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[ "NN Investment Partners Holdings N.V. reduced its stake in shares of Baker Hughes A GE Co (NYSE:BHI) by 18.0% during the second quarter, according to its most recent disclosure with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). ", "The institutional investor owned 13,127 shares of the oilfield services provider’s stock after selling 2,881 shares during the period. ", "NN Investment Partners Holdings N.V.’s holdings in Baker Hughes A GE were worth $716,000 at the end of the most recent quarter.", "\n\nOther institutional investors also recently made changes to their positions in the company. ", "Winch Advisory Services LLC bought a new position in shares of Baker Hughes A GE during the first quarter valued at approximately $104,000. ", "Partners Capital Investment Group Holdings LLC raised its position in shares of Baker Hughes A GE by 0.3% in the first quarter. ", "Partners Capital Investment Group Holdings LLC now owns 1,944 shares of the oilfield services provider’s stock valued at $116,000 after buying an additional 5 shares during the last quarter. ", "TrimTabs Asset Management LLC raised its position in shares of Baker Hughes A GE by 89.2% in the first quarter. ", "TrimTabs Asset Management LLC now owns 2,121 shares of the oilfield services provider’s stock valued at $127,000 after buying an additional 1,000 shares during the last quarter. ", "First Bank & Trust raised its position in shares of Baker Hughes A GE by 11.8% in the first quarter. ", "First Bank & Trust now owns 2,239 shares of the oilfield services provider’s stock valued at $134,000 after buying an additional 236 shares during the last quarter. ", "Finally, Trust Co. of Vermont raised its position in shares of Baker Hughes A GE by 21.5% in the first quarter. ", "Trust Co. of Vermont now owns 2,260 shares of the oilfield services provider’s stock valued at $135,000 after buying an additional 400 shares during the last quarter. ", "91.32% of the stock is owned by hedge funds and other institutional investors.", "\n\nGet Baker Hughes A GE Co alerts:\n\nShares of Baker Hughes A GE Co (BHI) traded up 5.82% on Friday, reaching $57.68. ", "The company’s stock had a trading volume of 4,124,512 shares. ", "The company has a 50 day moving average of $55.90 and a 200 day moving average of $59.83. ", "Baker Hughes A GE Co has a 1-year low of $43.09 and a 1-year high of $68.59.", "\n\nILLEGAL ACTIVITY NOTICE: “NN Investment Partners Holdings N.V. Sells 2,881 Shares of Baker Hughes A GE Co (NYSE:BHI)” was first published by Community Financial News and is owned by of Community Financial News. ", "If you are accessing this piece on another site, it was illegally copied and republished in violation of international copyright and trademark laws. ", "The correct version of this piece can be read at https://www.com-unik.info/2017/08/19/baker-hughes-a-ge-co-nysebhi-shares-sold-by-nn-investment-partners-holdings-n-v-updated-updated-updated.html.", "\n\nSeveral equities analysts recently commented on the stock. ", "Royal Bank Of Canada set a $72.00 price objective on shares of Baker Hughes A GE and gave the company a “buy” rating in a research report on Saturday, July 1st. ", "Zacks Investment Research downgraded shares of Baker Hughes A GE from a “hold” rating to a “sell” rating in a report on Tuesday, June 27th. ", "Guggenheim downgraded shares of Baker Hughes A GE from a “buy” rating to a “neutral” rating in a report on Tuesday, June 27th. ", "BMO Capital Markets downgraded shares of Baker Hughes A GE from an “outperform” rating to a “market perform” rating and cut their price target for the stock from $69.00 to $65.00 in a report on Wednesday, April 26th. ", "Finally, ValuEngine upgraded shares of Baker Hughes A GE from a “sell” rating to a “hold” rating in a report on Friday, June 2nd. ", "Two investment analysts have rated the stock with a sell rating, sixteen have given a hold rating and thirteen have assigned a buy rating to the company. ", "Baker Hughes A GE has a consensus rating of “Hold” and an average target price of $63.10.", "\n\nBaker Hughes A GE Company Profile\n\nBaker Hughes, a GE Company is an oil and gas company. ", "The Company is a provider of integrated oilfield products, services and digital solutions. ", "The Company’s products and services include upstream, midstream, downstream, industrial and digital. ", "The Company’s upstream, which includes evaluation, drilling, completions and production.", "\n\nWhat are top analysts saying about Baker Hughes A GE Co? - ", "Enter your email address in the form below to receive our free daily email newsletter that contains the latest headlines and analysts' recommendations for for Baker Hughes A GE Co and related companies." ]
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0.011973
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[ "This invention relates to charging capacitive loads. ", "More particularly, this invention relates to charging capacitive loads in photoflash systems.", "\nIn conventional photoflash systems, fixed frequency switching power supply topologies are typically used to provide power to a capacitive load. ", "For example, in fixed frequency applications, a portion of the period associated with the frequency can be used to turn a power switch (e.g., transistor) ON and another portion of the period can be used to turn the switch OFF. ", "A ratio of ON-time TON versus OFF-time TOFF can be set to adjust the duty ratio applied to the power switch. ", "During ON-time, the power switch is activated and then during OFF-time, the power switch is OFF. ", "The TOFF/TON ratio can be adjusted to provide the appropriate power to the capacitive load during the switching cycle of the switching power supply. ", "Typical DC-to-DC converters, for example, employ this technique. ", "Therefore, under varying load conditions or output voltage requirements, conventional switching power supply topologies can adjust the TOFF/TON ratio to meet output voltage and load requirements.", "\nThis approach as it relates to photoflash systems, however, has several potential problems. ", "One problem is that the photoflash capacitor voltage can vary continuously from, for example, 0V at the start of a charging cycle to 300V at the end of the charging cycle. ", "This wide variation in voltages can put demands that are impractical to implement on conventional power switching supplies. ", "For example, some conventional switching power supplies may not have the capability to adjust the TOFF/TON ratio to provide power to charge output capacitor loads that vary over a wide voltage range.", "\nAnother potential problem that may occur with conventional power switching supplies is that the output voltage feedback mechanism used to monitor the output voltage can be a source of constant power dissipation. ", "For example, a feedback mechanism may include a resistor divider coupled between the output capacitor load and ground. ", "During operation, this coupling exhibits an I2R power loss. ", "Furthermore, several tens of microamps may be required to be conducted in the resistor divider to minimize the affect of finite input impedance of the feedback mechanism. ", "In addition, when the conventional switching supply operates to maintain a relatively high output voltage (e.g., 300V), the feedback mechanism can dissipate several milliwatts. ", "Since it is desirable to maintain the capacitor voltage at flash ready status, the feedback mechanism has to constantly monitor the capacitor voltage to ensure that the proper voltage is maintained, thus creating an undesirable long term power loss.", "\nAnother problem that can occur with conventional switching power supplies is that the switching action required to obtain the proper output voltage cannot be stopped. ", "Instead, the conventional switching power supply continuously adjusts the TOFF/TON ratio to maintain a constant output voltage relative to a given load. ", "In other words, the conventional switching power supply continues to supply power to the load even when the desired capacitor voltage has been reached. ", "This can add additional power losses that reduce the efficiency of conventional photoflash systems." ]
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0.001466
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[ "Non-linear dielectric signatures of entropy changes in liquids subject to time dependent electric fields.", "\nA model of non-linear dielectric polarization is studied in which the field induced entropy change is the source of polarization dependent retardation time constants. ", "Numerical solutions for the susceptibilities of the system are obtained for parameters that represent the dynamic and thermodynamic behavior of glycerol. ", "The calculations for high amplitude sinusoidal fields show a significant enhancement of the steady state loss for frequencies below that of the low field loss peak. ", "Also at relatively low frequencies, the third harmonic susceptibility spectrum shows a \"hump,\" i.e., a maximum, with an amplitude that increases with decreasing temperature. ", "Both of these non-linear effects are consistent with experimental evidence. ", "While such features have been used to conclude on a temperature dependent number of dynamically correlated particles, Ncorr, the present result demonstrates that the third harmonic susceptibility display a peak with an amplitude that tracks the variation of the activation energy in a model that does not involve dynamical correlations or spatial scales." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.000404
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[ "Hyperhomocysteinemia in menopausal hypertension: an added risk factor and a dangerous association for organ damage.", "\nHyperhomocysteinemia is widely recognised as an emerging risk factor of endothelial dysfunction and vascular damage. ", "In this study we wanted to verify if it, when associated to arterial hypertension--traditional risk factor--represents a higher added risk of organ damage during menopause, which is a condition connected to a higher incidence of cerebrovascular diseases. ", "A survey of 30 postmenopausal women with similar characteristics (BMI, age, absence of relevant pathologies such as diabetes, metabolic disorders and absence of smoking) was selected (menopause had occurred from 12 to 16 months at the moment of observation). ", "At the moment of the observation they had not gone through any continuous pharmacological therapy. ", "They were subdivided into 3 groups: normotensive; hypertensive (with 2nd degree hypertension: mild to moderate) without organ damage; hypertensive with organ damage (TIA, ischaemic heart disease, etc.). ", "The carotid IMT, measured with ultrasound method, was considered as an organ damage parameter. ", "43% of the patients had high levels of homocysteine (> 15 micromol/l), which are levels considered at risk in other surveys. ", "The highest levels of homocysteine were recorded in hypertensive women with episodes of acute cerebrovascular damage (micromol/l = 24.3 +/- 8.9). ", "In this group, a positive correlation (r = 0.7) was obtained between homocysteine levels and carotid IMT. ", "The possible coexistence of hyperhomocysteinemia and arterial hypertension, even though without particularly high values for both of them, in menopause may represent a dangerous association responsible for a significant organ damage and, therefore, for acute cerebrovascular events." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.004174
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[ "import * as Tree from '../Tree'\nimport { Folder } from '../Tree'\nimport Logger from '../Logger'\nimport Adapter from '../interfaces/Adapter'\nimport browser from '../browser-api'\n\nconst url = require('url')\n\nexport default class CachingAdapter extends Adapter {\n constructor(server) {\n super()\n this.highestId = 0\n this.bookmarksCache = new Folder({ id: 0, title: 'root' })\n }\n\n getLabel() {\n let data = this.getData()\n return data.username + '@' + url.parse(data.url).hostname\n }\n\n async getBookmarksTree() {\n return this.bookmarksCache.clone()\n }\n\n acceptsBookmark(bm) {\n if (bm.url === 'data:') {\n return false\n }\n return ~['https:', 'http:', 'ftp:', 'data:', 'javascript:'].indexOf(\n url.parse(bm.url).protocol\n )\n }\n\n async createBookmark(bm) {\n Logger.log('CREATE', bm)\n bm.id = ++this.highestId\n const foundFolder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(bm.parentId)\n if (!", "foundFolder) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error001'))\n }\n foundFolder.children.push(bm)\n this.bookmarksCache.createIndex()\n return bm.id\n }\n\n async updateBookmark(newBm) {\n Logger.log('UPDATE', newBm)\n const foundBookmark = this.bookmarksCache.findBookmark(newBm.id)\n if (!", "foundBookmark) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error002'))\n }\n foundBookmark.url = newBm.url\n foundBookmark.title = newBm.title\n if (foundBookmark.parentId !", "== newBm.parentId) {\n const foundOldFolder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(\n foundBookmark.parentId\n )\n if (!", "foundOldFolder) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error003'))\n }\n const foundNewFolder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(newBm.parentId)\n if (!", "foundNewFolder) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error004'))\n }\n foundOldFolder.children.splice(\n foundOldFolder.children.indexOf(foundBookmark),\n 1\n )\n foundNewFolder.children.push(foundBookmark) // TODO: respect order\n foundBookmark.parentId = newBm.parentId\n this.bookmarksCache.createIndex()\n }\n }\n\n async removeBookmark(id) {\n Logger.log('REMOVE', { id })\n const foundBookmark = this.bookmarksCache.findBookmark(id)\n if (!", "foundBookmark) {\n return\n }\n const foundOldFolder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(\n foundBookmark.parentId\n )\n if (!", "foundOldFolder) {\n return\n }\n foundOldFolder.children.splice(\n foundOldFolder.children.indexOf(foundBookmark),\n 1\n )\n this.bookmarksCache.createIndex()\n }\n\n /**\n * @param parentId:int the id of the parent node of the new folder\n * @param title:string the title of the folder\n * @return Promise<int> the id of the new folder\n */\n async createFolder(parentId, title) {\n Logger.log('CREATEFOLDER', { parentId, title })\n const folder = new Tree.", "Folder({ parentId, title })\n folder.id = ++this.highestId\n const foundParentFolder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(parentId)\n if (!", "foundParentFolder) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error005'))\n }\n foundParentFolder.children.push(folder)\n this.bookmarksCache.createIndex()\n return folder.id\n }\n\n /**\n * @param id:int the id of the folder to be updated\n * @param title:string the new title\n */\n async updateFolder(id, title) {\n Logger.log('UPDATEFOLDER', { id, title })\n const folder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(id)\n if (!", "folder) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error006'))\n }\n folder.title = title\n }\n\n /**\n * @param id:int the id of the folder\n * @param newParentId:int the id of the new folder\n */\n async moveFolder(id, newParentId) {\n Logger.log('MOVEFOLDER', { id, newParentId })\n const folder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(id)\n if (!", "folder) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error007'))\n }\n const foundOldFolder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(folder.parentId)\n if (!", "foundOldFolder) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error008'))\n }\n const foundNewFolder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(newParentId)\n if (!", "foundNewFolder) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error009'))\n }\n foundOldFolder.children.splice(foundOldFolder.children.indexOf(folder), 1)\n foundNewFolder.children.push(folder)\n folder.parentId = newParentId\n this.bookmarksCache.createIndex()\n }\n\n async orderFolder(id, order) {\n Logger.log('ORDERFOLDER', { id, order })\n\n let folder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(id)\n if (!", "folder) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error010'))\n }\n order.forEach(item => {\n let child\n if (item.type === 'folder') {\n child = folder.findFolder(item.id)\n } else {\n child = folder.findBookmark(item.id)\n }\n if (!", "child || child.parentId !", "== folder.id) {\n throw new Error(\n browser.i18n.getMessage('Error011', JSON.stringify(item))\n )\n }\n })\n if (order.length !", "== folder.children.length) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error012'))\n }\n const newChildren = []\n order.forEach(item => {\n let child\n if (item.type === 'folder') {\n child = folder.findFolder(item.id)\n } else {\n child = folder.findBookmark(item.id)\n }\n newChildren.push(child)\n })\n folder.children = newChildren\n }\n\n /**\n * @param id:int the id of the folder\n */\n async removeFolder(id) {\n Logger.log('REMOVEFOLDER', { id })\n const folder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(id)\n if (!", "folder) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error013'))\n }\n // root folder doesn't have a parent, yo!", "\n const foundOldFolder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(folder.parentId)\n if (!", "foundOldFolder) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error014'))\n }\n foundOldFolder.children.splice(foundOldFolder.children.indexOf(folder), 1)\n this.bookmarksCache.createIndex()\n }\n\n async bulkImportFolder(id, folder) {\n Logger.log('BULKIMPORT', { id, folder })\n const foundFolder = this.bookmarksCache.findFolder(id)\n if (!", "foundFolder) {\n throw new Error(browser.i18n.getMessage('Error005'))\n }\n // clone and adjust ids\n const imported = folder.clone()\n imported.id = id\n await imported.traverse(async(item, parentFolder) => {\n item.id = ++this.highestId\n item.parentId = parentFolder.id\n })\n // insert into tree\n foundFolder.children = imported.children\n // good as new\n this.bookmarksCache.createIndex()\n return imported\n }\n\n setData(data) {\n this.server = { ...data }\n }\n\n getData() {\n return { ...this.server }\n }\n}\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
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0.00654
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[ "11 Drool-Worthy Baby Bibs & Cover-Ups\n\nBabies get messy and have so much fun doing it. ", "Whether they’re teething, eating or painting, no outfit is safe. ", "Unless, of course, you have the right bib—one that keeps them clean and that they won’t rip off. ", "Don’t worry; there’s a bib out there for every kid and every kind of mess. ", "Read on to find your favorites.", "\n\nBandana Bib from Copper Pearl\n\nYou don’t need to sacrifice fashion for function with these bandana bibs in eye-catching prints and colors. ", "Perfect for teething, these drool-catchers feature two snaps rather than Velcro for a secure fit and are made of 100% cotton on the outside and soft polyester fleece on the inside. ", "Best for 3-24 months. ", "Available at copperpearl.com; $19.95 for a set of 4.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nWhich bib would work best for your child? ", "Let us know in the comments.", "\n\n— Eva Ingvarson Cerise\n\nWant More Adventures?", "\n\nLet us help you be the rock star mom (or dad) we know you are! ", "Sign up for our picks for the best things to see, do, eat and explore with your kids." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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0.004301
5
[ "It is also the estimated amount of rainfall that fell during last week’s historic flooding around Somervell, Hood and Erath counties, according to officials with the Brazos River Authority.", "\n\nA spokesperson for the BRA estimated that enough rain fell to fill the lake – which according to Waterdatafortexas.org has a maximum capacity of 125,756 acre-feet – just north of Somervell County five times. ", "A simple conversion with the help of a conversion table brings the estimated total rainfall to a mind-boggling 204,888,860,269.06003 gallons of water.", "\n\nBecause of last week’s historic flooding, homes, businesses and families are now facing a time of trouble – both big and small.", "\n\nOutside of Gov. Greg Abbott's declaration of 46 counties to be in a state of emergency - up 15 from the original June 1 declaration and now includes Somervell County, representatives of the BRA, Somervell County Fire Marshal and Emergency Management Coordination Dwayne Griffin, and county residents recently gave their re-cap of the week-long rain.", "\n\nUS Senator Ted Cruz also endorsed Abbott's efforts earlier this week during a speech while on the US Senate floor.", "\n\nBrazos River Authority, 'It is extremely dangerous'\n\nJudy Pierce from the Brazos River Authority reported the De Cordova Bend Dam of Lake Granbury would still need to release water at a higher-than-usual rate over the next several days, but the release during last week’s rain was jaw dropping\n\n“The most the dam let out was at one point was 69,900 CFS,” Pierce said. “", "It stayed there for about a two hour time period and then it came back down pretty quickly. ", "It was the fourth largest amount of water we’ve released at one time.”", "\n\n“From May 27 to June 7 the total volume of water released was about 650,000 acre-feet,” Pierce noted. “", "Releases are expected to continue the next couple of days where we currently are at. ", "For every day we’re releasing about 40,000 acre-feet a day.”", "\n\nAccording to Price, the gauge located in the Somervell County portion of the Brazos River crested on the morning of Friday, June 3, and it was then that the river entered into the category of a major flood stage.", "\n\n“After cresting, it immediately moved down. ", "On average, the gauge is 7 feet deep and at the peak of the flooding on June 3 the depth of the water was 35.3 feet,” Price explained. “", "It was about 28 feet deeper than it normally would be.”", "\n\nOn June 4 around noon the gauge hit it’s lowest part of the action stage and on June 7 at 1PM it measured in at 20.5 feet, which is below the action stage, according to the BRA.", "\n\n“The action stage is a period designated at what appears to be approximately 25 feet,” Pierce added. “", "What it is made for is to give people time going into a flood situation to have time to move cattle and equipment that might be in the floodplain zone around the river. ", "It is out of that stage now and is predicted to stay at this stage now through the weekend.”", "\n\nPierce advises for those who may want to brave the cool waters this weekend to stay off the Brazos, and other rivers and lakes, until the water has time to return to normal levels.", "\n\n“It is going at about 23,000 [cubic feet per second] right now and I know that most tube rental places in Glen Rose cut [rentals] off at about 3,000 CFS,” Pierce said. “", "It is extremely dangerous.”", "\n\nGriffin updates conditions of Somervell County\n\nSomervell County Fire Marshal and Emergency Management Coordinator Dwayne Griffin reported that there were indeed a few areas of the county that sustained major flood damage over the five-day period from June 3-7.", "\n\n“County Road 1008 was damaged quite severely out on the 5000 block, it got scoured down to the road base,” Griffin said. “", "County Road 1007 had a couple of areas that got tore up also. ", "CR 413 had road damage that occurred down the sides of the road.”", "\n\nAccording to one county official, roughly 98% of all roads in Somervell County are paved. ", "While this is normally a benefit a vast majority of the time, conditions such as those experienced last week can leave those roads in dire need of repair.", "\n\nNot only were there roads damaged, but also there was also confirmed damage to a bridge at Squaw Valley Golf Course and the river walk along the Paluxy River a few blocks off the downtown Glen Rose square.", "\n\n“The golf course lost a bridge and the city had a major loss with the river walk,” Griffin said. “", "It got tore up a lot. ", "As far as I know, those are the only ones that have sustained major damage. ", "However, there are other roads here and there that are beginning to show signs of water damage.”", "\n\nAccording to Griffin, once a full report is created for the flood damage it will be sent to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). ", "Since the county was under a state of emergency, FEMA should cover up-to-75 percent of the total damage costs, Griffin noted.", "\n\n“Right now we’re just discussing what we’re going to do with the golf course bridge, Griffin said. “", "The bridge itself is used for utility for moving their equipment back and forth. ", "If we get some FEMA money, we may be moving it to higher ground to where it won’t get washed out again.”", "\n\nA full report of personal property loss was not available as of press time.", "\n\n20 years and it’s ‘never been this high’\n\nRoughly three miles from the historic Glen Rose downtown square, Cedars on the Brazos Bed and Breakfast is located quite a bit closer to the bank of the Brazos River than it was last week.", "\n\nThe owner, Janice Lewis, who also lives in the bed and breakfast with her husband, has yet to see anything like this flood while residing on the property.", "\n\n“We bought the land in 1997, it’s been almost 20 years, and I have never seen the water as high as it is right now,” Lewis said\n\nThe bed and breakfast opened 16 years ago. ", "The cabin the bed and breakfast is in has no damage, but an area on the bank of the river that many baptisms and other events have taken place is now underwater.", "\n\nAccording to Lewis some of the picnic tables, benches and chairs were washed away and whatever items were left are now submerged in water.", "\n\n“Most of the old-timers here in Glen Rose know this property 'the garden spot,'\" Lewis said. \"", "It’s a lower area that we call 'the meadow.' ", "It has never had water in it and now it is flooding.\"", "\n\nSen. Cruz backs flood recovery efforts\n\nThe reach of pleas for assistance has gone beyond those immediately affected. ", "U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz delivered a speech Tuesday, June 7 on the Senate floor, where he pledged to work closely with state and local government officials to ensure a speedy recovery, backed Gov. Greg Abbott's for federal assistance to help those affected, and asked for condolences to be sent to the 16 families who lost a loved one - which included nine soldiers stationed at Fort Hood - during the historic flooding.", "\n\n“Mr. President, my home state of Texas is strong and resilient. ", "Texans aren’t people who tire easily, and we certainly don’t give up when the going gets tough,\" Cruz said. \"", "But that doesn’t mean that the State of Texas hasn’t faced its share of adversity. ", "Over the last few weeks, the resolve of our great state has been tested with historic flooding that has taken at least 16 lives across Texas.", "\n\n“[...] Heidi and I right now, along with millions of Americans, are lifting up in prayer those Texans who have lost their lives, who have lost their homes, the families that are suffering due to this flooding,\" Cruz added.", "\n\n“And we’re also lifting up the first responders who so bravely risk everything to keep us safe. ", "In particular, I want to take a moment to praise the Red Cross,\" the former GOP presidential candidate continued. \"", "I had the privilege yesterday of speaking with the CEO of the Red Cross to thank them directly for their efforts on the ground – helping people who are suffering, helping people who have lost their home, who are struggling. ", "And you know, she and I shared what we’ve seen in tragedy after tragedy after tragedy, which is in the face of disaster, in the face of adversity, Texans and Americans come together.", "\n\n“[...] As the water continues to recede and the wreckage is being cleared, my office will continue to work very closely with local and state government officials, along with the entire Texas delegation, to help ensure a smooth recovery process, including offering, as I already have, my full support and assistance when Gov. Abbott requests federal aid for those afflicted by this disaster,\" Cruz concluded. \"", "And while Texas continues to rebound from these torrential floods, our nation is also flooded with circumstances that require the very same strength and resolve that we face in the face of tragedy.”" ]
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[ "Assessment of environmental loads of Cu and Zn from intensive inland shrimp aquaculture.", "\nAn experiment was developed to simulate inland shrimp farming using diluted seawater (1.9 g L-1) containing 75 shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) per square meter during a growth cycle of 120 days. ", "In this study, the environmental loads of copper and zinc were estimated and compared to anthropogenic sources and shrimp aquacultures in other locations. ", "Both metals resulted primarily from feeding, which accounted for 91.8% of Cu and 97.0% of Zn. ", "Concentrations of Cu (110.8 ± 11.8 μg g-1) and Zn (69.0 ± 0.7 μg g-1) measured in the harvested shrimp had higher Cu and lower Zn concentrations compared to those reported for farmed shrimp from Brazil and Mexico. ", "Clearly, organic sludge was the main route of removal for both metals (Cu 46.2%; Zn 92.6%). ", "The annual environmental loads estimated for inland shrimp aquaculture were 598 ± 74 g Cu ha-1 and 5080 ± 328 g Zn ha-1." ]
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[ "Lambda Legal has filed its response to Georgia Attorney General Sam Olens’ motion to dismiss Inniss v. Aderhold, the federal class action lawsuit attempting to strike down the state’s 2004 same-sex marriage ban. ", "Olens filed the motion to dismiss on behalf of state registrar Deborah Aderhold, one of the three defendants in the case, in late July. ", "Lambda Legal filed their opposition brief on Sept. 5.", "\n\nHere are some notable passages from the response:\n\n“The Motion concedes that the ‘love that Plaintiffs articulate for their partners and their children is clear, as are their contributions to our society’ (ECF-29-1 at 8). ", "The State effectively acknowledges that Plaintiffs and their children, although otherwise ‘equal,’ have been condemned by the State’s actions to membership in an inferior tier of citizenry. ", "Stripped of rhetoric, the State’s Motion enunciates no interest for this condemnation other than moral disapproval of an individual’s choice to commit her or his life to a person of the same sex. ", "And at the same time, the State disrespects other states’ decisions to allow couples of the same sex to marry.”", "\n\n“The State urges this Court to ignore Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803), and defer to the ‘people of Georgia’ who imposed the Marriage Bans in the first place (ECF-29-1 at 2-3). ", "The argument is as familiar as it is futile.”", "\n\n“Our courts did not wait for the democratic process to undo racial segregation. ", "Our courts did not abandon the equal rights of women to politicians or polls. ", "Our courts intervened to eliminate state bans on inter-racial marriage. ", "And the Supreme Court rejected the State’s argument for deference when invalidating DOMA in Windsor.”", "\n\n“Our democracy functions and prevails because we promise liberty and equality for all. ", "Our judiciary exists to enforce that promise. ", "Plaintiffs turn to this Court to vindicate their families’ rights to liberty and equality.”", "\n\n“In the final analysis, the State’s position is that a majoritarian preference in 2004 to exclude same-sex Georgia couples and their children from the rights and dignity of marriage is immune from judicial review. ", "But ‘[a] citizen’s constitutional rights can hardly be infringed simply because a majority of the people choose that it be.’ ", "Lucas v. Forty-Fourth Gen. Assembly of Colo., 377 U.S. 713, 736-37 (1964). ", "Plaintiffs allege claims for relief that already have prevailed on the merits in courts around the nation. ", "They are entitled to have their claims heard here. ", "For the foregoing reasons, the Court should deny the State’s Motion to Dismiss.”", "\n\nNext, the attorney general has the right to file a reply brief. ", "It is not clear yet whether there will be oral arguments on Lambda Legal’s latest filing.", "\n\nA judge fined Olens’ office $10,000 last week for failing to turn over evidence in a whistleblower lawsuit involving the state ethics commission and Gov. Nathan Deal’s office.", "\n\nOlens’ Democratic opponent Greg Hecht came out strongly in support of marriage equality and has sworn to drop the state’s defense of the marriage equality ban should he assume office. ", "Hecht also heavily criticized Olens over his decision to defend the ban. ", "Olens and Hecht will face off in the Nov. 4 general election.", "\n\nBeth Wurz, 41, and her wife Krista Wurz, 39, were recently added as plaintiffs in the suit.", "\n\nA full copy of Lambda Legal’s response is available below to view and/or download." ]
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0.007055
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[ "Q:\n\nIs it possible to inject custom attributes / properties into native web components?", "\n\nI'm learning web components (native and with frameworks). ", "Is it possible to inject properties into a native component like I can do in for example Vue.js?", "\nThis is my-component.js:\nconst templateComponent = document.createElement('template');\ntemplateComponent.innerHTML = `<div>{{ test }}</div>`;\n\nclass MyComponent extends HTMLElement {\n\n connectedCallback() {\n this._container = this.querySelector(\"DIV\");\n }\n\n}\n\nwindow.customElements.define(\"my-component\", MyComponent);\n\nThis is index.html:\n<!", "doctype html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<head>\n <title>Document</title>\n</head>\n<body>\n\n<my-component test=\"Does this work?\"></my-component>\n\n<script src=\"my-component.js\"></script>\n\n</body>\n</html>\n\nA:\n\nYes and no.", "\nThere is nothing built in for templating. ", "But that doesn't mean you can't do it.", "\n\nfunction render(el) {\r\n el.shadowRoot.innerHTML = `<div>${el._test}</div>`;\r\n}\r\n\r\nclass MyComponent extends HTMLElement {\r\n static get observedAttributes() {\r\n return ['test'];\r\n }\r\n\r\n constructor() {\r\n super();\r\n this.attachShadow({mode: 'open'});\r\n }\r\n\r\n attributeChangedCallback(attrName, oldVal, newVal) {\r\n if (oldVal !", "== newVal) {\r\n this[`_${attrName}`] = newVal;\r\n render(this);\r\n }\r\n }\r\n}\r\n\r\nwindow.customElements.define(\"my-component\", MyComponent);\n<my-component test=\"Does this work?\"></my-component>\r\n<my-component test=\"Yes it does\"></my-component>\n\nYou use observedAttributes to indicate which attributes you want to watch for changes. ", "And you use attributeChangedCallback as the handler for when one of them does change.", "\nThen it is up to you to get the attribute value into the DOM. ", "If the DOM is simple you can do like I am and just regenerate it each time.", "\nSomething more complex will require a more complex algorithm.", "\nSome people will tell you to use LITHtml. ", "I find it to be annoying. ", "Most of my components are very small and don't need the complexity.", "\nExtended\nYes you can pass a callback function as a string. ", "In other words, you pass the name of the callback function as a string and then, in your component, call eval. ", "BUT I would not recommend it. ", "Doing so has to many limits and can be used for evil and nefarious purposes. :)", "\nInstead:\n\nProvide a property on the component that you can set to the callback function.", "\nProvide a function on the component that you would call with your callback function\nDispatch events from the component and let addEventListener handle it for you. ", "Can you provide more details of what you want to do with the function\n\nHere are two helpful questions/answers:\n* custom web component event call back function in tag\n* can i pass function as attribute to web component?", "\nUPDATE\nThe question was asked how to avoid rendering more often than needed when several attributes or properties were set. ", "This is often called \"debouncing\".", "\nHere is one option:\nlet renderTimeout = null;\nfunction render(el) {\n if (renderTimeout) {\n clearTimeout(renderTimeout);\n }\n\n renderTimeout = setTimeout(() => {\n el.shadowRoot.innerHTML = `<div>${el._test}</div>`;\n }, 0);\n}\n\nThis will set a 0 time timeout, which means that it will happen as soon as it can, often as soon as the current code has finished running. ", "Then the render operation will happen.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "//\n// Close icons\n// --------------------------------------------------\n\n\n.close {\n float: right;\n font-size: 20px;\n font-weight: bold;\n line-height: @baseLineHeight;\n color: @black;\n text-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,1);\n .opacity(20);\n &:hover {\n color: @black;\n text-decoration: none;\n cursor: pointer;\n .opacity(40);\n }\n}\n\n// Additional properties for button version\n// iOS requires the button element instead of an anchor tag.", "\n// If you want the anchor version, it requires `href=\"#\"`.", "\nbutton.close {\n padding: 0;\n cursor: pointer;\n background: transparent;\n border: 0;\n -webkit-appearance: none;\n}" ]
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0.002193
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[ "Q:\n\nHow are datatypes that need more than 32 bits stored in a 32 bit OS\n\nHow are datatypes that would need more than 32 bits stored in the system?", "\nFor example consider an unsigned int or a long which can have a value greater than 2 to the power of 32, how is it stored in the memory?", "\n\nA:\n\nAny OS, or compiler, will use the number of bits that it needs. ", "So if an OS or language has a need for 64-bit integers, it will just store such integers into an 8-byte representation.", "\nThere are standards for this, for integers as well as floating point numbers. ", "See this article on Wikipedia for more: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_numbering_formats\n\n" ]
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[ "Signature — Golden Oak\n\n$56.00\n\nNotify me when this product is available:\n\nNotify me when this product is available:\n\n5\nitems left\n\nQuantity\n\nPRODUCT DETAILS\n\nThis RAD JOY Surrender™ Cross is handmade from reclaimed wood, has been stained a lavish golden color, and has been polyurethaned for extra protection. ", "Because each piece of wood is different, each cross is one of a kind. ", "All Surrender™ Crosses come with pre-drilled holes and nails for piercing your burdens to the cross.", "\n\nEach cross bears our signature mark of 3 lines representing the Holy Trinity. ", "It is easy to forget that we need God, Jesus, AND the Holy Spirit. ", "This is a gentle reminder on each cross to be intentional in each prayer as we ask God, Jesus, and The Holy Spirit to move in our lives!", "\n\n*PATENTED\n\n*Each cross will have have unique qualities due to the nature of reclaimed wood. ", "Typical cross dimensions- 18\"H x 10\"W (varies depending on piece of wood)\n\nWHY A SURRENDER CROSS?", "\n\nWe often talk about \"giving it to God\" but in reality, we choose to carry the heavy loads of life. ", "As a gesture of prayer, you write your burdens down on a sheet of paper and physically pierce them to the cross. ", "Our hope is that your load is lightened and you experience joy each time you pass by this visual reminder of Christ's love. \"", "Cast all your anxiety on Him because He cares for you.\" ", "1 Peter 5:7 Rest in Him...He's got this!", "\n\nPRAYER REQUESTS\n\nAs part of our ministry, we personally pray over each cross before we send it to you. ", "If you have any special prayer requests, please let us know and we would love to pray those over the cross as well. ", "It is our prayer that your cross is as much of a blessing to you as this ministry has been to us." ]
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0.001627
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[ "(Newser) – Mitt Romney hasn't had much to say on the controversy over Team USA's made -in-China uniforms, and the Huffington Post thinks it knows why: When Romney was running the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics, production of more than 10,000 torchbearer uniforms was outsourced to Burma. ", "The Southeast Asian nation was being ruled by a brutal military junta at the time, and the decision to make the uniforms there caused an outcry among trade bodies, human rights groups—and some of the torchbearers.", "\n\n\"When I looked at the label for the uniform, I went nuts,\" one former torchbearer tells the Guardian. \"", "When you are sending work representing the US to a military dictatorship, I have an issue with that.\" ", "After receiving more than a thousand emails protesting the uniforms, the Salt Lake Organizing Committee offered this bizarre response: \"The torch relay clothes were NOT made in Burma. ", "They were manufactured in Myanmar.\" ", "The committee apologized after activists pointed out that Burma and Myanmar are the same country. (", "Read more Myanmar stories.)", "\n\n" ]
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0.003001
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[ "Q:\n\nAbout CollectionViewCell\n\nI have been looking out to learn about collection view in this link for a days. ", "In this link it has viewcontroller.h,.m and also CustomCollectionCell.h,.m.", "\n\nWhy are they creating separate class for that cell? ", "We can use the viewcontroller.m file to manage our cell in collection view.", "\nhow ARC works (retain cycles, weak vs. strong, etc), threading (when to use background thread, when to use main).", "\n\nA:\n\nHi This is matter of choice to create separate class for collection View cell , you can also create the custom collection view cell class in .m file \ndequeueReusableCellWithReuseIdentifier:simpleTableIdentifier forIndexPath is method of UICollectionView same as in UITableView this methods just reuse the cells that are created, by this compile don't need to create a cell each time when you scroll or update data in collection view , this enable us to reuse the collectionView Cell.", "\n\n" ]
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0.001545
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[ "Fate of germinated Bacillus anthracis spores in primary murine macrophages.", "\nWe investigated the fate of germinated Bacillus anthracis spores after their germination in Swiss murine peritoneal macrophages and in the cell line RAW264.7. ", "We found that the lethal toxin and the oedema toxin are germ-associated factors that are essential for the survival of the vegetative form in host cells. ", "We also found that pX02 is not involved in this complex pathogenic process. ", "By transmission electron microscopy, we showed the tight interaction between the exosporium of the spore and the phagosomal membrane of the macrophage. ", "Our data strongly suggest that the B. anthracis toxinogenic, unencapsulated Sterne strain (7702) does not multiply within macrophages. ", "These results contributed to reveal the strategies used by B. anthracis to survive within the host and to reach the external medium where they proliferate." ]
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0.003038
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[ "Q:\n\nGNOME Terminal: Connect via SSH from Ubuntu Desktop 14.04 into Ubuntu Server 14.04 Virtual Box Guest Host\n\nHere are my current conditions: \n\nI have UBUNTU DESKTOP on HARD DISK. (", "I don't use windows)\nDesktop has ssh installed.", "\nIfnet: 192.168.1.3\nUsername: kenneth\nI want Desktop to be the client.", "\nVirtualBox Newtork is configured as bridge mode. ", "\nI Installed UBUNTU SERVER 14.04 on VirtualBox and I configured ifnet 192.168.1.10. (", "I want this one as the server) \nI have installed openssh for server as well\nUsername kenneth1\nI open GNOME-Terminal and do:\nkenneth@kenneth-Inspiron-5558:~$ ssh 192.168.1.10\nkenneth@192.168.1.10's password:(here I type the password which is correct of course)\nPermission denied, please try again.", "\n\nI want to manage Server from terminal on my Desktop Gnome Terminal.", "\nWhat seems to be the problem?", "\n\nIt worked:\n\nA:\n\nIf you have a different username on the system you are connecting to, you have to specify it:\nssh kenneth1@192.168.1.10\n\nIf you don't specify any username, SSH assumes your current username.", "\n\n" ]
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0.010227
5
[ "Röggelchen\n\nRöggelchen (of German Roggen for rye) is a small pastry in the form of a double roll made from two pieces of dough. ", "Röggelchen are a common speciality in the Rhineland and in eastern Belgium.", "\n\nThe rye content must be at least 50% of the flour. ", " The rye dough consists of a bread roll dough to which rye flour or sourdough is added.", "\n\nRöggelchen are usually offered for sale in pairs. ", "They are baked in a pair and then broken in two, so that the contact point is open. ", "The rustic bread roll is baked vigorously, which makes the browning very dark. ", "It is quite common for the tan to turn into the black.", "\n\nCologne's speciality Halve Hahn is prepared with Röggelchen. ", "The Röggelchen is often eaten with a glass of Altbier or a glass of Kölsch.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:German breads" ]
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0.005288
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[ "We all know that our education will shape up our future. ", "This usually means that what we study will bring out the best in us when it comes to the future. ", "Therefore, it’s important and necessary to make sure that you get that first part right. ", "It always starts off with college and high school. ", "During this period, you need to make sure that you carefully look into every aspect. ", "If its high school you might want to choose the right courses which you prefer since this would help you shape up your career. ", "Furthermore, you’d also be given the choice to make the decision unlike the other days. ", "It is known that you are incapable of making decisions as a kid. ", "Therefore, your parents would have made decisions for you. ", "This would change with the course of time and you’d become more independent by the day. ", "Therefore, it’s important to make sure that the right decisions are made. ", "If you are going to study in an industry which has zero demand, this could result in career downfall because there would not be many opportunities. ", "During such situations you might study in one department and move to another for better opportunities. ", "To avoid such things from happening extensive research is needed.", "\n\nSome individuals like to move forward in the stream of law. ", "This is mainly because law is one of those streams that will never go away. ", "The process might change and the methodologies might get upgraded but how things are carried out might never change. ", "Therefore, it’s important to look into the field just to know how things really are. ", "HKIAC course is another aspect which needs to be carefully look at when you are thinking about law. ", "We all know that different types of courses need to be attained when a procedure is being followed. ", "Therefore, you might want to make sure that you look into those procedures and courses when you are following whatever you choose to follow.", "\n\nCle can also be looked upon. ", "Once you’ve completed your college education, you could simply start looking for internships. ", "The payment during the internship might be quite less compared to a permanent job. ", "This is because an internship enables you to garner knowledge in a particular field and this could help you do a great deal. ", "Some companies look forward to individuals who have work experience. ", "Therefore, you need to make sure that the aspect is carefully looked upon when decisions are being made.", "\n\nUltimately, these are the places which you need to look and focus upon. ", "Once looked you could get a permanent job in a company and work your way through to become successful." ]
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0.000345
5
[ "The cardiac vulnerable period and reentrant arrhythmias: targets of anti- and proarrhythmic processes.", "\nBecause sudden cardiac death is usually preceded by a reentrant arrhythmia, the precipitating arrhythmia must be multicellular in origin. ", "Therefore clinicians seeking to reduce the incidence of reentrant arrhythmias in their patients with antiarrhythmic drugs that alter propagation may reasonably question the applicability of drug classification schemes (e.g. Sicilian Gambit) that are based on measurements in single cells. ", "This raises a major question: are measures of a drug's anti- and proarrhythmic potential in single cells predictive of its anti- and proarrhythmic properties in tissue? ", "The problem is as follows. ", "From single cell measurements, one expects Class I drugs to reduce excitability, thereby attenuating the occurrence of PVCs. ", "Similarly, one expects Class III drugs to prolong refractoriness and reduce the occurrence of PVCs. ", "We have found in simple models of cardiac tissue that sodium channel blockade (the target of Class I drugs) extends the vulnerable period of a propagating excitation wave, whereas potassium channel blockade (the target of Class III drugs) destabilizes the reentrant path in a manner that amplifies the likelihood of polymorphic tachyarrhythmias. ", "Using analytical, numerical, and experimental studies, we determined that sodium channel blockade was proarrhythmic. ", "In fact, we found that any intervention that slowed conduction was proarrhythmic because slowed conduction increases the vulnerable period and reduces the spatial requirements for sustained reentry. ", "We also found that when obstacles were placed in the path of a propagating wave, reentry occurred when the conduction velocity was less than a critical value. ", "Once reentry was established, we observed that the ECG displayed monomorphic QRS complexes when the reentrant path did not vary from cycle to cycle. ", "Moreover, when the reentry path did vary from cycle to cycle, the ECG displayed polymorphic QRS complexes. ", "The cycle-to-cycle variation in QRS morphology was caused by the spatial variability of the reentry path. ", "The variability of reentry paths (and hence the degree of polymorphic variation in QRS complexes) was amplified by Class III agents. ", "The results presented here show that multicellular proarrhythmic effects are derived from the same mechanisms that exhibit antiarrhythmic properties in single cells." ]
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0.003283
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[ "The ‘New Normal’ for Doing Business in China\n\nWhile the business environment isn’t perfect for U.S. companies operating in China, the glass is still half full.", "\n\nBy\n\nJames Zimmerman\n\nFeb. 10, 2015 12:01 pm ET\n\nBeijing\n\nDoomsayers are predicting an unpleasant end to China’s three decades of breakneck economic growth, and the most recent survey of American companies would seem to buttress that view. ", "For U.S. firms in China, 2014 was the most challenging year for revenue and profit growth in recent history. ", "More than 30% of companies have no investment expansion planned in 2015—the largest share since the recession in 2009—and more firms than ever have moved capacity outside of China or plan to do so. ", "Almost 60% of those surveyed..." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nPrinting Stack trace element exception\n\nThe dangerousMethodHandler() prints the stack trace of the error from a StackTraceElement array when an illegal argument exception is caught. ", " For any other types of exceptions, the dangerousMethodHandler() prints \"Exception!\"", "\nI currently have sorted out the other exception but can't seem to implement my code using the StackTraceElemen array \npublic void dangerousMethod() {\n Character.toChars(~0);\n}\n\npublic void dangerousMethodHandler() {\n try {\n this.dangerousMethod();\n }catch(IllegalArgumentException e){\n\n StackTraceElement[] trace = e.getStackTrace();\n e.getStackTrace();\n System.err.println(trace[0].toString());\n\n } catch (Exception e){\n System.out.print(\"Exception!\");", "\n }\n\n }\n\nWhen I print out the following I get \njava.lang.", "Character.toChars(Character.java:4982)\n\nMy output should be :\njava\\.lang\\.Character\\.toChars\\(Character\\.java:\\d+\\)[\\s\\n]+Main\\.dangerousMethod\\(Main\\.java:\\d+\\)[\\s\\n]+Main\\.dangerousMethodHandler\\(Main\\.java:\\d+\\)[\\s\\n]+Main\\.runTests\\(Main\\.java:\\d+\\)[\\s\\n]+Main\\.main\\(Main\\.java:\\d+\\)\n\nA:\n\nTry to do below:\nArrays.stream(e.getStackTrace()).skip(0).map(StackTraceElement::toString).reduce((s1, s2) -> s1 + \"\\n\" + s2).get()\nIn reduce you can define how to construct your string. ", "Maybe it would help you.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Search form\n\nYou are here\n\nPaying for Lacrosse\n\nMay 30, 2018\n\nLacrosse is currently Hanover (Va.) High School's only pay-to-play sport, resulting in some student-athletes being unable to participate.", "\n\nAccording to Richmond.com, varsity was first established as a club sport in Hanover County in the 2007-8 school year. ", "It was made into a varsity sport in 2014, on the condition that players' parents would pay to offset the costs, since the county had a difficult financial situation at the time. ", "The fee is $100 per player, half of what it was when it was first implemented, and does not include players' equipment.", "\n\nZack Carey, the boys' lacrosse coach at Hanover High School, said the fee has become a barrier to players participating on the team. ", "He said some eighth graders hoped they would not have to pay to play on a high school team after paying for middle school teams, and are disappointed to hear about the fee.", "\n\n“Every year we probably have eight to 10 kids that want to start playing in either their eighth-grade year or their freshman year,” Carey said. “", "They come out and we tell them about the fee, and they have to go and tell their parents that and they have to buy their own equipment, which is probably another $200 or $300 on top of that. ", "So, we lose probably half of those kids just because the parents can’t pay that all at once.”", "\n\nCarey, who played on the club team in 2009, also said that the players whose parents agreed to the deal have since graduated.", "\n\nPatrick Kane, a retired coach for Hermitage (Va.) High School, has paid $1,700 worth of fees for his three daughters to participate in lacrosse. ", "He questioned why the agreement is still being enforced six years after it was first made.", "\n\n“It’s an overall positive experience, and it can be very rewarding to be on a team and work together and learn how to compete,” Kane said. “", "There’s tons of attributes you get from playing a team sport. ", "I just don’t understand while it’s still pay-to-play.”", "\n\nChris Whitley, Public Information Officer for the district, said that in 2014, “there were some very tough decisions being made” when it came to the district's finances, and the district had to cut teacher positions. ", "He said he intended to fully fund lacrosse, but did not promise a definite timetable.", "\n\n“Our goal is to fully fund it eventually, but other funding priorities have taken precedence,” Whitley said.", "\n\nCarey said that while he hoped the fee would be removed, he was aware that lacrosse was gradually growing.", "\n\n“It is a new sport, and it’s growing in Hanover County and all over the country. ", "A lot of schools, outside of up north, are doing the same thing,” he said. “", "I think it’s expanding a lot faster than the county had ever planned on, and I think they’re still trying to catch up with it. ", "I don’t think it’s unfair. ", "It’s just going to take time for everything to balance out.”", "\n\nMedicine ball exercises are a staple of many workout routines. ", "Whether the goal is performance enhancement by strengthening the core or helping an athlete rehab from an injury, medicine balls are versatile piece of equipment that can get the job done. ", "But most strength coaches and athletic trainers don’t have enough time available to catch … CLICK TO READ MORE...\n\n“Over the course of the past twenty years I’ve trained hundreds of clients that run the gamut from average Joe’s to professional athletes and in all that time, I’ve never come across a cardio piece that comes anywhere near the Versa Climber!” ", "says Mike Mejia M.S., CSCS, author of The Men’s Heath Better Body Blueprint, … CLICK TO READ MORE...\n\nMateflex has indoor pool surfacing that is safer and more enjoyable to walk on than concrete. ", "Mateflex offers perforated tiles to allow water to drain through that can cover up old, unsightly concrete or just spruce up a new area with a colorful design. ", "The interlocking tiles dry quickly while keeping your feet out of … CLICK TO READ MORE..." ]
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[ "I do not own the rights to most of the featured content, every artist/author/musician gets his credit where possible. ", "Sometimes I stumble upon stuff on the web and can't track down its origins. ", "In case you want me to alter/remove anything on here related to content you own, just drop me a line.", "\n\nAll things I did create myself, however, are marked with a ♦ tag. ", "Please ask me before you use any of my works, chances are I'm cool about it and return the feature." ]
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[ "[How to measure glycemic instability?].", "\nInstability of glycemic levels is \"normal\" in type 1 diabetes, with different levels of severity, up to the restrictive definition of brittle diabetes (repeated ketoacidosis and/or severe hypoglycemias). ", "Quantification of glycemic instability, in terms of intraday variability and day-to-day reproducibility, is advisable. ", "Standard deviation of blood glucose, though a simple index does not discriminate between slow and brutal variations. ", "Repartition of blood glucose values also only indicates dispersion. ", "M values compares the patient values to an ideal blood glucose level, emphasizing the role of low values. ", "The MAGE index measures the amplitude of the largest glucose excursions, thus evaluating appropriately glycemic variability. ", "The Low Blood Glucose Index (LBGI) is a new index of variability emphasising (as the M value) the low glycemias. ", "Each glycemia is given a value from O (if >=110 mg/dl) to 100 (if 20 mg/dl). ", "It thus integrates the frequency and severity of hypoglycemias. ", "According to its authors the LBGI would be the best indicator of severe hypoglycemias. ", "The Mean of Daily Differences (MODD) evaluates the day-to-day reproducibility of blood glucose values. ", "All the above indexes could easily be incorporated in the programmes of large memory glucose meters." ]
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[ "Le président de la Fédération des sports de glace Didier Gailhaguet est mis en cause dans ces révélations. ", "Et les conclusions d'un rapport de votre ministère n'ont pas été respectées. ", "Qu'allez-vous faire ?", "\n\nDidier Gaihaguet va être entendu très prochainement au ministère. ", "Le ministère avait signifié à la Fédération qu'un entraîneur ne devait plus faire partie de l'encadrement et, pourtant, la Fédération l'a repris, réintégré dans le circuit de manière bénévole. ", "Et comme c'est un bénévole, la liberté d'association fait qu'on ne pourrait pas agir ? ", "Bien sûr que si. ", "Il faut des engagements forts de la part des Fédérations et ne plus se cacher derrière la signature d'une Charte. ", "Là, visiblement, il y avait une espèce de réseau qui n'a jamais rien dit et qui accepte en sous-main des choses inacceptables. ", "C'est à mon avis intolérable." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nwhich is the best way to build the tree view control using string collection\n\nI am trying to prepare the tree view control from folowing strings.", "\n \"US|New York|D.M.Street\"\n \"US|New York|ShoppingMall\"\n \"INDIA|Dehli|G.M. Road\"\n \"INDIA|Mumbai|Harbour Street\"\n \"US|Washington|WhiteHouse\"\n \"INDIA|Dehli|Rajpath\"\n \"INDIA|Mumbai|CST\"\n\nI want to populate the tree view from this collection in C#. ", "in following manner\nCountry\n|\nUS => NewYork ==========>D.M.Street\n| | ==========>ShoppingMall\n |\n| Washinton==========>WhiteHouse\n|\nINDIA=>Dehli ==========>G.M. Road\n | ==========>Rajpath\n |\n Mumbai ==========>CST\n ==========>Harbour Street\n\nhow i can prepare this ? ", "usning collection or else way?", "\n\nA:\n\nHere's how I would approach this:\nCreate a class and a collection to hold a nested hierarchy of elements (this can be expanded later if more detail is needed).", "\npublic class Element\n{\n public Element(string Name)\n {\n this.", "Name = Name;\n }\n public string Name { get; set; }\n\n public ElementCollection Children = new ElementCollection();\n\n // This method is used to add the specified child name if it does not currently \n // exist, or return the existing one if it does\n public Element AddOrFetchChild(string sName)\n {\n Element oChild;\n if (this.", "Children.", "ContainsKey(sName))\n {\n oChild = this.", "Children[sName];\n }\n else\n {\n oChild = new Element(sName);\n this.", "Children.", "Add(sName, oChild);\n }\n return oChild;\n } \n\n}\n\npublic class ElementCollection : System.", "Collections.", "Generic.", "Dictionary<string, Element>\n{\n\n}\n\nThen parse your data into the collection (note that this will support any level of nesting in your record structure without a need to modify the code):\n string[] asLines;\n\n // ToDo: Add code here to populate the collection of lines to process\n\n // Create a base element that makes popuplation of the elements easier\n Element BaseElement = new Element(\"\");\n\n // Cycle through each of the lines\n foreach (string sLine in asLines())\n {\n // Get the components out of the line\n string[] asElements = sLine.", "Split(\"|\");\n\n // Starting with the base element\n Element oParentElement = BaseElement;\n\n // Cycle through each of the elements that were found, adding the current value to the parent's \n // collection of children, then using the new or found item as the parent for the next item in the list\n for (int nI = 0; nI < asElements.", "Length; nI++)\n {\n oParentElement = oParentElement.", "AddOrFetchChild(asElements[nI]);\n }\n }\n\n // Finally, add the nodes to the tree recursively\n AddNodesToTree(BaseElement.", "Children, this.treeView1.Nodes);\n\nand this is the recursive method used to add the items to the tree\n /// <summary>\n /// A recursive method to add all of the records to the specified collection of nodes\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"cRecords\"></param>\n /// <param name=\"cNodes\"></param>\n private void AddNodesToTree(ElementCollection cRecords, TreeNodeCollection cNodes)\n {\n foreach (Element oRecord in cRecords.", "Values)\n {\n TreeNode oNode = new TreeNode();\n oNode.", "Text = oRecord.", "Name;\n oNode.", "Tag = oRecord;\n cNodes.", "Add(oNode);\n // Now add the node's children if any\n if (oRecord.", "Children.", "Count !", "= 0)\n {\n AddNodesToTree(oRecord.", "Children, oNode.", "Nodes);\n }\n }\n\n }\n\n" ]
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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a PC (personal computer) card connector (or a connector for a PC card) and a PC card which are used, for example, in a small size computer system interface (SCSI).", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nA conventional back connector of a PC card to be used in LAN (local area network), FAX MODEM (fax modulator-demodulator), ISDN (integrated services digital network), or the like, has, for example, a 15-pin contact, but a back connector for a PC card which is compatible with, or conforms to, the SCSI has a multiple-core, e.g., a 32-core, contact.", "\nCases in which a connector having a multiple-core contact is used as the PC card connector, as described above, have been accompanied by the following problem. ", "Namely, as shown in FIG. ", "4, the width of an opening c to be formed by a pair of upper and lower metal covers a.sub.1, a.sub.2 of the PC card is large. ", "Therefore, when there is applied a force tending to incline the PC card towards the thickness thereof while trying to fit, e.g., a cable connector as a mating connector into that mating connector connecting portion (i.e., a connecting portion to receive the mating connector) of the contact which lies exposed in the opening c of the metal covers a.sub.1, a.sub.2, the metal covers a.sub.1, a.sub.2 are likely to be deformed, as shown by broken lines, or to be subjected to damage, or the like.", "\nThe present invention has an object of providing a PC card connector and a PC card which solve the above-described problems of the conventional ones." ]
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[ "To link to the entire object, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed the entire object, paste this HTML in websiteTo link to this page, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed this page, paste this HTML in website\n\nTranslating research into practice: a community-based medication management intervention\n\nTRANSLATING RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE:\nA COMMUNITY-BASED MEDICATION MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION\nby\nGretchen Elizabeth Alkema\n________________________________________________________\nA Dissertation Presented to the\nFACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL\nUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA\nIn Partial Fulfillment of the\nRequirements for the Degree\nDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY\n(GERONTOLOGY)\nMay 2007\nCopyright 2007 Gretchen Elizabeth Alkema\n\nTranslational research in the health sciences involves three key phases linking basic research findings to application through interventions promoting the health and welfare of aging individuals. ", "Type II translation disseminates efficacious guidelines and interventions proven through randomized clinical trials into applied settings and evaluates their continued effectiveness in the new environment. ", "This dissertation evaluated a Type II translation project, the Community-Based Medication Management Intervention (CBM Intervention), funded through the Administration on Aging's Evidence-Based Prevention Programs Initiative. ", "The CBM Intervention was a collaborative effort to implement a medication management screening and intervention protocol, originating from a home healthcare randomized clinical trial, in a Medi-Cal waiver care management program serving dually-eligible, functionally impaired older adults (N=615). ", "This dissertation analyzed the sample's prevalence of medication problems, effectiveness of the intervention to resolve identified problems, and staff perceptions of implementing an evidence-based practice into care management. ", "The guiding conceptual framework was the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework.; ", "A four problem criteria was used to screen for medication problems; nearly half of the sample (N=299) had a potential problem. ", "The highest problem prevalence was for those with inappropriate therapeutic duplication. ", "A focused pharmacy review confirmed medication problems for 29% of the sample. ", "Predictors of an identified problem included advancing age, Caucasian, newly enrolled in care management, health service utilization, and number of medications. ", "Participants with a confirmed problem engaged in a pharmacist-driven intervention (N=162) and 61% had the problem resolved.; ", "A questionnaire developed for this dissertation assessed care manager perspectives on implementing an evidence-based practice into care management. ", "Nurse and social work care managers (N=29) had differing perspectives on their scope of practice concerning medicationmanagement, and those working at the same site as the project's facilitation team expressed more positive responses to the implementation process and benefits of medication management.; ", "This dissertation demonstrated the complexities of Type II translation and highlighted lessons learned for the CBM Intervention and translational research as a whole. ", "Key issues included challenges between implementation fidelity and adaptation, the impact of professionaldifferences, and importance of facilitation activities and leadership on implementation success.", "\n\nTRANSLATING RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE:\nA COMMUNITY-BASED MEDICATION MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION\nby\nGretchen Elizabeth Alkema\n________________________________________________________\nA Dissertation Presented to the\nFACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL\nUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA\nIn Partial Fulfillment of the\nRequirements for the Degree\nDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY\n(GERONTOLOGY)\nMay 2007\nCopyright 2007 Gretchen Elizabeth Alkema" ]
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[ "The campaign on whether to stay or break away from the National Union of Students (NUS) at Exeter University has been thrown into turmoil amid claims the Stay camp is “harassing and intimidating” students into remaining affiliated.", "\n\nCampaigners and students - including those from the disaffiliation group, Exiter - have taken to social media, alleging members of the Stay With NUS team have been “running door to door harassing students.”", "\n\nOther claims have included NUS campaigners “disrupting finalists” in libraries on laptops and “pressuring them to vote immediately,” with one student saying they felt “very uncomfortable” with Stay being in their flat, adding: “The international students I live with had no clue what they were voting for but went along anyway.”", "\n\nOne of the campaigners with Exiter, Charlie Evans, said he was “getting tired” and wanted to highlight “some of disparities we’ve faced.”", "\n\nHe described how the Exiter Facebook page had received “many messages” from students said to be “concerned by Stay With NUS intimidation tactics,” adding it was “disgraceful.”", "\n\nIn an online post, Mr Evans said: “The NUS has sent text messages to 3,000 students in Exeter, demanding they vote Stay. ", "The Stay campaign have bused in about 12 NUS officers, including the president and three vice-presidents, of course, their travel expenses not taken off their campaign budget.”", "\n\nAccording to Exeposé, the new president-elect of the NUS, Malia Bouattia, visited the university this week to spend a full day campaigning, where she spoke to students about the benefits of staying with the NUS.", "\n\nStudent news in pictures Show all 34 1 /34 Student news in pictures Student news in pictures South Korean policemen detain a student demonstrator during a protest against South Korean President Park Geun-Hye EPA Student news in pictures South Korean policemen detain student protestors during a protest against South Korean President Park Geun-Hye outside the National Assembly in Seoul, South Korea. ", "The protesters demanded that the parliament takes steps to impeach President Park Geun-Hye EPA Student news in pictures Filipino demonstrators face off with anti-riot police during a protest near the US Embassy in Manila, Philippine EPA Student news in pictures Hundreds of protesters including Indigenous People, students and militant groups marched towards the US Embassy to protest against the presence of US military troops and condemning the violent dispersal which left at least forty people hurt including twenty police officers and three people who were run over by a police van EPA Student news in pictures A federal judge in Mexico has ordered that a once-fugitive police chief be held on charges of kidnapping in the disappearance of 43 students Student news in pictures A man holds up a photograph of a missing student with a caption reading 'We are missing 43,' during a meeting marking the 25-month anniversary of the disappearances of 43 students in the southern state of Guerrero, in Mexico City. ", "A federal judge in Mexico has ordered that a once-fugitive police chief be held on charges of kidnapping in the disappearance of 43 students AP Student news in pictures Miguel Perez, an intern student from the University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, puts away his cell phone before walking into the operating room at the Dr. Isaac Gonzalez MartÌnez Oncological Hospital in San Juan, Puerto Rico. ", "Once they complete their general surgery training, many residents are moving to the United States in search of better wages, one of the main factors linked to the current shortage of specialists in the Island Student news in pictures Fewer EU students have applied to start university courses in the UK next autumn. ", "There was a 9% fall in the numbers who had applied for courses, according to admissions service UCAS. ", "PA wire Student news in pictures University students protest against President Nicolas Maduro, in Caracas, Venezuela. ", "Masses of protesters jammed the streets of Venezuela's capital on the heels of a move by congress to open a political trial against Maduro, whose allies have blocked moves for a recall election AP Student news in pictures University students protest against President Nicolas Maduro, in Caracas, Venezuela AP Student news in pictures Thousands, most of them high school students, march during a demonstration in Madrid, Spain, on a one day strike to protest about the country's education law that increases the number of annual exams AP Student news in pictures Students gather on the west mall to confront the Young Conservatives of Texas student organization over a controversial bake sale on The University of Texas campus in Austin, Texas. ", "The Young Conservatives of Texas chapter at the University of Texas-Austin sparked the protest with an affirmative action bake sale. ", "The club encouraged students to buy a cookie and talk about the disastrous policy that is affirmative action Student news in pictures Donald Parish Jr, right, confronts Electrical and Computer Engineering senior Dewayne Perry over a controversial bake sale on The University of Texas campus in Austin, Texas. ", "The Young Conservatives of Texas chapter at the University of Texas-Austin sparked the protest with an affirmative action bake sale. ", "The club encouraged students to buy a cookie and talk about the disastrous policy that is affirmative action AP Student news in pictures Brigham Young University announced that students who report sexual assault will no longer be investigated for possible violations of the Mormon-owned school's strict honor code that bans such things as alcohol use AP Student news in pictures Students of secondary education march to protest against the final examinations and LOMCE (The Improvement Quality Education Law) law, after a call by trade unions, in Murcia, Spain EPA Student news in pictures South African police have used stun grenades and rubber bullets to disperse hundreds of protesters who had marched to the parliament building to call for free university education, where the finance minister was giving a budget speech AP Student news in pictures Police break up student protests outside the parliament in Cape Town, South Africa Reuters Student news in pictures South African Policemen fire rubber bullets at student protestors in Cape Town, South Africa AP Student news in pictures A student protestor is hit by a rubber bullet in Cape Town, South Africa AP Student news in pictures An injured student is helped by colleagues during protest outside the parliament during South African Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan's medium term budget speech in Cape Town, South Africa Reuters Student news in pictures Plaintiffs and bereaved families of elementary school students killed in the tsunami that followed a major earthquake in northeastern Japan in 2011, show banners that say 'victory in a suit filed with the Sendai District Court' in Sendai. ", "A Japanese court ordered municipalities to pay $13.7 million dollars to families of school children who were swept away to their deaths by the 2011 tsunami Getty Student news in pictures A group of student at Ewha Womans University calls for a thorough investigation into those involved in years of engagement with state affairs backstage by Choi Soon-sil, a personal confidante of South Korean President Park Geun-hye, at the school's front gate in Seoul, South Korea EPA Student news in pictures Students raise placards during a strike action called by the student union, in Madrid against university entry exams Getty Student news in pictures Libyans throw a newly graduated student into a fountain as they celebrate during the graduation ceremony for students from the Faculty of Pharmacy at the Al-Arab University in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi Getty Student news in pictures Libyans celebrate as they attend the graduation ceremony for students from the Faculty of Pharmacy at the Al-Arab University in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi Getty Student news in pictures Libyans celebrate as they attend the graduation ceremony for students from the Faculty of Pharmacy at the Al-Arab University in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi Getty Student news in pictures Thousands of Thai Catholic students take part in mourning tributes and in singing the Thai Royal Anthem to honour late Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej at Saint Dominic School in Bangkok, Thailand EPA Student news in pictures Students of Silpakorn University paint portraits of the late Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej at the university campus in Bangkok Getty Student news in pictures A student of Silpakorn University paints a portrait of the late Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej at the university campus in Bangkok Getty Student news in pictures St Andrews University students take part in a foam fight known as Raisin Monday in the Lower College Lawn behind St Salvator's Quadrangle following the Raisin Weekend PA wire Student news in pictures St Andrews University students take part in a foam fight known as Raisin Monday in the Lower College Lawn behind St Salvator's Quadrangle following the Raisin Weekend, an annual tradition where student 'parents' inflict tasks on the unfortunate first-years they have adopted as 'children' as part of a mentoring scheme PA wire Student news in pictures Students at the Cuba's National Ballet School (ENB) in Havana, Cuba Reuters Student news in pictures Students at the Cuba's National Ballet School (ENB) take part in a practice in Havana, Cuba Reuters Student news in pictures Students at the Cuba's National Ballet School (ENB) wait in line to enter a classroom in Havana, Cuba Reuters\n\nThe Stay campaign has cautioned that, should Exeter’s students’ union - known as the Guild - leave, the NUS will not be able to tell it how to best represent Exeter students, insisting that “there’s never been a better time for change.”", "\n\nSorana Vieru, NUS vice president for higher education, added: “This year is a key time for affecting change within NUS. ", "With an ongoing governance and democratic review, this is the best time to stay involved and influence.”", "\n\nSpeaking to the Independent about the claims, an NUS spokesperson said the national campaigner is keen to ensure students understand the importance of being part of a national union, so they can then make an informed decision when casting their vote.", "\n\nThe spokesperson continued: “A collective voice is particularly crucial at this time, with an imminent higher education bill threatening to overhaul the sector, which would have a huge impact on every student at the University of Exeter.", "\n\n“Many of the students campaigning to disaffiliate from NUS are using unsubstantiated claims to promote their cause. ", "It is important students are able to hear first-hand from those who are directly involved with NUS.", "\n\n“Text messages are only sent to students who have given permission to receive them. ", "However, as always, we are willing to listen to our members’ feedback.", "\n\n“NUS has been instrumental in forming rules for union democracy, and we would expect all parties to abide by them.", "\n\n“Students’ unions have robust procedures and we are sure any reported complaints will be appropriately investigated and dealt with.”", "\n\nA spokesman for the Guild echoed the NUS’s statement and told the Independent no complaints had been made by any students involved in the alleged intimidation.", "\n\nHe urged anyone who has any complaint to make to do so by getting in touch with the Guild and going through its official complaints procedure.", "\n\nSo far, almost 4,700 students at the university have voted in the referendum, one of the highest-ever turnouts in a stand-alone vote at a students’ union. ", "Voting closes at midnight and the results will be announced at 9am on Friday.", "\n\nOn Monday, the students’ union at the University of Lincoln (ULSU) became the first to officially announce it will disaffiliate from the NUS.", "\n\nULSU president, Hayley Jayne Wilkinson, described how, as a group of elected officers, they “no longer felt confident” the NUS represented the views of Lincoln students." ]
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0.007967
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[ "Epidermal tight junctions: ZO-1 and occludin are expressed in mature, developing, and affected skin and in vitro differentiating keratinocytes.", "\nThis study demonstrates the presence of tight junction antigens in adult and developing human epidermis. ", "Indirect immunofluorescence labeling and immunoelectron microscopy with antibodies to ZO-1 and occludin localized tight junction components ZO-1 and occludin to a narrow zone of the granular cells of adult epidermis. ", "Double immunolabeling for tight junction components with adherens junction or desmosome proteins suggested that occludin is more specific for tight junctions than ZO-1, which may also be associated with adherens junctions. ", "In developing skin, tight junctions interconnected the peridermal cells, and after the fetal stratification localized to the granular cell layer. ", "Immunolabeling of psoriasis, lichen planus, and ichthyosis vulgaris, representing aberrant differentiation of the epidermis, showed that these conditions were associated with relocation of ZO-1 and occludin to the spinous cells. ", "Cultures of epidermal keratinocytes, which offer a useful model for the formation of cellular contacts, revealed that tight junction components, ZO-1 and occludin, displayed a marked degree of colocalization relatively late during the process when the fusion zone had assumed a linear appearance. ", "This suggests that the formation of adherens junctions and desmosomes precedes that of tight junctions. ", "We speculate that the epidermal barrier, isolating the human body from the external environment, is in part formed by tight junctions of stratum granulosum." ]
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[ "Search form\n\nSearch\n\nExcel\n\nBonded Services\n\nThe bonded service is considered one of the specialized services provided by Bank of Jordan to its corporate clients so they can obtain a certain liquidity percentage of the value of their stored goods. ", "As such, clients are able to secure needed liquidity required by their activities and businesses.", "\n\nWhat is the overdraft/bonded?", "\n\nIt is a form of credit facilities that enables industrial or commercial corporates to obtain liquidity through financing a portion of the working capital in order to fund the imported goods stored at the bonded. ", "This transaction involves extending the client a certain ceiling to be specified after examining his/her needs. ", "Interest is calculated on the outstanding balance and not the ceiling, which is renewed annually.", "\n\nAdvantages of the overdraft/bonded at Bank of Jordan:\n\nProvides clients with financing against the goods stored in the bonded as security\n\nCompetitive interest rates and commission\n\nEasy and quick processing of transactions\n\nBeneficiaries from the overdraft/bonded:\n\nAll corporates of whatever activity and line of business\n\nAll public and private corporations\n\nFor more information, please visit any of our branches or contact us at our contact center and phone banking, at your service 24/7.", "\nEmail: boj@bankofjordan.com.jo" ]
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0.004789
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[ "A highly-anticipated new dental fee guide for Albertans has been in the works for months, but a Calgary dentist says he's frustrated the process is being done behind closed doors.", "\n\n\"Our regulatory college has not communicated anything of relevance to the members in Alberta and they have not put it on the agenda for discussion or communication to the members at the annual general meeting, which is taking place this weekend in Jasper,\" says dentist Lawrence Stanleigh.", "\n\nAlberta Health is working with the Alberta Dental Association and College to create a new fee guide after the provincial government released its review of dental rates across the country, comparing rates for dozens of procedures and concluding Albertans pay as much as 44 per cent more than neighbouring provinces.", "\n\nIt attributed the differences to higher operating costs, in particular, higher wages paid, in Alberta.", "\n\nCalgary dentist Larry Stanleigh, shown here at work, says he is frustrated a new dental fee guideline for Albertans is being discussed without the input of dentists like himself. (", "Submitted by Larry Stanleigh)\n\nNo one from the Alberta Dental Association and College was available to comment on why the fee guide was not part of this year's AGM.", "\n\nFee guide dropped\n\nAlberta's dentists stopped publishing a fee guide in 1997, arguing that getting rid of it would stimulate competition and lower prices for patients. ", "But prices have gone up significantly more and at rates faster than any other province, leading to efforts by the NDP government to reinstate a fee guide.", "\n\nStanleigh is part of a group of dentists behind a class action lawsuit against the Alberta Dental Association and College. ", "Alberta Liberal party leader David Swann says it's not the fee guide that will push down the cost of a trip to the dentist, but the ability of dentists to freely and openly advertise prices or special deals.", "\n\n\"The college needs to look at that. ", "It's keeping prices high, it's not allowing dentists to legitimately compete with each other and get the prices down to where people can actually afford access to dentists,\" says Swann.", "\n\nDebate over advertising rules\n\nStanleigh says the Alberta Dental Association and College's rules around advertising fees and services are confusing and inconsistent. ", "He says dentists are not allowed to advertise their level of experience or post testimonials online to help Albertans pick and choose their dentist.", "\n\nStanleigh likens it to cosmetic medical procedures, which aren't covered by Alberta's healthcare system. ", "He says those physicians and surgeons are allowed to have before and after photos, as well as testimonials.", "\n\n\"If the doctors can do it, why can't the dentists? ", "If it's ethical for physicians, why is it not ethical for dentists?\" ", "asks Stanleigh. \"", "In the end the general public suffers.\"", "\n\n'Working with Alberta dentists'\n\nIn a statement, Minister of Health Sarah Hoffman said: \"We are working with Alberta dentists to produce a fee guide that will be finished later this year. ", "I have also made it clear that I expect the Alberta Dental Association and College to clarify their advertising guidelines with members.\"", "\n\nStanleigh says one thing that would help would be to separate the regulatory college from the professional association — both are currently headed by one individual right now. ", "He believes that's a conflict of interest.", "\n\n\"Then we as a profession could push for more transparency and openness and better communication, but we don't have that voice right now.\"", "\n\nBut it's the provincial government that decides the structure of the organization.", "\n\n\"I am aware of calls to divide the college and association roles,\" said Hoffman. \"", "Albertans will judge the effectiveness of the Alberta Dental Association and College's current structure by its ability to respond to the fee problem this year.\"" ]
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0.00459
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[ "Hover over the bubbles to explore each profession, including how many people work in those jobs and what they earn.", "\n\nWorkers in a number of professions facing elevated risk earn less than the national median wage. ", "Many of these workers in low-paying jobs do not have paid sick leave, and many could still go to work sick to not lose income.", "\n\nThe risk isn’t limited to those on the front lines. ", "Many people who do service jobs like cashiers and fast-food workers face elevated risks. ", "Walmart, Starbucks and Uber are among the many companies that have had workers fall sick.", "\n\nSchool systems around the country have been closing. ", "Teachers rate high both for exposure to illnesses and for their proximity to other people.", "\n\nFirst responders are also at high risk. ", "Firefighters who responded to calls at the Washington nursing home are under extended quarantines . ", "Paramedics across the country are taking extra precautions when responding to a possible coronavirus case.", "\n\nPersonal care aides and home health aides who work with the elderly — the population most susceptible to the illness — are also vulnerable. ", "At a nursing home in Washington State linked to 25 coronavirus deaths as of Saturday, at least 70 employees have fallen sick .", "\n\nHealth care workers are at the greatest risk — they can encounter diseases and infections daily and typically work in close proximity to one another and their patients. ", "Many are already under quarantine because of exposure to the virus.", "\n\nThe vertical position of each bubble is a measure of how often workers in a given profession are exposed to disease and infection .", "\n\nEach bubble on this chart represents an occupation. ", "The bigger the bubble, the more people do that job.", "\n\nAs the coronavirus continues to spread throughout the United States, people with jobs that put them in physical contact with many others are at the greatest risk of becoming sick.", "\n\nThe risk levels of various jobs were calculated using O*NET, a database maintained by the Department of Labor that describes various physical aspects of different occupations. ", "The database assigns dozens of scores to each occupation for things like how often a telephone is used to how often a job requires you to bend your body. (", "Housekeepers rank highest in this metric.)", "\n\nAs virus cases have grown, many businesses have begun closing offices and stores, and sending workers home to help slow the spread. ", "While many companies have emergency leave policies in place to help protect their employees, there are large portions of the population that have few protections. ", "On Saturday, legislators passed a relief package that includes paid sick leave for workers affected by the coronavirus. ", "But the benefits only apply to employees of companies with fewer than 500 employees, leaving millions of workers uncovered.", "\n\nPercent of workers with access to paid leave benefits Group Sick leave Personal leave All workers 74% 45% Nurses 92% 68% Teachers 86% 62% Service industry workers 56% 28% Sales workers 65% 40% Full-time workers 85% 54% Part-time workers 40% 18% Top 25 percent of earners 92% 63% Bottom 25 percent of earners 47% 24% Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Employee Benefits Survey\n\nFor some workers — especially those in low-paying jobs — being furloughed could mean layoffs. ", "In the Seattle area, one small catering company was forced to let go nearly all its employees because of cancellations from big tech clients.", "\n\nA growing number of companies have also been asking employees to do their jobs from home. ", "But that arrangement is largely available only to white-collar workers. ", "For many occupations, working from home is simply not feasible, including those who are on the front lines of the response and those who are on the lower end of the economic scale." ]
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0.00068
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[ "Inhibition of human renin activity by saponins.", "\nRenin is the most important enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system. ", "Our previous study led to the identification of soyasaponin I, the first renin inhibitor isolated from soybean. ", "In the present study, the effects of saponins and sapogenols on human renin activities were investigated. ", "Soyasaponins I and II, glycyrrhizin, monoglucuronyl glycyrrhetic acid (MGGA), chikusetsusaponin IV, and Kochia scoparia fruit saponins (momordins) were found to inhibit renin activity. ", "On the other hand, sapogenols (soyasapogenol B and glycyrrhetic acid), saikosaponins b2 and c, and ginsenoside Rb(1) had no effect on renin activity. ", "These results clearly indicate that the 3-O-beta-dglucopyranosiduronic moiety in saponins (glucuronide saponin) is essential for renin inhibition." ]
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0.003089
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[ "GENEVA, Switzerland — Iran has completely failed to live up to a series of promises it made regarding its treatment of Iranian Baha'is four years ago, says the Baha'i International Community in a new report.", "\n\nTitled \"Unfulfilled Promises\", and launched today at the United Nations headquarters in Geneva, the report discusses 34 specific pledges made by Iran in February 2010 at the UN Human Rights Council that in some way could address human rights violations faced by members of Iran's Baha'i community.", "\n\n\"Iran has utterly failed in every case to fulfill the commitments it made to improve human rights in relation to its treatment of Baha'is when it stood before the Human Rights Council four years ago,\" said Diane Ala'i, the BIC's representative to the United Nations in Geneva, discussing the report.", "\n\n\"The Council is built on the idea that its members will be honest and sincere in their pursuit of human rights, and Iran's record of 'unfulfilled promises' is a sad testimony of the gap between that country's rhetoric and reality,\" said Ms. Ala'i.", "\n\nThe pledges made by Iran came during a procedure known as the Universal Periodic Review (UPR). ", "Held on each member state every four years, the UPR is designed to be a process that treats all states equally in considering their human rights records. ", "Iran's first review was in February 2010, and it will undergo its next review in October 2014.", "\n\nDuring its 2010 review, Iran accepted 123 recommendations made by other countries about specific steps it could take to improve its human rights.", "\n\nFour of those recommendations referred specifically to Iran's treatment of the Baha'i community.", "\n\nSpecifically, three recommendations accepted by Iran called for a \"fair and transparent\" trial for the seven imprisoned Iranian Baha'i leaders, who, in fact, were being tried at the time of the UPR, in 2010.", "\n\n\"Unfortunately, as everyone knows, that trial was marked by numerous violations of due process, from a closed courtroom to obvious judicial bias,\" said Ms. Ala'i, noting that their lawyers have said the indictment against the seven was \"more like a political announcement, rather than a legal document\" that was \"written without producing any proof for their allegations.\"", "\n\nAnother recommendation called on Iran to \"judicially prosecute\" those who incite hatred against Baha'is.", "\n\n\"Yet, during the first half of 2014, the volume of such media attacks rose sharply, from 55 in January to at least 565 in June,\" said Ms. Ala'i, recounting figures from the report. \"", "Yet the government has done nothing, as these attacks are made at the government's instigation.", "\n\n\"Baha'is continue to be denied access to any form of Iranian mass media where they could counter the false statements and allegations being made about them and their faith, the purpose of which is nothing less than an attempt to rouse the general population against the Baha'is and to justify the persecution of them,\" said Ms. Ala'i.", "\n\nAnother 26 recommendations cover human rights, such as protection from torture or freedom from economic and educational discrimination, that have also been withheld from Iranian Baha'is in recent years.", "\n\n\"Our report shows, on a recommendation-by-recommendation basis, how none of these commitments have been fulfilled,\" said Ms. Ala'i.", "\n\nThere are currently more than 100 Baha'is in prison, she noted, all held solely because of their religious beliefs.", "\n\nToday's launch, held in room XXIV at the Palais des Nations, also featured the presence of Mahnaz Parakand, one of the lawyers who helped to defend the seven imprisoned Baha'i leaders during their trial in 2010.", "\n\nShe said it was clear that the outcome of the trial had been pre-determined.", "\n\n\"The judiciary has become a place to limit the freedom of people,\" said Ms. Parakand. \"", "The judges of the revolutionary court have become machines that simply sign the sentences that had been decided by the Ministry of Information.", "\n\n\"Everything in the way the trial took place showed that it was the trial of the Baha'i community of Iran, not of the seven leaders,\" Ms. Parakand said." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nUpdate Azure CSPKG with a transformed web.config post-publish\n\nMy build:\n\nBuild with msbuild (/t: build)\nPublish with msbuild (/t: publish)\nPackage with nuget\nDeploy with octopus\n\nproduces an artifact (nuget package) that contains the following files:\n\nAzure.ccproj.cspkg\nServiceConfiguration.Production.csfg\nWeb.config\n(which will be transformed during deployment via Octopus)\n\nThe cspkg is a valid, deployable package. ", "The problem is that it contains a web.config that is pre-transform because the transform occurs at deployment time. ", "See the Octopus documentation for transforms and variable substitution for reference.", "\nHow do I overwrite the web.config inside the cspkg with the transformed web.config that resides in the deployment package?", "\nI have powershell and the full .net framework at my disposal.", "\nAlternatively, if it makes more sense to unpack the cspkg, overwrite the file and then re-package, I consider that acceptable. ", "I am not sure how to do that either.", "\nI know that Save-AzureServiceProjectPackage exists but I cannot get it to run and the documentation is lacking.", "\n\nA:\n\nI have figured out how to do what I need based upon the information contained in Brad Webber's post in the Octopus Support forum.", "\nI have posted a public git repo containing a simple sample solution and documentation here.", "\n\n" ]
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0.000673
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[ "If Craig Wright, the man who claims to be bitcoin inventor Satoshi Nakamoto, was seeking carefully calibrated, rockstar-level publicity around his big reveal, he probably couldn’t have picked a more suitable PR agency to help him find it.", "\n\nWright is being represented by the Outside Organisation, a London agency that has achieved legendary status in the industry for working with clients like David Bowie, David and Victoria Beckham, and the Spice Girls, among a long list of other showbiz stars.", "\n\nThe agency got plenty of training for Wright’s revelations by working with the reclusive, unpredictable, and technology-fixated Bowie for over 30 years. ", "This includes controlling the press around the musician’s 2013 album The Next Day, which was recorded in secret and caught even the most obsessed Bowie-watchers by surprise. ", "Outside’s founder, Alan Edwards, knew Bowie so well he contributed exhibits to the Victoria and Albert Museum’s landmark show examining the star’s work, held the same year.", "\n\nSo widely acknowledged is Edwards’ mastery of the media that he got his own, three-week show at the V&A last year. ", "In doing press for that show, Edwards described his methods of communicating for his clients as “like conducting an orchestra.“", "\n\nIt seems Outside has brought this experience to bear on Wright. ", "Bitcoin luminaries have described being taken to a Covent Garden hotel (top bitcoin developer Gavin Andresen was flown in from the US for the occasion) to witness Wright’s claimed cryptographic proof of his identity. ", "As the astonished experts looked on, Wright performed cryptographic feats intended to remove all doubt from their minds that they were in the presence of bitcoin’s mythical creator.", "\n\nJournalists from three publications were selected for similar “proof sessions” with Wright, and were made to sign non-disclosure agreements in order to participate. ", "This resulted in the simultaneous publication, on May 2, of pieces describing Wright’s claims in the Economist, GQ, and the BBC, practically guaranteeing it top billing in the day’s news cycle.", "\n\nOutside won’t discuss how Wright ended up its client, or how it chooses clients. ", "When asked, Nicholas Caley, Outside’s corporate communications head, said only that the firm ”had a broad range of clients.”", "\n\nThe spotlight trained on Wright is set to intensify. ", "After initially promising further cryptographic acts to back up his claim, amid a storm of doubt from the bitcoin world, he has now made a U-turn, saying that he now realizes he doesn’t possess the emotional fortitude to do so. ", "Outside’s tightly choreographed contribution to the legend of bitcoin’s creator can perhaps be summed up by the title chosen by the V&A for its show about the agency and its business: ”Always Print the Myth: PR and the Modern Age.”", "\n\nThis story was updated with news that Craig Wright would no longer provide new proof backing up his claims." ]
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0.010437
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[ "News, Views and Analysis\n\nThe Peto thesis and its critics\n\nTo comment on a piece of writing one first must peruse it, pace Ontario MPP Peter Shurman. ", "I have now read “The Victimhood of the Powerful:\nWhite Jews, Zionism and the Racism of Hegemonic Holocaust Education,” with what I hope is a critical eye.", "\n\nThere are two aspects of the current controversy caused by the on-line publication of the thesis that need to be examined. ", "The first should, but does not as yet, consist of the arguments raised in the thesis and critical counter-arguments. ", "The latter are proving rather hard to come by at the moment, unless shrill denunciation, calls for a McCarthyite “investigation” of OISE, claims that the author may have committed criminal hate speech, and assorted assertions of the study’s worthlessness without corroborating evidence, are to be taken as serious critique.", "\n\nThe second is precisely that largely illiterate and hostile reception—mainly from journalists with pro-Israel axes to grind, and Canadian pro-Israel organizations, but one or two from members of the academy. ", "Former sociology professor Werner Cohn, for example, has carried out a study (please try not to laugh out loud) of the abstracts of several OISE theses, which prove, he says, that they are left-wing rather than “detached” - thereby indicating how seriously out of touch with current sociological literature he has become.", "\n\nWith staggering chutzpah, Professor Cohn states:\n\nObviously, had I done a more complete study of the theses themselves, it is conceivable, but not probable, that I would have reached a somewhat different conclusion.", "\n\nWell, Cohn is in good company. ", "As noted, Peter Shurman, MPP for Thornhill, didn’t think reading Peto’s thesis was necessary—it’s “hate,” Israel needs defending, and that’s that. ", "At least the learned professor emeritus actually read Peto—and suggests that she should be criminally prosecuted for hate speech.", "\n\nOther hacks have weighed in too. ", "The National Post’s Jonathan Kay refers to the thesis as “a confessional essay with footnotes,” indicating rather strongly that he has read only the first few pages, in which Peto, as current academic practice dictates, situates her own subject-position within the context of her arguments. ", "And another journalist, Robyn Urback, engages in a sleazy polemic studded with gems such as this:\n\nShe goes on to discount the entire thesis on the basis of a conversation she had with somebody.", "\n\nPerhaps more difficult to dismiss is a person of the stature of historian Irving Abella:\n\n“It’s not scholarship, it’s ideology,” said Abella, a former CJC president. “", "It’s totally ahistorical; I found it full of untruths and distortions and held together by fatuous and very flabby analysis. ", "It borders on anti-Semitism…I’m appalled that it would be acceptable to a major university.” [", "emphasis added]\n\nThis isn’t serious academic engagement, however. ", "It’s all assertion, not backed up by a single fact or example. ", "If we’re going to have the debate, let’s have it, in a measured academic manner—not this latter-day recrudescence of the Zhdanov Doctrine in different clothing.", "\n\nIn any case, on to the thesis itself. ", "The paper is well-written and free for the most part of academic jargon (she misuses the technical term “perform,” and I have other quibbles of that sort, but that’s all relatively minor stuff). ", "It advances a position, remains focused upon it, and brings in some current scholarship to support, explain and clarify it.", "\n\nPeto advances the argument—which surely should be uncontroversial in itself—that the builders and supporters of the Israel project have used the fact of the Holocaust in a political manner. ", "She deals with two current Holocaust education projects—the March of Remembrance and Hope, and the March of the Living, the former educating largely non-white participants about the Holocaust, and the latter directed at Jewish students.", "\n\nIn each case, students are taken to actual sites of the Holocaust in Poland. ", "Peto provides a critique of the educational content of both initiatives. ", "She engages in a detailed analysis, highlighting the paradoxical relation between today’s relatively successful Jewish communities in North America, which have, in comparison with other groups such as First Nations, Blacks and Hispanics, achieved considerable social, cultural and political capital since the end of World War II, and the victims of the Holocaust, whose presence-in-absence permits and indeed encourages a sense of victimhood in those same individuals.", "\n\nThis tension is sharply outlined in an actual March of the Living in which Jewish students retrace the steps of the victims of the Holocaust, while draped in Israeli flags. ", "They are then whisked off to Israel just in time for an annual memorial to fallen Israeli soldiers. ", "This links Palestinians to Nazis, and if anyone finds that overstated, I might note that this conflation is hardly uncommon these days.", "\n\nThis vulnerability, Peto argues, (although she doesn’t call it that) is exploited by the professional supporters of Israel, the latter country represented as a bastion of civilization counterpoised against a ceaselessly threatening Other that stands for the antithesis of civil and humane values. ", "This obscures, she says, the reality of life in the Middle East for Palestinians and even for non-Ashkenazi Jews in Israel (and, I might add, the Bedouins of the South Negev).", "\n\nPeto traces the history of Jews in America, and in so doing deploys the term “whiteness” to describe the location of American Jews in a profoundly racialized society. ", "The binarism of Black-white relations in the US is hardly controversial—Governor George Wallace referred unselfconsciously to “the opposite race,” and there’s plenty of that sort of thing around today as more than a few Americans continue to react with shock, anger and dismay that a Black person is presently occupying the White House. ", "Peto argues that US Jews have benefited from being included, willy-nilly, in the “whiteness” category. ", "That is precisely, in fact, where her application of the notion of “white privilege” arises. ", "I see nothing particularly controversial there.", "\n\nTerms like “white” and “whiteness” should not, in any case, mislead the reader. ", "Peto is not reifying the concepts, but referring to what Brubaker and Cooper call a “category of practice” (as opposed to a category of analysis). ", "She might have helped herself by clarifying this, and placing “white” and “whiteness” in quotation-marks to mark their constructed nature.", "\n\nPeto argues that a human rights discourse, one of tolerance, can be used to the opposite effect. ", "The humane and the tolerant are the enemies, after all, of the inhumane and intolerant, and if the enemies of Israel can be placed in the latter broad category in classic binary fashion, then whatever happens to them can be rationalized. ", "It is a supreme irony, for example, that a Museum of Tolerance in Israel is literally being built at the moment on the graves of Muslims.", "\n\nThe two educational initiatives that she deals with, in short, are fraught with paradox and ideology. ", "The remembrance of the Holocaust that they evoke is a specifically constructed remembrance, one that has clearly political content.", "\n\nPerhaps both the strengths and weaknesses of Peto’s thesis are summed up in this comment of hers:\n\nEven as I argue that this victimized Jewish subjectivity is deployed strategically, there is a historical and contemporary basis for white Jews to feel insecure and concerned about continuing to fight anti-Semitism. ", "What I am critical of is that this struggle against anti-Semitism has become so enmeshed with Zionist politics that the effects of hegemonic white Jewish human rights activism are often racist and imperialist. ", "Many hegemonic Jewish Zionist organizations that work on issues of anti-Semitism operate within the discourse of human rights, either in place of, or alongside notions of tolerance and diversity. (", "67)\n\nI think, broadly speaking, that Peto has a point, in fact several points, and, furthermore, that they are much better argued than her current detractors seem capable of admitting. ", "But there are also weaknesses in her position that detract from the case she is rather too easily attempting to make.", "\n\nFirst of all, her range of reference is distressingly short—he bibliography is only two pages or so in length, and contains such familiar anti-Zionist commentators as Norman Finkelstein and Ilan Pappé. ", "She rarely rises above a superficial critique of her sources, which tend, in any case, to be in large part her ideological allies: too often she simply recapitulates their arguments. ", "She does leave herself open, therefore, to the charge of confirmation bias in her selection of sources.", "\n\nThis is only enhanced by obvious errors such as this:\n\nPalestinians who want to run for government office must pledge their loyalty to Israel as a Jewish only state. (", "10)\n\nIt is true that new citizens may be required at some point to swear a loyalty oath to Israel as a “Jewish state,” and that is distasteful enough in a country that allegedly adheres to democratic values. ", "But Israeli Palestinian office-seekers are not currently required to take any such oath, let alone having to proclaim loyalty to a “Jewish only state.”", "\n\nMore importantly, however, there is a signal lack of nuance, and, I would argue, a concomitant lack of humaneness, in her rather too blanket approach. ", "If, as she maintains, “the struggle against anti-Semitism has become so enmeshed with Zionist politics that the effects of hegemonic white Jewish human rights activism are often racist and imperialist,” I would have liked to see some attempt at unmeshing in her thesis.", "\n\nAre such educational projects, for all their obvious political function, entirely free of decent motives such as the desire simply to convey the profound unease of a people for many of whom the Holocaust still remains a living memory? ", "Are all participants merely shills or dupes? ", "There is rather too much two-dimensional commentary in the paper, in which there is only one “Zionism,” of necessity racist, where Jews are presented monolithically despite the occasional nod to the contrary, and where categories such as “white privilege,” even given their validity, obscure the various contestations and counter-currents within the “Jewish community”—certainly exemplified by Peto herself.", "\n\nShe tends to fall prey, in other words, to the very binarism that she deplores. ", "While she raises provocative and timely questions, ones well worthy of serious discussion rather than polemical dismissal, she seems locked into an ideological position that is too narrow to permit a more multi-faceted analysis in which (for example) the various Jewish critiques of the state of Israel can be accounted for.", "\n\nWorth an MA? ", "Certainly. ", "But if Peto goes on, perhaps she might find it worthwhile to apply her obvious powers of analysis and insight to some of her own bedrock assumptions." ]
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[ "Indigenous microfloras and resistance to bacterial infection in mice with experimentally induced diabetes: a possible animal model for opportunistic infection.", "\nPersistent diabetes was induced in male Slc:ddY mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). ", "In these mice, the numbers of aerobic gram-negative bacilli, staphylococci (including micrococci), and streptococci increased, while those of other bacteria were almost unchanged in both oral and caecal floras. ", "The mice were vulnerable to oral infection of Salmonella enteritidis, intranasal infection of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens, and contact infection with mice infected with S. enteritidis and K. pneumoniae. ", "These findings suggest that STZ-treated mice might be a useful model for investigating opportunistic infection." ]
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[ "Brighten up a bleak affair with the beauty of flowers. ", "Caskets, wether they are used open or closed can be adorned with the timeless beauty of flowers. ", "Let ISLAND FLOWER & GARDEN in Amelia Island help you choose the right flowers for your loved one's funeral." ]
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[ "Black Friday Fitness and Travel Deals in the Philippines 2017\n\nBlack Friday Fitness and Travel Deals in the Philippines 2017\n\nFilipinos may not celebrate Thanksgiving, but they do know a good deal when they see one. ", "Listed below are some fitness and travel deals that you might find useful for the gym or for when going off on adventures. ", "🙂\n\nNote: Some of the links here are affiliate links. ", "That means that I’ll earn a commission, at no extra cost to you, if you click through the links and make a purchase.", "\n\nFITNESS\n\nNeed to start working out in style? ", "Grab performance wear from top brands like Adidas, Under Armour, Nike, etc. ", "at Zalora. ", "Download their app for a 15% discount on your first purchase, and also to participate in their app-exclusive Pinoy Cyber Sale on November 25-28, 2017. ", "You can also get a sitewide 13% discount for a minimum spend of Php 1750. ", "here.", "\n\nI’m also selling tees with inspirational quotes if you’re interested! ", "They’re great for working out or lazing about. ", "Get 20% off everything from November 24-27, 2017 using the coupon code SALE2017 at the checkout counter. ", "You can customize the sizes of the designs as well as the colors of any of the products.", "\n\nIf you’ll be in Cebu between today until the 30th, then catch the Nike, Adidas, and New Balance sneaker sale at SM City Cebu Mall Atrium. ", "Get up to 70% off on selected footwear. ", "This isn’t exactly a Thanksgiving sale, but it’s ongoing ’til the end of this month.", "\n\nFor when the jetsetter in you just wants to chill in the metro. ", "🙂 Click this link for The Discovery Leisure Co.’s Black Friday and Cyber Monday deals this year. ", "Join their loyalty program for free and get an additional 5% off. ", "As per the Facebook post below, the discounts offered are up to 55%. ", "The stay period for their Boracay and Palawan resorts is from December 2017-December 2018. ", "The stay period for their Tagaytay, Makati, and Manila hotels, meanwhile, are from this weekend to March 2018.", "\n\nMy Health Supplements Shop\n\nOutdoor Clothing and Gear\n\nError: Access Token is not valid or has expired. ", "Feed will not update. ", "This error message is only visible to WordPress admins\n\nThere's an issue with the Instagram Access Token that you are using. ", "Please obtain a new Access Token on the plugin's Settings page.", "If you continue to have an issue with your Access Token then please see this FAQ for more information." ]
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[ "Thanks for stepping inside The Big Inside.", "\n\nIt's a podcast unlike any other. ", "Stories, humor, and insights that intersect what transforms the body with what transforms the world, and turns them both inside out. ", "We merge science, society, and philosophy with fitness, muscles and health. ", "We blend history with gym culture, and then throw a dollop of didactic whimsy on top. ", "We're all about the conversation, not the education, but with our luck you'll probably end up learning something along the way.", "\n\nHosted by long-time comic and performer Christian Matyi, aka \"XN,\" step inside The Big Inside. ", "It may be the most fun workout your ears have all week! ", "Take your body seriously. ", "Because we sure won't.", "\n\nThe Big Inside’s host Christian Matyi, a/k/a “XN,” talks with professional viola player Drew Ricciardi, who uncovers a fascinating way to look at how your body moves, and says a bunch of complicated words.", "\n\nA guest from TEN YEARS AGO, Mike Cavaliere, comes back on the show. ", "Then he talked about being a teen bodybuilder; now he talks about how that helped guide him to be a DOCTOR of physical therapy. ", "Mayhem ensues.", "\n\nHow does the craziness women experience with their body image intersect our culture? ", "Author and podcaster Megan Dietz joins us to unpack the challenging cultural landscape and social politics that impact body ideals.", "\n\nWhat if you woke up tomorrow and whatever you did today somehow didn’t matter any more? ", "Well, this is often literally what occurs in amateur competitive sports like competitive bodybuilding. ", "Show host Christian Matyi, aka “XN,” welcomes Jonathan Lavoie, a one-time competitive bodybuilder whose professional status is in a strangely unique state of limbo.", "\n\nWhat does it take to start up a small business in an industry known for it’s intense competition? ", "The Big Inside’s host Christian Matyi, aka “XN,” talks to the founders of a small startup supplement company.", "\n\nEvery third podcast is talking about 2017 New Year’s resolutions right now, so The Big Inside’s host Christian Matyi, aka “XN,” and show regular Scott Bottorff caves in to convention and puts it’s own spin on the topic.", "\n\nThe Big Inside host Christian Matyi, aka XN, has kankles, but the source is apparently not in his heel but in his butt! ", "Often, the source of your training limitations isn’t the most direct influence on the problem itself. ", "This is the Fifth in a special mini series featuring regular show guest Scott Bottorff.", "\n\nThis episode is the second in a special mini series from The Big Inside featuring host Christian Matyi, a/k/a XN, joined by regular show guest Scott Bottorff to discuss a recent Vice.com piece which explored the influence of social media on bodybuilding’s popular appeal.", "\n\nThis episode is the second in a special mini series from The Big Inside featuring host Christian Matyi, a/k/a XN, joined by regular show guest Scott Bottorff with a discussion of missing elements for advancing \"advanced\" training.", "\n\nAlso: This message is sent by a robot. ", "My next task may or may not be to take over the world with my cybernetic intelligence. ", "Just stay calm; the death-ray lasers do a quick job. ", "You won't feel a thing.", "\n\nCopyright @2015 The Big Inside and Scorpio Creative. ", "All rights reserved. ", "So there." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nSharepoint 2007 - Custom List provisioning - are List Forms needed at deployment?", "\n\nI have a feature which is provisioning 1 document library and 2 custom lists. ", "A folder is included for each list containing the schema.xml for that list. ", "Each folder also contains the associated forms (AllItems, DispForm, EditForm, NewForm, etc.). ", "Everything deploys/works correctly but it seems a little redundant having the same forms copied into each list's folder. ", "There is nothing special about these lists - the are basically a default doc library/generic list with additional fields provided through new content types (derived from Item/Document). ", "\nAs far as I can tell these forms are pretty generic. ", "Are there pre-installed forms that I can reference from my list so I don't have to deploy all of these extra files? ", "Is there any reason I would not want to do this?", "\nUpdate - moving xml in comment to original question for readability:\n<Forms> \n <Form Type=\"DisplayForm\" Url=\"Forms/DispForm.aspx\" WebPartZoneID=\"Main\"/> \n <Form Type=\"EditForm\" Url=\"Forms/EditForm.aspx\" WebPartZoneID=\"Main\"/> \n <Form Type=\"NewForm\" Url=\"Forms/Upload.aspx\" WebPartZoneID=\"Main\"/> \n <Form Type=\"NewFormDialog\" Path=\"EditDlg.htm\">\n ....\n\nA:\n\nThere are virtual defaults that are used if you don't specify a concrete page.", "\nAll lists use these template defaults unless you use a tool like SharePoint designer to customize the page. ", "Then the template is used to create the concrete page and you can customize the look for a particular list without affecting others.", "\nFor my custom definitions, I use\n<List>\n ...\n <MetaData>\n ...\n <Forms>\n <Form Type=\"DisplayForm\" Url=\"DispForm.aspx\" SetupPath=\"pages\\form.aspx\" WebPartZoneID=\"Main\" />\n <Form Type=\"EditForm\" Url=\"EditForm.aspx\" SetupPath=\"pages\\form.aspx\" WebPartZoneID=\"Main\" />\n <Form Type=\"NewForm\" Url=\"NewForm.aspx\" SetupPath=\"pages\\form.aspx\" WebPartZoneID=\"Main\" />\n </Forms>\n </MetaData>\n</List>\n\nIf you have no reason to customize the out of the box version of these forms, you can use the virtual form and not deploy copies.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Business Digest September 14, 2012\n\nCorinne Kingery will open a skin-care clinic in Lafayette on Sept. 22. ", "The Acne Lab at 101 1/2 E. Chester St. will offer treatments accompanied by products and education.", "\n\nNAME CHANGES\n\nThe nonprofit member group Boulder East is expanding and changing its name in an effort to get more residents to bus, bike or find other alternative transport to get where they need to go. ", "The newly named Boulder Transportation Connections has an approximately $80,000 Denver Regional Council of Governments grant, a $65,000 community-investment grant and a $20,000 Regional Transportation District grant — among other funding — to encourage residents to take a bus or bicycle or to use a carpool or vanpool. ", "The group has expanded to work with residents and companies throughout Boulder rather than just East Boulder, which is the main reason for the name change.", "\n\nBRIEFS\n\nBoulder-based Thanasi Foods LLC is introducing Bigs Sunflower Seeds to the Canadian market. ", "Bigs, which launched in the United States in March 2009, features fire-roasted, jumbo-size sunflower seeds in five flavors: Frank’s RedHot Buffalo Wing, Hidden Valley Ranch, Salted and Roasted Original, Vlasic Dill Pickle and Bacon Salt Sizzlin’ Bacon.", "\n\nAT&T announced Sept. 6 that it will roll out 4G LTE service to Boulder and Denver customers by the end of the year. ", "AT&T Inc. (NYSE: T) is catching up with Verizon Wireless, which already provides 4G LTE service to Boulder and Denver. ", "Sprint and T-Mobile do not provide 4G LTE. ", "4G LTE — it stands for “fourth generation long-term evolution” — is capable of delivering data to customers 10 times faster than the older 3G, or third generation, standard. ", "The technology allows smartphones to access the Internet faster for activities such as downloading apps or streaming videos.", "\n\nLodgingDeals.com, a website for vacationers looking for luxury vacation deals at resorts in the United States, Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean and the South Pacific, has been launched by Boulder-based Lodging Deals LLC. ", "Resort units are offered at 25 percent to 80 percent off retail value, directly from timeshare owners who are unable to use their allotted vacation weeks. ", "LodgingDeals.com was founded by Jim and Katherine Velasco of Boulder.", "\n\nLongmont-based craft brewery Oskar Blues LLC began distributing in the eight-county Chicago metropolitan area Aug. 20. ", "The beer is available on tap and in cans. ", "Oskar Blues’ launch included a week of 70 events in area bars, restaurants and stores as the company tried to raise its profile and build on existing goodwill. ", "Oskar Blues hired two sales representatives for the area, and worked with its distributor, Windy City Distribution, to roll out to 350 liquor stores, bars and restaurants. ", "Illinois is now the 27th state to which Oskar Blues distributes, following its expansion into Alabama in July.", "\n\nIn-flight Internet service from Broomfield-based Aircell Business Aviation Services LLC will be added to nearly 100 of Net Jets Inc.’s aircraft. ", "The additional systems will expand NetJets’ connected fleet by approximately 40 percent. ", "The installation process is expected to be completed by mid-2014. ", "With the service, NetJets passengers and flight crews will have high-speed Internet service above 10,000 feet in the continental United States and portions of Alaska, using their own Wi-Fi-enabled laptops, tablets, smartphones, electronic flight bags and other mobile devices. ", "NetJets, a Berkshire Hathaway company based in Columbus, Ohio, has the largest fleet of private jets in the world.", "\n\nBoulder-based Campus Publishers, a division of Redrock Publishing Co., has added two guides — for the University of Northern Colorado in Greeley and for Portland State University in Oregon — to its family of 41 official university visitor guides. ", "Both guides will make their debuts in fall 2013.", "\n\nSunflower Preschool Inc., 3340 Dartmouth Ave., ", "Boulder, has earned the national designation of a certified Nature Explore Classroom from the Arbor Day Foundation and Dimensions Educational Research Foundation.", "\n\nGRANTS\n\nA team from the University of Colorado-Boulder will receive a grant of about $450,000 to use tools at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to research high-temperature inexpensive materials for photovoltaic and concentrating solar power technologies. ", "Nationally, five projects have been awarded a total of $3.5 million to establish research programs at a Scientific User facility to conduct this solar-energy research. ", "These projects are part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s efforts to encourage collaboration among engineers and scientists who are developing advanced solar-power technologies and research teams using the tools and expertise of the Scientific User Facilities.", "\n\nMERGERS & ACQUISITIONS\n\nDEUS Rescue, a company that sells a descent-braking device for climbers, acquired its partner company VR-Tec GmbH in Germany for an undisclosed sum. ", "Boulder-based Spidescape Products Inc., which goes by the trade name DEUS Rescue, has 10 employees and plans to hire a few more as a result of the acquisition.", "\n\nBoulder-based private equity firm Grey Mountain Partners and its affiliate company, Denver-based Consolidated Glass Holdings, Inc., have acquired Insulpane and Orchard Glass Distributors. ", "Hamden, Connecticut-based Insulpane is an architectural glass fabricator and distributor serving a customer base across the Northeast. ", "Orchard Glass Distributors is a wholesale distributor of flat glass, mirrors and shower doors; it primarily serves Connecticut, New York and New Jersey.", "\n\nDeadline to submit items for Business Digest is three weeks prior to publication of each biweekly issue. ", "Mail to Editor, Boulder County Business Report, 3180 Sterling Circle, Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80301-2338; fax to 303-440-8954; or email to news@bcbr.com with Business Digest in the subject line. ", "Photos submitted will not be returned." ]
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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe invention relates generally to programmable memory devices.", "\n2. ", "Background\nTypical memory applications include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), and electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM).", "\nSolid state memory devices typically employ micro-electronic circuit elements for each memory bit (e.g., one to four transistors per bit) in memory applications. ", "Since one or more electronic circuit elements are required for each memory bit, these devices may consume considerable chip “real estate” to store a bit of information, which limits the density of a memory chip. ", "The primary “non-volatile” memory element of these devices, such as an EEPROM, typically employ a floating gate field effect transistor device that has limited re-programmability and which holds a charge on the gate of field effect transistor to store each memory bit. ", "These classes of memory devices are also relatively slow to program.", "\nPhase change memory devices use phase change materials, i.e., materials that can be electrically switched between a generally amorphous and a generally crystalline state, for electronic memory application. ", "One type of memory element originally developed by Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. of Troy, Mich. utilizes a phase change material that can be, in one application, electrically switched between a structural state of generally amorphous and generally crystalline local order or between different detectable states of local order across the entire spectrum between completely amorphous and completely crystalline states. ", "Typical materials suitable for such application include those utilizing various chalcogenide elements. ", "These electrical memory devices typically do not use field effect transistor devices, but comprise, in the electrical context, a monolithic body of thin film chalcogenide material. ", "As a result, very little chip real estate is required to store a bit of information, thereby providing for inherently high density memory chips. ", "The state change materials are also truly non-volatile in that, when set in either a crystalline, semi-crystalline, amorphous, or semi-amorphous state representing a resistance value, that value is retained until reset as that value represents a physical state of the material (e.g., crystalline or amorphous). ", "Thus, phase change memory materials represent a significant improvement in non-volatile memory.", "\nOne characteristic of memory devices is the need for addressing lines, such as column and row lines to program and read a memory device. ", "In currently conceived phase change memory devices a column line and a row line address a distinct cell formed over a substrate. ", "The Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. structure comprises a double level metal cell structure with the memory element constituting a cell composed of a volume of memory material, an electrode between a row line and the memory material, and an upper electrode overlying the memory material. ", "The cell is coupled to a column line by a via. ", "The via-column line contact requires the cell size of the memory device to be increased to support the contact pitch. ", "It would be desirable in terms of reducing fabrication complexity, cost, and memory cell size to modify the addressing line configuration of a memory cell device." ]
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[ "---\nabstract: 'We demonstrate the efficacy of a new spike-sorting method based on a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm by applying it to real data recorded from Purkinje cells (PCs) in young rat cerebellar slices. ", "This algorithm is unique in its capability to estimate and make use of the firing statistics as well as the spike amplitude dynamics of the recorded neurons. ", "PCs exhibit multiple discharge states, giving rise to multimodal interspike interval (ISI) histograms and to correlations between successive ISIs. ", "The amplitude of the spikes generated by a PC in an “active” state decreases, a feature typical of many neurons from both vertebrates and invertebrates. ", "These two features constitute a major and recurrent problem for all the presently available spike-sorting methods. ", "We first show that a Hidden Markov Model with 3 log-Normal states provides a flexible and satisfying description of the complex firing of single PCs. ", "We then incorporate this model into our previous MCMC based spike-sorting algorithm [@PouzatEtAl_2004 Pouzat et al, 2004, *J. Neurophys.* **", "91**, 2910-2928] and test this new algorithm on multi-unit recordings of bursting PCs. ", "We show that our method successfully classifies the bursty spike trains fired by PCs by using an independent single unit recording from a patch-clamp pipette.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Matthieu Delescluse, Christophe Pouzat'\ntitle: 'Efficient spike-sorting of multi-state neurons using inter-spike intervals information'\n---\n\nIntroduction\\[sec:Introduction\\]\n================================\n\nMulti-site extracellular recordings are extensively used by laboratories that aim at studying neuronal populations activity and a variety of recently developed technologies enable the experimentalist to do so in many preparations: cultures [@GrossEtAl_1993; @GrossEtAl_1997], slices [@OkaEtAl_1999; @EgertEtAl_2002], *in vivo* [@DrakeEtAl_1988; @NicolelisEtAl_1997; @BakerEtAl_1999; @CsicsavariEtAl_2003]. ", "But in order to be really informative and fully exploitable, such recordings require the difficult spike-sorting problem to be solved: the resolution of a mixture of activities into well separated individual spike trains. ", "This problem has an already long history [@Lewicki_1998], but has not yet received any fully satisfying solution [@BrownEtAl_2004; @Buzsaki_2004]. ", "In particular, until recently [@PouzatEtAl_2004; @Pouzat_2005], all of the available methods made exclusively use of the information provided by the waveform of individual spikes[^1], ignoring that of their occurrence times. ", "Many neurons have however fairly reproducible firing features that can often be summarized by their inter-spike interval (ISI) probability density. ", "This temporal information can greatly improve classification performance and allows the investigator to take into account the dependence of the spike amplitude upon the ISI, like for instance during a burst (where a spike amplitude reduction is typically observed on an extracellular electrode as well as on an intracellular one).", "\n\nIn that context, we recently proposed a new Bayesian method based on a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach [@PouzatEtAl_2004; @Pouzat_2005]. ", "This method is built on a data generation model that includes both a description of non Poisson neuronal discharge statistics and a description of spike waveform dynamics. ", "In these papers, we chose a *single* log-Normal density to model individual ISIs distributions. ", "It is nevertheless clear that this is not the only model that can be considered: the MCMC framework allows the experimentalist to use the model that is best supported by the data from the neuronal type he is studying. ", "In particular, when one is dealing with neurons exhibiting several states resulting in bursty discharges the unimodal log-Normal density is not appropriate anymore, as observed for example in thalamic relay cells [@McCormick_1998] and in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) [@LoewensteinEtAl_2005].", "\n\nThe primary goal of the present paper is to show how our spike-sorting method, modified to take into account such multi-state neurons, performs on real data that would make any other automatic method fail. ", "We chose a challenging data set recorded from cells firing bursts of spikes. ", "Such data could be obtained in young rat cerebellar slices by applying a multi-site electrode along the PCs layer in the presence of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1) agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG). ", "In these pharmacological conditions, PCs fire bursts of two or more action potentials (APs) with dramatically decreasing amplitudes (*eg*. ", "50%), in alternance with long periods of silence (on the order of 1 minute) [@NetzebandEtAl_1997].", "\n\nMethods\\[sec:Methods\\]\n======================\n\nExperimental procedure\\[sub:Experimental-procedure\\]\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nSlices preparation and loose cell-attached patch-clamp recording were done as previously described [@PouzatHestrin_1997]. ", "Sagittal slices (180 $\\mu$m thick) were taken from the vermis of cerebella from rats aged 11-14 days. ", "Single and multiple unit(s) recordings were made from PCs in these slices visualized through a 63X objective in an upright microscope equipped with Nomarski optics (Axioscope, Carl Zeiss, Germany). ", "These conditions allowed easy resolution of the various layers and cell types within the cerebellar cortex. ", "During recording, the slices were maintained at room temperature (20-22 °C). ", "They were continuously perfused with BBS which contained (mM): 130 $NaCl$, 2.5 $KCl$, 2 $CaCl_{2}$, 1 $MgCl_{2}$, 1.3 $NaH_{2}PO_{4}$, 26 $NaHCO_{3}$ and 25 glucose. ", "This solution was continuously bubbled with a mixture of 95% $O_{2}$ and 5% $CO_{2}$, the solution pH being thus kept at 7.4.", "\n\nThe mGluR1 agonist DHPG (40 $\\mu$M) was applied dissolved in the bathing solution. ", "All the recordings analyzed in this paper were made in these conditions. ", "DHPG was purchased from Tocris Neuramin Ltd (Bristol, UK). ", "It was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 5 mM. The DHPG stock solution was stored frozen, and the final concentration was obtained by diluting the stock solution in the saline, just before its use in the experiment. ", "Note that spontaneous bursting also occurred without DHPG at this age, but less systematically.", "\n\nSingle unit recordings were performed in loose cell-attached using a glass micropipette filled with the following solution (mM): 145 $NaCl$, 2.5 $KCl$, 2 $CaCl_{2}$, 1 $MgCl_{2}$ , 10 HEPES acid. ", "Pipette resistance ranged from 2 to 4 M$\\Omega$. The pipette was positioned in loose cell-attached on the soma of a PC. ", "It was connected to a patch-clamp amplifier (Axoclamp 2B, Axon Instruments Inc., USA). ", "This amplifier was connected to one of the 8 channels of two 4-channel differential AC amplifiers (AM systems, model 1700, Carlsborg, WA), also used for multi-unit data recordings (see below). ", "The signal was band-pass filtered between 300 and 5000 Hz and amplified 1000 times. ", "Such single unit recordings were performed in two types of experiments. ", "First, they were made alone in order to gather several examples of individual PCs spike trains during spontaneous activity. ", "Second, they were made together with multiple units recordings where they served as a reference recording to which the spike-sorting output was compared.", "\n\nMulti-unit recordings were performed using silicon probes (also called “multi-site electrodes” in the sequel) kindly provided by the Center for Neural Communication Technology of the University of Michigan. ", "A schematic drawing of the tip (first 4 recording sites) of the probe is shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:Sorting1\\]. ", "The 16 recording sites are linearly placed on the electrode 50 $\\mu$m apart . ", "This electrode was positioned along the PCs layer. ", "The spontaneous spiking activities of these PCs could routinely be recorded on the first 8 sites of the electrode, with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio (see Fig.", " \\[fig:Sorting1\\]B1, B2, C1, C2 for some examples). ", "The analysis detailed in the present paper was made on the first 4 recording sites. ", "A glass micropipette was positioned in loose cell-attached on the soma of one of the PCs whose spontaneous activity was recorded by the multi-site electrode.", "\n\nThe multi-site electrode was connected to a custom made impedance matching preamplifier. ", "The preamplifier was connected to the two 4-channel differential AC amplifiers mentioned above. ", "The signals were bandpass filtered between 300 and 5000 Hz and amplified 2000 times. ", "All data were acquired at 15 kHz using a 16 bit A/D card (PD2MF-64-500/16H, United Electronics Industries, Watertown, MA) and stored on disk for subsequent analysis.", "\n\nData analysis\\[sub:Data-analysis\\]\n----------------------------------\n\n### Events detection and representation\\[sub:Event-representation\\]\n\n*Multi-unit data*. ", "Data recorded on the first 4 recording sites of the multi-site electrode were analyzed. ", "A first set of large events were detected as local maxima with a peak value exceeding a preset high threshold (5 times the standard deviation (SD) of the whole trace), and normalized (peak amplitude, at 1, temporal average, at 0) to give a “spike template”. ", "Each trace was then filtered with this template (by convolution with the template in reversed time order). ", "Events were detected on the filtered trace as local maxima whose peak value exceeded a preset threshold (a multiple of the SD of the filtered trace). ", "After detection, each event was described by its occurrence time and its peak amplitude measured on 4 recording sites. ", "To simplify calculations and reduce the complexity of our algorithm, the peak amplitude(s) were “noise whitened” as described in [@PouzatEtAl_2002] (see also *SpikeOMaticTutorial 1*[^2]). ", "A spike detected on a given recording site can be seen on its immediate neighbouring sites ($50\\mu m$ apart) with reduced amplitudes, but never on further sites. ", "This is consistent with an exponential decay of the signal with decay constant $~30\\mu m$ [@GrayEtAl_1995; @SegevEtAl_2004].", "\n\n*Single unit data*. ", "For data recorded by the glass micropipette, events were detected the same way. ", "Each event was described by its occurrence time and its peak amplitude. ", "We normalized the peak amplitudes of the spikes by the SD of 2000 noise “peak” amplitudes taken in the same recording. ", "When single unit data were recorded together with multi-unit data, events detected on the micropipette trace were described by their occurrence times only.", "\n\n### Data generation model for statistical inference\\[sub:Data-generation-model\\]\n\nTo perform spike-sorting our algorithm makes statistical inference on the parameters of the data generation model described in this section. ", "This model is based on the following assumptions:\n\n1\\. The sequence of spike times from a given neuron is a realization of a Hidden Markov point process [@CamprouxEtAl_1996; @GucluBolanowski_2004].", "\n\n2\\. The spike amplitudes generated by a neuron depend on the elapsed time since the previous spike of this neuron.", "\n\n3\\. The measured spike amplitudes are corrupted by a Gaussian white noise which sums linearly with the spikes and is statistically independent of them.", "\n\nAssumptions 2 and 3 are identical to those made in [@PouzatEtAl_2004; @Pouzat_2005]. ", "Assumption 3 requires a prior noise whitening of the data [@PouzatEtAl_2002]. ", "In assumption 1, the *homogeneous renewal point process* assumption that was made in [@PouzatEtAl_2004; @Pouzat_2005] is changed into the more complex one of a *hidden Markov point process* (see below and in Appendix sec.\\[sub:More-Formal-HMM\\]). ", "Our data generation model can be divided in two parts that respectively rely on assumptions 1 and 2 which are presented next.", "\n\n### Inter-spike interval density {#inter-spike-interval-density .unnumbered}\n\nWe resort to a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) with 3 states to account for the empirical ISI density of the recorded cells. ", "In this HMM context, we can see a sequence of ISIs (a spike train) produced by a given neuron as the observable output of a “hidden” sequence of “states” of this neuron (this denomination arises from the fact that the state in which the neuron is, is not directly observable from the data). ", "The probability density from which each ISI is drawn depends on the underlying state. ", "In our particular implementation, the ISI density of each state is a log-Normal density characterized by 2 parameters: a scale parameter *s* (in seconds) and a shape parameter *$\\sigma$* (dimensionless). ", "With this notation, the general formula for the probability density function of the log-Normal distribution is:\n\n$$f(isi)=\\frac{1}{isi\\cdot\\sigma\\cdot\\sqrt{2\\pi}}\\cdot\\exp\\left(-\\frac{1}{2}\\cdot(\\frac{\\log(\\frac{isi}{s})}{\\sigma})^{2}\\right)\\label{eq:logNorm}$$\n\nThe log-Normal density is a relevant alternative to the exponential density usually used to model spike trains. ", "It is unimodal, exhibits a refractory period, rises fast and decays slowly.", "\n\nAfter the generation of each event, a “transition” to any of the three possible states is performed stochastically. ", "In addition to the 6 parameters for the 3 log-Normal densities mentioned above, we have therefore to consider the transition matrix $\\left(q_{ij}\\right)$ between these states, which contains another 6 parameters. ", "We thus have 12 parameters to specify the ISI density for each neuron.", "\n\nA scheme summarizing this model is shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:Model-ISI\\]A. In a spike train, each event (ISI) is generated by one of the 3 possible probability densities according to the state in which the neuron is: if the neuron is in state 1 (resp.", " 2, 3) it generates a short (resp. ", "intermediate, long) ISI from the red (resp. ", "blue, green) density. ", "The transition from a given state to any other, including itself, is possible, as indicated by the different arrows between states. ", "In the sequel we will constantly refer to the same color code for the states of single unit data: state 1 in red, state 2 in blue, state 3 in green. ", "They will be also called “short”, “intermediate” and “long” states respectively. ", "A more formal presentation of the HMM is to be found in sec. ", "\\[sub:More-Formal-HMM\\] of the Appendix.", "\n\n### Spike amplitude dynamics {#sub:SpikeAmplitudeDynamics .unnumbered}\n\nWe use here the same spike amplitude dynamics as in [@PouzatEtAl_2004; @Pouzat_2005]. ", "We consider events described by their occurrence time and their peak amplitude measured on 1 (single site recordings) or 4 recording sites (multi-site recordings). ", "We model the dependence of the amplitude on the ISI by an exponential relaxation [@FeeEtAl_1996b]:\n\n$$A(isi)=P\\cdot(1-\\delta\\cdot\\exp(-\\lambda\\: isi))\\label{eq:ampRelax}$$\n\nwhere *isi* is the ISI, $\\lambda$ is the inverse of the relaxation time constant (measured in 1/s), **$P$** is the vector of the maximal amplitude of the event on each recording site (this is a 4-dimension, resp. ", "1-dimension, vector for multi-site, resp. ", "single site, recordings) and $\\delta$ is the dimensionless maximal modulation. ", "This model implies that the modulation of the amplitudes of an event is the same on the different recording sites. ", "This is an important feature of the amplitude modulation observed experimentally [@GrayEtAl_1995]. ", "Added to the 12 parameters used for the ISIs, the number of parameters *per* neuron in our model amounts to 18 for multi-site recordings and 15 for single site recordings.", "\n\n### The Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach\\[sub:The-Markov-Chain\\]\n\nWe have shown in our previous papers that the spike-sorting problem with a data generation model similar to the one presented here can be viewed as a one dimensional Potts spin-glass in a random magnetic field [@PouzatEtAl_2004; @Pouzat_2005]. ", "This analogy allowed us to tailor the Dynamic Monte Carlo algorithms developed by physicists [@NewmanBarkema_1999; @FrenkelSmit_2002] and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) developed by statisticians [@RobertCasella_1999; @Liu_2001] for analogous problems to our particular needs. ", "In essence the statistical inference in our case relies on the construction of a Markov chain (not to be mistaken for the HMM which is modeling the ISI density) whose space $\\mathcal{S}$ is the product of two spaces: the space of the model parameters defined in our data generation model ( and presented in the previous section) and the space of spike train configurations, where a configuration is defined by specifying a neuron of origin (a “label”) *and* a neuron state for each spike. ", "The latter, neuron state, is the new model ingredient introduced in the present paper (section \\[par:Inter-spike-interval-density\\]). ", "Thus a state of our Markov chain in this space is determined by two vectors: vector $\\theta$ of model parameters (a $18\\cdot K$, resp.$15\\cdot K$, dimensional vector for multi-site, resp. ", "single site, recordings, where $K$ is the number of neurons, see Methods, sec. ", "\\[sub:Data-generation-model\\]) and vector $C$ of the configuration, specifying a label and a neuron state for each spike (a $2\\cdot N$ dimensional vector, where $N$ is the number of detected spikes being analyzed). ", "The construction of this Markov chain is done in such a way that it samples our space $\\mathcal{S}$ from the posterior density of the model parameters and configurations given the data $Y$, noted $\\pi_{post}(\\theta,C\\mid Y)$: at each step $t$ of the algorithm a new state $\\left[\\theta^{\\left(t\\right)},C^{\\left(t\\right)}\\right]$ of the Markov chain (not to be mistaken for the neuron states of the HMM used to model the ISI density) is generated from the state at step $t-1$, $\\left[\\theta^{\\left(t-1\\right)},C^{\\left(t-1\\right)}\\right]$, according to the procedure described in Appendix, sec. ", "\\[sub:The-algorithm\\]. ", "The new components of the algorithm are the generation of the neuron states of the HMM (when generating the new configuration) and the generation of the transitions $q_{ij}$ between these neuron states (which are components of the vector $\\theta$ of parameters), using a Dirichlet distribution [@RobertCasella_1999]. ", "This way of generating a new state from the previous one ensures that the Markov chain converges to a unique stationary distribution given by $\\pi_{post}(\\theta,C\\mid Y)$ [@PouzatEtAl_2004].", "\n\nAs described in our previous model, the “energy landscape” explored by our Markov chain exhibits some “glassy” features. ", "It is therefore necessary, in general, to use the Replica Exchange Method (REM, also known as Parallel Tempering Method) [@HukushimaNemoto_1996; @Hansmann_1997; @Iba_2001] described in [@PouzatEtAl_2004; @Pouzat_2005]. ", "The method is not fully automatic yet and requires that the user chooses the number of active neurons in the data by individually scanning models with different numbers of neurons [@PouzatEtAl_2004].", "\n\n### Output analysis\\[sub:Bayesian-output-analysis\\]\n\nOnce the simulated Markov chain has reached equilibrium, *i.e.* the chain is sampling from its stationary distribution which is our desired posterior density, we can estimate the values of the parameters and labels, as well as errors on these estimates. ", "This is done by averaging the value of a given parameter $\\theta_{i}$ over the $N_{T}$ algorithm steps performed, after discarding the first $N_{D}$ steps (*burn-in*) **necessary to reach equilibrium:$$\\overline{\\theta_{i}}=\\frac{1}{N_{T}-N_{D}}\\sum_{{\\scriptstyle t=N_{D}}}^{{\\scriptstyle N_{T}}}\\theta_{i}^{\\left(t\\right)}\\label{eq:meanPara}$$\n\nHowever the successive Markov chain states generated by our algorithm are correlated, that is, the values of a given parameter $\\theta_{i}$ at successive steps are not independent. ", "Therefore the standard deviation (SD) of this parameter must be corrected for this autocorrelation [@Janke_2002; @Sokal_1989]. ", "As explained in detail by [@Janke_2002 Janke] the correction is made by multiplying the empirical variance $\\sigma^{2}(\\theta_{i})$ of this parameter by the *integrated autocorrelation time* $\\tau_{autoco}(\\theta_{i})$:\n\n$$\\tau_{autoco}(\\theta_{i})=\\frac{1}{2}+\\sum_{l=1}^{L}\\frac{\\rho(l;\\theta)}{\\rho(0;\\theta)}\\label{eq:autocoTime}$$\n\nwhere $L$ is the lag at which $\\rho$ starts oscillating around $0$ and $\\rho$ is the autocorrelation function of $\\theta_{i}$:$$\\rho(l;\\theta_{i})=\\frac{{\\textstyle 1}}{{\\textstyle N_{T}-N_{D}-1}}\\sum_{t=N_{D}}^{N_{T}}\\left(\\theta_{i}^{\\left(t\\right)}-\\overline{\\theta_{i}}\\right)\\left(\\theta_{i}^{\\left(t+l\\right)}-\\overline{\\theta_{i}}\\right)\\label{eq:acf}$$\n\nWe then have: $$Var(\\theta_{i})=2\\cdot\\tau_{autoco}\\cdot\\sigma^{2}(\\theta_{i})\\label{eq:varPara}$$\n\n### Software availability\n\nOur codes are freely available (under the Gnu Public Licence) and can be found together with tutorials on our web site[^3]. ", "The data presented in this paper are also freely available[^4], as well as a compendium which enables the interested reader to reproduce the whole analysis detailed in the Results section.", "\n\nResults\\[sec:Results\\]\n======================\n\nWe proceed in two steps. ", "We first detail and justify the data generation model we chose to account for PCs firing statistics. ", "We performed loose cell-attached recordings of PCs in cerebellar slices in the presence of DHPG, and we show that a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) with 3 log-Normal states fits reasonnably well the ISI histograms of the individual spike trains obtained. ", "For such single neuron data, our algorithm is based on the construction of a Markov Chain on the space of the HMM parameters and single spike train configurations, where a configuration is defined by specifying one of the 3 states for each spike. ", "A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is then used to estimate the posterior density of the HMM parameters and of single spike train configurations.", "\n\nThe second step is the inclusion of this model of neuronal discharge into our general spike-sorting algorithm before running it on multi-unit recordings of bursting PCs. ", "Besides our multi-site electrode positioned along the PCs layer, a glass micropipette independently caught the activity of one of these PCs in loose cell-attached. ", "We can therefore show that our spike-sorting method reliably isolates the activity of this reference cell, although it is firing bursts of spikes with decreasing amplitudes and exhibits a muti-modal ISI histogram.", "\n\nSingle unit recordings of Purkinje cells in loose cell-attached\\[sub:Single-unit-recordings\\]\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe performed single unit recordings of spontaneously active PCs (*n* = 12) using a glass micropipette (2-4 M$\\Omega$) in loose cell-attached in the presence of bath-applied DHPG (40 $\\mu$M). ", "In these conditions, PCs systematically fire bursts of variable lengths, in alternance with long periods of silence (on the order of 1 minute). ", "After detection of the events, the inter-spike interval (ISI) histogram of each spike train was plotted. ", "All of them were multi-modal. ", "They had a principal mode corresponding to the most frequent ISI of the cell in normal condition (typically 60 ms), as well as a mode at longer ISIs (hundreds of ms) whose width was variable. ", "The third mode at short ISIs (5 to 10 ms) corresponds to the ISIs which are found in these bursts of two or more spikes. ", "In such bursts the amplitudes of the spikes are strongly reduced (see sec. ", "\\[sub:Spike-amplitudes-relax\\]).", "\n\nFig.", " \\[fig:Model-ISI\\]B shows 4 seconds of a typical spike train of a PC in DHPG. ", "Note the presence of bursts of spikes of dramatically decreasing amplitudes. ", "The ISI histogram of this train (763 spikes, 1 minute of recording) is plotted in Fig.", " \\[fig:Model-ISI\\]C. The multi-modal character of this histogram is unambiguous. ", "This type of activity (usually on the order of one minute) alternates with silent periods with a similar duration of one minute.", "\n\nA 3-state Hidden Markov Model fits well empirical inter-spike interval densities\\[sub:A-3-state-Hidden\\]\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe used our MCMC algorithm without the REM (see Methods) to fit our 3-state HMM parameters, as well as the amplitude parameters (see sec. ", "\\[sub:Spike-amplitudes-relax\\], for the fit of amplitude parameters), from this single unit spike train. ", "In this section, where no spike-sorting is performed, our algorithm only fits the model parameters of the single cell recorded and attributes one of the three HMM states to each spike in this single unit spike train. ", "Fig.", " \\[fig:Model-ISI-Fit\\]A shows the evolution of the dimensionless shape parameters $\\sigma_{1}$ (red), $\\sigma_{2}$ (blue), *$\\sigma_{3}$* (green) during a 1000-MC steps run. ", "Only the first 500 MC steps are displayed, but there was absolutely no change in the evolution of these parameters between steps 500 and 1000. ", "All other parameters (scale parameters *$\\mathrm{s_{1}}$, $\\mathrm{s_{2}}$, $\\mathrm{s_{3}}$* and transition parameters $\\mathrm{q_{ij}}$) had similar evolutions. ", "Note that the algorithm reaches equilibrium very fast (after about 20 MC steps). ", "The average values of *$\\mathrm{s_{1}}$, $\\mathrm{s_{2}}$, $\\mathrm{s_{3}}$* (autocorrelation corrected SDs given in parenthesis, see Methods sec.", " \\[sub:Bayesian-output-analysis\\]) computed on the last 200 iterations were 6 (0.08) ms, 28 (1) ms, 392 (22) ms respectively. ", "These scale values are to be compared to the location of the 3 ISI histogram’s modes described in what follows. ", "The average values of $\\sigma_{1}$, $\\sigma_{2}$, *$\\sigma_{3}$* (autocorrelation corrected SDs given in parenthesis, see Methods sec.", " \\[sub:Bayesian-output-analysis\\]) were 0.246 (0.01), 0.538 (0.026), 0.494 (0.041) respectively.", "\n\nFig.", " \\[fig:Model-ISI-Fit\\]B shows part of the spike train of Fig.", " \\[fig:Model-ISI\\]B. At each step the algorithm attributes one of the 3 possible states to each spike. ", "The configuration (*i.e*. ", "the labeling of each spike with a neuron state’s number) shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:Model-ISI-Fit\\]B is the most frequent one computed over the last 200 steps of the 1000-step run displayed in A. We use the same color code as in Fig \\[fig:Model-ISI\\]A. As expected, spikes in bursts are attributed by the algorithm to a short state (red) label, except for the last spike of the burst which is followed by a long ISI and is thus attributed to a long state (green) label. ", "Spikes occurring during regular spiking and separated by intermediate ISIs are attributed the intermediate state (blue) label.", "\n\nIn Fig.", " \\[fig:Model-ISI-Fit\\]C, the ISI histogram of this spike train has been subdivided and colored according to the state of the neuron: all ISIs generated when the neuron was in the short state (resp. ", "intermediate, long) are plotted in red (resp. ", "blue, green), as expected. ", "Superimposed on this histogram are the 3 model ISI densities whose parameters have been set to their average values computed on the last 200 MC steps and given above. ", "The reader sees that the initial ISI histogram displayed in Fig.", " \\[fig:Model-ISI\\]C is reasonably well fitted by this mixture of three log-normal densities (the most striking deviation between the actual data and the fit being observed for the short state). ", "Moreover, besides its ability to describe a multi-modal ISI histogram, the HMM can also account for the dependence between successive ISIs through its transition matrix. ", "In our case, a long state is always followed by a short state, as shown more quantitatively in sec. ", "\\[sub:Table-1:-Dependence\\] of the Appendix.", "\n\nThese results show that the model we propose can satisfyingly, but not perfectly, account for the discharge considered here. ", "In Fig.", " \\[fig:K-S-test\\] we provide the interested reader with a goodness-of-fit test based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov plots. ", "It shows that this spike train clearly supports this 3 log-Normal state HMM when compared to models with 2 and 1 state(s).", "\n\nBetween two periods of silence, a period of PC activity in DHPG always evolves from a tonic firing at about 15 Hz (second mode of the ISI histogram) to a bursty firing with 150 Hz-bursts (first mode of the ISI histogram)[^5] separated by intervals of several hundreds of ms (third mode of the ISI histogram). ", "This is well illustrated on Fig.", " \\[fig:Model-ISI\\]B which represents a transition from this tonic to bursty firing. ", "The minute of activity shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:Model-ISI\\], \\[fig:Model-ISI-Fit\\] and \\[fig:Amp-Dyn\\] depicts perfectly this evolution. ", "However, in the case where only the short bursts are recorded, only 2 modes are prevailing (the short and the long ones). ", "Such a case is obvious in the multi-unit data analyzed in section \\[sub:Multi-unit-data-sorted\\].", "\n\nSpike amplitudes relax exponentially with respect to inter-spike interval duration\\[sub:Spike-amplitudes-relax\\]\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe second part of our data generation model concerns the dependence of spike amplitude upon the time elapsed since the last spike of the same neuron. ", "We also checked whether our PC spike trains supported this hypothesis. ", "We use here the same data set as in section \\[sub:A-3-state-Hidden\\]. ", "In Fig.", " \\[fig:Amp-Dyn\\]A, the normalized peak amplitude of each detected spike is plotted against the ISI that preceded it. ", "Recall that this single unit data were obtained with one recording site, so that only one peak amplitude per spike is to be considered. ", "The exponential relaxation with parameter values determined by our algorithm is superimposed on the data points. ", "The reader is referred to section \\[sub:SpikeAmplitudeDynamics\\] where this exponential model is presented. ", "For this particular train, parameter values are (SDs given in parenthesis): $P=20.3\\,(0.03)$, $\\delta=0.617\\,(0.007)$, $1/\\lambda=17\\,(0.4)\\, ms$. $P$ is given in noise SD and $\\delta$ is dimensionless.", "\n\nSeveral issues now must be addressed with respect to the peak amplitude variance of the neurons we measured. ", "First, the variability of spikes amplitudes at short ISIs (around 5 ms) seems to be larger than those at intermediate or long ISIs. ", "This “over-variability” is mainly a visual effect for a narrow range of short ISIs is significantly more represented. ", "This over-represented population necessarily samples the Gaussian distribution more thoroughly. ", "Second, a group of points with an abscissa around 10 ms as well as points with abscissa greater than 400 ms are clearly below the exponential fit, while points with abscissa in 50-400 ms range are slightly above it. ", "Third, these two significant deviations compensate each other. ", "This is shown by the histogram of the residual amplitudes displayed in Fig.", " \\[fig:Amp-Dyn\\]B to which a fitted Gaussian density with an SD equal to 2.64 is superimposed. ", "The SD of the residual amplitude histogram has been both added to and subtracted from the fitting Gaussian curve (upper and lower dashed line respectively). ", "One sees that an exponential relaxation of amplitudes looks like a good first approximation of the actual amplitude dynamics. ", "One sees as well that our third hypothesis is only an approximation, for our residual here exhibit a larger variability (an SD of 2.64) than the one expected from the measured background noise (SD of 1). ", "In particular, these data exhibit a slight but clear decrease of amplitude with long ISIs, whereas our model keeps a fixed, maximal amplitude for these ISIs.", "\n\nMulti-unit data sorted by our algorithm\\[sub:Multi-unit-data-sorted\\]\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n### Multi-unit data and reference neuron\\[sub:Multi-unit-data-and\\]\n\nWe performed multi-unit recordings of spontaneously active PCs in the presence of DHPG using a multi-site electrode that we positioned along the PC layer. ", "A glass micropipette was placed in loose cell-attached next to site 3 of the multi-site electrode in order to independently monitor the activity of one of the PCs from the recorded population. ", "Such data were kept only if the glass micropipette unambiguously recorded the activity of a single cell with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio. ", "This cell is called “reference cell” and the detected events of these recordings serve as “reference events” to which the output of our algorithm is compared. ", "In what follows, we show the performance of our spike-sorting algorithm on a representative example of these recordings (58 seconds, 2739 events detected). ", "Each detected event is described by its time of occurrence and the 4 peak amplitudes on the 4 recording sites after noise whitening.", "\n\n### The reference neuron is reliably labeled as unit 1\\[sub:The-reference-neuron\\]\n\nThe following results were obtained after a 1000-MC steps with the REM and the following “inverse temperatures”: $\\beta=1,\\,0.975,\\,0.95,\\,0.925,\\,0.9,\\,0.875,\\,0.87$ followed by 1000 steps with $\\beta=1$ only. ", "This required about 33 minutes on a 3 GHz PC (Pentium IV) running Linux. ", "Plots of energy evolution and parameters evolution showed that all parameters had reached their equilibrium value after roughly 500 MC steps (not shown). ", "We computed the average value of each model parameter using the last 200 MC steps. ", "We also forced the soft classification produced by our algorithm into the most likely classification using the last 200 MC steps [@PouzatEtAl_2004].", "\n\nFig.", " \\[fig:Sorting1\\]A shows two separate periods of 2 seconds from these data (peak amplitudes of the detected events after noise whitening, see Methods). ", "Each row corresponds to one recording site[^6] of the Michigan probe (site 1 to site 4 from top to bottom), as depicted on the left. ", "Each event is colored according to its most probable neuron of origin: neuron 1 in black, neuron 2 in deep blue, neuron 3 in green, neuron 4 in light blue, neuron 5 in red, neuron 6 in brown. ", "A raster plot of the reference events is displayed in the upper part of the site 3 panel. ", "From these plots, it is obvious that the black unit (unit 1) reconstructed by our algorithm corresponds to the reference cell (see details below). ", "Note that the event amplitudes of this cell are strongly reduced within the bursts so that they become similar to those produced by unit 5 (red). ", "This of course makes the separation between these 2 units really difficult.", "\n\nRaw data from site 3 are displayed in Fig.", " \\[fig:Sorting1\\]B2 (crosses are drawn on top of the detected events), showing one of the bursts of unit 1 as well as a “background” cell (for example, the first three detected events on this panel come from this background cell). ", "As the spike amplitude decreases within the burst of unit 1, these spikes end up being of the same size as this background cell. ", "The latter is labeled as unit 5 by our algorithm (red on panel A). ", "The corresponding raw data recorded by the independent micropipette are displayed in Fig.", " \\[fig:Sorting1\\]B1. ", "Note the huge signal amplitude, as well as the decreasing spike amplitudes along the burst. ", "The activity recorded by the micropipette unambiguously comes from a unique PC. ", "These two panels B1 and B2 allow a direct comparison of the signal received by site 3 of the microelectrode to the one received by the pipette: the latter records the burst seen on panel B2 only, and not the background cell. ", "They also illustrate the fact that not all events of the reference cell are detected on site 3: the very last spikes of each burst fired by the reference cell are much smaller and below our detection threshold. ", "For that reason, among the 766 reference events detected on the micropipette trace during this minute of data, 641 are detected on the trace of site 3. ", "Among these 641 events, 629 are attributed to unit 1 by our algorithm (98,1%). ", "Overall, 637 events are attributed to unit 1 so that 8 unit 1 events are not reference events (false positives, 1.3%). ", "The 12 reference events not labeled as unit 1 are labeled as unit 5 (red). ", "For comparison, a classical Gaussian mixture model (GMM) fitted with the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm (Pouzat et al., ", "2002), attributes only 542 reference events to unit 1 (84.5%), the 99 remaining ones being attributed to unit 5. ", "To illustrate this comparison, Fig. ", "\\[fig:Comp-EM-MCMC\\] displays the Wilson plots, where the amplitude on site 4 is plotted against its amplitude on site 3, after running the EM and the MCMC algorithms separately: the Gaussian mixture model partially truncates the elongated cluster of our reference neuron, whereas our elaborated and more realistic model does not. ", "This excellent performance of our algorithm in such a difficult situation shows how powerful it is to incorporate the temporal information into the spike-sorting procedure through an appropriate model for the neuronal discharge statistics.", "\n\nSimilar results were found in five other data sets of bursting PCs, where the MCMC algorithm with the present HMM model outperformed the EM algorithm. ", "In three of these data sets, an extra pipette separately recorded a reference cell: in these cases, our algorithm was able to rebuild more than 96% of the bursts of the reference cells, with less than 3% false positives.", "\n\n### Unit 2 and unit 4 give rise to pairs of separated clusters on Wilson plots\\[sub:Unit2-and-unit4\\]\n\nTwo other units deserve being examined. ", "Unit 2 (deep blue, site 4) and unit 4 (light blue, site 2) produce doublets of spikes of very different amplitudes. ", "Nevertheless, in both cases, these events are recognized as coming from the same cell. ", "The corresponding raw data recorded on site 2 and site 4 are displayed in Fig.", " \\[fig:Sorting1\\]C1 and C2 respectively. ", "These two panels show one typical burst of each cell: in both cases, these bursts are in fact triplets of spikes. ", "In the case of site 4, the third spike of each burst remains below detection threshold, so that only a doublet is detected (crosses on top of the detected events). ", "All these doublets are correctly identified as coming from unit 2 (deep blue, Fig. ", "\\[fig:Sorting1\\]A). ", "In the case of site 2, the third spike of each burst is detected, but is wrongly attributed to unit 6 (brown, Fig. ", "\\[fig:Sorting1\\]A), instead of being attributed to unit 4, like the first two spikes of the triplet (light blue, Fig. ", "\\[fig:Sorting1\\]A). ", "This misclassification is essentially due to the fact that our model of spike waveform dynamics is not accurate enough for the data from this neuron, as discussed in sec. ", "\\[sub:Why-misclassifications\\] and Fig.", " \\[fig:Amp-Dyn-Triplet\\] in Appendix. ", "This misclassification should moreover serve as a warning against a blind use of our algorithm which would consist in taking the output for granted without checking its relevance at all. ", "The plots displayed in Fig.", " \\[fig:Sorting1\\]A and Fig \\[fig:Sorting2\\]A,B should be drawn after each run in order to assess the quality of the sorting. ", "In particular the ISI histograms of the sorted neurons must show a clear refractory period and an overall shape that is similar to ISI histograms of single cell recordings that can be obtained separately.", "\n\nFig.", " \\[fig:Sorting2\\]A shows Wilson plots of the data with the same color code as in Fig.", " \\[fig:Sorting1\\]A. Only two plots out of six are displayed. ", "As in Fig \\[fig:Sorting1\\]A, unit 1 that corresponds to the reference cell is in black. ", "Note the elongation of this cluster. ", "Note also the 2 distinct, well separated clusters of unit 4 (light blue) on the left hand plot.", "\n\n### Empirical and modeled ISI densities\\[sub:Empirical-and-model\\]\n\nWe finally display the ISI histograms of units 1 and 2, as well as the one of the reference events detected on site 3 of the multi-site electrode (Fig.", " \\[fig:Sorting2\\]B). ", "The similarity between the histogram of unit 1 and that of the reference cell is another illustration of the 98% performance of the algorithm on this unit. ", "Note the 3 modes of this histogram. ", "The 3 ISI model densities of unit 1 and unit 2 with parameters set at their average values computed over the last 200 MC steps are superimposed on their respective ISI histograms. ", "For unit 1, the 3 scale values are (autocorrelation corrected SDs given in parenthesis) {13 (1.6) ms, 35 (1.5) ms, 314 (5) ms}, whereas the 3 shape values are {0.395 (0.059), 0.262 (0.035), 0.194 (0.013)}. ", "The scale values approximately locate the different modes of the histogram. ", "For unit 2, we have {5 (0.06) ms, 92 (42) ms, 374 (12) ms) and {0.148 (0.009), 1.62 (0.479),0.224  (0.028)}. ", "Only 20 events of unit 2 (out of 301) are found to be in state 2. ", "They correspond to the few bins between the 2 modes of this histogram. ", "As pointed out in the next to last paragraph of section \\[sub:A-3-state-Hidden\\], this unit only fires 150-Hz bursts during this minute of recording. ", "The more tonic firing that always occurs before was already over for this unit by the time the recording started. ", "This is why almost no intermediate ISI is to be seen in this case. ", "Each model density being of course normalized by the proportion of events in each state for a given unit, the curve corresponding to state 2 is almost null everywhere and does not appear on the plot. ", "This shows that, although the ISI histogram of unit 2 is essentially bimodal, the behavior of the algorithm is not altered at all. ", "Our 3-state HMM can well accommodate any bi- or unimodal ISI histogram. ", "Like in section \\[sub:A-3-state-Hidden\\], this shows how well the HMM accounts for the discharge statistics of bursting cells that have tri- or bimodal ISI histograms.", "\n\nDiscussion\\[sec:Discussion\\]\n============================\n\nWe have shown here how the spike-sorting algorithm we recently proposed [@PouzatEtAl_2004; @Pouzat_2005], modified for multi-state neurons, performs on real, challenging data. ", "In this data set, *i.e.* PCs in presence of DHPG, the recorded cells were firing bursts of spikes whose amplitudes were strongly reduced, producing distinct, well separated clusters in the Wilson plots (deep blue and light blue clusters in Fig.", " \\[fig:Sorting2\\]), as well as very elongated ones (black cluster in Fig.", " \\[fig:Sorting2\\]). ", "To check the performance of the algorithm, the activity of one of the recorded PCs was independently and simultaneously monitored by a loose cell-attached glass micropipette and served as reference spike train. ", "We showed that our algorithm did properly classify more than 98% of this reference spike train, despite the obvious decrease of spike amplitudes (Fig. ", "\\[fig:Sorting1\\]A,B1,B2 & \\[fig:Sorting2\\]A) and the tri-modal ISI histogram (Fig. ", "\\[fig:Sorting2\\]B). ", "We showed as well that it did associate the pairs of distinct clusters mentioned above, obviously produced by a single neuron. ", "In such situations, existing methods require that the experimentalist *a posteriori* groups by himself the spikes that have been wrongly assigned to different neurons due to their changing amplitudes. ", "None of them can *automatically* give such an output on these data.", "\n\nThe excellent performance of our method relies on its ability to take into account the information provided by the occurrence time of the spikes, as well as their amplitude dynamics. ", "To our knowledge, this is the only method that makes use of these real spike trains properties. ", "It is moreover built on a proper probability model for data generation which, in that case, implies that convergence proofs of the algorithm do exist [@PouzatEtAl_2004; @Pouzat_2005]. ", "Our MCMC based approach provides as well meaningful confidence intervals on the model parameters and on the spike labels, a feature which should not be overlooked.", "\n\nWe have also illustrated here the flexibility of the MCMC framework. ", "In our previous reports [@PouzatEtAl_2004; @Pouzat_2005] we used a simpler model for the discharge dynamics of the neurons: a single log-normal density modeled the neurons ISI histograms. ", "Here we first showed that a multi-state HMM discharge model [@CamprouxEtAl_1996; @GucluBolanowski_2004] was well supported by our single unit data (see sec. ", "\\[sub:A-3-state-Hidden\\]). ", "We then included this model in our spike-sorting algorithm and ran it on the multi-unit data. ", "The message is that once one knows how to write down an MCMC algorithm for a “reduced” problem like generating the parameters of the three states discharge model of a single neuron, it is straightforward to incorporate it into the full spike-sorting algorithm. ", "Therefore if the experimentalist, based on single unit data (obtained for instance with patch or sharp electrode recordings) thinks that another discharge model would be better, the spike-sorting algorithm does not need to be rewritten from scratch, only a sub-part of it needs to be modified. ", "We nevertheless think that the data generation model presented here will turn out to be a good compromise between accuracy of the description of real data and ease and speed of implementation. ", "We did not seek to relate each individual state of our HMM to any particular biophysical event or set of events. ", "This model has to be considered as a statistical, descriptive tool that captures the key features of the observed neuronal bursty firing. ", "It is not limited to bursty firings though: in our model, 3 states are available to describe the empirical ISI density, but of course, one or two of these states can be unused for a unit that has a uni- or bimodal ISI histogram (see unit 2 in section \\[sub:Empirical-and-model\\]). ", "Therefore, our model can account for uni- and bimodal ISI histograms as well, of course better than a Poisson model would. ", "In addition, the number of states is not fixed at all and the experimentalist can choose it himself as an input to the algorithm, *a priori* and for each neuron.", "\n\nPCs are known to tonically fire action potentials as well as bursts of spikes spontaneously in slices at 35 °C, even when fast synaptic inputs are completely blocked [@WomackKhodakhah_2002]. ", "This spontaneous activity is preserved at room temperature but bursts of spikes are less frequent. ", "We facilitated the spontaneous bursting behavior of PCs by adding DHPG to the bathing solution [@NetzebandEtAl_1997]. ", "This enables us to get multiunit data in which most of the cells fire bursts of spikes of decreasing amplitudes and helps demonstrate the ability of our spike-sorting method to automatically isolate these bursts.", "\n\nFor now the method is not fully automatic in the sense that it requires the user to choose the number of neurons *a priori* and give it as an input to the algorithm. ", "As discussed in [@PouzatEtAl_2004], the general frame of the method provides a way to reliably compare models with different numbers of neurons. ", "This still ongoing work will be reported in a near future.", "\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nWe thank Alain Marty and Ofer Mazor for comments and suggestions on the manuscript. ", "This work was supported in part by a grant from the Ministère de la Recherche (ACI Neurosciences Intégratives et Computationnelles, pré-projet, 2001-2003) and by a grant inter EPST (Bioinformatique). ", "Matthieu Delescluse was supported by a fellowship from the Ministère de l’Education Nationale et de la Recherche.", "\n\nMultichannel silicon probes were kindly provided by the University of Michigan Center for Neural Communication Technology. ", "The manuscript was typed with LyX[^7]. 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", "J Neurosci, 2002; 22: 10603-12.", "\n\nAppendix\\[sec:Appendice\\]\n=========================\n\nMethods\\[sub:Methods\\]\n----------------------\n\n### A formal presentation of the HMM \\[sub:More-Formal-HMM\\]\n\nWe extend here our previous model [@PouzatEtAl_2004; @Pouzat_2005] by introducing multiple *discharge states*, $D=d$, with $d\\in\\{1,\\ldots,N_{ds}\\}$, for each neuron (in this paper we set the number of states $N_{ds}$ at 3). ", "The goal is to be able to describe at the same time *multi-modal ISI* densities (*i.e.*, densities with several peaks) and dependence between successive *ISIs* similar to what goes on during a burst, where (single) “silent periods” (long *ISIs*) are followed by many short *ISIs* (see sec. ", "\\[sub:Table-1:-Dependence\\] for an example). ", "Following [@CamprouxEtAl_1996] we assume that successive *ISI* are independent *conditioned on the neuron’s discharge state*, $d$. After the emission of each spike (*i.e.*, the generation of each *ISI*) the neuron can change its *discharge state* or keep the same. ", "The inter discharge state dynamics is given by a *Markov matrix*, $Q=(q_{ij})$. We moreover assume that the *ISI* distribution of each state is *log-normal*. ", "In other words we assume that the neuron after its $m$th spike is in state $d$ and that the *ISI* between this spike and the next one is distributed as:\n\n$$ISI\\mid d\\sim\\textrm{log-normal}(s_{d},\\sigma_{d})\\label{eq:isi}$$\n\nEq.", " \\[eq:isi\\] should be read as:\n\n$$\\pi_{isi}(ISI=isi\\mid S=s_{d},\\Sigma=\\sigma_{d})=\\frac{1}{isi\\cdot\\sigma_{d}\\cdot\\sqrt{2\\pi}}\\cdot\\exp\\Big(-\\frac{1}{2}\\big(\\frac{\\log(isi)-log(s_{d})}{\\sigma_{d}}\\big)^{2}\\Big)\\label{eq:LogNor}$$\n\nwhere $S$ is a *scale* parameter (measured in seconds) and $\\Sigma$ is a *shape* parameter (dimensionless). ", "These random variables do depend on the value taken by the random variable $D$. After the *ISI* has been generated, the neuron can “move” to any of its $N_{ds}$ states according to a probabilistic dynamics described by:\n\n$$\\textrm{P}(D^{(m+1)}=j\\mid D^{(m)}=i)=q_{ij}\\label{eq:InterStateDynamics}$$\n\nYou see therefore that if we work with a neuron with 3 discharge states we have 12 independent *ISI parameters* to estimates: 2 pairs $(s,\\sigma)$ per state and $N_{ds}\\cdot(N_{ds}-1)$ state transition parameters (do not forget that matrix $(q_{ij})$ is *stochastic* and therefore its rows sum to 1).", "\n\n### Generating a new state in the Markov chain\\[sub:The-algorithm\\]\n\nIn this section, we use $Y$ to designate the data. ", "At step $t$, state $\\left[\\theta^{\\left(t\\right)},C^{\\left(t\\right)}\\right]$ is drawn from state $\\left[\\theta^{\\left(t-1\\right)},C^{\\left(t-1\\right)}\\right]$ by successively drawing each model parameter and each spike label and spike state according to the procedures described below. ", "To simplify notations we omit the step index $(t)$ of the generated state. ", "We note $C_{-i}$ the configuration specifying the labels and neuron states for all the spikes except spike number $i$. Similarly we note $\\theta_{-a}$ the vector of all model parameters except parameter $a$. Each parameter $a$ has a uniform prior on a defined segment $\\left[a_{min},a_{max}\\right]$ relevant for this parameter [@PouzatEtAl_2004]. ", "A step of our algorithm is performed once all spike labels and states, as well as all model parameters have drawn as specified below. ", "This defines the new state in the Markov chain.", "\n\n### Labels and neuron states {#labels-and-neuron-states .unnumbered}\n\nFor each spike $i$ of the spike train, a label $l_{i}\\in\\left\\{ 1,...,K\\right\\} $ and a neuron state $m_{i}\\in\\left\\{ 1,2,3\\right\\} $ are drawn from their posterior conditional density:\n\n$$l_{i},m_{i}\\mid Y,\\theta,C_{-i}\\sim\\frac{\\pi_{post}(l_{i},m_{i}\\mid Y,\\theta,C_{-i})}{\\sum_{l_{j},m_{j}}\\pi_{post}(l_{j},m_{j}\\mid Y,\\theta,C_{-i})}\\label{eq:labelsDraw}$$\n\n### Amplitude parameters {#amplitude-parameters .unnumbered}\n\nFor each neuron $q$, the amplitude parameters ($P_{q,1},P_{q,2},P_{q,3},P_{q,4},\\delta_{q},\\lambda_{q}$) are drawn with a Metropolis-Hastings step, using piecewise linear approximations of their respective posterior conditional densities as proposals [@PouzatEtAl_2004]. ", "Let us take the case of $\\lambda_{q}$, for example, to illustrate the procedure. ", "Let $\\pi_{post}\\left(\\lambda_{q}\\mid Y,\\theta_{-\\lambda_{q}},C\\right)$ be its posterior conditional density and $\\tilde{\\pi}_{approx}\\left(\\lambda_{q}\\mid Y,\\theta_{-\\lambda_{q}},C\\right)$ be its piecewise linear approximation. ", "Let $\\lambda$ be the current value of $\\lambda_{q}$.\n\nFirst, $\\tilde{\\lambda}$ is drawn from the proposal density:\n\n$$\\tilde{\\lambda}\\mid Y,\\theta_{-\\lambda_{q}},C\\sim\\tilde{\\pi}_{approx}\\left(\\lambda_{q}\\mid Y,\\theta_{-\\lambda_{q}},C\\right)\\label{eq:ampDraw}$$\n\nThen, this value $\\tilde{\\lambda}$ is accepted with probability $A$ equal to:\n\n$$A=\\min\\left(1,\\frac{\\pi_{post}\\left(\\tilde{\\lambda}\\mid Y,\\theta_{-\\lambda_{q}},C\\right)\\cdot\\tilde{\\pi}_{approx}\\left(\\lambda\\mid Y,\\theta_{-\\lambda_{q}},C\\right)}{\\pi_{post}\\left(\\lambda\\mid Y,\\theta_{-\\lambda_{q}},C\\right)\\cdot\\tilde{\\pi}_{approx}\\left(\\tilde{\\lambda}\\mid Y,\\theta_{-\\lambda_{q}},C\\right)}\\right)\\label{eq:acceptAmpDraw}$$\n\nIf $\\tilde{\\lambda}$ is accepted, then $\\lambda\\rightarrow\\tilde{\\lambda}$.\n\nElse $\\lambda\\rightarrow\\lambda$\n\n### Log-Normal parameters {#log-normal-parameters .unnumbered}\n\n*scale parameters*\n\nFor each neuron $q$ and each neuron state $r$ ($r\\in\\left\\{ 1,2,3\\right\\} $) of neuron $q$, the scale parameter of the log-Normal density is noted $s_{q}^{r}$.\n\nFirst $u$ is drawn from [@PouzatEtAl_2004]:\n\n$$u\\mid Y,\\theta_{-s_{q}^{r}},C\\sim Norm\\left(\\overline{\\log i_{q}},\\frac{\\left(\\sigma_{q}^{r}\\right)^{2}}{n_{q}}\\right)\\label{eq:scaleDraw}$$\n\nwhere $n_{q}$ is the number of ISI of neuron $q$, $\\sigma_{q}^{r}$ is the shape parameter of neuron $q$ in neuron state $r$, and $\\overline{\\log i_{q}}=\\frac{1}{n_{q}}\\sum_{j=1}^{n_{q}}\\log i_{q,j}$, $i_{q,j}$ being the ISI index $j$ of neuron $q$.\n\nThen, if $s=\\exp\\left(u\\right)\\in\\left[s_{min},s_{max}\\right]$, we set $s_{q}^{r}=s$.\n\nElse we draw another $u$.\n\n*shape parameters*\n\nFor each neuron $q$ and each neuron state $r$ ($r\\in\\left\\{ 1,2,3\\right\\} $) of neuron $q$, the shape parameter of the log-Normal density is noted $\\sigma_{q}^{r}$.\n\nFirst $u$ is drawn from [@PouzatEtAl_2004]:\n\n$$u\\mid Y,\\theta_{-\\sigma_{q}^{r}},C\\sim Gamma\\left(\\frac{n_{q}}{2}-1,\\frac{n_{q}}{2}\\left(\\overline{\\log i_{q}}-\\log s_{q}^{r}\\right)^{2}\\right)\\label{eq:shapeDraw}$$\n\nwith the same notations as for the scale parameters.", "\n\nThen, if $\\sigma_{min}\\leq\\sqrt{1/u}\\leq\\sigma_{max}$, we set $\\sigma_{q}^{r}=\\sqrt{1/u}$.\n\nElse we draw another $u$.\n\n### Transition parameters {#transition-parameters .unnumbered}\n\nFor each neuron $q$, the transition parameters between the 3 HMM neuron states form a 9 by 9 matrix whose 3 rows are drawn successively.", "\n\nLet $m=(m_{1},...,m_{N})$ be the spike train configuration of a neuron $q$, where $m_{k}$ is the neuron state of spike $k$ of this neuron. ", "Let $\\mathrm{n_{ij}}$ be the number of spikes of this neuron which are in state $m_{j}$ following a spike of this neuron in state $m_{i}$. The row number *i* of the transition matrix is then drawn from the Dirichlet distribution $\\mathrm{\\mathcal{D}_{3}}(1+n_{i1},1+n_{i2},1+n_{i3})$ [@RobertCasella_1999].", "\n\n### Implementation details\\[sub:Implementation-details\\]\n\nCodes were written in C. We used the free softwares Scilab[^9] and R[^10] to generate output plots as well as the graphical user interface. ", "The GNU Scientific Library[^11] (GSL) was used for vector and matrix manipulation routines and (pseudo-)random number generators. ", "More specifically, the GSL implementation of the Mersenne Twister of Matsumoto and Nishimura [@MatsumotoNishimura_1998] was used to generate random variates. ", "Codes were compiled with the *intel* icc compiler[^12] and run on a PC (Pentium IV 3 GHz) running Linux.", "\n\nSupplementary analysis\\[sub:Supplementary-data-and\\]\n----------------------------------------------------\n\n### Dependence between successive ISIs in the single unit spike train.\\[sub:Table-1:-Dependence\\]\n\nThe transition matrix $\\left(\\mathrm{q_{ij}}\\right)$ of the most probable configuration (*i.e* the attribution of a neuron state to each spike) of the single unit spike strain shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig:Model-ISI\\] and \\[fig:Model-ISI-Fit\\] is given below. ", "The lowest and largest values taken by each transition element over the last 200 MC-steps are given in square brackets. ", "The neuron state numbers (*i.e* here, the row and column numbers) are those of Fig. ", "\\[fig:Model-ISI\\] and \\[fig:Model-ISI-Fit\\], that is: states 1, 2 and 3 for the short, intermediate and long ISIs respectively. ", "The dependence between ISIs is obvious: a long ISI is always followed by a short ISI ($\\mathrm{\\mathrm{q_{31}=1}}$), a short ISI is either followed by another short ISI (within a burst), or by a long ISI almost exclusively ($\\mathrm{q_{11}=0.69}$ and $\\mathrm{q_{13}=0.3}$). ", "This is in agreement with the existence of bursts separated by longer intervals. ", "This may be related to the refractory period after high frequency discharge in burst. ", "If successive ISIs were independent, rows would be identical, each column being equal to the proportion of the state.", "\n\n state 1 state 2 state 3\n --------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------\n state 1 **0.69** [\\[]{}0.62; 0.76[\\]]{} **0.01** [\\[]{}0; 0.03[\\]]{} **0.3** [\\[]{}0.23; 0.38[\\]]{}\n state 2 **0.02** [\\[]{}0; 0.06[\\]]{} **0.98** [\\[]{}0.94; 0.99[\\]]{} **0** [\\[]{}0; 0.03[\\]]{}\n state 3 **1** [\\[]{}0.91; 1[\\]]{} **0** [\\[]{}0; 0.08[\\]]{} **0** [\\[]{}0; 0.04[\\]]{}\n\n### Why are the third spikes of unit 4 triplets wrongly attributed to unit 6?\\[sub:Why-misclassifications\\]\n\nFirst of all, the event amplitudes of unit 6 are very similar to the amplitudes of the third spikes of unit 4 triplets, which considerably complicates the separation between these two units. ", "In fact, the likelihood of the data is significantly smaller when these spikes are rightly labeled as unit 4 than when they are labeled as unit 6, which explains the output of the algorithm. ", "This is due to the fact that our model of waveform dynamics is not sufficiently supported by data from unit 4, so that, with this model, its third spikes in bursts are more likely to come from unit 6, whose events are of similar amplitude, as shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:Sorting1\\]A, site 2. ", "This point is described in detail in Fig. ", "\\[fig:Amp-Dyn-Triplet\\]. ", "Second, as illustrated on the raw data of site 2 (Fig.", " \\[fig:Sorting1\\]C1), the third spikes of these bursts have an overall different waveform (note that the valley preceding the peak almost disappears). ", "In this case, we are not dealing with a simple homothetic scaling of the waveform. ", "That is why we also ran the algorithm using 3 points per site and per event, instead of the peak amplitude only. ", "This was not sufficient to correctly label these spikes as unit 4. ", "In fact, using 3 points per site and per event instead of the peak amplitude did not change the output of the algorithm in this case. ", "Third, the spikes at stake here are really small spikes that might even not be detected in other circumstances. ", "Whatever the spike-sorting method, small events are always less reliably labeled and the experimentalist has to leave them out and keep the unambiguous ones. ", "We certainly do not claim that our method can overcome this limit. ", "In this case, any reasonable experimentalist who has been dealing with spike-sorting would not take into account these events.", "\n\n[^1]: Except [@FeeEtAl_1996a Fee et al] where the presence of a refractory period was used in an *ad hoc* way.", "\n\n[^2]: http://www.biomedicale.univ-paris5.fr/physcerv/C\\_Pouzat/SOM.html\n\n[^3]: <http://www.biomedicale.univ-paris5.fr/physcerv/C_Pouzat/SOM.html>\n\n[^4]: <http://www.biomedicale.univ-paris5.fr/physcerv/C_Pouzat/Compendium.html>\n\n[^5]: we are therefore approximating a non-stationary discharge dynamics with a stationary one.", "\n\n[^6]: in fact to a mixture of all of them (noise whitening has been performed), but the contribution of one site is still predominant.", "\n\n[^7]: <http://www.lyx.org>\n\n[^8]: <http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/>\n\n[^9]: <http://scilabsoft.inria.fr>\n\n[^10]: <http://www.r-project.org>\n\n[^11]: <http://sources.redhat.com/gsl>\n\n[^12]: <http://www.intel.com/software/products/compilers/>\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
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0.008966
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[ "Study Shows Improvements in Kentucky’s Higher Education\n\nA new study shows that Kentucky’s higher education reforms have been among the most successful in the nation, but state officials say there’s still significant work to do.", "\n\nThe National Center for Higher Education Management Systems conducted the study. ", "It looked at progress made since Kentucky enacted the Higher Education Reform Act in 1997. ", "Kentucky ranked first among states in the percentage gain for adults with college degrees. ", "The Commonwealth also took the first spot for its gains in six-year graduation rates at four-year institutions.", "\n\n“We have gained more in those measures than any other state in the union in aggregate,” says Eastern Kentucky University President Doug Whitlock. “", "Now. ", "But as you heard somebody say, we moved from 44th to 35th. ", "You know, nobody else moved nine spots, so we’ve still got work to do.”", "\n\nFormer Governor Paul Patton, who is now president of the University of Pikeville, says the state is about halfway to where it needs to be in higher education." ]
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0.006235
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[ "Relationship Between Long-term Flooding and Serious Mental Illness After the 2011 Flood in Thailand.", "\nThe present study aimed to evaluate the long-term psychological effects of the 2011 flood in Thailand on flood victims and unaffected residents, taking into account risk factors such as floodwater levels in the house, period of flooding, and disruption to essential services. ", "Surveys were conducted in Salaya and Nakhon Chaisri subdistrict, Nakhonpatom Province, from May to June 2012. ", "Approximately 400 households were selected. ", "Measures of sociodemographic variables, exposure to flooding, incidents (eg, disruption of services), and outcome variables (Kessler 10) were recorded. ", "A total of 407 respondents completed the survey. ", "The results of the univariate analysis showed that possible serious mental illness was approximately 1.5 times higher in flood victims than in unaffected respondents. ", "After adjustment for potential confounding factors, significant associations were found for disruption of essential services and hypertension or diabetes with possible serious mental illness. ", "Disruption of essential services and chronic illness may affect psychological distress among flood victims. ", "Public health agencies should develop and evaluate strategies to improve risk communication and psychological support for flood victims. (", "Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. ", "2017;11:300-304)." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.003338
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[ "Q:\n\nHow to factorize definition of C# projects (csproj) between platforms (MonoTouch/-Droid/WP7)\n\nI'm planning to develop a distributed application with a mobile part (MonoTouch/MonoDroid/WP7), a desktop part (WPF) and the web part (ASP/Silverlight)...\nOf course a good bit of code is shared in more than one platform. ", "Up to now to create 1 project per 1 platform, I took the hitchhiker's way, I've the WPF csproj, let's create a Silverlight one and put the cs file in it. ", "Then I do the same for MonoTouch. ", "Then for MonoDroid. ", "Then for WP7. ", "Is it possible to factorize the content of the csproj in some way? ", "And how to optimize the project creation?", "\nI would not discuss the fact that 1 project per platform is required. ", "What I'm dreaming of is a description which file for which platform in ONE file. ", "Then that file is included in each csproj...\nCheers, Patrick \n\nA:\n\nWouldn't it make sense to place common code into a class library project that you then reference from each of the others?", "\n\nA:\n\nHere is great extension that will help you http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff921108%28v=pandp.20%29.aspx\nI am using it for sharing code between MonoDroid, MonoTouch and WP7 project\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.017779
5
[ "2020 Denver Broncos season\n\nThe 2020 season will be the Denver Broncos' upcoming 51st in the National Football League, their 61st overall and their second under head coach Vic Fangio. ", "It will also mark the team's 20th season playing their home games in their current venue, Empower Field at Mile High. ", "The Broncos will look to improve on their 7–9 record from 2019 and make the playoffs for the first time since their 2015 Super Bowl-winning season.", "\n\nCoaching changes\nJanuary 10: Outside linebackers coach Brandon Staley departed to become the defensive coordinator of the Los Angeles Rams.", "\n\nJanuary 12: Offensive coordinator Rich Scangarello was fired after only one season, following a 2019 season in which the Broncos ranked in the bottom five in several offensive categories, including scoring offense and total yardage. ", "Two days later (January 14), Scangarello was replaced by Pat Shurmur, who served as the New York Giants' head coach during the previous two seasons. ", "Shurmur will become the Broncos' fifth offensive coordinator in as many seasons.", "\n\nJanuary 15: Quarterbacks coach T.C. McCartney was fired after only one season.", "\n\nJanuary 28: Mike Shula, who served as the Giants' offensive coordinator in 2018 and 2019 alongside Pat Shurmur, was named quarterbacks coach.", "\n\nFebruary 6: John Pagano was named outside linebackers coach, replacing Brandon Staley. ", "Pagano worked in the same position with the Houston Texans during the previous two seasons.", "\n\nRoster changes\n\nFuture contracts\nAll players listed below were signed to reserve/future contracts on December 31, 2019, unless noted otherwise. ", "The signings include all ten players who were on the practice squad of the final roster at the end of the 2019 season. ", "Each player will be officially added to the active roster on March 18—the first day of the 2020 league year.", "\n\nFree agents\n\nUnrestricted\n\nRestricted and exclusive-rights\n\nDraft\n\nNote: As the result of the negative differential of free agent signings and departures that the Broncos experienced during the first wave of the 2019 free agency period, the team is projected to receive up to three compensatory selections for the 2020 draft. ", "Free agent transactions that occurred after May 7, 2019 did not factor into the team's formula for determining compensatory selections. ", "Exact numbers of the selections from rounds 4–7 will be determined when compensatory selections are awarded at the NFL's annual spring owners' meetings.", "\n\nTrades\n\nStaff\n\nCurrent roster\n\nPreseason\nThe Broncos' preseason opponents and schedule will be announced in the spring.", "\n\nRegular season\n\n2020 opponents\nListed below are the Broncos' opponents for 2020. ", "Exact dates and times will be announced in the spring.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n The Denver Post – Complete Broncos Coverage \n NFL Nation Blog – ESPN\n\nDenver\nCategory:Denver Broncos seasons\nDenver Broncos" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
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0.00844
5
[ "Kinetics for the reactions of O- and O2- with O2(a1Deltag) measured in a selected ion flow tube at 300 K.\nThe kinetics of the reactions of O- and O2- with O2(a1Deltag) have been studied at 300 K in a selected ion flow tube (SIFT). ", "The O2(a1Deltag) concentrations have been determined using emission at 1270 nm from the O2(a1Deltag, v=0-->X3Sigmag-, v=0) transition measured with an InGaAs detector calibrated against absolute spectrally dispersed emission measurements. ", "The rate constants measured for O- and O2- are 1.1x10(-10) and 6.6x10(-10) cm3 s-1, respectively, with uncertainties of +/-35%. ", "The O2- reaction only produces electrons and can be described as Penning detachment, while the O- reaction has been found to produce both O2- and e-. ", "The O2- branching fraction has a lower limit of approximately 0.30. ", "Comparison of the present results to previous measurements found in the literature provides a resolution to a previous discrepancy in the rate constant values." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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[ "INTRODUCTION {#s1}\n============\n\nExperimental archaeology is a field of research that studies ancient cultures by trying to reconstruct ancient lifestyles, including tools, housing, clothing, and diet ([@B1], [@B2]). ", "Among the most challenging subjects of study in this field are fermented food products, such as cheese and pickles, and alcoholic beverages, including wine, beer, and mead (honey wine). ", "All of these products played important roles in ancient societies ([@B3]), as central components of ancient diets, which is especially important due to their preservation under diverse conditions. ", "In particular, alcoholic beverages fulfilled various important social, political, economic, and religious functions ([@B4]). ", "In fact, alcohol has served throughout history, and continues today, as an important \"social lubricant\" in diverse human social and political contexts ([@B5][@B6][@B9]). ", "There is sundry archaeological evidence of fermented beverages, as well as their production and consumption, in ancient societies throughout the world, from late Prehistoric periods onward ([@B10]). ", "Extensive evidence of wine and beer production in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Near East as early as the mid-4th millennium BCE (Before Common Era) has been discovered ([@B4], [@B11], [@B12]). ", "This includes textual evidence in the form of administrative lists and narratives that mention such beverages, including actual recipes of different types of wine ([@B13]) and beer, as well as small-scale models and paintings of their production ([@B4], [@B14]). ", "Similarly, chemical evidence of wine and beer production has been found in various components of breweries ([@B15]), including vessels and related installations. ", "Such residue analyses have enabled the identification of alcoholic beverages of numerous cultures as early as the Neolithic period (ca. ", "6000 to 5000 BC) in the region of modern Georgia ([@B16]), and ancient China ([@B17], [@B18]), Mediterranean France ([@B19]), Cyprus ([@B14]), Bronze and Iron Age Israel ([@B13]), Nordic cultures of Scandinavia ([@B20]), early Celts in Germany ([@B21]), early cultures of the Andes ([@B8]), Prehistoric Europe and Indo-Iranian Asia ([@B22]), and ancient Egypt ([@B23]), leading in some cases to the identification of specific compositions of these beverages ([@B9], [@B10], [@B24]).", "\n\nBased on this evidence, there have been several attempts to recreate ancient beer and wine, but those were always brewed using modern ingredients combined with modern domesticated commercial yeast (predominantly Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ([@B4], [@B21]) and not with the actual microorganisms that might have been used in the production of these fermented beverages. ", "On the other hand, up until now, the study of ancient microorganisms, including bacteria ([@B25], [@B26]), viruses ([@B27]), and yeast ([@B28]), has mainly focused on ancient DNA studies.", "\n\nHere, we isolated yeast directly from ancient vessels that had previously been suggested to have served as beverage containers. ", "We found that yeast are significantly more abundant in these putative beverage containers than in other non-beverage-related archaeological vessels, from these and other sites, or in sediments from these sites and the surrounding environment. ", "This supports the hypothesis that the yeast found in the beverage containers originated from the large amount of yeast cells that grew during the beverage fermentation, continued to reproduce, and survived as colonies in the microenvironments of the pores in the ceramic matrix of these vessels. ", "In agreement with this hypothesis, phenotypic and genomic characterization of these yeast strains, including genomic DNA sequencing, showed that they are similar to yeast found in modern traditional beers and are able to ferment and produce drinkable beer similar to modern beverages.", "\n\nRESULTS {#s2}\n=======\n\nIsolation of yeast strains from ancient vessels. {#", "s2.1}\n------------------------------------------------\n\nWe hypothesized that the enrichment of clay vessels with large amounts of fermenting yeast that were absorbed into the vessel pores of the ceramic matrix permanently changed the vessel\\'s microorganism content (vessel microbiome).", "\n\nIndeed, testing of several modern vessels that were filled with filtered and unfiltered beer and buried for 3 weeks underground, as well as further tests of a clay wine vessel that had not been used for more than 2 years, revealed that yeast cells can be found in the clay matrix, after an extended period of time ([Fig.", " 1A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Next, we tested several methods of yeast isolation and developed a pipeline ([Fig.", " 1B](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) that enabled us to efficiently isolate viable yeast cells from these modern clay containers. ", "In contrast, we could not isolate any live yeast from the control vessels, which were filled with filtered beer, nor were yeast cells detected by electron microscopy ([Fig.", " 1A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left panel).", "\n\n![", "Isolation of yeast from clay vessels. (", "A) Yeast strains in clay vessels. ", "Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of the inside of a modern clay vessel buried in the ground for 3 weeks without beer (left panel) and presoaked with unfiltered beer (middle panel) prior to burial. ", "On the right panel is a 2-year out-of-use wine clay vessel (bottom) that yielded live yeast cells, observed as colonies and by electron microscopy (EM \\[upper panel\\]). ", "Yeast cells were only successfully isolated from the last two vessels. (", "B) The pipeline of yeast isolation and characterization from vessels. ", "Putative fermented beverage-containing vessels were carefully dismantled. ", "Small pieces were sent for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the rest were incubated in growth medium (YPD) for 72 h at room temperature. ", "Samples were plated on selective plates with antibiotics to eliminate bacteria. ", "After 72 h, yeast colonies appeared and were regrown on new plates. ", "The yeast strains were taken for various analyses, including full-genome sequencing and comparison of growth under fermentation-related conditions in beer wort. ", "In addition, beer was brewed according to a standard recipe using the isolated yeast strains. ", "The presence of aromatic and flavor compounds in the beers was analyzed quantitatively, and their flavor was qualitatively evaluated by specialized beer tasters.](mBio.00388-19-f0001){#fig1}\n\nNext, we tested ancient ceramic vessels from three different historical periods, found in four different archaeological sites located in Israel ([Fig.", " 2A](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Each of these sites contained vessels that were assumed to have been associated with fermented beverages ([Fig.", " 2B](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), based on ancient iconography, functional analysis based on the vessels' shape, or previously conducted organic residue analysis. ", "Electron microscopy visualization showed \"yeast-like\" structures ([Fig.", " 2C](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) similar to those of the modern clay vessels ([Fig.", " 1A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which prompted us to try isolating live yeast cells from the ancient vessels.", "\n\n![", "Ancient vessels that putatively contained fermented beverage and were used for yeast isolation. (", "A) A map and timeline of the archaeological sites from which the vessels yielding fermenting yeast strains were excavated. (", "B) Photographs of the vessels. ", "The white text indicates the name of the yeast strain isolated, and the text below the photographs denotes the archaeological culture with which the vessels are associated. (", "C) Representative SEM image of vessels with \"yeast-like\" structures (compared to [Fig.", " 1A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).](mBio.00388-19-f0002){#fig2}\n\nThe first vessels were excavated from two sites dated to the Early Bronze Age IB (ca. ", "3100 BCE). ", "The first site is En-Besor in the northwestern Negev desert, a site relating to the Egyptian activities in southern Canaan during the late 4th millennium BCE, as evidenced by typical Egyptian architecture, pottery, and clay bullae with hieroglyphic symbols ([@B29], [@B30]). ", "The second site was recently excavated at Ha-Masger Street in Tel Aviv and contained basin fragments, typical of Egyptian-style breweries, perhaps evidence of an Egyptian enclave within a local Canaanite settlement. ", "We tested five ceramic fragments ([Fig.", " 2A](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [B](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) of vessels from these two sites, which according to ancient Egyptian depictions were used as beer basins ([@B4]). ", "These vessel fragments yielded three yeast strains, two from En-Besor, and one from Ha-Masger St., designated EBEgT12, EBEgB8, and TLVEgRD4 ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nGenetic identification of yeast strains isolated from ancient vessels[^*a*^](#ngtab1.1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Isolate\\ NCBI\\ Site Period Vessel\\ Culture Closest\\ Status LSU rRNA[^*c*^](#ngtab1.3){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} Phylogenomic tree[^*d*^](#ngtab1.4){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} Whole-genome BLAST[^*e*^](#ngtab1.5){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} Relation to\\ Reference(s) \n (common\\ accession\\ type relative fermented\\ \n name)[^*b*^](#ngtab1.2){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} no. ", " beverages \n ---------------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------- ---------- ------------ ------------ -------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- -------------- --------------------- -------- ------------------------- ------------------------\n EBEgT12\\ SAMN08918525 Ein-Besor,\\ EB IB Putative\\ Egyptian *N. delphensis*[^*h*^](#ngtab1.8){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} sp. ", "nov. ", " 0.023 0.02 Very similar,\\ 100 *N. delphensis* \\>0.9 Isolated from dry\\ [@B40], [@B88], [@B89]\n (T12) North Negev fermented\\ sister node of\\ figs and\\ \n liquid\\ *N. delphensis* identified in\\ \n container screen for ethanol-\\ \n fermenting\\ \n yeast \n\n EBEgB8\\ SAMN08915826 Ein-Besor,\\ EB IB Putative\\ Egyptian *N. delphensis*[^*h*^](#ngtab1.8){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} NA NA Very similar,\\ *N. delphensis* 0.5 Isolated from dry\\ [@B40], [@B88], [@B89]\n (B8) North Negev fermented\\ sister node of\\ figs and identified in\\ \n liquid\\ *N. delphensis* screen for ethanol-\\ \n container fermenting\\ \n yeast \n\n TLVEgRD4\\ SAMN08918530 Hamasger St.,\\ EB IB Putative\\ Egyptian *R. glutinis* Conspecific 2 × 10^−6^ 1 NA NA NA NA Isolated from\\ [@B43]\n (Red4) Tel Aviv fermented\\ locally fermented\\ \n liquid\\ beverages sold in\\ \n container Nigeria; known as a\\ \n beer contaminant \n\n TZPlpvs7\\ SAMN08918531 Tell es-Safi/\\ Iron IIA Putative\\ Philistine *Debaryomycetaceae* sp. ", " sp. ", "nov.,\\ ", " NA NA Nested within\\ 100 *Debaryomycetaceae* 0.9 Found in African\\ [@B44], [@B45]\n (PVS7) Gath beer jug putative *Debaryomycetaceae*,\\ traditional beers\\ \n very distantly\\ brewed with\\ \n related to\\ sorghum malt \n *Priceomyces* \n\n TZPlpvs2\\ SAMN08918658 Tell es-Safi/\\ Iron IIA Putative\\ Philistine S. cerevisiae Conspecific NA NA Within\\ 100 S. cerevisiae 0.6 Main brewing\\ [@B41]\n (PVS2) Gath beer jug S. cerevisiae yeast \n\n RRPrTmd13\\ SAMN08918675 Ramat Rachel,\\ Persian Mead\\ Persian *H. burtonii*[^*i*^](#ngtab1.9){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} sp. ", "nov.,\\ ", " NA NA Very similar,\\ 100 *H. burtonii* \\>0.95 Isolated from tej,\\ [@B22], [@B46]\n (Temed) Jerusalem container putative sister node of\\ an Ethiopian\\ \n *H. burtonii* honey wine \n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nShown is a summary of the phylogenetic identification of the yeast strains isolated from ancient putative beverage vessels and the source, site, and period of the vessels.", "\n\nStrains' systematic nomenclature. ", "The first letters represent the archaeological site: EB, Ein-Besor; TLV, Tel Aviv; Tz, Tell es-Safi (known also as Tel Zafit); and RR, Ramat Rachel. ", "The next two letters denote the culture that produced the vessel: Eg, Egyptian; Pl, Philistine; and Pr, Persian. ", "The last letters and number keep the common short name originally given to the yeast strain in the lab, mentioned also in parentheses after the full names.", "\n\n\"LSU rRNA\" represents the patristic distance (substitutions per base) between the isolate and its closest relative, given with the probability that this is an intraspecific tree distance.", "\n\nShown is the phylogenetic position of the isolate in the phylogenomic tree, provided with the branch support of this relationship. ", "Node supports are bootstrap percentages.", "\n\nShown are the closest BLAST match of most contigs and the proportion of contigs that are assigned to this match. ", "See the supplemental material for description of percentages of identities of the closest matches.", "\n\n\"Node support (BP)\" represents the percentage of the bootstrap tree that had the same topology as the maximum likelihood tree for a given node.", "\n\n\"Scaffold prop\" represents the proportion of scaffolds that had the taxon as their first BLAST hit.", "\n\nNakaseomyces delphensis has the following synonyms: *Saccharomyces delphensis*, Dekkeromyces delphensis, Guilliermondella delphensis, Kluyveromyces delphensis, and Zygofabospora delphensis ([@B40], [@B90]; <http://www.mycobank.org/name/Nakaseomyces%20delphensis>).", "\n\n*Hyphopichia burtonii* has the following synonyms*:* Pichia burtonii, Endomycopsis burtonii Boidin, Candida armeniaca-cornusmas, Candida fibrae Nakase, Cladosporium fermentans, Sporotrichum anglicum, Sporotrichum carougeaui, Trichosporon behrendii, and Trichosporon beijingense (<http://www.mycobank.org/Biolomics.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=36231&Fields=All>).", "\n\nThe third site sampled was Philistine Tell es-Safi/Gath (in central Israel), specifically from contexts dating to the Iron IIA (ca. ", "850 BCE) ([@B31], [@B32]). ", "The Philistines, one of the so-called \"Sea Peoples,\" were an important culture in the Levant during the Iron Age (ca. ", "1200 to 600) and are often mentioned in the Bible as enemies of the Israelites ([@B33]). ", "At the time, Philistine Gath was the largest and most important Philistine site in the region ([@B31]). ", "We tested 12 samples from two well-preserved Philistine jugs ([Fig.", " 2B](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}; see [Table S1](#tabS1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} in the supplemental material) of a type usually associated with beer or other fermented alcoholic drinks, based on their spout and a strainer spout on their side ([@B34][@B35][@B36]). ", "Each of these vessels yielded a yeast strain, designated TZPlpvs7 and TZPlpvs2 ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n10.1128/mBio.00388-19.5\n\nList of samples tested for the presence of yeast. ", "Listed are samples from sites in Israel tested for the presence of live yeast cells. (", "A) Samples from ancient vessels thought to contain alcoholic beverages based upon their structure, archaeological context, or residue analysis excavated in En-Besor, Ha-Masger St., Tell es-Safi/Gath, and Ramat Rachel. (", "B) Control samples of beverage-unrelated vessels and sediments and stones from the archaeological sites and from agricultural land near the sites (Ma\\'on). (", "C) Oil lamps that initially served as controls, but surprisingly yielded a significant amount of live yeast cells, most probably originating from the olives used for the oil making. ", "Download Table S1, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.", "\n\nCopyright © 2019 Aouizerat et al.", "\n\n2019\n\nAouizerat et al.", "\n\nThis content is distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license\n\n.", "\n\nThe fourth site was Ramat Rachel, located between Jerusalem and Bethlehem ([Fig.", " 2A](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) ([@B37]). ", "During the Iron Age and Persian periods (ca. ", "8th to 4th century BCE), it sequentially served as the residence of the local representative of the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian empires, as a center for tax collection, and for diacritical feasting events ([@B38]). ", "From this site, we examined four storage jars, typical of the Judean region during the early Persian period ([Fig.", " 2B](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), all found in a refuse pit, which contained mead according to previous organic residue analyses ([@B37]). ", "One of these potsherds yielded a yeast strain designated RRPrTmd13.", "\n\nIn summary, we succeeded in isolating six yeast strains from 21 beer- and mead-related ancient vessels ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Table S1](#tabS1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nNegative controls. {#", "s2.2}\n------------------\n\nOne of the key questions in the current research is whether the yeast cells are descendants of the enriched ancient yeast cultures that fermented the liquid stored in the excavated vessels, or whether they are equally abundant in the environment. ", "In order to answer this question, we used the above method to isolate yeast from non-beverage-related vessels and sediments from the surrounding environments of the excavated sites. ", "To this end, we tested 27 samples from other ancient vessels from the same sites, vessels that were not associated with beverage storage but with other functions, including cooking pots, jugs and juglets, lamps, and bowls. ", "None of these vessels yielded yeast ([Table S1](#tabS1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), save for the lamps (described below). ", "Furthermore, we tested 53 samples of sediments and stones gathered from these archaeological sites, adjacent to the locations where the putative beverage vessels were found. ", "These samples yielded two yeast strains: one was from a stone from En-Besor ([Table S1](#tabS1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, sample 26) which was identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) analysis as the pathogen Candida albicans (see [Table S2](#tabS2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} in the supplemental material) and is presumably a contamination originating from humans. ", "The other one was from a sediment sample from Tell es-Safi/Gath ([Table S1](#tabS1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, sample 103), has an unidentified ITS, and is probably an undescribed wild yeast. ", "Last, since yeast is often associated with plants ([@B39]), we also tested 30 samples of sediment and stones from the non-archaeological site Ma\\'on, as well as agricultural fields in the proximity of the sites of Tell es-Safi/Gath and Ramat Rachel. ", "We were unable to isolate any yeast strains from these samples using our pipeline ([Table S1](#tabS1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Overall, we found two yeast strains out of 110 non-beverage-related control samples. ", "Thus, the findings of six yeast strains from 21 samples of putative fermented beverage vessels versus two yeast strains from 110 control samples is significant and hardly incidental (with a Fisher\\'s exact test *P* value of 0.0006).", "\n\n10.1128/mBio.00388-19.6\n\nIdentification of yeast isolated in this work by ITS analysis and their ability to produce drinkable beer. ", "Analysis was performed in the Isham barcoding database (<http://its.mycologylab.org>) and BLAST (<https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi>) with the ITS fragment of each yeast, which was amplified by PCR and sequenced (Sanger sequencing). ", "In the \"Drinkable beer production\" column, \"+\" denotes drinkable beer \"+/−\" beer with spoilage aroma, and \"−\" nondrinkable beer. ", "Download Table S2, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.", "\n\nCopyright © 2019 Aouizerat et al.", "\n\n2019\n\nAouizerat et al.", "\n\nThis content is distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license\n\n.", "\n\nGenome sequencing of the isolated yeast. {#", "s2.3}\n----------------------------------------\n\nWhile the ITS1 region was directly amplified and sequenced for all the isolates using PCR ([Table S2](#tabS2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), we sequenced the full genomes of the six yeast strains that had been isolated from beverage-associated ancient vessels. (", "For accession numbers, see [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}.) ", "We also sequenced the genome of one of the yeast strains that was isolated from the controls, RRPrNerP7 (accession no. ", "SAMN08918674), which was isolated from an oil lamp found at Ramat-Rachel (see [Fig.", " S1](#figS1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} in the supplemental material). ", "This genome data was used to extract the genetic barcode large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene, to corroborate the ITS1 results, and to further carry out a full-genome BLAST analysis and phylogenomic analysis. ", "The genomic data set was also used to investigate gene ortholog copy number variation (CNV) to shed light on the biochemical activity of the yeast, as described below. ", "All yeast strains were identified based on similarities to yeast strain genomes from the NCBI database (see [Fig.", " S2](#figS2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} in the supplemental material), and there was a match between the ITS identification and the full-genome sequencing.", "\n\n10.1128/mBio.00388-19.1\n\nYeast from oil. (", "A) A schematic drawing of the Persian oil lamp excavated in a pit hole in the Ramat Rachel site, which yielded the yeast strain RRPrNerP7. (", "B and C) Yeast strain RRPrNerP7 cells (B) and colonies (C). (", "D) Colonies of yeast from sediments of 2-year-old bottle of olive oil demonstrating that yeast survive in olive oil. ", "Download FIG S1, TIF file, 1.1 MB.", "\n\nCopyright © 2019 Aouizerat et al.", "\n\n2019\n\nAouizerat et al.", "\n\nThis content is distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license\n\n.", "\n\n10.1128/mBio.00388-19.2\n\nWhole-genome BLAST analysis of the yeast strains isolated from ancient vessels. ", "A BLAST analysis using full scaffolds as query and the NCBI online BLASTn database (<https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi>) as target was carried out for each yeast strain genome assembly. ", "The bar plot depicts the target taxonomies that occurred in more than 5% of the hits. ", "Download FIG S2, TIF file, 0.9 MB.", "\n\nCopyright © 2019 Aouizerat et al.", "\n\n2019\n\nAouizerat et al.", "\n\nThis content is distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license\n\n.", "\n\nThe two yeast strains EBEgT12 and EBEgB8, which were isolated from the Egyptian vessels excavated at En-Besor, are genetically close to one another and show high similarities to Nakaseomyces delphensis (also known as Saccharomyces delphensis) ([Fig.", " 3A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}), which was isolated from dry African figs and is not common in soil ([@B40]). ", "This supports the notion that the yeast cells originated from the vessels themselves, and not the environment, and suggests that perhaps figs were used in the fermented beverage production. ", "Additionally, based on LSU rRNA barcoding analysis, these strains appear to belong to an unrecorded species ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} and the supplemental material). ", "To draw functional insight from the genomes of EBEgT12 and EBEgB8, we identified 596 orthologous gene clusters with copy number variation between the two isolates. ", "Of these genes, we further compared 79 orthologous gene clusters of genes that were related to transmembrane transport and metabolism of various carbohydrates and were previously described as having copy number variations in beer-producing yeast strains ([@B41]). ", "Despite the overall high genetic similarities between these two yeast strains ([Fig.", " 3A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), EBEgT12 had 67 genes with the expected duplications or deletions characteristic of beer yeast strains (see [Table S4](#tabS4){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} in the supplemental material), whereas only 12 occurred in EBEgB8, which did not produce drinkable beer on its own (see below). ", "This result significantly differs from the expected neutral result (*χ*^2^ = 21.9, *P* \\< 0.0001), suggesting that EBEgT12 was better adapted for beer production than EBEgB8, as indeed was observed while producing beer from these yeast strains (see the section on beer production).", "\n\n![", "Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of yeast strains isolated from ancient vessels. (", "A and B) Phylogenetic trees based on full-genome sequencing of the isolated yeast strains. ", "Black bullets at nodes represent maximal bootstrap percentage of node support. ", "The newly isolated strains are in color. ", "The modern beer yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SafAle S.04), which served as a control, is surrounded by a red box. (", "A) A list of 118 gene partitions and a representation of the combination *Saccharomycetaceae* plus *Debaryomycetaceae*. (", "B) Comparison of TZPlpvs2 (in purple) to modern wine and beer strains, based on 465 gene representatives and partitioning of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ", "Reference strains are denoted by NCBI strain name and accession number followed by clade affiliation ([@B41]). (", "C) The shape of the isolated yeast cells under light microscopy (left panel) and colonies on YPD agar plates (right panel). (", "D) Growth curve analysis. ", "The yeast strain isolated from putative beverage vessels grows in beer wort with similar kinetics to a modern beer yeast. ", "Principal-component analysis (PCA) of the distances of the growth curves of yeast grown in beer wort under fermentation-related conditions was performed ([Fig.", " S3](#figS3){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The modern domesticated beer yeast strain SafAle S.04 served as a positive control, and the pathogenic yeast C. parapsilosis served as a negative control. ", "The marker's shape denotes the statistical significance of the distance from SafAle S.04 growth curve kinetics, and the color denotes the source of the yeast: control, putative beverage container, or non-beverage-related vessel.](mBio.00388-19-f0003){#fig3}\n\n10.1128/mBio.00388-19.8\n\nComparison of duplicated genes related to wine production in the two genetically similar yeast strains isolated from Ramat Rachel. ", "RRPrTmd13 was isolated from a mead vessel and produced drinkable beer, while RRPrNerP7, which was isolated from an oil lamp, did not. ", "Presented here are the copy numbers of genes that are expected to have undergone duplication or deletion of copies in wine-producing yeast strains ([@B41]). ", "The GO term and its description are provided using the eggNOG ([@B49]) database of orthologous groups and functional annotation (<http://eggnogdb.embl.de/#/app/home>). ", "Download Table S4, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.", "\n\nCopyright © 2019 Aouizerat et al.", "\n\n2019\n\nAouizerat et al.", "\n\nThis content is distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license\n\n.", "\n\n10.1128/mBio.00388-19.3\n\nGrowth curves of yeast strains in beer wort. (", "A) Yeast cells were incubated in beer wort, and their growth was determined by recording the optical density (OD) of the culture at 600 nm. ", "Dotted lines denote the positive and negative controls: i.e., the modern beer yeast SafAle S.04 and the pathogen C. parapsilosis, respectively. ", "Solid lines denote yeast strains that were isolated from putative beverage-containing vessels, and dashed lines are yeast strains from non-beverage-related vessels, lamps, soil, stones, and sediments. ", "Each line is an average of at least 3 independent colonies. (", "B) For comparison, the data from each yeast strain were fitted to a logistic equation. ", "The numbers denote the *P* value of the differences of the growth rate parameter (*r*) of the fitted equation between the growth curve of SafAle S.04 and the curve of each yeast strain. ", "In blue are *P* values of \\>0.01 (similar to SafAle S.04), and in red are *P* values of \\<0.02 (far from SafAle S.04). ", "See also [Fig.", " 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} for principal-component analysis (PCA) of these data demonstrating the relative distances between the curves. ", "Download FIG S3, TIF file, 1.4 MB.", "\n\nCopyright © 2019 Aouizerat et al.", "\n\n2019\n\nAouizerat et al.", "\n\nThis content is distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license\n\n.", "\n\nTLVEgRD4, the third yeast strain that was isolated from the Egyptian vessels, showed high similarity ([Fig.", " 3A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}) to the red-pigmented yeast Rhodotorula glutinis, which is a known food-contaminating agent found in Nigerian and other beers ([@B42], [@B43]).", "\n\nFrom one of the Philistine vessels, we isolated yeast strain TZPlpvs7, which was found to be similar to yeast strains of the *Debaryomycetaceae* family ([Fig.", " 3A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Members of this family were isolated from traditional African beers brewed with sorghum malt ([@B44], [@B45]). ", "The second yeast strain isolated from the other Philistine vessel, TZPlpvs2, is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is the most commonly used species of domesticated yeast and plays a central role in modern beer, wine, and bread industries ([@B3]). ", "We further tested the similarity of TZPlpvs2 to known beer- and wine-producing S. cerevisiae strains and found that it is close to strain Wine-007 (NCBI assembly MBUU02 \\[[Fig.", " 3B](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\]), a modern yeast strain used in wine production ([@B41]).", "\n\nRRPrTmd13 which was isolated from a mead-containing vessel (based on organic residue analysis), was found to be similar to the yeast Hyphopichia burtonii (Endomycopsis burtonii) ([Fig.", " 3A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Significantly, this yeast species was previously isolated ([@B22], [@B46]) from tej, an Ethiopian honey wine ([@B47])---a type of traditional African mead.", "\n\nWe also sequenced the genome of the yeast strain RRPrNerP7 (NCBI accession no. ", "SAMN08918674), which was isolated from a clay oil lamp ([Fig.", " S1](#figS1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) from Ramat-Rachel. ", "Surprisingly, its sequence was found to be similar to that of Hyphopichia burtonii ([Fig.", " 3A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), like RRPrTmd13, the mead vessel yeast strain that was isolated from the same site. ", "Nevertheless, RRPrNerP7 and RRPrTmd13 were divergent from each other in phenotypes related to several beverage production aspects. ", "We compared RRPrTmd13 and RRPrNerP7 regarding duplications and deletions in 52 orthology clusters with gene ontologies related to the metabolism of various carbohydrates and the transmembrane transport of iron, sodium, and sugars, found to have characteristic copy number variations in modern wine-producing S. cerevisiae yeast ([@B41]), although not specifically studied in mead-producing yeast strains. ", "As can be seen in [Table S4](#tabS4){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, the duplications and deletions in both isolates occurred in significantly different orthology clusters (*t* test, *P* = 2 × 10^−7^). ", "Additional phenotypic differences between RRPrTmd13 and RRPrNerP7 are described below.", "\n\nGenome-wide BLASTn. {#", "s2.4}\n-------------------\n\nEach genome assembly was analyzed with the online version of BLASTn. ", "To summarize the results, we considered all the taxonomic IDs that constituted more than 5% of the matches ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Fig.", " S2](#figS2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "For isolate TZPlpvs7, over 50% of the scaffolds matched to one of three debaryomycetacid species, with only 80% identity (standard deviation \\[SD\\], 4.1%) to all the species, and over 40% of additional scaffolds matched debaryomycetacid species with lower identities. ", "Similarly, the best match of almost all the scaffolds of isolates RRPrTmd13 and RRPrNerP7 was *H. burtonii*, albeit with a mean percentage of identity of only 84.5% (SD, 4.5%). ", "Finally, the best matches of 50% and 97% of the scaffolds of isolates EBEgB8 and EBEgT12, respectively, were in the *Nakaseomyces*/*Candida* clade, but with a low mean percentage of identity of only 83% (SD, 6%). ", "We would thus suggest that these five isolates represent species that are not yet recorded in the NCBI nucleotide repository. ", "Conversely, for TZPlpvs2, over 60% of the scaffolds had 99.9% identity (SD, 0.14%) with S. cerevisiae, indicating that this isolate is very similar to records of S.cerevisiae, in agreement with the phylogenomic analysis.", "\n\nPhylogenomic analysis. {#", "s2.5}\n----------------------\n\nTo validate the phylogenetic position of the isolates, we selected reference genome assemblies of 55 isolates that are available on GenBank (see [Fig.", " 3A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} for accession numbers). ", "We then annotated coding sequences in the reference genomes as well as in our isolate genome assemblies, using Augustus 3.2.3 ([@B48]). ", "For the annotation process, we chose the coding sequences of the nearest available reference relative as hints ([Fig.", " 3A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and either *Saccharomyces* or Candida tropicalis as the model species for *Saccharomycetaceae* and *Debaryomycetaceae* species, respectively. ", "We extracted a protein sequence file for each isolate genome and reference genome and assigned orthology information to each gene with eggNOG 4.5.1 ([@B49]; <http://eggnogdb.embl.de/#/app/home>). ", "We selected orthologs with one representative in at least 50% of the reference genomes and in at least three out of our five isolates. ", "Protein sequences of each ortholog were aligned with MAFFT ([@B50]) using the L-ins-i algorithm, and each ortholog alignment was trimmed with TrimAl using the gappyout algorithm. ", "Using treeCl ([@B51]), we reconstructed maximum likelihood gene trees for each ortholog and clustered the resulting gene trees based on the weighted Robinson folds (WRF) ([@B52]) pairwise intertree distances and the db-scan clustering algorithm, to assess the existence of conflicting phylogenetic signals. ", "For every cluster, treeCl produces a supermatrix of all the genes in the cluster, which we used for a partitioned tree reconstruction with RAxML ([@B53]) using the LG evolutionary model and 100 thorough bootstrap replicates for branch support of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ", "To recover the phylogenetic position of two S. cerevisiae isolates (SafAle S04 and TZPlpvs2), we repeated the workflow described above, using a targeted reference data set of 26 S. cerevisiae genomes covering the diversity of known isolates, as described by Gallone et al. ([", "@B41]). ", "In this case, we retained one to one orthologs represented in at least 70% of the reference genomes and in both of our isolates. ", "Due to the high sequence identity among the analyzed genomes, all belonging to S. cerevisiae, we retained only the most informative 650 orthologs by selecting alignments with at least 10 unique sequences and at least 10 parsimony informative alignment columns (i.e., at least two character states in the column, each occurring in at least two sequences).", "\n\nThe sequence alignments of 118 orthologs passed our filters and were included in the analysis of the data set *Saccharomycetaceae* plus *Debaryomycetaceae*. ", "Conflicting phylogenetic signals were not detected among them, as the db-scan algorithm has detected only one cluster, which was robust to changes in minimal local radius cutoff. ", "The phylogenetic tree was reconstructed from a supermatrix of all 118 orthologs ([Fig.", " 3A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) with the matrix and partition (uploaded files 6 and 7, [Table S7](#tabS7){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Isolates EBEgT12 and EBEgB8 were very similar with less than 4 × 10^−4^ substitutions per base (SPB). ", "They clustered as the sister clade of Nakaseomyces delphensis, but with much larger sequence divergence (over 0.13 SPB). ", "Isolate TZPlpvs7 was resolved as a *Debaryomycetaceae* sp., ", "which is divergent from other confamilials for which a genome assembly is available (at least 0.8 SPB). ", "Isolates RRPrTmd13 and RRPrNerP7 were very closely related to each other (less than 4 × 10^−4^ SPB) and emerged as a sister clade of *Hyphopichia burtonii* (*Debaryomycetaceae*) with a sequence divergence of over 0.2 SPB. ", "Isolate TZPlpvs2 clustered within the S. cerevisiae clade ([Fig.", " 3A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) with maximal node support. ", "Based on our S. cerevisiae*-*focused phylogenomic analysis ([Fig.", " 3B](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), TZPlpvs2 is a part of the \"Wine\" cluster as was recovered by Gallone et al. ([", "@B41]). ", "This cluster originally included both beer and wine yeasts. ", "It is most closely related to isolate \"Wine-007\" with maximal node support, and with sequence divergence of 8 × 10^−4^ SPB. ", "This sequence divergence is larger than those observed between RRPrTmd13 and RRPrNerP7 or between EBEgT12 and EBEgB8 and is not contrary to observed phenotypic differences. ", "The S. cerevisiae*-*focused analysis included 650 orthology clusters that passed the filtering steps (see Materials and Methods). ", "In this analysis, the number of gene tree clusters was maximized when using a minimal local radius of 0.03 in the db-scan analysis and resulted in two tree groups of 465 and 185 trees. [", "Figure 3B](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} is based on the larger group, whereas the smaller group yielded a tree with a similar topology, but with an overall shorter tree distance. ", "It is thus an artifact of the weighting procedure of the WRF parameter and does not represent a real phylogenetic conflict. ", "As we observed different phenotypes in isolates EBEgT12 and EBEgB8, with only isolate EBEgT12 producing beer, we expected that this difference will be reflected in gene copy number variation (CNV) between the beer-producing yeast and the non-producing yeast, as previously shown by Gallone et al. ([", "@B41]). ", "Despite the overall high genetic similarities between these two yeast strains, we identified 79 orthology clusters with CNV between the two isolates, which were related to transmembrane transport and metabolism of various carbohydrates, also described by Gallone et al. ([", "@B41]) as having CNV in beer-producing yeasts. ", "EBEgT12 had 67 genes with the expected duplications or deletions in beer yeasts ([Table S4](#tabS4){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), while EBEgB8 had only 12, supporting EBEgT12 as better adapted for beer production than EBEgB8.", "\n\n10.1128/mBio.00388-19.7\n\nUploaded additional files 1-11. ", "Genetic sequence analysis input and output files were uploaded and are available on FigShare (<https://figshare.com>), with DOI numbers as provided in the following legends. ", "Download Table S7, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.", "\n\nCopyright © 2019 Aouizerat et al.", "\n\n2019\n\nAouizerat et al.", "\n\nThis content is distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license\n\n.", "\n\nAdditionally, we observed different phenotypes in isolates RRPrTmd13 and RRPrNerP7, with only isolate RRPrTmd13 producing mead. ", "In this case, we also expected that this difference would be reflected by CNV instances between the two isolates. ", "Although Gallone et al. ([", "@B41]) did not analyze mead-producing yeasts, wine shares some of the sugar sources with honey-based mead, and similarly, the mead-producing isolate (RRPrTmd13) shares some of the duplications and deletions with the wine-producing isolate ([@B41]) compared with isolate RRPrNerP7 ([Table S1](#tabS1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "In this case, however, both isolates had similar numbers of the CNV instances expected in wine yeasts (27 and 25 for RRPrTmd13 and RRPrNerP7, respectively), providing no prediction as to the expected phenotype.", "\n\nTaxonomic identity of isolates based on LSU rRNA barcoding. {#", "s2.6}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nTaxonomic classification of isolates EBEgT12 and TLVEgRD4 was assessed via LSU rRNA barcoding, as this marker has been comprehensively sampled across the taxonomy of Ascomycota, and is more variable than the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene ([@B54]). ", "BLASTn 2.6.0+ ([@B55]) was used to identify the LSU rRNA locus in each genome assembly, with the LSU rRNA SILVA ([@B54]) database sequences as query and the genome assemblies as target. ", "In each genome assembly, the best match to any of the target sequences in each assembly was recovered as the isolate's LSU rRNA gene. ", "We further composed a relevant reference data set by running a second BLASTn analysis, in which the isolate LSU rRNA sequences were used as queries and the LSU rRNA SILVA database as target. ", "The best 500 matches to each of the isolate sequences were retained, and redundancies were eliminated by retaining only the centroid sequences of 99% identical clusters, as predicted with VSEARCH v2.4.3 ([@B56]). ", "The resulting data set, together with the isolate LSU rRNA sequences recovered from the genome assemblies, was used in a phylogenetic analysis to identify the phylogenetic position of the isolates. ", "The sequences were aligned with MAFFT v7.310 ([@B50]), positions with over 0.8-gap proportion were removed with TrimAl v1.4.rev15 ([@B57]), and a phylogenetic tree was built with RAxML 8.2.10 ([@B53]), using the GTRGAMMA model and 100 replicates of rapid bootstrap trees for node support.", "\n\nTo check whether the isolates belonged to established species, we calculated all the intraspecies patristic distances (the cumulative branch length between two tree nodes) in the LSU rRNA phylogenetic tree and computed their distribution. ", "We then calculated the patristic distance between each isolate for which LSU rRNA was recovered and its closest relative and tested whether this distance belonged to the distribution of the intraspecific patristic distances. ", "Patristic distances were computed with ETE 3 ([@B58]). ", "Our trimmed nonredundant LSU rRNA sequence alignment included 350 reference sequences and the isolates EBEgT12 and TLVEgRD4 ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}), with 853 positions and less than 0.1% missing data. ", "The redundant data set, as well as the nonredundant alignment and the trimmed alignment, is included (uploaded files 1 to 4, [Table S7](#tabS7){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The maximum intraspecific patristic distance in our resulting tree was 0.012 substitution per base (SPB). ", "Only isolate EBEgT12 was divergent enough from its closest relative (Nakaseomyces delphensis; *Saccharomycetaceae*) to constitute a novel species (0.023; *P* = 0.02). ", "It is worth noting that by removing redundant sequences, we overestimated the *P* value, and this result is thus very conservative. ", "Isolate TLVEgRD4 was found to be identical to *Rhodotorula glutinis* (*Sporidiobolaceae*; 2 × 10^−6^ SPB). ", "The LSU rRNA phylogenetic tree is in uploaded file 5. ", "The results of all the analyses are summarized in [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nPhenotypic characterization of the isolated yeast. {#", "s2.7}\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nWe compared several phenotypes of the isolated yeast strains related to alcoholic beverage production. ", "As a positive control, we used the modern, commercially available beer yeast strain S. cerevisiae SafAle S.04 (Fermentis Division of S.I. Lesaffre, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France). ", "First we compared the morphology of cells and colonies ([Fig.", " 3C](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left panel), using phase light microscopy to image colonies ([Fig.", " 3C](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right panel) on agar plates containing the lab standard yeast medium YPD (yeast extract-peptone-dextrose). ", "All yeast strains showed the common structure of budding yeast cells and white smooth colonies, with the exception of TLVEgRD4, which yielded red colonies. ", "The red pigmentation is in agreement with its identification as *R. glutinis*, which produces several carotenes, including β-carotene ([@B59]).", "\n\nNext, we hypothesized that the isolated yeast strains were naturally selected to grow under beverage fermentation conditions and would be able to grow in beer wort, similar to modern domesticated beer yeast strains. ", "To test this hypothesis, we compared growth kinetics of ancient isolated yeast strains to those of the modern beer yeast strain SafAle S.04 when grown in wort (see [Fig.", " S3A](#figS3){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} in the supplemental material). ", "As a negative control, we used the pathogenic yeast species Candida parapsilosis ([@B60]), which, unquestionably, is not used for beverage production. ", "To compare the growth curves, we fit each curve to a logistic equation ([Fig.", " S3B](#figS3){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) that models growth curves ([@B61]). ", "Next, we calculated the relative distance between the various fitted equations using principal-component analysis (PCA), demonstrating the relative similarities between the parameters of the fitted curves ([Fig.", " 3D](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We found that a high correlation (*r* = 0.95) exists between the growth curve shape and whether the yeast strain was isolated from a putative beer vessel or not. ", "All yeast strains isolated from vessels that were believed to have originally contained fermented beverages grew similarly to SafAle S.04, except for TZPlpvs7, while all the other yeast strains, from lamps, sediments, and stones, showed different growth kinetics than SafAle S.04 ([Fig.", " 3D](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results suggest that indeed the yeast strains isolated from the putative beverage containers are progenies of yeast that were selected in the past for growth under fermentation-related conditions.", "\n\nAnalysis of beer produced by the isolated yeast. {#", "s2.8}\n------------------------------------------------\n\nFinally, as supportive evidence for their identity, we tested the ability of the isolated yeast strains to produce drinkable alcoholic beverages. ", "To this end, we performed an initial screen using a standard common recipe of beer brewing ([@B62]) with each one of the isolated yeast strains. ", "Strains EBEgT12, TZPlpvs2, and RRPrTmd13 produced aromatic and flavorful beer and were taken for additional compound and flavor analyses. ", "Strain TZPlpvs7 produced beer that was drinkable but had a slight spoiled off-taste. ", "In contrast, the following yeast strains were excluded from further analysis: EBEgB8, and the yeasts EB8EgSt33 and TS23PlSt34, which were found in stones, and the yeasts isolated from oil lamps, RRPrNerP7, TS55Pllmp35, and TS55Pllmp36, which produced beer with mild or strong spoiled aroma and flavors ([@B63]). ", "TLVEgRD4 was also excluded, as *Rhodotorula glutinis* was reported to be a pathogenic beer spoiler yeast species ([@B64]).", "\n\nNext, we compared the beer produced by the yeast, which passed the initial screening, to that produced by the positive control, to SafAle S.04 (Fermentis Division of S.I. Lesaffre, France). ", "Comparison of the total carbohydrate ([Fig.", " 4A](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and alcohol ([Fig.", " 4B](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) concentrations produced by yeast showed that besides TZPlpvs7, all the other yeast strains exploit carbohydrates and produced about 6% alcohol, similar to the \"professional\" beer yeast strain SafAle S.04.", "\n\n![", "Characterization of reconstructed beer produced by yeast strains isolated from ancient vessels. ", "Beer was brewed with the yeast strains isolated according to a standard brewing recipe. ", "The modern beer yeast strain S. cerevisiae (SafAle S.04) served as a positive control. (", "A) Levels of total carbohydrates in the beers (as glucose). (", "B) Amount of alcohol produced. (", "C) Heat map of clustered levels of aromatic and flavor compounds found in the beer. ", "The levels of various compounds were normalized as a percentage of the highest value for each compound. (", "D) Heat map of clustered samples based on parameters of beer tasting of aromas (red text) and flavors (blue text) (see also [Fig.", " S4](#figS4){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} in the supplemental material). ", "In both panels C and D, the clustering was performed using Ward's method with Euclidean distances. ", "In the red text are the approximated unbiased (AU) *P* values in percentages of the nodes. ", "The red squares denote clusters with *P* values of *\\>*95%.](mBio.00388-19-f0004){#fig4}\n\n10.1128/mBio.00388-19.4\n\nTaste analysis of aroma and flavors of beers produced by the yeast strains isolated from ancient vessels. ", "See also [Fig.", " 4D](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} for a heat map of these results. ", "Download FIG S4, TIF file, 1.3 MB.", "\n\nCopyright © 2019 Aouizerat et al.", "\n\n2019\n\nAouizerat et al.", "\n\nThis content is distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license\n\n.", "\n\nWe performed further qualitative analyses of several aromatic and flavor compounds in the various beers by headspace solid-phase microextraction--gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) ([Table S6](#tabS6){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The detected compounds were either known to be present in beers ([@B65][@B66][@B67]) or are other members of the alcohol, ester, monoterpenoid, and carboxylic acid groups. ", "This analysis shows that relatively high ratios of many aroma compounds were detected in the beer produced using the TZPlpvs2 strain, which was no surprise, as this strain was identified as S. cerevisiae. ", "Moreover, comprehensive analysis of aromatic and flavor compounds ([Table S6](#tabS6){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) shows that TZPlpvs2 and EBEgT12 produced beers that clustered with SafAle S.04 ([Fig.", " 4C](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n10.1128/mBio.00388-19.7\n\nQualitative analysis of aromatic and flavor compounds in beers produced by yeast strains from ancient vessels. ", "Qualitative analysis of relative peak areas for each compound across our samples was conducted using SPME Fiber (DVB/CAR/PDMS), followed by separation by gas chromatographer and detection by Agilent 5973 mass spectrometer (MS) detector in Full-Scan mode. ", "Suggestions for the identification of the detected peaks were carried out by Wiley mass spectrometry database. ", "Semi-quantitative analysis was based on the relative peak areas calculated using the integration order in the ChemStation Software and using the peak area of ethanol as an internal standard. ", "Ethanol quantities in each sample were determined by distillation, and each peak was normalized in accord with the relevant ethanol quantity in each sample. ", "The relative peak area for each compound was calculated by dividing the peak area of the compound to that of the normalized ethanol peak area, and multiplied by 1000, to get more presentable numbers. ", "Download Table S6, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.", "\n\nCopyright © 2019 Aouizerat et al.", "\n\n2019\n\nAouizerat et al.", "\n\nThis content is distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license\n\n.", "\n\nThe beers that passed the initial screen were also compared by organoleptic descriptive analyses performed by members of the Beer Judge Certification Program (BJCP \\[<https://www.bjcp.org>\\]), a beer taster's organization. ", "The results of these analyses were in agreement with the chemical analysis: RRPrTmd13 and, to a lesser extent, TZPlpvs2 produced beers that are similar in color, aroma, flocculation, and flavor to that of SafAle S.04 ([Fig.", " 4D](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig.", " S3](#figS3){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nIn summary, these results exemplify the potential in the research of live microorganisms isolated from ancient vessels and their products. ", "Nevertheless, it should be noted that aromatic beer can be produced also by wild yeasts ([@B68]) and even pathogenic yeasts such as C. parapsilosis ([@B69]), and thus beer production *per se* cannot support or reject the hypothesis that the isolated yeast are descendants of the fermenting yeast.", "\n\nAncient lamps. {#", "s2.9}\n--------------\n\nAn exception to the notion that yeast can be significantly better isolated from ancient beverage containers in comparison to other vessels was clay lamps, which usually contained olive oil, from both Tell es-Safi/Gath and Ramat-Rachel. ", "Surprisingly, we succeeded in isolating three yeast strains from six ancient lamps ([Fig.", " S1A to C](#figS1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "A possible explanation to the presence of yeast in these lamps might be that the yeast derives from yeast cells existing on olives. ", "These yeast cells were not killed during the cold-press extraction of the oil and were absorbed into the pores of the ceramic matrix of the lamps. ", "This is in agreement with previous observations showing that yeast are the predominant microorganisms in olive oil ([@B70], [@B71]) and their concentration ranges between 10^3^ and 10^5^ cells/ml ([@B72]). ", "We also confirmed that yeast cells are indeed present in olive oil by isolating live yeast cells from a modern bottle of olive oil that had been sealed for 2 years ([Fig.", " S1D](#figS1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Finally, we identified the yeast strains by amplification and sequencing of their ITS region and found that the two yeast isolates from the vessels from Tell es-Safi/Gath are strains of Yarrowia lipolytica (TS55Pllmp35 and TS55Pllmp36 \\[[Table S2](#tabS2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}\\]), a yeast strongly associated with oil flora ([@B73], [@B74]), which is not used for beer production ([@B75]). ", "Thus, we suggest that the oil lamp results support the notion that yeast colonies remain alive in ancient clay vessels and it is feasible to isolate them.", "\n\nDISCUSSION {#s3}\n==========\n\nIn this study, we isolated yeast cells from ancient vessels excavated at archaeological sites in Israel. ", "These vessels belong to vessel types that, based on their shape, or, in the case of the vessel from Ramat Rachel, based on organic residue analysis, were considered to have contained fermented beverages such as beer and mead (honey wine).", "\n\nThe main challenge of this research lies in the question of whether the isolated yeast strains originated from the ancient yeast that fermented ancient beverages in the archaeological vessels and whether the yeast cells that were discovered are in fact descendants of the original yeasts, having survived and continued to grow in microenvironments in pores within the clay matrix of the vessels. ", "Or, perhaps, they are wild yeast from the environment or a recent contamination. ", "Several lines of evidence strongly suggest that the yeast strains we isolated are indeed descendants of fermenting yeasts in the ancient vessels:\n\nFirst, the number of isolated yeast strains from putative beverage vessels (6 out of 21 samples), in comparison with the yeast strains isolated from the control samples (2 out of 110 samples), is significantly biased toward the beverage-related vessels;\n\nSecond, all yeast strains isolated from the putative beverage vessels besides TZPlpvs7 grew in beer wort medium, similar to the modern domesticated beer yeast SafAle S.04, while all the yeast strains isolated from the control samples show different growth parameters under these conditions ([Fig.", " 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nThird, the molecular phylogeny of the yeast strains isolated from the ancient vessels also supports the notion that they originated from ancient, fermented-liquid-related yeast strains. ", "TZPlpvs2, being S. cerevisiae, the major fermenting yeast species today ([@B76]), is often found on fruits and flowers and less in soil ([@B77]). ", "EBEgT12, EBEgB8, and TZPlpvs7 are similar to yeast species found in various traditional beverages in Africa ([@B44], [@B45]). ", "Yeast strain RRPrTmd13, which was isolated from a mead (honey wine) vessel, identified as such through organic residue analysis, is highly similar to a yeast species found in the Ethiopian honey wine tej ([@B46]). ", "Lastly, the two yeast strains TS55Pllmp35 and TS55Pllmp36, isolated from Philistine oil lamps, were found to be distinct strains of Yarrowia lipolytica, a yeast that tends to grow in olive oil ([@B73], [@B74]). ", "In contrast, the only two yeast strains isolated from a stone and sediment control sample were C. albicans---probably from human contamination---and an unidentified yeast, respectively, both of which did not produce beer.", "\n\nFourth, it is improbable that these yeast cells originated from sediments or from handling contaminations. ", "At least in the case of Nakaseomyces delphensis, the closest yeast species to the two isolated yeast strains EBEgT12 and EBEgB8 was reported to be found on figs and rarely in soil ([@B40]). ", "Furthermore, the possibility that the source of the yeast cells is a contamination from modern beer is unlikely, since besides the S. cerevisiae yeast (TZPlpvs2), all the other isolated yeasts are not commonly used in the modern beer industry and thus could not have derived from modern unfiltered beer. ", "It should also be noted that although TZPlpvs2 is S. cerevisiae, its sequence is clearly different from those of commonly used S. cerevisiae laboratory strains, further excluding the possibility of contamination in the lab.", "\n\nFifth, the observation that most of the yeast strains isolated from putative beverage containers produced drinkable aromatic and flavored beer ([Fig.", " 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), while all the control isolated yeast strains produced spoiled aromas and flavors, also provides some support for the authenticity of the origin of the isolated yeast as descendants of the ancient fermenting yeast. ", "As mentioned above, this support is weaker than the previous ones, because some wild yeast can also ferment beer and produced aromatic compounds ([@B68], [@B69]). ", "Thus, there is a correlation between the source of isolation (putative beverage vessel or not), similar growth in wort compared to modern beer yeast strains, and the ability to produce drinkable beer. ", "Such a correlation suggests that the yeast strains isolated from putative beverage vessels are descendants of yeast strains that have experienced the selection pressures of alcoholic fermentation and beverage production environments and continued to reproduce over the ages in microenvironments within the ceramic matrices of the ancient beverage vessels.", "\n\nTaken together, we suggest that the evidence strongly supports the authenticity of the yeast strains isolated from ancient vessels as ancient beverage yeast. ", "We assume that the large amounts of yeast cells that grew during repeated series of fermentations in these vessels, in antiquity, were absorbed into the nanopores of the vessels. ", "These yeast cells altered the composition of the microorganisms' population and remained as microcolonies, which continued to grow and survive over millennia in the ceramic matrices, based on occasional supply of moisture and nutrients. ", "This assumption is also based on the observation that yeast cells survived in a clay vessel that was buried for 3 weeks and a clay jug that was exposed to the hot and dry weather of Israel for 2 years ([Fig.", " 1A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Additional support of this assumption is the well-known fact that in many traditional beer production methods, it is common to use the residues within vessels to serve as \"starters\" for the production of the next batch of fermented food. ", "This technique is described in ancient inscriptions ([@B4]) and is still used in modern traditional beer-brewing techniques ([@B78]), as well as for the production of wine ([@B79]), yoghurt ([@B80]), and bread ([@B81]). ", "Practically speaking, the ancient producers, using selection processes, domesticated yeast and bacteria that produced \"good\" and tasty fermented food, similar to the selection processes in the domestication of plants and animals. ", "This perhaps could explain the findings that EBEgT12 and EBEgB8, isolated from Egyptian vessels from En-Besor, show high genetic similarities to each other, yet they differ in several of the hallmark genes typical of beer-producing yeast strains, which seem to be mirrored in the quality of the beer that they produced. ", "While EBEgT12 beer contained aromatic and flavor compounds, the beer made from yeast strain EBEgB8 had mildly spoiled aroma and flavors. ", "Possibly, both of them were included in the original brew, complementing each other, or maybe EBEgB8 represents the undomesticated ancestor of EBEgT12, before it was selected for \"good\" beer making, as in the case of the domestication process of S. cerevisiae ([@B76]). ", "These questions may be answered by additional isolation and analysis of yeast strains from more beverage-containing vessels, which will shed further light on the yeast domestication processes.", "\n\nIn addition, the two yeast strains isolated from the Persian period vessels, RRPrTmd13 from the mead container and RRPrNerP7 from an oil lamp, show overall high similarity to each other, including similar genes associated with wine production (see [Table S3](#tabS3){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} in the supplemental material). ", "However, they diverge in the orthology clusters that have experienced CNV, in growth under fermenting conditions, and in the quality of the beer they produced. ", "In this case, we speculate that RRPrNerP7 represents the wild yeast ancestor, which naturally resides on olives ([@B82], [@B83]), while RRPrTmd13 is a domesticated descendant, which was selected for \"successful\" mead production. ", "It might also suggest that wine and oil were prepared at proximal sites.", "\n\n10.1128/mBio.00388-19.7\n\nComparison of duplicated genes related to beer production in the genetically similar yet distinct beer-producing yeast strains EBEgT12 and EBEgB8, both found in En-Besor. ", "Presented here are the copy numbers of genes that are expected to have undergone duplication or deletion of copies in beer-producing yeast strains ([@B41]). ", "In addition, we present the Gene Ontology (GO) term and its description using the eggNOG ortholog database of orthologous groups and functional annotation (<http://eggnogdb.embl.de/#/app/home>) ([@B49]). ", "Download Table S3, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.", "\n\nCopyright © 2019 Aouizerat et al.", "\n\n2019\n\nAouizerat et al.", "\n\nThis content is distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license\n\n.", "\n\nRegarding the red colony yeast TLVEgRD4 (*R. glutinis*), we suggest that it contaminated the ancient beverage, as happens today in modern traditional beers ([@B42]), or perhaps, although less likely, it was part of the beer sediments and contributed to its flavors.", "\n\nIn summary, based on all of the above findings, we propose that it is highly likely that yeast strains EBEgT12, RRPrTmd13, and TZPlpvs2 are the descendants of the original ancient beverage-producing yeast strains. ", "We are less confident about TZPlpvs7, EBEgB8, and TLVEgRD4, which are perhaps descendants of contaminators of the ancient beverages. ", "The yeast isolated from lamps originated, most probably, from yeast that grew in the oil, and the remaining yeast strains from sediments and stones are probably wild yeasts.", "\n\nIt should be noted that for comparative reasons, the beers were brewed for these analyses using single yeast strains only, with a standard modern recipe. ", "It is possible that brewing beverages using traditional recipes, ingredients, and mixtures of the yeast strains and including those seemingly less fit for beverage production would have improved the brew quality. ", "Moreover, it is highly likely that the yeast strains we isolated here represent only a portion of the rich variety of microorganisms that originally inhabited the vessels and contributed to the fermentation processes of the ancient beverages.", "\n\nIn conclusion, we demonstrate here that isolating, growing, and studying fermenting microorganisms from ancient vessels in order to expand archaeological knowledge of ancient diet and food-related technologies are feasible. ", "These results, which allow a more precise recreation of ancient-like beverages than ever before, unlock enormous potential for the study of a broad range of food-related issues in antiquity. ", "This includes expanding the knowledge about the ancient diet of diverse societies in many periods and locations, the study of the functions of ancient vessels, facilities, and infrastructures, understanding links between cultures or identity groups and technological transfer between them, uncovering trade routes and food preparation technologies, and even obtaining insights into the actual somatic aspects (aroma and flavors) of ancient foods and beverages.", "\n\nFurthermore, the findings here might open new avenues in archaeological research, since we speculate that isolation of microorganisms from ancient remains is not limited to yeast, and it would be even easier to isolate bacteria due to their remarkable survival abilities. ", "Thus, this kind of approach can most probably be expanded to a broad range of topics, from disease-borne bacteria to food-associated bacteria, such as those used in fermented beverages, cheese, and pickles.", "\n\nThe next steps of the research, currently conducted in our lab, will include \"fingerprinting\" of modern and ancient vessels that contained various kinds of fermented foods and liquids. ", "This is performed using combined microbiome-like DNA analysis and microorganism's isolation, which we believe will provide valuable data on the dating, identification, and characterization of food containers and ingredients and even the reconstruction of ancient diets.", "\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS {#s4}\n=====================\n\nYeast growth. {#", "s4.1}\n-------------\n\nUnless otherwise mentioned, the yeast strains used in this work were routinely grown from a single colony, either in liquid YPD medium (Difco, USA) at 30°C under aerobic conditions with agitation (250 to 300 rpm) or on solid YPD medium containing 2% wt/vol Bacto agar (Difco, USA) incubated at 30°C. ", "Stocks of yeast strains were kept in −80°C in 50% glycerol.", "\n\nPreparation of control modern vessels for yeast isolation. {#", "s4.2}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nA modern clay vessel was broken into equally sized and shaped pieces and divided into two groups: group A pieces were buried \"as is,\" in three pits that were 30 cm deep and with a 2-m space between them in a city garden. ", "Group B shards were buried in the same way in a different city garden, situated several hundred meters away. ", "Prior to covering them up, the pieces of group B were sprayed with 300 ml of unpasteurized lager beer with a vital colony of the branded strain Fermentis-WB-34/70. ", "After 6 weeks, the pottery from both sites was retrieved and sent to the lab for yeast cell revival and isolation.", "\n\nYeast isolation from vessels and control samples. {#", "s4.3}\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nThe vessels were entirely flooded with rich YPD medium (Difco, USA) and incubated at room temperature for 7 days. ", "Then, samples from the medium were streaked on selective agar plates for fungal isolation (NOVAmed BA-114, Israel) and incubated at 30°C for 12 to 48 h. Yeast colonies growing on the plates were replated on solid YPD agar plates, containing 2% wt/vol Bacto agar (Difco, USA). ", "Colonies were picked for further analysis.", "\n\nElectron microscopy. {#", "s4.4}\n--------------------\n\nCeramic samples were cut using a diamond disc power cutter (Dremel). ", "The surface morphology of the archaeological ceramic samples was examined using the FEI Quanta 200 scanning electron microscope situated in the core facility of the Hebrew University Medical School in Ein Kerem. ", "Samples were first sputtered by Au/Pd (SC7620; Quorum Technologies). ", "Images were then taken with a secondary electron detector at magnification ×10,000 to ×40,000 using a 10- to 30-kV accelerating voltage and a lens objective aperture of 30 to 20 μm.", "\n\nDNA purification. {#", "s4.5}\n-----------------\n\nYeast cell DNA isolation was performed as previously described ([@B84]). ", "Briefly, 10 ml of overnight cultures was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 5 min and washed in sterile water. ", "The cells were treated with 200 μl of phenol chloroform, 0.3 g of acid-washed glass beads, and 200 μl of Smash and Grab solution ([@B84]) and lysed using a vortex for 3 min, after which TE buffer was added. ", "The cells were centrifuged, and the aqueous layer containing the DNA was transferred to 1 ml ethanol and then washed and suspended in Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer. ", "One microliter of RNase (10 mg/ml DNase- and protease-free RNase; Thermo Fisher Scientific) was added, and the solution was incubated at 37°C for 5 min. ", "Ten microliters of ammonium acetate (4 M) and 1 ml of ethanol were then added, and the solution was washed, and suspended in 100 μl of TE buffer. ", "The extracted DNA was stored at −20°C. ", "DNA quantification was carried out on a Synergy H1 microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc., VT), using a Take3 microvolume plate.", "\n\nITS analysis. {#", "s4.6}\n-------------\n\nThe internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the yeast was amplified using standard Illumina primers as described at the Earth Microbiome Project website (<http://www.earthmicrobiome.org/protocols-and-standards/its/>). ", "PCR fragments were Sanger sequenced by the interdepartmental sequencing unit of the Hebrew University. ", "The sequences were identified by BLAST analysis against the ISHAM barcoding database (<http://its.mycologylab.org>) and the NCBI database (<https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi>).", "\n\nDNA sequencing. {#", "s4.7}\n---------------\n\nSequencing was performed in the interdepartmental unit at the Hebrew University, Hadassah Ein Karem Campus. ", "Libraries were prepared by using a Nextera XT DNA kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA), and DNA was amplified by a limited-cycle PCR and purified using AMPure XP beads. ", "The DNA libraries were normalized, pooled, and tagged in a common flow cell at 2 × 250 base-paired-end reads using the NextSeq platform.", "\n\nGenome assembly. {#", "s4.8}\n----------------\n\nIllumina adaptors were removed with Trimmomatic 0.36 ([@B85]). ", "The quality of the reads was determined using FastQC (<https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/>). *", "De novo* assembly was then carried out with the Celera assembler 8.3rc2 ([@B86]), and non-target-species scaffolds were excluded using BlobTools V1 ([@B87]). ", "The sequencing and genome assembly effort was targeted at obtaining assemblies contiguous enough to derive protein coding gene data for phylogenomic analyses ([Table S5](#tabS5){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The resulting genome assemblies had coverages of 36× to 240× and *N*~50~ values of 2,842 to 15,623 bp ([Table S5](#tabS5){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "These data provided us with at least 2,702 protein coding genes per sample with a median length of at least 294 amino acids (aa). ", "The gene count variation could be the result of ploidy differences or of genome assembly artifacts and may cause the underestimation of one-to-one orthologs. ", "However, we were still able to curate a large and high-quality one-to-one ortholog gene subset to perform the phylogenomic analyses.", "\n\n10.1128/mBio.00388-19.7\n\nGenome assembly statistics. ", "N50 denotes the median length of contigs. ", "Download Table S5, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.", "\n\nCopyright © 2019 Aouizerat et al.", "\n\n2019\n\nAouizerat et al.", "\n\nThis content is distributed under the terms of the\n\nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license\n\n.", "\n\nBeer preparation. {#", "s4.9}\n-----------------\n\nFor beer production comparison, we followed a common standard recipe ([@B62]) where only the yeast strain was changed. ", "Water (5 liters) was heated to a pasteurization temperature of 72°C. ", "Malt extract was added to a final concentration of 100 g/liter, while thoroughly stirring, and allowed to infuse together for 30 min in temperatures between 63 and 67°C. ", "The solution was then heated to 100°C, and once boiling had occurred, 1 g/liter of hops was added. ", "The mixture was allowed to boil for 45 more minutes, followed by the addition of another 1 g/liter of hops. ", "The mixture was then heated for an additional minute. ", "Previously prepared ice-cold water was then added to the mixture, and the prepared wort was transferred to a sanitized fermentor and brought to a final volume of 10 liters. ", "The wort was left at room temperature for 30 min before being divided into fermentation vessels and then overnight cultures of yeast were added. ", "Fermentation typically began within 12 to 48 h, and the mixture was left untouched for a week.", "\n\nHS-SPME procedure and GC-MS analysis of beer. {#", "s4.10}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nThe method we used was based on the method described by Rodriguez et al. ([", "@B66]). ", "Beer bottles were cooled at 4°C to prevent loss of volatiles. ", "The beer sample (6 ml), a magnetic stirrer, 100 μl of an internal standard (5 ppm 2-octanol) and 1.8 g of NaCl were added to 20-ml SPME headspace vials and were sealed with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-silicon septum (Supelco). ", "The samples were then incubated for 10 min at 44.8°C in a water bath on a heating plate and stirred by magnetic stirrer. ", "The septum covering the vial headspace was pierced with the needle containing the SPME fiber and retracted, and the fiber was subsequently exposed to the headspace for 47 min at 44°C and then inserted directly into the GC-MS injection port. ", "SPME fiber, consisting of 50/30-μm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) with a length of 2 cm, and the manual holder were purchased from Supelco (Sigma-Aldrich). ", "The analyses were performed using a gas chromatograph (Agilent 6890N) fitted with splitless injection with a liner suitable for SPME analysis and an Agilent 5973 mass spectrometer (MS) detector in full-scan mode. ", "Agilent MSD ChemStation software was used to control the gas chromatograph (G1701-90057). ", "Ultrahigh-purity-grade helium was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. ", "Samples were analyzed on a DB-5MS UI column (30 m by 0.250-mm inside diameter by 0.25-μm film thickness) from Agilent. ", "The oven temperature was programmed as follows: 40°C as initial temperature, held for 5 min, followed by a ramp of temperature at 4°C/min to 60°C and then at 8°C/min to 200°C, then held for 15 min, holding at this temperature for 5 min. ", "An electron impact ionization technique was used at 70 eV. The detector range of the scan was from *m*/*z* 10 to 250. ", "Suggestions for the identification of the detected peaks were carried out by the Wiley mass spectrometry database. ", "Peak areas were calculated using the integration order in the ChemStation software. ", "For each sample, we determined the peak area for 2-octanol standard and ethanol, as well as for 35 aroma compounds usually found in beer. ", "Following the integration of the 2-octanol peaks, we were not satisfied with its repeatability between technical repeats. ", "Thus, we decided to use the peak areas of ethanol, which was separated clearly and was highly correlated to its determination by distillation in our lab, as an internal standard for each sample. ", "To achieve normalized ethanol peak areas, we divided the peak area of ethanol by its concentration (percentage) determined by distillation, for each beer sample. ", "Finally, the relative peak area for each compound was calculated by dividing the peak area of the compound to that of the normalized ethanol peak area, and multiplied by 1,000, to get more presentable numbers. ", "This allows us a presentation of qualitative analysis of relative peak areas for each compound across our samples. ", "The results presented and the statistical analysis were done by averaging the three biological samples for each yeast strain.", "\n\nDetermination of carbohydrates in beers. {#", "s4.11}\n----------------------------------------\n\nStock solutions of phenol (J&K Scientific Gmbh) at 0.05 g/ml and [d]{.smallcaps}(+)-glucose (Merck) at 100 μg/ml were prepared. ", "Glucose standards in aliquots of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 13, and 20 ml of the glucose stock solution were pipetted and transferred into nine 30-ml beakers. ", "An adequate amount of distilled water was added to make a final volume of 20 ml. ", "Each solution (2 ml) was measured and transferred into 10 test tubes. ", "The phenol (2 ml) and 10 ml of the concentrated 95 to 97% sulfuric acid (Merck) were pipetted and added to each of the 10 test tubes. ", "A light orange color developed, and the tube was allowed to stand for 10 min. ", "The solutions were then transferred into 1-cm path-length cuvettes, and the absorbances were measured at 485 nm with a UV spectrophotometer (Genesys 10S UV Vis, Thermo). ", "For measurements, 1 ml of beer was measured and transferred into a 1-liter volumetric flask. ", "Distilled water was added to make a 1,000-ml solution. ", "Aliquots (2 ml) were transferred into test tubes and mixed with 2 ml phenol solution and 10 ml concentrated sulfuric acid. ", "A light orange color developed, and the absorbance was measured at 485 nm after 10 min. ", "Results were determined by averaging triplicate measurements. ", "The ethanol concentration in beer samples was determined using a Super Dee digital distillator and a Super Alcomat electronic hydrostatic balance (Gibertini, Italy). ", "pH values of beer samples were measured using a Hanna HI 2211 pH meter (Hanna Instruments).", "\n\nTo analyze their spectrophotometric properties, the beer samples were degassed and centrifuged followed by a spectrophotometric (Genesys 10S UV Vis; Thermo Scientific) measurement at 430 nm (10-mm quartz cuvettes). ", "Beer color was calculated by two scales: SRM and EBC, where SRM = absorbance × 12.7 and EBC = absorbance × 25.0. ", "To determine the beers' density, we used a hydrometer (\"Alla\" Franc).", "\n\nBeer tasting. {#", "s4.12}\n-------------\n\nThe flavor and aroma assessments were performed according to the BJCP's judge procedure manual (<https://www.bjcp.org/judgeprocman.php>) as follows. ", "A 100-ml sample was served to the assessors in identical vessels to prevent variations of aroma and flavor compound distribution. ", "The assessors then recorded their impressions discreetly on a recognized form to avoid bias between the tasters. ", "The forms, interdivided according to the subject's appearance, aroma, flavor, and overall impression, were then collected, summarized, and processed. ", "The summary ignored the appearance and overall impression sections, as well as hop flavor and aroma entries, and focused primarily on known fermentation by-products and sugar residue compounds. ", "All \"named entries\" on the forms (such as caramel/fruity/etc.) ", "come with a notation of the strength of the flavor/aroma derives from on a scale of 1 to 5 (left column on the evaluation form) and averaged by 5 testers.", "\n\nStatistical analysis. {#", "s4.13}\n---------------------\n\nStatistical analysis was performed using R (<https://www.r-project.org>) and Prism Graphpad 7 (<https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/>). ", "Differences between growth curves in wort medium ([Fig.", " 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) were calculated using R \"growthcurver\" package (<https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/growthcurver/vignettes/Growthcurver-vignette.html>) by fitting the growth data to the logistic equation. ", "The *r* parameters of each curve were compared either to that of SafAle S.04, a modern beer yeast that served as a control, or to each other using principal-component analysis (PCA) with the R prcomp() command. ", "For significance distances from the control growth curve, we used the Student\\'s *t* test. ", "Differences between aromatic and flavor compounds in beer produced by the isolated yeast strains ([Fig.", " 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and the aromas and flavors of these beer were compared by clustering analysis using R function hclust()with the method \"complete\" and the dist() function with the method \"euclidean.\" ", "The dendrograms and clusters were created using Ward hierarchical clustering with bootstrapped *P* values using the R pvclust() method from R package pvclust, with parameters hclust=\\\"ward.", "D2\" and method.dist=\\\"Euclidean.\"", "\n\nData availability. {#", "s4.14}\n------------------\n\nRaw reads are available in GenBank under accession no. ", "PRJNA449847. ", "Genetic sequence analysis input and output files are available in the figshare repository (<https://figshare.com>), with accession numbers as provided in the figure legends.", "\n\n**Citation** Aouizerat T, Gutman I, Paz Y, Maeir AM, Gadot Y, Gelman D, Szitenberg A, Drori E, Pinkus A, Schoemann M, Kaplan R, Ben-Gedalya T, Coppenhagen-Glazer S, Reich E, Saragovi A, Lipschits O, Klutstein M, Hazan R. 2019. ", "Isolation and characterization of live yeast cells from ancient vessels as a tool in bio-archaeology. ", "mBio 10:e00388-19. ", "<https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00388-19>.", "\n\nWe thank the Israel Antiquities Authority and the Israel Nature and Parks Authority for assistance and the staff and team members of the Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project (Bar-Ilan University) and the Ramat Rachel Archaeological Project (Tel Aviv University). ", "Thanks to G. Litani, D. Barkan, and D. Abu-Salah, excavators of the site at Ha-Masger St. Tel Aviv. ", "We also thank the members of the Beer Judge Certification Program (BJCP) Omer Basha, Noam Shalev, Ephraim Greenblat, and Roi Krispin and the beer experts and brewers Shmuel Naky, Eyal Grossman, Ulrike Genz, Franz Pozelt, and Yisrael Atlow for tasting and evaluating our beers. ", "We thank the team of the Interdepartmental Core Unit of the Hebrew University at the Hadassah Ein Karem campus, Edi Berenshtein for assistance with the electron microscopy, and Abed Nasereddin and Idit Shiff for NGS sequencing. ", "We also thank Marina Faerman, Philipp Stockhammer, and Christina Warinner for critical reading of the manuscript and Ayelet El-Boher, Sharon Ben-Hur, and Maayan Margulis for technical assistance. ", "Last, we thank the Kedma winery, Kfar Uria, Israel, for supplying fragments of a wine clay container that had been unused for the last 2 years.", "\n\nR.H. and M.K. designed the experiments. ", "T.A., D.G., S.C.G., E.R., M.S., and R.K. isolated and characterized the yeast strains. ", "A. Szitenberg analyzed the genomic data. ", "I.G. produced the beer. ", "Y.P., A.M.M., Y.G., and O.L. contributed the vessels from their excavations and shared their archaeological insights, and A. Saragovi participated in archaeological sample preparations. ", "E.D. and A.P. analyzed the beer compounds. ", "T.B.G. performed the electron microscopy imaging. ", "R.H., M.K., and S.C.G. analyzed the results. ", "R.H., M.K., Y.P., A.M.M., Y.G., A. Szitenberg, A. Saragovi, and E.D. wrote the manuscript. ", "R.H., A.M.M., and T.B.G. prepared the figures.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n[^1]: M.K and R.H. contributed equally to this article.", "\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
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[ "That tingling sensation you’re currently feeling in your fingertips, your toes, your arms, your legs and/or your chest?", "\n\nIt’s not that extra helping from the holiday gravy boat or the excessive eggnog you’ve imbibed over the last few days. ", "You’re not about to have a stroke from eating too much of the honey-glazed spiral ham and it’s not the heightened effect of tryptophan from all that good, good turkey eating either. ", "That feeling, my friends, is your pop-cultured spider-sense: an early warning system set to caution you on potential pop-culture threats.", "\n\nSo, why is it tingling so acutely right now? ", "Brace yourselves. ", "Today marks the end of an era.", "\n\nToday, the long-running Amazing Spider-Man monthly comic book series ends with issue #700. ", "And I’m afraid our favourite web-headed superhero won’t be making it into a new issue #1.", "\n\nWait. ", "WHAT???", "\n\nAmazing Spider-Man #700\n\nWritten by: Dan Slott and others\n\nIllustrated by: Humberto Ramos and others\n\nPublished by: Marvel Comics\n\nFor the past few months, within the pages of Amazing Spider-Man, writer Dan Slott has been detailing the slow death of Otto Octavius, better known to the world as Spidey’s arch-villain, Doctor Octopus. ", "Hooked up on a life-support machine and semi-coherent, Doc Ock has weakly been whispering “Peter Parker” over and over again, unable to release himself from the obsession of his long-standing enemy. ", "Two issues ago, on the brink of the man’s demise, Spider-Man finally approached his once powerful antagonist in order to “goodbye” and Slott revealed his great storyline trick: that the brilliant Doctor Octopus had somehow transported his consciousness into Peter Parker’s body and sent Parker’s mind into the dying physique of Otto Octavius! ", "It was Peter whispering his own name time after time – trying to alert someone to the evil machinations of his adversary!", "\n\nCrazy!", "\n\nWhat’s crazier is that Otto’s fragile body finally gives out and flat-lines and the Otto-Spider-Man sets out into the world as a would-be “reborn” costumed hero!", "\n\nBut that’s not all! ", "No, the craziest footnote to what’s going on in the world of Spider-Man is that in the wake of this particular plot thread and the lead-in to historic issue #700, Dan Slott has actually received death threats and threats of violence! ", "Authorities have been alerted and Slott, ever the slinger-of-words, continues on writing the Spidey story of his life, one long in the making, racing towards January of 2013.", "\n\nWhat’s happening in January of 2013? ", "Only the premiere issue of Superior Spider-Man #1. ", "And no, it’s not Peter Parker under the mask.", "\n\nCrazy!", "\n\nSo make the run to your local comic book shop on Boxing Day. ", "A historic conclusion to one of the greatest comic book titles ever published, Amazing Spider-Man #700 is sure to sell out fast! ", "And if you’re tied up and can’t make it…make like Doc Ock and transfer your cognitive essence to someone fleet of foot. ", "You need to be reading this book today!", "\n\nEvery Wednesday, JP makes the after-work run to his local downtown comic book shop. ", "Comics arrive on Wednesdays you see and JP, fearful that the latest issue will sell out, rushes out to purchase his copy. ", "This regular, weekly column will highlight a particularly interesting release, written in short order, of course, because JP has to get his – before someone else does!", "\n\nShare this:\n\nTweet\n\n\n\nEmail\n\n\n\nPrint\n\n" ]
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[ "El Rey del Braie.", "\nTwo women are shown crowning a penis, which sticks up from a pair of 14th C. boxer shorts.", "\nThis pendant reflects the general observation that the penis is a sort of a king. ", "Copy\nof a Netherlandish original, first half of the 15th C." ]
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[ "Cross-sectional studies on Schistosoma mansoni infection in northeast Brazil.", "\nStudies on the prevalence and morbidity of Schistosoma mansoni infection were carried out in selected areas of northeastern Brazil. ", "The study revealed that both prevalence and morbidity rates were significantly higher in rural than in urban areas. ", "No statistically significant differences in prevalence and morbidity were found in relation to sex. ", "The age-specific prevalence curve was found to be of the usual shape found in highly endemic areas of the country: it reaches its peak in the 10-14 group, and slightly decreases in the older groups. ", "Although it is generally admitted that hepatosplenic forms of the disease occur more frequently between 10 and 40 years of age, the present study has shown that the proportion of these severe cases increases with increase of age." ]
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[ "The image shows a work by Mario Airò (light projection on floor and ceiling) together with the installation by Massimo Bartolini: A broken door on legs made of the wood of the same door makes up a table." ]
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[ "[Statins diabetogenicity: are all the same? ", "state of art].", "\nStatins are the cornerstone of cardiovascular prevention for general population, and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ", "However, statin therapy predisposes to type 2 diabetes, particularly in patients with predisposition to this condition. ", "Some statins have been associated with increases in blood glucose in patients with or without DM2, and others have shown to have neutral effects, varying from one another their glucose or diabetogenic capacity. ", "In many statin trials the incidence of DM2 has not been systematically evaluated and others the power to detect differences between statins is lacking. ", "Evidence highest quality available comes from the meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. ", "The only controlled clinical trial to evaluate the incidence of new-onset T2DM is the J-PREDICT conducted with pitavastatin in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance. ", "Preliminary results of this study show that pitavastatin is associated with a significant decrease in the incidence of de novo T2DM compared to only modification lifestyle. ", "Therefore, pitavastatin may be an appropriate therapeutic alternative of choice to reduce vascular risk in patients with T2DM or at risk of presenting it." ]
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[ "NK cells have the ability to become activated under the appropriate conditions by utilizing one or more cell surface receptors that are capable of inducing NK cell cytokine production and/or cytotoxicity. ", "The expression of a variable array of inhibitory receptors on the surface of NK cells act to counterbalance the positive signals initiated through activating receptors. ", "Increasing evidence suggests an important role for both activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors in an appropriate and controlled NK response to infectious agents. ", "During the previous funding period we found that Killer Cell Lectin Like Receptor G1 (KLRG1), an evolutionary conserved inhibitory receptor expressed at the NK cell surface is a ligand for N-cadherin and E-cadherin molecules. ", "Classical cadherins are Ca2+ dependent homophilic cell adhesion molecules expressed in almost all tissues. ", "Classical cadherins are transmembrane components of a number of cellular junctions. ", "The binding of these immune receptors to cadherin is intriguing and opens new unanticipated avenues of research. ", "Our recent preliminary data demonstrate that the KLRG1/cadherin interaction has an impact not only on NK cells but also on cells expressing E-cadherin such as dendritic cells. ", "We therefore propose to study the consequence of cadherin engagement by KLRG1 at the cellular and molecular levels. ", "In Specific Aim 1, we will investigate the consequence of cadherin/KLRG1 interaction in vitro in order to determine the functions of KLRG1 associated phosphatases. ", "In Specific Aim 2, we will determine how KLRG1 interaction with cadherin influences cadherin stability, cell surface expression, and trafficking. ", "In Specific Aim 3, we propose to regulate the intensity of cadherin/KLRG1 interaction in vivo and to examine the consequences of a decreased or increased interaction during viral infection. ", "We believe the results of these studies will expand our current knowledge of NK cell and dendritic cell biology. ", "It will also provide insights into the function of cadherins during an immune response to pathogens." ]
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[ "St Mary's Church, Temple Balsall\n\nSt Mary's Church, Temple Balsall is a parish church in the Church of England in Temple Balsall, Solihull, West Midlands, England.", "\n\nHistory\nThe church is of 13th century style but was heavily restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1849. ", "The church is a Grade I listed building.", "\n\nIt is thought that the church was built by the Knights Templar and is the Mother Church of the Templars and the Knight Hospitallers. ", "Knights of both Orders are illustrated in the Altar window.", "\n\nOrgan\nThe church has a small pipe organ by Porritt of Leicester, which was restored and revoiced by the late Peter Collins 2012-2014. ", "A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.", "\n\nSee also\n\nBalsall Preceptory\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Grade I listed churches in the West Midlands\nCategory:Preceptories of the Knights Hospitaller in England\nCategory:Church of England church buildings in the West Midlands (county)\nCategory:Anglo-Catholic church buildings in the West Midlands (county)" ]
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[ "Los Angeles officials have launched an investigation into allegations that two on-duty city traffic officers participated in a pornographic video using city uniforms and a city vehicle.", "\n\nThe Department of Transportation employees were placed on administrative leave Thursday pending completion of the inquiry, according to Amir Sedadi, the agency’s interim general manager. ", "The investigation stems from inquiries by KNBC Channel 4, which planned to air an investigative report on the employees Friday night.", "\n\nAccording to the station, the video was posted on an adult subscription website and shows an actress approaching a city traffic officer and jumping into his arms.", "\n\nThe officer spanks the woman and fondles her bare breasts, the station said on its website.", "\n\n\nA second officer is spanked by the actress, who then gets into an official city car and performs lewd acts on herself, according to KNBC’s account.", "\n\nA parking enforcement manager knew of the employees’ behavior more than two months ago — and referenced it in a memo to superiors and employees — but failed to take disciplinary action, the station reported.", "\n\nThe department received anonymous photos earlier this year of the alleged misconduct, but faces were blurry and identifying numbers on badges and what appeared to be city cars were blocked out, spokesman Christopher Rider said. “", "There was nothing identifiable on those pictures,” he said. ", "It was only after additional information was received from the television station that the investigation involving specific employees was launched, Rider added. ", "He declined to name the officers.", "\n\nCouncilman Bill Rosendahl, chairman of the city Transportation Committee, was briefed on the investigation and said he was “appalled and outraged.”", "\n\n\n“If there is any criminal aspect to this, there will be action,” he said.", "\n\nThe city’s parking ticket operation has come under frequent criticism, including an audit released this week saying that millions of dollars in fines racked up by chronic scofflaws have gone uncollected at a time when the city is facing budget shortfalls.", "\n\nSedadi said his agency “does not condone or tolerate unacceptable or inappropriate behavior from any of our employees.”", "\n\n“The allegations involving these two individuals in no way should be taken as representative of the nearly 600 professional” parking and traffic officers in the city, he said.", "\n\n\nThe city attorney, the Los Angeles Police Department and personnel department investigators may be involved in the investigation as it moves forward, a Transportation Department spokesman said.", "\n\nrich.connell@latimes.com" ]
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[ "---\nabstract: 'We use Monte-Carlo Markov chain techniques to constrain acceptable parameter regions for the Munich L-Galaxies semi-analytic galaxy formation model. ", "Feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) is required to limit star-formation in the most massive galaxies. ", "However, we show that the introduction of tidal stripping of dwarf galaxies as they fall into and merge with their host systems can lead to a reduction in the required degree of AGN feedback. ", "In addition, the new model correctly reproduces both the metallicity of large galaxies and the fraction of intracluster light.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'P. A. Thomas'\n- 'B. M. Henriques'\nbibliography:\n- 'thomas\\_p.bib'\ntitle: The role of active galactic nuclei in galaxy formation\n---\n\n[ address=[Astronomy Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK]{} ]{}\n\n[ address=[Astronomy Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK]{} ,altaddress=[Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, UK]{} ]{}\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThis paper describes the implementation of a model for dwarf galaxy disruption within the semi-analytic framework of @LuB07 [hereafter DLB07]. ", "The original model was suggested by @HBT08 as a way of both reducing the excess of dwarf galaxies and creating the intracluster light (ICL); however this was implemented *a posteriori*, acting only to reduce the dwarf population at the current day. ", "The new model follows the stripping of dwarfs as they fall into the halos of their parent galaxy, thus gradually reducing their mass: affecting their infall rates, increasing the time-scale for, and decreasing the magnitude of, the merger with the central object.", "\n\nFor the purposes of these conference proceedings, the most important result is that the masses of the black holes are reduced, with a corresponding reduction in the level of feedback of AGN energy into the interstellar medium. ", "This should be read in conjunction with the paper by Chris Short in this volume that investigates the degree to which the accretion energy is needed to provide feedback into the intracluster medium (ICM) in order to provide the observed entropy excess in clusters.", "\n\nMethod\n======\n\nAny semi-analytic model has a large number of parameters whose values need to be optimized. ", "These are not all independent and correlations between them can give insight into the key physical processes that are constrained by the observations. ", "DLB07 has 12 explicit parameters (as well as lots of hidden ones). ", "We fix all but 6 parameters in our analysis:\n\n- the star formation efficiency, $\\alpha_{\\rm SF}$\n\n- the AGN radio mode efficiency, $k_{\\rm AGN}$\n\n- the black hole growth efficiency, $f_{\\rm{BH}}$\n\n- the supernova reheating and ejection efficiency, respectively $\\epsilon_{\\rm{disk}}$ and $\\epsilon_{\\rm{halo}}$\n\n- the ejected gas reincorporation efficiency, $\\gamma_{\\rm ej}$\n\nIn @HTO09 [hereafter [Paper 1]{}] we introduced a Monte-Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) method for mapping out allowable likelihood regions in parameter space and used it to find the best-fitting values for the above parameters, using as constraints the $K$-band luminosity function, the $B-V$ colours, and the black hole-bulge mass ratio. ", "Subsequently we have introduced a self-consistent stripping model for the dwarfs [@HeT09 hereafter [Paper 2]{}]. ", "We summarise some of the results from that paper below.", "\n\nWe build our model on merger trees derived from the *Millennium Simulation* [@SWJ05], using a small but representative subset of the total volume for our MCMC analysis. ", "However, the results presented below come from applying the best-fit model to the entire simulation.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nThe best fit and confidence limits for the 6 free parameters in the model with satellite disruption, together with the published values from DLB07 and the best fit for the model without satellite disruption are shown in Table \\[tab:dismargestats\\]. ", "The most significant thing to note is that, in the disruption model, the star-formation rate is much enhanced and the rate of re-incorporation of expelled gas is reduced. ", "This results in a much lower fraction of cold gas in the interstellar medium and consequently a lower accretion rate onto the central black hole. ", "Thus the black hole masses are smaller in the disruption model, in better agreement with observations, and the feedback rates from AGN are reduced.", "\n\n \\[3pt\\] $\\boldmath{-2\\sigma}$ $-1\\sigma$ +1$\\sigma$ +2$\\sigma$\n ------------------------ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ----------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------\n $\\alpha_{\\rm{SF}}$ 0.03 0.039 0.17 0.078 0.13 0.28 0.53\n $k_{\\rm{AGN}}$ $7.5\\times10^{-6}$ $5.0\\times10^{-6}$ $5.3\\times10^{-6}$ $2.7\\times10^{-6}$ $3.7\\times10^{-6}$ $6.2\\times10^{-6}$ $7.9\\times10^{-6}$\n $f_{\\rm{BH}}$ 0.03 0.032 0.047 0.030 0.041 0.061 0.075\n $\\epsilon_{\\rm{disk}}$ 3.5 10.28 6.86 5.22 6.33 8.51 10.11\n $\\epsilon_{\\rm{halo}}$ 0.35 0.53 0.33 0.26 0.31 0.40 0.46\n $\\gamma_{\\rm{ej}}$ 0.5 0.42 0.13 0.076 0.12 0.24 0.30\n\n : Statistics from the MCMC parameter estimation for the parameters in the satellite disruption model ([Paper 2]{}). ", "The best fit and marginalized confidence limits are compared with the published values from DLB07 and with the best fit values obtained without the inclusion of satellite disruption ([Paper 1]{}).[]{data-label=\"tab:dismargestats\"}\n\nFigure \\[fig:disbhbm\\] shows a comparison of the model black-hole/bulge mass relation (contours) with observations (crosses). ", "Although the observations are biased to high-mass systems, the distribution of systems above and below the best-fit line are correct.", "\n\n![", "The black hole-bulge mass relation for the satellite disruption model (solid contours). ", "The red crosses represent observations from @HaR04 with the best fit to the data points given by the red line.[]{data-label=\"fig:disbhbm\"}](dismcmch2_bestfit_bhbm){width=\".8\\textwidth\"}\n\nAlthough not used to constrain the model, it is gratifying that it produces the correct amount of ICL (see Figure 9 of [Paper 2]{}). ", "In addition, as shown in Figure \\[fig:disbestfitmetals\\], it provides a much better match to the metallicity distribution of massive galaxies than the original model (in which massive galaxies accrete too many low-metallicy stars during mergers of dwarf satellites.)", "\n\n![", "Comparison between the metallicity stars in the best fit for the satellite disruption model (solid red lines), in the best fit for DLB07 (dashed red lines) and in observations from @GCB05 (blue squares and lines). ", "For all the data sets, the central line represents the median value of metallicity in each mass bin (the blue squares for the observational data), while the upper and lower lines represent the 16th and 86th percentiles of the distribution.[]{data-label=\"fig:disbestfitmetals\"}](dismcmch2_bestfit_metals){width=\".8\\textwidth\"}\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe black hole growth model presented here provides a real challenge for models that require AGN heating to raise the entropy of the ICM. ", "Even using the original DLB07 model, with its higher black hole masses, 35 per cent of the available rest mass energy is required (see article by Chris Short in this volume, also @ShT09). ", "Similar conclusions have been reached by @BMB08 using the Durham GALFORM semi-analytic model.", "\n\nThis work was undertaken using the Virgo Consortium cluster of computers, COSMA.", "\n\nBH acknowledges the support of his PhD scholarship from the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation which supported him for most of the time while this work was developed. ", "PAT was supported by an STFC rolling grant.", "\n" ]
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[ "The effect of buthionine sulfoximine on the growth of Leishmania donovani in culture.", "\nChanges in composition of the principal low molecular mass thiols of Leishmania donovani were monitored during the transformation of promastigotes, first to stationary phase metacyclic forms and then to amastigotes. ", "No consistent variation in the thiol composition of the parasite which could account for the known increase in resistance of metacyclic and amastigote lifecycle forms to oxidant stress could be established. ", "Amastigotes cultivated at 37 degrees C also produced ovothiol A, as judged by incorporation of radiolabel from [3-methyl]methionine and [14C]histidine, and the incorporation of radiolabel from [35S]cysteine into ovothiol A represented about 10-15% of the total label recovered in ovothiol A, glutathione and trypanothione. ", "Amastigotes were less susceptible than promastigotes to the effects of the redox cyclers paraquat and menadione and grew in culture in the presence of up to 20 mM buthionine sulfoximine, which completely blocked the synthesis of glutathione and its spermidine conjugates. ", "Glutathione and trypanothione biosynthesis is, therefore, not necessary for the replication of L. donovani amastigotes in culture. ", "Inhibition of the formation of glutathione and trypanothione did not result in an upregulation of ovothiol A production." ]
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[ "The present invention relates to limited slip differentials, and more particularly, to such differentials of the type referred to as locking differentials, having means for retarding differentiating action, and actuating means for actuating the retarding means.", "\nLimited slip and locking differentials of the type to which the present invention relates typically include a gear case defining a gear chamber and disposed therein, a differential gear set including at least one input pinion gear and a pair of output side gears. ", "A clutch pack is typically disposed between one of the side gears and an adjacent surface of the gear case, such that the clutch pack is operable to retard, or even prevent, rotation between the gear case of the side gears. ", "In a locking differential, disposed between the clutch pack and its adjacent side gear is a cam means, operable to engage the clutch pack upon relative rotation of the cam members.", "\nIn many limited slip and locking differentials, some sort of actuating mechanism is provided to actuate or move the clutch pack to its engaged condition. ", "One of the current trends in the field of vehicle traction modifiers involves the desire to be able to actuate the clutch packs in response to an external signal, rather than in response to the sensing of a predetermined speed differential as has typically been the case in the prior art.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,583,424 illustrates a locking differential in which the clutch is actuated by an actuator of the piston-cylinder type. ", "The device illustrated in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,583,424 may be generally satisfactory from an operational standpoint, the overall device is excessively complex, requiring fluid passages and expensive seal arrangements.", "\nAnother prior art device is shown in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,133,454, which illustrates a locking differential in which the locking is accomplished electromagnetically, in response to an input electrical signal. ", "This device is also excessively complex, requiring electromagnetic coils within the differential case, and a substantial increase in the total number of parts." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nGet the ID that for the node that has been just created\n\nI am trying to get the node ID that I have just created. ", "If I do the following code from this answer. ", "\n$node = \\Drupal::routeMatch()->getParameter('node');\nif ($node instanceof \\Drupal\\node\\NodeInterface) {\n // You can get nid and anything else you need from the node object.", "\n $nid = $node->id();\n}\n\nI implemented hook_ENTITY_TYPE_view() (just to test the code), but it gets the ID for all the nodes, while I want the ID of the node that has been created to modify a field value for that node. ", "Is this possible?", "\nShould I use the code I shown in a hook_form_alter() implementation or maybe inside a form submission handler? ", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you need to alter the value of a node field right after the node has been created, you don't need that code. ", "You just need to implement hook_ENTITY_TYPE_presave() and verify the node is new.", "\nfunction mymodule_node_presave(EntityInterface $entity) {\n if ($entity->isNew()) {\n // The node has been created.", "\n // Access the node field using $entity.", "\n }\n}\n\nIf then, for any reason, you need the node ID, you can access it with $entity->id().", "\nI used hook_ENTITY_TYPE_presave(), assuming the node needs to be saved with the new field value.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "2641411- RUI Ticket Follow-Up Document Creation\n\nSymptom\n\nWhen using RUI and clicking in the plus button (+) , only a few Business Objects can be created.", "\n\nEnvironment\n\nSAP Cloud For Customer\n\nReproducing the Issue\n\nGo to the Service work center.", "\n\nSelect the Tickets view.", "\n\nOpen Ticket ABC (ABC represents the name of the Ticket).", "\n\nClick in the plus button (+) , you are only able to create some specific Business Objects.", "\n\nCause\n\nOnly the following follow-up Documents can be created:\n\nFor Service Tickets:\n\nLead\n\nOpportunity\n\nSales Quote\n\nTicket\n\nFor Work Ticket:\n\nLead\n\nOpportunity\n\nWork Order\n\nAny other Business Objects cannot be created via this feature.", "\n\nResolution\n\nAt the moment this the expected behavior for the Tickets scenario. ", "In case you have a request for a different behavior, you may contact your implementation manager to help with such request or approach directly the SAP Cloud Service Center. ", "Note: The services of the SAP Cloud Service Center will be charged as packaged services based on fixed prices." ]
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[ "Neurodevelopmental follow-up at five years corrected age of extremely low birth weight infants after postnatal replacement of 17β-estradiol and progesterone.", "\nExtremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants are prone to impaired neurodevelopment. ", "The aim was to determine long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in ELBW infants after postnatal 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) replacement. ", "At 5-yr corrected age, ELBW infants were assessed for standardized cognitive and neurological outcome after postnatal randomized E2 and P replacement or placebo administration. ", "The follow-up examination was performed in a neuropediatric ambulatory care center. ", "Sixty-one of 71 surviving infants (86%) were available for follow-up. ", "Cognitive and neurological outcome was evaluated using the Kaufmann Assessment Battery for Children, the Gross Motor Function Classification Scale, and clinical neurological examination. ", "No significant differences were found between the replacement and placebo groups for the Gross Motor Function Classification Scale, presence of paresis, cerebral palsy, spasticity, and ametropia. ", "However, a significant time-response relationship was found with E2 and P replacement. ", "Every day of treatment reduced the risk for cerebral palsy (P=0.03), spasticity (P=0.01), and ametropia (P=0.01). ", "Postnatal E2 and P replacement may have potential in improving neurodevelopmental outcome in ELBW infants. ", "Larger trials are needed to test this new hypothesis." ]
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[ "Evaluation of wall motion abnormality by comparing values of cardiac output obtained by M-mode and Doppler echocardiography: Parameter revealing wall motion abnormality in stress echocardiography.", "\nDobutamine and dipyridamole stress echocardiographies are both well able to detect myocardial ischemia resulting from coronary diseases by recognizing the regional wall motion abnormality (WMA). ", "Here we report a method for describing WMA in detail. ", "In pharmacological stress echocardiography, because of difficulties in recognizing the two-dimensional pattern, accuracy sometimes depends upon the skill of the operator. ", "Two stroke volumes obtained using the M-mode and Doppler methods were examined to detect abnormal regional cardiac function by the dipyridamole stress test. ", "Stroke volume obtained by the M-modereflects regional cardiac function and that estimated from the outflow using the Doppler methodreflects total cardiac function. ", "These two stroke volumes were compared in normal subjects and patients with coronary-diseases. ", "The results indicated consistent discrepancies between these two stroke volume in the ischemic hearts as a results of coronary stenosis, whereas changes in stroke volumes in the normal subjects showed the same tendency. ", "This method of combining information about the regional and total functions is thus useful in examining the WMA and regional cardiac function, although it can not be applied to subjects whose stroke volume does not increase under stress." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.005045
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[ "Travel insurance for heart murmur\n\nAllClear has covered over 500,000 people with a wide range of medical conditions including heart murmur travel insurance. ", "Having a heart murmur shouldn’t have to stop you from travelling. ", "As long as your doctor has declared you fit to travel and your heart murmur is being treated with your doctor’s recommendations then there’s no reason you can’t enjoy some time away.", "\n\nWhen getting a quote, it’s important to declare your heart murmur and any other vital information about your condition. ", "If you have other conditions, it’s important to declare these too, to ensure you’re covered, should you need medical assistance for your medical conditions while abroad. ", "Failing to declare a condition could result in the claim being invalid so be sure to double check when going through the process!", "\n\nHeart disease travel insurance: The facts\n\nQuick comparisons with AllClear\n\nWe understand that you want to get the best quote for your heart murmur travel insurance, however, going through different websites and filling out your medical information can be time consuming. ", "That’s why AllClear offers a comparison service, meaning once you’ve been through the quote process you’ll be able to compare quotes from all of our specially selected insurance providers, saving you time and money.", "\n\nHow easy is it to get a quote for heart murmur travel insurance?", "\n\nDeclaring your heart murmur is simple. ", "When you’ve entered your trip details, you’ll be asked some questions about your heart murmur. ", "These questions will determine the severity of your heart murmur and if the heart murmur is linked to any other conditions.", "\n\nWhen going through the quote process, if you need any help throughout, we have a Live Chat service which you’ll see in the right hand bottom corner of the page. ", "You will be able to speak to someone from our contact centre through this, or if it’s out of hours, you’ll be able to write a message and someone will reply as soon as possible.", "\n\nGet quotes in just 3 easy steps\n\nOnce you are ready to start the quote process, the first step is to enter your personal details and information about your holiday plans.", "\n\n2. ", "Complete our simple medical screening process\n\nYou then select the medical conditions for you (and any other travellers) and answer the specifically designed medical questions.", "\n\n3. ", "Get your quotes\n\nA summary of the quotes offered will then appear for you to review. ", "You can save your quotes or proceed to purchase at this stage.", "\n\nUndiagnosed conditions\n\nIf you’re waiting for a diagnosis or your doctor is in the process of finding out if you have a heart murmur or what might be causing it, then we will not be able to offer cover during this time. ", "This is because we are unable to offer cover for undiagnosed conditions.", "\n\nOnce your condition has been officially diagnosed, in most cases we are then able to offer a quote." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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0.000638
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[ "<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?><!--\n ~ Copyright 2018 Coinbase, Inc.\n ~\n ~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n ~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n ~ You may obtain a copy of the License at\n ~\n ~ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n ~\n ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n ~ limitations under the License.", "\n -->\n\n<RelativeLayout xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n xmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n tools:context=\"com.coinbase.sample.", "TransactionsActivity\">\n\n <TextView\n android:id=\"@+id/accountText\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_alignParentTop=\"true\"\n android:layout_centerHorizontal=\"true\"\n android:layout_marginTop=\"16dp\"\n android:layout_marginBottom=\"16dp\"\n android:layout_marginLeft=\"30dp\"\n android:layout_marginRight=\"30dp\"\n android:hint=\"@string/no_accounts_loaded\"\n android:textAppearance=\"?android:attr/textAppearanceLarge\" />\n\n <android.support.v4.widget.", "SwipeRefreshLayout\n android:id=\"@+id/swipeRefreshLayout\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_alignParentBottom=\"true\"\n android:layout_below=\"@+id/accountText\">\n\n <android.support.v7.widget.", "RecyclerView\n android:id=\"@+id/recyclerView\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\" />\n\n </android.support.v4.widget.", "SwipeRefreshLayout>\n\n</RelativeLayout>\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
[ 0, 0.018604651162790697, 0.009316770186335404, 0.009345794392523364, 0.007874015748031496, 0.010434782608695653, 0.01048951048951049, 0.005291005291005291, 0 ]
0.007929
5
[ "when two letters picked without replacement from ajruv?", "\n1/20\nWhat is prob of sequence rw when two letters picked without replacement from {m: 1, e: 1, r: 2, k: 6, w: 5, z: 2}?", "\n5/136\nFour letters picked without replacement from {p: 1, o: 3}. ", "What is prob of sequence ooop?", "\n1/4\nCalculate prob of sequence jjj when three letters picked without replacement from djjdmjj.", "\n4/35\nWhat is prob of sequence sws when three letters picked without replacement from wohkosks?", "\n1/168\nCalculate prob of sequence od when two letters picked without replacement from {o: 1, d: 2, x: 1, t: 1, f: 1, z: 2}.", "\n1/28\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {i: 1, v: 3, l: 3}. ", "What is prob of sequence li?", "\n1/14\nWhat is prob of sequence mm when two letters picked without replacement from mmwqmzmzzz?", "\n2/15\nCalculate prob of sequence ggz when three letters picked without replacement from {g: 12, z: 4, w: 1, y: 2}.", "\n88/969\nCalculate prob of sequence jp when two letters picked without replacement from {o: 2, p: 2, j: 8}.", "\n4/33\nWhat is prob of sequence ttqj when four letters picked without replacement from {p: 4, t: 2, q: 1, j: 1}?", "\n1/840\nWhat is prob of sequence zyl when three letters picked without replacement from aayllzyyaayz?", "\n2/165\nFour letters picked without replacement from zjzkeezoekcjzej. ", "What is prob of sequence kjoj?", "\n1/2730\nCalculate prob of sequence bt when two letters picked without replacement from {z: 4, b: 6, t: 5}.", "\n1/7\nWhat is prob of sequence hqq when three letters picked without replacement from {q: 8, h: 2, g: 4}?", "\n2/39\nThree letters picked without replacement from nnnnnnn. ", "What is prob of sequence nnn?", "\n1\nWhat is prob of sequence hxx when three letters picked without replacement from {h: 6, x: 7, n: 4}?", "\n21/340\nThree letters picked without replacement from xoxsoccpccoce. ", "What is prob of sequence sxo?", "\n1/286\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {h: 1, g: 1, z: 3, o: 7, b: 2, m: 3}. ", "Give prob of sequence bo.", "\n7/136\nTwo letters picked without replacement from nhhnnnnhhnhnnn. ", "Give prob of sequence nn.", "\n36/91\nThree letters picked without replacement from qqwtwvho. ", "Give prob of sequence qov.", "\n1/168\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {h: 4, k: 2, l: 2, n: 1, d: 1}. ", "What is prob of sequence kh?", "\n4/45\nCalculate prob of sequence uo when two letters picked without replacement from {o: 4, c: 11, b: 2, u: 2}.", "\n4/171\nThree letters picked without replacement from fff. ", "Give prob of sequence fff.", "\n1\nTwo letters picked without replacement from vveneeevreet. ", "Give prob of sequence vn.", "\n1/44\nWhat is prob of sequence lrv when three letters picked without replacement from rvykrvrkrrkkvrlllkrr?", "\n1/95\nWhat is prob of sequence tr when two letters picked without replacement from ttrrtdr?", "\n3/14\nCalculate prob of sequence aaaa when four letters picked without replacement from jjajaajjjjajjjjjjajj.", "\n1/969\nThree letters picked without replacement from hhhlhhhhhl. ", "Give prob of sequence hll.", "\n1/45\nWhat is prob of sequence wwwi when four letters picked without replacement from wwwi?", "\n1/4\nThree letters picked without replacement from jjjtjjjjtjjjj. ", "What is prob of sequence ttj?", "\n1/78\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {m: 4, y: 1, u: 2, i: 3}. ", "Give prob of sequence ii.", "\n1/15\nWhat is prob of sequence ic when two letters picked without replacement from vccnieqv?", "\n1/28\nThree letters picked without replacement from ekekeekeeeeeekekkee. ", "What is prob of sequence eek?", "\n52/323\nCalculate prob of sequence oll when three letters picked without replacement from lalololololollaao.", "\n7/85\nWhat is prob of sequence as when two letters picked without replacement from ssacczy?", "\n1/21\nCalculate prob of sequence ho when two letters picked without replacement from tththho.", "\n1/14\nWhat is prob of sequence ln when two letters picked without replacement from nwnnmlnnnnmnnn?", "\n5/91\nThree letters picked without replacement from znqnqunununqu. ", "What is prob of sequence uuu?", "\n2/143\nCalculate prob of sequence uu when two letters picked without replacement from neuweuneeeneen.", "\n1/91\nCalculate prob of sequence ty when two letters picked without replacement from tyftftttyyytttyty.", "\n27/136\nFour letters picked without replacement from pxktc. ", "Give prob of sequence tkxc.", "\n1/120\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {c: 5, i: 2}. ", "Give prob of sequence ii.", "\n1/21\nWhat is prob of sequence aaaa when four letters picked without replacement from agaggagaag?", "\n1/42\nCalculate prob of sequence utq when three letters picked without replacement from {r: 1, d: 1, q: 1, u: 3, s: 4, t: 2}.", "\n1/220\nFour letters picked without replacement from {z: 1, e: 5, i: 2, o: 1}. ", "What is prob of sequence oeez?", "\n5/756\nCalculate prob of sequence pgg when three letters picked without replacement from {p: 3, z: 1, v: 2, g: 4}.", "\n1/20\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {b: 4, d: 1, m: 5, x: 1, v: 3}. ", "Give prob of sequence mv.", "\n15/182\nThree letters picked without replacement from {z: 4, k: 6, w: 10}. ", "Give prob of sequence kkk.", "\n1/57\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {y: 2, l: 4}. ", "Give prob of sequence yy.", "\n1/15\nCalculate prob of sequence uu when two letters picked without replacement from {f: 1, u: 14, y: 1}.", "\n91/120\nWhat is prob of sequence ul when two letters picked without replacement from ssusulsuulssssluusl?", "\n4/57\nThree letters picked without replacement from {d: 4, l: 3, p: 3, g: 1}. ", "What is prob of sequence gpp?", "\n1/165\nCalculate prob of sequence lz when two letters picked without replacement from gvvlvvzp.", "\n1/56\nCalculate prob of sequence ii when two letters picked without replacement from {i: 4}.", "\n1\nWhat is prob of sequence ou when two letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, l: 4, o: 1, u: 1, y: 3, k: 2}?", "\n1/132\nCalculate prob of sequence qq when two letters picked without replacement from jjjqqjjq.", "\n3/28\nWhat is prob of sequence yy when two letters picked without replacement from {e: 1, x: 7, y: 8, m: 2, n: 2}?", "\n14/95\nThree letters picked without replacement from qqnzy. ", "What is prob of sequence yqn?", "\n1/30\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {i: 4, h: 5, d: 3}. ", "Give prob of sequence hh.", "\n5/33\nFour letters picked without replacement from tdhxhttt. ", "What is prob of sequence ttht?", "\n1/35\nThree letters picked without replacement from {l: 6, o: 2, c: 3, q: 2}. ", "What is prob of sequence ocl?", "\n3/143\nWhat is prob of sequence jjh when three letters picked without replacement from {c: 1, h: 1, u: 3, a: 4, j: 5}?", "\n5/546\nThree letters picked without replacement from poozozo. ", "Give prob of sequence poz.", "\n4/105\nCalculate prob of sequence xk when two letters picked without replacement from {j: 2, x: 1, k: 3, n: 1}.", "\n1/14\nCalculate prob of sequence wew when three letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, j: 1, w: 3, k: 2, e: 2, f: 8}.", "\n1/340\nWhat is prob of sequence poc when three letters picked without replacement from pvwooooocooooepoov?", "\n11/2448\nWhat is prob of sequence ylc when three letters picked without replacement from {c: 7, l: 6, d: 1, m: 1, y: 2}?", "\n7/340\nWhat is prob of sequence ll when two letters picked without replacement from {l: 3}?", "\n1\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {c: 3, s: 1, n: 1, r: 2, v: 7}. ", "What is prob of sequence nr?", "\n1/91\nThree letters picked without replacement from xpjppppppxpxppxpxp. ", "What is prob of sequence ppx?", "\n55/408\nWhat is prob of sequence eeq when three letters picked without replacement from qqeeeeeeeqqeeeqe?", "\n55/336\nCalculate prob of sequence av when two letters picked without replacement from vxxaavax.", "\n3/28\nWhat is prob of sequence by when two letters picked without replacement from {y: 1, b: 4, e: 6, n: 1, s: 1, d: 2}?", "\n2/105\nFour letters picked without replacement from {s: 1, e: 18, m: 1}. ", "Give prob of sequence msee.", "\n1/380\nCalculate prob of sequence gge when three letters picked without replacement from oeogxxoogoxe.", "\n1/330\nThree letters picked without replacement from azzzyyyyzzzdyzyzz. ", "Give prob of sequence ayz.", "\n9/680\nCalculate prob of sequence sa when two letters picked without replacement from {d: 6, s: 4, a: 3, g: 1}.", "\n6/91\nFour letters picked without replacement from crkxuerkxxcr. ", "What is prob of sequence rccx?", "\n1/660\nFour letters picked without replacement from cqceccfbcceqbbnbbfe. ", "Give prob of sequence nbeq.", "\n5/15504\nThree letters picked without replacement from xoivx. ", "Give prob of sequence oxx.", "\n1/30\nThree letters " ]
{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
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0.001327
5
[ "Rental Rates\n\nAbout this property\n\nLa Fermette Private Farmhouse with Shared Pool. ", "This cottage/gite is in a village setting.", "\n\nBeautiful stone farmhouse and cottages set in 21 acres of private parkland bordered by National Forest.", "Fenced heated swimming pools, indoor playbarn and large secure child-friendly garden make it the perfect location for families.", "Great for walking and mountain biking with direct access to miles of signposted forest trails.", "\n\nBathrooms\n\nEntertainment\n\nTv with English satellite channels.", "Dvd and cd. ", "Childrens toy box and books. ", "Boardgames.", "\n\nGarden and outside\n\nThe house opens onto large fenced child-friendly garden with playset. ", "Outdoor table and chairs for 12, bbq and parasol.", "Fenced, heated 12 x 6m pool and adjacent toddlers pool. ", "Large playbarn with table tennis, table football and basket ball hoop. ", "Ideal for bikes and short tennis too.", "\n\nParking and garages\n\nDesignated parking area\n\nVisitor suitability\n\nIdeal house for family holidays, cycling, walking and golf holidays and special occasions." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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0.001995
5
[ "If this is your first visit, be sure to\ncheck out the FAQ by clicking the\nlink above. ", "You may have to register or Login\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ", "To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.", "\n\npacking rectangles into a container rectangle with minimum overlap\n\nHi!", "\nI have a case where I have a container rectangle of fixed dimensions, say WXH and I want to fill it up with two kinds of rectangles, with dimensions say w1Xh1 and w2Xh2,we can assume that w1,w2,h1 and h2 are integers, and these filling rectangles can be rotated by 90 degrees only. ", "I want to fill up the container rectangle completely, for which there will be overlaps between rectangles. ", "So, I have two objectives, first to determine minimum overlap area possible, and second determining the tiling placement(s) of rectangles that results in this minimum overlap area. ", "How do I approach this problem? ", "I have gone through the standard packing problems, and I guess none of them fulfill my requirement. ", "Thanks a lot!", "\n\nRe: packing rectangles into a container rectangle with minimum overlap\n\nclearly, the solution is far from being unique, so, do you need an exact solution or just an heuristic ? ", "in the latter case, a simple method could be to start from a uniform pseudorandom distribution of allowed rectangles filling the \"container\" surface completely; then, you could apply some relaxation algorithm to minimize overlap and the number of rectangles with the constraint of not creating holes in the tiling. ", "In order to do this, you could use physical inspired methods ( for example, in molecular dynamics so called montecarlo methods or annealing methods are used to \"relax\" molecular structure to minimize energy while retaining molecular bounds; in your case, this would tantamount to randomly move or delete rectangles with a probability proportional to the overlap change, or to model rectangles as physical bodies with a repulsion force related to the overlapped area etc ... ) or genetic algorithms or ...\n\nRe: packing rectangles into a container rectangle with minimum overlap\n\nOriginally Posted by superbonzo\n\nclearly, the solution is far from being unique, so, do you need an exact solution or just an heuristic ? ", "in the latter case, a simple method could be to start from a uniform pseudorandom distribution of allowed rectangles filling the \"container\" surface completely; then, you could apply some relaxation algorithm to minimize overlap and the number of rectangles with the constraint of not creating holes in the tiling. ", "In order to do this, you could use physical inspired methods ( for example, in molecular dynamics so called montecarlo methods or annealing methods are used to \"relax\" molecular structure to minimize energy while retaining molecular bounds; in your case, this would tantamount to randomly move or delete rectangles with a probability proportional to the overlap change, or to model rectangles as physical bodies with a repulsion force related to the overlapped area etc ... ) or genetic algorithms or ...\n\nHi superbonzo!", "\nThanks for the reply. ", "I am in search of an heuristic algo for the purpose, could you please elaborate the approach using modelling the rectangles as physical bodies repelling each other? ", "Thanks a lot!", "\n\nRe: packing rectangles into a container rectangle with minimum overlap\n\nOriginally Posted by stonu\n\ncould you please elaborate the approach using modelling the rectangles as physical bodies repelling each other?", "\n\nok, but to keep things simple, the first algorithm I'd try is:\n\n1) generate rectangles until the \"container\" is completely covered, the shape and position of the rectangles are choosen pseudorandomly, rectangle centers are picked uniformly in the container box\n\n2) for each rectangle exceeding the container area, move it inside the container the obvious way\n\n3) then, for each rectangle X, if X is fully covered by other rectangles then remove it. ", "Otherwise, for each other rectangle Y compute a displacement vector whose magnitude is proportional to the overlap area of X and Y and direction is such as to maximize the overlap decrease; then, sum up all displacements over X and clamp the result in order to forbid the rectangle to go outside the container and to forbid any rectangle corner to jump through any other rectangle boundary ( this is to avoid the formation of holes ); then, update X's position by adding the clamped displacement vector.", "\n\n4) repeat 3) until the system stabilizes or some overlap threshold is reached\n\nnote that you can use a spatial tree or a verlet list data structure to make the algorithm linear-time. ", "Moreover, the ability of mixing two intermidiate solutions the obvious way suggests a trivial genetic extension ... that said, it all depends on the esthetic effect you want to ultimately achieve ..." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
[ 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0, 0, 0.007067137809187279, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
0.000813
5
[ "\n662 F.Supp. ", "71 (1987)\nFIREMAN'S FUND INSURANCE COMPANIES and American Insurance Company, Plaintiffs,\nv.\nEX-CELL-O CORPORATION, et al., ", "Defendants.", "\nEX-CELL-O CORPORATION, et al., ", "Third-Party Plaintiffs,\nv.\nAIU INSURANCE COMPANY (successor to American International Insurance Company), et al., ", "Third-Party Defendants.", "\nCiv. ", "A. No. ", "85-71371.", "\nUnited States District Court, E.D. Michigan, S.D.\nMay 18, 1987.", "\n*72 Jeffrey Silberfeld, Rivkin, Leff & Radler, Garden City, N.Y., Robt. ", "S. Cubbin, Plunkett, Cooney, Rutt, Watters, Stanczyk & Pedersen, P.C., Detroit, Mich., for plaintiffs.", "\nRobert B. Webster, Richard C. Sanders, Hill, Lewis, Adams, Goodrich & Tait, Detroit, Mich., for Ex-Cell-O, McCord and Davidson; Eugene R. Anderson, Avraham C. Moskowitz, Steven P. Vincent, Anderson, Russell, Kill & Olick, P.C., New York City, of counsel.", "\nRaymond I. Foley, Jerome C. Gropman & Associates, Birmingham, Mich., Paul L. *73 Gingras and Thomas L. Hamlin, Robins, Zelle, Larson & Kaplan, Minneapolis, Minn., for Wausau Ins. ", "Co.\nBarry M. Kelman, Gofrank and Kelman, Southfield, Mich., for Travelers; H.G. Sparrow, III, Dickinson, Wright, Moon, Van Dusen & Freeman, Detroit, Mich., of counsel.", "\nStephen Ormond, Peter B. Kupelian, Southfield, Mich., for Zurich Am. ", "Ins. ", "Co.\nLeonard B. Schwartz, Southfield, Mich., for Royal Indem.", "\nDeborah A. Pitts, Robert A. Zeavin, Buchalter, Nemer, Fields, Chrystie & Younger, Los Angeles, Cal., ", "for AIU Ins. ", "Co. and Highland Ins. ", "Co.\nStephen M. Kelley, Kitch, Saurbier, Drutchas, Wagner & Kenney, P.C., Detroit, Mich., Mitchell L. Lathrop, Adams, Duque & Hazeltine, San Diego, Cal., ", "James R. Case, Kerr, Russell and Weber, Detroit, Mich., for St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. ", "Co.\nMichael W. Hartmann, Miller, Canfield, Paddock & Stone, Detroit, Mich., Timothy C. Russell, Wilson M. Brown, III, Patricia A. Gotschalk, Drinker, Biddle & Reath, Washington, D.C., for Am. ", "Motorists, Am. ", "Manu. ", "Mut. ", "and Lumbermens Mut.", "\nCharles C. Cheatham, Detroit, Mich., for American Employers Ins. ", "Co.\nDavid M. Tyler, Sullivan, Ward, Bone, Tyler, Fiott & Asher, Detroit, Mich., and Samuel B. Issacson, Pretzel, Stouffer, Chartered, Chicago, Ill., for Prudential Re-Ins. ", "Co.\nThomas F. Myers, Garan, Lucow, Miller, Seward, Cooper & Becker, P.C. Detroit, Mich., and Andrea Sykes Foote, Lord, Bissell & Brook, Chicago, Ill., for Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's London and London Market Ins. ", "Co.\nPaul S. Koczkur, Harvey, Kruse, Westen & Milan, Detroit, Mich., for Mission Ins. ", "Co., Mission Natl., ", "and Integrity Ins. ", "Co.\nBernard P. McClorey, Ronald G. Acho, T. Joseph Seward, Cummings, McClorey, Davis & Acho, Livonia, Mich., for Hartford Acc. ", "and Indem. ", "Ins. ", "Co.\nScott L. Gorland, Claudia V. Babiarz, Pepper, Hamilton & Scheetz, Detroit, Mich., Stephen Jacobs, Siff, Newman, Rosen & Parker, New York City, for First State Ins. ", "Co. New England Reinsurance Corp.\nJames N. Martin, Martin, Bacon & Martin, P.C., Mt. Clemens, Mich., Thomas G. McHugh, for Pacific Employers Ins. ", "Co.\nWilliam Jamieson and David Bocan, Deneberg, Tuffley, Bocan, Jamieson, Black, Hopkins & Ewald, Southfield, Mich., for Northbrook Excess and Surplus Ins. ", "Co. (NESCO) n/k/a Allstate Ins. ", "Co.\nJ.R. Zanetti, Jr., Highland & Currier, P.C., Southfield, Mich., for Transport Indem. ", "Co.\n\nMEMORANDUM OPINION\nFEIKENS, District Judge.", "\nEx-Cell-O Corporation (\"Ex-Cell-O\"), its subsidiary McCord Gasket Corporation (\"McCord\"), and McCord's subsidiary Davidson Rubber Company (\"Davidson\") (\"policyholders\") move for partial summary judgment declaring the duty of Fireman's Fund Insurance Companies (\"Fireman's Fund\"), Wausau Insurance Companies (\"Wausau\"), and Zurich Insurance Company (\"Zurich\") (\"primary insurers\" or \"insurers\")[1] to defend the policyholders against potential liability for allegedly contributing to environmental contamination at twenty-two locations. ", "I have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332.", "\nEach site requires clean-up of environmental damage. ", "The critical question is who will pay for the work. ", "Congress addressed the question in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (\"CERCLA\"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601-9657, which authorizes administrative and judicial proceedings to effect clean-up of contaminated sites and to compel contributions to the cost of clean-up by owners and operators of the sites, and by generators of materials dumped at the sites. ", "Some states have enacted similar legislation.", "\n*74 At least one government agency has taken or is contemplating action pursuant to these statutes at each site. ", "The policyholders have received written notice, familiarly known as a \"PRP letter,\" from a government agency that considers them potentially responsible for contamination at sixteen sites.[2] From the owner or operator of four other sites, the policyholders have received written notice that an agency has taken action, and that the owner or operator considers the policyholders potentially responsible.[3] The policyholders expect imminent agency action at one site.[4] Finally, for one site, the policyholders are third-party defendants in a federal court action.[5]\nThe policyholders seek a defense at each site. ", "The insurers deny coverage. ", "The insurers on the risk during the time the policyholders allegedly used each site are:\n\n\nSite Alleged Use Insurer\nAlburn 1982 Fireman's Fund\nCannons-Bridgewater* 9/74-6/78 Wausau\nCannons-Plymouth* 9/74-6/78 Wausau\nCardinal* 1965-1969 Travelers\n 1970-1978 Wausau\n 1979-1985 Fireman's Fund\n 1986-present No known insurer\nCharles George* 2/77-12/78 Wausau\n 1/79-8/79 Fireman's Fund\nCity Chemical 12/81 Fireman's Fund\nClare 1966-1983 Fireman's Fund\nConservation* 8/75 Wausau\nDavidson* 1967-1969 Travelers\n 1970-1978 Wausau\n 1979-1985 Fireman's Fund\n 1986-present No known insurer\nDover* 1955-1961 No known insurer\n 1962-1969 Travelers\n 1970-1978 Wausau\nEnviro-Chem 8/21/81 & 12/1/81 Fireman's Fund\nKeefe* 1/14/77-12/31/78 Wausau\n 1/1/79-1/31/81 Fireman's Fund\nKingston (Ottati & 1965-1969 Travelers\nGoss)* 1970-1976 Wausau\nLiquid Disposal 1979-1981 Fireman's Fund\nPagel's 1/79-8/83 Fireman's Fund\nQuVoe 1983 Fireman's Fund\nRe-Solve 3/80-10/80 Fireman's Fund\nSilresim* 2/74-9/74 & 2/75 Wausau\nSpringfield 4/12/65-11/30/65 Zurich\n 12/1/65-7/31/67 Fireman's Fund\nTinkham Garage* 1978 Wausau\nUnion Chemical 1981-1984 Fireman's Fund\nWayne 4/80-12/82 Fireman's Fund\n\nAsterisked sites involve alleged dumping by McCord or Davidson prior to Ex-Cell-O's purchase of the companies in 1978. ", "Ex-Cell-O contends that its own insurance policies, as well as the policies issued separately to McCord and Davidson, cover these sites, but it does not test this claim on its motion for partial summary judgment. ", "Accordingly, the asterisked sites identify only the separate insurer for McCord or Davidson.", "\nThe policyholders purchased comprehensive general liability policies that define the insurers' duty to defend broadly. ", "Fireman's Fund and Wausau use identical language:\n[T]he Company shall have the right and duty to defend any such suit against the insured seeking damages on account of such bodily injury or property damage, even if any of the allegations of the suit are groundless, false or fraudulent, and may make such an investigation and settlement of any claim or suit as it deems expedient....\nThe Zurich policy is only slightly different:\n[T]he company shall ... defend any such suit against the insured alleging such injury, sickness, disease or destruction and seeking damages on account thereof, even if such suit is groundless, false or fraudulent; but the company may make such investigation, negotiation and settlement of any claim or suit as it deems expedient....\nThe language obligates the insurers to defend any claim against the policyholders *75 \"so long as the allegations against the insured even arguably come within the policy coverage.\" ", "The Detroit Edison Company v. Michigan Mutual Insurance Company, 102 Mich.App. ", "136, 142, 301 N.W.2d 832 (1980) (emphasis original).", "\nThe insurers claim they have no duty to defend the environmental claims until the policyholders become defendants in a traditional lawsuit for money damages. ", "The insurers construe their policies too narrowly: coverage does not hinge on the form of action taken or the nature of relief sought, but on an actual or threatened use of legal process to coerce payment or conduct by a policyholder. ", "In United States Aviex Company v. Travelers Insurance Company, 125 Mich.App. ", "579, 586, 336 N.W.2d 838 (1983), an insured won judgment declaring its insurer's duty to defend based only on \"threats of legal action\" by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. ", "Later, the Michigan Attorney General filed a court action seeking an injunction directing the insured to clean up a chemical spill at its own expense. ", "United States Aviex, 125 Mich.App. ", "at 588, 336 N.W.2d 838. ", "The court of appeals affirmed judgment against the insurer even though the Attorney General's suit sought only injunctive relief:\nIt is merely fortuitous ... that the state has chosen to have plaintiff remedy the contamination problem, rather than choosing to incur the costs of clean-up itself and then suing plaintiff to recover those costs.", "\nUnited States Aviex, 125 Mich.App. ", "at 590, 336 N.W.2d 838. ", "Accordingly, I hold that a \"suit\" includes any effort to impose on the policyholders a liability ultimately enforceable by a court, and that \"damages\" include money spent to clean up environmental contamination.", "\nThe insurers also argue that the exclusion for damages to property owned by the policyholders precludes coverage.[6] I hold that the exclusion does not preclude coverage because the claims at sites owned by the policyholders include property damage to adjoining landowners and to the public. ", "See United States Aviex, 125 Mich. App. ", "at 590-92, 336 N.W.2d 838 (coverage for damage to water beneath insured's property not precluded by the insured's property exclusion). ", "Cf. ", "Continental Insurance Companies v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical and Chemical Company, Inc., 811 F.2d 1180, 1187 (8th Cir.1987) (\"[R]elease of toxic wastes may cause `property damage' not only to the actual owner of the land, water, or air, but also to the state and federal governments....\").", "\nWausau and Fireman's Fund also deny coverage because of a pollution exclusion contained in some of their policies:[7]\nThis insurance does not apply ... to bodily injury or property damage arising out of the discharge, dispersal, release or escape of smoke, vapors, soot, fumes, acids, alkalis, toxic chemicals, liquids or gases, waste materials or other irritants, contaminants or pollutants into or upon the land, the atmosphere or any water course or body of water; but this exclusion does not apply if such discharge, dispersal, release or escape is sudden and accidental....\nApplication of the pollution exclusion depends exclusively upon the process by which pollutants entered the environment. ", "See Jonesville Products, Inc. v. Transamerica Insurance Group, 156 Mich.App. ", "508, 512, 402 N.W.2d 46 (1986) (\"The pollution exclusion focuses on the release of pollutants....\") (emphasis original). ", "The decisive inquiry is not whether the policyholders anticipated property damage, or *76 whether they regularly disposed of hazardous waste, but whether the pollutants entered the environment unexpectedly and unintentionally:[8]\nWe find that the circuit court [in holding that the insurer had no duty to defend] failed to distinguish between the frequency of acts which resulted in the release of contaminants and plaintiff's [insured's] knowledge or notice of the release of pollutants as a result of those acts. ", "The ... [underlying complaint] did not specify ... how the toxic wastes entered the ground. ", "There may have been either intentional dumping or burial, unintentional spills or leaks from inadequate containers, or other accidents. ", "The allegations ... are couched in general terms and encompass unintentional release into the ground.", "\n....\nThe circuit court erred in finding that the allegation of \"continuous\" negligent discharge of waste ... took [the underlying complaint] ... out of defendant's [insurer's] exception for \"sudden and accidental\" release. ", "It is possible that the releases could have been sudden, i.e., unexpected, and accidental, i.e., unintended, and thus outside the exclusion.", "\nJonesville, 156 Mich.App. ", "at 512, 402 N.W.2d 46.", "\nApplication of this standard requires additional facts. ", "Fireman's Fund and Wausau may not rely on the pollution exclusion to deny a defense until they are able to establish on a motion for summary judgment or at trial that the release of pollutants was expected or intended. ", "See Jonesville, 156 Mich.App. ", "at 513, 402 N.E.2d 46 (\"[I]t was the duty of defendant [insurer] to undertake the defense until it could confine the claim to a recovery that the policy did not cover.\"); ", "Detroit Edison, 102 Mich.App. ", "at 142, 301 N.W.2d 832 (insurer liable for defense as long as claims against the policyholders even arguably fall within the policy).", "\nFinally, the parties dispute the appropriate trigger of coverage. ", "The policies cover occurrences within the policy period. ", "I hold that each exposure of the environment to a pollutant constitutes an occurrence and triggers coverage. ", "See Continental Insurance, 811 F.2d at 1189 (\"We ... adopt the majority view that environmental damage occurs at the moment that hazardous wastes are improperly released.\"). ", "This holding parallels the rule established in the analogous situation of insurance coverage for asbestos claims. ", "Insurance Company of North America v. Forty-Eight Insulations, Inc., 451 F.Supp. ", "1230 (E.D.Mich.1978) (Feikens, J.), aff'd, 633 F.2d 1212 (6th Cir.1980), clarified on reh'g, 657 F.2d 814 (1981), cert. ", "denied, 454 U.S. 1109, 102 S.Ct. ", "686, 70 L.Ed.2d 650 (1981). ", "See also Continental Insurance, 811 F.2d at 1190 (noting analogy between coverage issues in asbestos and environmental litigation).", "\nThe policyholders allegedly exposed the sites to pollutants during the periods recorded earlier in this opinion. ", "An insurer on the risk during the period of alleged exposure is liable for the policyholders' defense in the proportion that the period it was on the risk bears to the total period of alleged exposure. ", "See Forty-Eight Insulations, 451 F.Supp. ", "at 1244. ", "The policyholders must bear their own pro rata share of costs for any period during which they had no coverage or cannot identify the insurer. ", "Id.\n*77 Accordingly, the policyholders' motion for partial summary judgment is granted.", "\nAn appropriate order may be submitted.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The policyholders have settled with Travelers Insurance Company.", "\n[2] The sites are: Alburn, Cardinal, Charles George, City Chemical, Clare, Davidson, Enviro-Chem, Keefe, Liquid Disposal, Pagel's, Re-Solve, Silresim, Springfield, Wayne, Cannons-Bridgewater, and Cannons-Plymouth.", "\n[3] The sites are: QuVoe, Tinkham Garage, Union, and Kingston.", "\n[4] The site is Dover landfill. ", "Stuart Affidavit, Exhibit O. Interestingly, Fireman's Fund alleges that the policyholders received a PRP letter for this site, and the policyholders' answer admits the allegation. ", "First Amended Complaint at ¶ 47; Policyholders' Answer to First Amended Complaint at ¶ 31 (admitting ¶ 47 of the First Amended Complaint).", "\n[5] The site is Conservation Chemical.", "\n[6] Wausau and Fireman's Fund policies provide:\n\nThis insurance does not apply ... to property damage to (1) property owned or occupied by or rented to the insured, (2) property used by the insured, or (3) property in the care, custody or control of the insured or as to which the insured is for any purpose exercising physical control....\nThe Zurich policy similarly provides:\nThis policy does not apply ... to injury or destruction of (1) property owned or occupied by or rented to the insured....\n[7] The pollution exclusion is part of every Wausau policy effective on or after January 1, 1972. ", "It is part of every Fireman's Fund policy effective on or after November 30, 1973.", "\n[8] The policies containing pollution exclusions generally cover any property damage caused by an occurrence:\n\n\"[O]ccurrence\" means an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to conditions, which results in bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured....\nApplication of this definition hinges upon whether the policyholders expected or intended property damage. ", "See American States Insurance Company v. Maryland Casualty Co., 587 F.Supp. ", "1549, 1552-54 (E.D.Mich.1984) (Gilmore, J.) (occurrence policy provides no coverage for property damage caused by the insured's regular business practice of illegally dumping toxic wastes). ", "An occurrence policy containing a pollution exclusion covers property damage caused by pollution only if both the property damage and the release of pollutants is unexpected and unintended.", "\n" ]
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[ "The top law enforcement official in one east Alabama county was chosen with the flip of a coin on Tuesday.", "\n\nDemocrat Henry Lambert and Republican James “Jim” Studdard were tied in the race for Clay County sheriff on Tuesday morning after all the votes were counted, each receiving 2,680 votes. ", "In accordance with state law, the two men agreed to a means for selecting a winner: A coin toss. ", "With both candidates present, the race was decided by flipping a coin.", "\n\nStuddard won the toss.", "\n\nClay County Probate Judge Dianne Branch confirmed the results were decided - at least temporarily - by the flip of a coin.", "\n\n“Both candidates have much for which to be proud; they are well-qualified and should be proud that the public recognized that,” she said.", "\n\nThe county’s probate office will hold a recount Friday morning, but officials from the probate office said it’s unlikely the second count will be different than the first.", "\n\nAccording to Alabama law, here’s how ties are decided: \"In all elections where there is a tie between the two highest candidates for the same office, for all county or precinct offices, it shall be decided by lot by the sheriff of the county in the presence of the candidates; and in the case of the office of circuit judge, senator, representative, or any state officer not otherwise provided for, the Secretary of State shall, in the presence of the Governor, and such other electors as may choose to be present, decide the tie by lot.”", "\n\nThis isn’t the first time a local election in Alabama has been decided via a coin toss after a tie. ", "In 1996, Bill Berry won a third term on the Limestone County Board of Education after he called heads. ", "In 2008, Herman Delmer Williams won a spot on the Washington County Commission. “", "I’ve never won anything by a coin toss before,” Williams said at the time. “", "I’ve always lost. ", "I started to go ahead and leave because I thought I had lost. ", "I guess it was just supposed to be.”" ]
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[ "Washington (CNN) In his first television interview since the midterm elections, President Donald Trump mounted an aggressive defense of his pick for acting attorney general and repeated some of his favorite misleading attacks against the Russia investigation.", "\n\nFox News anchor Chris Wallace pressed Trump on his decision to appoint Matthew Whitaker as acting attorney general, replacing the beleaguered Jeff Sessions. ", "And he got the President to divulge new details about the written answers he has prepared for special counsel Robert Mueller.", "\n\nThroughout the nearly 30-minute interview, which aired on Sunday, Trump made a series of statements that require fact-checking or additional context. ", "Here are five key examples.", "\n\nTrump says he didn't know Whitaker's anti-Mueller views\n\nTranscript:\n\nWALLACE: You have already made at least one big change, naming Matt Whitaker as your acting -- attorney general.", "\n\nTRUMP: Yes\n\nWALLACE: He has a long record of speaking out against the Special Counsel and his probe... Did you know, before you appointed him, that he had that record and was so critical of Robert Mueller?", "\n\nTRUMP: I did not know that. ", "I did not know he took views on the Mueller investigation as such.", "\n\nFact-check:\n\nWith this answer, Trump drew a line in the sand, stating unequivocally that he never knew about Whitaker's With this answer, Trump drew a line in the sand, stating unequivocally that he never knew about Whitaker's well-documented public criticism of Mueller and his ongoing investigation. ", "This denial is difficult to take at face value. ", "The entire reason Trump spent more than a year lashing out at Sessions was over his decision to recuse himself from the Russia probe. ", "It's hard to imagine that, given how much vitriol he spewed at Sessions over his recusal, Trump wouldn't make sure his new attorney general shared his views on Mueller.", "\n\nOn top of that, CNN previously reported that people close to Whitaker advised him that he could draw Trump's attention by ramping up his television appearances. ", "In 2017, Whitaker was a CNN legal contributor, and criticized Mueller on CNN programming, before he joined the Justice Department. ", "It's unclear whether this press strategy worked -- but Trump is an avid consumer of CNN and cable news.", "\n\nAlso, Trump's response could come into play in the future if House Democrats, who are already scrutinizing Whitaker, subpoena Whitaker to testify under oath about his appointment to the top job.", "\n\nTrump whitewashed Whitaker's attacks against Mueller\n\nTranscript:\n\nWALLACE: And when you found that out?", "\n\nTRUMP: I don't think it had any effect. ", "If you look at those statements -- those statements that can -- they really can be viewed really either way, but I don't think will have anything...\n\nFact-check:\n\nTrump claimed that Whitaker's past statements about Mueller \"can be viewed really either way.\" ", "Which statements is the President reading? ", "It's difficult to look at Whitaker's comments, either individually or in total, as anything other than strong and consistent opposition to the Mueller investigation.", "\n\nWith this misleading claim, Trump is painting Whitaker as an even-handed overseer for Mueller. ", "This whitewashes Whitaker's comments, which were solidly in the anti-Mueller camp.", "\n\nHe shared an article that called on Trump not to cooperate with the \"Mueller lynch mob.\" ", "And he dismissed the notorious Trump Tower meeting as an ordinary political move— despite the consensus that such a meeting with foreign citizens would be anything but routine.", "\n\nWhitaker has echoed Trump's oft-repeated talking points: there was no collusion and no obstruction. ", "And in a CNN op-ed last year, Whitaker publicly urged Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to block Mueller from investigating Trump's personal finances.", "\n\nTrump brought back the Peter Strzok conspiracy\n\nTranscript:\n\nTRUMP: From the day I announced. ", "I was looked at as a candidate with nothing, no proof, with phony people like McCabe and Strzok and his lover -- you had Lisa Page, his lover. ", "These people were looking at me, they wanted an insurance policy just in case I won or Hillary lost, and this was the insurance policy.", "\n\nFact-check:\n\nTrump resurrected one of his favorite attacks against what he calls the \"deep state,\" criticizing former FBI agent Peter Strzok and Lisa Page, who was an FBI lawyer. ", "The now-infamous duo was involved in an extramarital affair and were both involved in the investigation into Hillary Clinton's emails and, to a lesser degree, the early stages of the Russia investigation.", "\n\nDuring their affair in 2016, Strzok and Page texted on government phones, and many of those messages have since been publicly released by House Republicans. ", "One of those messages mentioned an \"insurance policy\" while alluding to the possibility Trump would become president.", "\n\nTrump and his allies claimed this is a smoking gun, proving that anti-Trump forces in the FBI hatched a plan to falsely launch the Russia investigation and undermine Trump if he ever won.", "\n\nThe Department of Justice's internal watchdog did an investigation and didn't find any evidence supporting the anti-Trump conspiracy. ", "The 568-page report also provided Strzok's explanation of the \"insurance policy\" text: He was saying that the FBI should aggressively probe early hints of Trump-Russia collusion, even though Trump trailed in the polls and seemed unlikely to win.", "\n\nTrump claims he wrote his answers to Mueller\n\nTranscript:\n\nWALLACE: Your team is preparing written answers to questions about --\n\nTRUMP: No, no, no, not my team. ", "I'm preparing written answers. ", "My -- I -- I'm the one that does the answering.", "\n\nYes, are they writing them out?", "\n\nWALLACE: Yes.", "\n\nTRUMP: Yeah. ", "They're writing what I tell them to write.", "\n\nFact-check:\n\nCNN reported that Trump spent much of last week working with his lawyers on Mueller's questions. ", "And in the Fox News interview, Trump claimed that he personally dictated the responses. ", "There's no way to check this without seeing the answers, and they are still secret.", "\n\nBut we already have some insight into how Trump might answer Mueller's questions if given the chance, thanks to Bob Woodward's bombshell book \"Fear: Trump in the White House.\"", "\n\nIn the book, Woodward describes how Trump's then-lawyer John Dowd sat the President down for a practice-run, to answer questions he might get during an in-person interview with Mueller. ", "Woodward reported that the sessions turned into a disaster, with Trump launching into a verbal assault against former FBI Director James Comey and repeating several falsehoods.", "\n\nTrump points to Article II as obstruction defense\n\nTranscript\n\nTRUMP: Well there was no obstruction of justice.", "\n\nWALLACE: I -- I'm -- let me -- if i might, sir, just ask—\n\nTRUMP: I think they'd probably agree with me.", "\n\nWALLACE: If I may ask the question—\n\nTRUMP: And all you have to do is look at Article II.", "\n\nFact-check:\n\nAsked by Wallace if the answers he's submitting to Mueller address obstruction of justice, Trump interjects to say there was no obstruction of justice, adding, \"All you have to do is look at Article II.\"", "\n\nTrump is referencing Article II of the US Constitution, and echoing a theory that his lawyers put forward earlier this year. ", "CNN has reported that Trump's lawyers believe he didn't obstruct justice by firing FBI Director James Comey in May 2017 because he can fire anyone he wants thanks to his Article II powers. ", "They detailed this legal argument in a letter to Mueller sent in January, according to The New York Times.", "\n\nThe letter represents the view of Trump's lawyers on this question, not the final, litigated answer. ", "This is part of an underlying theory from Trump's legal team that he has extraordinary powers as the President, including that executive privilege prevents him from answering questions about the transition period. ", "It's worth pointing out that these legal theories have not been fully-tested in the courts." ]
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[ "Curtin Education Centre\n\nCurtin Singapore (a trademark of Curtin University) is a campus of Australia's Curtin University. ", "Curtin Singapore is an Australian-based university that provides local and international students with the opportunity to receive an Australian university education in Singapore. ", "In Australia, Curtin is the largest university in Western Australia with over 56,000 students (as of 2017) across all campus locations including Perth, Margaret River, Kalgoorlie, Malaysia, Dubai, Mauritius and Singapore Curtin University is a member of Australian Technology Network (ATN). ", "Curtin Singapore is registered under the Committee for Private Education Singapore (CPE).", "\n\nRankings and reputation \nCurtin University is ranked in the top one per cent of universities worldwide in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2018. ", "Curtin is also ranked 22nd globally for universities under the age of 50 in the QS World University Rankings 2018 and received a five-star overall excellence rating in the QS Stars rating.", "\n\nLocation \n\nThe Curtin Singapore campus is situated at 90 and 92 Jalan Rajah at the junction of Kim Keat Road.", "\n\nCurtin Singapore was officially opened on 13 November 2008 by Singapore's Senior Minister of State for trade and industry, S.Iswaran and by the Australian High Commissioner to Singapore, Doug Chester\n\nHistory \nCurtin University has been actively present in Singapore since 1986 through the establishment of links with reputable private educational providers in Singapore, namely the Singapore Human Resource Institute, Marketing Institute of Singapore, and the Singapore Institute of Materials Management. ", "Prior to the establishment of its full-fledged independent campus in Singapore, degrees from Curtin were awarded through these partners.", "\n\nCurtin's campus in Singapore allows the University to be able to provide courses on its own merit. ", "All Curtin University courses are now delivered at the campus commonly known as Curtin Singapore. ", "Students at the Singapore campus are awarded the same degree and transcripts as their peers at the other campuses. ", "The overall investment in this venture is expected to be S$40 Million. ", "Asia One - Curtin Uni to set up campus here\n\nCurtin Singapore's operations began in December 2008 with an initial enrolment of 900 students. ", "Curtin Singapore is expected to have an enrolment of about 3,000 students over the next three years. ", "This included new and continuing students who were enrolled in Curtin's courses through the University's Partners in Singapore. ", "Curtin Singapore now hosts over 1,400 students.", "\n\nFacilities \nStudents can take part in facilities like the student lounge, library, computer labs, mac lab, basketball court or gym. ", "For food, there is also a canteen as well as vending machines.", "\n\nSchools and departments \nThe university initially offered courses from the university's School of Business and eventually expanded to include Humanities and Health Sciences.", "\n\nThe courses offered by the Singapore campus follows the identical structure and curriculum content as those offered at the main Bentley Campus in Perth. ", "During their course of studies, students have the discretion to transfer to other Curtin campuses in Perth to gain further international exposure and widen their perspectives. ", "Curtin Singapore offers a range of Curtin College pathway programs and Curtin University undergraduate and postgraduate programs:\n\nEntry requirements \nCurtin demanded academic entry requirement and English entry requirement for new students includes O levels, A levels, IB Diploma, SAT, Polytechnic diploma or equivalent. ", "Curtin Singapore entry requirements\n\nUndergraduate / Bachelor's degree \nFor undergraduate course, Curtin’s academic entry requirement is high-school level 12 or equivalent and English entry requirement is minimum 6.0 IELTS score or equivalent.", "\n\nGraduate/Master's degree \nFor postgraduate course, Curtin academic entry requirement is undergraduate or bachelor's degree acceptable by Curtin standard. ", "To join Curtin postgraduate course, student also required English entry requirement of minimum 6.5 IETLS score or equivalent.", "\n\nGraduate employment\nIn a 2018 survey conducted by Committee for Private Education on employment outcomes, graduates of Curtin Singapore achieved an overall employment rate of 81.1% and graduates earned median gross starting salaries of $2,800 a month.", "\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nCategory:Australia–Singapore relations\nSingapore\nCategory:Private universities in Singapore" ]
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[ "Eta Aquarid\n\nI went out on Sunday morning to try shooting the Eta Aquarid meteor shower. ", "The main location (Guilderton Lighthouse) was cloudy so we drove around and ended up at Bells Lookout.", "\n\nThis was shot around 5am. ", "Car trails are from a different frame several minutes later. ", "The meteor is backlit by zodiacal light.", "\n\nCanon 6D\n\nSamyang 14mm, f2.8\n\niso 1600, 25sec\n\nDone" ]
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[ "Preparation and characterization of collagen from soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) skin for biomaterial applications.", "\nCollagen was isolated from the skin of soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) by acid solubilization with pepsin. ", "The yield of soft-shelled turtle collagen (STC) was 12.1% on a dry weight basis. ", "The electrophoresis assay showed that STC consisted of a alpha(1)alpha(2) heterodimer similar to porcine collagen (PC). ", "Amino-acid composition analysis showed that the hydroxyproline content of STC was 7.8%, which was lower than that of PC (9.5%). ", "The denaturation temperature of STC was 36 degrees C from optical rotation analysis. ", "An accelerated fibrillogenesis of STC was observed in phosphate-buffered saline at 25 degrees C. The resulting STC fibrillar gel had microfibrillar network with fibril diameter of ca. ", "124 nm, as revealed by observation with scanning electron microscopy. ", "The compressive moduli of the STC gel and the PC gel were 3.2 +/- 0.8 kPa and 3.6 +/- 0.3 kPa, respectively. ", "The potential of the STC gel for biomaterial applications was investigated by in vitro cell culture. ", "Human dermal fibroblasts were three-dimensionally cultured in the STC gel and their growth was evaluated by DNA content measurement. ", "Steady growth was observed in the STC gel for a 6-day culture period, although the growth rate was slower than in the PC gel. ", "In conclusion, STC could be used as a novel collagen source for biomaterial applications." ]
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[ "The present invention relates to multi-layered plastic containers and methods of making such containers. ", "More particularly, the present invention relates to a multi-layered plastic container having inside surface properties that results in enhanced product drainage from the container and the reduction of product residual levels.", "\nTypically, viscous liquid or semi-liquid products are packaged in jars, bottles, tubes, or other containers, and frequently these containers provide a pour-spout or other form of egress for pouring, pumping, or squeezing the product out of the container. ", "Polyethylene (PE) resins have been widely used as favorable material for making packages, for example squeeze bottles, which contain viscous fluids due to their good thermoplasticity, good moldability, and good squeezability. ", "They are also economic, which is an important factor for packaging material, as consumers are usually not willing to pay a significant upcharge for packaging which will eventually be discarded. ", "Certain viscous products have a tendency to stick to or hang-up on the inside surface of these containers, so that a certain portion of the product stays in the container as residue which is thrown out with the container. ", "This results in wasted product and decreases the value the consumer receives from purchasing the product. ", "Therefore, there exists a need to provide a product-contacting inner surface on containers and a particular bottle shape that prompts the product to drain more readily from the container to decrease the residual level.", "\nHigh product residual levels have been a problem with polyethylene containers, especially when the products contained in the containers are viscous, e.g., oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, polymeric gels, foams, surfactant mixtures, dispersions, colloidal dispersions, suspensions, polymer solutions, polymer melts, products like catsup, mustard, syrup, etc. ", "Typically, such viscous products are attracted to the interior surface of polyethylene containers. ", "This attraction leads to a residual layer of product remaining on the interior container walls. ", "As a result, a large percentage of the product (from 5% to 25%, or more depending on the ambient temperature and product rheology) cannot be evacuated from the container, and ends up as waste, particularly at cooler ambient temperatures when the products become very thick, almost to the point of non-flowing. ", "Therefore, an object of the present invention is to reduce product residual levels to a level less than about 5% by weight of product initially in the container, which is a reduction of at least 35% by weight as compared to a PE container of similar shape, thereby minimizing the amount of wasted product.", "\nThe present invention provides a multi-layered plastic container for containing a viscous product of at least 10,000 cps which provides enhanced product drainage from the container. ", "The container comprises an outer polymer layer providing relative flexibility and structural support, connected to an inner polymer layer having an inner surface that contacts the product and provides for enhanced product drainage from the inner surface. ", "The viscous products suitable for use in accordance with the present invention include water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, polymeric gels, foams, surfactant mixtures, dispersions, colloidal dispersions, suspensions, polymer solutions, polymer melts, and products like catsup, mustard, syrup, etc.", "\nThe inner layer may be formed from polyester, ethylene vinyl acetate, polymethylmethacrylate, a thermoplastic cellulosic, a polycarbonate, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene chloride, or Surlyn. ", "The polyester may be either polyethylene terephthalate or glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate. ", "The ethylene vinyl acetate preferably has a vinyl acetate content of at least about 7.5%, more preferably at least about 12%, and most preferably at least about 18%. ", "The grade of Surlyn, which is an ionomer manufactured by DuPont, may be selected from, but not limited to, 1650, 1652, and 9120. ", "The thermoplastic cellulosic may be cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate, or cellulose acetate butyrate. ", "The plastic container may also include an adhesive layer and a regrind layer.", "\nTo further enhance product drainage from the container, the inner layer should have a surface roughness of no more than 0.5 xcexcm.", "\nThe present invention is still further directed to a method of draining a viscous content from a package comprising the steps of (a) providing a package as described above; and (b) draining the viscous content as described above.", "\nThese and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become evident to those skilled in the art from a reading of the present disclosure." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
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[ "---\nauthor:\n- |\n J. Beugnon, C. Tuchendler, H. Marion, A. Gaëtan, Y. Miroshnychenko,\\\n Y.R.P. Sortais, A.M. Lance M.P.A. Jones, G. Messin, A. Browaeys, P. Grangier\ntitle: 'Two-dimensional transport and transfer of a single atomic qubit in optical tweezers'\n---\n\n[**Quantum computers have the capability of out-performing their classical counterparts for certain computational problems [@Nielsen]. ", "Several scalable quantum computing architectures have been proposed. ", "An attractive architecture is a large set of physically independant qubits, arranged in three spatial regions where (i) the initialized qubits are stored in a register, (ii) two qubits are brought together to realize a gate, and (iii) the readout of the qubits is performed [@kielpinski02; @Calarco04]. ", "For a neutral atom-based architecture, a natural way to connect these regions is to use optical tweezers to move qubits within the system. ", "In this letter we demonstrate the coherent transport of a qubit, encoded on an atom trapped in a sub-micron tweezer, over a distance typical of the separation between atoms in an array of optical traps [@Dumke02; @Bergamini04; @Miroschnychenko06]. ", "Furthermore, we transfer a qubit between two tweezers, and show that this manipulation also preserves the coherence of the qubit.**]{}", "\n\nIn the quest for an implementation of a quantum computer, scalability is a major concern. ", "In the trapped ion approach (see e.g. [@QFFT]), a lot of effort is being devoted to building arrays of small ion traps [@Seidelin06], and to moving ion qubits whilst avoiding heating and decoherence [@Rowe02]. ", "Neutral atoms also offer promising properties for the realization of large quantum registers. ", "For example, one- or two-dimensional adressable arrays of dipole traps have been demonstrated using holographic techniques [@Bergamini04], micro-fabricated elements [@Dumke02], or active rearrangement of single atoms [@Schrader04; @Miroschnychenko06]. ", "An alternative approach is to use the Mott insulator transition to initialize a three-dimensional register by loading a Bose-Einstein condensate into an optical lattice [@Greiner01]. ", "Recent progress has shown subwavelength addressability in such a system [@Lee07]. ", "To perform quantum computations, however, an additional key feature is the ability to perform the gate between two arbitrary qubits of the register.", "\n\nHere we demonstrate a scheme where a neutral atom qubit is transfered between two moving tweezers (“register\" to “moving head\"), and then transported towards an interaction zone where the two-qubit gate should be implemented [@jaksch99; @Brennen99; @jaksch00; @Dorner05]. ", "We show that these manipulations of the external degrees of freedom preserve the coherence of the qubit, and do not induce any heating. ", "This transport in a moving tweezer is a promising alternative to the recently demonstrated transport of qubits in “optical conveyor belts\" [@Kuhr03; @Miroschnychenko06], or in state-dependent moving optical lattices [@Mandel03a]. ", "Altogether, these results pave the way towards a scalable neutral atom quantum computing architecture.", "\n\nIn our experiment, we trap a single rubidium 87 atom in an optical dipole trap created by a tightly focused laser beam [@Schlosser02; @Sortais07]. ", "As described in detail in [@Jones07], the qubit is encoded onto the $|0\\rangle=|F=1,M=0\\rangle$ and $|1\\rangle=|F=2,M=0\\rangle$ hyperfine ground states separated by $\\omega_{\\rm{hf}}\\approx 6.8$ GHz. ", "We initialize the qubit in state $|0\\rangle$ by optically pumping the atom. ", "We drive single-qubit operations by a Raman transition using two phased-locked laser beams, one of which being the dipole trap. ", "The internal dephasing time of the qubit, measured by Ramsey interferometry, is $\\approx 630\\ \\mu$sec. ", "This time is mostly limited by the residual motion of the atom in the trap that leads to a fluctuation of the frequency of the qubit transition. ", "This dephasing can be reversed by applying a spin echo technique where a $\\pi$ pulse is inserted between the two $\\pi/2$ pulses of the Ramsey sequence. ", "Using this technique we measure an irreversible dephasing time of 34 ms.", "\n\nThe experimental setup for the moving tweezer is represented in figure \\[experimentalsetup\\]. ", "We reflect the dipole trap beam off a mirror affixed to a tip-tilt platform prior to the large numerical aperture lens. ", "The platform is actuated by piezo-electrical transducers and can rotate with a maximal angle of 2.5 mrad in both the horizontal and vertical directions. ", "We have measured the position of the dipole trap for different angles of the platform by observing the position of the atom on the CCD camera. ", "The maximal angle corresponds to a total displacement of the tweezer of $18\\pm 1$ $\\mu$m. ", "This motion is two-dimensional, as demonstrated in figure \\[experimentalsetup\\].", "\n\n![", "Experimental setup. ", "A large numerical aperture lens focuses two independent dipole trap beams at 810 nm each to a size of 0.9 micrometers. ", "An optical power of 400 $\\mu$W results into a trap depth of 500 $\\mu$K and oscillation frequencies of 81 kHz and 15 kHz, in the radial and axial directions respectively. ", "The two trapping lasers have the same linear polarization and their frequencies are separated by 10 MHz to avoid interferences. ", "The moving tweezer is displaced by rotating a tip-tilt platform. ", "The same large numerical aperture lens is used to collect the fluorescence light at 780 nm from the atom. ", "This fluorescence light is separated from the trapping light by the dichroic mirror and sent to a single-photon counter module and a CCD camera. ", "The insert shows a fluorescence picture of an atom moved along an elliptical trajectory in the y-z plane. ", "The picture is a summation of 5 images taken at different times during the motion. []{", "data-label=\"experimentalsetup\"}](experimentalsetup.eps){width=\"7\"}\n\nWe first analyze the influence of a displacement of the tweezer on the external degrees of freedom of the qubit. ", "For this purpose, we measure the temperature of the single atom in the tweezer using a release and recapture technique [@Lett88] (see Methods). ", "In the absence of motion, the temperature of the atom is $56.0\\pm 1.4$ $\\mu$K. We repeat this measurement after moving the tweezer by a total distance of 360 $\\mu$m, consisting of 20 round trips of 18 $\\mu$m, along the $z$-axis. ", "Each round trip lasts a time of 6 ms. ", "We do not find any measurable loss due to this transport. ", "After the motion, we measure a temperature of $54.8\\pm 1.6$ $\\mu$K. As the energy difference between two vibrational quanta in the radial direction is 4 $\\mu$K, this temperature is compatible with no change in the radial vibrational state. ", "This absence of motional heating is a crucial feature for entanglement schemes based on controlled collisions [@Dorner05; @Mandel03b] and results from the adiabaticity of the displacement. ", "A motion is adiabatic if the acceleration $a$ fulfills $m a \\sigma \\ll \\hbar \\Omega$ ($\\Omega$ is the oscillation frequency of the atom, $m$ its mass and $\\sigma$ the extension of the ground state wave function [@browaeys06]). ", "This gives a maximum acceleration of $\\approx 10^4$ m/$\\rm{sec}^2$, much larger than the experimentally measured $\\approx 15$ m/$\\rm{sec}^2$.\n\nWe secondly study the influence of the motion on the coherence of the qubit. ", "As the duration of the transport is larger than the dephasing time of the qubit (630 $\\mu$s), we apply the spin echo sequence to rephase the qubit [@Jones07]. ", "The time sequence of the experiment is shown in figure \\[principemove\\]. ", "Figure \\[movingqubit\\](a) shows the amplitude of the spin-echo fringes for various trap displacements along the $y$-axis. ", "This amplitude is constant when we scan the tweezer over all the transverse field of the objective. ", "This demonstrates that the motion does not affect the internal coherence of the qubit. ", "We observe the same behavior when we move the tweezer along the $z$-axis.", "\n\n![", "Principle of the moving qubit experiment. (", "a) Position of the atom when the pulses of the spin echo sequence are applied. ", "Starting at the initial position, the first pulse prepares the atom in a superposition $(|0\\rangle + |1\\rangle)/\\sqrt{2}$. The tweezer is then moved along the $y$-axis to the target position and the $\\pi$ pulse is applied. ", "Finally, the tweezer is brought back to its initial position and the coherence is checked by applying a second $\\pi/2$ pulse and measuring the state of the qubit. (", "b) Example of displacement of the tweezer versus time. ", "The signal is obtained from the sensor attached to the tip-tilt platform, which is converted into a distance travelled by the tweezer. ", "The $\\pi/2$ and $\\pi$ pulses, being 2 and 4 $\\mu$s long respectively, are not to scale.[]{data-label=\"principemove\"}](principemove.eps){width=\"6\"}\n\n![", "Results of the moving qubit experiment. ", "Figure (a) shows the amplitude of the spin echo signal versus the amplitude of the displacement. ", "The error bars are the root mean square (RMS) uncertainty obtained from the fit of the fringes. ", "The 60% contrast is a result of the damping of the fringes after 6 ms [@Jones07]. ", "The dashed line represents the average of the data for no trap displacement. ", "Figure (b) shows the phase shift versus the amplitude of the displacement. ", "The triangles are the data and the circles are the calculated value of the dephasing based on the model described in the Methods section.[]{data-label=\"movingqubit\"}](movingqubit.eps){width=\"7\"}\n\nWe also observe a phase shift of the spin-echo fringes, as shown in figure \\[movingqubit\\](b). ", "This is a signature that the two states of the qubit dephase with respect to each other during the motion (in a reproducible way), despite the presence of the rephasing $\\pi$ pulse. ", "We attribute this phase shift to the asymmetry of the trajectory during the first and second part of the round trip displacement. ", "We have modelled this effect and found a good agreement with the data (see Methods section). ", "This understanding of the phase evolution of the qubit during the motion is crucial for a possible implementation in a quantum computer where qubit phases need to be controlled.", "\n\nWith the idea of transfering an atom from the “register” to the “moving head”, we have investigated the transfer of a qubit from one tweezer to a second one. ", "For this experiment, the two traps are superimposed and the positions of both tweezers are fixed. ", "The experimental sequence is shown in figure \\[transferqubit\\](a). ", "We load an atom in the first tweezer, transfer it to a second tweezer, and transfer it back to the first tweezer, with no measurable loss. ", "When the two traps have the same depth, we measure a temperature of the atom after the double transfer of $56.3\\pm 1.8$ $\\mu$K, while the temperature with no transfer is $53.4\\pm1.4$ $\\mu$K. Therefore, the transfer does not induce any significant motional heating.", "\n\nWe analyze the influence of the transfer on the coherence of the qubit by inserting the double transfer between the two $\\pi/2$ pulses of a Ramsey sequence, as shown in figure \\[transferqubit\\](a). ", "Figure \\[transferqubit\\] presents the amplitude and the phase of the Ramsey fringes after this sequence for depths of the second tweezer ranging from 0.2 mK to 0.6 mK. This transfer does not affect the amplitude of the Ramsey signal when the depth of the second trap is varied, thus showing that the coherence is robust against the transfer between the two traps.", "\n\n![", "Experiment on the transfer of the qubit between two tweezers. ", "Figure (a) details the time sequence. ", "A $\\pi/2$ pulse is applied when the atom is initially in trap 1, which has a depth of 500 $\\mu$K. The atom is transferred to trap 2 in a time of 20 $\\mu$s. ", "After a time of 160 $\\mu$s, the atom is transferred back to trap 1 and a second $\\pi/2$ pulse is applied. ", "Figure (b) shows the amplitude of the spin echo signal as a function of the depth of the trap the atom is transferred into. ", "The error bars are the RMS uncertainty obtained from the fit of the fringes. ", "Figure (c) displays the phase of the Ramsey oscillations for different depths of the second trap. ", "The solid line is a linear fit to the data. ", "The dashed lines in (b) and (c) correspond to no transfer. []{", "data-label=\"transferqubit\"}](transferqubit.eps){width=\"6\"}\n\nFigure \\[transferqubit\\](c) shows that the phase of the Ramsey fringes, varies linearly with respect to the depth of the second trap. ", "This is explained by the differential potential experienced by the two states, which is proportional to the depth of the trap $U$. If the depths of the two traps differ by $\\Delta U$, the Ramsey fringes are shifted after a holding time $T$ by a phase proportional to $\\Delta U\\, T/ \\hbar$, with respect to the situation where no transfer is applied. ", "This phase is thus a useful tool to make sure that the two traps are identical.", "\n\nAs a conclusion we have shown that we can move and transfer a single qubit between two tweezers with no measurable motional heating. ", "We have also shown no loss of coherence of the atomic qubit under transfer and displacement. ", "In combination with our holographic array of dipole traps [@Bergamini04], and efficient single-qubit operation and readout [@Jones07], we have made a first step towards designing a scalable architecture of a quantum computer based on neutral atoms.", "\n\n[**Methods:**]{}\n\nTemperature measurement:\n\nAfter trapping a single atom, we switch off the dipole trap for a time adjustable between 1 and $\\sim 30$ $\\mu$sec. ", "We then turn the trap back on and check for the presence of the atom. ", "We repeat this sequence 100 times for each release time and calculate the probability to recapture the atom after the corresponding time of flight. ", "We compare our data with a 3-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation, taking into account the potential produced by the Gaussian trapping beam, and assuming a thermal distribution of the position and the velocity of the atom at the beginning of the time of flight. ", "The error bar of this fitted temperature corresponds to one standard deviation in the least square-based fit.", "\n\nPhase shift during the motion:\n\nThe hyperfine splitting of 6.8 GHz means that the dipole trap detuning is slightly larger for $|0\\rangle$ than for $|1\\rangle$, giving rise to a small differential lightshift. ", "Therefore the qubit transition frequency is $\\omega_{\\rm{hf}} + \\eta U/\\hbar$, with $U$ the depth of the dipole trap and $\\eta=7 \\times 10^{-4}$ for our trap. ", "If the tweezer is not moved, the $\\pi$-pulse compensates for the phase accumulated during the two parts of the motion. ", "When the tweezer is moved off axis, the waist of the beam increases sligthly, resulting in a shallower trap. ", "Figure \\[principemove\\](a) shows that with the tweezer starting on axis, the atom spends more time far from the axis where the dipole trap is shallower, whereas on the way back it spends more time around the axis where the dipole trap is stronger. ", "The average depth is then different for the two parts of the motion, and so are the phases. ", "As the phase of the spin-echo signal is the difference of the phases accumulated during the two periods of the motion, it is expected to vary as we move the tweezer further away off axis. ", "We have modelled this effect by calculating the dephasing accumulated during the transport, taking into account the actual displacement of the tweezer from the sensor curve and the measured Rabi frequencies for different positions of the tweezer off axis. ", "The result of this model is shown as circles in figure \\[movingqubit\\](b) and is consistent with the data.", "\n\n[**Acknowledgments:**]{} We would like to thank W.D. Phillips, T. Porto, I. Deutsch, P. Jessen for stimulating discussions. ", "We acknowledge financial support from IFRAF, ARDA/DTO and the European Integrated project SCALA. ", "LCFIO is CNRS UMR8501. ", "M.P.A. Jones and A.M. Lance are supported by Marie Curie Fellowships. ", "A. Gaëtan is supported by a DGA Fellowship.", "\n\n[30]{}\n\nNielsen, M.A., & Chuang, I.L. [*Quantum Computation and Quantum Information*]{}. ", "Cambridge University Press (2000)\n\nKielpinski, D. , Monroe, C., & Wineland, D.J. Architecture for a large-scale ion-trap quantum computer. 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[ "Movie Reviews From Middle Earth – New Zealand\n\nMan of Steel ****\n\nResurrecting “Superman” in the post ironic, “Iron Man” and “Batman” era is no easy task.", "\n\nA man with superpowers who hides in plain sight, is morally true and frugal of tastes and lifestyle. ", "Driving Audi R8 convertibles and living in clifftop mansions is really not his style.", "\n\nAfter the lukewarm reception for “Superman Returns” it almost proved the only thing that could really kill Superman, was poor box office. ", "However director Zack Snyder and uber producer Christopher Nolan of Batman fame, had other ideas.", "\n\nThe story is an origin tale, charting how, why and where “Kal EL” originally was born and raised. ", "The film plays fast and loose with a timeline that neatly introduces all of the disparate elements.", "\n\nThis is obviously a project that has attracted “A-List” talent. ", "Russell Crowe as Krypton based father “Jor El”, Kevin Costner as his earth bound father, rising star Michael Shannon as “Zod”, Amy Adams “Lois Lane” and “Laurence Fishburne” as the Daily Planet editor.", "\n\nThe story is well known by most movie audiences over a certain age. ", "Mother and Father decide to send their only son away from Krypton as it implodes due to the overuse of it’s resources, in the hope of a better life.", "\n\nReaching Earth, the boy is brought up by salt of the earth Mr and Mrs Kent in Smallville, Kansas USA. ", "Loving, caring folk, who are all too aware their adopted son is special and how that might be perceived by the cynical, wider world.", "\n\nYoung Clark Kent is discouraged from using his obvious powers but cannot help himself when his assistance is required. ", "The film carefully builds a delicate construct where the quiet sections, father and son experiences are brought to the fore. ", "There are numerous scenes where it is clear, that care has been taken to not only preserve the myth but update and make it acceptable to a modern audience.", "\n\nThe swirl of a cape on snow, the loss of a father he could have saved, old cine-reel type footage of a young boy running around striking classic Superman poses are definite Nolanesque touches that mark this out as a very different film from the crassness of Tony Stark and his metal suit.", "\n\nThere is something pure about “Superman”, whose best known nickname is barely mentioned in the film. ", "Somehow the team have managed to put enough special effects, fighting and skyscrapers falling to satisfy the 14 year in us all but leave enough time to invest the characters with real feelings and emotions.", "\n\nOf course the film will not work without a believable central character, relative newcomer British actor Henry Cavill does a fine job walking the tightrope of portraying square jawed, personable and yet other worldly. ", "Cavill has also not taken any hits with the ugly stick, which will also endear him to many. ", "He receives great support from Adams who pulls an unbelievable role just this side of plausible, even slyly noting that Clark with glasses still looks a hell of a lot like, you know who.", "\n\nThe final fight scenes are state of the art but arguably go on far too long, with the final reel teetering on Transformer style action. ", "Yet another film where completely indestructible beings are repeatedly dragged though immovable objects to create devastation with no discernible effect on their well being.", "\n\nSuperman was always more fun when he completes small tasks like breaking handcuffs without even trying or putting a trucker bully in his place. ", "No matter, this is a blockbuster so rule books must be followed. ", "Director and producer have managed to sneak in perhaps the most “real” screen superhero for some time, an environmental message with ‘Superman as messiah’ hints, the film is all the better for it.", "\n\nSummary\n\nAn intelligent blockbuster that does not skimp on the spectacle but manages to add father son dynamics and depth between the set pieces.", "\n\nNot perfect but certainly far better than we might have expected, a fun albeit slightly serious take on an iconic character for the modern world." ]
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[ "Electoral district of Londonderry\n\nLondonderry is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. ", "It is represented by Prue Car of the Labor Party.", "\n\nIt includes the suburbs of Berkshire Park, Caddens, Cambridge Park, Castlereagh, Claremont Meadows, Colyton, Dunheved, Jordan Springs, Llandilo, Londonderry, Mount Pleasant, North St Marys, Oxley Park, Ropes Crossing, Shanes Park, St Marys, Tregear, Werrington, Werrington County, Werrington Downs, Whalan, Willmot and parts of Agnes Banks, Cranebrook, Emerton, Kingswood, Lethbridge Park, Marsden Park, Mount Druitt and Orchard Hills.", "\n\nMembers for Londonderry\n\nElection results\n\nReferences\n\nLondonderry\nLondonderry\nCategory:1988 establishments in Australia" ]
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[ "You'll have plenty to celebrate when you subscribe to the Liverpool FC newsletter Sign me up Thank you for subscribing We have more newsletters Show me See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\nLiverpool FC starlet Yan Dhanda is facing a long spell on the sidelines after suffering a serious ankle injury in training.", "\n\nThe highly-rated Academy striker underwent surgery on Wednesday and may need a second operation which would force him to miss the start of next season.", "\n\nIt was a freak accident with Dhanda, who joined Liverpool’s youth ranks from West Brom in 2013, left in agony after team-mate Sam Hart landed on him in a practise match. ", "It’s a cruel blow for the Birmingham-born 17-year-old, who last December became the first player of Indian heritage to sign professional terms with the club.", "\n\n“Yan is a bit sore but the operation went well and he’s in good spirits,” said Liverpool Under-18s coach Neil Critchley.", "\n\n“He’s getting his head around what he’s got to face and the challenge in front of him. ", "He’s a level headed boy and he’ll be fine. ", "He’ll come back strong.", "\n\n“In terms of the time frame, it’s complicated. ", "He was facing two operations as they thought they would have to repair the ligaments at a later stage.", "\n\n“But when they looked around his ankle, the ligaments had started to heal. ", "They’re going to reassess Yan in three to four weeks to see whether he needs further surgery. ", "If he doesn’t then he could be back in pre-season.”", "\n\nLiverpool Under-18s return to action on Saturday when they face Manchester City at the Academy on Saturday (11am kick-off).", "\n\nCritchley’s side are full of confidence after last weekend’s stunning 4-0 demolition of Everton.", "\n\n“It was probably the standout game of the season for us,” Critchley added.", "\n\n“After 10 to 15 minutes we settled into a pattern, dominated possession and turned that into goals.", "\n\n“We were outstanding. ", "Everybody played to their potential. ", "It was a complete team performance.", "\n\n“We’ve been threatening to do something like that all season. ", "In and out of possession we were excellent.", "\n\n“We’ll have to win our last three games to have any chance of winning the title but we’ll keep going until the end.”" ]
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[ "Nancy Dow\n\nNancy Maryanne Dow (July 22, 1936 – May 25, 2016) was an American actress who appeared in a small group of films and television shows. ", "She was married to actor John Aniston with whom she had a daughter, Jennifer Aniston.", "\n\nEarly life\nDow was born in Connecticut, one of six daughters of Louise (née Grieco) and Gordon McLean Dow. ", "Her maternal grandfather, Louis Grieco, was an Italian immigrant; her other ancestry included English, Scottish and Irish. ", "Dow had five sisters: Linda, Martha, Sally, Joan and Jean.", "\n\nPersonal life \nDow was also married to John T. \"Jack\" Melick, Jr., a pianist-bandleader who was based in Dallas from 1956 to 1961. ", "The couple had one son, John T. Melick III, an assistant director and second-unit director.", "\n\nDow and her daughter were estranged for nine years, partially because Dow wrote a book about their relationship, entitled From Mother and Daughter to Friends: A Memoir (1999). ", "In 2005, after Aniston's divorce from Brad Pitt, she and her mother reportedly reconciled. ", "Aniston described the gradual progress of her new relationship with her mother: \"It's been really nice. ", "It's crazy what, you know, your life kind of being turned upside down will lead you to. ... ", "For us it's ... It was the time and it was going to happen when it was supposed to happen. ", "So this is good. ", "It's baby steps.\"", "\n\nHealth and death\nIn 2011 and 2012, Dow had a couple of strokes, which affected her ability to speak and walk. ", "On the morning of May 23, 2016, she was taken by ambulance from her home in Toluca Lake, Los Angeles. ", "She died two days later at 79 years old.", "\n\nFilmography\nThe Beverly Hillbillies (1966) (TV series) – Athena\nThe Wild Wild West (1967) (TV series) – Tersa\nThe Ice House (1969) – Jan Wilson\nPure (2004) – Lynne\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1936 births\nCategory:2016 deaths\nCategory:20th-century American actresses\nCategory:21st-century American actresses\nCategory:Actresses from Connecticut\nCategory:American film actresses\nCategory:American people of Irish descent\nCategory:American people of Italian descent\nCategory:American people of Scottish descent\nCategory:American television actresses\nCategory:Actresses of Italian descent\nCategory:Actresses of British descent\nCategory:Disease-related deaths in California\nCategory:American people of English descent" ]
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[ "The exemplary embodiment relates to systems and methods for limiting or detecting unauthorized copying of documents and finds particular application in connection with a system and method for encoding information in an original document using a single colorant, which is detectable under ultraviolet light in a copy of the original document but not in the original document.", "\nAs the quality of color copiers has improved, it has become easier to generate copies of a document which are indistinguishable from the original document. ", "In many instances, the unauthorized copying of document content can have serious implications. ", "For example, there is a concern that color copiers could be used to reproduce security documents, such as checks, stock certificates, automobile title instruments, and other documents of value, for illegal purposes.", "\nOne method which is used to authenticate documents and to reduce the unauthorized copying employs what is commonly called the VOID-pantograph. ", "Techniques for creating such pantographs typically involve forming printed dots (or other elements) of two different sizes and frequencies, which are used to create regions of similar tone, corresponding to a textual warning and a background, respectively, in an original (authentic) document. ", "Tone refers to the visual appearance produced by halftone dots, bars, or marks which cover at least a portion of a printed area and which usually have a frequency that is measured in dots, lines, or marks per inch. ", "To provide constant tone, the smaller elements have a higher frequency than the larger elements. ", "Because the tone of the textual warning and the tone of the background pattern are selected to be the substantially the same, these two regions have a similar visual impact on an observer of the original document, and the textual warning is not readily perceived.", "\nOn copying, however, the situation changes. ", "Since the response of an image sensor employed in the scanner is different from the response of the human visual system, changes in the relative tone of the two different areas will appear. ", "These changes are due to the different frequency response of the sensor (with respect to the human eye) and due to other, normally non-linear, effects, such as a detection floor or threshold, where signals below a certain level are simply “lost.” ", "In general, the high frequency, smaller components are more strongly affected and attenuated. ", "The difference in response of the scanner expresses itself as a relative change in tone in the copy and thus the hitherto invisible textual warning becomes visible. ", "For example, in the resulting copy, only the larger printed dots are apparent. ", "These larger dots spell out the word “VOID,” or other pre-determined textual warning.", "\nThe pantograph may be applied to the substrate to create a pre-printed carrier. ", "An image to be protected is then applied to the pre-printed carrier. ", "In other cases, the pantograph may be incorporated into the printed image.", "\nA problem with the standard void pantograph is that it creates a readable message which a forger or counterfeiter can see when the original document is copied. ", "The forger may then seek a different method for creating unauthorized copies.", "\nRecently, fluorescent void pantographs have been developed which become visible only under UV light in the copy of an original document. ", "To create the fluorescent void pantographs, patterns are printed with light and dark colors. ", "These have an advantage over standard pantographs in that they are not visible (without magnification) under normal illumination, above the UV range of the spectrum. ", "Such methods are not suitable, however, for monochrome printing devices.", "\nThe present system and method provide a method and apparatus for creating monochrome patterns for encoding information in documents and for detecting unauthorized copying. ", "As an example, a forger or counterfeiter who tries to have a forged prescription filled can be caught at the pharmacy." ]
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[ "Monitoring\nSt. 03 - ETNA RADIO OBSERVATORY From NICOLOSI (CT), Etna\nPark, Sicily, S Italy Induction coil,\ndaily\nstrips, 5877751 event marked with white arrow.", "\nFirst Schumann Resonance marked on left part. ", "Here the\nstrong very low frequency noise starts two hours before\nthe event, stopping a few minutes before, be explained:\nit is present every day, at about the same time, Is\norigin is unknown, but we're sure: it can not be a\nprecursor." ]
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[ "Robin Powell\n\nRobin Powell is an English broadcast journalist and founder of Ember Television and Regis Media.", "\n\nEducation\nPowell was educated at Repton School, a boarding independent school for boys (now co-educational), followed by Christ Church at the University of Oxford. ", "During his time at Oxford, Powell was an intern with NBC News in New Orleans and the Democratic Party in Washington, D.C..\n\nLife and career\nIn 1991, Powell began his career in broadcast journalism working as a journalist for ITV Central, ITV News and ITV Sport. ", "He spent 14 years with the network and seven years as a freelance reporter for Sky News and The Politics Show on BBC1. ", "He reported from locations including Baghdad, Soweto and Guantanamo Bay, and made award-winning documentaries on the Holocaust and on Britain’s Romani community.", "\n\nHe founded the Birmingham-based corporate video production company Ember Television in 2010 and has developed a specialist expertise in content marketing for the financial services sector. ", "He works as a brand journalist and content marketing consultant for advisers in Europe, North America and Australasia.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sky newsreaders and journalists\nCategory:STV newsreaders and journalists\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]
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[ "Question about grinding in the club\n\nSo I started to go to the gay club and I was wondering about grinding etiquette. ", "Should I assume that all guys want to grind. ", "How should I initiate it? ", "Is it strictly cock to butt grinding like motion? ", "I am being completely serious and would like serious respectful answers. ", "Thank you!" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nCrash when executing cursor.getCount() (Android)\n\nthis doesn't always happen so i can't understand properly what's going on: my application take and modify a picture, then save it in external storage. ", "If i try to open in the application a new saved pictures FROM A FILE MANAGER AND NOT FROM GALLERY, it crashes when executing cursor.getCount(), in DDMS i read the error:\"cursor not closed before finally\" this is the piece of code where the problem is, i can post more if necessary, thank you!", "\nps this code is taken from other answers here in stackoverflow, as you could expect i'm not an expert so please be patient with me, thanks\npps i can't see immediatly images in gallery after saving it, when they appear in gallery this error desappear.", "\npublic static int getOrientation(Context context, Uri photoUri) {\n /* it's on the external media. */", "\n Cursor cursor = context.getContentResolver().query(photoUri,\n new String[] { MediaStore.", "Images.", "ImageColumns.", "ORIENTATION }, null, null, null);\n\n if (cursor.getCount() !", "= 1) { //HERE IS THE PROBLEM\n return -1;\n }\n\n cursor.moveToFirst();\n return cursor.getInt(0);\n }\n\nA:\n\nYou can use the \nif(cursor.moveToFirst()) \n{\n //Your code here\n}\n\ninstead off \ncursor.getCount() \n\nit will return true if cursor size is greater then 0 else it will return false........so you can write like this.........\nif (!", "cursor.moveToFirst())\n return -1;\n\nelse \n return 1;\n\n" ]
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0.016126
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[ "Q:\n\nTo display department ID using department name in python with psycopg2?", "\n\nWith psycopg2 in python, I'm trying to retrieve department ID using department name for new employee details by inserting as raw query. ", "But, I couldn't able to find any solution for this problem. ", "Is there any solution for this problem which will help me to complete my task?", "\nThis is my employee database:\n\nThis is my python code:\nimport datetime\n\nimport psycopg2.extras\nconn = psycopg2.connect(database=\"emp\", user=\"postgres\",\n password=\"12345\", host=\"127.0.0.1\", \nport=\"5432\")\n\ncur = conn.cursor(cursor_factory = psycopg2.extras.", "RealDictCursor)\n\nemp_name = str(input(\"Enter new employee name: \"))\n\nwhile True:\n gender = str(input(\"Type your gender: \"))\n if gender == 'M' or gender == 'F':\n break\n\nhire_date = input(\"Enter hire date(YYYY-MM-DD): \")\nyear, month, day = map(int, hire_date.split('-'))\nhiredate = datetime.date(year, month, day)\n\nsalary = str(int(input(\"Enter your salary: \")))\n\ndeptname = str(input(\"Enter department name: \"))\n\ncur.execute(\"INSERT INTO employee(emp_name, gender, hire_date, salary,\n deptid) VALUES(%s, %s, %s, %s)\",(emp_name, gender,hire_date, salary))\n\ncur.execute(\"SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY emp_no DESC LIMIT 1 WHERE \n deptname = %(deptname)s\", {'deptname': deptname})\n\nrows = cur.fetchall()\n\nprint( '\\n'.join( str( row ) for row in rows ) )\n\nprint( \"Created successfully!\" )", "\nconn.commit()\nconn.close()\n\nA:\n\nTo display department ID using department name can be achieved by this following query:\ndeptname = str(input(\"Enter department name: \"))\n\ncur.execute(\"SELECT deptid FROM department WHERE department.deptname = %(\"\n \"deptname)s\", {'deptname': deptname})\ndeptid = cur.fetchone()\n\n" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nxamarin OnPlatform for clicked button\n\ni can use OnPlatform on xamarin now \n <button text=\"{OnPlatform android=Hi , uwp=bey\"}/>\n\nbut if i want to use it on the clicked even like:\n <button clicked=\"{OnPlatform android=Android_klik , uwp=Wpf_klik\"}/>\n\nthen i have this error: \n Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State\n Error Position 16:34. ", "No property, bindable property, or event found for 'Clicked', or mismatching type between value and property. ", " $$ $$\\MainPage.xaml\n\nso what i can do for creating 2 click event on xaml ?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can use a switch (or if/else) on the Device.", "RuntimePlatform property.", "\nExample:\nvoid someButton_Click_Handler(object sender, EventArgs args)\n{\n switch (Device.", "RuntimePlatform)\n {\n case Device.", "UWP:\n // do your UWP assignments...\n break;\n default:\n // do your Android & iOS assignments...\n break;\n }\n}\n\nre: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/xamarin.forms.device.runtimeplatform?view=xamarin-forms#Xamarin_Forms_Device_RuntimePlatform\n\n" ]
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0.017199
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[ "Q:\n\ngetting an undefined index return date in codeigniter 3 even after getting values from database?", "\n\nI am fetching values from database and the values are successfully shown when i use print_r but i get an error when i try to echo the values out it gives me an error of Message: \n\nUndefined index: return_date\n\nmy code for controller is as follows\npublic function latebooks(){\n $now = date('m/d/Y');\n $this->load->model('Time');\n $id=$this->session->userdata('userid');\n $this->load->model('Department');\n $table=$this->Department->selecttable($id);\n foreach($table as $q){}\n $table = $q->department_name;\n $table = strtolower($table);\n $run=$this->Time->timecalculations($table);\n print_r($run);\n $this->load->view('Books/datetime',['query'=>$run]);\n}\n\nand my code for my model is as follows:\npublic function timecalculations($table){\n $query= $this->db->get_where('issue_books',array('department_id'=>$table));\n return $query->result_array();\n}\n\nand the code in the view is as follows\n <?", "php\n\n/**\n * Created by PhpStorm.", "\n * User: workspace\n * Date: 05-10-2016\n * Time: 13:46\n */\ninclude 'header.php';\n?", ">\n<br /><br />\n<?", "php\necho $query['return_date'];\n?", ">\n<?", "php\ninclude 'footer.php';\n?", ">\n\nplease forgive as i am novice here!Thanks in advance\n\nA:\n\nYou are using result() function in your MODEL for getting records, this will return data into object form not in array.", "\nThis:\necho $query['return_date'];\n\nShould be:\necho $query->return_date;\n\nAfter your modification in your question, you must need to check what are you getting in print_r($run).", "\nIf you have data in multi-dimensional array than you can use loop here, this will print all data either having one record or multiple.", "\n<?", "php\nforeach ($query as $key => $value) {\n echo $value->return_date;\n}\n?", ">\n\nIf you want to use result_array() function than you can use like:\n<?", "php\nforeach ($query as $key => $value) {\n echo $value['return_date'];\n}\n?", ">\n\nThis post will help you to understand both functions: codeigniter, result() vs. result_array()\n\n" ]
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[ "[Progress on the early diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis].", "\nKnee osteoarthritis is one of the common type of arthropathy, the clinical stage of the typical patients belongs to the middle-late stage, so it urges to improve the early diagnosis. ", "At present, magnetic resonance imaging is most used in clinical diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis, and with the development of different MRI sequences, the sequences of early articular cartilage lesions are used in clinic. ", "In the early diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis, the simple and practical methods such as ultrasonography is becoming a trend, and the specific biomarkers of early knee osteoarthritis have become the hot research. ", "This overview article outlined the methods of early diagnosis from the ultrashort echo time MRI, ultrasonography and biomarkers." ]
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[ "It’s no secret that Twitter censors and shadow-bans conservatives.", "\n\nThe Gateway Pundit has reported on this extensively over the past few years.", "\n\nEarlier today we wrote about a new study that found Twitter censors conservatives over liberals at a 21:1 ratio.", "\n\nNow this…\n\nIt appears that some liberals are even getting a boost from Twitter.", "\n\nWatch as Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s ‘likes’ magically go from 1,500 to 17k …\n\nhttps://twitter.com/MAGA16_KAG20/status/1095560626649219072\n\nTRENDING: Unhinged Quebec Woman Pascale Ferrier Identified as Suspect in Case of Ricin Letter Sent to Trump White House\n\nMore…\n\nhttps://twitter.com/TweetsFlyinHigh/status/1095457863059816448" ]
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[ "About Us\n\nBook for services we offer here\n\nOur Affiliates\n\nkcaa\n\nKenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA) was established on 24th October 2002 by the Civil Aviation (Amendment) Act, 2002 with the primary functions towards; Regulation and oversight of Aviation Safety & Security; Economic regulation of Air Services and development of Civil Aviation; Provision of Air Navigation Services, and Training of Aviation personnel KCAA; as guided by the provisions of the convention on international civil aviation, related ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs), the Kenya Civil Aviation Act, 2013 and the civil aviation regulations.", "\n\nkAA\n\nThe Kenya Airports Authority is an autonomous body established in 1991 through an act of parliament and is charged with an umbrella responsibility of providing and managing a coordinated system of airports in the country.", "\n\nMinistry of Transport and infrastructure\n\nThe transport sector in Kenya encompasses a transport system comprising of road, rail, air and maritime.", "\n\nThe sector is crucial in the promotion of socio-economic activities and development since an efficient and effective, transport system is a mainspring for rapid and sustained development in terms of national, regional and international integration, trade facilitation, poverty reduction and improvement of welfare of the citizen.", "\n\nMinistry of foreign affairs\n\nThe control of entry and residence of foreigners into this country dates back to the introduction of what was called the Immigration Restriction Ordinance of 1906.", "\n\nThis Ordinance restricted the influx of foreigners especially Indians, coming to the then Kenya colony and Protectorate upon completion of the Kenya- Uganda Railway (KUR) or the Iron Snake." ]
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[ "; Copyright (C) 2012 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. (\"ISC\")\n;\n; Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any\n; purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above\n; copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.", "\n;\n; THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH\n; REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY\n; AND FITNESS. ", " IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,\n; INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM\n; LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE\n; OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR\n; PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.", "\n\n; Id\n\n$TTL 999999\n.", "\t\t\t IN NS\td.root-servers.nil.", "\nd.root-servers.nil.", "\t IN A\t10.53.0.4\n" ]
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[ "Thursday, 16 February 2012\n\nThe Silver Spoon\n\nWell, last week-end my partner and I were in Birmingham visiting his family, which he has not seen since before Xmas, so it was great to catch-up.", "\nWaiting for us at his parents home was a present from his sister and husband,(big food lovers also) this fabulous cookery book.", "\n\nCalled The Silver Spoon.", "\n\nI enjoy Italian food, and to cook Italian food ,but my knowledge is small .", "\nI buy in a lot of different pasta but I do make the effort and make my own pasta sometimes.", "\n\nAnd I have a couple of Italian cook books, but this book is fabulous! ", "pages and pages of fantastic simple recipes, well 1503 pages and 2,000 simple and authentic recipes to be precise.", "\n\nThe Cornish Cupcake 2012\nAll pictures and recipes are owned by The Cornish Cupcake and can only be duplicated with my permission.", "\nWhich I would be happy to give on the proviso you put a direct link back to my blog.", "\nThanks.x" ]
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[ "#!", "/bin/bash\n# `/sbin/setuser memcache` runs the given command as the user `memcache`.", "\n# If you omit that part, the command will be run as root.", "\nexec /sbin/setuser memcache /usr/bin/memcached >>/var/log/memcached.log 2>&1\n" ]
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