Europa tillhör också jag en av de 219 Europaparlamentsledamöter som röstade mot José Manuel Durão Barroso. ", "Han är en sympatisk och kultiverad man, men framför allt är han en symbol för Europeiska unionens misslyckande. ", "Han har misslyckats med att värna våra ekonomier och arbetstillfällen mot orättvis global konkurrens, att hjälpa EU-länderna ur krisen, att reformera det finansiella systemet för att tygla ohämmad spekulation, att garantera demokrati, att garantera självförsörjning på livsmedelsområdet och att tygla den tilltagande avindustrialiseringen av våra länder.", "\nHan har kort sagt misslyckats med att bevisa att det Brysselstyrda EU är mer än ett maskineri för att förtrycka, utarma och underkuva folk och nationer. ", "Vid en närmare undersökning är valet av José Manuel Durão Barroso också en symbol för hur EU fungerar. ", "Vilket rabalder skulle det inte ha blivit om en statschef, och inte kommissionens ordförande, som med sin politik kommer att påverka vardagen för 500 miljoner EU-medborgare, hade valts med drygt hälften av rösterna trots att han var den enda kandidaten?", "\nSylvie Guillaume \nJag röstade i dag mot José Manuel Durão Barrosos kandidatur av tre huvudsakliga skäl. ", "För det första på grund av hans egna meriter under de senaste fem åren: ett svagt, konservativt och liberalt ordförandeskap som förhöll sig passivt inför krisen och inte förmådde stimulera en samordnad återhämtning utan uteslutande rättade sig efter stats- och regeringschefernas önskemål. ", "José Manuel Durão Barroso har verkligen inte främjat ett starkt EU. ", "För det andra på grund av hans bristfälliga gensvar på de villkor som uppställdes av Progressiva förbundet av socialdemokrater och demokrater i Europaparlamentet: varken en verklig återhämtningsplan eller en sysselsättningspakt, ingen reglering, tillsyn eller effektiva instrument för att komma till rätta med obalansen på finansmarknaderna, och inte ett enda åtagande om ett ramdirektiv till skydd för offentliga tjänster. ", "Det sista skälet har att göra med budskapet från väljarna i samband med valet till Europaparlamentet, som visade att de inte längre är intresserade av ett försvagat och obegripligt EU där kompromisser uppfattas som en högre dygd än tydliga politiska direktiv.", "\nJacky Hénin \nValet av ordförande till Europeiska kommissionen är ett ytterst viktigt beslut och EU:s väljare har rätt att få information om hur deras företrädare röstar.", "\nPersonligen beklagar och förkastar jag det förfarande med sluten omröstning som leder till en total avsaknad av ansvarsskyldighet.", "\nEftersom jag inte kan finna några beröringspunkter mellan min egen uppfattning och José Manuel Durão Barrosos program kan jag dessutom bekräfta att jag inte kommer att stödja hans utnämning till kommissionens ordförande.", "\nCătălin Sorin Ivan \nOm man vid slutet av den femåriga mandatperioden (2004-2009) skärskådar Europeiska kommissionens verksamhet framställs ordförande Barroso inte i särskilt ljus dager. ", "Mot den bakgrunden finner jag det nödvändigt att lägga ned min röst, särskilt i en tid då en nejröst vore ett politiskt oklokt beslut med tanke på avsaknaden av alternativ, och en jaröst vore liktydigt med att uttrycka ett ovillkorligt och obefogat förtroende för ett otillfredsställande program.", "\nJag anser att medlemsstaternas stöd till ordförande Barroso är ett odiskutabelt bevis för att han inte har varit en stark ordförande utan snarare en ordförande som har prioriterat nationella intressen genom att låta de nationella ledarna staka ut riktlinjerna för sitt mandat. ", "Kommissionen behöver en ordförande som stöder utarbetandet av en gemenskapspolitik och hela tiden eftersträvar integration och främjar tanken på ett enat Europa. ", "Han får inte på något sätt göra sig till talesman för nationella intressen. ", "Ur ett socialdemokratiskt perspektiv har ordförande Barroso misslyckats med att leva upp till många av de åtaganden som gjordes under början av hans mandat år 2004. ", "Kommissionen har visat väldigt lite intresse för många av dessa frågor, t.ex. ", "att konsolidera ett socialt Europa. ", "Jag väljer att inte rösta för en nyutnämning av ordförande Barroso.", "\nAstrid Lulling \nJag röstade för utnämningen av José Manuel Durão Barroso som ordförande för Europeiska kommissionen.", "\nFyra skäl ligger bakom detta beslut.", "\nEuropeiska rådet lade enhälligt fram förslaget om José Manuel Durão Barrosos kandidatur.", "\nEnligt min uppfattning om demokrati har valets vinnare rätt att välja en person ur sin egen krets.", "\nDet finns inga andra alternativ än José Manuel Durão Barroso. ", "Ingen alternativ lösning har allvarligt övervägts.", "\nDen kritik som riktats mot den avgående ordföranden är felaktig på en avgörande punkt. ", "Det är nämligen kommissionen som lägger fram förslag och medlemsstaterna som fattar beslut.", "\nMitt stöd är även förknippat med vissa förväntningar.", "\nUnder sin andra mandatperiod bör José Manuel Durão Barroso uppträda något mer oberoende, inte minst i förhållande till de större medlemsstaterna, och verka för att målet med hans åtgärder uteslutande ska vara att tjäna gemenskapens bästa.", "\nJag beklagar att kommissionen har en tendens att bli ett konglomerat av kommissionsledamöter som kan agera efter eget gottfinnande. ", "Jag vill uppmana José Manuel Durão Barroso att använda sitt inflytande för att bryta denna utveckling.", "\nJag skulle vilja att kommissionen i egenskap av fördragens väktare återvinner sin ursprungliga styrka, d.v.s. ", "förmågan att staka ut kursen med samlande projekt.", "\nWilly Meyer \nJosé Manuel Durão Barroso, Europeiska kommissionens ordförande, bär ansvaret för den finansiella, ekonomiska, livsmedelsmässiga och miljömässiga kris som EU befinner sig i. Ingen har så här långt insett hans misstag utan skulden har i stället lagts på Förenta staterna. ", "Kommissionen har hittills försökt skapa ett EU som bygger på privatiseringar och nedmontering av välfärdsstaten.", "\nKommissionen antog Lissabonstrategin, där man förutspådde en ekonomisk tillväxt på 3 procent och skapandet av 20 miljoner arbetstillfällen fram till år 2010. ", "Det är uppenbart att denna strategi är ett misslyckande. ", "Trots detta föreslår nu kommissionen att strategin ska förnyas och fortsätter med samma politik som har gett upphov till krisen. ", "Krisen är ingen pandemi utan resultatet av en satsning på en enda strategi: den strategi som antogs av kommissionen. ", "I kommissionens utrikespolitiska program nämns Sahara eller Palestina över huvud taget inte alls. ", "Dessa frågor är inte bara frågor som inte prioriteras, utan EU planerar dessutom att ge en framskjuten ställning åt Marocko och att uppgradera förbindelserna med staten Israel.", "\nMaria do Céu Patrão Neves \nDet arbete som utförts av ordförande José Manuel Barroso under de senaste fem åren har kännetecknats av pragmatism, allvar och fasthet i bevakandet av EU:s viktigaste intressen.", "\nHans ledarskap i världen när det gäller kampen mot klimatförändringarna, det tidsmässigt lägliga initiativet att öka EU:s engagemang i världshaven genom sjösättandet av den nya europeiska sjöfartspolitiken, och hans förmåga att skapa samsyn om budgetplanen i en europeisk union med 27 medlemsstater är några exempel på skäl som motiverar att han bör fortsätta att leda Europeiska kommissionen.", "\nEkonomisk tillväxt, investeringar i innovation och fortbildning och kampen mot arbetslöshet är grundläggande förutsättningar för att den europeiska integrationen ska kunna fortsätta, och dessa frågor utgör också José Manuel Durão Barrosos prioriteringar inför framtiden.", "\nVid en tidpunkt då världen befinner sig i en ekonomiskt och finansiellt besvärlig situation behöver EU en stark ledare som kan blåsa nytt liv i det europeiska projektet.", "\nAv bland annat dessa skäl anser jag att José Manuel Durão Barroso är den idealiske ordföranden för att styra över EU:s öde under den kommande mandatperioden.", "\nFrédérique Ries \nLiksom 381 av mina kolleger gav jag mitt stöd till José Manuel Durão Barrosos utnämning till ordförande för kommissionen. ", "Det beslutet fattade jag av många skäl, inte minst på grund av att vissa personer riktar synnerligen orättvisa anklagelser mot denne kandidat. ", "Vissa drömmer om en ny Delors, samtidigt som de glömmer att vi har skapat en annan värld ... och ett annat EU. ", "Kohls och Mitterrands EU med tolv medlemsstater finns inte längre och kommer med all sannolikhet heller aldrig tillbaka.", "\nSom första ordförande för en kommission med 25, och sedermera 27 ledamöter, fick José Manuel Durão Barroso den känsliga uppgiften att hantera 2004 års utvidgning. ", "Det var en mandatperiod präglad av konsolidering. ", "Den andra mandatperioden kommer att präglas av ambitioner. ", "Jag hoppas och tror att det blir på det viset. ", "Jag vägrar att leka trollkarlens lärling, vägrar att vänta, inte på Godot, utan på en annan hypotetisk kandidat som rådet inte har några planer på att föreslå. ", "Jag vägrar att vänta och därmed ytterligare försvaga våra institutioner och försämra det goda anseende som Europeiska unionen fortfarande har hos medborgarna. ", "Så vi förväntar oss att han ska hålla sina löften om bekämpande av klimatförändringar och diskriminering, och om snabba gemensamma insatser mot den ekonomiska och sociala krisen. ", "Att skjuta upp denna omröstning ytterligare en gång vore att slå in på ett villospår. ", "Det vore ett misstag att vänta på en spökkandidat.", "\nNuno Teixeira \nEn stark och ambitiös kommissionsordförande är en förutsättning för att EU ska kunna återta sin ställning som världsledare genom att finna en god balans mellan å ena sidan ekonomiska och politiska mål och å andra sidan social och territoriell sammanhållning. ", "Prioriteringarna måste fastställas på ett pragmatiskt sätt samtidigt som man tar hänsyn till de värderingar som ligger till grund för det europeiska projektet.", "\nVi står inför en rad utmaningar, bland annat att reformera gemenskapsbudgeten, som EU måste ta itu med genom att bevisa att man klarar av att påverka den globala dagordningen i en rad frågor som t.ex. ", "kampen mot klimatförändringarna och regleringen av finansmarknaderna. ", "Vid en tidpunkt då arbetslösheten skjuter i höjden i många medlemsstater är det av avgörande betydelse att man finner ett hållbart sätt att komma ur den rådande ekonomiska och sociala krisen. ", "Detta mål bör ena medlemsstaterna kring solidaritetsprincipen och stärkandet av EU:s inre marknad.", "\nEftersom jag anser att José Manuel Durão Barroso har de kvaliteter som gör det möjligt att för honom att också fortsättningsvis infria de förväntningar vi har på honom, eftersom jag anser att det är hedrande för Portugal att han innehar denna post, och eftersom jag uppfattar det som en fördel för en litet och avlägset randområde som Madeira att ha en företrädare för kommissionen som på allvar förstår dess situation, stöder jag hans nya kandidatur till posten som ordförande för Europeiska kommissionen.", "\nFrank Vanhecke \nJag röstade mot omvalet av José Manuel Durão Barroso till kommissionens ordförande eftersom han under de senaste fem åren har varit själva sinnebilden för den kommission som på ett sådant föraktfullt och arrogant sätt valde att sätta sig över det demokratiska förkastandet av Lissabonfördraget. ", "José Manuel Durão Barroso har upprepade gånger argumenterat för en ny våg av massinvandring och genomgående tonat ned de problem som är förknippade med Turkiets eventuella anslutning till EU. ", "Det är dessutom mycket talande att José Manuel Durão Barroso i går vägrade att svara på en befogad fråga från en brittisk ledamot angående hans avsikter när det gäller tillsättande av en europeisk människorättskommissionär, dvs. ", "internt inom Europeiska unionen. ", "Storebror Europa marscherar vidare utan att någon, inte ens Europaparlamentsledamöterna, ska ha kunskap om detta.", "\nDerek Vaughan \nÄven om jag vanligtvis inte brukar lägga ned min röst kände jag att det var riktigt under dagens omröstning om valet av kommissionens ordförande. ", "Jag godtar att José Manuel Durão Barroso har gjort vissa eftergifter, till exempel i frågan om sociala konsekvensbedömningar. ", "Men José Manuel Durão Barroso har inte lyckats visa prov på engagemang när det gäller att lägga fram förslag som är viktiga för S&D-gruppen - t.ex. ", "att skärpa direktivet om utstationerade arbetstagare, ett direktiv av avgörande betydelse för att skydda walesiska arbetstagare. ", "Det behövs även ett tydligare åtagande när det gäller portföljerna för de nyutnämnda kommissionsledamöterna och en tydlig förklaring från José Manuel Durão Barroso om hur nästa kommissionskollegium ska sammansättas. ", "Jag anser inte att José Manuel Durão Barrosos utfästelse om att bekämpa social dumpning i EU är tillräckligt långtgående, och det är av detta skäl, utöver det jag tidigare sagt, som jag har beslutat mig för att lägga ned min röst.", "\nBernadette Vergnaud \nJag röstade mot José Manuel Durão Barrosos kandidatur framför allt på grund av att jag tror på att verkligt politiskt EU, och ett sådant mål går inte att uppnå med en kommission som är styrd av storföretagens önskemål. ", "Jag anser vidare att man inte kan bedriva kampanj genom att efterlysa ett annat slags europeiskt ledarskap, för att sedan ge fritt spelrum åt en första klassens liberal vars program kännetecknas av brist på ambition och värderingar. ", "En man som gömmer sig bakom beteckningen bättre lagstiftning för att avreglera allt som jag som socialist vill försvara: offentliga tjänster, socialt skydd för arbetstagare, respekt för hälso- och sjukvårdssystemen, reglering av den finansiella ekonomin och skydd av konsumenter och miljö mot industrigruppernas makt. ", "Av respekt för mina egna och väljarnas värderingar upplever jag att dessa värden inte kan åsidosättas för baktankar och konstgrepp i syfte att få futtiga eftergifter från de konservativa som innehar majoriteten i medlemsstaterna, Europaparlamentet och kommissionen, och som inte kommer att låta sig nöjas förrän de har drivit igenom sin avregleringspolitik.", "\nDominique Vlasto \nÄven om valet av Europeiska kommissionens ordförande sker genom sluten omröstning vill jag offentligt uttala mitt stöd för kandidaten från vår egen partigrupp, José Manuel Durão Barroso, och uppriktigt lyckönska honom till nyutnämningen. ", "Eftersom Europeiska folkpartiets grupp (kristdemokrater) vann valet till Europaparlamentet är det ganska naturligt att ordföranden för den nya kommissionen ska komma från våra egna led. ", "Trots de fruktlösa missnöjesyttringarna från den splittrade vänstern och de gröna, som dock inte hade någon egen kandidat att föra fram, lyckades därför José Manuel Durão Barroso bli omvald med god marginal. ", "Jag välkomnar också hans förnyade åtagande att föra ett nära samarbete med vår församling, där han kan lita på vår beslutsamhet och vårt stöd närhelst förslagen om vårt europeiska projekt ska gå till omröstning. ", "Parlamentet och kommissionen kommer nu att kunna sätta igång med sitt arbete utan dröjsmål, vilket ju var det allra viktigaste i denna svåra tid då många utmaningar kräver snabba åtgärder för alla EU-medborgares bästa. ", "Eftersom EU deltar aktivt inom G20 och i klimatförhandlingarna måste vi dessutom stå enade och vara funktionsdugliga: dagens klara och entydiga röstsiffror stärker även EU gentemot andra världsmakter.", "\nJean-Pierre Audy \nJag röstade för Europaparlamentets resolution av den 16 september 2009 om skogsbränderna sommaren 2009. ", "Denna resolution är en i raden av resolutioner där man belyser den täta förekomsten av, allvaret och komplexiteten hos och konsekvenserna av naturkatastrofer och katastrofer orsakade av människan i EU, som har ökat de senaste åren. ", "Fenomenet med skogsbränder förvärras av avfolkningen av landsbygden, det gradvisa övergivandet av traditionell verksamhet, dåligt skogsbruk, förekomsten av vidsträckta ytor med skogsodlingar med ett enda trädslag, plantering av dåligt anpassade trädslag, avsaknaden av en effektiv politik för förebyggande av bränder, de lindriga straffen för dem som gör sig skyldiga till mordbrand och det bristfälliga genomförandet av den lagstiftning som förbjuder olaglig byggverksamhet och garanterar återplantering av skog. ", "Det är beklagligt att kommissionen trots Europaparlamentets krav inte har tagit något initiativ för att inrätta en europeisk civilskyddsstyrka, och jag välkomnar de åtgärder som har vidtagits av min vän Michel Barnier, som länge har drivit frågan om att inrätta en sådan enhet. ", "När privata försäkringsbolag inte längre erbjuder brandförsäkringar för skogar och den privata sektorn inte förmår lägga fram alternativ, är det absolut nödvändigt att man överväger ett offentligt-privat gemensamt instrument för att försäkra skogarna mot stormar och bränder.", "\nCarlos Coelho \nFörhållanden med extrem torka och skogsbränder har tyvärr blivit allt vanligare och allvarligare i södra Europa. ", "Enorma skador har vållats i form av förlust av människoliv (elva personer dog under den gångna sommaren), minskad ekonomisk verksamhet och miljöförsämringar, framför allt genom tilltagande ökenspridning till följd av att omkring 400 000 hektar europeiska skogar har försvunnit årligen under det senaste årtiondet.", "\nKlimatförändringen bidrar till det växande antalet naturkatastrofer, men i många fall är de omöjliga att förutse eller uppkommer genom brottsliga handlingar. ", "Därför behövs fortsatt vetenskaplig forskning för att ta fram förbättrade riskbedömningsmetoder, system för förebyggande av bränder och brandbekämpningsutrustning. ", "Även de ekonomiska resurser som behövs för ändamålet måste anslås.", "\nVi behöver en europeisk strategi för att motverka naturkatastrofer och en förbättrad överensstämmelse och samordning mellan de olika gemenskapsinstrumenten. ", "Medlemsstaterna bör förbättra samarbetet och samordningen sinsemellan för att garantera solidaritet och tillgång till fler snabbinsatsresurser när dessa naturkatastrofer ska bekämpas.", "\nJag uppmanar rådsordförandeskapet att snabbt fatta beslut om inrättandet av den nya solidaritetsfonden så att den blir tydligare och lättare att utnyttja i händelse av ett nödläge.", "\nDiogo Feio \nSydeuropa har drabbats av katastrofer (torka och bränder) som har hotat människoliv, ekonomier och lokala ekosystem och som bidrar till avfolkning av de vidsträckta områden som en gång var befolkade, brukade och omvårdade. ", "Från att ha varit ett problem som bara berör vissa enskilda länder har detta fenomen och dess allvarliga följdverkningar nu blivit gränsöverskridande till sin natur och kräver därför utan tvekan lämpliga åtgärder på EU-nivå.", "\nSom jag tidigare har sagt kommer Europeiska unionen att gynnas om vi behåller en enad front också i tider av motgångar och lyckas mobilisera resurser såsom solidaritetsfonden samtidigt som vi lyckas finna system och metoder för att förhindra orsakerna och mildra konsekvenserna av dessa gissel, och tillhandahåller ett flexibelt, snabbt och lämpligt motmedel mot dem.", "\nUtöver kommissionen, som bör spela en ledande roll för att finna lösningar och genomföra bästa metoder, bör hela skogsindustrin uppmanas att dela med sig av kunskap, utarbeta lösningar och hitta sätt att bidra till att variera de verksamheter som bedrivs i våra skogar.", "\nEnligt en portugisisk barnramsa är ett träd en vän. ", "Europeiska unionen bör återgälda denna vänskap och följaktligen stödja landsbygdens framtid.", "\nJoão Ferreira \nSkälet till att jag röstade ja är att det behövs en verksam solidaritet och omedelbar mobilisering av finansiella resurser för att vi så snabbt som situationen kräver ska kunna hantera den socialt och miljömässigt tragiska situation som har drabbat de områden och samhällen som drabbades av sommarens bränder.", "\nJag anser dock att man i resolutionen mer borde betona effekterna av vissa delar av gemenskapspolitiken, särskilt den gemensamma jordbrukspolitiken (GJP), som leder till att människor överger marken och produktionssystemen, samt verksamhet som bidrar till att förebygga problemet med bränder.", "\nKonsekvenserna av GJP, särskilt i länder som Portugal, utgör en av de underliggande orsakerna till de bränder som i dag ödelägger stora markområden år efter år. ", "Jag anser dock att detta möjliga och önskvärda samarbete mellan medlemsstaterna för att bekämpa skogsbränder inte får utnyttjas för att bana väg för avlägsnandet av viktiga delar av varje medlemsstats suveränitet när det gäller räddningstjänster och införandet av åtgärder för att styra och ingripa på deras territorium.", "\nSylvie Guillaume \nDenna sommar har skogsbränder återigen ödelagt södra Frankrike. ", "I likhet med våra andra europeiska grannar har våra medborgare tvingats bekämpa lågorna, en katastrof som leder till både materiella skador och mänskligt lidande. ", "Det är skälet till att jag har förespråkat inrättandet av en oberoende permanent europeisk insatsstyrka som ska bistå medlemsstaterna och de drabbade regionerna vid skogsbränder och andra katastrofer. ", "Vi har även uppmanat kommissionen att införa en strategi som gör det möjligt att bevara de rika ekosystemen i våra naturparker, vare sig det är Bauges, Ardèche eller Lubéron. ", "Arbetet skulle bygga på finansiering inriktad på förebyggande åtgärder och insatser för att återställa det skadade ekosystemet. ", "Det kan vara berättigat att tillämpa den gemensamma jordbrukspolitiken för att förhindra spridningen av skogsbränder, som alltför ofta är en följd av riklig undervegetation i vissa områden. ", "Slutligen har jag även förespråkat en mobilisering av EU:s solidaritetsfond, en fond som i dag blockeras av rådet, trots att den verkligen behövs.", "\nEija-Riitta Korhola \nHerr talman! ", "Under måndagens debatt om skogsbränderna sommaren 2009 sade jag att naturförhållandena kommer att förändras i takt med klimatförändringarna. ", "Det är ett faktum som inte kan bestridas. ", "Det förklarar dock inte miljökatastrofer, särskilt inte om samma fenomen uppträder med några års mellanrum. ", "Vi kan och måste vara bättre förberedda. ", "Det är skälet till att jag var tvungen att rösta mot min grupps ståndpunkt i dag i fråga om ändringsförslag 5. ", "För att vara helt ärlig är jag rätt förbryllad över denna ståndpunkt. ", "Det är verkligen dags att EU:s medlemsstater tittar sig i spegeln. ", "Det känns fullständigt berättigat att påstå att den ödeläggelse som orsakats av skogsbränderna skulle ha kunnat undvikas om vissa medlemsstater hade utarbetat och genomfört mer ändamålsenliga förebyggande åtgärder och satsat mer på att stoppa den brottsliga verksamheten knuten till förvärv av ytterligare mark att bygga på.", "\nPolitikerna får inte blunda för fakta. ", "Det är inte bra för någon, särskilt inte när det gäller en mänsklig tragedi av en sådan storleksordning som den som orsakas av skogsbränderna. ", "Det har hävdats att klimatförändringarna är en av orsakerna till ökningen av antalet skogsbränder. ", "Det är sant att Europa kommer att behöva förbereda sig på längre skogsbrandssäsonger än bara från juni till september, vilket hittills har varit det normala. ", "Somrarna börjar tidigare och de är varmare och torrare, särskilt i söder. ", "Risken för bränder ökar därmed. ", "Själva problemet med bränder härrör dock inte från någon gradvis förändring av naturförhållandena. ", "Orsaken ligger någon annanstans. ", "Det är en sak att anpassa sig till den föränderliga miljön. ", "Det är en helt annan sak att acceptera en stelbent, dålig praxis och inte förbereda sig.", "\nWilly Meyer \nI Grekland förstördes 130 000 olivträd av bränderna, samt många hektar av vingårdar, boskap, biodlingar, magasin, stall och ett stort antal växthus och hus. ", "I Spanien har 95 769 hektar drabbats av skogsbränderna, vilket har lett till elva dödsfall och beräknade förluster på 395 miljoner euro.", "\nBränderna har lett till enorma sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga skador för de lokala ekonomierna, produktionsverksamheten och turismen, vilket har gjort det nödvändigt med stöd till drabbade medborgare och återställande av tidigare miljöförhållanden genom omedelbara ingripanden på nationell nivå och gemenskapsnivå.", "\nVi uppmanar kommissionen att utan dröjsmål mobilisera EU:s nuvarande solidaritetsfond och frigöra de resurser som krävs för att stödja återställningsplaner för de drabbade områdena, för återställande av deras produktionskapacitet och fullständig återbeskogning av de förstörda områdena.", "\nAvskogningen är delvis orsakad av väg- och järnvägsbyggen. ", "Kommissionen måste främja åtgärder för att offentliga arbeten som finansieras av EU-medel ska omfatta en viss offentlig investering i förbättring, underhåll och ökning av offentlig skog.", "\nAndreas Mölzer \nOlyckligtvis präglades sommaren 2009 av ödeläggande skogsbränder i Sydeuropa, vilka orsakade enorma materiella och ekologiska skador. ", "Det stod i detta sammanhang klart att mordbrännare, som vinner på att förstöra skogarna, uppmuntras av bristerna i och avsaknaden av skogsregister eller genom bristfälligt preciserad markanvändning. ", "Det var därför viktigt att i detta resolutionsförslag uppmana medlemsstaterna att revidera eller ändra dessa register.", "\nFörutom återbeskogning krävs samarbete mellan experter, brandkårer och andra inblandade grupper i både nödsituationer och i förebyggande syften. ", "Resolutionsförslaget innehåller logiska förslag, exempelvis om hur medlemsstaterna kan ges stöd vid en katastrof i överensstämmelse med solidaritetsprincipen. ", "Det är skälet till att jag röstade ja till det gemensamma resolutionsförslaget om skogsbränderna sommaren 2009.", "\nFrédérique Ries \nVi måste slå fast direkt att det inte är en lätt uppgift att förebygga naturkatastrofer och anpassa sig till klimatförändringarna. ", "Även om EU klarar sig lite bättre än andra regioner i världen, genom inrättandet av en stärkt räddningstjänstmekanism och den finansiella gudagåvan i form av solidaritetsfonden, förstörs mer än 600 000 hektar varje år.", "\nJag tänker inte bara på skogsbränderna kring Medelhavet, av vilka de värsta ägde rum sommaren 2009 i höglandet kring Aten. ", "Jag anser att två förslag är avgörande för att förbättra situationen. ", "För det första måste Michel Barniers rapport från 2006 om en europeisk räddningstjänststyrka genomföras till fullo. ", "Vi väntar fortfarande på att en europeisk räddningstjänststyrka ska inrättas för att förverkliga den europeiska räddningstjänstpolitik som medborgarna har röstat ja till. ", "För det andra är det viktigt att kommissionen har rätt att övervaka vad som sker lokalt. ", "Det skulle vara minst sagt förvånande om EU-bidrag betalades ut när vissa av skogsbränderna troligen anläggs av brottslingar med det enda syftet att förbereda marken för exploatering.", "\nJoanna Senyszyn \nJag röstade ja till resolutionen om skogsbränder. ", "Hittills i år har mer än 200 000 hektar skog förstörts av bränder i EU. ", "Det är mer än under hela 2008! ", "I Polen är hotet från skogsbränder ett av de största i Europa. ", "I april 2009 var antalet bränder det högsta på fem år.", "\nVi måste vidta brådskande och ändamålsenliga åtgärder för att motverka klimatförändringarna, som är en av orsakerna till bränderna. ", "En annan viktig fråga i den antagna resolutionen är samordningen av EU-mekanismer för förebyggande av klimatförändring och i synnerhet ändamålsenlig användning av solidaritetsfonden för att begränsa brändernas konsekvenser.", "\nVi måste inrätta en europeisk insatsstyrka som kan agera snabbt i händelse av naturkatastrofer. ", "Detta skulle på ett finansiellt och organisationsmässigt plan komplettera de insatser som genomförs i medlemsstaterna. ", "Jag hoppas att kommissionen vederbörligen kommer att beakta parlamentets resolution om bekämpande av brändernas effekter och att den kommer att sporras att intensifiera sina egna insatser på området.", "\nCatherine Stihler \nDagens debatt om skogsbränder välkomnas. ", "Ödeläggelsen av många natursköna platser är en förlust för oss alla. ", "Vi måste visa solidaritet med våra kolleger och hjälpa de drabbade länderna.", "\nNuno Teixeira \nDe senaste undersökningarna visar att skogarna på Madeira som ett resultat av den återbeskogning som främjas av regionala myndigheter samt genom miljöskyddsorganisationernas initiativ, har ökat med nästan 5 000 hektar under de senaste 36 åren, en bedrift som blir än mer anmärkningsvärd med tanke på att den går emot den nationella tendensen. ", "Det ovärderliga arvet måste skyddas. ", "Även om vi absolut måste vara redo att reagera på skogsbränder anser jag att det är nödvändigt att balansera tilldelningen av resurser mellan förebyggande av bränder, upptäckt av bränder samt brandsläckningen i sig. ", "Jag röstade ja till resolutionen eftersom jag anser att denna politik kan främjas på EU-nivå genom en solidaritetsstrategi där man strävar efter att samordna brandförsvar och ändamålsenligt förebyggande av riskfyllda typer av beteenden.", "\nI denna strategi bör särskild uppmärksamhet ägnas åt de yttersta randområdena och den bör medföra att både myndigheter och ägare av skogsmark deltar i att röja skogsmarken, plantera inhemska arter och återbefolka landsbygdsområden. ", "Brottsliga handlingar bör också straffas på lämpligt sätt på nationell nivå. ", "En flexibel tillämpning av förfaranden för utnyttjandet av befintliga eller nya strukturfonder, som EU:s solidaritetsfond, kommer att möjliggöra snabbare hjälp till människor som har förlorat odlingsmark, hem och boskap som en följd av bränder eller andra katastrofer.", "\nFrank Vanhecke \nJag lade ned min röst i slutomröstningen om kompromissresolutionen om skogsbrändernas följder 2009. ", "Skälet var att jag konstaterar att en majoritet i parlamentet anser att bekämpandet av skogsbränder på EU-nivå inte bör begränsas till stöd och samordning, utan i själva verket anser att en slags separat europeisk brandkår bör inrättas, ytterligare ett EU-organ som skulle kosta mycket pengar och bara överlappa det arbete som redan görs av andra.", "\nDet illustrerar i varje fall att EU-federalisterna är mindre intresserade av att på ett effektivt och kompetent sätt leda kontinenten och mer intresserade av att ge en signal, nämligen att allting måste styras på EU-nivå - trots att vi så ofta hör subsidiaritetsprincipen lovordas.", "\n" ]

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[ "Studies on the mechanism of granulosa cell luteinization will be continued. ", "Emphasis will be placed upon examination of control of maturation of gonadotropin receptors during follicular maturation in the rhesus monkey and pig. ", "Granulosa cells will be grown in chemically defined media enriched with hormonal agents suspected as controlling LH and FSH receptor maturation. ", "Porcine granulosa cells will be employed in conjuction with I125-labeled hCG as an assay system for LH - CG in the monkey, pig and other species." ]

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[ "Georgios Achilleos\n\nGeorgios Achilleos (; born December 24, 1980) is a Cypriot sports shooter and past World titlist and World No. ", "1 in Skeet.", "\n\nHe is a four-time Skeet Shooting medalist in the World Championships, and a four-time Olympian, with his 5th position in Beijing 2008 being to date (as of 2017) Cyprus’ third-best all time placing at the Olympics, after Pavlos Kontides’ silver medal in Laser sailing in London 2012 and Antonis Nikolaidis’ 4th place in Skeet Shooting in Beijing 2008.", "\n\nHe was the national flag bearer at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics.", "\n\nAchilleos has the existing distinction of being the inaugural Cypriot athlete to set a World Record in an Olympic Sport. ", "He is the current WR holder after shooting 125/125 at the 2015 Larnaca ISSF World Cup. ", "His inaugural World Record was in 2005 in Dubai where he scored 124+24.", "\n\nEarly life and career\nAchilleos was born in London, United Kingdom in 1980. ", "His parents originate from the town of Paphos on the west coast of Cyprus. ", "He started competing in Skeet Shooting in a young age and recorded his first success in the Junior level. ", "His international debut was at the 1997 European Championships in Sipoo, Finland where he took 9th place. ", "His first major medal (silver) came at the 1998 European Championships, held in Nicosia, Cyprus. ", "Achilleos competed in the 1998 World Championship in Barcelona, Spain taking 10th place.", "\n\nThe 1999 season was a breakthrough year for Achilleos. ", "His debut World Cup in the Men's category ended in 16th place in Lima. ", "He placed 31st in Kumamoto and European Championship (35th at Poussan. ", "He won gold in the Junior's event at the 1999 World Championship in Tampere, Finland. ", "His last major Junior distinction came in 2000 (after he already started regularly competing as a Senior), when he equaled the Junior World Record at the 2000 Lonato World Cup with 123+24, and took away a bronze medal. ", "Achilleos automatically qualified for the 2000 Sidney Summer Olympics at the age of 19.", "\n\nSummer Olympics\nHe has represented the island in the 2000 Summer Olympics ranking 23rd, 2004 Summer Olympics ranking 9th, 2008 Summer Olympics ranking 5th and 2012 Summer Olympics where he finished in 11th place.", "\n\nSydney 2000\nJust a few months before turning 20, George Achilleos was named a member of Team Cyprus at the 2000 Summer Olympics, held in Sydney. ", "The young Cypriot started the event with the best possible way, shooting 25/25 and 24/25 at the two starting rounds, but then went on to close Day 1 on September 22 with a low 22/25. ", "Despite his efforts in Day 2 where he recorded two sets of 24/25, Achilleos finished in 23rd place with 119/125. ", "Ten shooters tied at 122/125 for the remaining three spots in the final, amongst them fellow Cypriot Antonakis Andreou, who went on to take 8th place.", "\n\nAthens 2004\nFour years later, a now experienced Achilleos went to the Greek capital as one of the best young shooters in Skeet. ", "He was the national flag barer at the Opening Ceremony at the OAKA stadium. ", "The Cypriot delegation received a standing ovation by the mostly Greek crowd, due to the islands’ ties to Greece. ", "George then set his eyes on the skeet event, which was held at the Markopoulo Shooting Centre on 21 and 22 August.", "\n\nAfter shooting 24, 24 and then 25, Achilleos closed day 1 tied in 8th place with 73/75. ", "Day 2 started with a 23/25 could seriously affect his hopes for the final. ", "He closed the day with a perfect 25/25 to finish up in 9th place, just one disc away from the shoot-off.", "\n\nBeijing 2008\nAchilleos went into the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China as the favorite for the gold medal, since he was world No1 in ISSF's rankings and the reigning World Champion. ", "Due to his international successes, Achilleos was chosen for a second consecutive Olympiad to carry the flag at the Opening Ceremony, this time in the Bird's Nest of the Chinese capital.", "\n\nA week later (August 15 and 16) the skeet event was set to take place and all Cypriot eyes were on the Beijing Shooting Range. ", "Then President of the Republic of Cyprus, Mr. Demetris Christofias and former President Tassos Papadopoulos were also in attendance, hoping to witness Cyprus’ first ever Olympic medal.", "\n\nDay 1 started bad for Achilleos, who shot 23, 24 and 23 for a total of 70/75. ", "But with only nine shooters having better ranking after day 1, including four athletes with 71/75, the road to the final was still open. ", "And George didn't disappoint on day 2. ", "He started with a perfect 25/25 and closed the day with 24/25, which put him on 5th position (119/125). ", "Fellow Cypriot Antonis Nikolaides also finished the qualification round in the top 6, with a score of 120/125, giving Cyprus its first ever double Olympic final participation in any event.", "\n\nIn what was expected to be an historic day for Cyprus, turned out to become one of Cyprus most painful. ", "Achilleos recorded 24/25 in the final, which kept him in 5th position with a total of 143, just one disc shy of the bronze medal shoot off. ", "Nikolaides also had 24/25 in the final, but went on to lose the medal shoot-off against Anthony Terras of France, settling for a 4th position. ", "The 4th and 5th position by Nikolaides and Achilleos respectively is to date (as of 2017) Cyprus’ second and third best placing in the Olympics, following the silver medal of sailor Pavlos Kontides in London four years later.", "\n\nLondon 2012\nAchilleos returned for his fourth Olympic appearance -a tied record for the island as of 2017. ", "Although being the top finisher four years earlier, George didn't carry the flag at the Opening Ceremony since the skeet event was scheduled just three days later and he opted not to attend the Opening Ceremony. ", "Tennis star Marcos Baghdatis was chosen to carry the flag.", "\n\nThe competition on day 1 at the Royal Artillery Barracks started negatively for Achilleos, with a 23 and a 22-round keeping him well below the top six. ", "The Cypriot closed the day with a 24/25. ", "On day 2 Achilleos was improved with a total of 49/50, but the 118 mark was two discs below the needed score to qualify for the final, finishing in 11th position.", "\n\nShooting competitions\n\nWorld Championships\nThe most important annual shooting event organized by the ISSF is the World Championships, an event in which George has won four medals as a Senior as of 2017, making him just one of a handful of Cypriot athletes who have won medals in senior world championships. ", "The gold medal in the Nicosia 2007 World Championship is Achilleos’ biggest accomplishment, with three more medals coming in Maribor 2009, Munich 2010 and Moscow 2017.", "\n\nWorld Cup\nAs of 2017 George Achilleos is the most medaled skeet shooter still active in the world, with a total of 15 podiums in World Cups. ", "He has won six gold all in the span between 2007 and 2012. ", "His first World Cup medal came in 2000 in Lonato, Italy, while his latest (as of 2017) came in the \"home court\" of Larnaca in 2017.", "\n\nGeorge has also won three medals in World Cup Finals. ", "A gold in 2007, and bronze in 2005 and 2009.", "\n\nOther events\nIncluding the World Championships, World Cups and World Cup Finals, Achilleos has stepped on the podium in eight different international main events. ", "The Cypriot skeet shooter has won medals in European Championships, Commonwealth Games, Mediterranean Games, European Games and even in the bi-annual Games of the Small States of Europe, a multisport event which is attended by European countries of one million population and below.", "\n\nWorld Records\nAs of 2017, Achilleos is the only Cypriot to have set a World Record in an Olympic sport, a feat that he managed more than once. ", "Achilleos first equaled the World Record in skeet shooting in 2005 at Dubai, by shooting 124/125. ", "He again equaled the World Record and currently shares the WR after scoring a perfect 125/125 in Larnaca in 2015.", "\n\nAchilleos shot a perfect 125/125 two more times during domestic championships, although these particular events didn't count for a world record. ", "These occurred in March 2011 at Paralimni and February 2015 in Larnaca.", "\n\nHonors and awards\nAs one of Cyprus’ most medaled athletes internationally in all sports since the beginning of the 21st century, Achilleos has been selected twice (2007, 2010) as the island's top athlete by the Cyprus Sports Writers Union. ", "The particular ceremony (which takes place since the 80s) is considered as the most prestigious sporting award in the country, with the President of the Republic traditionally the person who presents the award to the best Cypriot athlete of the year. ", "Besides winning top accolade twice, Achilleos has the record of most appearances in the top 5; 13 straight times with the run coming to an end at the 2017 event.", "\n\nAchilleos was selected as the flag bearer of Cyprus for the opening ceremony of the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow at Celtic Park.", "\n\nEquipment and sponsors\nAchilleos is one of Beretta's international sporting personalities. ", "As of 2017 the Cypriot shooter uses the DT11 Black Edition from Beretta. ", "Achilleos travels each year after the end of the season to the Beretta factory in Brescia, Italy for modifications to his weapons.", "\n\nOPAP Cyprus has been a long time sponsor for Achilleos, with their partnership continuing since 2007. ", "Olympia is George's official cartridge provider while adidas is a supporter.", "\n\nPersonal life\nAchilleos is married and has two children, a son born in 2006 and a second son born in 2014.", "\n\nSee also\n\n Cyprus at the Olympic Games\n Cyprus' Olympic Flag Bearers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\nCategory:1980 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from London\nCategory:Cypriot male sport shooters\nCategory:Skeet shooters\nCategory:English people of Greek Cypriot descent\nCategory:Shooters at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Shooters at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Shooters at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Shooters at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Commonwealth Games medallists in shooting\nCategory:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Cyprus\nCategory:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Cyprus\nCategory:Shooters at the 2006 Commonwealth Games\nCategory:Shooters at the 2010 Commonwealth Games\nCategory:Shooters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games\nCategory:Shooters at the 2018 Commonwealth Games\nCategory:Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Cyprus\nCategory:Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Cyprus\nCategory:Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games\nCategory:Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games\nCategory:Competitors at the 2013 Mediterranean Games\nCategory:Mediterranean Games medalists in shooting\nCategory:European Games competitors for Cyprus\nCategory:Shooters at the 2015 European Games\nCategory:Shooters at the 2019 European Games\nCategory:European Games medalists in shooting\nCategory:European Games silver medalists for Cyprus" ]

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[ "/*\n * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more\n * contributor license agreements. ", " See the NOTICE file distributed with\n * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.", "\n * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0\n * (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance with\n * the License. ", " You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\n// These rules are applied after the word has been transliterated into the phonetic alphabet\n// These rules are substitution rules within the phonetic character space rather than mapping rules\n\n// format of each entry rule in the table\n// (pattern, left context, right context, phonetic)\n// where\n// pattern is a sequence of characters that might appear after a word has been transliterated into phonetic alphabet\n// left context is the context that precedes the pattern\n// right context is the context that follows the pattern\n// phonetic is the result that this rule generates\n//\n// note that both left context and right context can be regular expressions\n// ex: left context of ^ would mean start of word\n// right context of $ means end of word\n//\n// match occurs if all of the following are true:\n// portion of word matches the pattern\n// that portion satisfies the context\n\n// A, E, I, O, P, U should create variants, but a, e, i, o, u should not create any new variant\n// Q = ü ; Y = ä = ö\n\n\n\"A\" \"\" \"\" \"a\"\n\"B\" \"\" \"\" \"a\"\n\n\"E\" \"\" \"\" \"e\"\n\"F\" \"\" \"\" \"e\"\n\n\"I\" \"\" \"\" \"i\"\n\"O\" \"\" \"\" \"o\"\n\"P\" \"\" \"\" \"o\"\n\"U\" \"\" \"\" \"u\"\n\n\"J\" \"\" \"\" \"l\"\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there a website like OEIS for real constants?", "\n\nI'm hoping an online service exists where I can type in say 3.14159 and it then shows a bunch of 'interesting' (however one would define that) numbers.", "\nNaturally in that instance it would bring up $\\pi$ first as the most likely candidate, then $355/113$ then increasingly more bizarre numbers. ", "Ideally with a weighting towards use of irrational/transcendental numbers and simplicity of expression.", "\nI have a very messy expression that is currently graphed and I want to find out if the maximum of the graph is a known number.", "\nThanks in advance!", "\n\nA:\n\nInverse symbolic calculator plus:\nhttps://isc.carma.newcastle.edu.au/\n\nA:\n\nThere is also a tool \nRIES - Find Algebraic Equations, Given Their Solution\nwith the source code available.", "\n\nA:\n\nWolfram|Alpha (https://www.wolframalpha.com) can return an assortment of information about a decimal number including a list of possible closed forms, e.g.\nhttps://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=1.303577269034\nhttps://isc.carma.newcastle.edu.au/ did not do anything useful with this particular number.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nWe use visual working memory (VWM) processes to integrate information across events such as eye blinks and eye movements, where sensory input to the visual system is interrupted [@pone.0008042-Irwin1]--[@pone.0008042-Richard1]. ", "Studies of VWM have repeatedly demonstrated that the number of detailed representations that can be maintained over short periods of time is limited to three to four visual objects [@pone.0008042-Luck1], [@pone.0008042-Cowan1]. ", "Memory capacity can be measured using a change-detection task: observers see a display containing a variable number of colored items and are asked to remember as many items as possible. ", "After a brief delay, a probe appears and observers say whether a change occurred. ", "Recent electrophysiological results have revealed that during the delay period of these change-detection tasks, maintaining memory items in a lateralized display is associated with greater negativity over the channels contralateral to the attended side. ", "This difference in amplitude between contralateral and ipsilateral channels, called the contralateral delay activity (CDA), or the sustained posterior contralateral negativity (SPCN) [@pone.0008042-DellAcqua1], [@pone.0008042-Robitaille1], reflects the encoding and maintenance of items in VWM and predicts individual differences in VWM capacity [@pone.0008042-Robitaille1]--[@pone.0008042-Hollingworth2]. ", "As such, the CDA provides a marker of VWM engagement that reflects the involvement of this cognitive resource in a given task. ", "The goal of the present study was to test whether or not the CDA can be recorded during visual search, a task with continuous visual input that is typically considered a hallmark of attentional, rather than VWM, processing [@pone.0008042-Wolfe1].", "\n\nNumerous studies have explored the role of VWM in visual search, resulting in several different and sometimes competing theories about what effect it may have in the search process [@pone.0008042-Downing1]--[@pone.0008042-Woodman3]. ", "For example, while early studies suggested that there is no mechanism to remember which items have already been searched [@pone.0008042-Horowitz1], more recent findings suggest that we use memory to prevent previously selected search items from being re-examined [@pone.0008042-Boot1]--[@pone.0008042-Peterson2]. ", "This inhibition is thought to be mediated by *spatial* short-term memory, rather than *visual* working memory, as tasks which probe spatial short-term memory interfere with this process [@pone.0008042-Oh1], [@pone.0008042-Woodman1], whereas tasks that probe VWM do not [@pone.0008042-Beck1], [@pone.0008042-Woodman4].", "\n\nAlthough these behavioral studies indirectly assess the role of VWM under specific conditions, they cannot provide a direct measure of ongoing VWM processing. ", "In contrast, by testing for the presence or absence of the characteristic neural correlate of VWM during search, we can identify whether this cognitive faculty is engaged during a typical visual search task. ", "If the event-related potentials (ERPs) observed in the presence of a continuously presented search display do in fact reflect VWM processing, they should be sensitive to the same manipulations that modulate the CDA during VWM-dependent change detection. ", "That is, the amplitude should be sensitive to the number of items maintained in VWM, and should also reflect individual differences in VWM capacity. ", "Therefore, the CDA may provide a measure of the *number* of items currently held in VWM for tasks without any explicit memory requirement, providing insights into the cognitive processes underlying these tasks. ", "More generally speaking, if VWM is indeed a limiting factor in the performance of a given task (as it is for change-detection tasks), performance on these tasks should be constrained by individual VWM capacity, which will be reflected in the CDA amplitude. ", "This means that the CDA can not only be used to predict behavior in typical tests of visual memory but also be used to predict behavior in an attentional task with continuous visual input.", "\n\nOverall, the goal of the current study was to determine whether the electrophysiological marker of VWM, the CDA, is present during visual search, and to clarify the relationship between the CDA and visual search performance. ", "The direct comparison between the CDA recorded during a lateralized search task and the CDA recorded during the delay period of a VWM-dependent change-detection task allows for the examination of whether, and to what extent, VWM resources are in fact employed during visual search. ", "The results demonstrate that, for the majority of participants, the visual search and change-detection tasks elicited nearly identical CDAs. ", "Furthermore, VWM capacity predicted both the increase in CDA amplitude during visual search and the behavioral measures of search performance, suggesting that the same neural and cognitive VWM-related resources are used during visual search and change-detection.", "\n\nMethods {#s2}\n=======\n\nParticipants {#s2a}\n------------\n\nEighteen volunteers participated in this experiment for partial course credit and/or for monetary remuneration. ", "All participants provided written and informed consent, and all procedures were approved by the University of Toronto Research Ethics Board. ", "Seven participants were excluded from analyses (see below), resulting in a total of 11 participants (ages 19--22, mean age 20.2 years, 4 female). ", "All participants were right-handed and reported normal or corrected-to-normal vision.", "\n\nStimuli and Procedure {#s2b}\n---------------------\n\nBoth the visual search and VWM tasks were displayed on a 20-inch CRT monitor located 57 cm from the participant. ", "A resolution of 1600 by 1200 was used, with a display refresh rate of 60-Hz. ", "All stimuli were presented on a grey background (RGB = 128, 128, 128). ", "Participants were encouraged to maintain central fixation during all trials.", "\n\n### Visual search task {#s2b1}\n\nAt the beginning of each trial, a left or right arrow cue was presented, indicating which side of the display participants should attend. ", "The cue was presented 1° of visual angle above a central fixation cross for 200 ms. ", "Immediately after the arrow cue, search items were presented to the left and right of the fixation cross, randomly arranged within a 3.5°×6.5° invisible grid centred 4° horizontally away from the fixation cross. ", "On each trial, ten search items were presented on both the cued and uncued sides ([Figure 1A](#pone-0008042-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The search target consisted of an upright \"T\" shape, and it was never presented on the uncued side. ", "The distractors were \"T\" shapes rotated 90°, 180° and 270° from vertical. ", "All search stimuli were black (RGB = 0, 0, 0), subtended 0.5° in vertical and horizontal extent, and were presented with a minimum of 0.5° separation. ", "Participants were told to indicate with a keyboard button-press the presence (50%) or absence (50%) of the target on the cued side of the display. ", "The search display was presented for 3,000 ms, and each trial was followed by a 300--400 ms interstimulus interval (ISI). ", "The two factors, Target Presence (present vs. absent) and Cued Location (left vs. right), were completely crossed, resulting in four trial types. ", "Participants performed 100 trials for each trial type, presented randomly, for a total of 400 trials.", "\n\n{#pone-0008042-g001}\n\nParticipants always performed the visual search task prior to performing the visual memory task, and were not informed in advance that the second task would test memory performance. ", "Participants were in no way encouraged to utilize a memory strategy while performing the visual search task.", "\n\n### Visual working memory task {#s2b2}\n\nThe procedure used for the visual working memory task was a change-detection task similar to the one used by Vogel and Machizawa [@pone.0008042-Vogel1]. ", "As in the search task, each trial began with a left or right arrow cue that was presented above a central fixation cross for 200 ms. ", "The arrow cue was immediately followed by a memory sample array consisting of four uniquely coloured squares presented in an invisible 1.9°×7.2° grid centred 4.15° to the left and right of the fixation cross ([Figure 1B](#pone-0008042-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Seven different colours were used: red (RGB = 255, 0, 0), green (RGB = 35, 177, 77), white (RGB = 255, 255, 255), black (RGB = 0, 0, 0), yellow (RGB = 254, 242, 0), blue (RGB = 77, 110, 243), and purple (RGB = 111, 48, 152). ", "The locations and colours of the memory items were assigned randomly in a given trial, but no one color could appear twice on the same side of the display. ", "This memory sample was presented for 100 ms and then removed from the display. ", "After a 900 ms delay period, the memory test array was presented for 2,000 ms. ", "Subjects were told to indicate with a keyboard button-press whether the memory sample and memory test arrays were identical (50% of trials), or whether one square on the cued side had changed color (50% of trials); item locations never changed, nor did the colors of squares on the uncued side of the display. ", "Each trial was followed by a 300--400 ms ISI. ", "Participants performed 150 trials on each side, for a total of 300 trials.", "\n\n### Measuring memory capacity {#s2b3}\n\nVisual memory capacity was estimated by applying Cowan\\'s *K-estimate* formula [@pone.0008042-Cowan1] to the behavioral performance on the visual memory task. ", "The formula estimates capacity (*K*) by scaling accuracy, corrected for guessing, by the number of items tested: *K* = *set size* \\* (*hits*+correct rejections --*1*).", "\n\n### Electrophysiological recording and analysis {#s2b4}\n\nThe electroencephalogram (EEG) was obtained from 64 active Ag/AgCl electrodes (Biosemi ActiveTwo system), digitally recorded at 512 Hz, mounted on an elastic cap using the International 10/20 system. ", "Digital file conversion was completed using PolyRex software [@pone.0008042-PolyRex1]. ", "All electrodes were referenced off-line to the average of the left and right mastoids. ", "The horizontal electrooculogram (HEOG), recorded as the difference in activity between electrodes placed lateral to the external canthi, was used to measure horizontal eye movements. ", "The vertical electrooculogram (VEOG), used to detect eye blinks, was recorded from electrodes mounted beneath the left and right eyes and referenced to the frontal electrodes directly above the eyes. ", "A band-pass filter of 0.01--30 Hz was applied offline to the EEG and EOG signals and digitally down-sampled to 250 Hz before averaging. ", "Scalp distributions of the electrical potentials were plotted using BESA software.", "\n\nTrials that were contaminated with eye blinks (\\>80 µV VEOG) or large horizontal eye movements greater than 2.0° (\\>32 µV HEOG) were excluded from analysis [@pone.0008042-Luck2]. ", "Also, six subjects with trial rejection rates greater than 60% in any single condition were excluded from the sample. ", "The remaining subjects had a mean rejection rate of 42%. ", "The average residual eye-movement for the remaining subjects was less than 0.25° (\\<4 µV HEOG). ", "One additional subject was removed due to excessive channel noise, reducing the total number of participants to 11. ", "Given the relatively large trial-rejection rate of 42%, a second analysis was performed on the same subjects using a HEOG threshold of 40 µV (2.5°), resulting in an average rejection rate of 27%, with no more than 50% of trials excluded from any one condition. ", "The results of this second analysis were identical to the results presented here.", "\n\nThe ERPs were computed by averaging the EEG from 200 ms prior to the onset of the search display or memory sample display and ending 900 ms post onset. ", "The ERPs were baseline-corrected to the 200 ms prior to the search display or memory sample displays onsets. ", "For all ERPs, analysis was restricted to the 10 posterior channels that demonstrate maximal CDA activity in memory tasks [@pone.0008042-McCollough1]: P5/P6, P7/P8, PO3/PO4, PO7/PO8, and O1/O2.", "\n\nIpsilateral and contralateral waveforms were computed separately for the VWM task, and target present and target absent trials in the search task. ", "Laterality was always defined relative to the attended (cued) side for both tasks. ", "The CDA for each condition was computed by subtracting the ipsilateral waveforms from the contralateral waveforms. ", "Latency and peak amplitude measures were obtained using the jackknife method [@pone.0008042-Kiesel1]--[@pone.0008042-Ulrich1]. ", "The jackknife procedure calculates N grand-average waveforms of N -1 participants, each grand-average excluding a different participant. ", "The peak amplitude and latency values for the local peak amplitude are obtained for each of the N grand-average waveforms, where the local peak was defined as the largest negative voltage peak between 300 and 800 ms post stimulus onset. ", "The latency and peak amplitude values are then submitted to a conventional analysis of variance (ANOVA), where the F-values are adjusted according to the formula [@pone.0008042-Ulrich1].", "\n\nIn addition, to examine the relationship between the increase in CDA amplitude during the search task and VWM capacity, we obtained the change in mean amplitude of the CDA from two 100 ms windows between 300 to 400 ms and 400 to 500 ms in the target absent trials, and correlated these values with VWM capacity obtained in the change-detection task. ", "The comparison of CDA amplitudes between these two early time windows allowed us to assess whether or not VWM capacity was reached quickly during the search task. ", "Specifically, we predicted that participants with low VWM capacity would exhaust their resources with fewer examined search items and as such, their CDA should plateau sooner when compared to high-capacity participants.", "\n\nWe also calculated the amplitude of the N2pc in the target absent search condition for each individual, defined as the maximal negative peak (local minima) between 200 and 300 ms after the onset of the search display. ", "The N2pc reflects attentional selection [@pone.0008042-Luck3], [@pone.0008042-Luck4], but is not directly related to VWM capacity and, as such, will allow us to control for the covariance often observed between ERP components and behavioural measures. ", "Analyses were performed on the mean N2pc amplitude, rather than on changes in amplitude over time, as the N2pc is not a sustained ERP. ", "Our method of calculating increases in CDA amplitude over 100 ms windows captures changes in ongoing processes during the first 500 ms, however, the N2pc lasts for only 100 ms and reaches its peak around 50 ms after its onset. ", "Because of these factors, the N2pc is not suitable for examining changes over time but rather reflects a momentary snapshot of attentional selection.", "\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nBehavioral Results {#s3a}\n------------------\n\n### Visual search {#s3a1}\n\nParticipants correctly reported the presence or absence of the target (upright T) with 61% mean accuracy. ", "The relatively low accuracy of 61% in the search task likely reflects a confluence of factors, including the difficulty of locating targets in the periphery of the display while maintaining eye-fixation on the central fixation cross. ", "In line with previous studies, however, mean reaction times (RTs) in the target present condition (1,301 ms) were significantly faster than in the target absent condition (1,826 ms), t(10) = 13.5, p\\<.001. ", "Given that the aim of the current study is to examine the electrophysiological correlates relating to the *process* of performing the search, particularly in the first 1,000 ms, electrophysiological analysis was carried out on all trials.", "\n\n### Change detection {#s3a2}\n\nMean accuracy at reporting a change to one of the four items in the memory task was 83%, consistent with previous studies using a set size of four items [@pone.0008042-Luck1]. ", "Mean memory capacity, estimated using Cowan\\'s *K* formula (see [Methods](#s2){ref-type=\"sec\"}) was 2.6 items. ", "Although this estimate is somewhat smaller than the 3--4 item capacity of VWM, this finding is common to studies using a lateralized rather than a central memory array [@pone.0008042-Robitaille1].", "\n\nElectrophysiological Results {#s3b}\n----------------------------\n\n### Visual search {#s3b1}\n\nActivity in posterior channels contralateral to the attended search array was compared to activity in the ipsilateral channels separately for target present and target absent trials, time-locked to the onset of the search array. ", "As can be seen from the resulting ERPs ([Figure 2A](#pone-0008042-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}), contralateral activity diverges from ipsilateral activity approximately 200 ms following the onset of the search array, and then again at approximately 300 ms, persisting thereafter for the entire window examined. ", "The activity from 200--300 ms reflects the *N2pc*, confirming the focus of attention to the contralateral search display [@pone.0008042-Luck3], [@pone.0008042-Luck4]. ", "The sustained activity from 300--900 ms, in contrast, resembles the CDA, potentially indicating the use of VWM resources during the search task. ", "Since visual search does not include a delay, we refer to this sustained activity during the visual search task as the contralateral search activity (CSA) whenever it is necessary to distinguish the activity observed during the search task from the CDA normally observed during the *delay* period of a memory task.", "\n\n{#pone-0008042-g002}\n\n### Change detection {#s3b2}\n\nConsistent with previous studies, we found greater negative activity over contralateral channels relative to ipsilateral channels, beginning around 300 ms post stimulus onset ([Figure 2B](#pone-0008042-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This negativity is sustained throughout the entire duration of the delay period and reflects the CDA. ", "The change-detection task also elicited an initial *N2pc*, again confirming attention had been shifted to the cued side.", "\n\n### Comparing visual search and change detection {#s3b3}\n\nTo determine whether the electrophysiological activity recorded during visual search does in fact reflect the use of VWM resources, we compared it to the activity recorded over the same channels during the change-detection task, which is known to depend on VWM resources. ", "Visual inspection of the ERPs recorded during both tasks reveal a striking similarity ([Figure 2A](#pone-0008042-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}/B). ", "That is, the ERPs of both conditions demonstrate large sustained negativity with differences between ipsilateral and contralateral channels emerging about 300 ms post stimulus offset. ", "Difference waves were computed separately for each task by subtracting the ipsilateral activity from the contralateral activity, the resulting difference waves being the CSA (for visual search) and CDA (for change-detection, [Figure 3](#pone-0008042-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The mean amplitude of these difference waves from 300--800 ms were compared using a 3-way (present search trials, vs. absent search trials vs. change-detection trials) repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), revealing that the sustained amplitude did not differ between the three conditions, F(2,20)\\<1, p = . ", "7. ", "An equivalent analysis performed on the measure of local peak amplitude (see [Methods](#s2){ref-type=\"sec\"}) also did not reveal any significant differences between the three conditions, F~adjusted~(2,20)\\<1, p = .78.", "\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Activity observed in the change-detection task confirms the presence of the contralateral delay activity (CDA). ", "Similar activity observed in the search (red and blue) trials indicates the presence of the contralateral search activity (CSA). ", "No significant differences in mean or peak amplitude were observed between the CDA and CSA, though the CSA reaches its peak later.](pone.0008042.g003){#pone-0008042-g003}\n\nTo test for differences in the timing of activity, the latencies of the waveforms (see [Methods](#s2){ref-type=\"sec\"}) were compared between the three conditions. ", "This analysis revealed that the CDA elicited in the change-detection task reached its peak amplitude earlier (536 ms) than the CSAs observed in the search conditions (704 ms for target present trials and 680 ms for target absent trials), F~adjusted~(2,20) = 3.08, p\\<.1 ([Table 1](#pone-0008042-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Thus, while the CSA was nearly identical in amplitude to the CDA observed in a four-item change-detection task, indicating that similar resources may have been employed during both tasks, the later onset observed in the CSA indicates that during visual search, resources were employed with a different time-course than during a change-detection task.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0008042.t001\n\n###### Means and Standard Errors of CDA Amplitudes and Onsets in the Visual Search and Change-Detection Tasks.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0008042.t001){#pone-0008042-t001-1}\n\n Mean Amplitude (µV) (300--800 ms) Peak Amplitude (µV) (jackknifed values) Peak Latency (ms) (jackknifed values) \n ----------------------- ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ------ ----- -----\n Target Present Search −1.33 0.40 −2.20 0.06 704 0.5\n Target Absent Search −1.15 0.25 −1.90 0.03 680 0.6\n Change Detection −1.43 0.32 −1.96 0.05 536 9.4\n\nTo further examine the relationship between the CSA and the CDA, scalp distributions are plotted in [Figure 4](#pone-0008042-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"} for attend-left trials in both the target absent search trials (top panel) and the change-detection task (bottom panel). ", "As expected, some differences in the voltage distribution are evident between the two conditions, since only the search task contains a continuously presented visual stimulus; however, it is also evident that both tasks lead to greater negativity over right posterior channels (i.e., contralateral to the left-cued items) at early (375 ms) and late (470 ms) time points. ", "The similar distribution of this posterior activity for the visual search and change-detection tasks provides further support that the CSA reflects engagement of similar resources, namely VWM.", "\n\n{#pone-0008042-g004}\n\n### What is stored in VWM during search? {#", "s3b4}\n\nThe presence of the CSA during visual search provides evidence that VWM resources are utilized while searching for a target. ", "Given that the CDA reflects the number of items encoded and maintained in VWM, the finding that the amplitude of the CSA is not significantly different from the CDA of a change-detection task suggests that a similar number of items were encoded and maintained in both tasks. ", "The later onset of the CSA, however, potentially indicates that the encoding of items into VWM occurs more gradually during the search task than during the change-detection task.", "\n\nIf search items were in fact being encoded into VWM gradually, then the time required for the CSA to reach peak amplitude should be related to VWM capacity. ", "Namely, high-capacity individuals should be able to encode and maintain a greater number of search items in VWM than low-capacity individuals, meaning that if both groups encoded items at a similar rate, the CSA in high-capacity individuals may have peaked slightly later. ", "The CSA observed in the target absent trials of the search task is plotted separately for the five high (mean: 3.2) and low (mean: 2.1) capacity subjects in [Figure 5A](#pone-0008042-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "As can been seen from this figure, the CSA for the low-capacity subjects appears to reach its peak much earlier in the trial relative to the high-capacity subjects. ", "Examining the change in CSA amplitude over the first two 100 ms windows after the onset of the CSA (see [methods](#s2){ref-type=\"sec\"}) demonstrated that the increase in CSA amplitude was significantly correlated with VWM capacity, r = −.84, p = .001 ([Figure 5B](#pone-0008042-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "That is, those individuals who stored more items in VWM during the change-detection task showed a greater increase in CSA amplitude over the course of the search trial.", "\n\n{#pone-0008042-g005}\n\n### VWM and visual search efficiency {#s3b5}\n\nThe capacity-related increase in CSA amplitude over the course of the search trial indicates that VWM is engaged during search. ", "Does this mean that by storing more items in VWM, high-capacity individuals will find the target faster? ", "It is possible that if VWM can be used to keep track of some already-visited search items, high-capacity individuals may find the target more quickly than low-capacity individuals, as they will spend less time revisiting those distractors. ", "To test whether visual search efficiency was related to visual working memory capacity, we calculated the correlation between mean RTs on correct-response target present trials with visual memory capacity ([Figure 6A](#pone-0008042-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This analysis revealed a strong inverse relationship between memory capacity and search RT, *r* = −.84, *p* = .001. ", "Similarly, the increase in CSA amplitude from 300--500 ms (reflecting the number of search items encoded in memory during the search trial) was significantly correlated with search RT, *r* = .7, *p* = .017 ([Figure 6B](#pone-0008042-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Thus, both behavioral and electrophysiological measures of VWM capacity are correlated with search RT.", "\n\n{#pone-0008042-g006}\n\nThe observed correlations between memory capacity and search RT indicate that a greater working memory capacity allows search to progress more quickly. ", "It is also possible, however, that this correlation is indicative of a common underlying source of variance that is not specific to working memory, such as general intelligence or task effort. ", "To evaluate this alternate interpretation, we reassessed the correlation between CSA amplitude change and search RT within the context of an additional ERP component that should also correlate with common sources of variance. ", "Specifically, we chose the N2pc amplitude, which relates to attentional selection [@pone.0008042-Luck3], [@pone.0008042-Luck4]. ", "Mean N2pc amplitude (M = −1.39, SE = 0.24), however, was not significantly correlated with search RTs, *r* = .41, *p* = .21. ", "Furthermore, when accounting for shared variance observed between the N2pc amplitude and the increase in CSA amplitude, *r* = .40, *p* = .22, the partial correlation between the increase in CSA amplitude and RT remained significant, *r* = .64, *p* = .048. ", "Consequently, the observed relationship between CSA amplitude increase and RTs cannot be attributed to a general source of shared variance, but rather reflects the specific relationship between memory capacity and search RT whereby greater VWM capacity allows for a more efficient visual search.", "\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nThe aim of the current study was to determine whether the electrophysiological marker of VWM encoding and maintenance is present during visual search, a task that has continuous visual input and virtually no explicit memory demands (other than to remember the target being sought). ", "Our results reveal search-related activity (i.e., the CSA) that is largely indistinguishable from the CDA observed in a four-item, memory-dependent change-detection task. ", "That is, both tasks demonstrate a large, negative, sustained voltage difference between ipsilateral and contralateral channels. ", "Furthermore, the distribution of activity was similar for the two tasks, indicating that the CSA during search and the CDA during a VWM change-detection task likely represent the engagement of the same neural and cognitive resources.", "\n\nIn addition to being identified during change-detection, previous studies have observed activity similar to the CDA during a number of tasks that have both implicit and explicit memory requirements. ", "For example, the CDA has been observed while measuring the deployment of attention during a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream [@pone.0008042-DellAcqua1] as well as during masking and cuing tasks [@pone.0008042-Robitaille1], [@pone.0008042-Brisson1], [@pone.0008042-Robitaille2]. ", "Although these tasks are not explicitly VWM tasks, representations of the stimuli need to be maintained after they have been removed from the display (e.g., after masking or during an RSVP stream). ", "Similarly, one study of multiple object tracking (MOT) observed activity similar to the CDA and found that the amplitude of the observed CDA was sensitive to the number of items tracked, and was related to an individual\\'s tracking capacity [@pone.0008042-Drew1]. ", "Because the stimuli remain present in the display, no explicit memory representation is required. ", "The nature of the task, however, requires participants to maintain the identities and update the locations of a variable number of stimuli as they move around a display, suggesting perhaps an implicit requirement for VWM resources.", "\n\nOur results go beyond these previous findings in that they suggest that the neural marker of VWM can be observed even during tasks with continuous, static visual input. ", "Thus, this activity can be used to measure the contribution of VWM to visual search, and potentially other tasks, even when all items remain visible and VWM is not explicitly manipulated. ", "Alternatively, it is possible that the CSA reflects cognitive processing that is unrelated to VWM, such as perceptual or attentional load [@pone.0008042-Mitchell1]. ", "We observed three features of the CSA that are consistent with the properties of the CDA established in other studies [@pone.0008042-Vogel1], [@pone.0008042-McCollough1] which argue against this alternative. ", "First, the amplitude of the CSA increases over the course of the search task. ", "This finding suggests search items are encoded and maintained in memory after being examined, resulting in an increase in the CSA amplitude as additional items are visited and uploaded into memory. ", "Thus, the CSA demonstrates sensitivity to the number of items maintained in memory. ", "Second, the amplitude of the CSA is not related to the number of search items, but instead plateaus at the capacity of VWM, consistent with the effects observed during VWM tasks. ", "If the CSA were sensitive only to the number of items or locations examined regardless of capacity limitations, then the CSA would continue to increase in target absent trials until all 10 items had been examined. ", "In contrast, the amplitude of the CSA increased over the course of the search trial, but reached an asymptote long before the entire set of search items could have been examined. ", "Furthermore, the peak amplitude of the CSA did not differ from the peak amplitude of the change-detection CDA, even though the search display had more than double the number of stimuli than the change-detection task, indicating that the CSA reflects a capacity-limit that is consistent with VWM. ", "Third, previous studies have demonstrated that the difference in CDA amplitude across multiple set-sizes in a change-detection task is strongly correlated with individual participants\\' VWM capacities [@pone.0008042-Vogel1], [@pone.0008042-McCollough1]. ", "Similarly, our results demonstrate that the increase in CSA amplitude from 300--500 ms is significantly correlated with VWM capacity. ", "Therefore, individual differences in the CSA amplitude are predicted by individual differences in VWM capacity. ", "This finding is particularly convincing as it indicates that electrophysiological measures obtained during visual search are predicted by behavioral measures of VWM capacity obtained independently of search. ", "Taken together, these findings indicate that the CSA reflects the same cognitive and neural resources that give rise to the CDA.", "\n\nIt remains possible, however, that both the CDA observed in change-detection and the CSA observed during search are mostly driven by attentional selection and not VWM per se. ", "In other words, the more efficient an individual\\'s selection process, the better their VWM performance and the faster their search. ", "In fact, previous studies have shown that high-VWM capacity individuals select relevant items more efficiently, whereas low-capacity individuals show greater interference from irrelevant items [@pone.0008042-Vogel2]. ", "Recent evidence, however, indicates that the inability to override attentional capture by distractors arises in early attentional selection processes that occur within about 100 ms of the onset of the distractors [@pone.0008042-Fukuda1]. ", "Thus, while the two processes are obviously related, individual differences in attentional selection seem to affect what is encoded into VWM [@pone.0008042-Fukuda1], [@pone.0008042-McNab1]), whereas the CDA likely reflects VWM processes related to the maintenance of its contents [@pone.0008042-Vogel2].", "\n\nAs such, our results suggest that VWM resources are employed while performing a visual search task, and that for most individuals, the number of items maintained in VWM during search is similar to that of a change-detection task. ", "Interestingly, our design did not in any way manipulate VWM load during search, and participants were not instructed to use strategies that would elicit VWM activity during the search task; consequently, it would seem that VWM resources were 'automatically' recruited to perform the visual search, having potentially important implications for theories of attention.", "\n\nThe Role of VWM in Search: Evidence from the CSA {#s4a}\n------------------------------------------------\n\nAs described earlier, we suggest that VWM supports visual search by remembering what search items have already been processed, allowing them to be subsequently ignored and biasing search towards new items.", "\n\nThere are two alternatives to this interpretation. ", "First, the increase in CSA amplitude may be unrelated to the maintenance of search distractors, and instead may reflect other contributions of VWM to search. ", "The relationship between VWM capacity and search RT, however, provides evidence against this alternative. ", "Previous studies have demonstrated how encoding and maintaining distractors in VWM can have a direct effect on search RT [@pone.0008042-Horowitz2]. ", "That is, each item that is not stored in memory cannot be removed from the list of candidate targets and may be revisited, resulting in longer RTs [@pone.0008042-Horowitz2]. ", "Our finding that search RT is strongly correlated with VWM capacity is consistent with search items being stored in VWM: maintaining more items in VWM decreases the number of items that have to be searched, resulting in an overall decrease in search time.", "\n\nSecond, numerous behavioral studies have indicated that the mnemonic mechanism that prevents previously searched distractors from being revisited [@pone.0008042-Boot1], [@pone.0008042-Peterson1], [@pone.0008042-Gilchrist1] depends on a purely *spatial* short-term memory system that is distinct and independent from VWM [@pone.0008042-Beck1]. ", "According to this hypothesis, the CSA may reflect spatial short-term memory processes. ", "The relationship between the amplitude of the CSA and VWM capacity, however, strongly suggests that VWM plays some role in maintaining and inhibiting search distractors. ", "This conclusion is consistent with the findings that inhibition during visual search may be limited to roughly four items [@pone.0008042-Peterson1], [@pone.0008042-Beck2], [@pone.0008042-Emrich1] (consistent with the capacity of VWM) and that distractor devaluation in visual search requires VWM [@pone.0008042-Goolsby1]. ", "Given the evidence that spatial short-term memory plays a role in the inhibition of previously searched distractors, however, it is likely that both VWM and spatial short-term memory contribute independently to inhibition during visual search, and ultimately to search efficiency. ", "The conjunction of VWM and spatial short-term memory may support inhibition jointly by combining information about both the identities and the locations of old items. ", "In addition, spatial working memory may play a role in prospective memory, guiding attention towards a to-be-selected item [@pone.0008042-Peterson2], indicating that these processes may in fact have distinct roles in search. ", "Future studies are required to resolve the precise effects of these systems on visual search.", "\n\nAlthough our study presents the first demonstration relating the CSA to VWM, previous studies have demonstrated CDA-like activity during visual search [@pone.0008042-Woodman5]--[@pone.0008042-Woodman7]. ", "Interestingly, one of these studies demonstrated that the amplitude of this sustained activity was smaller when there was only one potential pop-out target relative to when there were two potential pop-out targets (i.e., when some of the items needed to be searched and rejected) [@pone.0008042-Woodman7]. ", "This finding further demonstrates that the CSA may be modulated only by the number of items searched and rejected, consistent with our suggestion. ", "Other studies have demonstrated that the amplitude of the CDA activity during search can be modulated by motivational factors [@pone.0008042-Kiss1], suggesting that examining the CSA during visual search may prove extremely useful for uncovering and understanding individual differences in cognitive strategies and behavioral performance.", "\n\nIn summary, our visual search task elicited activity contralateral to the attended search array that was indistinguishable in mean and peak amplitude from the CDA observed during a four-item change-detection task, despite large differences in the number of items in the display and length of stimulus presentation. ", "The change in amplitude of this CSA over time was strongly correlated with VWM capacity, suggesting that the activity reflected the same resources employed during VWM tasks. ", "Furthermore, behavioral measures of search performance were strongly correlated with electrophysiological measures of VWM processing observed during the search task (i.e., the CSA), as well as with behavioral measures of VWM performance obtained on an independently performed change-detection task, suggesting that VWM plays an integral role in visual search. ", "This occurred despite the absence of explicit VWM requirements. ", "Consequently, the finding that visual search gives rise to the electrophysiological marker of VWM indicates that the CDA may provide a useful tool for identifying the role of VWM in tasks which have continuously presented stimuli and no explicit memory requirement.", "\n\nData were collected at the Centre for Biological Timing and Cognition and Department of Psychology, University of Toronto.", "\n\n**Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n**Funding:**This research was supported by NSERC discovery grants awarded to JP (480593) and SF (261203-08), NSERC research tools and instruments grant to SF and JP (482547), CIHR operating (79256) and ERA grants to SF. ", "The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.", "\n\n[^1]: Conceived and designed the experiments: SME NAA. ", "Performed the experiments: SME NAA. ", "Analyzed the data: SME NAA. ", "Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JP SF. ", "Wrote the paper: SME NAA JP SF.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Schwanheim, Rhineland-Palatinate\n\nSchwanheim is a municipality in Südwestpfalz district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate\nCategory:Palatinate Forest\nCategory:South Palatinate\nCategory:Südwestpfalz" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ " (3 + 4 - 4)*(7*l + 3*l - l) + l - 2*l + 2*l.", "\n33*l\nExpand (-11 - 3 + 1)*(1 - 1 - 3*n)*(6*n**2 + n**2 - 2*n**2).", "\n195*n**3\nExpand 7*b + 3*b**4 - 4*b - 2*b**4 + (4*b**3 - b**3 - 4*b**3)*(-1 + b + 1) - 1945*b**3 + 1945*b**3 - 70*b**4.", "\n-70*b**4 + 3*b\nExpand (3*k - 5*k + 0*k + 0 + 0 + 2*k + (2*k + 0*k + 0*k)*(2 - 2 + 1) + 2*k + 2 - 2)*(524 - k - 524 + 17*k**4) - 3*k**4 + 3*k**4 + 2*k**5.", "\n70*k**5 - 4*k**2\nExpand (8 - 21 - 19)*(-408 + 408 + 25*g)*(-7 + 4 + 1 + 2 - 1 - 3 + (-3 + 1 + 0)*(-1 - 3 + 3) - 5 + 1 + 3)*(0 - 3 + 4).", "\n2400*g\nExpand -6*l - 117 + 117 + l - l - l + (0*l - 4*l + 2*l)*(-1 + 1 - 2) + (2*l - 2*l - l)*(-4 - 1 + 6).", "\n-4*l\nExpand (57*u - 72*u + 146*u)*(-6 - 4 + 5).", "\n-655*u\nExpand -13*y - 67 + 2*y**2 + 67 + (y - y - 2*y**2)*(-3 - 4 + 4).", "\n8*y**2 - 13*y\nExpand (w - w - 2*w)*(27 + 61 - 59 + (2 + 3 - 7)*(-5 - 1 + 4) + 6 + 8 - 7).", "\n-80*w\nExpand (7 - 3 - 3)*(-v + 2 - 2 - v - 3*v + 3*v + (0 + 1 - 3)*(0*v + 3*v - v) + 4 - 4 + 2*v + (53 + 42 + 40)*(2*v + 0*v + 3*v)).", "\n671*v\nExpand (-2*c - 4063 + 4016 + 0*c)*(-3*c**3 + 4*c**3 - 2*c**3).", "\n2*c**4 + 47*c**3\nExpand 42*c**4 + 14*c**4 - 19*c**4 + (13*c - 13*c + 5*c**2)*(4*c - 2*c**2 - 2*c + 3*c**2).", "\n42*c**4 + 10*c**3\nExpand -12*f - 9 + 9 + (-4 + 4 - 1)*(-f + 3*f - 3*f).", "\n-11*f\nExpand (1 + 8 + 12*a - 11 + (-4 + 0 + 2)*(a - 3*a + 4*a))*(3 - 3 - 2).", "\n-16*a + 4\nExpand (340*t - 26 - 37 + 63)*(4 - 4 + 3*t).", "\n1020*t**2\nExpand (j + j - 4*j)*(-3*j**2 + j**2 + 0*j**2) + (0*j + 0*j + j**2)*(-28*j + 25*j + 54*j).", "\n55*j**3\nExpand (-3*x + x + 0*x)*(-1393 + 1393 - 31*x**3) + 3*x - 2*x - 3*x**4 + x.\n59*x**4 + 2*x\nExpand (-5 + 1 - 1)*(a + a - 5*a) + 8*a - 3*a + 5*a.", "\n25*a\nExpand 102*k**4 + 2*k**2 - 3 + k - 104*k**4 + 0 - 2*k**4 + 0*k**3 + 0*k**3 + (24 - 29*k**2 - 24)*(0*k**2 - 6*k**2 + 5*k**2).", "\n25*k**4 + 2*k**2 + k - 3\nExpand (-16 - 5*q + 16 + (-16 + 16 - 25*q)*(0 - 4 + 2))*(0*q + 3*q**2 + 0*q).", "\n135*q**3\nExpand (6*t - 2*t + 0*t)*(-10 + 22 + 19).", "\n124*t\nExpand (0*g**2 + 2*g**2 - 4*g**2)*(-1 + 1 + 2)*(-260 + 194 + 230).", "\n-656*g**2\nExpand (-3*g + 5*g - g)*(-2 + 3 + 0) + (1 - 3 + 0)*(0*g + 0*g + 4*g) - 22*g + 11 - 11.", "\n-29*g\nExpand (-v**2 + 3*v**2 - 3*v**2)*(-14 + 1 + 0)*(-3 - 4*v + 3).", "\n-52*v**3\nExpand 2*m - 5*m + 2*m + (-42 + 10*m + 42)*(-3 + 4 - 2) + 6*m - 2 + 2.", "\n-5*m\nExpand b**5 + 3*b**4 - 3*b**4 + (2*b**4 - 4*b**4 + 4*b**4)*(2*b + 0*b - b) + 12*b**3 + 7*b**5 + 12*b**3 - 28*b**3.", "\n10*b**5 - 4*b**3\nExpand (-5*a**2 + a**2 + 3*a**2)*(-14*a**2 + 14*a**2 - 5*a**3) + (-54 + 54 - 45*a**4)*(a - a - 2*a).", "\n95*a**5\nExpand (3 - 2*g - 3)*(3*g - 2*g - 6*g) - 72*g + 72*g - 35*g**2.", "\n-25*g**2\nExpand (-2 + 0 + 1)*(-361*l**3 - 37629*l + 37629*l).", "\n361*l**3\nExpand (13*v**3 - 3*v**4 - 6*v**3 + v**4)*(-33308 + 33308 + 332*v).", "\n-664*v**5 + 2324*v**4\nExpand (41 + 48 - 66)*(3 + 6 - 2)*(-2*b + 5*b - b).", "\n322*b\nExpand (3 - 5 - 1)*(o + 7 + 2*o - 4*o) + (4*o - o - o)*(-3 - 2 + 3).", "\n-o - 21\nExpand (19*b**3 - 18*b**3 + 5*b**4 - b**4)*(2*b - 4*b + 0*b + 3).", "\n-8*b**5 + 10*b**4 + 3*b**3\nExpand (4*q - 4*q + 2*q)*(5*q - 16*q - 7*q) + (-2 + 0 + 0)*(2*q**2 + 0*q**2 + q**2).", "\n-42*q**2\nExpand 3 + 6*c + 3*c - 3*c + (-2 + 1 + 2)*(5*c - 3*c - c) - 1 + c + 1 + (3 - 6 + 2)*(4*c + 5*c - 3*c).", "\n2*c + 3\nExpand (0*w - 4*w + 2*w + 4*w - w - 2*w + (3*w - 2*w - 3*w)*(-5 + 0 + 4) + w + 1 - 1 + 4 - 4 + 3*w - w - 2*w - w - 2*w - 4*w + 4*w)*(w**2 - 4*w**2 + 2*w**2).", "\nw**3\nExpand (-3 + 2 + 0)*(-4*u - 4*u + 30*u)*(-7*u**2 + 3*u**2 + 2*u**2).", "\n44*u**3\nExpand (2*t - 3*t + 0*t)*(-1 + 0 - 1) + (2 - 3 + 4)*(-238*t - 220*t + 531*t) + (-1 - 2 + 2)*(-t + t + t).", "\n220*t\nExpand -z + 2 - 2 + (-53*z + 42*z + 26*z)*(-6 + 8 - 6).", "\n-61*z\nExpand (3*x**3 + 2*x**3 + 5*x**3 + (0 + 0 - 2*x**2)*(3 - 3 + 9*x))*(2 + 2 - 3).", "\n-8*x**3\nExpand (-6 - 6 - 2 + 22)*(-328*x - 75*x**2 + 328*x).", "\n-600*x**2\nExpand (-9*q**2 + 0*q**2 - 5*q**2)*(0*q - q - 14*q)*(-1 - 2 + 1).", "\n-420*q**3\nExpand (-h + 5*h - 3*h)*((-1 - 3 + 2)*(-1 - 1 + 5) + 3 - 4 + 3 + 1 + 3 - 6)*(-2 + 2 - 6*h**2).", "\n36*h**3\nExpand (0*p**2 - 4*p**2 + p**2)*(p**2 - 4*p**2 + 2*p**2) + (2 + 8 - 2)*(-p**4 + 2*p**4 + p**4).", "\n19*p**4\nExpand (3 - 3 - 5)*(15 + 9 - 13)*(-4*b + 2*b - b).", "\n165*b\nExpand (-2 - 1 + 5)*(2 - 2 + 2 + (-2 + 2 - 1)*(-1 + 2 + 1) - 2 + 1 + 3)*(-108*q**3 + 175*q**3 + 66*q**3).", "\n532*q**3\nExpand (-2*b**2 + 4 - 4)*(b**3 + 4*b**3 - 6*b**3) + (2*b - 4*b + 7*b)*(-274*b + 274*b + 27*b**4).", "\n137*b**5\nExpand 0*p**3 + 2*p**4 + 0*p**3 + (2*p + 2*p + 4*p)*(-2*p**2 + 0*p**2 + 0*p**2)*(0*p - 2*p - 2*p).", "\n66*p**4\nExpand 0*i**2 - i**3 + 0*i**2 + (1 - 4 + 1)*(i + 2*i**3 - i) - 4*i**3 + 4*i**3 + i**3 + 5*i**3 - 3*i**3 + 0*i**3 + 7*i**2 - 46*i**3 - 9*i**2 + 45*i**3 + 8*i.", "\n-3*i**3 - 2*i**2 + 8*i\nExpand 0*w + 0*w - 2*w + (-2 - 1 + 4)*(w + w - 3*w) - 41*w + 42*w + 4 + 62.", "\n-2*w + 66\nExpand (2 + 1 - 2 + (3 - 5 + 5)*(-2 + 1 - 1))*(-4*u**2 - 5*u**2 + u**2)*(-u + 4*u + 0*u).", "\n120*u**3\nExpand (-7 + 1 + 3)*(-32 + 2*d + 31 + 0*d).", "\n-6*d + 3\nExpand (-3 - 2*v**3 + 3)*(2*v - 2*v - 2*v**2) + (4 - 7 + 3*v + 1)*(0*v**4 + 10*v**4 + 2*v**4).", "\n40*v**5 - 24*v**4\nExpand (-w**3 - w**3 + 4*w**3)*(15 - 51 - 1 - 12).", "\n-98*w**3\nExpand (-2 + 4 - 1)*(-3*y + 3*y - y) + (3 - 1 - 1)*(-4*y + 2*y + 3*y) - 7*y + 3*y + 2*y.", "\n-2*y\nExpand (1 + f - 1)*(78 - 95 + 218).", "\n201*f\nExpand (-f - 2*f + 4*f)*(0*f**2 + 0*f**2 + f**2) + (42755 - 42755 + 240*f)*(3*f**2 + f**2 - 3*f**2).", "\n241*f**3\nExpand (123 + 21*s**2 - 240 + 121)*(2 + 2 - 1).", "\n63*s**2 + 12\nExpand (t**3 - 5*t**3 - 3*t**3)*(11*t - 6*t - 3*t) + 3 - 3 - t**4 + (0*t**3 - t**3 + 3*t**3)*(-1 - t + 1) - 5*t**4 + 3*t**4 + 5*t**4.", "\n-14*t**4\nExpand (-12*a - 6*a - 35*a - a + 2*a - 4*a + (2*a - a - 3*a)*(-1 - 2 + 2))*(-3 + 3 + 4).", "\n-216*a\nExpand 132*w**5 + 897*w**4 - 897*w**4 + (-1 - 2 + 2)*(5*w**5 + 0*w**5 - 3*w**5) + 5*w**5 - 2*w**5 - 4*w**5 + 0*w**3 + 2*w**3 - w**5 + 6*w**5.", "\n134*w**5 + 2*w**3\nExpand ((1 + 2 - 2)*(6 - 2 - 3) + (1 - 1 + 2)*(3 - 3 + 2) - 6 + 0 + 3)*(-s + 11 - 11).", "\n-2*s\nExpand a**3 + a**4 - a**3 + 0*a**3 + 0*a**3 + 2*a**4 + (0 + a + 0)*(a**3 + 2*a**3 - 2*a**3) + 1648*a**3 + 106*a**4 - 1648*a**3 + 4*a**2 - 4*a**2 + 2*a**4.", "\n112*a**4\nExpand (2*y**4 - 2*y**3 + 2*y**3)*(4 + 6 + 65 + 5).", "\n160*y**4\nExpand (0*c + 3*c - c)*(8 + 7 - 7) + (0 + 0 + c)*(-3 + 7 - 3) + (1 + 2 - 2)*(3 - 2*c - 3) + c + 5 - 5 - c - 4*c + 4*c - 1 + 1 + 3*c.", "\n18*c\nExpand (0*b**4 - 4*b**4 + 3*b**4 + (-96*b**4 - 201*b**4 - 102*b**4)*(0 - 2 + 3))*(2 + 0 - 1)*(1 - 2 + 0).", "\n400*b**4\nExpand (-1 + 4 - 1)*(-2 - 2 + 3)*(5*l + 25*l + 21*l).", "\n-102*l\nExpand (-8 - 1 - 9 + 0 - 1)*(-c - 5*c + 4*c).", "\n38*c\nExpand (28 - 32 + 2*o + 28)*(4*o**4 - 4*o**4 + o**4).", "\n2*o**5 + 24*o**4\nExpand 4*x**4 - 3*x**4 + 0*x**4 + (0*x**2 - 3*x**2 + 4*x**2)*(x**2 + x**2 + 0*x**2) - 8*x**4 + 10*x**4 - 40*x**4.", "\n-35*x**4\nExpand (3*w**3 + w**3 - w**3)*(-w**2 - 2*w**2 + w**2) + (w**4 + w**4 + w**4)*(4*w - w + 0*w).", "\n3*w**5\nExpand -2 + 2 - q**2 + (3*q + q - 5*q)*(-2*q - 2*q + q) + q - q - q**2 + 6*q + 6*q**2 - 6*q.", "\n7*q**2\nExpand (9*h - 2 - 18*h + 4)*(-14 - 1 + 3).", "\n108*h - 24\nExpand (0 + 0 + i)*(147*i**2 - 81*i + 81*i).", "\n147*i**3\nExpand (1 + 1 - 3)*(-3 + 4 - 3)*(-33 - 60 - 35)*((1 + 1 + 0)*(b - 2*b + 0*b) - 5*b + 2*b + 0*b).", "\n1280*b\nExpand -3 - 4*d**2 + 3 + 0*d**2 - 4*d**2 - 3*d**2 + (-3 + 2 - 1)*(2*d**2 + d**2 - 2*d**2) - d**2 + d**2 - d**2.", "\n-14*d**2\nExpand (-29 - 10*g - 10*g + 18*g)*(8*g - 8*g + 2*g**2).", "\n-4*g**3 - 58*g**2\nExpand -2 + 2 - 2*v + v - 5*v + 3*v - 2*v - 3*v + 4*v - v + v + 2*v + (4*v + 0*v - 5*v)*(1 - 1 - 1) - 43*v - 62*v + 12*v.", "\n-94*v\nExpand (8*v - 4*v - 5*v)*(2*v**4 + 4*v**4 - v**4) + v**5 - 4*v**5 + v**5 + 3*v**5 - 6*v**5 + 7*v**5.", "\n-3*v**5\nExpand (-4*j + j - 12*j - 2)*(-2 + 2 + 2).", "\n-30*j - 4\nExpand -3*j + 6*j - j + (-3*j + 2*j - 3*j)*(1 + 0 - 3) - 4*j - 18 - 4*j + 6*j.", "\n8*j - 18\nExpand b**3 - b**3 + 33*b**4 + (0*b**2 - b**2 + 0*b**2)*(-3*b**2 + 3*b**2 + 2*b**2) + 3*b**4 + 2*b**2 - 2*b**2.", "\n34*b**4\nExpand (2*l - 2 + 2)*((-l - l + l)*(3*l + 0*l + 0*l) + (10 - 10 - 4*l)*(-4 + l + 4)).", "\n-14*l**3\nExpand (-45 - 64 + 21)*(3 - 2 + 1)*(-q + 3*q + q).", "\n-528*q\nExpand -4*n + 2 - 2 + (-22 - 13 + 6)*(0*n + 0*n + 3*n).", "\n-91*n\nExpand ((2 + 3 - 4)*(-1 + 1 - 2*j) + j - 10*j + j)*(-4*j + 2*j + j)*(-59 + 14*j + 59).", "\n140*j**3\nExpand (31*w - 94 + 94)*(2*w**2 - 13*w**2 + 2*w**2) + (2*w - 3*w + 0*w)*(-2*w**2 - w**2 + 5*w**2).", "\n-281*w**3\nExpand (2*i + 3*i - 2*i)*(-i**2 + 20 + 2*i**2 - i - 22)*(5 - 3 - 3).", "\n-3*i**3 + 3*i**2 + 6*i\nExpand ((1 - 1 - 2*u)*(0 + 2*u + 0) - 6*u**2 + 4*u**2 - " ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Based on the short story “The Quiet Boy” by Nick Antosca (“Channel Zero”), Scott Cooper‘s horror film Antlers is releasing on April 17, 2020, and we’ve got a new poster tonight.", "\n\nA child lost in a sea of antlers. ", "Literally. ", "Check out the eerie poster below.", "\n\nIn Antlers, a small-town Oregon teacher (Keri Russell) and her brother (Jesse Plemons), the local sheriff, become entwined with a young student (Jeremy T. Thomas) harboring a dangerous secret with frightening consequences.", "\n\nGraham Greene, Scott Haze, Rory Cochrane and Amy Madigan also star.", "\n\nThe film is written by Henry Chaisson and Nick Antosca, with revisions by Scott Cooper." ]

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[ "[A new technique of extubation using laryngeal mask in the neurosurgical anesthesia].", "\nRecently we experienced two cases of multiple cerebral aneurysms for the aneurysmal neck clipping operation. ", "In these cases, as these aneurysms can not be clipped primarily, the patient may still be susceptible to the rupture of remaining aneurysm after operation. ", "Frequent bucking and hypertension occurring during extubation and emergence from anesthesia, can lead to intracranial hemorrhage and increases of intracranial pressure. ", "To reduce this hemodynamic responses, several studies have been reported, but techniques in those papers are not sufficient to prevent the bucking perfectly, and the anesthesiologist has to hold the face mask forcefully for a long time after operation. ", "The laryngeal mask airway (LM) seemed preferable for prevention of bucking and attenuation of cardiovascular response. ", "Therefore, we tried to use LM at the emergence from anesthesia. ", "After surgery, tracheal tube was removed at the deep level of anesthesia, and LM was inserted. ", "After muscle relaxant was reversed, oxygen, nitrous oxide, and 0.3-0.5% sevoflurane were administered until spontaneous breathing became adequate. ", "When sufficient breathing volume was confirmed, all anesthetic agents were terminated, and LM was removed after ascertaining swallowing motion. ", "No bucking and serious hypertension were seen during the procedures, and the patient recovered uneventfully." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "HELLOWEEN announce \"United Alive World Tour Part II\"\n\n05-12-2019\n\nHELLOWEEN announce “United Alive World Tour Part II”\n\nIt’s official: The »United Alive World Tour Part II« is coming! ", "The ultimate HELLOWEEN party will continue and there are a million reasons to attend again: Besides the full-speed hit rollercoaster carrying the fans through three decades, the brand new album (yet to be named) will be presented live for the very first time. ", "In September 2020, the legendary United line-up will be unleashed again: Stronger, with new song material and a ton of horsepower – simply the ultimate »United Alive World Tour Part II.«", "\n\nImmediately following the massive Brazil tour with THE SCORPIONS and IRON MAIDEN, the Pumpkins United line-up entered the H.O.M.E. Studios in Hamburg (where everything started in 1984) to work on brand new song material. ", "The same recording console used for albums such as »Master Of The Rings,« »Time Of The Oath« or »Better Than Raw« is now being used to record a new legendary studio album – analogue and deliberately “back to the roots.” ", "With Michael Kiske, Kai Hansen and Dani Löble drumming on Ingo Schwichtenberg’s original kit, one thing is for sure: a stronger HELLOWEEN vibe won’t be possible. ", "With United power, the new album will slam down our door end of August / beginning of September 2020 – produced by Charlie Bauerfeind and Dennis Ward, who are likewise excited about the quality song material they have on offer from the band.", "\n\nMarkus Grosskopf:“It was already lots of fun to create a show from the variety of records for the first tour. ", "With the new album we are able to top this. ", "Of course, the set will contain our classics again – especially those songs we were not able to play on the first tour.“" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "The move to suspend the president of the Native Women’s Association of Canada during a hastily called meeting in June created tensions between board members and triggered allegations a small group was acting on its own to oust the organization’s leader.", "\n\nIsrael’s prime minister on Tuesday vowed to annex the strategic heartland of the West Bank if he wins national elections next week, offering a vision that would likely end any remaining hopes for establishing a Palestinian state.", "\n\nA film documenting the short life of a Cree child from Manitoba and the impact he has had on the lives of Indigenous children across the country through Jordan’s Principle is premiering at the Toronto International Film Festival on Tuesday.", "\n\nEven before Bianca Andreescu and Serena Williams took the court for their U.S. Open title match, Andreescu’s coach Sylvain Bruneau made sure she stayed on the same practice court, right next to Serena.", "\n\nEven before Bianca Andreescu and Serena Williams took the court for their U.S. Open title match, Andreescu’s coach Sylvain Bruneau made sure she stayed on the same practice court, right next to Serena.", "\n\nBianca Andreescu’s coach says the tentative plan is for the Canadian tennis star to return to action at the Beijing Open later this month. ", "Sylvain Bruneau adds the 19-year-old also hopes to qualify for the season-ending WTA Finals Oct. 27-Nov. 3." ]

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[ "An improved method for the isolation of islets from the rat pancreas.", "\nThe conventional method for rat islet isolation was improved by injection of collagenase solution (1.3 mg/ml) into the bile duct and the concomitant dissection of the inferior vena cava, static incubation of the removed distended pancreas for 15 min at 37 degrees C and filtration of the digested tissue through two different meshes of 1190 and 590 micron in pore size. ", "This new technique led to about 2.5 times higher yield of viable islets than the conventional method." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Google Won't Build a Desktop Music Player, So These Guys Did\n\nShare\n\nI recently left Spotify for Google Play Music. ", "Weird, I know, but I'm happy with my choice. ", "As much as I miss Discover Weekly, I'm not trading my ad-free YouTube life to get it back. ", "In fact, the only thing Play Music doesn't provide but should is a way of using it beyond the confines of Chrome.", "\n\nLike most Google services, Play Music is strictly browser-based for desktop users. ", "It's frustrating as hell. ", "Fortunately, two enterprising souls fill the void with clients they rolled themselves.", "\n\nThe Case Against the Chromopoly\n\nKeeping your music player in a tab and not an application may not seem like a big deal, and in the context of the sociopolitical upheaval the world's endured lately, it's not.", "\n\nBut in the context of listening to music all day, every day, to remain focused and motivated and, occasionally, awake at work? ", "It matters. ", "More than you might think. ", "Finding the right tab (or even the pop-out player) to change up your playlist? ", "Annoying. ", "Being unable to control tracks with your keyboard's media keys? ", "A pain. ", "Missing out on some fundamental features while forcing your computer to feed Chrome's voracious appetite for RAM? ", "No thank you!", "\n\n\"Having to search through my numerous tabs just to choose a new song seemed over-complicated to me, so a dedicated desktop client made logical sense,\" says Samuel Attard, creator of Google Play Music Desktop Player. ", "That client, like Sajid Anwar's Radiant Player, provide a standalone Google Play Music experience that liberates your albums from Chrome and offers far more granular control the experience.", "\n\nThat search for added value inspired Anwar to begin his project in 2013. \"", "I found an open source, bare-bones application by James Fator which had support for using the media keys on my keyboard to control the music,\" he says. \"", "From there, I forked the application and added the familiar features like notification support, a mini player in the OS X menu, Last.fm support, and theming.\"", "\n\nThese are valuable features; aside from Last.fm support, I use them all regularly, and you'll find them all in Desktop Player, too. (", "Differences between the two largely come down to personal preferences, although Radiant Player does require Adobe Flash while Desktop Player is Chromium-based). ", "There are some edge case benefits as well; I use AirFoil, which grabs music from your chosen application, to listen through my speakers. ", "If I pull from Chrome, every notification chime and autoplay video is blasted along with Frightened Rabbit.", "\n\nIf you're still not convinced that a desktop client provides a better overall experience, just know that there's at least some evidence to show you're in the minority. ", "As of early last year, 45 percent of Spotify listening happened on its dedicated desktop player, with 42 percent coming in from mobile. ", "The web player was responsible for just 3 percent.", "\n\nAll in the Family\n\nGoogle didn't respond to my inquiry about why it remains so dismissive of dedicated clients, but the company has long established its preference for keeping people within the browser, whether they're on a laptop, a desktop, or a smartphone.", "\n\n\"Google would contend that there's no limitation with the user experience created through a Chrome browser,\" says Michael Facemire, principal analyst at Forrester Research. \"", "That said, Google wants as much digital activity as possible to occur in Chrome ... This guarantees Google a seat at the table for digital interaction, which means they have better insights into an individual's activity, thus fueling their core revenue engine—advertising.\"", "\n\nRadiant Player and Desktop Player aren't tricky to maintain; they're basically boxed-off browsers feeding off of the Google Play Music website. ", "But they require the developers to pay attention and keep up with Google's bugs and tweaks. ", "It's a lot to ask for a side-project.", "\n\n\"Google is constantly modifying and updating the web version … which makes theming it a job that requires constant maintenance,\" says Attard. ", "He tries to release a new version, with new features, every two to three weeks. ", "Anwar, meanwhile, has had to sideline Radiant Player development because he's busy finishing his undergrad degree. ", "Contributors Jacob Gillespie and Chris Chrisostomou have picked up the slack in his stead.", "\n\nHopefully these folks will maintain interest, because they've made my Google Play Music experience infinitely more enjoyable. ", "Without a desktop client, I likely would have gone back to Spotify by now, ad-free YouTube be damned.", "\n\nBeyond the direct updated from Google, Chromecast compatibility remains the only real benefit of putting Google Play Music in a browser tab. ", "In fact, Attard says that ability is the feature Desktop Players request most often. ", "Don't worry. ", "It's on his to-do list." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "\n\nPython + Django + Rpy + R = Web App (by Simon Knapp) - zeratul\nhttps://github.com/Sleepingwell/DjangoRpyDemo\n\n======\nCieplak\nThis looks like a great project; however, I really wish there were a more\ndescriptive README.", "\n\n------\nmbq\nThere is always a good time for some shameless auto-promotion, so I'll mention\nTriggr, a package which allows one to convert R process into a fast, event-\nbased XML-, JSON- or even more freestyle RPC server:\n<https://github.com/mbq/Triggr>\n\n------\ndinedal\nIs this just a project with all the glue worked out between these projects?", "\n\n------\nzeratul\nThe original post is here: <http://www.linkedin.com/groups/R-web-\napps-77616.S.91223876>\n\n------\nmynegation\nI know many folks like ggplot2 much more than anything available for Python.", "\nWhat are the advantages of using R over Python?", "\n\n~~~\nCieplak\nR has exceptional libraries for doing statistical analysis. ", "This kind of setup\ncould be a great platform for building a statistical software suite as a\nservice. ", "Sort of like SAS or STATA or SPSS in the cloud.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

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[ "Carnegie Hall Concert\n\nCarnegie Hall Concert is the title or subtitle of several different performances and recordings made at New York City's Carnegie Hall:\n\nCarnegie Hall Concert (Toshiko Akiyoshi Jazz Orchestra), a 1991 recording by the Toshiko Akiyoshi Jazz Orchestra.", "\n\nThe Carnegie Hall Concerts (disambiguation), a series of annual live and recorded performances by Duke Ellington and his Orchestra\nThe Carnegie Hall Concerts: January 1943\nThe Carnegie Hall Concerts: December 1944\nThe Carnegie Hall Concerts: January 1946\nThe Carnegie Hall Concerts: December 1947\nCarnegie Hall Concert (Dizzy Gillespie album), a 1961 album by Dizzy Gillespie\nThe Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert, a 1950 release of a 1938 recording by Benny Goodman.", "\n\nThe Carnegie Hall Concert (Keith Jarrett album), a 2006 live solo piano album by American pianist Keith Jarrett\nCarnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971, a live concert recording of Carole King, released in 1996\nThe Carnegie Hall Concert, 2006 album by Evgeny Kissin and James Levine\nCarnegie Hall Concert (Buck Owens album), a 1966 album by Buck Owens and his Buckaroos\n\nSee also\nThe Carnegie Hall Performance (Lewis Black album)\nLive at Carnegie Hall (disambiguation)\nAt Carnegie Hall (disambiguation)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "\n389 N.W.2d 765 (1986)\nLeroy BAUER, Appellant,\nv.\nAMERICAN INTERNATIONAL ADJUSTMENT COMPANY, INC., ", "et al., ", "Pennsylvania and New Hampshire Insurance Company, Respondents.", "\nNo. ", "C6-85-2290.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Minnesota.", "\nJuly 8, 1986.", "\nReview Denied September 24, 1986.", "\n*766 Robert A. Nicklaus, Mary Kendall Adler, Nicklaus, Monroe, Fahey & Cooper, Chaska, for appellant.", "\nMichael R. Quinlivan, Arthur, Chapman, Michaelson & McDonough, Minneapolis, for American Intern. ", "Adjustment Company, Inc., et al.", "\nMark A. Gwin, Cousineau, McGuire, Shaughnessy & Anderson, Minneapolis, for Pennsylvania and New Hampshire Ins.", "Co.\nHeard, considered and decided by POPOVICH, C.J., and NIERENGARTEN and RANDALL, JJ.", "\n\nOPINION\nNIERENGARTEN, Judge\nThis appeal is from judgment entered on behalf of respondent insurance companies and their agent. ", "The trial court rescinded an alleged settlement agreement between appellant LeRoy Bauer and respondents because it was founded on a unilateral mistake of material fact known to Bauer. ", "We reverse.", "\n\nFACTS\nThis disputed agreement purportedly settled a products liability action. ", "LeRoy Bauer brought suit against the distributor and manufacturer of a spray nozzle used to apply chemicals to crops. ", "He claims his corn crop was damaged as a result of a defective nozzle.", "\nOn December 26, 1984, an offer of settlement was made to Bauer by an adjuster for respondent American International Adjustment Company (American), an agent for both respondent New Hampshire Insurance Company (insurer for the manufacturer) and respondent National Union Insurance Company (insurer for distributor). ", "The adjustor wrote Bauer's attorney:\nDear Mr. Nicklaus:\nPlease be advised that this file has been reassigned to my desk for handling. ", "Please address all future correspondence to my attention.", "\nIt is my understanding that our attorney made an offer of settlement to you in the amount of $17,000. ", "I have personally reviewed this file and feel that this offer is extremely generous and is an amount which I never would have considered offering on this case. ", "I feel that we have an extremely good chance of getting a defense verdict on this case. ", "As such, I will give you and your client 30 days in which to accept our present offer of $17,000 and after that time the offer of $17,000 will be withdrawn.", "\nIn addition, please be advised that I will conduct the negotiations on this file in the future and if you wish to settle this case, please communicate directly with me.", "\nI look forward to your response.", "\n Sincerely,\n Kristi E. Teigen\n Senior Claims Adjuster\nNicklaus admitted that there had been no offer of any kind ever made to him before the December 26th letter was received.", "\nOn January 10, 1985 Nicklaus wrote to Teigen as follows:\nDear Ms. Teigen:\nThank you for your letter of December 26, 1984 regarding further negotiations in handling this file. ", "I have discussed your offer of $17,000.00 with my client. ", "As you know we had previously reduced our demand to $19,500.00 and then recently in my letter to Mr. Kreuziger of November 29, 1984 to $19,000.00. ", "We feel this is a substantial reduction for a loss which will easily exceed $30,000.00 plus interest on the liquidated amount as *767 of 1981. ", "Nevertheless, another small reduction would settle the case at this time my client would be willing to settle for $18,500.00. ", "Please advise me if you are willing to raise your settlement offer to meet that reduction.", "\n Yours very truly,\n Robert A. Nicklaus\nNicklaus then wrote to Teigen on January 23, 1985 accepting the original $17,000 offer and asking her to prepare the settlement draft. ", "Two days later Teigen responded:\nDear Mr. Nicklaus:\nPlease be advised that I have received your letter dated January 23, 1985, indicating that you would accept $17,000 for the settlement of this case.", "\nIn your letter of January 10, 1985 you rejected our offer of $17,000. ", "By rejecting that offer and making a counterdemand, the offer of $17,000 was made void. ", "Therefore, I am no longer able to make that payment to you.", "\n Sincerely,\n Kristi E. Teigen\n Senior Claims Adjustor\nBauer commenced a declaratory judgment action seeking to collect the $17,000. ", "The trial granted judgment in the insurer's favor, finding that although a contract was formed when Bauer's attorney accepted the offer within the 30 day period originally specified, it was open to recission because Bauer's attorney knew that Teigen's offer was grounded on her mistaken belief that it had been previously made.", "\n\nISSUES\n1. ", "Is a party's knowledge of another's unilateral mistake grounds for recission of a settlement agreement?", "\n2. ", "Was the insured's right to accept an offer of settlement within a specified 30 day time period revoked by his counteroffer?", "\n\nANALYSIS\n1. ", "The trial court, relying on this court's decision in Speckel v. Perkins, 364 N.W.2d 890 (Minn.Ct.", "App.1985), determined that grounds existed for recission of the settlement agreement when Bauer's attorney failed to inquire about Teigen's allegedly erroneous offer.", "\nIn Speckel, plaintiff brought suit against Perkins. ", "Plaintiff's attorney wrote to Perkins attorney demanding the policy limits of $50,000 in settlement of plaintiff's claim for personal injuries. ", "Perkin's attorney responded that he thought the demand was overstated but nevertheless would pass it on to the insurance company for its consideration.", "\nShortly thereafter, Perkins attorney wrote a second time to plaintiff's attorney, reiterating his position that the matter was not a \"limits case\" but offering to settle the action for the $50,000 policy limits. ", "Plaintiff's attorney immediately accepted the offer by return mail. ", "Perkins attorney refused settlement claiming $15,000, not the $50,000 figure typed in by mistake, was the offer meant to be included in his second letter. ", "The trial court granted plaintiff's motion to compel settlement.", "\nOn appeal, we noted that a compromised settlement of a lawsuit was contractual in nature. ", "Speckel, 364 N.W.2d at 893. ", "Thus, to be valid, it required a definite offer and acceptance. ", "Id. Although no grounds existed to rescind the contract on the basis of a unilateral mistake, we refused to enforce the agreement holding that the offer given raised a presumption of error which imposed on plaintiff the duty to inquire about its validity. ", "Speckel, 364 N.W.2d at 893. ", "We stated:\nA duty to inquire may be imposed on the person receiving the offer when there are factors that reasonably raise a presumption of error. ", "Wender Presses, Inc. v. United States, 343 F.2d 961, 963, 170 Ct.", "Cl. ", "483 (1965). ", "An offeree \"will not be permitted to snap up an offer that is too good to be true; no agreement based on such an offer can * * * be enforced by the acceptor.\" ", "Id. (citing 1 Williston on Contracts § 94 (3d ed. ", "1957)).", "\n\n*768 In this case Wheat's letter is internally inconsistent. ", "After stating that the case is not worth the policy limits, it proceeds to offer precisely that amount. ", "We find that this internal inconsistency raises a presumption of error and imposed upon [plaintiff] a consequent duty to inquire * * *.", "\nId.\nIn this case we are not convinced that a duty to inquire about the validity of the settlement offer should be imposed on Bauer.", "\nAlthough Teigen's letter raised a \"presumption of error\" (Bauer's attorney admitted to that fact by stipulation), no consequent duty to inquire arises here where the mistaken assumption resulted from miscommunication between two agents of the same insurance company. ", "It was not the responsibility of Bauer's attorney to assist in the coordination of the opposing party's settlement efforts.", "\nMoreover, although Bauer's attorney knew of the mistake made by Teigen it may not have necessarily alerted him to inquire further because the $17,000 offer by Teigen was not out of line with the demands made by Bauer's attorney in his communications with National Union's attorney. (", "In his letter dated January 10, 1985 Bauer's attorney Nicklaus wrote to Teigen that he earlier demanded $19,500 and then $19,000 to settle the case. ", "It is presumed that these demands were included in the file sent to Teigen from National Union's attorney when she began handling disposition of the matter).", "\n2. ", "The insurance companies maintain that even if Speckel is not applicable, no basis exists for enforcement of the agreement because Bauer's attorney's letter of January 10, 1985 asking for a settlement figure of $18,500 was a counter-offer and thus a rejection by Bauer of his right to accept Teigen's original offer of $17,000.", "\nBauer argues that the January 10, 1985 letter was one of mere inquiry, inviting a response by the insurance company, which was received a week later. ", "He further argues that the inquiry letter was sent well within the time period specified in the original offer, thus, allowing him the opportunity to accept before the 30 days ran the first offer given if the insurance company was not receptive to his inquiry for an increased settlement amount.", "\nWe agree with Bauer. ", "Neither the letter nor the response to it by the insurance companies indicates that either party viewed Bauer's $18,500 \"demand\" as anything but a continuation of the negotiation process.", "\nThe tone of the January 10 letter suggests that Bauer's attorney was merely engaging in one last effort to negotiate a higher settlement amount from the insurance company. ", "There was no express rejection of the $17,500 figure made in the letter nor did it unequivocally state that $18,500 was necessary to settle the case. ", "Perhaps more telling of the letter's effect is the response given to it by Teigen a week later. ", "In her letter dated January 17, 1985, Teigen stated that she could not consider Bauer's demand of $18,500 indicating once again her belief that liability was questionable on the part of both the manufacturer and distributor of the spray nozzle. ", "At that time she gave no indication she was formally withdrawing the $17,000 offer nor did she acknowledge that the $18,500 figure constituted a rejection of the insurance companies original settlement amount. ", "In fact, it was not until after Bauer's attorney finally accepted the $17,000 offer within the thirty day period that Teigen first characterized the $18,500 inquiry as a counter-offer.", "\n\nDECISION\nA binding contract was formed on January 23, 1985 when Bauer accepted the insurance companies original offer of $17,000.", "\nReversed.", "\n" ]

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[ "June 5, 2017\n\nScience has confirmed numerous times what your muscles already knew — there are few things that feel better than a massage. ", "The right touch can lead to big physical benefits, including lower blood pressure, better sleep, and a stronger immune system. ", "Some hospitals even use massage as a go-to treatment for helping their patients relax, relieving their insomnia, and minimizing their pain.", "\n\nAs an added benefit, easing away all of that muscular tension can also reduce the tension in your mind. ", "Neuropsychology experts say that a lack of physical touch can lead to depression, aggression, and hyperactivity. ", "In fact, a good massage can have such a strong impact on your mental well-being that it’s the one instance where you’ll gladly be touched by someone who you don’t know very well (or at all!).", "\n\nBut as powerful as the physical and emotional benefits can be, there’s a way to make your next massage even better — by turning it into an aromatherapy massage. ", "Read more" ]

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[ "Child Forensic Interviews\n\nForensic interviews are provided to children who may have experienced abuse or who have witnessed a crime or other violent act. ", "The primary aim of forensic services is to aid in ensuring the safety of the individual child as well as other children in the community. ", "Forensic services are provided in a safe and child-friendly environment at CHERISH .", "\n\nChild Forensic Interviewing at CHERISHA professionally trained child forensic interviewer at CHERISH will speak with your child at their visit. ", "The interviewer talks to them and asks them questions in a way that is developmentally appropriate to the child and avoids asking leading or suggestive questions. ", "A team of law enforcement, Department of Child Services, prosecution, mental health and medical professionals work together so that there is only one forensic interview. ", "This helps avoid the child having to share their experience over and over again. ", "The interview is recorded through a closed circuit camera. ", "The interviewer wears an earpiece so that team members are able to ask questions or relay information. ", "Alleged perpetrators are not allowed on CHERISH property. ", "There is also no cost involved in a visit.", "\n\nAfter the InterviewFollowing the victim interview, the team collectively decides upon the course of action regarding additional investigation and/or services for the child or family members. ", "A representative from law enforcement and the Department of Child Services will speak with you about what next steps are needed. ", "Law enforcement and the Department of Child Services are the only agencies with information about the interview. ", "A victim advocate will talk with you about additional services that may be needed." ]

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[ "Late (> 5 years) regional lymph node metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), proven by p53 mutation analysis.", "\nA late (> 5 years) neck nodal metastasis of oral cancer, poses a problem to the clinician: is it a late metastasis or a metastasis of a (unknown) second primary tumour? ", "A 50-year-old male was seen with a contralateral lymph node metastasis, 5 1/2 years after treatment of a pT2N1M0 carcinoma in the floor of the mouth. ", "Both the late metastasis and the original tumour specimen were analysed for p53 mutations. ", "Both specimens showed an identical p53 mutation, thereby confirming the lymph node to be a late metastasis. ", "A lymph node metastasis can occur more than 5 years after treatment of an oral squamous cell carcinoma. ", "p53 mutation analysis is of help to discriminate it from a second primary tumour." ]

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[ "Lot\n12\n\nA GROUP OF FIVE SILVER AND ENAMEL ARTICLES\n\nVARIOUS MAKERS AND DATES\n\nA GROUP OF FIVE SILVER AND ENAMEL ARTICLES\nVARIOUS MAKERS AND DATES\nComprising: an Austrian cheroot case with basket on cover, mark of RS; a silver and purple heart-shaped case, Levi & Salaman, 1909; a George V silver and purple compact, Crisford & Norris, 1920; a silver and white compact with flowers, import marks for George Stockwell, 1925; a silver-gilt and enamel lorgnette, marked sterling, circa 1910, in fitted case\nThe cheroot case 2 7/8 in. (", "7.3 cm.) ", "long (5)" ]

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[ "GOLD MEDAL TOYS Only THE BEST 4 YOU\n\n\"Gold Medal Toys\" is the Store name hosted/used by: game-over!!! ", "Hopefully one of your favorite E-Bay sellers. ", "I`m a specialist in vintage `70ties and `80ties produced toys and collectibles. ", "Basicly I collect them but frequently sell models from my own collection. ", "Check my store and auctions! ", "Thanks" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to solve my errors in my code about online test to be like in the pdf file?", "\n\nimport java.util.", "Scanner;\n\npublic class OnlineTest {\n\npublic static void entry() {\n\n Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);\n System.out.println(\"Please, Enter Your Full Name :\");\n String name = input.nextLine();\n System.out.println(\"Please, Enter your Test Registration ID :\");\n double id = input.nextDouble();\n\n System.out.println(\" . . . ", "Starting Test\\n\");\n\n test(double score1, double score2, double score3);\n\n}\n\npublic static void test(double score1, double score2, double score3) {\n String answer;\n Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);\n\n System.out.println(\"- Choose the Correct Answer:\\n\");\n\n do {\n System.out.println(\"a. ", "Which Utility is used to compile Java applications?\\n\"\n + \" 1. ", "javaw\\n\"\n + \" 2. ", "java\\n\"\n + \" 3. ", "javac \" );\n answer = input.next();\n }while(!answer.equals(\"1\") && !", "answer.equals(\"2\") && !", "answer.equals(\"3\"));\n\n if(answer.equals(\"3\") ) {\n score1 = 100;\n }else if (!", "answer.equals(\"3\")) {\n score1 = 0;\n }\n\n do {\n System.out.println(\"b. ", "Which is a restriction when using a switch statement? ", "\\n\"\n + \" 1. ", "Characters cannot be used\\n\"\n + \" 2. ", "Doubles cannot be used\\n\"\n + \" 3. ", "Integers can not be used\" );\n answer = input.next();\n }while(!answer.equals(\"1\") && !", "answer.equals(\"2\") && !", "answer.equals(\"3\"));\n\n if(answer.equals(\"1\") ) {\n score2 = 100;\n }else if (!", "answer.equals(\"1\")) {\n score2 = 0;\n }\n\n do {\n System.out.println(\"c. ", "What is the range of byte data type in Java? ", " \\n\"\n + \" 1. ", "-128 to 127\\n\"\n + \" 2. ", "-32768 to 32767\\n\"\n + \" 3. ", "-2147483648 to 2147483647\" );\n answer = input.next();\n }while(!answer.equals(\"1\") && !", "answer.equals(\"2\") && !", "answer.equals(\"3\"));\n\n if(answer.equals(\"1\") ) {\n score3 = 100;\n }else if (!", "answer.equals(\"1\")) {\n score3 = 0;\n }\n\n double totalscores = score1 + score2 + score3;\n\n}\n\npublic static void results(double totalscores) {\n\n double percentage = totalscores ;\n printData(percentage);\n}\n\npublic static void printData(double percentage) {\n\n System.out.println(\"-----------------------\");\n\n System.out.println(\"\\tJava Certification\\n\"\n + \"\\t Test Results\\n\");\n\n System.out.println(\"Name : \" );\n\n System.out.println(\"Passing Score 52% \");\n System.out.println(\"Your Score : \" + percentage + \"% \\n\");\n\n System.out.println(\"Max Score --------------------100%\\r\\n\" + \n \"Passing Score -----------52\");\n\n}\n\npublic static void main(String[] args) {\n\n entry();\n printData(double percentage);\n}\n\n}\n\nimportant file final project\nHow can I solve it about online test to be like in the pdf file?", "\n\nA:\n\nHi!This is your code without errors!", "\n\nSo, I changed somethings, I'll list them to get clearer.", "\n\nTo use \"Name\" and \"Id\" in more than one method, it is easier if they are global variables.", "\nWhen calling the \"test\" method you need to pass the values, so in the \"entry\" method the values are passed.", "\nThe \"printData\" method is called within \"results\" to receive the value of \"totalScores\"\nAlso in the \"results\" method to calculate the value of \"percentage\" you must divide by the number of scores, which in this case is 3\nThe methods need to be static, just the test method. ", "In the test method, a class must be instantiated to test the class itself.", "\nimport java.util.", "Scanner;\n\npublic class OnlineTest { \nString name;\ndouble id;\n\npublic void entry() {\n Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);\n System.out.println(\"Please, Enter Your Full Name :\");\n name = input.nextLine();\n System.out.println(\"Please, Enter your Test Registration ID :\");\n id = input.nextDouble();\n\n System.out.println(\" . . . ", "Starting Test\\n\");\n\n test(0, 0, 0);\n}\n\npublic void test(double score1, double score2, double score3) {\n String answer;\n Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);\n\n System.out.println(\"- Choose the Correct Answer:\\n\");\n\n do {\n System.out.println(\"a. ", "Which Utility is used to compile Java applications?\\n\" + \" 1. ", "javaw\\n\"\n + \" 2. ", "java\\n\" + \" 3. ", "javac \");\n answer = input.next();\n } while (!", "answer.equals(\"1\") && !", "answer.equals(\"2\") && !", "answer.equals(\"3\"));\n\n if (answer.equals(\"3\")) {\n score1 = 100;\n } else if (!", "answer.equals(\"3\")) {\n score1 = 0;\n }\n\n do {\n System.out.println(\n \"b. Which is a restriction when using a switch statement? ", "\\n\" + \" 1. ", "Characters cannot be used\\n\"\n + \" 2. ", "Doubles cannot be used\\n\" + \" 3. ", "Integers can not be used\");\n answer = input.next();\n } while (!", "answer.equals(\"1\") && !", "answer.equals(\"2\") && !", "answer.equals(\"3\"));\n\n if (answer.equals(\"1\")) {\n score2 = 100;\n } else if (!", "answer.equals(\"1\")) {\n score2 = 0;\n }\n\n do {\n System.out.println(\"c. ", "What is the range of byte data type in Java? ", " \\n\" + \" 1. ", "-128 to 127\\n\"\n + \" 2. ", "-32768 to 32767\\n\" + \" 3. ", "-2147483648 to 2147483647\");\n answer = input.next();\n } while (!", "answer.equals(\"1\") && !", "answer.equals(\"2\") && !", "answer.equals(\"3\"));\n\n if (answer.equals(\"1\")) {\n score3 = 100;\n } else if (!", "answer.equals(\"1\")) {\n score3 = 0;\n }\n\n double totalscores = score1 + score2 + score3;\n results(totalscores);\n\n}\n\npublic void results(double totalscores) {\n\n double percentage = (totalscores) / 3;\n printData(percentage);\n}\n\npublic void printData(double percentage) {\n\n System.out.println(\"-----------------------\");\n\n System.out.println(\"\\tJava Certification\\n\" + \"\\t Test Results\\n\");\n\n System.out.println(\"Name : \" + name);\n System.out.println(\"Test Registration ID:\" + id);\n\n System.out.println(\"Passing Score 52% \");\n System.out.println(\"Your Score : \" + percentage + \"% \\n\");\n\n System.out.println(\"Max Score --------------------100%\\r\\n\" + \"Passing Score -----------52\");\n\n}\n\npublic static void main(String[] args) {\n OnlineTest onlineTest = new OnlineTest();\n onlineTest.entry();\n\n}\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "What can fashionable ideas, blind faith, or pure fantasy possibly have to do with the scientific quest to understand the universe? ", "Surely, theoretical physicists are immune to mere trends, dogmatic beliefs, or flights of fancy? ", "In fact, acclaimed physicist and bestselling author Roger Penrose argues that researchers working at the extreme frontiers of physics are just as susceptible to these forces as anyone else. ", "In this provocative book, he argues that fashion, faith, and fantasy, while sometimes productive and even essential in physics, may be leading today’s researchers astray in three of the field’s most important areas—string theory, quantum mechanics, and cosmology. ", "Arguing that string theory has veered away from physical reality by positing six extra hidden dimensions, Penrose cautions that the fashionable nature of a theory can cloud our judgment of its plausibility. ", "In the case of quantum mechanics, its stunning success in explaining the atomic universe has led to an uncritical faith that it must also apply to reasonably massive objects, and Penrose responds by suggesting possible changes in quantum theory. ", "Turning to cosmology, he argues that most of the current fantastical ideas about the origins of the universe cannot be true, but that an even wilder reality may lie behind them. ", "Finally, Penrose describes how fashion, faith, and fantasy have ironically also shaped his own work, from twistor theory, a possible alternative to string theory that is beginning to acquire a fashionable status, to “conformal cyclic cosmology,” an idea so fantastic that it could be called “conformal crazy cosmology.” ", "The result is an important critique of some of the most significant developments in physics today from one of its most eminent figures.", "\n\nRoger Penrose , one the world's foremost theoretical physicists, has won numerous prizes, including the Albert Einstein Medal, for his fundamental contributions to general relativity and cosmology. ", "He is the bestselling author, with Stephen Hawking, of The Nature of Space and Time (Princeton). ", "Penrose's other books include Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe and The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe (both Vintage). ", "He is the Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics Emeritus at the University of Oxford and lives in Oxford, England.", "\n\n\"Physics has been at an awkward impasse for the past century. ", "Two theories—quantum mechanics and general relativity—are widely believed to be true. . . . ", "But they contradict each other in basic ways—they cannot both be entirely true. ", "In Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe . . . ", "Roger Penrose, an elder statesman of physics, considers the problem. ", "As intellectually offbeat as he is eminent . . . ", "He ventures here some novel ways in which the two theories might be reconciled.", "\"—Wall Street Journal\n\n\"Penrose gets to the heart of modern physics' problem with subjectivity in this insightful and provocative pop-sci title. . . . [", "A] rewarding discussion of scientific stumbles in the search for truth.", "\"—Publishers Weekly\n\n\"It is always inspiring to read Penrose's uncompromisingly independent perspec­tive on physics.", "\"—Richard Dawid, Nature\n\n\"An extremely original, rich, and thoughtful survey of today's most fashionable attempts to decipher the cosmos on its smallest and largest scales.", "\"—Science\n\n\"I can't recommend [Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe] too highly to anyone with a serious interest in fundamental questions about physics.", "\"—Peter Woit, Not Even Wrong\n\n\"In standing outside the fray and criticising the central dogmas of fundamental physics, Penrose is playing the role of Einstein, who forced quantum theorists to defend and hone their ideas, and Sir Fred Hoyle, who persistently challenged Big Bang theorists to sharpen their ideas. ", "This is an extremely important role, and long may Penrose fulfill it.", "\"—Times Higher Education\n\n\"[A] beautifully produced, beautifully laid-out and diagrammed book. . . . ", "There is possibly no better or more original expositor than Penrose to draw from. ", "If modern physics theory is of interest to you, you certainly won't want to ignore this book.", "\"—Math Frolic\n\n\"The book is replete with phenomenal visual representations of the physics under discussion, a reminder of Penrose's ability to see and describe physics in a unique way. . . . ", "Ultimately, what is most valuable about the book is the excellent example he offers in how to ask questions.", "\"—Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, Physics World\n\n\"Something is rotten in the state of physics. . . . ", "The eminent mathematician and physicist Roger Penrose identifies several possible sources of the rot. . . . ", "He is not one to be intimidated by an overwhelming majority, no matter how illustrious and vocal it is. ", "He sets out his objections politely and with exemplary patience towards the keepers of physics orthodoxy. . . . ", "Time will tell whether any of his judgments are correct. ", "In the meantime, his critics would do well to remember George Bernard Shaw's warning: ‘The minority is sometimes right; the majority is always wrong.", "'\"—Graham Farmelo, The Guardian\n\n\"A valuable insight into what one of the most prominent theoretical physicists of recent times makes of reality's relationship to ideas in quantum theory, standard cosmology, and theories that pretend to replace them.", "\"—Richard Webb, New Scientist\n\n\"The strength of this book is how the reader can appreciate science as a human undertaking.", "\"—Choice\n\n\"The most important thing is not exactly what he writes about string theory, cosmology and quantum mechanics in his latest book . . . ", "but that a book so wide and deep in its erudition could be written at all. ", "If his successors cannot do the same, science will be all the poorer.", "\"—Philip Ball, Prospect\n\n\"There are valuable perspectives given by Penrose that only someone of his stature in the physics community can offer, and that should be taken seriously.", "\"—Steven Ball, Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith\n\n\"Excellent and provocative. . . . ", "I strongly recommend this book for all students of the Supreme Court.", "\"—Thomas G. Hansford, Law and Politics Book Review\n\n\"This gem of a book is vintage Roger Penrose: eloquently argued and deeply original on every page. ", "His perspective on the present crisis and future promise of physics and cosmology provides an important corrective to fashionable thinking at this crucial moment in science. ", "This book deserves the widest possible hearing among specialists and the public alike.", "\"—Lee Smolin, author of Time Reborn: From the Crisis in Physics to the Future of the Universe" ]

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[ "Low-power electrical stimulation has been found to have various therapeutic uses. ", "One example of low-power electrical stimulation is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (“TENS”). ", "TENS devices typically operate by generating low-power electrical impulses that are supplied to the skin of a patient through electrodes. ", "The electrical impulses have been found to diminish or completely relieve pain previously felt by a patient.", "\nThere are two primary theories for the effectiveness of TENS devices. ", "The first theory is the Gate Control Theory. ", "In this theory, the mild electrical stimulation is thought to relieve pain in a similar way as when an injured area is manually rubbed. ", "Rubbing acts to mask the pain from the injury. ", "Similarly, when electrical impulses pass through the skin they pass through portions of the peripheral nervous system. ", "The electrical impulses reduce the transmission of pain messages, thereby diminishing or completely relieving pain.", "\nA second theory is the Endorphin Release Theory. ", "This theory states that the electrical impulses from the TENS device cause mild to moderate muscle twitching in the body. ", "The body responds to the muscle twitching by producing natural pain relievers called endorphins, thereby diminishing or completely relieving the pain.", "\nIn addition to TENS, electrical stimulation has also been found to be useful for other therapies. ", "Examples include edema reduction, wound healing, iontophoresis drug delivery, muscle stimulation, and interferential current therapy." ]

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[ "Zoology\n\nShare with:\n\nA woman in her mid-50s growing a tail may sound odd and fantastical, and one could even look at the surface and suggest that a movie based on this is going to descend into the realms of fantasy. ", "Zoology, though, is anything but. ", "It is as serious a movie as it could get, and despite being based on a notion that is quite improbable, it is actually a film about everyday human emotions.", "\n\nNatasha (Natalya Pavlenkova) is a middle-aged zoo worker in Russia who leads a humdrum life and is the butt of crude and cruel jokes of her colleagues. ", "One day she faints at work with lower back pains, and visit to the doctor reveals that she is growing a tail. ", "It is not explained in the film just how she could have sprouted a tail, but it does not affect the narration in the slightest.", "\n\nAs the film progresses, Natasha develops a romantic relationship with radiologist Peter (Dmitriy Groshev), who is handsome and younger than her. ", "Peter is not taking aback by a tail that no one in the medical profession is able to explain; instead, he seems to be down to it, as one particular scene towards the end of the film suggests.", "\n\nZoology is not steeped in scientific logic, but the film never tries to find it. ", "In fact, the movie almost unashamedly does not make any attempt to decipher why Natasha has grown a tail. ", "Instead, it focuses solely on the psychological and emotional changes the female protagonist undergoes and how life and people around her perceive her. ", "This is not a modern fairytale, but a story about coping with whatever life throws at you." ]

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[ "Call 954-718-2950\n\nBrands\n\nBall bearings reduce friction between shafts and axles and carry radial loads, thrust loads, or a combination of both. ", "They contain an outer ring, inner ring, and a cage that holds and spaces bearing balls, the bearing’s spherical rolling elements. ", "These bearing balls must be perfectly rounded and spaced to prevent friction and bearing failure. ", "Ball bearings come in single- and double-row configurations depending on the type and direction of loads they carry. ", "There are many types of ball bearings. ", "Ball thrust bearings only carry axial loads, while angular contact ball bearings support both thrust and radial loads. ", "The radial load an angular contact ball bearing can support is directly proportionate to the axial load it can support. ", "Self-aligning ball bearings compensate for improper bearing mounting that leads to misalignment. ", "Thin-section ball bearings are used in small spaces that have weight restrictions." ]

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[ "Sardón de los Frailes\n\nSardón de los Frailes is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. ", "As of 2016 the municipality has a population of 82 inhabitants.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Municipalities in the Province of Salamanca\nCategory:Populated places in the Province of Salamanca" ]

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[ "Displays built from mechanical light modulators are an attractive alternative to displays based on liquid crystal technology. ", "Mechanical light modulators are fast enough to display video content with good viewing angles and with a wide range of color and grey scale. ", "Mechanical light modulators have been successful in projection display applications. ", "Backlit displays using mechanical light modulators have not yet demonstrated sufficiently attractive combinations of brightness and low power. ", "There is a need in the art for fast, bright, low-powered mechanically actuated displays. ", "Specifically there is a need for mechanically actuated displays that include bi-stable mechanisms and that can be driven at low voltages for reduced power consumption." ]

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