Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

pii-pile-chunk3-1100000-1150000

like 0

[ "Estate & Trust Litigation\n\nOur Estate and Trust Litigation team represents family members, heirs, beneficiaries, executors, personal representatives and trustees in disputes regarding wills, trusts, probate, estates and charitable matters. ", "We recognize that such matters often involve highly emotional matters and require the necessary sophistication and sensitivity to achieve client goals. ", "The lawyers who make up the Estates and Trusts Litigation team advise clients on disputes and litigation relating to:\n\nWill contests, including undue influence and testamentary capacity issues\n\nSending us an email or submitting an inquiry via the ‘Contact Us’ page does not make you a client of this firm. ", "Please do not send confidential information in an email unless specifically requested to do so by an attorney at this firm." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0 ]

[ "While sanctions have so far done little to deter North Korea from boosting its nuclear and missile capacity, McAllister stressed that the only solution was a diplomatic one: “For instance, if we further tighten the supply of oil to North Korea, that will have a major impact on the economy, and in the end, on the regime.”", "\n\nThe foreign affairs committee chair also urged China to exert its leverage over the North Korean regime to ensure that the situation does not escalate further.", "\n\nIn January 2016, MEPs adopted a resolution expressing their concern about the persisting deterioration of the human rights situation in North Korea. ", "MEPs are expected to debate the situation on the Korean Peninsula on Tuesday 12 September." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.003105590062111801, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "GPU-Z is a lightweight utility designed to provide information about video cards and GPUs . ", "The program displays the specifications of the GPU and its memory, and displays temperature, core frequency, memory frequency, GPU load and fan speeds." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.010869565217391304, 0.013245033112582781 ]

[ "Office of the Attorney GeneralAttorney General Conway Announces Indictment of Former Caregiver for Assault\n\nPress Release Date:\n\nWednesday, May 13, 2015\n\nContact Information:\n\nLeland HulbertDeputy Communications Director502-696-5659\n\nAttorney General Jack Conway today announced the indictment of a former healthcare worker for one count of Assault in the 4th Degree, a Class A misdemeanor. ", "Thirty-four year-old Crystal Marie Leyhue was a caregiver at the Haws Memorial Nursing and Rehabilitation Center in Fulton, Ky. The indictment stems from a November 4, 2014 incident in which it is alleged that Leyhue placed a hot pepper into an 82-year-old resident's mouth. ", "The defendant was heard laughing at the resident's reaction, and the incident was caught on a video camera. ", "Another employee of the facility observed the incident and reported it to her superiors. ", "Leyhue was then fired. ", "A summons will be issued for Leyhue, who currently lives in Dresden, Tennessee, to appear for arraignment.", "\n\nAttorney General Conway’s Medicaid Fraud and Abuse Control Unit investigated this case after a referral from the Department of Community Based Services. ", "The case is being prosecuted by Fulton County Attorney Rick Majors.", "\n\nLeyhue faces a potential sentence of up to one year in jail if convicted.", "\n\nA charge is merely an accusation. ", "A defendant is presumed innocent until and unless proven guilty.", "\n\n“I believe strongly that every patient in a nursing home, Medicaid facility, or personal care home deserves to be treated with dignity and respect and should be free from patient abuse, neglect or exploitation,” Attorney General Conway said. “", "I applaud the healthcare worker who reported this crime. ", "Instances of abuse will be investigated, and when appropriate, prosecuted.”", "\n\nMedicaid Recoveries\n\nAttorney General Conway has investigated and prosecuted more abuse and neglect cases than any previous Kentucky Attorney General. ", "Since Attorney General Conway took office in January 2008, his Office of Medicaid Fraud and Abuse Control has led or participated in actions which have recovered more than $300 million for state and federal-funded Medical programs. ", "These cases range from lawsuits and settlements against pharmaceutical companies to cases against individual providers.", "\n\nIn 2012, General Conway’s Medicaid Fraud Unit was named one of the most aggressive in the country by the nonprofit watchdog group Public Citizen. ", "The Attorney General’s tip line for reporting allegations of abuse is 1-877-228-7384." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.010230179028132993, 0.007272727272727273, 0, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0.009433962264150943, 0.025806451612903226, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0, 0.00816326530612245, 0, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0.01293103448275862, 0, 0.02027027027027027, 0.011764705882352941 ]

[ "![](", "amjdentsci81078-0010){#sp1 .154}\n\n![](", "amjdentsci81078-0011){#sp2 .155}\n\n![](", "amjdentsci81078-0012){#sp3 .156}\n\n![](", "amjdentsci81078-0013){#sp4 .157}\n\n![](", "amjdentsci81078-0014){#sp5 .158}\n\n![](", "amjdentsci81078-0015){#sp6 .159}\n\n![](", "amjdentsci81078-0016){#sp7 .160}\n\n![](", "amjdentsci81078-0017){#sp8 .161}\n\n![](", "amjdentsci81078-0018){#sp9 .162}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0 ]

[ "package awsutil\n\nimport (\n\t\"bytes\"\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"io\"\n\t\"reflect\"\n\t\"strings\"\n)\n\n// Prettify returns the string representation of a value.", "\nfunc Prettify(i interface{}) string {\n\tvar buf bytes.", "Buffer\n\tprettify(reflect.", "ValueOf(i), 0, &buf)\n\treturn buf.", "String()\n}\n\n// prettify will recursively walk value v to build a textual\n// representation of the value.", "\nfunc prettify(v reflect.", "Value, indent int, buf *bytes.", "Buffer) {\n\tfor v.Kind() == reflect.", "Ptr {\n\t\tv = v.Elem()\n\t}\n\n\tswitch v.Kind() {\n\tcase reflect.", "Struct:\n\t\tstrtype := v.Type().String()\n\t\tif strtype == \"time.", "Time\" {\n\t\t\tfmt.", "Fprintf(buf, \"%s\", v.Interface())\n\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t} else if strings.", "HasPrefix(strtype, \"io.\") {", "\n\t\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(\"<buffer>\")\n\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(\"{\\n\")\n\n\t\tnames := []string{}\n\t\tfor i := 0; i < v.Type().NumField(); i++ {\n\t\t\tname := v.Type().Field(i).Name\n\t\t\tf := v.Field(i)\n\t\t\tif name[0:1] == strings.", "ToLower(name[0:1]) {\n\t\t\t\tcontinue // ignore unexported fields\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tif (f.Kind() == reflect.", "Ptr || f.Kind() == reflect.", "Slice || f.Kind() == reflect.", "Map) && f.IsNil() {\n\t\t\t\tcontinue // ignore unset fields\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tnames = append(names, name)\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfor i, n := range names {\n\t\t\tval := v.FieldByName(n)\n\t\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(strings.", "Repeat(\" \", indent+2))\n\t\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(n + \": \")\n\t\t\tprettify(val, indent+2, buf)\n\n\t\t\tif i < len(names)-1 {\n\t\t\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(\",\\n\")\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(\"\\n\" + strings.", "Repeat(\" \", indent) + \"}\")\n\tcase reflect.", "Slice:\n\t\tstrtype := v.Type().String()\n\t\tif strtype == \"[]uint8\" {\n\t\t\tfmt.", "Fprintf(buf, \"<binary> len %d\", v.Len())\n\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tnl, id, id2 := \"\", \"\", \"\"\n\t\tif v.Len() > 3 {\n\t\t\tnl, id, id2 = \"\\n\", strings.", "Repeat(\" \", indent), strings.", "Repeat(\" \", indent+2)\n\t\t}\n\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(\"[\" + nl)\n\t\tfor i := 0; i < v.Len(); i++ {\n\t\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(id2)\n\t\t\tprettify(v.", "Index(i), indent+2, buf)\n\n\t\t\tif i < v.Len()-1 {\n\t\t\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(\",\" + nl)\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(nl + id + \"]\")\n\tcase reflect.", "Map:\n\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(\"{\\n\")\n\n\t\tfor i, k := range v.MapKeys() {\n\t\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(strings.", "Repeat(\" \", indent+2))\n\t\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(k.", "String() + \": \")\n\t\t\tprettify(v.", "MapIndex(k), indent+2, buf)\n\n\t\t\tif i < v.Len()-1 {\n\t\t\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(\",\\n\")\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tbuf.", "WriteString(\"\\n\" + strings.", "Repeat(\" \", indent) + \"}\")\n\tdefault:\n\t\tif !", "v.IsValid() {\n\t\t\tfmt.", "Fprint(buf, \"<invalid value>\")\n\t\t\treturn\n\t\t}\n\t\tformat := \"%v\"\n\t\tswitch v.Interface().(type) {\n\t\tcase string:\n\t\t\tformat = \"%q\"\n\t\tcase io.", "ReadSeeker, io.", "Reader:\n\t\t\tformat = \"buffer(%p)\"\n\t\t}\n\t\tfmt.", "Fprintf(buf, format, v.Interface())\n\t}\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0, 0, 0.012578616352201259, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0.011363636363636364, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0, 0.022556390977443608, 0, 0.03125, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0 ]

[ "The generation and metabolism of leukotrienes in the ionophore-stimulated blood of normal and asthmatic subjects.", "\nThe generation and metabolism of leukotrienes (LTs) B4, C4, D4, and E4 were studied in vitro in the A23187-stimulated whole blood of normal (N) and atopic asthmatic (AA) human subjects. ", "Using a combination of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay, we have demonstrated that the blood cells of atopic asthmatic patients have an enhanced ability to release LTB4 and LTC4 when compared to those of normal subjects. ", "The release of LTB4 and LTC4 in response to ionophore is dose- and time-dependent. ", "Half-maximal doses of ionophore caused the generation of high, sustained levels of LTB4, which are significantly higher in the AA blood than in N blood. ", "Incubations of 3H-LTB4 in ionophore-stimulated N and AA blood revealed a slow metabolism to 20-OH-LTB4 and 20-COOH-LTB4. ", "LTC4 is generated in smaller amounts than LTB4, with an early peak after 10 min which is significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the AA blood compared to the N blood. ", "Subsequent metabolism of LTC4 elicits significantly greater amounts of LTD4, and consistently higher levels of LTE4, in the AA blood. ", "Parallel incubations of 3H-LTC4 in ionophore-stimulated N and AA blood demonstrated rapid metabolism of LTC4 by the glutathione detoxification pathway. ", "The elevated production of LTB4 and LTC4 in AA blood was not accounted for by differences in leukocyte sub-type counts in the two groups, nor by differences in their rates of catabolism. ", "The novel, selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor BW A4C [N-(3-phenoxycinnamyl) acetohydroxamic acid] caused dose-dependent inhibition of LTB4 and LTC4 generation and was equipotent in N and AA blood." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.006535947712418301, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0.006578947368421052, 0.0053475935828877, 0.00510204081632653 ]

[ "US Midterms: American voters send record number of women to Congress\n\nShe takes the record for the youngest woman elected to Congress from Rep. Elise Stefanik, a Republican representing upstate NY who was elected at age 30.", "\n\nThe results could have a dramatic impact on Washington and is seen as a referendum on Trump's first term in office.", "\n\nBy early Wednesday morning, 92 women had been elected to the House, surpassing the previous record of 84 - and more victories were expected.", "\n\nIn defeating Democrat Phil Bredesen, GOP Rep. Marsha Blackburn will become Tennessee's first woman senator, MA sent the state's first black woman to Congress in Democrat Ayanna Pressley and Texas elected their first two Latinas to Congress, sending Democrats Veronica Escobar of El Paso and Sylvia Garcia of Houston to the House.", "\n\nDeb Haaland is one of the first Native American woman to win a seat in Congress. ", "Haaland, a Democrat, will represent New Mexico's 1st Congressional District.", "\n\nData from The Associated Press showed that 237 women ran for the House as major-party candidates this year. ", "Republicans in the state recently passed a bill to require women to seek more counseling before they get an abortion.", "\n\nMI voters legalize recreational marijuana use\nAnd while a majority of legal states only allow the cultivation of six cannabis plants per individual, MI will allow 12 . ", "Violations of the law would result in civil infractions or criminal charges, depending on the severity of the offense.", "\n\n\"Democratic women in particular and independent women, progressive women, upscale suburban women were clearly energised by the Trump victory and the Trump presidency in a negative way\", said Democratic pollster Celinda Lake. ", "Omar will take the seat vacated by Minnesota Rep. Keith Ellison, the first Muslim elected to Congress. ", "Ellison opted to run for Minnesota attorney general this year. ", "Women's issues are the economy, their education, their gun control. ", "The victories by the two Democrats - Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib - came on an election night when members of multiple minority groups had a chance to score electoral firsts. ", "Wallace also suggested Ingraham was being hypocritical, saying that if she gives Republicans credit for keeping the Senate, she must also give the Democrats credit for flipping the House. ", "Several were first-time candidates.", "\n\nTexas is set to send its first Hispanic women to Congress, as Democrats Veronica Escobar and Sylvia Garcia both won their races.", "\n\nDemocrat Mike Espy, who will face Mississippi Republican Rep. Cindy Hyde-Smith in a December runoff, could become the state's first black senator since Reconstruction.", "\n\nThere are now more women governors, as well.", "\n\nRepublicans have held the South Dakota governor's mansion for decades - the last Democrat was elected all the way back in 1978 - but Noem will still make history in 2019 as the first female governor. ", "Davids, a lawyer who will also be Kansas' first openly gay member of Congress, defeated incumbent Republican Kevin Yoder by nine points in a state that was handily won by Trump in 2016.", "\n\nIn the House, 71 incumbent women were running for re-election, 46 were running for open seats and 120 were challenging sitting House members, according to the Center for American Women and Politics at Rutgers University.", "\n\nRelated News:\n\nThough slightly flawed by faulty UI and overly complicated systems, Red Dead Redemption 2 is truly worth its $60 price tag. ", "Regardless, for those suffering from the glitch, the characters will automatically return at the beginning of chapter 4 .", "\n\nEmma said they would be \"celebrating for the women who were around when we came out.it's going to be very special\". ", "Speculation is mounting that more dates will be added once tickets go on sale at 10:30 GMT on Saturday.", "\n\nThe information covered in this report has been gathered based on primary and secondary research assumptions and methodologies. ", "It covers the value chain analysis that represents an all-inclusive view of the global Soy Protein Concentrate market .", "\n\nDer Spiegel calls the settlements \"weak\" and claims Uefa \"wasn't even entirely aware of the degree to which it had been deceived\". ", "When UEFA were investigating City over FFP, Fordham apparently never came up.", "\n\nIrving was angry that Jamal Murray took a 3-pointer at the buzzer when the Denver Nuggets had already put the game out of reach. ", "It was a \"bullshit move\", according to Kyrie Irving, who hurled the ball into the crowd in frustration.", "\n\nHe later added: \"We like to sit down and watch the footy and watch the rugby\". \"", "It made his day\", his mates said. ", "Media coverage and the family's fight for additional funding and care saw the decision reversed.", "\n\nJury selection begins for El Chapo's United States trial\nThe only visitors he is allowed are his lawyers and twin, seven-year-old daughters, from whom he is separated by thick glass. ", "Guzman has been held in solitary confinement in NY since Mexico extradited him and he spends 23 hours a day in his cell.", "\n\nIn a first, 2 Muslim women elected to US Congress\nShe is expected to share the honour with Somali-American Ilhan Omar , who was leading the opinion polls in Minnesota. ", "Tlaib favors a one-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and has opposed United States aid to Israel.", "\n\nGoogle Slowly Starts Fixing Pixel 3 Problems\nHowever, the APK version is available for Pixel series users to get a taste of what the Night Sight mode brings. ", "Credit: YouTubeOn the Pixel 3 , the Google Assistant can now answer phone calls on your behalf.", "\n\nFree Cameroon's Kidnapped School Children\nAround a fifth of Cameroon's 22m people are English-speaking - a minority whose presence dates back to the colonial period. ", "The government and English-speaking separatists have accused each other of orchestrating the kidnapping.", "\n\nGalaxy Note 9 getting new update, November patch not included\nEarlier it was thought that Samsung will compose some techniques to boast a similar feature to its forthcoming Galaxy S10 . ", "According to Sammobile , Samsung had revealed a new integrated sensor technology during the Samsung OLED Forum in China.", "\n\nFlorida Restores Voting Rights for Most Felons\nA number of major Jewish philanthropists contributed to the campaign, including George Soros, Seth Klarman and Stacy Schusterman. ", "In 2016, 21 percent of African-Americans were disenfranchised, according to The Sentencing Project .", "\n\nDemocrats retake US House, Republicans keep Senate\nYet it may be effective in largely rural states where he remains popular and where numerous closest Senate races are playing out. ", "That's partly because California has abandoned some polling places in favor of mail-in ballots, which take longer to count.", "\n\nSeattle Seahawks: 3 Big takeaways from loss vs\nThey also had a moment of silence for Allen and had the \"12 Flag\" that's raised before every game lowered to half-staff. ", "White was selected by the Chargers in the fourth round in last April's draft and played in the first three games.", "\n\nHorse race bet with William Hill\nHow to place a bet To place your wager/bet, all you need is to provide the appropriate information to the ticket writer. ", "Simply you just have to pay £1horse bet and you can easily watch the live horse racing broadcast on your device." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.017937219730941704, 0.008547008547008548, 0.007042253521126761, 0.027190332326283987, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0.013215859030837005, 0.02912621359223301, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0.023076923076923078, 0.01775147928994083, 0, 0.0049504950495049506, 0.021621621621621623, 0.013513513513513514, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0.015037593984962405, 0.025974025974025976, 0.022900763358778626, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0, 0, 0.005405405405405406, 0.008333333333333333, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0.00625, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0.008333333333333333, 0.01675977653631285, 0.01, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0 ]

[ "A variety of methods have been used in the past to mark the playing surface of sporting events. ", "Different sports require different line markings, team logos, symbols or emblems, and advertising. ", "Such line markings can include, but are not limited to, end zone lines, goal lines, yardage marker lines, boundary lines, creases, midfield lines, base lines, service lines, free throw lines, and circles.", "\nFor surfaces such as ice, concrete, or wood, a variety of marking methods have been employed in the prior art. ", "For example, it is known that markings may be painted on the surface and a thin clear coating, such as polyurethane or ice depending on the underlying substrate, then applied to cover and protect the markings. ", "In this type of marking system, the markings are permanent and not easily altered. ", "As a result, such markings cannot be easily hidden or altered to accommodate different sports or activities.", "\nOn natural grass and synthetic turf surfaces, it is known that line markings can be indicated by applying a colored substance along the pile of the turf. ", "It is known that such colored substance may be white wash, paint, or lime. ", "Alternatively, it is also known that the line markings may be indicated by filling the turf or pile filaments along the desired lines with particulate material such as chalk, brick dust or sawdust. ", "While a number of these methods are not necessarily permanent, they have the disadvantage of becoming blurred and less distinct with use of the playing field and, as a result, often need to be repeatedly reapplied. ", "In addition, such markings are not easy to remove to accommodate the markings of different sports or activities.", "\nWith artificial turf it is also known in the prior art to mark the lines by giving the pile filaments along the desired lines a color which is different from the pile filaments of the adjacent turf material. ", "Thus, the marking lines are made of filaments of a different color from the adjacent material but are otherwise similar to the adjacent material. ", "However, such systems have the disadvantage of being difficult to adjust to accommodate the markings of different sports or activities.", "\nWith artificial turf it is also known to separately manufacture strips of material which may be inserted in corresponding gaps cut in the turf field to indicate the line markings. ", "Such line marking strips may be attached by adhesive or loop and hook attachments. ", "However, such systems can often result in a decrease in the durability of the lines and an increase in the labor involved in arranging the strips to accommodate the markings of different sports.", "\nIt is also known that a playing field may be marked to simultaneously indicate the lines for more than one sport or activity. ", "However, such dual markings can become confusing to players and officials and can not accommodate the need for showing alternate team logos depending on the team playing or sport being played on the field.", "\nHence, it would be useful to provide an improved marked surface that may be easily adapted to selectively show on the same playing surface markings for a variety of different sports, teams and advertisements depending on the sport and teams using the particular playing surface." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "#ifndef SORBET_REWRITER_TYPEMEMBERS_H\n#define SORBET_REWRITER_TYPEMEMBERS_H\n#include \"ast/ast.h\"\n\nnamespace sorbet::rewriter {\n\n/**\n * This class does nothing but raise errors for and then delete duplicate type members\n */\nclass TypeMembers final {\npublic:\n static void run(core::MutableContext ctx, ast::ClassDef *cdef);\n\n TypeMembers() = delete;\n};\n\n} // namespace sorbet::rewriter\n\n#endif\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.007537688442211055 ]

[ "The present disclosure relates to drink cups, and particularly to lids for drink cups. ", "More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a seal established between a drink cup and a lid mounted on the drink cup." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'Blockchain technology enables the execution of collaborative business processes involving untrusted parties without requiring a central authority. ", "Specifically, a process model comprising tasks performed by multiple parties can be coordinated via smart contracts operating on the blockchain. ", "The consensus mechanism governing the blockchain thereby guarantees that the process model is followed by each party. ", "However, the cost required for blockchain use is highly dependent on the volume of data recorded and the frequency of data updates by smart contracts. ", "This paper proposes an optimized method for executing business processes on top of commodity blockchain technology. ", "The paper presents a method for compiling a process model into a smart contract that encodes the preconditions for executing each task in the process using a space-optimized data structure. ", "The method is empirically compared to a previously proposed baseline by replaying execution logs, including one from a real-life business process, and measuring resource consumption.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Luciano García-Bañuelos'\n- Alexander Ponomarev\n- |\n \\\n Marlon Dumas\n- Ingo Weber\nbibliography:\n- 'bibliography.bib'\ntitle: |\n Optimized Execution of Business Processes\\\n on Blockchain\n---\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004672897196261682 ]

[ "Rebecca Romero\n\nRebecca Jayne Romero, MBE (born 24 January 1980) is an English sportswoman, a former World Champion and Olympic Games silver medallist at rowing, and a former World champion and former Olympic champion track cyclist.", "\n\nEarly life and education\nRomero was born in Carshalton, Surrey, of an English mother and Spanish father, and brought up in Wallington, Surrey where she attended Wallington High School for Girls. ", "Her success in both sports has meant that she has been funded as a full-time athlete since graduating from university.", "\n\nRowing\nRomero has won world championships in both cycling and rowing; as a rower, she won a silver medal at the Athens 2004 Olympics in the quadruple sculls, and the following year was part of the British crew that won the 2005 World Championships in the quad sculls. ", "\nSuffering from a persistent back injury, Romero retired from rowing in 2006.", "\n\nCycling\nRomero later took up track cycling, and made rapid progress in her new sport, specialising in track endurance events.", "\n\nIn December 2006, Romero won a silver medal in the pursuit at the UCI Track World Cup event in Moscow – her international cycling debut – losing out to fellow Briton Wendy Houvenaghel.", "\n\nRomero won her first Cycling World Championships medal in March 2007 with silver in the 3 km pursuit. ", "The following year, at the 2008 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Manchester, she won the individual and, (with Houvenaghel and Joanna Rowsell), team pursuit events.", "\n\nBeijing Olympics\nShe became the first British woman ever to compete in two different sports at the Olympic Games when she rode in the individual pursuit in Beijing. ", "In winning the gold, she also became only the second woman of any country (after Roswitha Krause of East Germany) to win a medal in two different sports at Summer Games.", "\n\nRomero appeared nude on her bicycle in an advert for Powerade sports drink in the run up to the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "\n\nRomero was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours.", "\n\nPost-Beijing\nRomero was expected to return to track cycling in October 2009 but did not return amid speculation that the individual pursuit would be dropped from the Olympic programme. ", "It was announced in December 2009 that the event was to be dropped, meaning Romero was unable to defend her title at the 2012 Summer Olympics. ", "She condemned the decision to drop the event as \"ludicrous\" but seemed set to make a further change of events by switching to the road time trial.", "\n\nIn August 2009 she attempted the 874-mile non-stop mixed tandem bicycle record attempt from Land's End to John O'Groats with James Cracknell but had to give up at more than half way due to a knee injury.", "\n\nShe planned to race in a time trial at Levens, Cumbria on 13 August 2011. ", "She also raced in the British Time Trial Championships on 4 September 2011 finishing 4th overall.", "\n\nIn October 2011 Romero announced that she was withdrawing from British Cycling's Olympic Programme and that she would not be competing in the 2012 Olympics. ", "She subsequently confirmed that she would compete in the Ironman 70.3 triathlon in Mallorca and the Ironman UK event in Bolton in 2012 and the 2012 Ironman World Championship.", "\n\nRomero has set up Romero Performance, a sports performance consultancy organisation, which launched in January 2013.", "\n\nAchievements\n\nRowing\n\nOlympic Games\n2004 – Silver, Quadruple sculls (with Frances Houghton, Debbie Flood, Alison Mowbray)\nWorld Championships\n2001 – 5th, Quadruple sculls\n2002 – 5th, Quadruple sculls\n2003 – 4th, Double sculls\n2005 – Gold, Quadruple sculls (with Katherine Grainger, Frances Houghton, Sarah Winkless)\nU23 World Championships\n1999 – 4th, Single sculls\n2000 – Gold, Coxless pairs\n\nCycling\n\n Time Trial Champion (Cycling) 2006\nUCI Track World Cups: 2 Silver Medals (Moscow & Manchester)\n2007 World Championships – Silver, 3 km Pursuit\n National 3 km Pursuit Champion (Cycling) 2007\n2007–08 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics: Gold individual pursuit Copenhagen\n2008 World Championships – Gold, 3 km Pursuit\n2008 World Championships – Gold, Team Pursuit\n2008 Summer Olympics Gold, Individual Pursuit\n\n 4th British National Time Trial Championships (Cycling) 2011\n\nSee also \nLeander Club (member)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nProfile on British Cycling\nOlympians strip down as they prepare to make history in Beijing Photos by award-winning photographer Nadav Kander for Powerade advertising campaign, The Daily Mail\n\nCategory:English people of Spanish descent\nCategory:Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nCategory:English female rowers\nCategory:English Olympic medallists\nCategory:Olympic cyclists of Great Britain\nCategory:Olympic rowers of Great Britain\nCategory:Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain\nCategory:Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain\nCategory:Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nCategory:1980 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Members of the Order of the British Empire\nCategory:Olympic medalists in cycling\nCategory:Olympic medalists in rowing\nCategory:Alumni of the University of Surrey\nCategory:People educated at Wallington High School for Girls\nCategory:Alumni of St Mary's University, Twickenham\nCategory:English female cyclists\nCategory:People from Carshalton\nCategory:UCI Track Cycling World Champions (women)\nCategory:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Members of Leander Club\nCategory:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nCategory:World Rowing Championships medalists for Great Britain\nCategory:English track cyclists\nCategory:Alumni of Richmond upon Thames College" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.021551724137931036, 0.015228426395939087, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005376344086021506, 0, 0.016853932584269662, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0, 0.01, 0.0053475935828877, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0.00975609756097561, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0.017142857142857144, 0.01694915254237288, 0.012522361359570662 ]

[ "The role of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety, and suicide.", "\nDefeat and entrapment are psychological constructs that have played a central role in evolutionary accounts of depression. ", "These concepts have since been implicated in theoretical accounts of anxiety disorders and suicidality. ", "The current article reports on a systematic review of the existing research investigating the links among defeat, entrapment, and psychopathology in the domains of depression, suicidality, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other anxiety syndromes. ", "Fifty-one original research articles were identified and critically reviewed. ", "There was strong convergent evidence for a link with depressive symptoms, across a variety of clinical and nonclinical samples. ", "Preliminary support for an association with suicidality was also observed, with effects not readily explainable in terms of comorbid depression. ", "There was strong evidence for an association between defeat and PTSD, although this may have been partly accounted for by comorbid depression. ", "The findings for other anxiety disorders were less consistent. ", "There was, however, evidence that social anxiety in individuals with psychosis may be related to perceptions of entrapment. ", "Overall, there was evidence that perceptions of defeat and entrapment were closely associated with various forms of human psychopathology. ", "These effects were often in the moderate to large range and superseded the impact of other environmental and psychological stressors on psychopathology. ", "We provide a unified theoretical model of how defeat and entrapment may contribute to these different psychopathological conditions. ", "Clinical implications and avenues for future research are discussed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "I respect all the time and effort all you steady & capable draftnics have put into your work this draft season. ", "I really think a bunch of you guys need to be sitting in the War Room! ", "Though I haven't had the time to be as involved as I would have liked to have been, I've been riding along. ", "I've gotta tell you guys, you all have had me pecking the keyboard checking out a lot of the prospects you've mocked. ", "I've been able to get on board with most all of them. ", "Of coarse, the FO will do something none of us could/would have expected so Come ON Next Thursday!", "\n\nThanks 23 and speaking for my partners RMartin 65 and Beerlover part of the fun we get is the feedback and PMs from you guys. ", "It is cool to have people start following a college guy that we have identified as having skills. ", "Part of the \"OH NO!\" ", "is watching someone like RG3 rocket up past Texans' spots. ", "It is one thing to hear everyone talking about a guy after he is popular & I wonder \"yeah, well where were you smart stuff a year ago?\"", "\n\n__________________\nI want to be able to recognize the difference between a \"want\" and a \"need\" and then I want to be satisfied with getting a need" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Press Release:\n\n(Victor, NY) – Constellation Brands (NYSE: STZ and STZ.B), a leading beverage alcohol company, today announced an agreement to acquire San Diego-based Ballast Point Brewing & Spirits. ", "Ballast Point is one of the fastest growing craft beer companies in the U.S. with a beer portfolio that includes more than 40 different styles of beer, led by its popular Sculpin IPA and Grapefruit Sculpin IPA. ", "The partnership with Ballast Point provides a high-growth premium platform that will enable Constellation to compete in the fast-growing craft beer segment, further strengthening its position in the highest end of the U.S. beer market.", "\n\nBallast Point started in 1996 as a small group of home brewers and remains dedicated to the art of making better quality craft beer. ", "Ballast Point will continue to operate as a stand-alone company with its existing management team and employees running the day-to-day operations. ", "The company is one of the most successful and respected craft beer companies in the country, with an expertise in brewing the most premium, highest quality award winning products, and a grassroots approach to innovation that engages beer lovers and home brewers in the process. ", "The Ballast Point team will continue to build on its successful expansion across the U.S., and will now have access to Constellation’s strong financial position and willingness to invest in growth.", "\n\n“We started this business nearly 20 years ago with a vision to produce great beer that consumers love and to do it the right way,” said Jack White, founder of Ballast Point Brewing & Spirits. “", "To achieve that vision, we needed to find the right partner. ", "The team at Constellation shares our values, entrepreneurial spirit and passion for beer, and has a proven track record of helping successful premium brands reach the next level of growth and scale.”", "\n\n“We believe in the vision that Jack and his team have created and we’re excited to welcome Ballast Point, one of the most respected craft brewers in the country, to the Constellation Brands family,” said Rob Sands, chief executive officer, Constellation Brands. “", "Along with imports, craft beer is a key driver of growth and premiumization within the beer industry, with craft doubling its share of the U.S. beer market in the last five years. ", "Ballast Point has certainly been a key driver of that growth. ", "Their business philosophy and entrepreneurial spirit perfectly align with our culture and we look forward to strengthening our position in the high-end beer segment with what is arguably the most premium major brand in the entire craft beer business.”", "\n\nBallast Point is on pace to sell nearly 4 million cases in calendar 2015, which would represent growth of more than 100 percent versus calendar 2014. ", "Net sales for calendar 2015 are expected to approximate $115 million. ", "Volume and net sales growth from calendar 2012 to calendar 2014 averaged over 80 percent. ", "Ballast Point employs more than 500 employees, produces beer in four facilities in the San Diego, CA area, and sells its beer in over 30 states.", "\n\nConstellation Brands plans to purchase Ballast Point Brewing & Spirits for approximately $1 billion. ", "The purchase price values the acquisition multiple of the projected calendar 2016 Ballast Point EBITDA in the mid-to-high teens range. ", "Constellation estimates that on a comparable basis (1), the acquisition is expected to be neutral to diluted earnings per share for fiscal 2016 and $0.05 to $0.06 accretive for fiscal 2017. ", "The transaction will be financed with cash and debt, and is expected to close by the end of calendar year 2015, subject to customary closing conditions.", "\n\n(1) Comparable basis excludes transaction and other acquisition-related costs.", "\n\nAbout Constellation Brands\n\nConstellation Brands (NYSE: STZ and STZ.B) is a leading international producer and marketer of beer, wine and spirits with operations in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, New Zealand and Italy. ", "In 2014, Constellation was one of the top performing stocks in the S&P 500 Consumer Staples Index. ", "Constellation is the number three beer company in the U.S. with high-end, iconic imported brands including Corona Extra, Corona Light, Modelo Especial, Negra Modelo and Pacifico. ", "Constellation is also the world’s leader in premium wine, selling great brands that people love including Robert Mondavi, Clos du Bois, Kim Crawford, Rex Goliath, Mark West, Franciscan Estate, Ruffino and Jackson-Triggs. ", "The company’s premium spirits brands include SVEDKA Vodka and Black Velvet Canadian Whisky.", "\n\nBased in Victor, N.Y., the company believes that industry leadership involves a commitment to brand-building, our trade partners, the environment, our investors and to consumers around the world who choose our products when celebrating big moments or enjoying quiet ones. ", "Founded in 1945, Constellation has grown to become a significant player in the beverage alcohol industry with more than 100 brands in its portfolio, sales in approximately 100 countries, about 40 facilities and approximately 7,700 talented employees. ", "We express our company vision: to elevate life with every glass raised. ", "To learn more, visit www.cbrands.com.", "\n\nAbout Ballast Point\n\nWhat started in 1996 as a small group of home brewers who simply wanted to make great beer evolved into a team of adventurers known today as Ballast Point. ", "From bringing a hoppy twist to a porter, or adding four types of malt to its amber ale, to creating a breakthrough gold medal winning IPA, the San Diego-based company is known for adding its own touch and asking if there’s a better way. ", "Today as an internationally recognized leader in the craft brewing and spirits industry, the company makes over 40 styles of beer.", "\n\nForward-Looking Statements\n\nThis news release contains forward-looking statements. ", "All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. ", "The word “expect” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such identifying words. ", "These statements may relate to business strategy, future operations, prospects, plans and objectives of management, as well as information concerning expected actions of third parties. ", "All forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in, or implied by, such forward-looking statements. ", "The forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations should not be construed in any manner as a guarantee that such results will in fact occur or will occur on the timetable contemplated hereby. ", "The transaction between Constellation Brands and Ballast Point Brewing & Spirits is subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, including receipt of any necessary regulatory approvals. ", "There can be no assurance that any transaction between Constellation Brands and Ballast Point Brewing & Spirits will occur or will occur on the timetable contemplated hereby. ", "All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this news release and Constellation Brands undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.", "\n\nIn addition to the risks and uncertainties of ordinary business operations, the forward-looking statements contained in this news release are subject to other risks and uncertainties, including completion of the announced transaction; the accuracy of all projections; the ability to achieve volume and net sales growth estimates and the benefits of the transaction may vary due to different financial results from those anticipated and the timeframe in which achieved will depend on actual financial performance; and other factors and uncertainties disclosed from time-to-time in Constellation Brands, Inc.’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2015, which could cause future performance to differ from current expectations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.025, 0.009478672985781991, 0.00425531914893617, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0.01015228426395939, 0.010256410256410256, 0, 0.005025125628140704, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.0223463687150838, 0.03167420814479638, 0.02197802197802198, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0.00558659217877095, 0.004219409282700422, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01, 0.011428571428571429, 0.004048582995951417, 0.002430133657351154 ]

[ "[Study of carbohydrate metabolism in rats after administration of myocardium-damaging doses of adrenaline].", "\nThe investigation included a study of the content of glycogen, of the activity of the enzymes of its decay (phosphorylase and hydrolytic enzymes), of the content of lactic acid, and glucose in rats following the administration of myocardium damaging doses of adrenalin, as well as in animals who had died after the administration of adrenalin or were agonizing. ", "The analysis of the carbohydrate metabolism parameters in animals who had died due to the adrenalin administration, or who had been sacrificed in an agonizing state (sharp fall of the glycogen content in the heart, increased activity of hydrolytic enzymes in the heart during the agonizing phase) indicated that the temporary elevation of the glycogen content in the heart after the administration of 300microng/100g of adrenalin was a compensatory reaction of the body. ", "It is suggested that a certain relationship exists between the markedness of this compensatory reaction, i.e. the glycogen level in the heart muscle, and the severity of necrotic lesions." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Automatic (Sharpe & Numan album)\n\nAutomatic is a 1989 album released by Sharpe & Numan (a collaboration between Gary Numan and jazz keyboardist/producer Bill Sharpe, member of the jazz fusion group Shakatak).", "\n\nBackground\nAutomatic was an attempt to recapture the success of Sharpe & Numan's collaboration single \"Change Your Mind\", which reached number 17 in the UK charts in 1985. ", "Although \"Change Your Mind\" was initially supposed to be a one-off single, Numan recalled that \"the whole experience was great fun and Bill and I left the door open for more work together.\" ", "However, Numan was ambivalent about recording a Sharpe + Numan album:\n\nNuman wrote the majority of the song lyrics on Automatic and performed the lead vocals, however, he did not contribute to the writing of the album's music. ", "Backing vocals were provided by Tessa Niles, who had sung on Numan's four preceding solo albums. ", "Automatic has a more lightweight-pop and commercial style in comparison to Numan's solo material of the time, although its sound is not especially incongruous in the Numan discography. ", "The opening line of the track \"I'm on Automatic\" (\"This is metal rhythm/A new song on the radio\") explicitly references Metal Rhythm, Numan's previous solo album. ", "Most of the album was recorded in late 1987 and part of 1988, but took 18 months for the deal to come together with Polydor Records.", "\n\nRelease\nAutomatic includes \"Change Your Mind\" and a remixed version of the third Sharpe + Numan single, \"No More Lies\" (1988, UK#34). ", "The second Sharpe + Numan single, \"New Thing From London Town\" (1986, UK#52) was not included on Automatic, presumably because it had already been included (albeit in re-recorded form) on Numan's 1986 solo album, Strange Charm. \"", "I'm on Automatic\" was the only single to be released from Automatic; it reached No. ", "44 on the UK singles chart. ", "The album itself reached No. ", "59 on the UK Album Chart, eleven spots lower than Metal Rhythm, which was released nine months before. ", "Its disappointing sales led to plans for a second Sharpe + Numan album being abandoned, however, the electro-jazz-pop style of Automatic would influence the general sound of Numan's next solo album, Outland (1991).", "\n\nNuman expressed dissatisfaction with Automatic'''s lack of promotion on the part of Polydor Records. ", "Of the album itself, he recalled:\n\nRe-releaseAutomatic was out of print for two decades; it was re-released on 18 October 2010 by the London-based reissue label Cherry Pop (CRPOP67). ", "This expanded edition features additional tracks, extensive sleevenotes by Steve Thorpe, track comments from Bill Sharpe & Gary Numan, lyrics to all tracks, and remastered sound by Tim Turan. ", "The release is a Captain Oi! ", "Production (the same team behind the label's Kim Wilde and Animotion reissues released in 2009–2010).", "\n\nTrack listing\n1989 edition\nAll tracks were written by Gary Numan and Bill Sharpe except where otherwise noted.", "\n\n\"Change Your Mind\" (Sharpe, Roger Odell) – 4.14\n\"Turn Off the World\" – 3.58\n\"No More Lies\" ('89 mix) – 4.02\n\"Breathe in Emotion\" – 3.25\n\"Some New Game\" – 4.01\n\"I'm on Automatic\" – 4.08\n\"Rip it Up\" – 4.13\n\"Welcome to Love\" – 3.30\n\"Voices\" (Numan, Sharpe, Odell) – 3.50\n\"Night Life\" – 3.41\n\"No More Lies\" (original 12\" mix)* – 7.46\n\"I'm on Automatic\" (12\" mix)* – 7.33\n\nCD bonus tracks marked with an asterisk.", "\n\n2010 edition\nAll tracks were written by Gary Numan and Bill Sharpe except where otherwise noted.", "\n\n\"Change Your Mind\" (Sharpe, Roger Odell) – 4.12\n\"Turn Off the World\" – 3.58\n\"No More Lies\" ('89 mix) – 4.01\n\"Breathe in Emotion\" – 3.25\n\"Some New Game\" – 4.00\n\"I'm on Automatic\" – 4.08\n\"Rip it Up\" – 4.13\n\"Welcome to Love\" – 3.29\n\"Voices\" (Numan, Sharpe, Odell) – 3.49\n\"Night Life\" – 3.42\n\"Love Like a Ghost\" (single B-side) – 3:27\n\"No More Lies\" (7\" version) – 3.25\n\"I'm on Automatic\" (12\" extended version) – 7.34\n\"Voices\" (extended version) – 5:34\n\"No More Lies\" (12\" extended version) – 7.44\n\nSharpe and Numan tracks not included on this re-release include the 12\" extended version of \"Change Your Mind\"; all known versions of \"New Thing from London Town\" (original single version, the extended 12\" version, and the Strange Charm'' remake), and the unreleased demo \"They Say.\"", "\n\nPersonnel\n\nMusicians\nGary Numan – lead vocals\nBill Sharpe – keyboards\nRoger Odell – drums\nTessa Niles – backing vocals\nJohn Davies – synthesiser programming (tracks 2 to 12)\nMitch Dalton – guitar (tracks 2, 5 and 7)\nLinda Taylor – backing vocals (track 1)\n\nProduction \n Bill Sharpe – producer\n Nick Smith – mixer, engineer\n Wally Brill – mixer (track 1)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n [ Allmusic]\n Discogs.com\n\nCategory:1989 debut albums\nCategory:Gary Numan albums" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.02403846153846154, 0.005747126436781609, 0.005263157894736842, 0.004405286343612335, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.006134969325153374, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0.008733624454148471, 0, 0, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.004672897196261682, 0.009708737864077669, 0.00546448087431694, 0.015625, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.017857142857142856, 0.007317073170731708, 0.02040816326530612, 0.005121638924455826, 0.021505376344086023 ]

[ "breathtaking mountains\n\nSkiarea Helm-Rotwand\n\nA decades-old dream is finally coming true with two ultra-modern, eight-person cable cars set to link the ski resorts of Monte Elmo and Croda Rossa from the 2014/15 winter skiing season onwards. ", "The new runs down the Tre Cime di Lavaredo and the Orto del Torro will prove an unbeatable highlight for all ski fans.", "\n\nFrom the top of the Orto del Torro at 2,100 metres above sea level, skiers will get to see the Sesto Dolomites in a completely new light and enjoy stunning views of the Tre Cime. ", "The two new runs will extend the region’s network to 90 kilometres in all." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.008298755186721992, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0 ]

[ "Two optical coherence tomography systems detect topical gold nanoshells in hair follicles, sweat ducts and measure epidermis.", "\nOptical coherence tomography (OCT) is an established imaging technology for in vivo skin investigation. ", "Topical application of gold nanoshells (GNS) provides contrast enhancement in OCT by generating a strong hyperreflective signal from hair follicles and sweat glands, which are the natural skin openings. ", "This study explores the utility of 150 nm diameter GNS as contrast agent for OCT imaging. ", "GNS was massaged into skin and examined in four skin areas of 11 healthy volunteers. ", "A commercial OCT system and a prototype with 3 μm resolution (UHR-OCT) were employed to detect potential benefits of increased resolution and variability in intensity generated by the GNS. ", "In both OCT-systems GNS enhanced contrast from hair follicles and sweat ducts. ", "Highest average penetration depth of GNS was in armpit 0.64 mm ± SD 0.17, maximum penetration depth was 1.20 mm in hair follicles and 15 to 40 μm in sweat ducts. ", "Pixel intensity generated from GNS in hair follicles was significantly higher in UHR-OCT images (P = .002) and epidermal thickness significantly lower 0.14 vs 0.16 mm (P = .027). ", "This study suggests that GNSs are interesting candidates for increasing sensitivity in OCT diagnosis of hair and sweat gland disorders and demonstrates that choice of OCT systems influences results." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Killington Peak\n\nKillington Peak is the second highest summit in the Green Mountains and in the U.S. state of Vermont. ", " It is located east of Rutland in south-central Vermont. ", " A ski resort, Killington Ski Resort, nicknamed \"the beast of the east, is located on the mountain. ", " Killington is a stop on the Long Trail, which here shares its route with the Appalachian Trail. ", "Traveling southbound on the Trail, it is the last peak until Virginia. ", "A gondola transports skiers and non-hikers to the summit in winter, summer, and during fall color season. ", "There is a lodge near the peak which is complete with a restaurant and bar with panoramic views.", "\n\nIn 1763, the mountain was known as Pisgah.", "\n\nKillington (a.k.a. ", "Sherburne) lodging situations have changed over the years from sleeping on barroom floors and barns on the mountain road, traveling up from nearby Rutland or Woodstock, to the present day which has over 120 inns, lodges and condominium complexes. ", "Their sleeping capacity brings this Central Vermont region's tourist population to 60,000+ on prime winter weekends.", "\n\nGallery\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n Killington Vermont Official Town Website\n Killington Vermont Chamber of Commerce Website\n Discover Killington\n \n Killington Ski Resort\n Killington Ski Tours - Est. ", "1968\n\nCategory:Mountains of Vermont\nCategory:New England Four-thousand footers\nCategory:Mountains on the Appalachian Trail\nCategory:Mountains of Rutland County, Vermont\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Rutland County, Vermont" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0.01, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0.047619047619047616, 0.004048582995951417, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.004464285714285714 ]

[ "Red hill road is off of hwy58 and goes south into the los Padres national forest. ", "When you hit the bottom of the hill the road t's. ", "Take a left and follow it around the campground and continue another 3ish miles to the intersection of pozo rd. ", "Right onto pozo rd and out to the pavement 7-10ish miles. ", "Road will t again make another left and follow in to pozo." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'We have used Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) I-V analysis and *ab initio* calculations to quantitatively determine the honeycomb chain model structure for the Si(111)-3$\\times$2-Sm surface. ", "This structure and a similar 3$\\times$1 recontruction have been observed for many Alkali-Earth and Rare-Earth metals on the Si(111) surface. ", "Our *ab initio* calculations show that there are two almost degenerate sites for the Sm atom in the unit cell and the LEED I-V analysis reveals that an admixture of the two in a ratio that slightly favours the site with the lower energy is the best match to experiment. ", "We show that the I-V curves are insensitive to the presence of the Sm atom and that this results in a very low intensity for the half order spots which might explain the appearance of a 3$\\times$1 LEED pattern produced by all of the structures with a 3$\\times$2 unit cell.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'C. Eames, M. I. J. Probert, S. P. Tear'\ntitle: 'Quantitative LEED I-V and *ab initio* study of the Si(111)-3x2-Sm surface structure and the missing half order spots in the 3$\\times$1 diffraction pattern.'", "\n---\n\nI. Introduction\n===============\n\nThe prospect of creating an ordered one dimensional system has lead to the extensive study of chain structures grown on surfaces. ", "The alkali metals (AM) form such a chain structure as part of a 3$\\times$1 reconstruction on the Si(111) surface with an AM coverage of 1/3 ML (Ref. [", "@AM1; @AM2] and therein). ", "At a coverage of 1/6 ML the alkali earth metals (AEM) and the rare earth metals (REM) form a 3$\\times$2 reconstruction (Ref. [", "@AEM1; @AEM2; @REM1; @REM2] and therein). ", "There is a wealth of experimental evidence from STM, LEED and spectroscopic techniques to suggest that in these 3$\\times$ structures there is a common structure for the reconstructed silicon (Ref. [", "@AEM1; @AEM2; @REM1; @REM2; @3xn1; @3xn2; @3xn3; @3xn4; @3xn5] and therein). ", "The honeycomb-chain channel model (HCC) is now regarded by many as the most plausible of the candidate structures [@HCC1; @HCC2; @HCC3]. ", "In the HCC model there are parallel ordered one dimensional lines of metal atoms sited in a silicon free channel. ", "These are separated by almost flat honeycomb layers of silicon.", "\n\nThe 3$\\times$1 system has been studied using LEED I-V analysis with Ag, Li and Na as the deposited metal atoms [@3xn5]. ", "Similar I-V curves were obtained in each case and the authors conclude that a common reconstruction of silicon atoms is responsible for the LEED I-V curves, which are insensitive to the presence of the metal atom. ", "However, the authors did not attempt a structural fit. ", "The LEED pattern for the 3$\\times$2 surfaces exhibits odd behaviour in that it indicates a 3$\\times$1 periodicity. ", "Many workers have suggested that disorder in the position of the metal atom is the cause. ", "A Fourier analysis of a random tesselation of a large sample of registry shifted 3$\\times$2 unit cells has been carried out by Schäfer et al. [", "@3xn6]. ", "They show that this simulation of long range disorder in the position of the metal atom does produce a 3$\\times$1 periodicity in reciprocal space. ", "Alternatively, Over et al. [", "@3xn7] have suggested that the substrate and silicon adatoms could be acting as the dominant scattering unit with the metal atoms sitting in ‘open sites’.", "\n\nSTM investigations of the 3$\\times$2 and 3$\\times$1 systems have not provided much evidence of long range disorder in the location of the metal atom apart from registry shifts introduced by a coexisting c(6$\\times$2) phase. ", "Of particular relevance to this work is the study of the Si(111)-3$\\times$2-Sm system using STM and an *ab initio* calculation, carried out by Palmino et al. [", "@REM1]. ", "They have used the bias voltage dependence of the STM images of the surface to isolate the features associated with the honeycomb chain and the samarium atom and separate comparison of these with simulated STM images obtained from the *ab initio* calculation show that the HCC structure is in good lateral qualitative agreement with experiment.", "\n\nIn this study we have used LEED I-V analysis and several *ab initio* calculations to quantitatively investigate the 3$\\times$2 reconstruction of the Si(111)-3$\\times$2-Sm surface. ", "We show that the HCC structure gives good agreement with experiment. ", "We consider two HCC unit cells in which the samarium atom is located in the T4 site or the H3 site. ", "Palmino et al. [", "@REM1] have found the energy difference of these two configurations to be 0.07 eV/Sm. ", "We have calculated the atomic positions and the energies of these two reconstructions and obtained LEED I-V curves for this system and we show that a linear combination of the two HCC structures is the optimum match to experiment with a ratio that slightly favours the structure with the lower energy of the two.", "\n\nWe have also used LEED I-V analysis to investigate the missing half order spots for the 3$\\times$2 unit cell. ", "We show using calculated I-V curves that for an individual unit cell the intensity of the half order spots is significantly lower than that of the spots that are visible in the experiments. ", "We also show that the calculated I-V curves do not differ significantly if the samarium atom is not present. ", "We offer this as evidence that disorder over multiple unit cells is not needed to explain the STM/LEED discrepancy for the 3$\\times$2 systems and we suggest that the order in the one dimensional chain may persist over large length scales.", "\n\nII. ", "Experimental\n================\n\nA dedicated LEED chamber of in-house design [@Carvalho] operating at a typical UHV base pressure of $\\sim\n10^{-10}$ mbar was used to carry out our experiments. ", "The silicon substrate was cleaned by flashing to $\\approx1200^{\\,\\circ}$C using an electron beam heater and then the sample was slowly cooled through the $\\approx900-700^{\\,\\circ}$C region over a period of 15 minutes. ", "A sharp 7$\\times$7 LEED pattern resulted, confirming that a clean Si(111)-7$\\times$7 surface had been made. ", "Temperatures were monitored using an infra-red pyrometer.", "\n\nIn the literature other workers [@Palmino; @3xn3; @REM1] have formed the Si(111)-3$\\times$2-Sm structure by depositing 1/6 ML onto a sample held at a temperature of $400-850^{\\,\\circ}$C followed by annealing at this temperature for 20 min. ", "In this work the sample was prepared by depositing 1 ML of Sm from a quartz crystal calibrated evaporation source onto the clean Si(111)-7$\\times$7 surface which was not at elevated temperature. ", "This was followed by a hot anneal at $\\approx700^{\\,\\circ}$C for 15 minutes. ", "A sharp 3$\\times$1 LEED pattern was observed and images of this are shown in figure \\[fig:fig01\\]. ", "Other workers have observed some streaking in the 3$\\times$1 LEED pattern that is indicative of one dimensional disorder. ", "We have not observed such streaking in our diffraction patterns and we attribute this to our preparation procedure. ", "There is some variability in the annealing temperature that can be used and temperatures in the range $\\approx700-900^{\\,\\circ}$C all gave a sharp diffraction pattern. ", "It is at around $1000^{\\,\\circ}$C that the pattern begins to degrade as the samarium desorbs.", "\n\n![", "Experimental 3$\\times$1 LEED spot pattern for the Si(111)-3$\\times$2-Sm surface shown at (a) 40 eV and (b) 80 eV.[]{data-label=\"fig:fig01\"}](fig01.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"3.5in\"}\\\n\nImages of the diffraction pattern were acquired over a 40-250 eV range of primary electron energies in steps of 2 eV using a CCD camera and stored on an instrument dedicated computer. ", "For each spot in the LEED pattern the variation in its intensity with primary electron energy was recorded which resulted in a set of 42 I-V curves.", "\n\nDegenerate beams were averaged together to reduce the signal to noise ratio and also to reduce any small errors that may have occurred in setting up normal beam incidence. ", "Figure \\[fig:fig02\\] defines the spot labelling system and the degenerate beams. ", "The experiment was repeated several times and the I-V curves obtained during different experiments were compared using the Pendry R-factor [@Rp]. ", "The R-factor for I-V curves obtained on different days was typically 0.1 or less which indicates that the surface is repeatedly preparable. ", "To further reduce noise the I-V curves from separate experiments were averaged together and a three point smooth was applied.", "\n\n![", "Labelled spots in the 3$\\times$1 LEED pattern produced by the Si(111)-3$\\times$2-Sm surface as it appears at 40 eV. The degeneracies of the spots are indicated by the pattern used to fill each spot.[]{data-label=\"fig:fig02\"}](fig02.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"3.3in\"}\\\n\nThis set of 13 averaged I-V curves was used to fingerprint the surface structure and allow comparison with the I-V curves calculated for the various trial structures.", "\n\nIII. *", "Ab initio* Calculations\n=============================\n\n*Ab initio* calculations were performed using the `CASTEP` code [@CASTEP]. ", "The code was run on 30 processors in a parallel computing environment at the HPCx High Performance Computing facility located at the CCLRC Daresbury laboratory in the UK. ", "We have geometry optimised two different unit cells for the HCC structure (see figure \\[fig:fig05\\] for details of these). ", "In the first unit cell the samarium atom is located in the T4 site with respect to the first bulk-like silicon layer and in the other unit cell the samarium atom is situated in a H3 site. ", "We will refer to the two structures as ‘T4’ and ‘H3’. ", "The initial atomic positions were those that were obtained in the *ab initio* study by Palmino et al. [", "@REM1] and these were very kindly provided by F. Palmino.", "\n\nBefore proceeding the input parameters in the calculation were carefully checked (see [@Probert_Validation] for a discussion of the importance of this). ", "Figure \\[fig:fig03\\] shows how the calculated energy varies with the number of plane waves included in the calculation as the cutoff energy is raised for three increasingly dense Monkhorst-Pack [@KP] reciprocal space sampling grids.", "\n\n![", "Variation of the singlepoint energy, which is the calculated energy for a given configuration of the atomic positions, with the cutoff energy and with the number of k-points at which the wavefunction is sampled in reciprocal space.[]{data-label=\"fig:fig03\"}](fig03.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"3.5\"}\\\n\nA cutoff energy of 380 eV yields a total energy that is unambiguously in the variational minimum and will allow accurate calculation of the energy and the forces within the system. ", "We have used the sampling grid with 3 k-points in reciprocal space since an increase to 6 k-points does not significantly change the energy. ", "The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof [@PBE] generalised gradient approximation was used to represent exchange and correlation effects.", "\n\nThe vacuum gap that was used to prevent interaction between the top surface in one supercell and the bottom surface in the supercell above was 9 Åthick and this has been optimised during the course of other *ab initio* studies of RE silicides that we have done. ", "We have included two bulk-like silicon layers below the top layer that contains the samarium atom and the honeycomb chain structure. ", "To prevent interactions through the supercell between uncompensated charge in the the top and bottom layers and to fully replicate the transition to the bulk silicon crystal we have hydrogen passivated the deepest bulk-like silicon layer and fixed the coordinates of these atoms so that they are not free to move from their bulk positions. ", "We have repeated the geometry optimisation of the unit cells without passivation and positional constraints and the final positions of the silicon atoms in this bottom layer are not drastically altered and the total energy does not significantly change as a result which suggests that using so few bulk-like layers is reasonable. ", "We nevertheless kept the hydrogen passivation in place since it reduces the computational cost of the electronic structure calculation by the quenching of dangling bonds on the underside of the supercell.", "\n\nThe structures were allowed to relax until the forces were below the predefined tolerance of $5\\times10^{-2}$ eV/Å. Figure \\[fig:fig04\\] shows the convergence of the total energy and the maximum force on any atom as the geometry optimisation proceeds for the two structures.", "\n\nThe T4 structure is 0.7 eV (0.01%) lower in energy than the H3 structure and the maximum force in the system is slightly lower. ", "This energy difference cannot be quantitatively compared with the value of 0.07 eV/Sm that was obtained in Ref. [", "@REM1] since this is an atomically resolved energy difference whereas the value presented here compares the total energies of the two supercells with contributions from all of the atoms within. ", "Also, one cannot compare the basis set parameters used in this work with those presented in Ref. [", "@REM1] since the two calculations used different types of pseudopotentials and a different *ab initio* code.", "\n\nThe final optimised structures are shown in figure \\[fig:fig05\\]. ", "The interlayer spacings (ignoring the samarium atom for now) in both structures here are almost identical. ", "The major difference between this calculated structure and that in Ref. [", "@REM1] is in the interlayer spacings. ", "In this study the spacing between the top layer and the first bulk-like layer (L1 in figure \\[fig:fig05\\]) is approximately 8% greater than that in Ref. [", "@REM1] and the spacing between the first bulk-like layer the the second bulk-like layer (L2 in figure \\[fig:fig05\\]) is about 4% greater. ", "There are also some minor differences in the position of the silicon atoms in the honeycomb chain.", "\n\n![", "Optimised structures for the HCC model showing the H3 model from above (a) and in side view (b) and the T4 model from above (c) and in side view (d). ", "Silicon atoms here are grey, the samarium atom is black and the hydrogen atoms are white. ", "The first and second interlayer spacings are labelled L1 and L2 respectively. []{", "data-label=\"fig:fig05\"}](fig05.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"3.5in\"}\\\n\nIV. ", "Comparison of Experiment and Theory\n=======================================\n\nFigure \\[fig:fig06\\] shows I-V curves calculated using the `CAVLEED` code [@CAVLEED] for the three candidate *ab initio* structures. ", "The curves shown are only the integer spots in the LEED pattern and they were calculated using the bulk Debye temperatures (that is 645 K for silicon and 169 K for samarium) to represent the lattice vibrations of each layer. ", "The structures obtained from the two *ab initio* calculations in this study are a consistently better match to experiment than that in Ref. [", "@REM1]. ", "This suggests that the interlayer spacings obtained in this study, to which LEED is very sensitive, are closer to those present in the real surface. ", "Also, note that the I-V curves of the T4 and H3 structures from this study are very similar and we cannot discard either structure.", "\n\n![", "A comparison of the I-V curves calculated for the integer spots for the structures suggested by the *ab initio* calculations in this study and elsewhere with those obtained experimentally. ", "The R-factor beside each curve indicates the level of agreement with experiment.[]{data-label=\"fig:fig06\"}](fig06.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"3.0in\"}\\\n\nWe can divide the spots in the LEED pattern into two groups. ", "The integer spots ((1,0), (2,0), (1,1) etc) contain a large contribution from the bulk and are sensitive to the top few layers. ", "The fractional spots ((2/3,0), (1/3,1) etc) are extremely sensitive to the top layer reconstruction and only mildy sensitive to deeper layers through multiple scattering.", "\n\nThe poor Pendry R-factors (that is $>$0.7 in this context where enhanced vibrations have not been applied) for some of the integer spots in figure \\[fig:fig06\\] indicate that further structural optimisation is needed. ", "It is apparent that for some curves the right peaks are present but that their energy is slightly wrong (see the (0,2) and (2,0) spots in figure \\[fig:fig06\\] for example). ", "The fractional spots have much better R-factors (see figure \\[fig:fig07\\]) which indicates that the structure of the top layer is in good agreement with experiment. ", "The natural way to proceed is to vary the interlayer spacings to attempt an improvement in the match with experiment, particularly for the integer spots. ", "In the next section this is attempted.", "\n\nV. LEED I-V Structural Optimisation\n===================================\n\nThe calculation of the I-V curves was repeated using various values for the interlayer spacings and the R-factors were determined. ", "An initial coarse search was carried out over a wide range of values for the spacings and with a large step size. ", "Figure \\[fig:fig07\\] shows the R-factor landscape obtained in this manner for the fractional spots. ", "There is a clear minimum in both cases. ", "The samarium atom has been considered in determining the midpoint of the top layer which is why the minima do not coincide; the samarium atom sits proud of the honeycomb layer in the H3 structure and it is much lower in the T4 structure. ", "In the *ab initio* calculations in this study the interlayer spacings were approximately 3.06, 3.10Åfor the H3 structure and 2.65, 3.14 Å for the T4 structure which places the *ab initio* energy minimum (indicated by a cross in figure \\[fig:fig07\\]) very close to that of the `CAVLEED` I-V R-factor minimum. ", "Two independent techniques are thus suggesting very similar best fit structures.", "\n\nI-V curves were then obtained using a narrower range of interlayer spacings focussed on the minima obtained in the coarse search. ", "This fine search, using a step size of 0.01 Å,improved the R-factors by only around 0.01 in both cases and even finer searches were not carried out.", "\n\n[ \\[fig:fig08:b\\] ![", "Variation of the spacing between layers three and four in Si(111)-3x2-Sm for the H3 (a) and T4 (b) structures. ", "The bulk value for this interlayer spacing is 3.14Å[]{data-label=\"fig:fig08\"}](fig08b.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"2.4in\"} ]{}\n\nThere is another interlayer spacing deeper into the bulk that we might try to vary. ", "Computational resources do not permit us to independently vary this spacing along with those between the top three layers. ", "Figure \\[fig:fig08\\] shows the variation of the Pendry R-factor as the spacing between layers three and four is changed with the first and second interlayer spacings fixed at their optimum value. ", "We can see that there is a small improvement in the R-factor for the fractional spots at the expense of a large worsening of the R-factor for the integer spots, which are more sensitive to structure in the near bulk. ", "We therefore reject any variation of this interlayer spacing and retain the bulk value. ", "That there is no significant reconstruction deeper into the surface justifies the use of three layers in our *ab initio* calculation and means that in both the *ab initio* calculation and the Pendry R-factor structure fit to the experimental data we have considered two interlayer spacings.", "\n\nOptimisation of the vibrations used in the LEED I-V calculation\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe effect of thermal vibrations within the system has also been investigated. ", "The Debye temperature $T_{D}$ of the samarium atom, the silicon atoms in the honeycomb layer and the silicon atoms in the first bulk-like layer have each been independently reduced by a factor of $\\sqrt{2}, 2$ and $3$ from their bulk values. ", "The effects of these enhanced vibrations for the two most effective combinations are shown in table \\[tab:table1\\] alongside the R-factors obtained with no enhanced vibrations.", "\n\n Sm $T_{D}$ Si1 $T_{D}$ Si2 $T_{D}$ $R_{P}^{FRAC}$ $R_{P}^{INT}$ $R_{P}^{ALL}$ \n -------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------- --------------- --------------- --\n \n $B$ $B$ $B$ 0.49 0.72 0.63 \n $B/\\sqrt{2}$ $B/3$ $B/2$ 0.48 0.46 0.48 \n $B/2$ $B/3$ $B/2$ 0.45 0.44 0.45 \n \n\n : \\[tab:table1\\]Variation of the Debye temperature for the samarium atom, silicon honeycomb layer and first bulk like layer and the effect upon the Pendry R-factors for the H3 structure. ", "The naming scheme here is Sm=samarium atom, Si1=silicon honeycomb atoms, Si2=first silicon bulk-like layer. ", "A Debye temperature of $B$ indicates the bulk unoptimised value for that atomic species. ", "Similar data are available for the T4 structure. ", "Further enhancement of the vibrations of the samarium atom worsens the R-factors.", "\n\nThe two schemes of enhanced vibrations both reduce the overall R-factor by around 0.2 and this is mainly due to the improvement in the R-factors of the integer spots.", "\n\nLinear combination of the two candidate structures\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nThe H3 and T4 structures have similar energies, similar structures (ignoring the position of the samarium atom) and similar LEED I-V curves. ", "It is reasonable to suggest that both structures might co-exist upon the surface. ", "A linear combination of the I-V curves produced by the H3 and T4 structures that individually best fit the experimental data are shown in figure \\[fig:fig09\\] for the two regimes of enhanced vibration shown in table \\[tab:table1\\]. ", "The H3 and T4 structures are considered as being separated by a distance greater than the coherence length of the LEED beam. ", "To simulate large and separate domains of the two structures in this way the LEED spot intensities have been combined and not the amplitudes.", "\n\n[ \\[fig:fig09:a\\] ![", "Pendry R-factors for a linear combination of the spot intensities of the H3 and T4 structures in various mixing ratios for two different vibrational regimes. ", "In figure (a) the Debye temperature for the samarium atom is 119 K and in figure (b) it is 84 K. In both cases the Debye temperatures of the top silicon honeycomb layer, the first silicon bulk-like layer and the repeated bulk layer are 215 K, 323 K and 645 K respectively.[]{data-label=\"fig:fig09\"}](fig09a.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"3.0\"} ]{} [ \\[fig:fig09:b\\] ![", "Pendry R-factors for a linear combination of the spot intensities of the H3 and T4 structures in various mixing ratios for two different vibrational regimes. ", "In figure (a) the Debye temperature for the samarium atom is 119 K and in figure (b) it is 84 K. In both cases the Debye temperatures of the top silicon honeycomb layer, the first silicon bulk-like layer and the repeated bulk layer are 215 K, 323 K and 645 K respectively.[]{data-label=\"fig:fig09\"}](fig09b.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"3.0\"} ]{}\n\nThe vibrational regime with a Debye temperature for the samarium atom of 119 K ($B/\\sqrt{2}$ in table \\[tab:table1\\]) gives a lower R-factor for the fractional order spots but it gives a worse overall R-factor. ", "The vibrational regime with a Debye temperature for the samarium atom of 84 K ($B/2$ in table \\[tab:table1\\]) gives a better overall R-factor and the minima for both the fractional and the integer spots coincide. ", "The final ratio of H3 40:60 T4 is in favour of the structure that is lower in energy which is what we would expect.", "\n\nTable \\[tab:table2\\] contains a summary of the structures obtained from the *ab initio* calculations and from the `CAVLEED` LEED I-V structure fit. ", "Two values are given for L1; the value in brackets ignores the Sm atom in determining the midpoint of the top layer. ", "For the T4 structure the Sm atom is almost coplanar with the honeycomb layer whereas for the H3 structure the Sm atom sits proud of the surface and skews the value of L1. ", "The value in brackets thus indicates the similarity of the spacings between the layers of silicon atoms in the two supercells. ", "For each of the structures in this table LEED I-V curves were calculated with optimised vibrations using a Debye temperature for the samarium atom of 84 K. These were then compared against experiment and the Pendry R-factors are included in table \\[tab:table2\\]. ", "The final optimised LEED I-V curves for the linear combination are compared with experiment for the integer spots in figure \\[fig:fig10\\] and for the fractional spots in figure \\[fig:fig11\\].", "\n\n Structure $R_{P}^{FRAC}$ $R_{P}^{INT}$ $R_{P}^{ALL}$ L1 (Å) L2 (Å)\n ------------------- ---------------- --------------- --------------- ----------------- ----------\n \n T4 (Ref. [", "@REM1]) 0.87 0.88 0.92 2.42 (2.52) 3.02\n T4 `CASTEP` 0.44 0.46 0.46 2.65 (2.67) 3.14\n H3 `CASTEP` 0.47 0.43 0.45 3.06 (2.62) 3.10\n T4 `CAVLEED` 0.48 0.41 0.46 2.74 (2.73) 3.10\n H3 `CAVLEED` 0.45 0.44 0.45 3.06 (2.64) 3.11\n Combination **0.39** **0.42** **0.41** **2.87 (2.69)** **3.10**\n \n\n : \\[tab:table2\\] Pendry R-factors for the fractional spots ($R_{P}^{FRAC}$), integer spots ($R_{P}^{INT}$) and for all spots ($R_{P}^{ALL}$) for the various optimised structures in this work. ", "All of the calculated I-V curves used optimised vibrations. ", "The interlayer spacings are shown in columns five and six midpoint. ", "The value of L1 in brackets ignores the Sm atom in the determination of the midpoint of the top layer and indicates the similarity of the structure of the silicon atoms in the two supercells.", "\n\n![", "Best fit I-V curves for the integer LEED spots of the Si(111)-3x2-Sm structure.[]{data-label=\"fig:fig10\"}](fig10.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"3.0in\"}\\\n\n![", "Best fit I-V curves for the fractional LEED spots of the Si(111)-3x2-Sm structure.[]{data-label=\"fig:fig11\"}](fig11.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"3.0in\"}\\\n\nVI. ", "LEED I-V Investigation of the missing half order spots\n==========================================================\n\nThe silicon honeycomb layer is almost mirror symmetric about a plane perpendicular to the $\\times$2 direction. ", "It is the location of the samarium atom that breaks this mirror symmetry and renders a quasi 3$\\times$1 unit cell into a 3$\\times$2 unit cell. ", "Figure \\[fig:fig12\\] shows calculated I-V curves for the H3 structure for the fractional and integer spots compared with those for the same structure with the samarium atom removed. ", "The bulk Debye temperatures were used throughout to minimise the influence of vibrations. ", "It is readily apparent that the I-V curves are insensitive to the presence of the samarium atom.", "\n\nThis is not to say that the samarium atom is not a strong scatterer. ", "It would appear that the silicon honeycomb layer as a scattering unit of 8 atoms contributes much more to the I-V curves than the single samarium atom. ", "A similar effect was observed in the LEED I-V structural analysis of Ag- and Li-induced Si(111)-($\\sqrt{3} \\times \\sqrt{3} )R30^{\\,\\circ}$ by Over et al. [", "@Fan2] and was suggested as a cause for the 3$\\times$1/3$\\times$2 discrepancy in Ref. [", "@3xn7].", "\n\nIf this is the case then the half order spots that are apparently missing when the experimental 3$\\times$1 LEED pattern is inspected visually should produce calculated I-V curves whose intensity is very much less than that of the spots that are visible during experiment. ", "The silicon honeycomb layer is not perfectly symmetrical about the mirror plane perpendicular to the $\\times$2 direction and this should contribute to the half order spot intensities. ", "Figure \\[fig:fig13\\] shows the I-V curves of some of the calculated half order spots compared to that of the (1,0) spot.", "\n\n![", "Calculated I-V curves for the HCC structure showing the difference in the intensity (typically an order of magnitude) between the half order spots and a representative spot that is visible in the LEED pattern during an experiment.[]{data-label=\"fig:fig13\"}](fig13.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"3in\"}\\\n\nIt would appear that the 3$\\times$2 unit cell produces a 3$\\times$2 LEED pattern with half order spots that are so weak in intensity that they fall below the background intensity leaving only a 3$\\times$1 LEED pattern visible.", "\n\nVII. ", "Discussion\n===============\n\nThe Pendry R-factors obtained upon comparison of the *ab initio* calculations with experiment are not as low as we would expect. ", "We can see that for some spots the I-V curves are visually very similar to those obtained experimentally (see the I-V curves for the (1,1/3) and (2,0) spots for example) but they have a poor R-factor. ", "This suggests that the structure is very nearly right and the minor discrepancy could be a result of our not including enough bulk like silicon layers in the bottom of the supercell with consequent effects upon the reconstruction within the top honeycomb layer. ", "We have attempted some simple variation in the top layer structure, for example flattening the layer, but this drastically worsens the R-factor. ", "Computational resources prohibit us from calculating the structure with more silicon layers and from investigating the honeycomb layer structure further using LEED I-V and perhaps further study with a LEED I-V genetic algorithmn search might optimise this structure further. ", "The moderate R-factors are offset by the fact that two independent techniques both show optimum structural fits for almost identical interlayer spacings.", "\n\nThe lateral atomic structure was freely varied in the *ab initio* calculations in this work and the lateral atomic positions agree well with those found by Palmino at al. [", "@REM1] which they have shown to be in good qualitative agreement with experimental STM images. ", "In this work we have concentrated upon the optimisation of the vertical spacings, to which LEED is particularly sensitive.", "\n\nThe R-factors for the integer spots are consistently worse than those for the fractional spots. ", "There is the possibility that there are some regions in which there is a disordered overlayer of samarium atop a bulk terminated Si(111)-1$\\times$1 surface. ", "Such a phase has been reported by Wigren et al. [", "@Wigren2]. ", "The integer spots from such regions might contribute to the overall integer spots for the surface and reduce the level of agreement with the calculated I-V curves for the pure 3$\\times$2 surface.", "\n\nWe have not been able to determine the long range order in the system. ", "We might expect that simple electrostatic repulsion along the 1D chain would space out the metal atoms and provide large separate domains of the H3 and the T4 structures. ", "However, the two sites are almost degenerate and there would be an entropic gain from disorder. ", "In the literature one can find evidence for both order and disorder in the long range positions of the metal atoms. ", "In this study the improvement in the Pendry R-factor when the T4 and H3 structures are considered together on the surface suggests that both sites are occupied within the surface. ", "We have also shown that we do not require more than one unit cell to explain the missing half order spots in the LEED pattern and our experimentally observed LEED patterns show a low background due to good order on the surface. ", "It could be that there is long range disorder on the surface and that the coupling between many adjacent H3 and T4 unit cells and matching of the interlayer spacings introduces a slight strain that changes the structure in the honeycomb layer and the first bulk-like layer enough to account for our Pendry R-factors. ", "If this is the case then it would be impossible to obtain the structure of the honeycomb layer to a high degree of accuracy without an *ab initio* calculation using a supercell that comprises several thousand unit cells of the H3 and T4 structures randomly tesselated in both directions.", "\n\nVIII. ", "Summary\n=============\n\nWe have provided a quantitative validation of the honeycomb-chain channel model common to the 3$\\times$1 and 3$\\times$2 structures formed by alkali, alkali-earth and rare-earth metals on Si(111). ", "Several I-V datasets were obtained from LEED experiments and used to fingerprint the surface. ", "The atomic structure suggested by our two *ab initio* calculations is in reasonable agreement with this experimental data. ", "Further structural optimisation and mapping of the R-factor landscape have shown that a slight outward expansion of the top layer improves the fit somewhat but increasing the vibrations in the top two layers gives a significant improvement. ", "A linear combination of the two HCC structures has been shown to improve the fit still further with the ratio being slightly in favour of the structure with the lower energy of the two. ", "Finally, we have calculated the intensities of the half order spots and shown that they are sufficiently dim to fall below the background intensity in a LEED experiment. ", "Little change in the calculated I-V curves results from removing the samarium atom which supports the idea that as a scattering unit the silicon honeycomb layer dominates the unit cell and makes LEED insensitive to the metal atom in these 3$\\times$ systems.", "\n\nIX. ", "Acknowledgements\n====================\n\nMany thanks to F. Palmino for kindly providing the atomic co-ordinates for the Si(111)-3$\\times$2 unit cell.\\\nC. Eames would like to acknowledge the EPSRC for financial support.\\\nThis work made use of the facilities of HPCx, the UK’s national high-performance computing service, which is provided by EPCC at the University of Edinburgh and by CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, and funded by the Office of Science and Technology through EPSRC’s High End Computing Programme.", "\n\n[26]{} natexlab\\#1[\\#1]{}bibnamefont \\#1[\\#1]{}bibfnamefont \\#1[\\#1]{}citenamefont \\#1[\\#1]{}url \\#1[`#1`]{}urlprefix\\[2\\][\\#2]{} \\[2\\]\\[\\][[\\#2](#2)]{}\n\n, , , , , , , , , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , , , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, , , ****, ().", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , ****, ().", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.003663003663003663, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0.07692307692307693, 0.023809523809523808, 0.09523809523809523, 0.010101010101010102, 0.11688311688311688, 0.029197080291970802, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.02459016393442623, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0.125, 0, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0.012578616352201259, 0.125, 0.005813953488372093, 0.005494505494505495, 0.014492753623188406, 0.02, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.003205128205128205, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010471204188481676, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.01652892561983471, 0.010256410256410256, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0.006756756756756757, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0, 0, 0.00468384074941452, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0.011695906432748537, 0.008130081300813009, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.03508771929824561, 0, 0.004310344827586207, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.003787878787878788, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0036231884057971015, 0.007692307692307693, 0.008849557522123894, 0.005154639175257732, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0.0044444444444444444, 0, 0.125, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004201680672268907, 0.003246753246753247, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0.0034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0, 0.0011641443538998836, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0, 0.0040650406504065045, 0, 0, 0.016, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0, 0.0056179775280898875, 0, 0.005474452554744526, 0.004694835680751174, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0076045627376425855, 0, 0.0033003300330033004, 0.0011682242990654205, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013422818791946308, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.011494252873563218, 0.14285714285714285, 0.0036496350364963502, 0, 0, 0, 0.005802707930367505, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005747126436781609, 0.010526315789473684, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0.008771929824561403, 0.006309148264984227, 0, 0, 0.0045662100456621, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0.005376344086021506, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0.011857707509881422, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Birgitte Alsted\n\nBirgitte Alsted (born 15 June 1942) is a Danish violinist, teacher and composer.", "\n\nAlsted was born in Odense, and was educated at the Royal Danish Academy of Music and in Warsaw.", "\n\nShe has done much within the electronic music and often uses creative expressions, which includes other forms. ", "Thus, she has been a part in theater and performance / dance in Denmark. ", "Her work list, besides the music theater includes works for soloists and chamber ensembles, often unconventional compositions and the use of acoustic instruments.", "\n\nBirgitte Alsted also worked some with multimedia performances in which the use of electronic resources, poetry, dance and slides have been compounded in experimental fashion. ", "Literature and poetry, both old and new have been an important source of inspiration for her.", "\n\nBirgitte Alsted was a founder of the \"Gruppen for Alternativ Musik\", which was important for her career as a composer. ", "The group experimented with alternative forms and collective improvisation and performed the members' own compositions in unusual places, such as the Nørreport Station and Copenhagen Zoo.", "\n\nAlsted has worked as a teacher in Hørsholm municipality in St. Annæ Gymnasium and in Copenhagen. ", "In addition, she has been a violinist in the Danish National Symphony Orchestra.", "\n\nWorks\n1988: Vækst\n1995: Sorgsang II\n1996: Sorgsang V\n2001: Zweigeigen\n2002: Zu versuchen, die Fragen\n2002: Odysseus on a Minicruise\n2006: Dance with Bells\n\nRecordings\nNyvang and Alsted: Planetarium Music includes Sorgsang II (Lament II) (1995) by Alsted. ", "Da Capo Marco Polo CD 8.224083 (1997)\nZweigeigen (2001) with Duo Gelland. ", "Nosag records CD 152 (2007)\n\nReferences\n\nPetersen, Mette Koustrup (2004) : \"Birgitte Alsted - en biografi - \", (\"Birgitte Alsted -a Biography\"), Copenhagen University July 2004\nDie Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (MGG), Kassel 1994-2008: Birgitte Alsted\nThis article was initially translated from the Danish Wikipedia.", "\n\nExternal links\nDansk Kvindebiografisk leksikon (Danish Women's Biographical Dictionary) page, accessed 10 February 2010 (Danish)\nDa Capo Records biographical page, accessed 10 February 2010\nDa Capo Records 'Planetarium Music' page, accessed 10 February 2010\nLARM biography page, accessed 10 February 2010\nEdition S profile, accessed 23 April 2012\n\nCategory:1942 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Odense\nCategory:Danish classical composers\nCategory:Danish classical violinists\nCategory:Female classical composers\nCategory:20th-century classical composers\nCategory:21st-century classical composers\nCategory:20th-century women musicians\nCategory:21st-century women musicians\nCategory:20th-century Danish composers\nCategory:21st-century Danish composers\nCategory:Danish female composers\nCategory:21st-century classical violinists\nCategory:Women classical violinists" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.020202020202020204, 0.020618556701030927, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0.0311284046692607, 0.04054054054054054, 0.025, 0.0022727272727272726 ]

[ "Ten reasons why Liverpool will do better this season\n\nLiverpool may have won a their first trophy in six years last season, and reached the final in another, but there is no doubt that they will be disappointed by the way the season went.", "\n\nManager Kenny Dalglish's big money signings failed to fire on all cylinders as the Reds slumped to an eighth-place finish, four points behind local rivals Everton and 18 behind the final Champions League spot.", "\n\nHowever, a new manager, new players and a new ethos have raised a sense of optimism around Anfield, and here Sports Mole counts down 10 reasons why Liverpool will now have a better season than last.", "\n\nNot really look at there squad they did well last season making a Europa league place. ", "With teams around them like Newcastle staying strong its gonna get harder for them and they still haven't signed a great player." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.018957345971563982, 0.005, 0, 0 ]

[ "My Company\n\nAuthor's note: In part one, I outlined roughly why the crisis is occurring from an economic perspective at a broad level. ", "In part two, I took a closer look at why credit default swap spreads are rising lately. ", "In other words, why the market has become more scared in the last couple months.", "\n\nDon’t worry about the Greek debt crisis\nThat was the clear stance of James Bullard, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, recently in London. ", "His major message was sovereign debt crises occur frequently, but in my opinion his strongest statement is on the resilience of the U.S. economy so far:\nIn all, the economic situation in the U.S. and globally is not very different from median forecasts made at the depth of the recession in late 2008 and early 2009. ", "Since that time there have been several moments when it may have appeared that the global economic recovery would be derailed, but, as it turned out, the recovery has remained on track…\nBullard argues that contagion effects have become less likely thanks to “too-big-to-fail” policies.", "\nGovernments have made it very clear over the course of the last two years that they will not allow major financial institutions to fail outright at this juncture. ", "Because these too-big-to-fail guarantees are in place, the contagion effects are much less likely to occur. “", "Too big to fail” is a controversial policy, but it does have its upside in the current situation.", "\nBullard also points to the Russian default crisis of 1998 as recent evidence of a large sovereign debt crisis that failed to rattle the global economy. ", "Bullard goes farther, saying a European debt default or restructuring could benefit America.", "\nThe U.S. may actually be an unwitting beneficiary of the crisis in Europe, much as it was during the Asian currency crisis of the late 1990s. ", "This is because of the flight to safety effect that pushes yields lower in the U.S.\nA closer analysis is here:\nWhen the Asian economies shuddered and currencies nearly collapsed in 1998, many economists predicted the tremors would take down the United States and European economies. ", "Quite the opposite occurred. ", "A stream of money flowed from Asian banks into United States Treasury bonds, and interest rates fell as a result. ", "Oil prices also dropped. ", "And the United States emerged stronger…\n\nThere is suggestive evidence that this could happen again. ", "American interest rates have fallen in recent days, as investors apparently seek refuge in Treasury bonds. ", "And talk of a slowdown has caused the price of oil to fall, which helps the American consumer.", "\nOne concern is if the American economy benefits from a foreign debt crisis, it can conceal the growth of market bubbles or mask underlying problems. ", "For instance,\nIt could be argued that the infusion of cash in 1998 further inflated the Internet stock bubble, which popped several years later with disastrous consequences.", "Worry about the crisis\nAfter years of vast research, Professor Kenneth Rogoff, of Harvard University, and Carmen Reinhart, of the University of Maryland, published the formative academic work on debt crises in 2008. ", "Besides impeccable timing and a sarcastic title, \"This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly,\" offers wise insight into the patterns of debt crises as we try to prophesy the global economy’s future.", "\n\nThe first historical phenomenon we must understand about debt crises is that they are bunched in temporal and regional clusters. ", "These often correspond to the boom-bust cycles of international capital flows. ", "Here is a series of default clusters and debt restructurings in Europe over the last two centuries. ", "Notice the dates of 1915, 1932, and 1981.", "\n\nAustria 1868 1914 1932\n\nBulgaria 1915 1932\n\nGreece 1824 1893\n\nGermany 1932\n\nHungary 1931\n\nItaly 1940\n\nMoldova 2002\n\nPoland 1936 1981\n\nPortugal 1834 1892\n\nRomania 1915 1933 1981\n\nRussia 1917 1998\n\nSerbia/Yugoslavia 1895 1933 1983\n\nSpain 1831 1867 1882\n\nTurkey 1876 1915 1940 1978\n\nUkraine 1998\n\nAnother phenomenon to recognize is the relationship between public debt, which often lead to debt loads, defaults and restructuring.", "\nThis graph in this article is excellent. ", "And seriously worrying. ", "As I’m sure you are aware, public debt is rising everywhere, here is an excellent series of graphs on the world’s major economies. ", "The highlights are:\nGreece, which is expected to have a debt that is 120 percent of its gross domestic product this year, but isn’t likely to see any surge in growth that might help it cut this debt…\n\nDebt ratios will rise throughout Europe this year and next, analysts say, as a weak recovery drains government tax revenues while spending on unemployment and other benefits remains high. ", "Spain, for example, which entered the crisis with a debt-to-GDP ratio below 40 percent, is expected to hit 66 percent this year and 74 percent by the end of 2011. ", "The problem extends beyond Continental Europe. ", "The U.S., U.K. and Japan all have debt that is 90 percent of GDP, or are expected to soon reach that level…\nSo unless the current crisis is an anomaly able to avoid historical patterns, another financial panic is heading our way. ", "Additionally, if debt is a high rate of GDP for many of the Western traditional powers…\n…some worry that global investors will prove less likely to lend money to those powers, sending interest rates climbing, perhaps\nundermining the stock markets and economies of those nations.", "\nIn short, the rescuers of Greece are arriving in leaky boats. ", "Unlike in nations with their own currency, poorer nations stuck with the European single currency can’t print money to help ease their debts. ", "Professor Rogoff’s conclusions aren’t pretty but are certainly useful:\nWe’re going to be raising taxes sky high. ", "The federal tax take probably needs to go up by about 20 percent.", "\nHe thinks the top marginal rate, when you include Social Security and Medicare taxes, will hit 50 percent. ", "We’re probably going to see a lot of inflation, eventually. ", "We will have to. ", "It’s the easiest way to reduce the value of those liabilities in real terms. \"", "The way rich countries default is through inflation,\" Rogoff said.", "\n\nThe history of past crises suggests that the job market probably won’t start getting better till the middle of next year, and that house prices may stay flat “for a long time, many, many years,” according to Rogoff.", "\n\nSo, in a nutshell, the most frequently cited outcome from the Greek debt crisis, and the public and private global debt crisis is more inflation. ", "This environment generally, at least in the short term, forces down equity valuations, while inflation forces interest rates higher.", "\n\nThis was our investment consensus for our company. ", "A secular bear market in bonds and a secular bear market in stocks. ", "A sustained period of higher interest rates and falling equity market multiples. ", "In short, a perfect storm for fixed index annuities, and a renewed American focus on savings and privatizing pensions.", "\n\nAbout the Author\n\nNo one is as passionate\nabout your success as we\nare, except maybe you.", "\nAt WealthVest, we make the best financial advisors even better. ", "At our core, we offer high-quality fixed and indexed annuities, both field and phone support, and superior customer service. ", "Yes, we provide access to the best ... More" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.004608294930875576, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nASP.NET Membership / Identity MVC 5\n\nI am aware that MVC 5 uses Microsoft.", "AspNet.", "Identity, however I am still very confused working around it and I cant seem to figure how to do the equivalent of: \nMembership.", "GetUser(username).IsOnline\n\nThe general purpose would be to get a list of online users.", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is no built in equivalent for IsOnline currently, you could replicate that functionality by tracking the last seen time for your users and then adding a method which checked whether they have been seen in the last 5 minutes.", "\nWe might add the last seen data to the default implementation in a future release.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.0078125, 0, 0.00423728813559322, 0, 0 ]

[ "Description:Highlights of this day in history: Christopher Columbus sets sail; Europe slides further into World War I; A Cold War case heats up Capitol Hill; Air traffic controllers in the U.S. go on strike; NBA founded; Singer Tony Bennett born. (", "Aug. 3)(2:05)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.020161290322580645, 0 ]

[ "Jayalalithaa Laid To Rest With Full State Honours\n\nChennai: Streets of Chennai remained crowded to pay their last respects as late Chief Minister Jayaram Jayalalithaa’s body was taken to Marina beach. ", "Draped in her favourite green colour saree, her body was put in a sandalwood casket and was laid to rest.", "\n\nJayalalithaa died overnight following a heart attack a day earlier in Apollo Hospitals. ", "Top leaders of the country, including Prime Minister Narendra Modi, had flown to Chennai on Monday to pay homage to the four-time chief minister.", "\n\nJayalalithaa’s close aide Sasikala Natarajan performed her last rites at the MGR memorial. ", "The MGR memorial is home to the mortal remains of Jaya’s mentor and AIADMK founder M. G. Ramachandran, the man who introduced the ‘puratchi thalaivi’ to the world of Dravidian politics.", "\n\nThough Ms Jayalalithaa was a Brahmin and the rituals followed by the community say their mortal remains should be cremated, a decision was taken to bury her body. “", "One reason was MGR was also buried and not cremated and the another being since a memorial is planned, it was thought that we would cremate her body,” a source in the AIADMK said.", "\n\nBefore being moved to Marina beach, Jayalalithaa’s body, draped in the Indian flag, was kept on a raised platform at Rajaji Hall in Chennai and a sea of weeping mourners had gathered around it.", "\n\nThousands of police officers formed chains to stop the heaving crowd from surging up the steps. ", "Men and women wept, some breaking into loud wails. ", "Several mourners fainted from the heat and dehydration. ", "Police said some had been keeping vigil outside the Apollo Hospital since Sunday and then walked to Rajaji Hall at daybreak.", "\n\nJayalalithaa’s body was taken from her Poes Garden residence early Monday morning to Rajaji Hall where hundreds and thousands of supporters queued up to have a last glimpse of their ‘Puratchi Thalaivi Amma’ (Revolutionary Leader Amma).", "\n\nChief Minister O Panneerselvam and his ministerial colleagues, MPs and MLAs and senior state government officials were among the first to pay homage to Jayalalithaa, who passed away at the Apollo Hospitals here at 11.30 last night after waging a grim battle for life since her hospitalisation on September 22.", "\n\nSecurity had been beefed up at the venue where people lined up to bid a tearful adieu to their ‘Amma’ (mother) as the 68-year-old leader was fondly called. ", "Cries of “Amma” rent the air as the public filed past taking a last glimpse of their beloved leader from a distance away from the stairs, where the Tamil Nadu Ministers were seated.", "\n\nJayalalithaa’s body was first taken to her Poes Garden residence in the early hours and then brought to the Rajaji Hall, before finally being buried at the MGR memorial." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.009950248756218905, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0.006896551724137931, 0.021505376344086023, 0.010810810810810811, 0, 0.00558659217877095, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.008438818565400843, 0.012861736334405145, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.005847953216374269 ]

[ "The stars are coming to FOX. ", "The network just announced a celebrity-filled MasterChef Junior special will air on Thanksgiving.", "\n\nThe holiday special will see “Chef Gordon Ramsay and award-winning chef Aarón Sánchez invite celebrities, their kids and some fan-favorite alumni into the MASTERCHEFJUNIOR kitchen, where they’ll show off their culinary skills in exciting contests for charity.” ", "Celebrity guests include Alyson Hannigan, Lil Rel Howery, Terrence Howard, Eric Stonestreet, and Jerry Rice.", "\n\nFOX‘s MasterChef Junior special debuts on November 22nd at 8 p.m. ET/PT.", "\n\nRead more info below:\n\nThis Thanksgiving, MASTERCHEF JUNIOR gives fans something to be thankful for, when multi-Michelin star Chef Gordon Ramsay and award-winning chef Aarón Sánchez invite celebrities, their kids and some fan-favorite alumni into the MASTERCHEFJUNIOR kitchen, where they’ll show off their culinary skills in exciting contests for charity on the all-new MASTERCHEF JUNIOR: CELEBRITY SHOWDOWN, airing Thanksgiving night, Thursday, Nov. 22 (8:00-10:00 PM ET/PT) on FOX, immediately following NFL ON FOX, in which the Dallas Cowboys face the Washington Redskins.", "\n\nIn between these epic battles in the MASTERCHEF JUNIOR kitchen, host Gordon Ramsay will chat with lifestyle expert, businesswoman and TV personality Martha Stewart to swap holiday-themed recipes for the whole family to enjoy.", "\n\nThe two-hour special features three unique battles, putting each celebrity competitor to the test- with more than bragging rights at stake – the winners earn donations to the charities of their choice. ", "Additionally, the contestants will face their challenges with a sous chef by their sides, whether it be one of their own children or former MASTERCHEF JUNIOR contestants.", "\n\nHere are the MASTERCHEF JUNIOR match-ups:\n\nEric Stonestreet and MCJ Season Five Contestant Shayne vs. Terrence Howard and MCJ Season Six Finalist Avery\n\nIn a holiday-themed Mystery Box Challenge, these two TV dads will battle it out with help from some MASTERCHEF JUNIOR kids. ", "EMPIRE’s Terrence Howard (@terrencehoward) pairs up with Season Six finalist Avery while “Modern Family’s” Eric Stonestreet teams with MASTERCHEF JUNIOR Season Five favorite Shayne to cook.", "\n\nAlyson Hannigan and her Daughter, Saty, vs. Lil Rel Howery and his Daughter, Brittni\n\nIt’s a parent-child tag-team challenge! ", "TV star Alyson Hannigan (@alydenisof), of “How I Met Your Mother,” cooks with her nine-year-old daughter, Saty, while star of FOX’s REL, Lil Rel Howery, partners up with his daughter, Brittni (age nine).", "\n\nNFL Hall of Fame Running Back Emmitt Smith and MCJ Season Six Winner Beni vs. NFL Hall of Fame Wide Receiver Jerry Rice and MCJ Season Four Winner Addison\n\nFrom going head-to-head on the field to making plays in the kitchen, two NFL legends see who will come out on top in this cooking matchup. ", "Emmitt Smith (@EmmittSmith22), formerly of the Dallas Cowboys, gets an assist from the most recent winner of MASTERCHEF JUNIOR, 11-year-old Beni Cwiakala. ", "Jerry Rice (@JerryRice), who played for the San Francisco 49ers, will be teamed up with MASTERCHEF JUNIOR Season Four winner, 13-year-old Addison Smith.", "\n\n-more-\n\n“MASTERCHEF JUNIOR: CELEBRITY SHOWDOWN” – Page 2\n\nMASTERCHEF JUNIOR is produced by Endemol Shine North America and One Potato Two Potato, and is based on a format created by Franc Roddam and Endemol Shine. ", "Natalka Znak, Elisabeth Murdoch, Georgie Hurford-Jones, Gordon Ramsay, Danny Schrader, Patricia Llewellyn and Ben Adler serve as executive producers. “", "Like” MASTERCHEF JUNIOR on Facebook at facebook.com/MasterChefJuniorFOX. ", "Follow the series on Twitter @MasterChefJrFOX and join the discussion at #MasterChefJunior." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.034482758620689655, 0.010309278350515464, 0.0076045627376425855, 0.037037037037037035, 0.013513513513513514, 0.01559792027729636, 0.00881057268722467, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.017921146953405017, 0.037037037037037035, 0.0234375, 0.024630541871921183, 0.016835016835016835, 0.025806451612903226, 0.02631578947368421, 0.018518518518518517, 0.039735099337748346, 0.0136986301369863, 0.01098901098901099 ]

[ "Q:\n\nNode Express 3.4.4 and Jade form data undefined\n\nThe following is by app.use section\n// redis/session store\napp.use(express.cookieParser());\napp.use(express.session({ \n store: new redisStore({ host: 'localhost', \n port: 6379, \n db: 2\n }), \n secret: SID\n}));\n\napp.use(passport.initialize());\napp.use(passport.session());\n\napp.use(express.urlencoded());\napp.use(express.methodOverride());\n// all environments\napp.set('port', process.env.", "PORT || 3000);\napp.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));\napp.set('view engine', 'jade');\n\napp.use(express.favicon());\napp.use(express.logger('dev'));\napp.use(express.json());\napp.use(app.router);\napp.use(require('stylus').middleware(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));\napp.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));\n\nand this is the routing\nvar saveProfile = require('./routes/saveProfile');\n.", "\n.", "\n.", "\n\n// form handling \napp.post('/saveProfile',saveProfile.save);\n\nand this is the handler for the form\nexports.save = function(req,res) {\n try {\n var i = 0;\n console.log(req.body.displayName);\n }\n catch(e) {\n console.log(e.message);\n }\n};\n\nand finally the jade code which generates the actual form\nform(method='POST',action='/saveProfile')\n div(class='topBannerHeading')\n span.", "\n Profile\n div\n input.formButton(type='submit',text='Save',value='Save')\n div(class='formHolder')\n h1.", "\n Your Cloud Services\n a(href='/googleRequestAuthorization')\n img.selectedService(src='images/Google-48x48.png',alt='Authorize Google')\n h1.", "\n Personal\n span\n div.", "\n Name:\n input#displayName(type='text',value=profile.displayName,style='width:300px')\n div.", "\n Address:\n input#AddressLine1(type='text',style='width:300px')\n div.", "\n\n input#AddressLine2(type='text',style='width:300px')\n div.", "\n Town:\n input#AddressTown(type='text',style='width:200px')\n div.", "\n County: \n input#AddressCounty(type='text',style='width:200px')\n div.", "\n Post/Zip code \n input#Postcode(type='text',style='width:200px')\n div(style='margin-top:40px').", "\n Telephone \n input#Telephone(type='text',style='width:200px')\n div.", "\n Mobile: \n input#Mobile(type='text',style='width:200px')\n div.", "\n Fax No: \n input#FaxNo(type='text',style='width:200px')\n div.", "\n Email: \n input#EmailAddress(type='text',style='width:300px',value=profile.email)\n div.", "\n Web: \n input#WebAddress(type='text',style='width:300px')\n input#id(type='text',style='visibility:hidden')\n\nViewing the headers the request object\ncontent-type is\n application/x-www-form-urlencoded\nand the content length is coming back as 0 (zero)\nI've tried adding BodyParser()\nbut still although it calls the handler req.body.displayName is undefined\nany idea what I am doing wrong and thanks in advance.", "\n\nA:\n\nUse Name and not id. So where the jade file says\ninput#displayName(type='text',value=profile.displayName,style='width:300px')\n\nand replace it with\ninput#displayName(type='text',name='displayName',value=profile.displayName,style='width:300px')\n\nthis was answered in another question that can be found here; nodejs, express and jade: problems with inserts from form to database\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0038022813688212928, 0.0024271844660194173, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0022222222222222222, 0 ]

[ "Wednesday, 20 February 2008\n\nOld news\n\nOur local paper, the Lancashire Telegraph has just run an article in its on-line edition about the restoration of the culvert in Philips Road, stating that work is under way. ", "With the work ongoing for getting on six months already, you have to wonder if it's been a slow news day.", "\n\nQuotes from councillor Alan Cottam in charge of regeneration, indicated completion will be around early May and the design of the repair will improve river flow. ", "Really? ", "He also stated the landscaping will be restored. ", "Will that include the trees you can see in the picture above from August last year?", "\n\nNo comments:\n\nAbout\n\nMy commute: 2.5 miles through mixed urban residential, retail and light industry. ", "Passing two traffic lights, a major intersection, a school crossing and two mini-roundabouts seeing things and people on the way..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.004672897196261682, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Search form\n\nSearch\n\nSign up\n\nHelp protect the places we love, the values we share\n\nOptional Member Code\n\nIn our emails, sent once or twice a week, you'll receive:\n• alerts on new threats to Washington's environment\n• opportunities to join other Washingtonians on urgent actions\n• updates on the decisions that impact our environment\n• resources to help you create a cleaner, greener future\n\n100% Renewable Energy Updates\n\nSince 2007, Washington State has seen a 17,588 percent increase in the amount of electricity it gets from the sun and a 330 percent increase in wind energy production, according to a new report released today by Environment Washington Research and Policy Center. ", "The report also highlights advances in the use of energy storage and electric vehicles that will help catalyze the clean energy revolution in Washington. ", "Emerging as a leader in some categories, Washington ranked 3rd for number of electric vehicles sold and 10th for improvements in electricity energy efficiency programs.", "\n\nThis reportprovides a state-by-state assessment of the growth of key technologies needed to power the nation with clean, renewable energy, including wind, solar, energy efficiency, energy storage and electric vehicles.", "\n\nA new analysis released by SEIA/GTM Research shows Washington State ranks 27th for solar installations in the first quarter of 2017, up from its 28th place ranking for annual solar installations in 2016. ", "Nationally, solar accounted for 30 percent of new energy capacity in that time.", "\n\nAir pollution remains a major threat to our health, according to a new report from Environment Washington Research & Policy Center, Our Health at Risk: Why Are Millions of Americans Still Breathing Unhealthy Air? ", "In 2015, people here in the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue metropolitan area experienced 137 days with elevated particulate matter pollution, increasing the risk of premature death, asthma attacks and other adverse health impacts.", "\n\nSolar in Washington State now employs 3,681 people, a 63% increase from 2015, according to new data released today by the Solar Foundation. ", "The data breaks down solar jobs in Washington by county, congressional district and metro area.", "\n\nWith solar energy on the rise across Washington and the country, Environment Washington announced the launch of a push to get cities and local governments to make sizable commitments to capturing the power of the sun. ", "The “Shining Cities” campaign will engage and mobilize hundreds of members, volunteers and the growing ranks of stakeholders who recognize the tremendous environmental and economic benefits to convince local governments to expand their use of pollution-free solar power.", "\n\nWith solar energy on the rise across Washington and the country, Environment Washington announced the launch of a push to get cities and local governments to make sizable commitments to capturing the power of the sun. ", "The “Shining Cities” campaign will engage and mobilize hundreds of members, volunteers and the growing ranks of stakeholders who recognize the tremendous environmental and economic benefits to convince local governments to expand their use of pollution-free solar power." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0014577259475218659, 0, 0, 0, 0.0048543689320388345, 0, 0.004651162790697674, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0 ]

[ "[Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors in ecuadorian university students].", "\nOverweight and obesity in in young people especially in children and adolescents is considered as public health problem in the world. ", "Obesity could be the most important cause of insulin resistance. ", "For this reason obese children and adolescents become in a risky group for developing metabolic syndrome (MS). ", "In Ecuador is shocking the low following that is given to the diagnosis of MS for predicting the risk of cardio and cerebral vascular disease and diabetes mellitus. ", "To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in a sample of students from the \"Universidad Central del Ecuador\" (UCE) in Quito. ", "Students form first, second and third semester of Medicine College in UCE were included in the study. ", "The age range was between 17 and 25 years old. ", "All students were measured weight, height, body mass index (BMI, blood pressure, waist circumference and serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides and glucose. ", "The study shows that the prevalence of MS was 7.58% (IDF). ", "It means that 1 of 13 students had MS. ", "22.24% has pre obesity and 3.14% has obesity. ", "We found that waist circumference was mainly higher in women than men (33.67% vs. 9.55) of the 31.79% of low values of HDLc, the 24.50% occurred among women and 7.29% among men. , ", "the values of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and glucose were normal. ", "In the tested sample was found that 1 out of 13 students had MS and 1 out of 2 had at least one risk factor for MS. ", "According with the pre-obesity and obesity result, 1 out of 4 students shows one of these symptoms. ", "In addition, these results show the direct relationship between risk factors and TA. ", "Finally, Healthy lifestyles promotion (includes non-pharmacological treatments such diet and exercise) could be the first goal to prevent metabolic disease, because the large amount of persons with at least one risk factor for MS." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0.011299435028248588, 0.03389830508474576, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0.004347826086956522 ]

[ "Drenge (band)\n\nDrenge are an English three-piece rock band made up of Eoin Loveless, on guitar and vocals, his younger brother Rory, on drums, and Rob Graham on bass. ", "The brothers grew up in Castleton, Derbyshire, where they formed the band in 2010, relocating to Sheffield in 2014. ", "The band take their name from something \"that would sound like a noise that we would be playing onstage.\" ", " Their name also translates into \"Boys\" in Danish. ", "They have released three albums, Drenge (2013), Undertow (2015), and Strange Creatures (2019).", "\n\nBackground\n\nIn January 2013, Drenge, who had a small following at the time, were picked up by national media when The Guardians Paul Lester featured them in his \"New band of the week\" column. ", "The band rose to further prominence seven months later following the resignation of Labour MP Tom Watson from the Shadow Cabinet in July 2013. ", "Watson wrote in his resignation letter on his blog: \"be that great Labour leader that you can be, but try to have a real life too. ", "And if you want to see an awesome band, I recommend Drenge.\"", "\n\nDrenge have toured extensively in the UK, and have appeared at Glastonbury Festival, Latitude Festival, and Reading and Leeds Festival. ", "They have also toured with Californian duo Deap Vally, including an appearance close to their hometown at Sheffield's Queens Social Club. ", "They also toured with British band Peace in late 2013. ", "They played a headline tour in the first half of 2014, as well as playing at many festivals over the summer of 2014, including Reading and Leeds, Glastonbury and T in the Park.", "\n\nIn recent activity Drenge have toured the UK alongside American punk rock band Radkey, appeared on Later... with Jools Holland, and their single \"Bloodsports\" was used for an advert for British TV show Misfits, fitting the crude, aggressive nature of the show.", "\n\nTheir self-titled album was released on 19 August 2013 on Infectious Records. ", "The artwork for the album features a photograph of Wardsend Cemetery in Sheffield and a nearby scrapyard.", "\n\nOn 27 January 2015, they made their US network television début on the Late Show with David Letterman.", "\n\nOn 6 April 2015, the band's second album, Undertow, was released, debuting at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart.", "\n\nFor their tour in 2015 the band included a bassist in their live line-up as well as in their new single \"We Can Do What We Want\".", "\n\nIn February 2018, the band announced their first tour in over two years.", "\n\nBand members\n\nMembers\n Eoin Loveless – lead vocals, guitar (2010–present)\n Rory Loveless – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2010–present)\n Rob Graham – bass, backing vocals (2015–present)\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\nDrenge (August 2013, Infectious)\nUndertow (April 2015, Infectious)\nStrange Creatures (February 2019, Infectious)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Musical groups from Sheffield\nCategory:Musical groups established in 2011\nCategory:Rock music duos\nCategory:Music in Derbyshire\nCategory:NME Awards winners\nCategory:People from Castleton, Derbyshire\nCategory:Infectious Music artists" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.017964071856287425, 0, 0, 0, 0.031914893617021274, 0.005154639175257732, 0.013986013986013986, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.017045454545454544, 0.007633587786259542, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0.017699115044247787, 0, 0, 0.0068143100511073255 ]

[ "Q:\n\nFacade/Service architecture\n\nBefore I ask my question I must describe how our applications are built. ", "\nWe run several web applications that uses ejb´s in the service layer. ", "I try to describe the communication with a short example:\n\nA JSF bean (PersonHandler) calls a facade to delete a \"Person\" object\nA Facade can use many different services but CANNOT use other facades. ", "In this case the PersonFacade uses a PersonService (to delete the person) and a NotificationService (to send an email). ", "Also transactions are controlled by the facade logic. ", "Emails should only be send if the transaction is successfully committed.", "\nA Service CANNOT have a reference to another service or facade. ", "Instead of this the PersonService has only a reference to the PersonDao (persist logic).", "\n\nI think this architecture is quite common. ", "Here´s my question.", "\nIn the PersonFacade´s delete method we have really important code that we won´t duplicate. ", "Every time a person should be deleted this piece of code should run. ", "In another facade logic we need exactly the same code but facade <--> facade communication is not allowed.", "\nWhat is the best solution for this problem?", "\nHeres my current solution but I´m not happy with it. ", "I created a new ejb module with an ejb that handles the delete logic. ", "Both facade modules has dependencies to the new module so everything works find and I don´t break the \"facades never use other facades\" contract. ", "If we use this everytime we need the same code at different places our modules will explode and the modules will become confusing. ", "At the moment we have more than 250 ejb/jar modules.", "\n\nA:\n\nBelow are two options that i would consider.", "\n\nHave the common logic in a base facade that all facade's will extend from, or\nMove common logic to an helper class (utility) that any facade can invoke. ", "I see you are already doing a similar thing by creating a new ejb. ", "I am not sure if it needs to be an ejb, depends on the exact logic.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.01, 0.025, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "We intuitively use more emotional language to enhance our powers of persuasion, according to research published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. ", "The research shows that people tend toward appeals that aren’t simply more positive or negative but are infused with emotionality, even when they’re trying to sway an audience that may not be receptive to such language.", "\n\n“Beyond simply becoming more positive or negative, people spontaneously shift toward using more emotional language when trying to persuade,” says researcher Matthew D. Rocklage of The Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.", "\n\nWe might imagine that people would use very positive words such as “excellent” or “outstanding” to bring others around to their point of view, but the findings showed that people specifically used terms that convey a greater degree of emotion, such as “exciting” and “thrilling.”", "\n\nUnderstanding the components that make for a persuasive message is a critical focus of fields ranging from advertising to politics and even public health. ", "Rocklage and colleagues wanted to look at the question from a different angle, exploring how we communicate with others when we are the ones trying to persuade.", "\n\n“It’s possible that to be seen as rational and reasonable, people might remove emotion from their language when attempting to persuade,” says Rocklage. ", "Drawing from attitudes theory and social-function theories of emotion, however, Rocklage and colleagues Derek D. Rucker and Loran F. Nordgren hypothesized that people would go the other way, tapping into emotional language as a means of social influence.", "\n\nIn one online study, the researchers showed 1,285 participants a photo and some relevant details for a particular product available from Amazon.com. ", "They asked some participants to write a five-star review that would persuade readers to purchase that product, while they asked others to write a five-star review that simply described the product’s positive features.", "\n\nUsing an established tool for quantitative linguistic analysis, the Evaluative Lexicon, the researchers then quantified how emotional, positive or negative, and extreme the reviews were.", "\n\nAlthough the reviews were equally positive in their language, the data showed that reviewers used more emotional language when they were trying to persuade readers to buy a product compared with when they were writing a five-star review without intending to persuade. ", "Participants’ persuasive reviews also had more emotional language compared with actual five-star reviews for the same products published on Amazon.com.", "\n\nImportantly, the shift toward more emotional language appeared to be automatic rather than deliberative. ", "Participants still used more emotional descriptors in persuasive reviews when they were simultaneously trying to remember an 8-digit number, a competing task that made strategizing very difficult.", "\n\nThe tendency to use more emotional language emerged even when participants were attempting to persuade a group of “rational” thinkers.", "\n\n“Past research indicates that emotional appeals can backfire when an audience prefers unemotional appeals,” says Rocklage. “", "Our findings indicate that there is a strong enough connection between persuasion and emotion in people’s minds that they continue to use emotion even in the face of an audience where that approach can backfire.”", "\n\nIndeed, additional evidence indicated a connection between emotion and persuasion in memory. ", "The researchers found that the more emotional a word was, the more likely participants were to associate it with persuasion and the quicker they did so.", "\n\nAn interesting avenue for future research, says Rocklage, is to investigate whether the association transfers across various contexts.", "\n\n“For instance, would people use less emotion if they were in a boardroom meeting or if they were writing a formal letter of recommendation?” ", "he wonders.", "\n\nThe design and analysis plans for Experiment 4 were preregistered at the Open Science Framework. ", "The complete Open Practices Disclosure for this article is available online. ", "This article has received the badge for Preregistration." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.012396694214876033, 0, 0, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0.011811023622047244, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0 ]

[ "Associate Editor: Rosane Freitas Schwan\n\nIntroduction {#sec0005}\n============\n\nThe search for nutraceutical products that can prevent and/or treat diseases has intensified during the last decade. ", "Among these products, types ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have received a great deal of attention due to their health benefits and their extensive applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.[@bib0125] Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ω3), for example, is necessary for the brain development of newborn children and contributes to increasing their intelligence and verbal and reasoning skills.[@bib0130] Furthermore, DHA is helpful in treating atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer\\'s disease,[@bib0135] as well as in preventing breast and colon cancer.[@bib0140] Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5 ω6) is another PUFA that is important for human health. ", "DPA has been found to help prevent various diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders (such as myocardial infarction, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis), diabetes, asthma, inflammation and rheumatism (including arthritis and osteoporosis).[@bib0145]\n\nThe main commercial source of these compounds, particularly DHA, is oil obtained from marine fish.[@bib0150] However, the widespread consumption of these oils is limited by marine chemical pollution, declining fish stocks, seasonal variations in the composition of fish oils, their poor oxidative stability, typical unpleasant odour and taste, and the high cost of their extraction and purification processes.[@bib0155] This problems have inspired the development of new methods for the large-scale production of oils by safe and healthy sources.[@bib0125], [@bib0160]\n\nHeterotrophic microorganisms that are members of the Thraustochytrid group are alternative sources of these oils. ", "These oleaginous microorganisms can accumulate more than 50% of their weight as lipids, with a high concentration of DHA of greater than 25% of the total lipids.[@bib0165] Furthermore, the lipids of thraustochytrids contain a specific PUFA (DHA) instead of a mixture of PUFAs. ", "Therefore, their oil has a higher level of oxidative stability than that of fish oil.[@bib0170] The appropriate concentrations of carbon and nitrogen are essential for thraustochytrids to biosynthesize and accumulate polyunsaturated fatty acids. ", "The concentration of the carbon source affects the synthesis of organic molecules and the availability of energy, whereas the concentration of the nitrogen source affects the synthesis of amino acids and nucleic acids. ", "Therefore, understanding the effects of these substrates on cultivated microorganisms is crucial for optimizing their oil production. ", "Herein, we present the results of a study of the effect of different concentrations of carbon and nitrogen on the PUFAs production of *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#sec0010}\n=====================\n\nMicroorganism {#sec0015}\n-------------\n\n*Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).", "\n\nPreparing the inoculum {#sec0020}\n----------------------\n\n*Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276 cells grown on potato dextrose agar and stored at 4 °C were transferred to 500 mL flasks containing 100 mL of culture medium consisting (g/L) of yeast extract (1.0), peptone (15.0) and glucose (20.0) dissolved in seawater (1.5% w/v). ", "The glucose stock solution was sterilized separately. ", "The cells were incubated in an orbital shaker (Ika, KS 260B) rotating at 150 rpm at 30 °C without light for 48 h.[@bib0175]\n\nPreparing the culture media {#sec0025}\n---------------------------\n\nWe cultivated the microorganism in a Biostat^®^Bplus bioreactor (Sartorius Stedim Biotech., ", "Germany) containing a 5 L borosilicate glass vessel and equipped with pressure flow meters and gas and liquid-flow controllers. ", "We conducted batch and fed-batch experiments. ", "For the batch system experiments we used a medium consisting of KH~2~PO~4~ (0.3 g/L), MgSO~4~·7H~2~O (5.0 g/L), NaCl (10.0 g/L), NaHCO~3~ (0.1 g/L), CaCl~2~·2H~2~O (0.3 g/L), KCl (0.28 g/L), glucose (30.0 g/L) and different total nitrogen (TN) concentrations: 3.0 g/L (1.36 g/L (NH~4~)~2~SO~4~, 13.63 g/L yeast extract and 13.63 g/L monosodium glutamate), 0.44 g/L (0.2 g/L (NH~4~)~2~SO~4~, 2.0 g/L yeast extract and 2.0 g/L monosodium glutamate), and 0.22 g/L (0.1 g/L de (NH~4~)~2~SO~4~, 1.0 g/L yeast extract and 1.0 g/L monosodium glutamate). ", "For the fed-batch system experiments, 0.14 g/L of glucose and 0.0014 g/L of total nitrogen were supplied hourly (6.66 × 10^−4^ g/L h of (NH~4~)~2~SO~4~, 6.66 × 10^−3^ g/L h of yeast extract and 6.66 × 10^−3^ g/L h of monosodium glutamate). ", "The yeast extract, monosodium glutamate and glucose solutions were separately sterilized by treatment at 121 °C for 15 min in a CertoClav CV-EL-18 L autoclave. ", "The bioreactor was sterilized in an AJC Uniclave 77-127 L autoclave for 60 min. ", "The other components of the medium were filtered-sterilized using 0.22 μm membranes (Millipore).", "\n\nAfter sterilization, the dissolved components were added to the bioreactor along with the following metal solutions: MnCl~2~·4H~2~O (8.6 mg/L), ZnCl~2~ (0.6 mg/L), CoCl~2~·4H~2~O (0.26 mg/L), CuSO~4~·5H~2~O (0.02 mg/L), FeCl~3~·6H~2~O (2.9 mg/L), H~3~BO~3~ (34.2 mg/L), and Na~2~EDTA (30.0 mg/L) and the following vitamin solutions: thiamine (9.5 mg/L) and calcium pantothenate (3.2 mg/L), all of which had been sterilized using 0.22 μm membrane filters (Millipore). ", "The inoculum (350 mL) was then added to the culture medium (10% v/v relative to the total volume of the culture medium).", "\n\nCultivation was performed at 23 °C with agitation at 100 rpm and the pH of the media adjusted to 6.0 using 4 N NaOH. ", "During the first 120 h of cultivation, the culture medium was aerated at 2.5 vvm. ", "After this period, air injection was discontinued.", "\n\nBiomass concentration {#sec0030}\n---------------------\n\nThe biomass was determined every 24 h using the method of Min et al.[@bib0180] An aliquot of the culture medium was filtered using a previously weighed glass-microfiber filter paper (GF/C: 1.2 μm, Whatman). ", "The biomass retained in the filter was washed twice using distilled water and dried in an oven (Memmert) at 60 °C for 24 h. The biomass content was calculated as the difference between the initial and final weights.", "\n\nGlucose concentration {#sec0035}\n---------------------\n\nThe glucose content of the culture supernatant was determined each 24 h using the spectrophotometric method described by Miller,[@bib0185] using a UV/Vis dual beam absorption spectrophotometer (Ati Unicam Helios Alpha, UK).", "\n\nTotal nitrogen concentration {#sec0040}\n----------------------------\n\nThe total nitrogen (defined and complex sources) content of the culture supernatant was determined each 24 h following the procedure described by Furlan et al.[@bib0175]\n\nFatty acid profile {#sec0045}\n------------------\n\nCulture samples collected at 24 h intervals were centrifuged (Kubota, 6800) at 8742 × *g* for 15 min at 4 °C, after which the biomass was washed with distilled water and centrifuged again. ", "This process was repeated twice. ", "The biomass was frozen at −20 °C and dried for 48 h using a freeze dryer (Heto PowerDry LL 3000).", "\n\nBetween 20 and 100 mg of the lyophilized biomass was weighed and added to 50 μL of the internal C21:0 standard solution (10 mg/mL) to permit expressing the results as g of fatty acids/g of lyophilized biomass.", "\n\nMethyl esters of the fatty acids were prepared by esterification using the acid catalysis method described by Cohen et al.[@bib0190] A gas chromatography system (Varian, CP 3800) equipped with an autosampler, injector, and flame ionization detector (FID), both of the latter at 250 °C, was used to identify the methyl esters in the samples. ", "The methyl esters were separated using a DB-WAX polyethylene glycol capillary column (Agilent, 30 m long, 0.25 mm internal diameter and 0.25 μm thick) using the following program: heating at 180 °C (5 min), gradually increasing at 4 °C/min to 220 °C (and holding for 25 min), and then gradually increasing at 20 °C/min to 240 °C (and holding for 15 min). ", "The methyl esters were identified by comparing their retention times with those of chromatographic standards (Sigma--Aldrich Co, St. Louis, MO, USA).", "\n\nThe results were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the mean values were compared using the Tukey test, with the significance level set at 5%. ", "Before performing the ANOVA, the normality of the data distributions were evaluated using the Kolmogorov--Smirnov test and the homoscedasticity of the data was evaluated using the Cochran test.[@bib0195]\n\nResults {#sec0050}\n=======\n\nGrowth kinetics, glucose and total nitrogen consumption {#sec0080}\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the average biomass, glucose and total nitrogen concentrations over time in cultures of *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276 growing under four different conditions.", "Fig. ", "1Concentrations of biomass, glucose and total nitrogen over time in the culture media of *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276. ", "The graphs show the data obtained using different treatments, as follows: a batch system with an (A) initial nitrogen concentration of 3.0 g/L, (B) initial nitrogen concentration of 0.44 g/L or (C) initial nitrogen concentration of 0.22 g/L or (D) a fed-batch system with 0.14 g/L of glucose and 0.0014 g/L of nitrogen supplied hourly.", "\n\nAs shown in [Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}(A), in the experiments using an initial total nitrogen concentration of 3.0 g/L, the maximum biomass concentration (9.3 g/L) was reached at 120 h, for an average yield of 0.07 g/L h of biomass. ", "The average glucose consumption rate in these experiments was 0.13 g/L h and 0.43 g of biomass was produced per gram of glucose consumed (*Y*~Biomass/Glucose~). ", "The average total nitrogen consumption rate was 0.0010 g/L h, resulting in a substrate to biomass conversion factor (*Y*~Biomass/nitrogen~) of 65.8.", "\n\nIn the experiments using an initial nitrogen concentration of 0.44 g/L, the highest biomass concentration (17.0 g/L) was obtained at 144 h, foran average yield of 0.11 g/L h of biomass ([Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}(B)). ", "The average glucose consumption rate was 0.15 g/L h, resulting in a glucose to biomass conversion factor (*Y*~Biomass/glucose~) of 0.65. ", "The average total nitrogen consumption rate was 0.0018 g/L h. Each gram of nitrogen that was consumed was converted into 50.7 g of biomass (*Y*~Biomass/Nitrogen~).", "\n\nIn the experiments using an initial nitrogen concentration of 0.22 g/L, the highest biomass concentration (23.9 g/L) was observed at 96 h ([Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}(C)), for a maximum yield of 0.23 g/L h of biomass. ", "In these experiments, the average glucose consumption rate was 0.17 g/L h and the glucose to biomass conversion factor (*Y*~Biomass/Glucose~) was 1.28. ", "The average nitrogen consumption rate was 0.0022 g/L h, resulting in a *Y*~Biomass/Nitrogen~ conversion factor of 104.7, meaning that 104.7 g of biomass was produced per gram of nitrogen consumed.", "\n\nWhen the fed-batch cultivation process was used, the highest biomass concentration (13.2 g/L) was reached at 120 h ([Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}(D)), for a maximum yield of 0.10 g/L h of biomass. ", "The average glucose consumption rate was 0.13 g/L h, resulting in a glucose to biomass conversion factor (*Y*~Biomass/Glucose~) of 0.64. ", "Using this cultivation process, the average total nitrogen consumption rate was 0.0016 g/L h and the *Y*~Biomass/Nitrogen~ conversion factor was 49.15, meaning that 49.15 g of biomass was produced per gram of nitrogen consumed.", "\n\nFatty acid profile {#sec0060}\n------------------\n\n[Fig. ", "2](#fig0010){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the average PUFAs concentrations in the biomass that were reached throughout *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276 cultivation in the different experiments.", "Fig. ", "2PUFAs concentrations in the biomass of *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276 cultivated under different conditions. ", "PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; TN, total nitrogen.", "\n\nEvaluating the PUFAs concentrations in the biomass (g/L) showed that there were significant differences among the values at different times throughout cultivation in all of the experiments. ", "The highest PUFAs concentration (3.6 g/L) was observed at 96 h of cultivation in the experiments using an initial nitrogen concentration of 0.22 g/L. The second highest PUFAs concentration (2.85 g/L) was obtained at 168 h of cultivation in the experiments using an initial nitrogen concentration of 0.44 g/L. In the fed-batch culture, the maximal PUFAs concentration of 1.89 g/L was reached at 144 h of cultivation. ", "In the experiments using an initial nitrogen concentration of 3 g/L, the maximal PUFAs concentration of 0.84 g/L was reached at 120 h of cultivation ([Fig. ", "2](#fig0010){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n[Fig. ", "3](#fig0015){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the fatty acid profile at the time point when the highest PUFAs yield was obtained in each experiment (g/L).Fig. ", "3Fatty acid profiles of the biomass of *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276 when batch-cultured for120 h using an initial nitrogen concentration of 3.0 g/L total nitrogen, at 168 h when batch-cultured using an initial nitrogen concentration of 0.44 g/L, at 96 h when batch-cultured using an initial nitrogen concentration of 0.22 g/L, and at 144 h when cultured using the fed-batch process.", "\n\nIn the experiments using an initial nitrogen concentration of 3.0 g/L, 9% (w/w) of the biomass was composed of PUFAs at 120 h of cultivation, of which 20% was DPA ω6 ([Fig. ", "3](#fig0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which represented 1.8% of the biomass (0.17 g/L). ", "As shown in [Fig. ", "3](#fig0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}, DHA accounted for 61.3% of the PUFAs present, i.e., 5.5% of the biomass (0.51 g/L).", "\n\nUsing an initial nitrogen concentration of 0.44 g/L, 18% (w/w) of the biomass was composed of PUFAs at 168 h of cultivation, of which 22% was DPA ω6, i.e., 3.9% of the biomass (0.63 g/L). ", "We also observed that DHA accounted for 69.2% of the PUFAs, which was12.5% of the total biomass (1.97 g/L) ([Fig. ", "3](#fig0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nIn the experiments using an initial nitrogen concentration of 0.22 g/L, 15% (w/w) of the biomass was composed of PUFAs at 96 h of cultivation, of which 22.3% was DPA ω6 ([Fig. ", "3](#fig0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}), accounting for 3.34% of the total biomass (0.80 g/L). ", "We also observed that DHA comprised 70.5% of the PUFAs ([Fig. ", "3](#fig0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}), i.e., 10.62% of the biomass (2.54 g/L).", "\n\nAfter 144 h of cultivation using the fed-batch system, 14.9% (w/w) of the biomass was composed of PUFAs, of which 23.1% was DPA ω6 ([Fig. ", "3](#fig0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}), i.e., 3.43% of the total biomass (0.44 g/L). ", "In addition, DHA accounted for 70.5% of the PUFAs ([Fig. ", "3](#fig0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}), i.e., 10.5% of the total biomass (1.33 g/L).", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec0065}\n==========\n\nIn the experiments using an initial nitrogen concentration of 3 g/L, the cells consumed the least amount of TN (0.0010 g/L h), resulting in the lowest cell yield (0.07 g/L h). ", "This result could be due to the low C/N substrate ratio in the culture (4). ", "An excess of nitrogen may have inhibited the growth of the evaluated strain. ", "Chen et al.[@bib0200] conducted a study in which they optimized the nitrogen sources for *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "BR-MP4-A1 and obtained a maximum biomass concentration (9.27 g/L) by supplying 2.4 g/L of TN (as monosodium glutamate, yeast extract, and tryptone), which resulted in a C/N ratio (5). ", "In the experiments in which we used an initial nitrogen concentration of 3 g/L, a similar maximum biomass concentration of 9.3 g/L was reached ([Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}(A)).", "\n\nUsing an initial TN concentration of 0.44 g/L to cultivate *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "BR-MP4-A1, Li et al.[@bib0205] obtained a maximum biomass concentration of 14.5 g/L, whereas we observed a maximum biomass concentration of 17.0 g/L in cultures of *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276 ([Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}(B)). ", "This difference is due to the substrate to biomass conversion rate (*Y*~Biomass/Glucose~) being 0.53 in the previous study, whereas in this study, each gram of glucose consumed was concerted to 0.65 g/L of biomass. ", "The difference in the conversion rate can be attributed to the use of different species in the studies.", "\n\nCultivation using an initial TN concentration of 0.22 g/L ([Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}(C)) resulted in higher substrate consumption rates (0.17 g/L h glucose and 0.0022 g/L h TN) and higher cell biomass productivity (0.23 g/L h) compared with those obtained using the other TN concentrations tested in this study. ", "In addition, the glucose to biomass conversion factor (1.28) was higher under these conditions than under the other tested conditions, which also resulted also in a higher cell concentration (23.9 g/L). ", "Ganuza and Izquierdo[@bib0210] used *Schizochytriu*m sp. ", "G13/2S to study the effect of substrate levels on lipid accumulation. ", "These authors found that using initial concentrations of 0.30 g/L of TN and 40 g/L of glucose resulted in a biomass yield of 15.7 g/L.\n\nIn the experiments using fed-batch system ([Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}(D)), the concentration of TN decreased over time because its consumption rate was higher (0.0016 g/L h of TN) than its supply rate (0.0014 g/L h of TN). ", "The concentration of glucose in the culture medium decreased until 144 h of cultivation and subsequently increased. ", "This phenomenon can be explained by the glucose supply being greater after 144 h than that required for cell development and maintenance.", "\n\nThe fatty acid profiles observed in our experiments ([Fig. ", "3](#fig0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}) are similar to those previously obtained by Zhu et al.[@bib0215] and Furlan et al.[@bib0220] using *Schizochytrium limacinum* OUC88 and *Thraustochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC 26185, respectively. ", "Zhu et al.[@bib0215] found C14:0 (3.8--9.6%), C15:0 (2.1--10.1%), C16:0 (32.6--43.3%), DPA ω6 (7.1--8.2%) and DHA (29.8--36.5%) as the main fatty acids. ", "Furlan et al.[@bib0220] found C14:0 (1.5--9%), C15:0 (21--35%), C16:0 (5--33%), DPA ω6 (7--9%) and DHA (20--31.5%) as the main fatty acids. ", "These results are similar to our results: C14:0 (1.8--16%), C15:0 (5--16%), C16:0 (9--32.5%) and the polyunsaturated, including DPA ω6 (6.5--14%) and DHA (20--43%). ", "Therefore, the fatty acids produced by members of the Thraustochytriidae family are likely to be mainly C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, DPA ω6 and DHA.", "\n\nLi et al.[@bib0205] studied the composition of the *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "BR-MP4-A1 biomass and concluded that DPA ω6 and DHA comprised 6.6% and 28.9%, respectively, of the total fatty acids. ", "These authors also observed that the DPA ω6 (18%) and DHA (78%) levels were higher than those of the other PUFAs that were quantitated, similar to the results obtained in this study ([Fig. ", "3](#fig0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nWe also observed a reduction in PUFAs production relative to that of the total fatty acids when the TN concentration decreased. ", "In contrast, C16:1 ω9 and C18:1 ω9 production was increased because these fatty acids are the precursors used for PUFAs synthesis. ", "Therefore, the smaller the fractions of C16:1 ω9 and C18:1 ω9, the higher the fraction of PUFAs ([Fig. ", "3](#fig0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nAmong the major fatty acids that are PUFAs, the content of DPA ω6 (20--23.1%) varied little, whereas the content of DHA (61.3--70.5%) varied greatly. ", "High concentrations of available total nitrogen in the culture medium facilitate the synthesis of other fatty acids in addition to DHA and DPA ω6, which form a significant fraction of the PUFAs present. ", "For example, C16:2 ω4, C20:5 ω3 and C22:5 ω3 comprised 5.19%, 4.84% and 2.06%, respectively, of the fatty acids observed in the biomass obtained in cultures grown using an initial nitrogen concentration of 3 g/L TN and C16:2 ω comprised 1.95% of the fatty acids observed in cultures grown using an initial nitrogen concentration of 0.44 g/L ([Fig. ", "3](#fig0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nThe main commercial sources of PUFAs are species of fatty fish, such as herring, mackerel, salmon and sardines. ", "The *Aurantiochytrium* strain used in this study accumulated higher concentrations of PUFAs (28--70%) than those reported in sardine oil (31.1%) by Morais.[@bib0225] The DHA concentration (20--43%) produced by this oleaginous microorganism was 2- to 4-fold higher than that found in the sardine oil (11%).[@bib0225] Cultivated *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276 is a promising alternative source of oil rich in PUFAs. ", "Using fish for the large-scale production of such oil is limited by the changes in the lipid compositions and contents and the fatty acid profiles of fish, which are affected by the seasons and their species, sex, size, reproductive status, catch location, diet and nutritional status.[@bib0230] Moreover, fish oil exhibits a great diversity of fatty acids with different chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation and thus, requires expensive extraction and purification processes.[@bib0160]\n\nCultivating an oleaginous microorganism in the laboratory under controlled environmental conditions reduces the risk of contamination and can increase fatty acid production at a low cost. ", "In this study, we observed that the total fatty acid content of the biomass (%, w/w) increased as the TN concentration was decreased. ", "This phenomenon occurred because lipids generally accumulate in oleaginous microorganisms when the medium contains an excess of the carbon source and a limited amount of nitrogen (high C/N ratio). ", "In the presence of low-level nitrogen, the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids is limited by the enhanced conversion of carbon to oil.[@bib0235], [@bib0240] This process was observed in the experiments using a fed-batch system, in which C/N ratio was high, eventually leading to the accumulation of a high level of total fatty acids (526.20 mg/g) in the biomass ([Table 1](#tbl0005){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "However, fed-batch cultures exhibited lower PUFAs production (1.89 g/L) and consequently lower DPA ω6 (0.44 g/L) and DHA (1.33 g/L) production than those of the batch cultures because the yields of these fatty acids are dependent on the accumulation of PUFAs in the total lipids as well as on the accumulation of oils in the biomass. ", "Additionally, the fatty acid yield was also related to the cell concentration at a given time.", "Table 1Total fatty acid content of the *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276 biomass with the highest PUFAs concentration under each experimental condition.", "Table 1Total nitrogen3.0 g/L0.44 g/L0.22 g/LFed-batch[b](#tblfn0010){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}*C/N*42754100*Culture time (h)*Total fatty acids (mg/g)[a](#tblfn0005){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 120129.15 ± 0.15 168448.47 ± 0.05 96455.62 ± 0.09 144526.20 ± 0.20[^1][^2]\n\nFor example, in the experiments using an initial TN concentration of 0.22 g/L, there was a higher substrate consumption rate, increased biomass productivity and a higher C/N ratio (54), which resulted in higher yields of DPA ω6 (0.80 g/L) and DHA (2.54 g/L).", "\n\nGanuza and Izquierdo[@bib0210] observed greater DPA ω6 (3.85% w/w) and DHA (15.4% w/w) accumulation by *Schizochytrium* sp. ", "G13/2S cells grown using initial nitrogen and glucose concentrations of 0.30 g/L and 40 g/L, respectively, than was observed in our experiments (3.34% w/w DPA ω6, and 10.62% w/w DHA) using an initial nitrogen concentration of 0.22 g/L. However, their DPA ω6 (0.6 g/L) and DHA (2.42 g/L) production rates were lower than ours, which can attributed to the higher maximum biomass concentration (23.9 g/L) obtained in our experiments compared with that reported by Ganuza and Izquierdo[@bib0210] (15.7 g/L).", "\n\nUsing a similar culture medium with an initial TN concentration of 0.44 g/L to grow *Schizochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC 20889, Jiang et al.[@bib0160] observed that DHA accounted for 26% of the total fatty acids after 120 h of cultivation, which is very similar to the 25.5% DHA level in the total fatty acids observed in our study. ", "In our study, the accumulated biomass consisted of approximately 12.5% (w/w) DHA, which is higher than the value (8.8%) reported by Jiang et al.[@bib0160]\n\nBurja et al.[@bib0240] evaluated the effect of different concentrations of nitrogen on fatty acid production by *Thraustochytrium* sp. ", "ONC-T18. ", "Using an initial TN concentration of 0.75 g/L, these authors obtained 0.04 g/L of DHA, corresponding to 0.53% (w/w) of the biomass, and reported a low biomass concentration (7.5 g/L) and a low level of DHA in the biomass. ", "Burja et al.[@bib0240] also observed that using a higher initial TN concentration (1.23 g/L), 1.56 g/L of DHA was obtained, which is approximately 3 times the DHA concentration (0.51 g/L DHA) observed in our experiments using an initial TN concentration of 3.0 g/L.\n\nConclusions {#sec0070}\n===========\n\nHerein, we presented the results of a study of the effect of different concentrations of carbon and nitrogen on PUFAs production by *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "The PUFAs production of this microorganism depends on the accumulation of total fatty acids and on the concentration of the biomass. ", "Therefore, the culture medium should facilitate the growth of this microorganism and provide an adequate nitrogen supply with respect to the C/N ratio because it accumulates oils when the total nitrogen supply is limited.", "\n\nThe main polyunsaturated fatty acids found in the *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276 biomass were DPA ω6 (20--23.1%) and DHA (61.3--70.5%). ", "The maximum cell concentration of 23.9 g/L (with 45.5% of its weight consisting of fatty acids) was observed at 96 h of cultivation using initial concentrations of 30 g/L of glucose and 0.22 g/L of total nitrogen. ", "Under these conditions, the highest PUFAs concentration (3.6 g/L) was reached, with the DHA and DPA ω6 concentrations being 2.54 and 0.80 g/L, respectively.", "\n\nThe results of this study showed that the growth of *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276 and its accumulation of PUFAs, particularly DHA, are dependent on the concentrations of the carbon and nitrogen substrates. ", "The results also demonstrated that the cultivation period is an important variable for PUFAs production by *Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276.", "\n\n*Aurantiochytrium* sp. ", "ATCC PRA-276 is capable of producing high levels of PUFAs. ", "Therefore, developing new techniques for cultivating this microorganism could reduce the cost and increase the production of oils for use in food and medicines.", "\n\nConflicts of interest {#sec0075}\n=====================\n\nThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.", "\n\nThis study was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior of Brazil (CAPES) and developed at the Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA) in Lisbon, PT, with the aid of a scholarship grant awarded to the first author by the Doctoral in the Country with Internship Abroad Programme (PDEE) (grant no. ", "6906/10-9). ", "The authors also thank the ALGAENE Project and Depsiextracta Biological Technologies, Lda. ", "for their support.", "\n\n[^1]: Mean values ± standard deviation.", "\n\n[^2]: 0.14 g/L of glucose and 0.0014 g/L of total nitrogen supplied each hour.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0.014367816091954023, 0.00857449088960343, 0.01444043321299639, 0.0040650406504065045, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0, 0.007017543859649123, 0, 0, 0.010968921389396709, 0.008333333333333333, 0.00625, 0.0125, 0.010416666666666666, 0.0042643923240938165, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.0037735849056603774, 0.004651162790697674, 0.0035587188612099642, 0.004149377593360996, 0, 0.020618556701030927, 0, 0.008746355685131196, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0.011019283746556474, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05, 0, 0, 0, 0.005154639175257732, 0, 0, 0.006134969325153374, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0.004405286343612335, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0.002403846153846154, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0.125, 0, 0, 0.0030581039755351682, 0.011428571428571429, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0.008849557522123894, 0.005263157894736842, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0.02142857142857143, 0, 0.03508771929824561, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.005434782608695652, 0.006666666666666667, 0, 0, 0.0106951871657754, 0.05, 0, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.00390625, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.005405405405405406, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.032679738562091505, 0.02857142857142857, 0.01818181818181818, 0.014285714285714285, 0.02631578947368421, 0.01694915254237288, 0.010582010582010581, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.009852216748768473, 0.0028735632183908046, 0, 0, 0.008571428571428572, 0, 0.002936857562408223, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0.007371007371007371, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0, 0, 0.005825242718446602, 0.015873015873015872, 0.005964214711729622, 0, 0.013824884792626729, 0.013745704467353952, 0.1111111111111111, 0.009009009009009009, 0.008733624454148471, 0, 0.004524886877828055, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01744186046511628, 0, 0.02197802197802198, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\n4 Wire (as compared to 8 wire) LAN connections and Bandwidth Loss when Splitting Ethernet?", "\n\nThis is my first time here, and if this isn't the right place for this question, my apologies. ", "Please direct me to the right place.", "\nIn order to get a wired LAN connection to a desktop computer and a printer using the one Ethernet jack available in that room (due to home wiring), I am interested in \"splitting\" the RJ45's cable into two different \"lines\" using this splitter on Amazon. ", "Many people (and apparently the maker of this adapter) seem to believe you can functionally use only 4 wires inside a RJ45 cable to sustain a reliable LAN connection, which would allow you to use one RJ45 cable to be used as \"two\" cables using this adapter. ", "My understanding is you use two Ethernet patch cables to go from two ports on a router into this adapter which uses 4 wires of the 8 wire total RJ45 cable for each connection, and then put the same adapter on the other end of the line and \"split\" the signals back out into two RJ45 jacks on the adapter so two Ethernet devices can plug in.", "\nOr at least that's what I think.", "\nFirst off, is my idealism valid, or is this actually nothing but a signal combiner? ", "Can you indeed establish an Ethernet LAN connection using 4 wires of a RJ45 cable instead of 8?", "\nSecondly, if this is possible, how much network performance would the devices lose due to less copper as compared to a dedicated Ethernet cable? ", "In my case, I am running a 50' run, which (I think) is a decent amount of cable, but isn't a stretch to the 100 meter standard.", "\n\nA:\n\n10 and 100 need only 2 pairs (pins 1-2-3-6) Gig needs all 4.", "\nThis adapter brings 4-5-7-8 to the second port's 1-2-3-6. ", " This is, technically, a spec violation, but over short distances, it does work.", "\n(it's just like a line-1, line-2 phone splitter.)", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0.003875968992248062, 0.0029498525073746312, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Conventionally, buses and vans equipped to carry wheelchairs and the like are provided with a pair of parallel slotted floor tracks into which one or more strap anchor fittings can be inserted and secured at any selected position therealong. ", "Usually such anchors are provided with a spring-loaded plunger, the lower end of which can be passed through an opening in the track and, upon release of the spring, the sides of the plunger releasably engage with the track at any selected position therealong. ", "While such fittings are generally effective they are not without their disadvantages. ", "The fact that they are secured to the track at substantially one end of the anchor fitting implies that there is a considerable moment of force applied to the fitting when a heavy load, as in a sudden deceleration or crash situation, is applied thereto and this can cause bending or twisting of the fitting or of the track itself so that the fitting jams in the track and no longer slides freely therealong. ", "There is a need, therefore, for an improved track fitting that spreads the applied load along a longer length of the fitting and track so as to prevent or at least minimize such bending or twisting of the fitting and/or the track." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Mumbabymagazine. ", "To be in your child’s memories tomorrow, be in his life today\n\nWhat’s new on Mumbabymagazine.com: Check updates and related news right now. ", "This site’s feed is stale or rarely updated (or it might be broken for a reason), but you may check related news or Mumbabymagazine.com popular pages instead. ", "It is generally safe for browsing, so you may click any item to proceed to the site.", "\n\nNews, stories and media buzz related to Mumbabymagazine\n\nProtein is by far the most widely discussed and publicized nutritional requirement of our body.", "\nWith all this information available about protein, you might assume that people are pretty well informed on the subject.", "\nWrong.", "\nThe average American consumes...\n\nThe Naksa\nPalestinians commemorate Naksa; Israeli military attacks rallies\nIMEMC 6 June — Sunday June 5th marks the 49th anniversary of the day known to Palestinians as the ‘Naksa’ [‘setback’], the day that the Israeli military occupied the West Bank...\n\nA few weeks after Lil Bub was born, I posted a pic on my Instagram account of me breastfeeding Lil Bub while pumping extra milk on the other side and editing a blog. ", "I was such a proud Mama for my amazing baby (as all us Moms are!), ", "and after Lil Bub...\n\nUNICEF’s worldwide campaign to emphasize breastfeeding for infants will celebrate its 27th anniversary this year. ", "In the U.S., this effort led to the growth of “baby-friendly” hospitals that encourage breastfeeding as the norm, community breastfeeding...\n\nMumbabymagazine.com popular pages\n\nMothers are often the target of criticism from the environment, but perhaps one of the hottest topics related to motherhood is breastfeeding in public. ", "New social experiment shows how people react whe..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010964912280701754, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0.00303951367781155, 0 ]

[ "UPDATE:\n\nCapcom has confirmed to IGN that Ace Attorney 5 (aka Gyakuten Saiban 5) will be coming to \"the West.\" ", "The publisher stated it will have more news soon.", "\n\nCapcom has confirmed Ace Attorney 5 is coming to the Nintendo 3DS. ", "The next installment of the courtroom drama was announced earlier this year, but the latest issue of Famitsu, translated by Andriasang , has revealed the game's intended platform. ", "The article also revealed that Phoenix Wright will return as this game's main protagonist, alongside a new female partner.", "Few other details were provided, and there is no indication of a release date.", "\n\nRich is an Executive Editor of IGN.com and the leader of IGN's Nintendo team. ", "He also watches over all things WWE, Resident Evil, Assassin's Creed and much more. ", "Follow him on Twitter, if you dare!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.018018018018018018, 0, 0.028985507246376812, 0.011111111111111112, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0.025, 0.03571428571428571, 0 ]

[ "using System;\nusing System.", "Collections.", "Generic;\nusing System.", "ComponentModel.", "Composition;\nusing System.", "Linq;\nusing System.", "Windows;\nusing System.", "Windows.", "Documents;\nusing System.", "Windows.", "Threading;\nusing Samba.", "Domain.", "Models.", "Settings;\nusing Samba.", "Domain.", "Models.", "Tickets;\nusing Samba.", "Infrastructure.", "Settings;\nusing Samba.", "Localization.", "Properties;\nusing Samba.", "Services.", "Common;\nusing Samba.", "Services.", "Implementations.", "PrinterModule.", "Formatters;\nusing Samba.", "Services.", "Implementations.", "PrinterModule.", "PrintJobs;\nusing Samba.", "Services.", "Implementations.", "PrinterModule.", "Tools;\nusing Samba.", "Services.", "Implementations.", "PrinterModule.", "ValueChangers;\n\nnamespace Samba.", "Services.", "Implementations.", "PrinterModule\n{\n [Export(typeof(IPrinterService))]\n public class PrinterService : IPrinterService\n {\n private readonly ICacheService _cacheService;\n private readonly ILogService _logService;\n private readonly TicketFormatter _ticketFormatter;\n private readonly FunctionRegistry _functionRegistry;\n private readonly TicketPrintTaskBuilder _ticketPrintTaskBuilder;\n\n [ImportingConstructor]\n PrinterService(ISettingService settingService, ICacheService cacheService, IExpressionService expressionService, ILogService logService,\n TicketFormatter ticketFormatter, FunctionRegistry functionRegistry, TicketPrintTaskBuilder ticketPrintTaskBuilder)\n {\n _cacheService = cacheService;\n _logService = logService;\n _ticketFormatter = ticketFormatter;\n _functionRegistry = functionRegistry;\n _ticketPrintTaskBuilder = ticketPrintTaskBuilder;\n _functionRegistry.", "RegisterFunctions();\n }\n\n [ImportMany]\n public IEnumerable<IDocumentFormatter> DocumentFormatters { get; set; }\n\n [ImportMany]\n public IEnumerable<ICustomPrinter> CustomPrinters { get; set; }\n\n public IEnumerable<string> GetPrinterNames()\n {\n return PrinterInfo.", "GetPrinterNames();\n }\n\n public IEnumerable<string> GetCustomPrinterNames()\n {\n return CustomPrinters.", "Select(x => x.Name);\n }\n\n public ICustomPrinter GetCustomPrinter(string customPrinterName)\n {\n return CustomPrinters.", "FirstOrDefault(x => x.Name == customPrinterName);\n }\n\n public void PrintTicket(Ticket ticket, PrintJob printJob, Func<Order, bool> orderSelector, bool highPriority)\n {\n TicketPrinter.", "For(ticket)\n .WithPrinterService(this)\n .WithLogService(_logService)\n .WithTaskBuilder(_ticketPrintTaskBuilder)\n .WithPrintJob(printJob)\n .WithOrderSelector(orderSelector)\n .IsHighPriority(highPriority)\n .Print();\n }\n\n public void PrintObject(object item, Printer printer, PrinterTemplate printerTemplate)\n {\n var formatter = DocumentFormatters.", "FirstOrDefault(x => x.ObjectType == item.", "GetType());\n if (formatter !", "= null)\n {\n var lines = formatter.", "GetFormattedDocument(item, printerTemplate);\n if (lines !", "= null)\n {\n AsyncPrintTask.", "Exec(false, () => PrintJobFactory.", "CreatePrintJob(printer, this).DoPrint(lines), _logService);\n }\n }\n }\n\n public void PrintReport(FlowDocument document, Printer printer)\n {\n ReportPrinter.", "For(document)\n .WithPrinterService(this)\n .WithLogService(_logService)\n .WithPrinter(printer)\n .Print();\n }\n\n public void ExecutePrintJob(PrintJob printJob, bool highPriority)\n {\n PrintJobExecutor.", "For(printJob)\n .WithPrinterService(this)\n .WithLogSerivce(_logService)\n .WithCacheService(_cacheService)\n .IsHighPriority(highPriority)\n .Execute();\n }\n\n public IDictionary<string, string> GetTagDescriptions()\n {\n return _functionRegistry.", "Descriptions;\n }\n\n public void ResetCache()\n {\n PrinterInfo.", "ResetCache();\n }\n\n public string GetPrintingContent(Ticket ticket, string format, int width)\n {\n var lines = _ticketFormatter.", "GetFormattedTicket(ticket, ticket.", "Orders, new PrinterTemplate { Template = format });\n var result = new FormattedDocument(lines, width).GetFormattedText();\n return result;\n }\n\n public string ExecuteFunctions<T>(string printerTemplate, T model)\n {\n return _functionRegistry.", "ExecuteFunctions(printerTemplate, model, new PrinterTemplate { Template = printerTemplate });\n }\n\n public object GetCustomPrinterData(string customPrinterName, string customPrinterData)\n {\n var printer = GetCustomPrinter(customPrinterName);\n return printer !", "= null ? ", "printer.", "GetSettingsObject(customPrinterData) : \"\";\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0.06666666666666667, 0.038461538461538464, 0.10526315789473684, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0.05, 0, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0.08695652173913043, 0, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0.010090817356205853, 0.006211180124223602, 0.007518796992481203, 0.013422818791946308, 0.009302325581395349, 0.004149377593360996, 0.024390243902439025, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0.006825938566552901, 0.006644518272425249, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082 ]

[ "Manual Crimsons football\n\nThe Manual Crimsons football program is a high school football team that represents duPont Manual High School (\"Manual\"). ", "The team is currently a member of the Kentucky High School Athletic Association.", "\n\nHistory\nManual students first organized a football team in 1892. ", "The team won the Kentucky State Championship six times; in 1925, 1936, 1938, 1948, 1959, and 1966. ", "The 1925 and 1938 teams claimed National Champions status due to their undefeated records and defeats of other top national teams, but the 1925 claim is considered a mythical national championship because there was no tournament. ", "The National Sports News Service gave the 1938 High School Football National Championship to Manual. ", "That year, Manual defeated New Britain, Connecticut in a national championship game in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. ", "The game was sponsored by the Louisiana Sports Association, which was affiliated with the Sugar Bowl.", "\n\nRivalries\n\nMale Bulldogs\n\nManual's rivalry with the Male Bulldogs, dubbed \"The Old Rivalry,\" dates directly to 1893 and is the oldest high school rivalry in Kentucky. ", "The most recent winning team holds a trophy referred to as \"The Barrel.\" ", "The rivalry was fueled in its early years by class differences between college-bound Male students and \"blue collar\" Manual students. ", "The Louisville Post wrote in 1897 that \"[Male's school colors] have always waved triumphant over the Red of the 'blacksmiths' as their more cultured opponents are wont to dub them\". ", "The game, traditionally played on Thanksgiving Day, was hotly contested and widely attended, with 10,000 spectators attending as early as 1909. ", "The rivalry paused when the schools (and football teams) were consolidated from 1915 to 1918 but was renewed in 1919 after Manual reformed and built its own stadium. ", "Attendance averaged 14,000 from the 1920s through 1957, when crowds were so large that the schools began holding the game at Cardinal Stadium, with a capacity of over 20,000. ", "The record attendance was 22,000 in 1966. ", "Due to changes in the state athletics schedules the Thanksgiving Day game tradition ended in 1980 amid protests from fans, and the game was moved to late October.", "\n\nNotable players and coaches\n Mike Basrak\n Keenan Burton\n Sherman Lewis\n Steve Wright\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:American football teams established in 1893\nCategory:High school football in Kentucky\nCategory:1893 establishments in Kentucky\nCategory:Sports teams in Louisville, Kentucky" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.006756756756756757, 0.0125, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0.004347826086956522, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.005917159763313609, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0033444816053511705 ]

[ "The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory. ", "More particularly, it relates to a data bus configuration of a semiconductor memory, such as a DRAM, and data read/write operations of a semiconductor memory.", "\nThe increase in memory capacity of recent semiconductor memories has resulted in an increase in the chip area of the semiconductor memories.", "\nSuch a semiconductor memory has a plurality of banks. ", "Write data is provided to each bank through a global data bus (GDB). ", "Further, read data is output from each bank through the global data bus. ", "Each bank has a local data bus (LDB).", "\nFIG. ", "1 is a schematic circuit diagram of a first prior art example of a semiconductor memory 100 and illustrates the connection between a local data bus and memory cells.", "\nThe semiconductor memory 100 has a cell array 1, which includes a plurality of word lines (two shown in the drawing) WL1, WL2 and a plurality of bit line pairs (one pair shown in the drawing) BL, /BL. ", "A memory cell 2 is connected to a node between the word line WL1 and the bit pairs BL, /BL. ", "Another memory cell 2 is connected to a node between the word line WL2 and the bit pairs BL, /BL. ", "The bit line /BL is driven by a logic signal that is in inverse relationship with a signal that drives the bit line BL. ", "In other words, the bit line pair BL, /BL is driven by complimentary signals.", "\nThe potentials of the word lines WL1, WL2 are controlled by a row decoder (not shown) in correspondence with read or write operations. ", "The row decoder functions in response to an external command.", "\nThe bit line pair BL, /BL is connected to I/O terminals T1, T2 of a sense amplifier 5 via transfer gates 3, 4, respectively. ", "The I/O terminals T1, T2 are connected to data bus lines DB, /DB of a local data bus via column gates 6, 7, respectively.", "\nWith reference to FIG. ", "2, during a read mode, a signal of the word line WL1 goes high in response to a read command received from an external device. ", "This transfers the data stored in the memory cells 2 to the bit line BL. ", "In response to a control signal BT, the data of the bit line BL is transferred to the sense amplifier 5 via the transfer gate 3. ", "Then, the sense amplifier 5, which is activated by a read command, drives the bit line pairs BL, /BL in accordance with the transferred data to a predetermined potential in a complementary manner. ", "The column gates 6, 7 are activated when a column selection signal CL goes high. ", "This causes the potential at the data bus line pair DB, /DB to be the same as the potential at the bit line pair BL, /BL. ", "In this manner, the data of the memory cells 2 is transferred to the data bus line pair DB, /DB.", "\nWith reference to FIG. ", "3, during a write mode, the signal of the word line WL1 goes high in response to a write command received from the external device. ", "As a result, data is read from the memory cells 2. ", "Subsequent to the activation of the sense amplifier 5, an activation of the column gates 6, 7 in response to the column selection signal CL transfers the data from the data bus line pair DB, /DB to the sense amplifier 5 via the columns gates 6, 7. ", "The sense amplifier 5 drives the bit line pair BL, /BL in accordance with the data. ", "This writes the data transferred from the data bus line pair DB, /DB to the memory cells 2.", "\nIn the above prior art example, one bit of data is transferred by the two complementary data bus lines DB, /DB. ", "This increases the circuit area and cost of the semiconductor memory.", "\nTo solve this problem, a second prior art example of a semiconductor memory 200 having a single-phase data bus configuration has been proposed. ", "The semiconductor memory 200 includes a single-phase local data bus DB. ", "The data bus DB is directly connected to a bit line BL. ", "An inverting latch 8 is connected between the bit line BL and a bit line /BL. ", "The inverting latch 8 inverts the data transferred through the data bus line DB and provides the inverted data to the bit line /BL. ", "The two bit lines BL, /BL are driven in a complementary manner.", "\nIn the second prior art example, the number of data bus lines forming a local data bus is less than that of the first prior art example. ", "Thus, the wiring area is smaller that the first prior art example. ", "However, the second prior art example requires an inverting latch 8 for each bit line pair BL, /BL. ", "This increases the circuit area.", "\nThe inverting latch 8 may be eliminated. ", "In such a case, however, even when high potential data is applied to the data bus DB during the write operation, the high potential data would not be transferred to the sense amplifier 5 due to the drive capability of the sense amplifier 5 and the column gate 6.", "\nIt is an object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor memory having a reduced circuit area.", "\nTo achieve the above object, the present invention provides a semiconductor memory including a plurality of memory cells and having a write mode. ", "The semiconductor memory includes a plurality of pairs of bit lines connected to the memory cells and a plurality of sense amplifiers, each having a first I/O terminal and a second I/O terminal which are connected to an associated pair of the bit lines. ", "The semiconductor memory further includes a plurality of column selection gates, each connected to the first I/O terminal of an associated one of the sense amplifiers, a data bus connected to the column selection gates, and a control circuit connected to the sense amplifiers. ", "The control circuit controls the sense amplifiers and the column selection gate, so that selected column selection gate turns on before the sense amplifiers are activated during the write mode.", "\nThe present invention further includes a method for controlling a semiconductor memory including a plurality of memory cells, a plurality of pairs of bit lines connected to the memory cells, a plurality of sense amplifiers, each having a first I/O terminal and a second I/O terminal which are connected to an associated pair of the bit lines, a plurality of column selection gates, each connected to the first I/O terminal of an associated one of the sense amplifiers, and a data bus connected to the column selection gates. ", "The semiconductor memory is operated in a write mode and a read mode. ", "Data is written to the memory cells in the write mode, and data is read from the memory cells in the read mode. ", "The method includes selectively operating the column selection circuit to apply a potential of the data bus to the first I/O terminal of a selected one of the sense amplifiers during the write mode, and activating the selected one of the sense amplifiers during the write mode.", "\nThe present invention further includes a method for writing a semiconductor memory. ", "The method includes selectively operating column selection circuits to apply a potential of a data bus to a first I/O terminal of a selected one of sense amplifiers, then activating the selected one of the sense amplifiers.", "\nOther aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the invention." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0.0049504950495049506, 0.010869565217391304, 0.01020408163265306, 0.008333333333333333, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0.007751937984496124, 0.005076142131979695, 0.012345679012345678, 0.00819672131147541, 0.010416666666666666, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0.004032258064516129, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0, 0.01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nFilter tweets by text with user_timeline in Tweepy\n\nI am trying to filter the results I get from a certain account I get by a keyword with \"api.user_timeline\", so basically I want the program to ignore the tweets from that account that don't have that keyword in their tweet but I can't seem to find a solution for it.", "\nimport time\n\nfor tweet in tweepy.", "Cursor(api.user_timeline, since='2017-12-27',\n screen_name='example').items(2):\n try:\n if not tweet.retweeted:\n tweet.retweet()\n m = \"@example This is an example.\"", "\n t = api.update_status(status=m, in_reply_to_status_id=tweet.id)\n print(\"Example, Working...\")\n time.sleep(5)\n except tweepy.", "TweepError as e:\n print(e.reason)\n time.sleep(5)\n break\n except StopIteration:\n break\n\nWould it be: (?)", "\nif not tweet.retweeted:\n if tweet.text == \"keyword\":\n doThis()\n\nI really have no idea, so any help is highly appreciated!", "\n\nA:\n\nif not tweet.retweeted:\n if \"keyword\" in tweet.text:\n doThis()\n\nYou probably will also want to make this case-insensitive with string.lower().", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.003105590062111801, 0, 0.004524886877828055, 0.006172839506172839, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "I'm thrilled to present my first TypeScript related post on the Vavr blog — also featuring a video.", "\n\nWhen I designed the Vavr library four years ago, my goal was to mimic in Java existing functional API's known from Scala. ", "My experience is that the results are decent. ", "However, the weakest point is Java's type system.", "\n\nI don't want to go into detail here about Java's type system. ", "In fact, TypeScript is much more interesting on the type level. ", "To recap, TypeScript is one of the most popular (strongly-typed) JavaScript alternatives (counting worldwide interest on Google Search over the last 5 years):\n\nTypeScript is a superset of JavaScript. ", "Namely, every valid JavaScript program is also a valid TypeScript program. ", "TypeScript adds types to — and stays in line with JavaScript while JavaScript evolves. ", "This gives me the impression that TypeScript could exist for a very long time.", "\n\nOff-topic: I made an interesting observation about the hexagon aspect ratio while drawing the image above: sqrt(3)/2 * width = height sqrt(3)/2 * 3,14... = 2,72 sqrt(3)/2 * π ≈ ℇ 😅\n\nLet's gently dive into TypeScript...\n\nJavaScript isn't untyped, nor it is stringly-typed — it is dynamically-typed. ", "Some days ago I stumbled upon this code snippet on the web that underlines the dynamic nature of JavaScript:\n\nThe first moment I did not know whether to laugh or to cry. ", "In JavaScript, it is perfectly ok that a method may return a union of unrelated types.", "\n\nThe following JavaScript implementation would cover all statements when running the program above.", "\n\n// JavaScript let isSad = true; let toggle = true; function sad() { if (isSad && toggle) { toggle = !", "toggle; return true; } else { return { stop: () => isSad = false }; } } function beAwesome() {}\n\nWhen calling sad() we observe the following:\n\n// = true sad(); // = { stop(): function } sad();\n\nAs a programmer, I want to ensure that I can rely on my functions. ", "That's why I mainly use functions that always return the same output given a certain input.", "\n\nThe main issue of the sad() function is that it internally uses mutable state in an unpredictable way. ", "However, we are also able to provoke a similar behavior using Java. ", "It is the developer's responsibility to write high-quality code, not the responsibility of the language.", "\n\nPersonally, I have the feeling that JavaScript allows me to write 'better' programs than in Java because it is a functional language. ", "But without static typing it is only half the fun. ", "That's why I use TypeScript.", "\n\nIn TypeScript we are able to make the types explicit at compile time.", "\n\n// TypeScript interface ISad { stop: () => void; } // inferred type is boolean here let isSad = true; let toggle = true; function sad(): boolean | ISad { if (isSad && toggle) { toggle = !", "toggle; return true; } else { return { stop: () => isSad = false }; } } function beAwesome() {}\n\nNow we get a nice compile error.", "\n\n// life motto if (sad() === true) { // 💥 property 'stop' does not exist // on type 'boolean | ISad' sad().stop(); beAwesome(); }\n\nQuintessence: it is not up to me to judge the life motto — but one thing for sure, the code example is questionable. ", "💩\n\nAndvanced type system features\n\nSyntax-wise, Java and TypeScript are very similar, there are classes, interfaces, generics and so on.", "\n\ninterface IMap<K, V> { get(key: K): V | undefined; }\n\nTypeScript has several interesting features that don't exist in Java, like\n\nstructural types: Given a function function f<T extends { s: string }>(t: T) {} , we can use any object that matches the function parameter type structure, e.g. f({ s: \"\", n: 0 })\n\nGiven a function , we can use any object that matches the function parameter type structure, e.g. type aliases and union types: type Primitive = string | number | boolean — we defined Primitive to be an alias for the union of the primitive types string, number and boolean\n\n— we defined Primitive to be an alias for the union of the primitive types string, number and boolean index type query operator: Given a type T , the type keyof T is the type of a key of T\n\nGiven a type , the type is the type of a key of indexed access operator: Given a type T and K extends keyof T , the type T[K] is the type of a value associated with a key of type K\n\nGiven a type and , the type is the type of a value associated with a key of type intersection types: Given a type T , the type keyof T & string restricts a key to be a string\n\nGiven a type , the type restricts a key to be a string and much more\n\nExample: restrict object access\n\nIn the following we restrict the set of valid keys when accessing object values using the indexed access operator:\n\nfunction select<T, K extends keyof T & string, V extends T[K]> (obj: T, key: K): V { return obj[key] as V; } const config = { host: \"localhost\", port: 80, 0: { self: () => config } }; // inferred as string const host = select(config, \"host\"); // inferred as number const port = select(config, \"port\"); // 💥 Argument of type '0' is not assignable // to parameter of type '\"host\" | \"port\"'. ", "const never = select(config, 0); // 💥 Argument of type '\"protocol\"' is not assignable // to parameter of type '\"host\" | \"port\"'. ", "const ever = select(config, \"protocol\");\n\nPimping React Router using the indexed access operator\n\nIn the following I want to show you a more complex application of the indexed access operator.", "\n\nShort introduction to React\n\nCurrently I write web applications in TypeScript using Faccebook's React library. ", "React applications are composed in a functional way, using React components.", "\n\ninterface IPersonProps { name: string; } class Person extends React.", "Component<IPersonProps> { public render() { return ( <div>{this.props.name}</div> ); } }\n\nInstead of instantiating the class using the new keyword, the JSX library provides us with HTML-like syntactic sugar:\n\nconst person = <Person name=\"Daniel\" />;\n\nA React component may have children — such trees are translated to HTML DOM elements.", "\n\nShort introduction to React Router\n\nReact Router is a library that allows us to conditionally render a page, depending on the browser's current url. ", "Routes are very much like switch cases. ", "The Switch component searches the first Route path that matches the browser's current location (following certain rules) and renders the Route's component.", "\n\nimport React from 'react'; import { BrowserRouter, Redirect, Route, Switch } from 'react-router-dom'; class App extends React.", "Component<{}> { public render() { return ( <BrowserRouter> <Switch> <Route path='/login' component={Login} /> <Route exact path='/' component={Home} /> <Redirect to='/' /> </Switch> </BrowserRouter> ); } }\n\nWithin the render() method, we typically mix custom elements with standard HTML elements. ", "Dynamic pages are created by mutating a component's internal state, which in turn triggers re-rendering of parts of the DOM tree. ", "But that's a different story.", "\n\nTaking a look at the example, we see two urls: /login and / . ", "These are strings. ", "The compiler will not complain, when we change a route, say /login -> /signin , whithout fixing all links within the application. ", "Instead we will have a problem at runtime.", "\n\n<Link to='/login'>click me</Link>\n\nFrom the maintainability perspective, it starts to get even worse when having routes containing parameters:\n\n<Route path='/user/:id' component={ (props: {id: string}) => <User id={props.id} /> } /> <Link to=\"/user/daniel\">click me</Link>\n\nIf the user id type changes from string to number, the compiler won't complain about wrong links.", "\n\nCreating a Type Safe React Router\n\nThe indexed access operator (see above), is a powerful tool to restrict our types.", "\n\nOur goal is to make the compiler complain, if we use malformed routes or links. ", "Also we want to ensure that we use the correct url parameter types.", "\n\nIn order to do so, we first need to invent a notion for route types. ", "When designing a new API, I always start from the user-perspective and try to find the minimum amount of information that is necessary.", "\n\ninterface IRoutes { '/user/:id': { id: string }, '/login': {}, '/': {} }\n\nA Route represents a browser location. ", "It consists of path segments and possibly has path variables. ", "The variables are typed. ", "Our interface IRoutes reflects that.", "\n\nNow we are able to parameterize our magic TypedReactRouter class in order to get substitutes for certain React Router types, namely Link, Redirect and Route.", "\n\n// before import { BrowserRouter, Link, Redirect, Route, Switch } from 'react-router-dom'; // after import { BrowserRouter, Switch } from 'react-router-dom'; import { TypedReactRouter } from 'typed-react-router'; const { Link, Redirect, Route } = new TypedReactRouter<IRoutes>();\n\nExisting router code will still compile when doing so (but parameterized links need to be consolidated, see below).", "\n\nAs a bonus, TypedReactRouter uses React Router as peer dependency. ", "More specifically, the dependency is not bundled with TypedReactRouter. ", "Given that, TypedReactRouter automatically benefits from bug fixes and new features, without the need of being updated.", "\n\nNow we are able to write type safe routes:\n\n// type safe! ", "<Route path='/user/:id' component={ (props: {id: string}) => <User id={props.id} /> } /> // 💥 does not compile because id is of type 'number' instead of 'string' <Route path='/user/:id' component={ (props: {id: number}) => <User id={props.id} /> } /> // 💥 does not compile because path '/user/:uid' is not declared in IRoutes <Route path='/user/:uid' component={ (props: {uid: string}) => <User id={props.uid} /> } /> // before <Link to=\"/user/daniel\">click me</Link> // after <Link to=\"/user/:id\" params={{id: \"daniel\"}}>click me</Link>\n\nThe application will not compile anymore if\n\nwe use a path that is not declared in IRoutes\n\na variable name is wrong\n\nthe type of a variable is wrong\n\na route is changed without fixing the links\n\n...\n\nAdditionally, we get code completion for free in our favorite IDE.", "\n\nPlease see it in action! ", "The video also shows the TypedReactRouter implementation — this blog post can't hold that many generics without having horizontal scrollbars ;)\n\n(Oh my gosh, I need to speak faster — it was a long day and I'm a bit sleepy. ", "I suggest to play it at least at 1,5x speed 😅 )\n\nI am thinking about releasing typed-react-router on https://npmjs.org after polishing it a bit. ", "Furthermore I made also React Intl type-safe, which is used for internationalization / formatted messages.", "\n\nWe took a look at the type system of TypeScript which feels to me much more sophisticated than Java's type system.", "\n\nStay safe!", "\n\n- Daniel" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.024193548387096774, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.015625, 0.015625, 0.025, 0.02666666666666667, 0.034482758620689655, 0.01282051282051282, 0.006666666666666667, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.011627906976744186, 0.01, 0.019417475728155338, 0, 0, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0.014084507042253521, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0.004016064257028112, 0.029411764705882353, 0.002868617326448652, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0.017699115044247787, 0, 0, 0.002976190476190476, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.0078125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0.017391304347826087, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.006289308176100629, 0.005025125628140704, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0037220843672456576, 0, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0.009433962264150943, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0 ]

[ "How to prevent employee burnout\n\nWhat organisations can do to prevent it\n\nShares\n\n(Image credit: Pixabay)\n\nAbout the author\n\nAndrew Filev is the founder and CEO of Wrike, a cloud-based work management platform.", "\n\nThe World Health Organisation now officially recognizes workplace ‘burnout’ as an occupational phenomenon, this is the first time it’s being directly linked in its classification of diseases as a work hazard. ", "Why has it become such a prominent issue?", "\n\nIf you look at the last ten years of the global economy, you’ll see it’s been a pretty wild ride. ", "The economy had nearly collapsed by 2009, and since then it’s been rebuilt to new heights. ", "That was the same year when smartphone and social media adoption began accelerating rapidly, and these technologies put enormous pressure on brands to move far more quickly than ever before.", "\n\nBrands were expected to deliver amazing customer experiences and drive revenue from new, digital channels. ", "In fact, some people call our current era the “Post-Digital Era” because consumer expectations have reached a point where a rapid digital experience is a barrier to entry into any market, meaning brands that can’t deliver, likely one won’t survive. ", "These new forces have put pressure on workers to stay connected to their employers via their devices from anywhere.", "\n\nUnfortunately, technology has developed faster than etiquette. ", "There’s still a perception that because we can connect with our work 24/7, that we must. ", "Even when you’re not actively working, notifications and vibrations from phones are a constant reminder that there’s work to be done. ", "After a decade, all this stress has proven to be unsustainable to the point that countries, like France and Japan, have instituted right-to-disconnect legislation and other reforms to help employees find balance.", "\n\nWhat role do you think business leaders should play in managing employee burnout?", "\n\nThere has been a proliferation of tools that were designed to improve employee flexibility, but they’ve since reached a point of diminishing returns where instead of consolidating communications, they are overwhelming us with messages and notifications. ", "Business leaders need to think proactively about the role technology plays in the stress of their employees and try to streamline their stacks to make sure technology is supporting your team, and it’s not just another distraction or burden.", "\n\nRather than enabling your team to work 24/7, your technology should encourage flexibility and allow employees to disconnect. ", "Leaders need to lead by example on this front as well, and support boundaries for their teams. ", "In a survey we conducted about stress in the workplace, over a quarter (28 percent) of UK workers said receiving texts or emails from their boss outside of work hours has a high impact on their stress levels. ", "Of course, this also means organizations need to adopt better practices for planning projects, so there’s less need for last-minute scrambling to hit goals.", "\n\nWhat role does enterprise technology play in relation to employee stress and happiness?", "\n\nWhen information is structured and accessible to people who need it to do their jobs, enterprise technology can reduce stress and accelerate work at the same time. ", "People like to be productive, and they get frustrated when they feel technology isn’t enabling it. ", "But when technology gets in the way of productivity, it’s going to add to stress - and there are a few common ways that technology prevents productivity.", "\n\nCommunication overload: There’s so much communication going on within a system or across a stack of systems that it’s nearly impossible to separate the signal from the noise;\n\nFragmentation: You spend a good chunk of your day trying to find information that you’re pretty sure you’ve seen - you’re just not sure where. ", "This slows down projects and causes teams to operate off different sources of information, meaning some may be outdated, incomplete, or irrelevant;\n\nUsability: Technology that is difficult or slow to use, which leads to frustration for anyone trying to operate it. ", "In today’s post-digital age, enterprise technology should be as intuitive as the personal apps we all use daily on our phones.", "\n\nI can’t emphasize enough the importance of reducing stress and frustration around execution. ", "We recently conducted a survey that found that Collaborative Work Management (CWM) software users in the UK were 61 percent more likely than non-users to say they have a “very good” relationship with their managers. ", "They were also 152 percent more likely than non-users to say their company’s mission resonated with them “very strongly,” which goes to show that if you can enable people to work smoothly, they’re going to find happiness in the workplace.", "\n\nHow can companies declutter their tech stack to help address employee burnout?", "\n\nA decade ago, bottom-up adoption of technology was a fast-growing trend, and as a result, companies went through a period with a vast array of overlapping and redundant technology that varied from team to team. ", "It was a good trend at the time in that it re-engaged workers when enterprise technology was woefully outdated, but it led to problems with privacy, security, and information fragmentation.", "\n\nCIOs need to audit their systems and see how many apps are in use within their teams and examine the gaps created by those systems. ", "It’s in those gaps that painful, manual processes exist for workers who need to ensure information is synced between them.", "\n\nIn an ideal world, the various teams in a company will plan projects and collaborate in a single, unified solution. ", "Realistically, it may take multiple systems, but they should be integrated in a way that effortlessly allows work and updates to move from team to team and from system to system to support cross-functional collaboration, and use automation to break down silos and eliminate routine tasks.", "\n\nCollaborative work management helps companies provide flexible working. ", "But how else does it help to manage employee burnout?", "\n\nThere are some psychological forces behind burnout, and one of them is the concept of perceived control, which means people experience less stress when they feel they have some ability to control their situation. ", "CWM software actually does give people control over their work, giving them the ability to intake work in the way that works for them, design workflows, and also view projects and assignments in a customized way.", "\n\nAnother major cause of stress is the frustration of waiting for people to do what you need them to do to move projects forward. ", "The challenge is that people often don’t know the priority of work, or have the context they need to get started. ", "And CWM provides clarity to priorities and can keep all relevant conversations, documents, and schedules in one place.", "\n\nThere’s the issue of what I call hidden work - or tasks that are work but aren’t necessarily tracked in a project plan. ", "Scheduling meetings, responding to emails, versioning documents - these are all tasks that take up a lot of our work time, whether we realize it or not. ", "CWM can automate or reduce a lot of these functions, giving people more time to focus on the work that drives results.", "\n\nUnrealistic expectations are also a struggle, and the challenge is that management doesn’t have visibility into their team’s workload. ", "CWM platforms can provide a clear picture of an employees capacity for delegating tasks, setting deadlines, and prioritizing work. ", "Fifty-one percent of UK workers say that receiving assignments with unrealistic deadlines has a high impact on their stress, and resource management can help keep tasks balanced across a team.", "\n\nSince realistic deadlines are achievable deadlines, resource management can actually increase team capacity. ", "They also track work further down the pike, so teams can begin planning further out and reduce last-minute panics about unseen deadlines - which should help reduce those late night emails and messages.", "\n\nHow can companies make sure that they’re utilising all their tools properly to make sure they’re not wasting their employee’s time?", "\n\nMost workers have lived through at least one failed technology deployment in their careers, so when you introduce a new tool, there’s going to be some eye-rolling. ", "Change management is vital in any transformational program, and especially in one that requires a daily habit change from a large number of people. ", "You can spend a lot of money on technology and have it fall flat because no one adopts it, so you need to have a plan. ", "Context and clarity in communicating with your workforce about why you’re implementing a change are critical.", "\n\nStart with “why” and look at it through the lens of “what’s in it for me,” to help sell the idea to your workforce. ", "The better you can define the connection between the application and outcomes (business and personal), the more supportive and enthusiastic your users will be in adopting it. ", "We always encourage our users to start with critical use-cases - solving an immediate need first and then build upon that success to broaden the use through other use-cases.", "\n\nIt’s also critical that a solution is flexible enough to accommodate the diverse preferences of your workforce. ", "You probably aren’t going to have much luck forcing people to use a tool that makes people work the way it works, you need a tool that works the way they work, but with optimizations.", "\n\nPutting the work in upfront to select the right tool and deploy it effectively will pay dividends in the long term.", "\n\nAndrew Filev is the founder and CEO of Wrike, a cloud-based work management platform." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.01904761904761905, 0.004739336492890996, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022988505747126436 ]

[ "Mortalin is regulated by APOE in hippocampus of AD patients and by human APOE in TR mice.", "\nMortalin is a chaperone protein associated with cell survival, stress response, intracellular trafficking, control of cell proliferation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and cell fate determination. ", "Human APOE targeted replacement (TR) mice have been used to elucidate the role of APOE4 in Alzheimer's disease (AD), since these animals express the APOE4 gene without the classical pathological signatures of AD. ", "Using proteomics we found that mortalin isoforms are differentially expressed in the hippocampus of APOE4 TR mice compared with the APOE3 (control) TR mice. ", "We also observed that these mortalin isoforms are differentially phosphorylated. ", "Then we studied mortalin expression in patients with AD (genotypes APOE 3/3 and APOE 4/4) compared with patients without AD (genotype APOE 3/3). ", "We observed that mortalin isoforms are also differentially expressed in the hippocampi of patients with AD, and that the expression of these mortalin isoforms is regulated by the APOE genotype. ", "We propose that the differential regulation of mortalin in AD and by the APOE genotype is a cellular defense mechanism responding to increases in oxidative stress." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.02247191011235955, 0.005154639175257732, 0.009389671361502348, 0.012738853503184714, 0.012345679012345678, 0.013793103448275862, 0.005154639175257732, 0.006134969325153374 ]

[ "Trapasso - Allen is playing like your typical rookie quarterback\n\nEven though Bills rookie quarterback Josh Allen is week to week with an elbow injury, there is still plenty to take from Allen's time with the starters before his injury. ", "Chris Trapasso os CBS Sports joined Bulldog and Sal to talk more on the 7th overall pick and looked into how well Allen has played in his 5 starts, as well as looking into the other QBs in the 2018 class and looking toward some of the other elite prospects for the 2019 NFL Draft.", "\n\nOn Josh Allen's first 5 starts in the NFL:\n\n\"I think he was playing like your typical or average rookie quarterback who does have the talent and can see why he was picked in the first round. ", "I think the game, the speed of defenses, whether he was playing good defenses or bad defenses, he wasn't really acclimated to that yet. ", "And there were times where there were some open receivers and open first reads that he wasn't pulling the trigger on. ", "Then there were times in small little flashes that he was doing that.\"", "\n\nOn the Bills QB situation pressing Josh Allen into action in Week Two of the season:\n\n\"I think that quarterbacks do learn from playing but at the same time, I think because the Bills don't have this brick wall offensive line, I think it was very risky.\"", "\n\n\"I think this is pretty obvious, but it seems that the Bills probably should have had Derek Anderson on the roster either to start training camp... or at least after they traded A.J. McCarron.\"", "\n\nOn the fellow 2018 QB class:\n\n\"Baker Mayfield, the last two weeks hasn't played as well as he did when he came off the bench for Tyrod Taylor against the Jets... But he looks like the most ready quarterback of the class.\"", "\n\n\"Sam Darnold, the last couple of weeks, has played a little bit better but I think you kind of see what you saw at USC: he can make some really ridiculous moves too, but he turns the ball over, there are some throws that are late because of his elongated delivery.\"", "\n\n\"Josh Rosen is in a very similar situation to Josh Allen. ", "Not the best offensive line... he's certainly under pressure a lot but there are some of those wild throws, he hasn't been able to get comfotable.\"", "\n\nOn the 2019 WR class:\n\n\"This receiver class, to me, is the most talented since that famous 2014 WR class... and a lot of them are seemingly what the Bills want, or at least what Brandon Beane had in Carolina with Kelvin Benjamin and Devin Funchess. ", "They're bigger receivers that can win in the red zone and win on those contested catch situations.\"", "\n\n\"There's 3 or 4 guys that I think are not only first rounders, but are good players that can come in right away and be good.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.016877637130801686, 0.017857142857142856, 0.010362694300518135, 0, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0.015384615384615385, 0.008968609865470852, 0.00749063670411985, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.01593625498007968, 0, 0 ]

[ "Warm Biscuit Bedding Company\n\nWarm Biscuit Bedding Company is a New York City based, woman-owned retailer of children's bedding, furniture, fabrics, apparel, accessories, toys and gifts. ", "Founded in 1998, Warm Biscuit Bedding was among companies featured in Crafting a Business: Make Money Doing What You Love by Kathie Fitzgerald. ", "Owner Vicki Bodwell was recognized as an outstanding female entrepreneur in 1999 by Victoria Magazine and in 2006 by Country Living. ", "Bodwell's tips and anecdotes have been quoted in articles in The New York Times, Entrepreneur and CNET News, among other publications. ", "She has been a QVC guest host for Country Living Quilts.", "\n\nOrigin of the name\nAs explained by the owner, a memory from her Texas childhood was the origin of the company name. ", "At bedtime, children were told to climb into their warm “biscuits,” or beds.", "\n\nGrowth\nFrom its inception as a home-based business, Warm Biscuit Bedding expanded to an office in downtown New York City with a workshop and warehouse in Oklahoma and then a larger remote facility in Colorado. ", "Marketing initially through a mail-order catalog, the company later opened an online store. ", "The product line featured retro fabric designs and grew to include a selection of custom, monogram and personalized items.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Warm Biscuit Bedding Company\n Warm Biscuit Bedding Company \"Vintage and Retro Fabrics\"\n\nCategory:Online retailers of the United States\nCategory:Retail companies established in 1998\nCategory:Home decor retailers\nCategory:Companies based in Manhattan" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0.022556390977443608, 0.02962962962962963, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "As preparation for the census continues, and the office also contends with its other oversight duties, the office currently has about 150 auditors, investigators, and other employees, with understaffing estimated at roughly 20%, according to sources in the office and in Congress.", "\n\nDepartures have multiplied, including well over two dozen in 2018 and 2019, with various positions still vacant, say insiders. ", "According to data from the Office of Personnel Management cited by Grassley in a letter to Gustafson last August, more than 19% of the office’s workforce left during calendar year 2017, Gustafson’s first year on the job, and interviews with congressional staff indicate employee attrition accelerated, though Gustafson’s office asserted in its statement that will soon change as new hires come aboard.", "\n\nTwo of the whistleblowers in touch with Congress are presidential appointees, Senate sources say, while close to a dozen others are members of the government’s elite Senior Executive Service.", "\n\nSome whistleblowers have also told Congress and POGO that Gustafson has frequently been absent from her office, and that she has been slow to make decisions across a broad range of issues.", "\n\nSome of the whistleblowers told congressional investigators of an internal meeting at which Gustafson allegedly asked a top staffer to explore how to minimize, change, or avoid drawing attention to the results of the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey, apparently in an effort to obscure her department’s abysmal survey ratings from Congress, the public, and her own staff.", "\n\nWhen asked at her January 9, 2020, meeting with Senate investigators whether she had ever attempted to examine how to change or minimize low survey scores, she twice emphatically denied having done so.", "\n\nThose denials place her squarely at odds with claims by a number of whistleblowers who say they attended meetings where they heard her discuss such matters specifically and instruct one or more subordinates to look for answers, congressional and other sources say.", "\n\nTwo whistleblowers interviewed separately by POGO recalled a meeting in Gustafson’s office with seven or eight people seated around her conference table. ", "Official survey results had recently come out and, once again, scores were low, declining from the previous year.", "\n\n“She was saying we’re not going to give these numbers much credence, or visibility, or do any analysis,” a whistleblower said. ", "She allegedly discussed the possibility of folding her agency scores in with far higher overall Commerce Department figures covering the same measures, according to the same source. ", "Gustafson then reportedly blamed disgruntled employees for badmouthing her in surveys after she had reorganized their unit.", "\n\nGustafson told POGO, “I take very seriously both the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey and any information provided by whistleblowers.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0035714285714285713, 0, 0.012468827930174564, 0.015544041450777202, 0.010526315789473684, 0.008021390374331552, 0.0049261083743842365, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0.008130081300813009, 0.014598540145985401 ]

[ "Pharmacokinetics of cefodizime administered intravenously as a single-dose (1.0 and 2.0 g) to healthy adult volunteers.", "\nCefodizime is a new third generation cephalosporin for parenteral use. ", "The purpose of this study was to define the pharmacokinetic profile of cefodizime after intravenous dosing with 1.0 and 2.0 g in healthy adult volunteers. ", "Concentrations in plasma were determined over a period of 34 h and in urine over 48 h, using high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedures. ", "Cefodizime displays a long elimination half-life (3.5-3.7 h). ", "Mean total clearance was 2.63 +/- 0.19 l/h and mean renal clearance was 1.37 +/- 0.15 l/h. Areas under the curve were 422 +/- 43 mg.h/l and 757 +/- 39 mg.h/l for 1.0 and 2.0 g respectively. ", "The apparent volumes of distribution were 12.8 +/- 1.81 and 14.3 +/- 1.11. ", "After 1.0 g administration the residual concentrations were 3.94 +/- 0.79 mg/l and 0.38 +/- 0.10 mg/l at 12 and 24 h, respectively; after 2.0 g administration the residual concentrations were 6.80 +/- 1.40 mg/l and 0.65 +/- 0.18 mg/l, at 12 h and 24 h. Cefodizime is mainly eliminated via the kidneys. ", "This profile supports once-daily administration of cefodizime, when indicated in non-life-threatening infections." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nImport error in Python for libcurl library\n\nI have written a program in c using libcurl to load url and send the return value to Python (I am passing 2 integer value from Python to C. i am yet to enhance the code, currently trying the logic and variable accessibility between Python and C.). ", "I am able to compile the program successfully. ", "When i load the module in Python i am getting error saying \"undefined symbol: curl_easy_getinfo\". ", "Please let me know how to fix the issue.", "\nCode:\n#include <Python.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <time.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <pthread.h>\n#include <curl/curl.h>\n\n#define NUMT 4\n\n/*\n List of URLs to fetch.", "\n\n If you intend to use a SSL-based protocol here you MUST setup the OpenSSL\n callback functions as described here:\n\n http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/threads.html#DESCRIPTION\n\n*/\n\nconst char * const urls[NUMT]= {\n \"http://www.google.com\",\n \"http://www.yahoo.com/\",\n \"http://www.haxx.se/done.html\",\n \"http://www.haxx.se/\"\n};\n\n#define MINIMAL_PROGRESS_FUNCTIONALITY_INTERVAL 3\n\nstruct myprogress {\n double lastruntime;\n curl_off_t totdnld;\n void *url;\n CURL *curl;\n};\n\nstatic PyObject *foo1_add(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)\n{\n int a;\n int b;\n int s;\n\n if (!", "PyArg_ParseTuple(args, \"ii\", &a, &b))\n {\n return NULL;\n }\n\n s = sum (a, b);\n return Py_BuildValue(\"i\", s);\n // return Py_BuildValue(\"i\", a + b);\n}\n\nstatic PyMethodDef foo1_methods[] = {\n { \"add\", (PyCFunction)foo1_add, METH_VARARGS, NULL },\n { NULL, NULL, 0, NULL }\n};\n\nPyMODINIT_FUNC initfoo1()\n{\n Py_InitModule3(\"foo1\", foo1_methods, \"My first extension module.\");", "\n}\n\nint sum(int x, int y) {\n int z;\n\n z = x + y;\n z = geturl (x, y);\n return (z);\n}\n\n/* this is how the CURLOPT_XFERINFOFUNCTION callback works */\n#ifdef 0\nstatic int xferinfo(void *p,\n curl_off_t dltotal, curl_off_t dlnow,\n curl_off_t ultotal, curl_off_t ulnow)\n{\n struct myprogress *myp = (struct myprogress *)p;\n CURL *curl = myp->curl;\n double curtime = 0;\n\n curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_TOTAL_TIME, &curtime);\n\n /* under certain circumstances it may be desirable for certain functionality\n to only run every N seconds, in order to do this the transaction time can\n be used */\n if((curtime - myp->lastruntime) >= MINIMAL_PROGRESS_FUNCTIONALITY_INTERVAL) {\n myp->lastruntime = curtime;\n fprintf(stderr, \"TOTAL TIME: %f \\r\\n\", curtime);\n }\n\n if (dlnow > 0) {\n fprintf(stderr, \"UP: %\" CURL_FORMAT_CURL_OFF_T \" of %\" CURL_FORMAT_CURL_OFF_T\n \" DOWN: %\" CURL_FORMAT_CURL_OFF_T \" of %\" CURL_FORMAT_CURL_OFF_T\n \"\\r\\n\",\n ulnow, ultotal, dlnow, dltotal);\n }\n\n myp->totdnld = myp->totdnld + dlnow;\n\n if (dlnow > 0) {\n fprintf(stderr, \"TOTAL Download: %\" CURL_FORMAT_CURL_OFF_T \" url is: %s \\r\\n\", myp->totdnld, myp->url);\n }\n\n // if(dlnow > STOP_DOWNLOAD_AFTER_THIS_MANY_BYTES)\n // return 1;\n return 0;\n}\n#endif\n/* for libcurl older than 7.32.0 (CURLOPT_PROGRESSFUNCTION) */\nstatic int older_progress(void *p,\n double dltotal, double dlnow,\n double ultotal, double ulnow)\n{\n return xferinfo(p,\n (curl_off_t)dltotal,\n (curl_off_t)dlnow,\n (curl_off_t)ultotal,\n (curl_off_t)ulnow);\n}\n\nstatic void *pull_one_url(void *url)\n{\n CURL *curl;\n CURLcode res = CURLE_OK;\n struct myprogress prog;\n\n curl = curl_easy_init();\n if(curl) {\n prog.lastruntime = 0;\n prog.curl = curl;\n prog.url = url;\n prog.totdnld = (curl_off_t) 0;\n curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url);\n curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_PROGRESSFUNCTION, older_progress);\n /* pass the struct pointer into the progress function */\n curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_PROGRESSDATA, &prog);\n#ifdef 0\n#if LIBCURL_VERSION_NUM >= 0x072000\n /* xferinfo was introduced in 7.32.0, no earlier libcurl versions will\n compile as they won't have the symbols around.", "\n\n If built with a newer libcurl, but running with an older libcurl:\n curl_easy_setopt() will fail in run-time trying to set the new\n callback, making the older callback get used.", "\n\n New libcurls will prefer the new callback and instead use that one even\n if both callbacks are set. */", "\n\n curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_XFERINFOFUNCTION, xferinfo);\n /* pass the struct pointer into the xferinfo function, note that this is\n an alias to CURLOPT_PROGRESSDATA */\n curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_XFERINFODATA, &prog);\n#endif\n#endif\n curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS, 0L);\n res = curl_easy_perform(curl);\n if(res !", "= CURLE_OK)\n fprintf(stderr, \"%s\\n\", curl_easy_strerror(res));\n curl_easy_cleanup(curl);\n\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\n/*\n int pthread_create(pthread_t *new_thread_ID,\n const pthread_attr_t *attr,\n void * (*start_func)(void *), void *arg);\n*/\n\nint geturl(int x, int y)\n{\n pthread_t tid[NUMT];\n int i;\n int error;\n\n /* Must initialize libcurl before any threads are started */\n curl_global_init(CURL_GLOBAL_ALL);\n\n for(i=0; i< NUMT; i++) {\n error = pthread_create(&tid[i],\n NULL, /* default attributes please */\n pull_one_url,\n (void *)urls[i]);\n if(0 !", "= error)\n fprintf(stderr, \"Couldn't run thread number %d, errno %d\\n\", i, error);\n else\n fprintf(stderr, \"Thread %d, gets %s\\n\", i, urls[i]);\n }\n\n /* now wait for all threads to terminate */\n for(i=0; i< NUMT; i++) {\n error = pthread_join(tid[i], NULL);\n fprintf(stderr, \"Thread %d terminated\\n\", i);\n }\n\n return (x * y);\n}\n\nCommand used for compilation:\ngcc -lcurl -lpthread -shared -I/usr/include/python2.7 -fPIC sample.c –o add.so\n\nError:\n>>> import foo1\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nImportError: ./foo1.so: undefined symbol: curl_easy_perform\n>>>\n\nA:\n\nTry moving -lcurl and -lpthread to after sample.c in your compilation command. ", "The linker resolves symbols in left-to-right order, so references from sample.c (e.g., curl_easy_getinfo) will be resolved from libraries specified after it.", "\nIt's better to use -pthread than -lpthread by the way. ", "It sets preprocessor flags to make some functions reentrant for example. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0.011904761904761904, 0.007575757575757576, 0.0038135593220338985, 0, 0, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.0030816640986132513, 0.004261363636363636, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Photo : Emma McIntyre ( Getty Images for BET )\n\nToday, while speaking to the Senate Judiciary Committee about sexual misconduct, Terry Crews revealed that he actually turned down an offer to be in a potential Expendables 4 when he realized doing so would mean turning his back on his crusade to fight against sexual harassment in Hollywood. ", "Way back in October, Crews said that a Hollywood executive—later identified as Adam Venit from talent agency William Morris Endeavor—had grabbed his genitals while at a party once, and since then he has been making an effort to show just how far Hollywood’s culture of sexual misconduct has spread.", "\n\n\nCrews tweeted earlier this year that Expendables producer Avi Lerner promised he could avoid “problems” on the next Expendables movie if he dropped the case, a thinly veiled threat that Crews attributed to the fact that Adam Venit works with Expendables lead Sylvester Stallone. ", "Crews even told BuzzFeed shortly after posting his tweet that nobody from the Expendables team had bothered to reach out to him about Venit or Lerner—who, for the record, had been sued for sexual harassment last year.", "\n\n\nIn his testimony today, Crews said he chose not to sign on for future Expendables movies because of misconduct investigations into Lerner, explaining that “abusers protect abusers” and that he had to decide where he was going to draw the line. “", "Am I going to be a part of this or am I gonna take a stand,” he added, noting that there have been “projects”—plural—that he “had to turn down” as a result of his decision to stick to his morals.", "\n\n[via Deadline]" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.011730205278592375, 0.010067114093959731, 0.010638297872340425, 0.009216589861751152, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0 ]

[ "Get Organized with These 3 Apps\n\nWith so much happening in our day-to-day lives, the task of getting and staying organized can get lost in the shuffle. ", "We have a lot to keep track of — passwords, appointments, meetings, to-do lists, ideas — and sometimes a simple day planner or calendar just doesn’t do the trick. ", "If you’re looking for new organization solutions, try some of these.", "\n\n24me\n\n24me is a smart personal assistant. ", "This app has a calendar, to-do list, and notes built in and fully integrated. ", "24me connects all your real-life duties — your bills, social networks, banks, service providers, etc. — ", "and automatically tells you what you need to do so you can spend time on the things you really like.", "\n\nLastPass\n\nWe’ve all had that panicked moment when we can’t recall an important password. ", "LastPass safeguards your online life so you don’t have to worry about it. ", "Some of the features include unlimited password storage, safekeeping of digital records, storing of credit card and shipping information, and password sharing. ", "The only password you will need to remember is your master password to unlock the rest.", "\n\nPocket\n\nWhen you come across something you want to view later, put it in Pocket. ", "Pocket can hold articles, videos, and pretty much anything you want. ", "You can save from apps like Pulse, Twitter, Flipboard, and Zite, or even directly from your browser. ", "Pocket stores your content so you can view it later on your phone, tablet, or computer — no internet connection required.", "\n\nSimpleMind\n\nFor all of you brainstormers out there, we found just the app for you. ", "SimpleMind turns your phone, tablet, or computer into a brainstorming, idea-collecting and thought-structuring device. ", "SimpleMind was designed to synchronize your Mind Maps across all sorts of platforms. ", "You can access your Mind Maps anywhere, at any time.", "\n\nSometimes all it takes is the right tools to set yourself up for success. ", "Try out some of these organizational tools and if you find them to work for you, leave your experience in the comment box below!", "\n\nPrevious PostWhy the Truly Powerful Women Presidents Are Not Political Leaders\n\nAuthor Brian Shilling\n\nBrian is a Branding & Digital Marketing Director with experience leading diverse teams of marketers and designers in strategic marketing, content creation, and crafting comprehensive messaging and positioning platforms for our healthcare and tech clients. ", "To learn more about Brian's experiences and qualifications, visit our leadership team page." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0297029702970297, 0, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0, 0.00554016620498615, 0.01098901098901099 ]

[ "Q:\n\nProgrammatically detect RSI divergence\n\nHow can I programmatically detect bullish and bearish RSI divergences?", "\nA bullish divergence occurs when the underlying security makes a lower low and RSI forms a higher low. ", "RSI does not confirm the lower low and this shows strengthening momentum.", "\nA bearish divergence forms when the security records a higher high and RSI forms a lower high. ", "RSI does not confirm the new high and this shows weakening momentum. ", "\n\nA:\n\nI was searching for answers to the same question and came across your question.", "\nAfter some thought and research, here is the plan I have developed. ", "I will be working in Python.", "\n\nCalculate relative maxima and minima with SciPy.", "\nCalculate RSI at those points using lib-ta.", "\nFor each pair of lows and highs, compare the change in price with the difference in RSI.", "\n\nI'm completely new to technical analysis, so in case I have made any oversights, feedback would be greatly appreciated. ", "I wanted to ask about your programming language and data format, but don't have enough reputation to comment.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0.0136986301369863, 0.010416666666666666, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0, 0.02, 0.022727272727272728, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Main menu\n\nA desperate and largely unknown humanitarian crisis is deteriorating in the Lake Chad Basin region of West Africa, forcing millions of people to flee their homes and leaving millions more in need of humanitarian assistance. ", "Oxfam is providing life-saving support but help is urgently needed to prevent the crisis turning into a catastrophe.", "\n\nSince January 2015 more than 1 million women and men fleeing war, persecution, natural disasters and poverty entered or passed through Greece in search of safety and a better life. ", "We are working in Athens, Lesvos island and the Epirus region of North-West Greece responding to the urgent needs of people arriving. ", "Support our work.", "\n\nDid you know that 90% of Africa’s rural land is undocumented, leaving rural communities vulnerable to land-grabbing? ", "It's a matter of human rights. ", "It's their land. ", "Join our collective effort to make a difference not just for Indigenous Peoples and local communities but for the health of the environment and ending poverty and inequality.", "\n\nEvery year, the gap between rich and poor gets even wider – and it’s being fuelled by the use of tax havens. ", "Today, 62 individuals have the same wealth as the poorest half the people on our planet. ", "It is time to bring an end to inequality. ", "It is time to Even it up!", "\n\nTwo years of extended fighting has forced thousands of people to seek refuge in Nyal and the islands surrounding it. ", "Many must regularly walk long distances alone in search of aid and food. ", "We are assisting them to access free and safe travel by training canoe operators and distributing vouchers for transport.", "\n\nFor 40 years, the Quechua communities in Peru have lived with contaminated rivers, and poor health as a result of oil drilling. ", "Teddy Guerra is leading the effort to obtain integral land rights for his community before any more concessions are given to oil companies. ", "Read his story and sign the petition.", "\n\nMillions of people are being forced to flee their homes, risking everything to escape conflict, disaster, poverty or hunger. ", "We are working in nine of the ten top refugee source countries as well as in refugee host countries. ", "We urgently need your help to reach people in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and in Europe.", "\n\nWith no end in sight to the conflict in Syria, hundreds of thousands of people are living in desperate conditions and exposed to continuing violence. ", "Today, half the pre-conflict population of 22 million Syrians have fled their homes and more than 13.5 million people urgently need your help.", "\n\nOn the newly published UN Synthesis Reporton the post-2015 framework, which sets the global development agenda for the next 15 years: Oxfam is disappointed that the UN has not made far stronger proposals to address extreme economic inequality and climate change in its new report.", "\n\nThe UNFCCC report on climate finance says that between $340 and $650 billion in finance for climate action is flowing globally with $40-175 billion going to developing countries each year. ", "This report on climate finance makes one thing abundantly clear: only a small proportion of climate finance is flowing from developed countries to developing countries.", "\n\nIn response to WFP food cuts for Syrian refugees, Andy Baker who heads up Oxfam's response to the Syria crisis said: \"Millions of Syrians have left their country to flee war, death and destruction. ", "It is unthinkable to leave them hungry. ", "Rich countries must step up and support the World Food Program.\"", "\n\nA clear and public plan of action from the UN and governments is needed to respond to the changing nature of the outbreak. ", "This will enable the humanitarian community to effectively marshall its resources to overcome Ebola\n\nOxfam International Survey\n\nPlease help us to improve the Oxfam website! ", "This short survey should take just a few minutes to complete. ", "You can opt to make your responses anonymous. ", "The survey will close on 13 March 2015 at 5 pm GMT. ", "We'll pick one respondent at random to receive a $35 Good Books gift voucher by 31 March 2015. ", "We value your feedback." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0.005235602094240838, 0, 0.015, 0, 0.015625, 0.008, 0.005747126436781609, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0 ]

[ "Tissue engineering is a field in which the principles of biology, engineering, and materials science are applied to the development of functional substitutes for damaged tissue. (", "See, Langer, et al., ", "xe2x80x9cTissue Engineeringxe2x80x9d, Science, 1993, 260, 920). ", "In general, three different strategies have been adopted for the creation of new tissue: (i) isolated cells or cell substrates, in which only those cells that supply the needed function are replaced; (ii) tissue-inducing substances, such as signal molecules and growth factors, and (iii) cells placed on or within matrices. ", "Researchers have been interested in applying these novel techniques to find replacements for tissues such as ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal-derived tissue. ", "In particular, researchers are invested the replacement of tissues in the nervous system, cornea, skin, liver, pancreas, cartilage, bone, and muscle to name a few.", "\nStem cells have shown tremendous potential for treatment of diseased and damaged tissue. ", "Stem cells are cells that have the potential to both divide for indefinite periods in vitro and to differentiate into more specialized cells. ", "Pluripotent stem cells are a potential source for the development of replacement tissues to treat a variety of medical conditions. ", "For example, nerve stem cells transplanted into the brain may develop into healthy nerves that can counteract the affect of Alzheimer or Parkinson\"\"s disease. ", "Tissue engineering applications have long exploited fully differentiated cells seeded onto biocompatible matrices that may be implanted in a wound site to regenerate damaged tissue. ", "The incorporation of stem cells into tissue engineering matrices may increase the therapeutic potential of this technique.", "\nTypically, tissue engineering matrices are designed to either replicate or facilitate restoration of the structural properties of the damaged tissue. ", "The use of electroactive polymers in tissue engineering matrices allows these matrices to replicate or restore the electrical properties of tissue as well. ", "For example, bone is piezoelectric and generates an electrical voltage when mechanically deformed. ", "The electrical activity may mediate remodelling of bone in response to mechanical loading (FIG. ", "1) (Fukada et al., ", "J. Phys. ", "Soc. ", "Japan, 1957, 12, 1158; Becker et al., ", "xe2x80x9cThe Bioelectric Factors of Controlling Bone Structurexe2x80x9d, in Bone Biodynamics, R. Bourne, Ed., ", "1964, Little, Brown and Co.: New York; Bassett et al., ", "Nature, 1964, 204, 652). ", "Nerve cells of course work by transmitting electrical signals from the brain to various muscles, and other tissues are responsive to electrical stimulation as well.", "\nClearly, there remains a need to develop systems and methods whereby biological activities of cells can be stimulated by direct application of electromagnetic stimulation. ", "This would be particularly important in applications to tissue engineering.", "\nThe concept of xe2x80x9ctissue engineeringxe2x80x9d comes into play in the present invention for the development a system in which the biological activities of cells can be stimulated. ", "An interesting class of synthetic polymers explored previously by Langer and co-workers as three-dimensional matrices that can take advantage of these properties are the electrically conducting or electroactive polymers. ", "Based on their ability to respond to electrical or electromagnetic stimuli, they can act as an interface between the external and physiological environments of a connective tissue such as bone, which is capable of undergoing repair and regeneration on exposure to the same stimuli (Shastri et al., ", "xe2x80x9cBiomedical Applications of Electroactive Polymersxe2x80x9d, in Electrical and Optical Polymer Systems, D. L. Wise, Wnek, G. E., Trantolo, D. J., Cooper, T. M., Gresser, J. D., Ed., ", "1998 Marcel Dekker: New York, 1031).", "\nThe present invention provides compositions, methods and systems for the stimulation of biological activities within cells by applying electromagnetic stimulation to an electroactive material, wherein the electromagnetic stimulation is coupled to the electroactive material. ", "The present invention provides methods for the stimulation of biological activities within stem cells that involve attaching or associating the stem cells to or with a surface comprising an electroactive material, and applying electromagnetic stimulation directly to the desired area. ", "In preferred embodiments, the stimulation of biological activities within these cells results from inducing one or more activities including, but not limited to, gene expression, cell growth, cell differentiation, signal transduction, membrane permeability, cell division, contraction, and cell signaling. ", "In exemplary embodiments, the electroactive materials are either two-dimensional substrates or three-dimensional substrates comprising a matrix having at least one surface of an electroactive material.", "\nIn another aspect, the invention is a method for stimulating one or more biological activities within a cell comprising a composition of stem cells and an electroactive substrate, wherein the electroactive substrateic has at least one surface of electroactive material and the stem cells are attached to the electroactive material or associated with the electroactive substrate. ", "Electromagnetic stimulation coupled to the electroactive material is applied to the composition. ", "The composition is contacted with a mammalian tissue either before or after the step as applying.", "\nIn another embodiment, a composition of cells and an electroactive substrate is first provided, wherein the electroactive substrate has at least one surface of electroactive material, and wherein the cells are attached thereto or associated with the electroactive substrate. ", "Subsequently, the electromagnetic stimulation is applied to the composition in vitro, wherein the electromagnetic stimulation is coupled to the electromagnetic material and finally the composition is contacted with mammalian tissue to effect stimulation of cell function. ", "In yet another embodiment, a composition of cells and an electroactive substrate is first provided, wherein the cells are attached thereto or associated with the electroactive substrate. ", "Subsequently, the composition is then contacted with mammalian tissue, and finally the electromagnetic radiation is applied in vivo, wherein the electromagnetic stimulation is coupled to the electroactive material. ", "In particularly preferred embodiments, the electromagnetic stimulation is coupled to the electroactive material by physical contact. ", "In other embodiments, the electromagnetic stimulation is coupled to the electroactive material by electromagnetic induction.", "\nIn another aspect of the invention, a system is provided for stimulating one or more biological activities of cells comprising a composition comprising an electroactive substrate, wherein the electroactive substrate has at least one surface of electroactive material, and wherein the electroactive material has attached thereto, or associated therewith, one or more mammalian stem cells. ", "The system further includes apparatus for applying electromagnetic energy at the desired location.", "\nYet another aspect of the present invention is a two-dimensional stimulant of one or more biological activities of cells comprising one or more films of an electroactive substrate, wherein the one or more films are associated with or attached to one or more mammalian cells at a desired location. ", "A three-dimensional stimulant of one or more biological activities of cells is also provided comprising an electroactive substrate associated with or attached to a matrix and wherein the electroactive substrate is associated with or attached to one or more mammalian cells at a desired location.", "\nxe2x80x9cElectromagnetic Stimulationxe2x80x9d: As used herein, the term xe2x80x9celectromagnetic stimulationxe2x80x9d means any form of electromagnetic energy including, but not limited to, electromagnetic radiation or pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation (PEMF).", "\nxe2x80x9cElectroactive materialxe2x80x9d: As used herein, the term xe2x80x9celectroactive materialxe2x80x9d means a material that contains pockets of electron density. ", "This material may be conducting, non-conducting, semiconducting, or piezoelectric, to name a few. ", "For the purposes of the present invention, preferred electroactive materials include electroactive polymers. ", "These electroactive polymers are characterized in that they contain at least a pocket of electron density and are capable of undergoing a phase transition upon subjecting the polymer to an electromagnetic field stimulus." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0.05263157894736842, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0, 0.03636363636363636, 0.03636363636363636, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003355704697986577, 0.031578947368421054, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "'use strict';\n\nvar parsers = require('../parsers');\n\nvar parse = function parse(v) {\n var parsed = parsers.parseColor(v);\n if (parsed !", "== undefined) {\n return parsed;\n }\n if (\n parsers.valueType(v) === parsers.", "TYPES.KEYWORD &&\n (v.toLowerCase() === 'transparent' || v.toLowerCase() === 'inherit')\n ) {\n return v;\n }\n return undefined;\n};\n\nmodule.exports.isValid = function isValid(v) {\n return parse(v) !", "== undefined;\n};\n\nmodule.exports.definition = {\n set: function(v) {\n var parsed = parse(v);\n if (parsed === undefined) {\n return;\n }\n this._setProperty('background-color', parsed);\n },\n get: function() {\n return this.getPropertyValue('background-color');\n },\n enumerable: true,\n configurable: true,\n};\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0.004901960784313725, 0 ]

[ "Top photos of 2012\n\nJOSEPH A. GARCIA/THE STAR Lt. ", "Cmdr. ", "Edward Miller IV (left) is greeted by his son, Edward Miller V, 2, at a homecoming ceremony for him and other members of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 40 at Naval Base Ventura County on July 4.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nJOSEPH A. GARCIA/THE STAR Moorpark High School junior Thomas Lim, 17, who won the Marmonte League individual golf title as a sophomore, played the whole season with the human version of the Parvovirus.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nROB VARELA/THE STAR Although most of the Santa Clara River Valley Railroad Historical Society's Railfest 2012 was rained out, people could still ride a train pulled by a Fillmore and Western steam engine March 25.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nROB VARELA/THE STAR Punk rock band Anti-Flag's lead singer Justin Sane crowd-surfs during his band's set at the Vans Warped Tour at the Ventura County Fairgrounds on June 24.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nJuan Carlo/The Star Ventura firefighters work on a fire at the Ventura River and the underpass to Highways 33 and 101 on March 6.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nTROY HARVEY/THE STAR A Toon Town Papillon waits for a treat in the show pin at the Winterfest Dog Show at the Ventura County Fairgrounds on Jan. 22.", "\n\nANTHONY PLASCENCIA/THE STAR A helicopter dumps fire retardant along a ridgeline near the top of Sexton Canyon in Ventura on Aug. 17.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nROB VARELA/THE STAR Alfredo Lagos, of Oxnard, checks his cellphone during his lunch break as he sits amid the risers of irrigation pipes that he and a crew at Laguna Ranch painted.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nChuck Kirman/The Star Jesse Kelly punts for St. Bonaventure as Ben Humphreys of Mater Dei tries for a block in the fog at Ventura High School on Nov. 23.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nKAREN QUINCY LOBERG/THE STAR John Raymond (from left), Daphine Raymond, Tobias Raymond and Ephraim Raymond make Rebecca Raymond laugh while getting ready for a family portrait at her parents' home in Ventura. ", "The Raymonds moved from Northern California to the house where her parents lived shortly after she learned she was 11 weeks pregnant and had breast cancer.", "\n\nROB VARELA/THE STAR A Gulf Fritillary butterfly comes in to land on a passion flower vine as it looks for places to lay its eggs in the front yard of a Ventura home.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nChuck Kirman/The Star Iliana Soto and her 9-year-old daughter, Miranda, who needed treatment at Vascular Anomalies center in New York, had to move because of the long treatment. ", "They didn't have the resources to travel and needed help.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nJuan Carlo/The Star Victor Ortiz fights Josesito Lopez at Staples Center in Los Angeles on June 23. ", "Ortiz lost the fight because of a broken jaw at the end of the 9th round.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nJuan Carlo/The Star Cameron Roach of Rio Mesa High finishes second to Notre Dame's Khalfani Muhammad by 0.003 second in the boys 4x100 relay at the CIF State Track and Field Championships on June 12 at Veterans Memorial Stadium at Buchanan High School in Clovis.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nChuck Kirman/The Star Christopher Plummer, best supporting actor Oscar nominee for his role in \"Beginners,\" arrives at the Arlington Theatre at the 27th Santa Barbara International Film Festival on Jan. 28. ", "Plummer received the festival's highest honor, the Modern Master Award.", "\n\nVentura County Star\n\nChuck Kirman/The Star Air Force Staff Sgt. ", "Daniel Stephens presents the U.S. flag to retired Army Lt. ", "Col. ", "Richard Kohlbrand at a military funeral honoring Richard Keachie at Pierce Brothers Valley Oaks Mortuary and Cemetery on March 30." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.02, 0, 0.020100502512562814, 0.013392857142857142, 0.00423728813559322, 0.02030456852791878, 0.006578947368421052, 0.011695906432748537, 0, 0.009852216748768473, 0.03409090909090909, 0.03017241379310345, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.021052631578947368, 0.017391304347826087, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0.03389830508474576, 0, 0.023076923076923078 ]

[ "Up to 275 homes will be built on three Tyneside riverside sites under redevelopment plans.", "\n\nProposals for an overhaul of Dunston riverside go before Gateshead Council's cabinet on Tuesday.", "\n\nThey involve buying land currently owned by three companies on either side of St Omer's Road to be used to create homes.", "\n\nThe plan would continue housing development along the banks of the Tyne following designer Wayne Hemingway's scheme with Wimpey Homes at the Staithes, Gateshead. ", "Land owned by builders merchant Jawson, industrial painting contractor Pyeroy and Nicholls Haulage would be brought under the scheme." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0.03048780487804878, 0.022556390977443608 ]

[ "Q:\n\nNeural Networks unmatched on MNIST?", "\n\nI remember reading or hearing a claim that at any point in time since the publication of the MNIST dataset, it has never happened that a method not based on neural networks was the best given the state of science of that point in time.", "\nIs this claim true?", "\n\nA:\n\nTo quote the relevant Wikipedia article: \"The original creators of the database keep a list of some of the methods tested on it.[5] In their original paper, they use a support vector machine to get an error rate of 0.8 percent\"\nFeel free to look up that original paper, but to me the quote strongly suggests that the first record holder was a support vector machine.", "\nEdit: As liori points out the quote is misleading: In the original paper Yann LeCun et al. ", "actually tried a slew of methods and one version of ConvNet scored best (0.7). ", " \nBut according to the MNIST-webpage, after that initial paper, DeCoste and Scholkopf, MLJ 2002, reached an error of 0.56 with a SVM. ", "So if that webpage is complete, the claim is still false.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.002688172043010753, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0.029850746268656716, 0, 0 ]

[ "Adetus stellatus\n\nAdetus stellatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. ", "It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2008.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Adetus\nCategory:Beetles described in 2008" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.011627906976744186, 0.020833333333333332, 0 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'A general analytical expression for the double differential cross section of inclusive deuteron stripping reaction on nuclei at intermediate energies of incident particles was obtained in the diffraction approximation. ", "Nucleon-nucleus phases were calculated in the framework of Glauber formalism and making use of the double-folding potential. ", "The exact wave function of deuteron with correct asymptotics at short and long distances between nucleons was used. ", "The calculated angular dependencies of cross sections are in good agreement with corresponding experimental data. ", "PACS numbers: 24.10.Ht, 24.50.+g, 25.45.Hi'\n---\n\n[**Deuteron Stripping on Nuclei at Intermediate Energies**]{}\n\n****\n\n*Department of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University, Kiev 01033, Ukraine*\n\n**[1.", " Introduction]{}**\n\nThe binding energy of deuteron is low. ", "Therefore, when the latter collides with nuclei, inelastic processes are the most probable ones: the deuteron breakup in the nuclear Coulomb field (mainly at low deuteron energies) and the deuteron stripping, when one of deuteron’s nucleons is absorbed by the target, whereas the other is released as a reaction product. ", "In the intermediate energy interval, the stripping reaction is mainly a result of direct interaction (the capture of deuteron’s nucleon by the nucleus), and the differential cross section of reaction is characterized by a sharp peak at particle emission angles $\\Theta\\ll1$. The analysis of the angular and energy distributions of cross sections in the deuteron stripping reaction allows additional information on the residual nucleus structure and reaction mechanisms to be obtained, being one of the most important sources of spectroscopic data in nuclear physics.", "\n\nFor the first time, the theory of deuteron stripping at intermediate energies was proposed by R. Serber [@1] for transparent and opaque target nuclei, making no allowance for the diffuseness of their surface. ", "Later, the formalism of inclusive deuteron stripping reaction on nuclei was developed by Akhiezer and Sitenko in work [@2] on the basis of diffraction nuclear model [@3; @4], and its various aspects were afterwards analyzed and improved by other authors (see [@5; @6] and references therein).", "\n\nThe general formula for the inclusive deuteron stripping cross section [@2] is inconvenient for the analysis and direct numerical calculations, because it contains a fivefold integral. ", "Therefore, it is usually modified for practical purposes by introducing additional conditions and restrictions (e.g., the nucleus is opaque and non-diffuse; the deuteron radius is much smaller than the target one; and so on). ", "However, this integral can be transformed into a general analytical expression if Gaussian-like functions are used as integrands. ", "Gaussoid functions can be used here as basis ones for the expansion of both the deuteron wave function (the variational problem) and the profile functions of arbitrary forms. ", "Notice that a similar trick is widely applied in the variational approach to describe bound states [@7], to parametrize the charge densities in the ground state of nuclei [@8; @9], and in scattering problems [@10], which makes it possible to calculate the corresponding scattering phases and form factors analytically.", "\n\n**[2.", " Formalism]{}**\n\nLight and medium nuclei were selected as targets, because in this case and in the case of intermediate energies, the Coulomb interaction can be neglected. ", "The spins of the deuteron’s nucleons and the target were also not taken into account.", "\n\nThe general formula for the differential cross section of deuteron stripping is derived as follows [@2]. ", "Let a proton be a particle captured by the target nucleus at stripping. ", "The wave function of the neutron released in this reaction will be presented as a plane wave: ${\\psi(\\mathbf{r}_{1})=\\exp(i\\mathbf{k}_{1}\\mathbf{r}_{1})}$, where $\\mathbf{k}_{1}$ is the neutron momentum, and $\\mathbf{r}_{1}$ its radius vector. ", "The wave functions of the proton absorbed by the nucleus are coefficients of the integral expansion of deuteron wave function near the nucleus in series of functions $\\psi(\\mathbf{r}_{1})$. In other words, the probability amplitude that the neutron has the momentum $\\mathbf{k}_{1}$ and the proton is at the point $\\mathbf{r}_{2}$ equals $$a(\\mathbf{k}_{1},\\mathbf{r}_{2})=\\int d^{(3)}\\mathbf{r}_{1}\\exp(-i\\mathbf{k}_{1}\\mathbf{r}_{1})\nS_{1}S_{2}\\varphi_{0}(\\mathbf{r})\\psi_{0}(\\mathbf{r}_{d}),\n\\label{eq1}$$ where ${S_{i}=1-\\omega_{i}}$ are the neutron ($i=1$) and proton ($i=2$) diffraction multipliers, $\\omega_{i}$ are the nucleon-nucleus profile functions, and $\\varphi_{0}(\\mathbf{r})$ and $\\psi_{0}(\\mathbf{r}_{d})$ the wave functions of deuteron and its center-of-mass motion, respectively. ", "Let the deuteron move in the positive direction of $z$-axis. ", "Then, the proton concentration in the $xy$-plane is determined by the squared absolute value of amplitude (\\[eq1\\]), $$\\Big|a(\\mathbf{k}_{1},\\mathbf{s}_{2})\\Big|^{2}=\\Big|S_{2}\\int d^{(3)}\\mathbf{r}_{1}\n\\exp(-i\\mathbf{k}_{1}\\mathbf{r}_{1})S_{1}\\varphi_{0}(\\mathbf{r})\\Big|^{2},\n\\label{eq2}$$ where $\\mathbf{s}_{2}$ is the impact parameter vector of proton.", "\n\nNow, integrating the difference between formula (\\[eq2\\]) taken at ${S_{2}=1}$ and ${S_{2}\\neq1}$, i.e. when the target does not absorb and absorb protons, respectively, over the whole impact plane, we obtain the sought expression for the double-differential (with respect to the neutron emission angle and energy) cross section, $$d\\sigma_{1}=B(\\mathbf{k}_{1})\\frac{d\\mathbf{k}_{1}}{(2\\pi)^{3}},\n\\label{eq3}$$ $$B(\\mathbf{k}_{1})=\\int d^{(2)}\\mathbf{s}_{2}(1-|S_{2}|^{\\,2})\\Big|\\int\nd^{(3)}\\mathbf{r}_{1}\\exp(-i\\mathbf{k}_{1}\\mathbf{r}_{1})S_{1}\\varphi\n_{0}(\\mathbf{r})\\Big|^{2}.", "\n\\label{eq4}$$ In order to find the angular (energy) distribution of the neutrons arising in the deuteron stripping reaction, expression (\\[eq3\\]) has to be integrated over the longitudinal (transverse) components of vector $\\mathbf{k}_{1}$.\n\nAs $\\varphi_{0}(\\mathbf{r})$ in (\\[eq4\\]), we use the deuteron wave function (the S-wave) obtained in the framework of variational method in the Gaussoid basis for the triplet nucleon-nucleon potential from work [@11], $$V(r)=3720.0\\exp[-(r/0.488)^{2}]-528.59\\exp[-(r/0.976)^{2}],\n\\label{eq5}$$ namely, $$\\varphi_{0}(\\mathbf{r})=\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{N}{c_{j}}\\exp(-d_{j}|\\mathbf{r}\n_{1}-\\mathbf{r}_{2}|^{2}),\\quad N=10.", "\n\\label{eq6}$$ This function has correct asymptotics at short and long distances between nucleons. ", "Besides, it reproduces the experimental values of deuteron binding energy and deuteron root-mean-square radius [@12] with a high accuracy.", "\n\nThe nucleon-nucleus profile functions in (\\[eq4\\]), which are considered in the framework of Glauber model [@13], $$\\omega_{i}(s_{i})=1-\\exp[-\\phi_{i}(s_{i})],\n\\label{eq7}$$ where $\\phi_{i}(s_{i})$ is the eikonal phase, can be constructed as follows. ", "Let the distribution of nucleon density in the impact parameter plane look like $$\\rho_{i}(s_{i})=\\rho_{i}(0)\\exp(-s_{i}^{2}/a_{N}^{2}),\n\\label{eq8}$$ where $a_{N}^{2}=r_{0}^{2}/{\\ln2}$ and $r_{0}^{2}=0.65~\\mathrm{fm}^{2}$ [@14]. ", "Expanding the density distribution (experimental [@9] or model) in series of Gaussoid basis functions, $$\\rho_{T}(s)=\\sum_{j=1}^{K}\\rho_{Tj}\\exp(-s^{2}/a_{Tj}^{2}),\\quad a_{Tj}\n^{2}=R_{rms}^{2}/j\\,,\n\\label{eq9}$$ where $R_{rms}$ is the root-mean-square radius of target nucleus, the formula for the eikonal phase from work [@15] can be generalized: $$\\phi_{i}(s_{i})=\\sum_{j=1}^{K}\\phi_{ij}(0)\\exp\\Bigl(-\\frac{s_{i}^{2}}\n{a_{Tj}^{2}+a_{N}^{2}+r_{0}^{2}}\\Bigr),\\quad\\phi_{ij}(0)=N_{W}\\frac{\\pi\n^{2}\\bar{\\sigma}_{NN}\\rho_{i}(0)a_{N}^{3}\\rho_{Tj}\\,a_{Tj}^{3}}{a_{Tj}\n^{2}+a_{N}^{2}+r_{0}^{2}},\n\\label{eq10}$$ where $N_{W}$ is the normalizing coefficient for the imaginary part of double-folding potential, and $\\bar{\\sigma}_{NN}$ the isotopically averaged cross section of nucleon-nucleon interaction. ", "Substituting (\\[eq10\\]) into (\\[eq7\\]) and expanding $\\omega_{i}$ in series once more, we obtain $$\\omega_{i}(s_{i})=\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{K}{\\alpha_{ij}}\\exp(-s_{i}^{2}/\\beta\n_{ij}),\\quad\\beta_{ij}=R_{rms}^{2}/j\\,.", "\n\\label{eq11}$$ Now, substituting functions (\\[eq6\\]) and (\\[eq11\\]) into (\\[eq4\\]) and integrating the result, we obtain the expression $$B(\\mathbf{k}_{1})=B(\\kappa_{1},k_{1z})=\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{N}\\sum\n\\limits_{j=1}^{N}{c_{i}}{c_{j}}Y(\\lambda^{-1},\\kappa_{1},k_{1z}),\\quad\n\\lambda=(d_{i}+d_{j})/2,\n\\label{eq12}$$ where $$Y(\\lambda^{-1},\\kappa_{1},k_{1z})=y^{(1)}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1},k_{1z}\n)-y^{(2)}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1},k_{1z}),\n\\label{eq13}$$ $$y^{(1)}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1},k_{1z})=4t(\\lambda,k_{1z})(y_{11}(\\lambda\n,\\kappa_{1})+y_{12}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1})+y_{13}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1})),\n\\label{eq14}$$ $$y^{(2)}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1},k_{1z})=t(\\lambda,k_{1z})(y_{21}(\\lambda,\\kappa\n_{1})+y_{22}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1})+y_{23}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1})),\n\\label{eq15}$$ $$t(\\lambda,k_{1z})={\\pi}^{4}{\\lambda}^{3}\n\\exp\\Bigl(-\\frac{\\lambda k_{1z}^{2}}{2}\\Bigr),\n\\label{eq16}$$ $$y_{11}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1})=\\exp\\Bigl(-\\frac{\\lambda\\kappa_{1}^{2}}{2}\\Bigr)\n\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{K}\\alpha_{2i}\\beta_{2i},\n\\label{eq17}$$ $$y_{12}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1})=-2\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{K}\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{K}\n\\frac{\\alpha_{1i}\\beta_{1i}\\,\\alpha_{2j}\\beta_{2j}}{\\lambda+\\beta_{1i}\n+\\beta_{2j}}\\exp\\Bigl(-\\frac{\\lambda+2\\beta_{1i}+2\\beta_{2j}}\n{\\lambda+\\beta_{1i}+\\beta_{2j}}\\,\\frac{\\lambda\\kappa_{1}^{2}}{4}\\Bigr),\n\\label{eq18}$$ $$y_{13}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1})=\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{K}\n\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{K}\\sum\\limits_{l=1}^{K}\\frac{\\alpha_{1i}\\beta_{1i}\\,\n\\alpha_{1j}\\beta_{1j}\\,\\alpha_{2l}\\beta_{2l}}{(\\lambda+\\beta_{1ij})(\\lambda+\\beta_{1ij}\n+2\\beta_{2l})}\\exp\\Bigl(-\\frac{\\beta_{1ij}}{\\lambda+\\beta_{1ij}}\n\\,\\frac{\\lambda\\kappa_{1}^{2}}{2}\\Bigr),\n\\label{eq19}$$ $$y_{21}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1})=\\exp\\Bigl(-\\frac{\\lambda\\kappa_{1}^{2}}{2}\n\\Bigr)\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{K}\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{K}\\alpha_{2i}\\beta_{2i}\\,\n\\beta_{2ij},\n\\label{eq20}$$ $$y_{22}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1})=-4\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{K}\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{K}\n\\sum\\limits_{l=1}^{K}\\frac{\\alpha_{1i}\\beta_{1i}\\,\\alpha_{2j}\\beta_{2j}\\,\n\\beta_{2jl}}{2\\lambda+2\\beta_{1i}+\\beta_{2jl}}\\exp\\Bigl(-\\frac{\\lambda+\n2\\beta_{1i}+\\beta_{2jl}}{2\\lambda+2\\beta_{1i}+\\beta_{2jl}}\\,\n\\frac{\\lambda\\kappa_{1}^{2}}{2}\\Bigr),\n\\label{eq21}$$ $$y_{23}(\\lambda,\\kappa_{1})=\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{K}\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{K}\n\\sum\\limits_{l=1}^{K}\\sum\\limits_{n=1}^{K}\\frac{a_{1i}\\beta_{1i}\\,a_{1j}\n\\beta_{1j}\\,a_{2l}\\beta_{2l}\\,\\beta_{2ln}}{(\\lambda+\\beta_{1ij})\n(\\lambda+\\beta_{1ij}+\\beta_{2ln})}\\exp\\Bigl(-\\frac{\\beta_{1ij}}{\\lambda+\\beta_{1ij}\n}\\,\\frac{\\lambda\\kappa_{1}^{2}}{2}\\Bigr),\n\\label{eq22}$$ $$\\beta_{ijl}=2\\beta_{ij}\\beta_{il}/(\\beta_{ij}+\\beta_{il}),\n\\quad(i\\!=\\!1,2;\\,\\,\\,j,l\\!=\\!\\overline{1,K}),\n\\label{eq23}$$ ${\\mathbf{k}_{1}=}\\left\\{{\\bm{\\kappa}_{1},(\\mathbf{k}/k)k_{1z}}\\right\\}$, and $\\mathbf{k}$ is the vector of incident deuteron momentum, with $\\bm{\\kappa}_{1}\\,\\mathbf{k}=0$. The components $\\kappa_{1}$ and $k_{1z}$ of vector $\\mathbf{k}_{1}$ are related to the neutron energy $T_{1}$ and emission angle $\\Theta_{1}$ in the laboratory reference frame by the formulas [@5] $$\\kappa_{1}=(k/2+k_{1z})\\tan\\Theta_{1},\n\\label{eq24}$$ $$k_{1z}=\\sqrt{m/T}(T_{1}-T/2),\n\\label{eq25}$$ where $m$ is the nucleon mass, and $T$ the initial deuteron energy.", "\n\nExpressing the components of $d\\mathbf{k}_{1}$ in (\\[eq3\\]) in the cylindrical coordinates and using (\\[eq24\\]), we obtain the angular distribution of neutrons, $$\\frac{d\\sigma_{1}}{d\\Omega_{1}}=\\frac{1}{(2\\pi)^{3}\\cos^{3}\\Theta_{1}}\n\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}(k/2+k_{1z})^{2}B(\\kappa_{1},k_{1z})dk_{1z}.", "\n\\label{eq26}$$ In order to calculate cross section (\\[eq26\\]) in the center-of-mass frame, the formulas of relativistic kinematics from work [@16] were used.", "\n\n**[3.", " Results of calculations]{}**\n\nIn figure, the neutron angular distributions calculated for the reaction $^{2}\\text{H}(d,n)^{3}\\text{He}$ at intermediate energies of incident particles are shown as an example.", "\n\n![", "Angular distributions of neutrons in the reaction $^{2}$H(d,n)$^{3}$He at $T=787$ (1), 858 (2), and 1242 MeV (3). ", "See other explanations in the text. ", "Experimental data were taken from work [@17]. ", "\\[fig1\\]](fig1.eps){width=\"7.0\"}\n\nThe solid curves demonstrate the results of cross section calculations with exact deuteron wave function (\\[eq6\\]); the same function was applied while constructing the target density distribution (\\[eq9\\]) with $K=10$. The dashed curves were calculated making use of the model function $$\\varphi_{0}(\\mathbf{r})=(2\\xi/\\pi)^{3/4}\\exp(-\\xi|\\mathbf{r}_{1}\n-\\mathbf{r}_{2}|^{2}).", "\n\\label{eq27}$$ Here, the parameter $\\xi=0.049$ fm$^{-2}$ was so chosen that (\\[eq27\\]) would reproduce the experimental root-mean-square radius of deuteron [@12]. ", "The dash-dotted curves reproduce the results of cross section calculations made in work [@17] in the framework of the virtual pion exchange model. ", "No fitting parameters were used when calculating cross sections (\\[eq26\\]), except for the normalization factor $N_{W}$ for the imaginary part of double-folding potential in (\\[eq10\\]). ", "The relevant $N_{W}$-values were equal to 0.68 (at $T=787$ MeV), 0.49 (858 MeV), and 0.15 (1242 MeV).", "\n\nThe behavior of calculated curves brings us, first of all, to a conclusion that it is highly important that the wave function of incident particle with correct asymptotics should be used in similar calculations. ", "Model function (\\[eq27\\]) has a good asymptotic at short internucleon distances, but the corresponding cross sections decrease more rapidly than experimental values as the nucleon emission angle $\\Theta$ increases (dashed curves). ", "From a comparison between the cross sections calculated with exact wave function (\\[eq6\\]) and the experimental data, it follows that the behavior of deuteron nucleon density in the tail section of distribution is crucial for the satisfactory description of experiments (solid curves). ", "Whence a conclusion can be drawn that the deuteron stripping is a surface reaction [@18].", "\n\n**[4.", " Conclusions]{}**\n\nThe majority of experimental and theoretical works devoted to the researches of deuteron stripping reactions on nuclei were published in 1960s-1970s. ", "Interest revived recently to this reaction (see [@6] and references therein) is associated with intensive studies of unstable nuclei. ", "In this connection, the $(d,N)$ processes may turn out a unique tool for extracting spectroscopic information. ", "The main result of this work is the exact analytical expression for the corresponding cross section obtained by transforming integrands in the general formula. ", "Such an approach can also be used in other similar problems if the relevant integrands can be expanded in series of Gaussoid basis functions.", "\n\nConcerning the result of this work, the universal character of its possible application should be emphasized. ", "The matter is that, in its most general definition [@19], the inclusive stripping reaction means that one of the incident particle fragments becomes removed from the particle and participates in an unobserved interaction subprocess with the target. ", "The subprocess can be arbitrary: from inelastic scattering to nuclear fusion (really, general expression (\\[eq4\\]) contains all information on the input channel and only partial on the output one). ", "Preliminary calculations show that double-differential cross section (\\[eq3\\]) with $B(\\mathbf{k}_{1})$ calculated by formulas (\\[eq12\\])–(\\[eq23\\]) successfully describes experimental data for the $(d,pn)$ process, in which the spectrum of output protons is registered [@20]. ", "In our opinion, the formulas obtained in this work will also allow one to analyze experimental data on the stripping, pickup, and breakup reactions for light and heavy ions (provided that the projectile wave function and the corresponding cluster-nucleus potential are known).", "\n\nThe stripping problem considered above can also be generalized to the case when the spin-orbit interaction is taken into account. ", "The difference from this work is reduced to the appearance of the corresponding operator in the expression for profile function. ", "Then, using the density matrix formalism and carrying out required expansions in the Gaussoid basis, it is possible to derive an analytical formula for the polarization of particles arising in the stripping reaction.", "\n\n[100]{}\n\nR. Serber, Phys. ", "Rev. **72**, 1008 (1947).", "\n\nA. I. Akhiezer, A. G. Sitenko, Sov. ", "Phys. ", "JETP **32**, 1040 (1957).", "\n\nR. J. Glauber, Phys. ", "Rev. **100**, 242 (1955).", "\n\nA. I. Akhiezer, A. G. Sitenko, Phys. ", "Rev. **106**, 1236 (1957).", "\n\nA. G. Sitenko, *Theory of Nuclear Reactions*, (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990).", "\n\nA. M. Mukhamedzhanov, Phys. ", "Rev. C **84**, 044616 (2011).", "\n\nK. Varga, Y. Suzuki, Phys. ", "Rev. C **52**, 2885 (1995).", "\n\nI. Sick, Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "A **218**, 509 (1974).", "\n\nH. De Vries, C. W. De Jager, and C. De Vries, At. ", "Data Nucl. ", "Data Tables **36**, 495 (1987).", "\n\nO. D. Dalkarov, V. A. Karmanov, Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "A **445**, 579 (1985).", "\n\nD. V. Piatnytskyi, I. V. Simenog, Ukr. ", "J. Phys. **", "53**, 629 (2008).", "\n\nM. M. Mustafa *et al.*, ", "Phys. ", "Rev. C **45**, 2603 (1992).", "\n\nR. J. Glauber, *Lectures in Theoretical Physics*, (Interscience, New York, London, 1959).", "\n\nG. R. Satchler, W. G. Love, Phys. ", "Rep. **55**, 183 (1979).", "\n\nS. K. Charagi, S. K. Gupta, Phys. ", "Rev. C **41**, 1610 (1990).", "\n\nA. M. Baldin, W. I. Goldanskij, and I. L. Rosental, *Kinematik der Kernreaktionen*, (Akad.-Verl., ", "Berlin, 1963).", "\n\nC. Wilkin, J. Phys. ", "G **6**, 69 (1980).", "\n\nS. T. Butler, Phys. ", "Rev. **106**, 272 (1957).", "\n\nH. Utsunomiya, Phys. ", "Rev. C **32**, 849 (1985).", "\n\nN. Matsuoka *et al.*, ", "Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "A **345**, 1 (1980).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0, 0.008, 0, 0, 0.00966183574879227, 0, 0.006230529595015576, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0.007905138339920948, 0.004347826086956522, 0.0025031289111389237, 0.0047169811320754715, 0.0019090041361756285, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.004016064257028112, 0, 0.0036101083032490976, 0, 0, 0, 0.004629629629629629, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0.06896551724137931, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Casegood Drawer: Glide Center Metal, Dovetail English\n\nIreland Button Tufted Collection: Black #14350Q, White #25350Q\n\nQueen: 50H x 63W x 85D\n\nKing: 49H x 79W x 90D\n\nPlease refer to the Specifications to determine what items are included since sometimes the image shows more or less items. ", "If you are not sure, please contact us and our customer service will be glad to help." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.010344827586206896, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\njQuery / JS calling click functions only on certain media breakpoints / orientation\n\nI have the following JS / jQuery I have managed to build, but it does not 100% seem to work with testing. ", "Mainly changing orientation. ", "I only want to click events to fire if in iPad portrait and mobile.", "\nHere is what I have:\n// mobile\nvar isMobile = window.matchMedia(\"only screen and (max-width : 40em)\");\n\n// tablet\nvar isTablet = window.matchMedia(\"only screen and (max-width : 60em)\");\nvar isTabletPortraitOnly = window.matchMedia(\"only screen and (max-width : 60em) and (orientation : portrait)\");\n\n/* mobile cart slideout */\nvar $miniCart = $('#cart_over');\nvar $cartLink = $('.mini-cart');\nvar $siteContent = $('.top-header-container, .main-content, footer');\n\nfunction cartOpen(){\n\n event.preventDefault();\n if ($miniCart.hasClass(\"cart-slide-in\")) {\n $miniCart.addClass(\"cart-slide-out\");\n $siteContent.addClass(\"content-slide-in\");\n } else if ($miniCart.hasClass(\"cart-slide-out\")) {\n $miniCart.removeClass('cart-slide-out');\n $miniCart.addClass(\"cart-slide-in\");\n } else {\n $miniCart.addClass(\"cart-slide-in\");\n }\n\n if ($siteContent.hasClass(\"content-slide-out\")) {\n $siteContent.addClass(\"content-slide-in\");\n $siteContent.removeClass(\"content-slide-out\");\n } else if ($siteContent.hasClass(\"content-slide-in\")) {\n $siteContent.addClass(\"content-slide-out\");\n $siteContent.removeClass(\"content-slide-in\");\n } else {\n $siteContent.addClass(\"content-slide-out\");\n }\n\n}\n\nfunction cartClose(){\n //clode the lateral panel\n if ($miniCart.hasClass(\"cart-slide-in\")) {\n $miniCart.removeClass('cart-slide-in');\n $miniCart.addClass('cart-slide-out');\n $siteContent.removeClass(\"content-slide-out\");\n $siteContent.addClass(\"content-slide-in\"); \n event.preventDefault();\n }\n}\n\nif(isMobile.matches || isTabletPortraitOnly.matches){\n $cartLink.on('click', function(event){\n cartOpen();\n });\n $('#cart_close').on('click', function(event){\n cartClose(); \n });\n}\n\n//bind to resize\n$(window).resize( function() {\n if(isMobile.matches || isTabletPortraitOnly.matches){\n $cartLink.on('click', function(event){\n cartOpen();\n });\n $('#cart_close').on('click', function(event){\n cartClose(); \n });\n }\n});\n\n//check for the orientation event and bind accordingly\nwindow.addEventListener(\"orientationchange\", function() {\n if(isMobile.matches || isTabletPortraitOnly.matches){\n $cartLink.on('click', function(event){\n cartOpen();\n });\n $('#cart_close').on('click', function(event){\n cartClose(); \n });\n }\n}, false);\n\nA:\n\nWhen your condition may vary by the time (as the mobile-rotating), you shouldn't check it only once.", "\nChange your if-conditions for click-event from outside to inside.", "\nHope it helps.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.0012376237623762376, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "/*\n This file is part of the WebKit open source project.", "\n This file has been generated by generate-bindings.pl. ", "DO NOT MODIFY!", "\n\n This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public\n License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either\n version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.", "\n\n This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the GNU\n Library General Public License for more details.", "\n\n You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public License\n along with this library; see the file COPYING.LIB. ", " If not, write to\n the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,\n Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.", "\n*/\n\n#ifndef JSHTMLIFrameElement_h\n#define JSHTMLIFrameElement_h\n\n#include \"JSHTMLElement.h\"\n#include <runtime/JSObjectWithGlobalObject.h>\n\nnamespace WebCore {\n\nclass HTMLIFrameElement;\n\nclass JSHTMLIFrameElement : public JSHTMLElement {\n typedef JSHTMLElement Base;\npublic:\n JSHTMLIFrameElement(JSC::Structure*, JSDOMGlobalObject*, PassRefPtr<HTMLIFrameElement>);\n static JSC::JSObject* createPrototype(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSGlobalObject*);\n virtual bool getOwnPropertySlot(JSC::ExecState*, const JSC::Identifier& propertyName, JSC::PropertySlot&);\n virtual bool getOwnPropertyDescriptor(JSC::ExecState*, const JSC::Identifier& propertyName, JSC::PropertyDescriptor&);\n virtual void put(JSC::ExecState*, const JSC::Identifier& propertyName, JSC::JSValue, JSC::PutPropertySlot&);\n static const JSC::ClassInfo s_info;\n\n static JSC::Structure* createStructure(JSC::JSGlobalData& globalData, JSC::JSValue prototype)\n {\n return JSC::Structure::create(globalData, prototype, JSC::TypeInfo(JSC::ObjectType, StructureFlags), AnonymousSlotCount, &s_info);\n }\n\n static JSC::JSValue getConstructor(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSGlobalObject*);\nprotected:\n static const unsigned StructureFlags = JSC::OverridesGetOwnPropertySlot | Base::StructureFlags;\n};\n\n\nclass JSHTMLIFrameElementPrototype : public JSC::JSObjectWithGlobalObject {\n typedef JSC::JSObjectWithGlobalObject Base;\npublic:\n static JSC::JSObject* self(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSGlobalObject*);\n static const JSC::ClassInfo s_info;\n virtual bool getOwnPropertySlot(JSC::ExecState*, const JSC::Identifier&, JSC::PropertySlot&);\n virtual bool getOwnPropertyDescriptor(JSC::ExecState*, const JSC::Identifier&, JSC::PropertyDescriptor&);\n static JSC::Structure* createStructure(JSC::JSGlobalData& globalData, JSC::JSValue prototype)\n {\n return JSC::Structure::create(globalData, prototype, JSC::TypeInfo(JSC::ObjectType, StructureFlags), AnonymousSlotCount, &s_info);\n }\n JSHTMLIFrameElementPrototype(JSC::JSGlobalData& globalData, JSC::JSGlobalObject* globalObject, JSC::Structure* structure) : JSC::JSObjectWithGlobalObject(globalData, globalObject, structure) { }\nprotected:\n static const unsigned StructureFlags = JSC::OverridesGetOwnPropertySlot | Base::StructureFlags;\n};\n\n// Functions\n\nJSC::EncodedJSValue JSC_HOST_CALL jsHTMLIFrameElementPrototypeFunctionGetSVGDocument(JSC::ExecState*);\n// Attributes\n\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementAlign(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nvoid setJSHTMLIFrameElementAlign(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSObject*, JSC::JSValue);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementFrameBorder(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nvoid setJSHTMLIFrameElementFrameBorder(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSObject*, JSC::JSValue);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementHeight(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nvoid setJSHTMLIFrameElementHeight(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSObject*, JSC::JSValue);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementLongDesc(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nvoid setJSHTMLIFrameElementLongDesc(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSObject*, JSC::JSValue);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementMarginHeight(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nvoid setJSHTMLIFrameElementMarginHeight(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSObject*, JSC::JSValue);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementMarginWidth(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nvoid setJSHTMLIFrameElementMarginWidth(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSObject*, JSC::JSValue);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementName(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nvoid setJSHTMLIFrameElementName(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSObject*, JSC::JSValue);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementSandbox(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nvoid setJSHTMLIFrameElementSandbox(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSObject*, JSC::JSValue);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementScrolling(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nvoid setJSHTMLIFrameElementScrolling(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSObject*, JSC::JSValue);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementSrc(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nvoid setJSHTMLIFrameElementSrc(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSObject*, JSC::JSValue);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementWidth(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nvoid setJSHTMLIFrameElementWidth(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSObject*, JSC::JSValue);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementContentDocument(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementContentWindow(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\nJSC::JSValue jsHTMLIFrameElementConstructor(JSC::ExecState*, JSC::JSValue, const JSC::Identifier&);\n\n} // namespace WebCore\n\n#endif\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.007547169811320755, 0.005154639175257732, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0.01639344262295082, 0.01306088055614072 ]

[ "Chlorophyll triplet states associated with Photosystem I and Photosystem II in thylakoids of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "\nThe analysis of FDMR spectra, recorded at multiple emission wavelengths, by a global decomposition technique, has allowed us to characterise the triplet populations associated with Photosystem I and Photosystem II of thylakoids in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ", "Three triplet populations are observed at fluorescence emissions characteristic of Photosystem II, and their zero field splitting parameters have been determined. ", "These are similar to the zero field parameters for the three Photosystem II triplets previously reported for spinach thylakoids, suggesting that they have a widespread occurrence in nature. ", "None of these triplets have the zero field splitting parameters characteristic of the Photosystem II recombination triplet observed only under reducing conditions. ", "Because these triplets are generated under non-reducing redox conditions, when the recombination triplet is undetectable, it is suggested that they may be involved in the photoinhibition of Photosystem II. ", "At emission wavelengths characteristic of Photosystem I, three triplet populations are observed, two of which are attributed to the P(700) recombination triplet frozen in two different conformations, based on the microwave-induced fluorescence emission spectra and the triplet minus singlet difference spectra. ", "The third triplet population detected at Photosystem I emission wavelengths, which was previously unresolved, is proposed to originate from the antenna chlorophyll of the core or the unusually blue-shifted outer antenna complexes of this organism." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.007462686567164179, 0.0036496350364963502, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003215434083601286, 0 ]

[ "On the approach from whitby where all the cars park by the side of the road about 400m from river mouth, as the waves start to get bigger away from the protection of the headland in a northerly swell. ", "A short paddle out with fast waves and strong currents - not as easy as it looks!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. ", "Cookies allow us to see how our site is used. ", "By using our websites, you are accepting our use of cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy.", "\n\nAll commonly used building materials lose integrity when exposed to the effects of fire. ", "Concrete can spall, crack or even explode so that the reinforcement is exposed, which can lead to structural failure. ", "Wood is easily depleted by charring, and steel will start to lose structural strength at temperatures reaching 400°C.", "\n\nRegulations require that assets are designed and constructed so that their stability will be maintained for a reasonable period. ", "A steel construction requires protection to ensure it does not collapse prematurely and provides time for occupants to escape and firefighters to extinguish the fire.", "\n\nWithout PFP, fires or explosions can rapidly escalate and lead to loss of life or serious injury, catastrophic damage to assets, production interruptions or even total shutdowns.", "\n\nThere are different industry standards for different type of structures and assets, and these present a unique set of challenges that PFP coatings must comply with. ", "Jotun has a range of PFP coatings engineered to meet the industry standards - click on the products tab to learn more.", "\n\nJotun's PFP coatings are extensively and independently tested to the key industry standards.", "\n\nWhich type of PFP to use depends on the type of industry, structure, building materials, fire scenarios and how long the structural elements must retain their strength.", "\n\nThin film PFP - for cellulosic fires\nThin film PFP coatings are typically used for structural steel in commercial and infrastructure projects such as bridges, commercial buildings, schools and airports. ", "They can be solvent based or water-borne.", "\n\nThick film PFP – for hydrocarbon pool- and jet fires\nThick film PFP coatings are typically epoxy based and used in the hydrocarbon processing industries and the offshore industry. ", "They are subject to severe testing regimes.", "\n\nJotachar can be used in duplex system with Jotatherm TB550, which is engineered from the same innovative technology to provide a thermal barrier for heat reduction and protection against cryogenic spill.", "\n\nAll commonly used building materials lose integrity when exposed to the effects of fire. ", "Concrete can spall, crack or even explode so that the reinforcement is exposed, which can lead to structural failure. ", "Wood is easily depleted by charring, and steel will start to lose structural strength at temperatures reaching 400°C.", "\n\nRegulations require that assets are designed and constructed so that their stability will be maintained for a reasonable period. ", "A steel construction requires protection to ensure it does not collapse prematurely and provides time for occupants to escape and firefighters to extinguish the fire.", "\n\nWithout PFP, fires or explosions can rapidly escalate and lead to loss of life or serious injury, catastrophic damage to assets, production interruptions or even total shutdowns.", "\n\nThere are different industry standards for different type of structures and assets, and these present a unique set of challenges that PFP coatings must comply with. ", "Jotun has a range of PFP coatings engineered to meet the industry standards - click on the products tab to learn more.", "\n\nThin film PFP - for cellulosic fires\nThin film PFP coatings are typically used for structural steel in commercial and infrastructure projects such as bridges, commercial buildings, schools and airports. ", "They can be solvent based or water-borne.", "\n\nThick film PFP – for hydrocarbon pool- and jet fires\nThick film PFP coatings are typically epoxy based and used in the hydrocarbon processing industries and the offshore industry. ", "They are subject to severe testing regimes.", "\n\nJotachar can be used in duplex system with Jotatherm TB550, which is engineered from the same innovative technology to provide a thermal barrier for heat reduction and protection against cryogenic spill." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0.005988023952095809, 0.00847457627118644, 0.02127659574468085, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.014634146341463415, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0.004878048780487805, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0.005988023952095809, 0.00847457627118644, 0.014634146341463415, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0.004878048780487805 ]

[ "Features\n\nIs your thread size off by one size?", "\nThese Reducers will solve that threading problem.", "\nReducers will allow you to convert holes which fit PG, NPT & Metric threads to a smaller female thread of the same thread type to fit your application needs.", "\nThread Reducers are available in Gray Nylon, Nickel Plated Brass and Stainless Steel." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0.03488372093023256 ]

[ "Q:\n\nSelect radio button with Selenium\n\nI'm trying to select the radio button 'Government & Military' on this page using Selenium.", "\nThe code below tries two different methods, but neither are working:\nfrom selenium import webdriver\nbrowser = webdriver.", "Chrome('/Users/Joe/Python/chromedriver')\n\nbrowser.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id=\"propertygov\"]').click()\nbrowser.find_elements_by_xpath('.//*[@id=\"propertygov\"]')[0].click()\n\nEdit:\nHere is the full code. ", "The initial interaction with the date form is keeping me from selecting the radio select:\nfrom selenium import webdriver\n\nbrowser = webdriver.", "Chrome('/Users/Joe/Python/chromedriver')\nbrowser.get(\"http://www.marriott.com/search/default.mi\")\n\nbrowser.find_element_by_id('editsearch-location').send_keys('Atlanta, GA')\nbrowser.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id=\"hotel-fromDate\"]').click()\n\nbrowser.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id=\"hotel-fromDate_table\"]/tbody/tr[2]/td[2]/div').click()\nbrowser.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id=\"hotel-fromDate_table\"]/tbody/tr[2]/td[3]/div').click()\n\nbrowser.find_element_by_id('propertygov').click()\n\nA:\n\nbrowser.get(\"http://www.marriott.com/search/default.mi\")\nbrowser.find_element_by_id('propertygov').click()\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.015503875968992248, 0, 0.00975609756097561, 0, 0.010067114093959731 ]

[ "/***************************************************************************\\\n|* Function Parser for C++ v4.5.2 *|\n|*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*|\n|* Copyright: Juha Nieminen, Joel Yliluoma *|\n|* *|\n|* This library is distributed under the terms of the *|\n|* GNU Lesser General Public License version 3. ", " *|\n|* (See lgpl.txt and gpl.txt for the license text.) ", " *|\n\\***************************************************************************/\n\n// NOTE:\n// This file contains only internal types for the function parser library.", "\n// You don't need to include this file in your code. ", "Include \"fparser.hh\"\n// only.", "\n\n#ifndef ONCE_FPARSER_AUX_H_\n#define ONCE_FPARSER_AUX_H_\n\n#include \"fptypes.hh\"\n\n#include <cmath>\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_MPFR_FLOAT_TYPE\n#include \"mpfr/MpfrFloat.hh\"\n#endif\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_GMP_INT_TYPE\n#include \"mpfr/GmpInt.hh\"\n#endif\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_COMPLEX_NUMBERS\n#include <complex>\n#endif\n\n#ifdef ONCE_FPARSER_H_\nnamespace FUNCTIONPARSERTYPES\n{\n template<typename>\n struct IsIntType\n {\n enum { result = false };\n };\n template<>\n struct IsIntType<long>\n {\n enum { result = true };\n };\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_GMP_INT_TYPE\n template<>\n struct IsIntType<GmpInt>\n {\n enum { result = true };\n };\n#endif\n\n template<typename>\n struct IsComplexType\n {\n enum { result = false };\n };\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_COMPLEX_NUMBERS\n template<typename T>\n struct IsComplexType<std::complex<T> >\n {\n enum { result = true };\n };\n#endif\n\n\n//==========================================================================\n// Constants\n//==========================================================================\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_const_pi() // CONSTANT_PI\n {\n return Value_t(3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751L);\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_const_e() // CONSTANT_E\n {\n return Value_t(2.7182818284590452353602874713526624977572L);\n }\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_const_einv() // CONSTANT_EI\n {\n return Value_t(0.367879441171442321595523770161460867445811131L);\n }\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_const_log2() // CONSTANT_L2, CONSTANT_L2EI\n {\n return Value_t(0.69314718055994530941723212145817656807550013436025525412L);\n }\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_const_log10() // CONSTANT_L10, CONSTANT_L10EI\n {\n return Value_t(2.302585092994045684017991454684364207601101488628772976L);\n }\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_const_log2inv() // CONSTANT_L2I, CONSTANT_L2E\n {\n return Value_t(1.442695040888963407359924681001892137426645954L);\n }\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_const_log10inv() // CONSTANT_L10I, CONSTANT_L10E\n {\n return Value_t(0.434294481903251827651128918916605082294397L);\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t& fp_const_deg_to_rad() // CONSTANT_DR\n {\n static const Value_t factor = fp_const_pi<Value_t>() / Value_t(180); // to rad from deg\n return factor;\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t& fp_const_rad_to_deg() // CONSTANT_RD\n {\n static const Value_t factor = Value_t(180) / fp_const_pi<Value_t>(); // to deg from rad\n return factor;\n }\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_MPFR_FLOAT_TYPE\n template<>\n inline MpfrFloat fp_const_pi<MpfrFloat>() { return MpfrFloat::const_pi(); }\n\n template<>\n inline MpfrFloat fp_const_e<MpfrFloat>() { return MpfrFloat::const_e(); }\n\n template<>\n inline MpfrFloat fp_const_einv<MpfrFloat>() { return MpfrFloat(1) / MpfrFloat::const_e(); }\n\n template<>\n inline MpfrFloat fp_const_log2<MpfrFloat>() { return MpfrFloat::const_log2(); }\n\n /*\n template<>\n inline MpfrFloat fp_const_log10<MpfrFloat>() { return fp_log(MpfrFloat(10)); }\n\n template<>\n inline MpfrFloat fp_const_log2inv<MpfrFloat>() { return MpfrFloat(1) / MpfrFloat::const_log2(); }\n\n template<>\n inline MpfrFloat fp_const_log10inv<MpfrFloat>() { return fp_log10(MpfrFloat::const_e()); }\n */\n#endif\n\n\n//==========================================================================\n// Generic math functions\n//==========================================================================\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_abs(const Value_t& x) { return std::fabs(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_acos(const Value_t& x) { return std::acos(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_asin(const Value_t& x) { return std::asin(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_atan(const Value_t& x) { return std::atan(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_atan2(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n { return std::atan2(x, y); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_ceil(const Value_t& x) { return std::ceil(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_cos(const Value_t& x) { return std::cos(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_cosh(const Value_t& x) { return std::cosh(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_exp(const Value_t& x) { return std::exp(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_floor(const Value_t& x) { return std::floor(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_log(const Value_t& x) { return std::log(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_mod(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n { return std::fmod(x, y); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_sin(const Value_t& x) { return std::sin(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_sinh(const Value_t& x) { return std::sinh(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_sqrt(const Value_t& x) { return std::sqrt(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_tan(const Value_t& x) { return std::tan(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_tanh(const Value_t& x) { return std::tanh(x); }\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_CPLUSPLUS11_MATH_FUNCS\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_asinh(const Value_t& x) { return std::asinh(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_acosh(const Value_t& x) { return std::acosh(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_atanh(const Value_t& x) { return std::atanh(x); }\n#else\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_asinh(const Value_t& x)\n { return fp_log(x + fp_sqrt(x*x + Value_t(1))); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_acosh(const Value_t& x)\n { return fp_log(x + fp_sqrt(x*x - Value_t(1))); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_atanh(const Value_t& x)\n {\n return fp_log( (Value_t(1)+x) / (Value_t(1)-x)) * Value_t(0.5);\n // Note: x = +1 causes division by zero\n // x = -1 causes log(0)\n // Thus, x must not be +-1\n }\n#endif // FP_SUPPORT_ASINH\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_CPLUSPLUS11_MATH_FUNCS\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_hypot(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n { return std::hypot(x,y); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline std::complex<Value_t> fp_hypot\n (const std::complex<Value_t>& x, const std::complex<Value_t>& y)\n { return fp_sqrt(x*x + y*y); }\n#else\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_hypot(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n { return fp_sqrt(x*x + y*y); }\n#endif\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_pow_base(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n { return std::pow(x, y); }\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_CPLUSPLUS11_MATH_FUNCS\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_log2(const Value_t& x) { return std::log2(x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline std::complex<Value_t> fp_log2(const std::complex<Value_t>& x)\n {\n return fp_log(x) * fp_const_log2inv<Value_t>();\n }\n#else\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_log2(const Value_t& x)\n {\n return fp_log(x) * fp_const_log2inv<Value_t>();\n }\n#endif // FP_SUPPORT_LOG2\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_log10(const Value_t& x)\n {\n return fp_log(x) * fp_const_log10inv<Value_t>();\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_trunc(const Value_t& x)\n {\n return x < Value_t() ? ", "fp_ceil(x) : fp_floor(x);\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_int(const Value_t& x)\n {\n return x < Value_t() ?", "\n fp_ceil(x - Value_t(0.5)) : fp_floor(x + Value_t(0.5));\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline void fp_sinCos(Value_t& sinvalue, Value_t& cosvalue,\n const Value_t& param)\n {\n // Assuming that \"cosvalue\" and \"param\" do not\n // overlap, but \"sinvalue\" and \"param\" may.", "\n cosvalue = fp_cos(param);\n sinvalue = fp_sin(param);\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline void fp_sinhCosh(Value_t& sinhvalue, Value_t& coshvalue,\n const Value_t& param)\n {\n const Value_t ex(fp_exp(param)), emx(fp_exp(-param));\n sinhvalue = Value_t(0.5)*(ex-emx);\n coshvalue = Value_t(0.5)*(ex+emx);\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n struct Epsilon\n {\n static Value_t value;\n static Value_t defaultValue() { return 0; }\n };\n\n template<> inline double Epsilon<double>::defaultValue() { return 1E-12; }\n template<> inline float Epsilon<float>::defaultValue() { return 1E-5F; }\n template<> inline long double Epsilon<long double>::defaultValue() { return 1E-14L; }\n\n template<> inline std::complex<double>\n Epsilon<std::complex<double> >::defaultValue() { return 1E-12; }\n\n template<> inline std::complex<float>\n Epsilon<std::complex<float> >::defaultValue() { return 1E-5F; }\n\n template<> inline std::complex<long double>\n Epsilon<std::complex<long double> >::defaultValue() { return 1E-14L; }\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_MPFR_FLOAT_TYPE\n template<> inline MpfrFloat\n Epsilon<MpfrFloat>::defaultValue() { return MpfrFloat::someEpsilon(); }\n#endif\n\n template<typename Value_t> Value_t Epsilon<Value_t>::value =\n Epsilon<Value_t>::defaultValue();\n\n\n#ifdef _GNU_SOURCE\n inline void fp_sinCos(double& sin, double& cos, const double& a)\n {\n sincos(a, &sin, &cos);\n }\n inline void fp_sinCos(float& sin, float& cos, const float& a)\n {\n sincosf(a, &sin, &cos);\n }\n inline void fp_sinCos(long double& sin, long double& cos,\n const long double& a)\n {\n sincosl(a, &sin, &cos);\n }\n#endif\n\n\n// -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// Long int\n// -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n inline long fp_abs(const long& x) { return x < 0 ? ", "-x : x; }\n inline long fp_acos(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_asin(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_atan(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_atan2(const long&, const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_cbrt(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_ceil(const long& x) { return x; }\n inline long fp_cos(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_cosh(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_exp(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_exp2(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_floor(const long& x) { return x; }\n inline long fp_log(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_log2(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_log10(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_mod(const long& x, const long& y) { return x % y; }\n inline long fp_pow(const long&, const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_sin(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_sinh(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_sqrt(const long&) { return 1; }\n inline long fp_tan(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_tanh(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_asinh(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_acosh(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_atanh(const long&) { return 0; }\n inline long fp_pow_base(const long&, const long&) { return 0; }\n inline void fp_sinCos(long&, long&, const long&) {}\n inline void fp_sinhCosh(long&, long&, const long&) {}\n\n //template<> inline long fp_epsilon<long>() { return 0; }\n\n\n// -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// MpfrFloat\n// -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_MPFR_FLOAT_TYPE\n inline MpfrFloat fp_abs(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::abs(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_acos(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::acos(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_acosh(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::acosh(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_asin(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::asin(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_asinh(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::asinh(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_atan(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::atan(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_atan2(const MpfrFloat& x, const MpfrFloat& y)\n { return MpfrFloat::atan2(x, y); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_atanh(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::atanh(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_cbrt(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::cbrt(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_ceil(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::ceil(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_cos(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::cos(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_cosh(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::cosh(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_exp(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::exp(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_exp2(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::exp2(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_floor(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::floor(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_hypot(const MpfrFloat& x, const MpfrFloat& y)\n { return MpfrFloat::hypot(x, y); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_int(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::round(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_log(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::log(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_log2(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::log2(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_log10(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::log10(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_mod(const MpfrFloat& x, const MpfrFloat& y) { return x % y; }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_sin(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::sin(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_sinh(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::sinh(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_sqrt(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::sqrt(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_tan(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::tan(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_tanh(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::tanh(x); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_trunc(const MpfrFloat& x) { return MpfrFloat::trunc(x); }\n\n inline MpfrFloat fp_pow(const MpfrFloat& x, const MpfrFloat& y) { return MpfrFloat::pow(x, y); }\n inline MpfrFloat fp_pow_base(const MpfrFloat& x, const MpfrFloat& y) { return MpfrFloat::pow(x, y); }\n\n\n inline void fp_sinCos(MpfrFloat& sin, MpfrFloat& cos, const MpfrFloat& a)\n {\n MpfrFloat::sincos(a, sin, cos);\n }\n\n inline void fp_sinhCosh(MpfrFloat& sinhvalue, MpfrFloat& coshvalue,\n const MpfrFloat& param)\n {\n const MpfrFloat paramCopy = param;\n sinhvalue = fp_sinh(paramCopy);\n coshvalue = fp_cosh(paramCopy);\n }\n#endif // FP_SUPPORT_MPFR_FLOAT_TYPE\n\n\n// -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// GMP int\n// -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_GMP_INT_TYPE\n inline GmpInt fp_abs(const GmpInt& x) { return GmpInt::abs(x); }\n inline GmpInt fp_acos(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_acosh(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_asin(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_asinh(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_atan(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_atan2(const GmpInt&, const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_atanh(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_cbrt(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_ceil(const GmpInt& x) { return x; }\n inline GmpInt fp_cos(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_cosh(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_exp(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_exp2(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_floor(const GmpInt& x) { return x; }\n inline GmpInt fp_hypot(const GmpInt&, const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_int(const GmpInt& x) { return x; }\n inline GmpInt fp_log(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_log2(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_log10(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_mod(const GmpInt& x, const GmpInt& y) { return x % y; }\n inline GmpInt fp_pow(const GmpInt&, const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_sin(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_sinh(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_sqrt(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_tan(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_tanh(const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline GmpInt fp_trunc(const GmpInt& x) { return x; }\n inline GmpInt fp_pow_base(const GmpInt&, const GmpInt&) { return 0; }\n inline void fp_sinCos(GmpInt&, GmpInt&, const GmpInt&) {}\n inline void fp_sinhCosh(GmpInt&, GmpInt&, const GmpInt&) {}\n#endif // FP_SUPPORT_GMP_INT_TYPE\n\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_CPLUSPLUS11_MATH_FUNCS\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_cbrt(const Value_t& x) { return std::cbrt(x); }\n#else\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_cbrt(const Value_t& x)\n {\n return (x > Value_t() ? ", " fp_exp(fp_log( x) / Value_t(3)) :\n x < Value_t() ? ", "-fp_exp(fp_log(-x) / Value_t(3)) :\n Value_t());\n }\n#endif\n\n// -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// Synthetic functions and fallbacks for when an optimized\n// implementation or a library function is not available\n// -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n template<typename Value_t> inline Value_t fp_arg(const Value_t& x);\n template<typename Value_t> inline Value_t fp_exp2(const Value_t& x);\n template<typename Value_t> inline Value_t fp_int(const Value_t& x);\n template<typename Value_t> inline Value_t fp_trunc(const Value_t& x);\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline void fp_sinCos(Value_t& , Value_t& , const Value_t& );\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline void fp_sinhCosh(Value_t& , Value_t& , const Value_t& );\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_COMPLEX_NUMBERS\n /* NOTE: Complex multiplication of a and b can be done with:\n tmp = b.real * (a.real + a.imag)\n result.real = tmp - a.imag * (b.real + b.imag)\n result.imag = tmp + a.real * (b.imag - b.real)\n This has fewer multiplications than the standard\n algorithm. ", "Take note, if you support mpfr complex one day.", "\n */\n\n template<typename T>\n struct FP_ProbablyHasFastLibcComplex\n { enum { result = false }; };\n /* The generic sqrt() etc. ", "implementations in libstdc++\n * are very plain and non-optimized; however, it contains\n * callbacks to libc complex math functions where possible,\n * and I suspect that those may actually be well optimized.", "\n * So we use std:: functions when we suspect they may be fast,\n * and otherwise we use our own optimized implementations.", "\n */\n#ifdef __GNUC__\n template<> struct FP_ProbablyHasFastLibcComplex<float>\n { enum { result = true }; };\n template<> struct FP_ProbablyHasFastLibcComplex<double>\n { enum { result = true }; };\n template<> struct FP_ProbablyHasFastLibcComplex<long double>\n { enum { result = true }; };\n#endif\n\n template<typename T>\n inline const std::complex<T> fp_make_imag(const std::complex<T>& v)\n {\n return std::complex<T> ( T(), v.real() );\n }\n\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_real(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return x.real();\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_imag(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return x.imag();\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_arg(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::arg(x);\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_conj(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::conj(x);\n }\n template<typename T, bool>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_polar(const T& x, const T& y)\n {\n T si, co; fp_sinCos(si, co, y);\n return std::complex<T> (x*co, x*si);\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_polar(const std::complex<T>& x, const std::complex<T>& y)\n {\n // x * cos(y) + i * x * sin(y) -- arguments are supposed to be REAL numbers\n return fp_polar<T,true> (x.real(), y.real());\n //return std::polar(x.real(), y.real());\n //return x * (fp_cos(y) + (std::complex<T>(0,1) * fp_sin(y));\n }\n\n // These provide fallbacks in case there's no library function\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_floor(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::complex<T> (fp_floor(x.real()), fp_floor(x.imag()));\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_trunc(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::complex<T> (fp_trunc(x.real()), fp_trunc(x.imag()));\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_int(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::complex<T> (fp_int(x.real()), fp_int(x.imag()));\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_ceil(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::complex<T> (fp_ceil(x.real()), fp_ceil(x.imag()));\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_abs(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::abs(x);\n //T extent = fp_max(fp_abs(x.real()), fp_abs(x.imag()));\n //if(extent == T()) return x;\n //return extent * fp_hypot(x.real() / extent, x.imag() / extent);\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_exp(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n if(FP_ProbablyHasFastLibcComplex<T>::result)\n return std::exp(x);\n return fp_polar<T,true>(fp_exp(x.real()), x.imag());\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_log(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n if(FP_ProbablyHasFastLibcComplex<T>::result)\n return std::log(x);\n // log(abs(x)) + i*arg(x)\n // log(Xr^2+Xi^2)*0.5 + i*arg(x)\n if(x.imag()==T())\n return std::complex<T>( fp_log(fp_abs(x.real())),\n fp_arg(x.real()) ); // Note: Uses real-value fp_arg() here!", "\n return std::complex<T>(\n fp_log(std::norm(x)) * T(0.5),\n fp_arg(x).real() );\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_sqrt(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n if(FP_ProbablyHasFastLibcComplex<T>::result)\n return std::sqrt(x);\n return fp_polar<T,true> (fp_sqrt(fp_abs(x).real()),\n T(0.5)*fp_arg(x).real());\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_acos(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n // -i * log(x + i * sqrt(1 - x^2))\n const std::complex<T> i (T(), T(1));\n return -i * fp_log(x + i * fp_sqrt(T(1) - x*x));\n // Note: Real version of acos() cannot handle |x| > 1,\n // because it would cause sqrt(negative value).", "\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_asin(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n // -i * log(i*x + sqrt(1 - x^2))\n const std::complex<T> i (T(), T(1));\n return -i * fp_log(i*x + fp_sqrt(T(1) - x*x));\n // Note: Real version of asin() cannot handle |x| > 1,\n // because it would cause sqrt(negative value).", "\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_atan(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n // 0.5i * (log(1-i*x) - log(1+i*x))\n // -0.5i * log( (1+i*x) / (1-i*x) )\n const std::complex<T> i (T(), T(1));\n return (T(-0.5)*i) * fp_log( (T(1)+i*x) / (T(1)-i*x) );\n // Note: x = -1i causes division by zero\n // x = +1i causes log(0)\n // Thus, x must not be +-1i\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_cos(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::cos(x);\n // // (exp(i*x) + exp(-i*x)) / (2)\n // //const std::complex<T> i (T(), T(1));\n // //return (fp_exp(i*x) + fp_exp(-i*x)) * T(0.5);\n // // Also: cos(Xr)*cosh(Xi) - i*sin(Xr)*sinh(Xi)\n // return std::complex<T> (\n // fp_cos(x.real())*fp_cosh(x.imag()),\n // -fp_sin(x.real())*fp_sinh(x.imag()));\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_sin(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::sin(x);\n // // (exp(i*x) - exp(-i*x)) / (2i)\n // //const std::complex<T> i (T(), T(1));\n // //return (fp_exp(i*x) - fp_exp(-i*x)) * (T(-0.5)*i);\n // // Also: sin(Xr)*cosh(Xi) + cos(Xr)*sinh(Xi)\n // return std::complex<T> (\n // fp_sin(x.real())*fp_cosh(x.imag()),\n // fp_cos(x.real())*fp_sinh(x.imag()));\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline void fp_sinCos(\n std::complex<T>& sinvalue,\n std::complex<T>& cosvalue,\n const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n //const std::complex<T> i (T(), T(1)), expix(fp_exp(i*x)), expmix(fp_exp((-i)*x));\n //cosvalue = (expix + expmix) * T(0.5);\n //sinvalue = (expix - expmix) * (i*T(-0.5));\n // The above expands to the following:\n T srx, crx; fp_sinCos(srx, crx, x.real());\n T six, cix; fp_sinhCosh(six, cix, x.imag());\n sinvalue = std::complex<T>(srx*cix, crx*six);\n cosvalue = std::complex<T>(crx*cix, -srx*six);\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline void fp_sinhCosh(\n std::complex<T>& sinhvalue,\n std::complex<T>& coshvalue,\n const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n T srx, crx; fp_sinhCosh(srx, crx, x.real());\n T six, cix; fp_sinCos(six, cix, x.imag());\n sinhvalue = std::complex<T>(srx*cix, crx*six);\n coshvalue = std::complex<T>(crx*cix, srx*six);\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_tan(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::tan(x);\n //std::complex<T> si, co;\n //fp_sinCos(si, co, x);\n //return si/co;\n // // (i-i*exp(2i*x)) / (exp(2i*x)+1)\n // const std::complex<T> i (T(), T(1)), exp2ix=fp_exp((2*i)*x);\n // return (i-i*exp2ix) / (exp2ix+T(1));\n // // Also: sin(x)/cos(y)\n // // return fp_sin(x)/fp_cos(x);\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_cosh(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::cosh(x);\n // // (exp(x) + exp(-x)) * 0.5\n // // Also: cosh(Xr)*cos(Xi) + i*sinh(Xr)*sin(Xi)\n // return std::complex<T> (\n // fp_cosh(x.real())*fp_cos(x.imag()),\n // fp_sinh(x.real())*fp_sin(x.imag()));\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_sinh(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::sinh(x);\n // // (exp(x) - exp(-x)) * 0.5\n // // Also: sinh(Xr)*cos(Xi) + i*cosh(Xr)*sin(Xi)\n // return std::complex<T> (\n // fp_sinh(x.real())*fp_cos(x.imag()),\n // fp_cosh(x.real())*fp_sin(x.imag()));\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_tanh(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n return std::tanh(x);\n //std::complex<T> si, co;\n //fp_sinhCosh(si, co, x);\n //return si/co;\n // // (exp(2*x)-1) / (exp(2*x)+1)\n // // Also: sinh(x)/tanh(x)\n // const std::complex<T> exp2x=fp_exp(x+x);\n // return (exp2x-T(1)) / (exp2x+T(1));\n }\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_CPLUSPLUS11_MATH_FUNCS\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_acosh(const std::complex<T>& x)\n { return fp_log(x + fp_sqrt(x*x - std::complex<T>(1))); }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_asinh(const std::complex<T>& x)\n { return fp_log(x + fp_sqrt(x*x + std::complex<T>(1))); }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_atanh(const std::complex<T>& x)\n { return fp_log( (std::complex<T>(1)+x) / (std::complex<T>(1)-x))\n * std::complex<T>(0.5); }\n#endif\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_pow(const std::complex<T>& x, const std::complex<T>& y)\n {\n // return std::pow(x,y);\n\n // With complex numbers, pow(x,y) can be solved with\n // the general formula: exp(y*log(x)). ", "It handles\n // all special cases gracefully.", "\n // It expands to the following:\n // A)\n // t1 = log(x)\n // t2 = y * t1\n // res = exp(t2)\n // B)\n // t1.r = log(x.r * x.r + x.i * x.i) * 0.5 \\ fp_log()\n // t1.i = atan2(x.i, x.r) /\n // t2.r = y.r*t1.r - y.i*t1.i \\ multiplication\n // t2.i = y.r*t1.i + y.i*t1.r /\n // rho = exp(t2.r) \\ fp_exp()\n // theta = t2.i /\n // res.r = rho * cos(theta) \\ fp_polar(), called from\n // res.i = rho * sin(theta) / fp_exp(). ", "Uses sincos().", "\n // Aside from the common \"norm\" calculation in atan2()\n // and in the log parameter, both of which are part of fp_log(),\n // there does not seem to be any incentive to break this\n // function down further; it would not help optimizing it.", "\n // However, we do handle the following special cases:\n //\n // When x is real (positive or negative):\n // t1.r = log(abs(x.r))\n // t1.i = x.r<0 ? ", "-pi : 0\n // When y is real:\n // t2.r = y.r * t1.r\n // t2.i = y.r * t1.i\n const std::complex<T> t =\n (x.imag() !", "= T())\n ? ", "fp_log(x)\n : std::complex<T> (fp_log(fp_abs(x.real())),\n fp_arg(x.real())); // Note: Uses real-value fp_arg() here!", "\n return y.imag() !", "= T()\n ? ", "fp_exp(y * t)\n : fp_polar<T,true> (fp_exp(y.real()*t.real()), y.real()*t.imag());\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_cbrt(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n // For real numbers, prefer giving a real solution\n // rather than a complex solution.", "\n // For example, cbrt(-3) has the following three solutions:\n // A) 0.7211247966535 + 1.2490247864016i\n // B) 0.7211247966535 - 1.2490247864016i\n // C) -1.442249593307\n // exp(log(x)/3) gives A, but we prefer to give C.\n if(x.imag() == T()) return fp_cbrt(x.real());\n const std::complex<T> t(fp_log(x));\n return fp_polar<T,true> (fp_exp(t.real() / T(3)), t.imag() / T(3));\n }\n\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_exp2(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n // pow(2, x)\n // polar(2^Xr, Xi*log(2))\n return fp_polar<T,true> (fp_exp2(x.real()), x.imag()*fp_const_log2<T>());\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline std::complex<T> fp_mod(const std::complex<T>& x, const std::complex<T>& y)\n {\n // Modulo function is probably not defined for complex numbers.", "\n // But we do our best to calculate it the same way as it is done\n // with real numbers, so that at least it is in some way \"consistent\".", "\n if(y.imag() == 0) return fp_mod(x.real(), y.real()); // optimization\n std::complex<T> n = fp_trunc(x / y);\n return x - n * y;\n }\n\n /* libstdc++ already defines a streaming operator for complex values,\n * but we redefine our own that it is compatible with the input\n * accepted by fparser. ", "I.e. instead of (5,3) we now get (5+3i),\n * and instead of (-4,0) we now get -4.", "\n */\n template<typename T>\n inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const std::complex<T>& value)\n {\n if(value.imag() == T()) return os << value.real();\n if(value.real() == T()) return os << value.imag() << 'i';\n if(value.imag() < T())\n return os << '(' << value.real() << \"-\" << -value.imag() << \"i)\";\n else\n return os << '(' << value.real() << \"+\" << value.imag() << \"i)\";\n }\n\n /* Less-than or greater-than operators are not technically defined\n * for Complex types. ", "However, in fparser and its tool set, these\n * operators are widely required to be present.", "\n * Our implementation here is based on converting the complex number\n * into a scalar and the doing a scalar comparison on the value.", "\n * The means by which the number is changed into a scalar is based\n * on the following principles:\n * - Does not introduce unjustified amounts of extra inaccuracy\n * - Is transparent to purely real values\n * (this disqualifies something like x.real() + x.imag())\n * - Does not ignore the imaginary value completely\n * (this may be relevant especially in testbed)\n * - Is not so complicated that it would slow down a great deal\n *\n * Basically our formula here is the same as std::abs(),\n * except that it keeps the sign of the original real number,\n * and it does not do a sqrt() calculation that is not really\n * needed because we are only interested in the relative magnitudes.", "\n *\n * Equality and nonequality operators must not need to be overloaded.", "\n * They are already implemented in standard, and we must\n * not introduce flawed equality assumptions.", "\n */\n template<typename T>\n inline T fp_complexScalarize(const std::complex<T>& x)\n {\n T res(std::norm(x));\n if(x.real() < T()) res = -res;\n return res;\n }\n template<typename T>\n inline T fp_realComplexScalarize(const T& x)\n {\n T res(x*x);\n if(x < T()) res = -res;\n return res;\n }\n // { return x.real() * (T(1.0) + fp_abs(x.imag())); }\n #define d(op) \\\n template<typename T> \\\n inline bool operator op (const std::complex<T>& x, T y) \\\n { return fp_complexScalarize(x) op fp_realComplexScalarize(y); } \\\n template<typename T> \\\n inline bool operator op (const std::complex<T>& x, const std::complex<T>& y) \\\n { return fp_complexScalarize(x) op \\\n fp_complexScalarize(y); } \\\n template<typename T> \\\n inline bool operator op (T x, const std::complex<T>& y) \\\n { return fp_realComplexScalarize(x) op fp_complexScalarize(y); }\n d( < ) d( <= ) d( > ) d( >= )\n #undef d\n#endif\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_real(const Value_t& x) { return x; }\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_imag(const Value_t& ) { return Value_t(); }\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_arg(const Value_t& x)\n { return x < Value_t() ? ", "-fp_const_pi<Value_t>() : Value_t(); }\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_conj(const Value_t& x) { return x; }\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_polar(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n { return x * fp_cos(y); } // This is of course a meaningless function.", "\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline std::complex<Value_t> fp_atan2(const std::complex<Value_t>& y,\n const std::complex<Value_t>& x)\n {\n if(y == Value_t()) return fp_arg(x);\n if(x == Value_t()) return fp_const_pi<Value_t>() * Value_t(-0.5);\n // 2*atan(y / (sqrt(x^2+y^2) + x) )\n // 2*atan( (sqrt(x^2+y^2) - x) / y)\n std::complex<Value_t> res( fp_atan(y / (fp_hypot(x,y) + x)) );\n return res+res;\n }\n\n// -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// Comparison\n// -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline bool fp_equal(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n { return IsIntType<Value_t>::result\n ? (", "x == y)\n : (fp_abs(x - y) <= Epsilon<Value_t>::value); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline bool fp_nequal(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n { return IsIntType<Value_t>::result\n ? (", "x !", "= y)\n : (fp_abs(x - y) > Epsilon<Value_t>::value); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline bool fp_less(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n { return IsIntType<Value_t>::result\n ? (", "x < y)\n : (x < y - Epsilon<Value_t>::value); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline bool fp_lessOrEq(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n { return IsIntType<Value_t>::result\n ? (", "x <= y)\n : (x <= y + Epsilon<Value_t>::value); }\n\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline bool fp_greater(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n { return fp_less(y, x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline bool fp_greaterOrEq(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n { return fp_lessOrEq(y, x); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline bool fp_truth(const Value_t& d)\n {\n return IsIntType<Value_t>::result\n ? ", "d !", "= Value_t()\n : fp_abs(d) >= Value_t(0.5);\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline bool fp_absTruth(const Value_t& abs_d)\n {\n return IsIntType<Value_t>::result\n ? ", "abs_d > Value_t()\n : abs_d >= Value_t(0.5);\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t& fp_min(const Value_t& d1, const Value_t& d2)\n { return d1<d2 ? ", "d1 : d2; }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t& fp_max(const Value_t& d1, const Value_t& d2)\n { return d1>d2 ? ", "d1 : d2; }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t fp_not(const Value_t& b)\n { return Value_t(!fp_truth(b)); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t fp_notNot(const Value_t& b)\n { return Value_t(fp_truth(b)); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t fp_absNot(const Value_t& b)\n { return Value_t(!fp_absTruth(b)); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t fp_absNotNot(const Value_t& b)\n { return Value_t(fp_absTruth(b)); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t fp_and(const Value_t& a, const Value_t& b)\n { return Value_t(fp_truth(a) && fp_truth(b)); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t fp_or(const Value_t& a, const Value_t& b)\n { return Value_t(fp_truth(a) || fp_truth(b)); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t fp_absAnd(const Value_t& a, const Value_t& b)\n { return Value_t(fp_absTruth(a) && fp_absTruth(b)); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t fp_absOr(const Value_t& a, const Value_t& b)\n { return Value_t(fp_absTruth(a) || fp_absTruth(b)); }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline const Value_t fp_make_imag(const Value_t& ) // Imaginary 1. ", "In real mode, always zero.", "\n {\n return Value_t();\n }\n\n /////////////\n /* Opcode analysis functions are used by fp_opcode_add.inc */\n /* Moved here from fparser.cc because fp_opcode_add.inc\n * is also now included by fpoptimizer.cc\n */\n bool IsLogicalOpcode(unsigned op);\n bool IsComparisonOpcode(unsigned op);\n unsigned OppositeComparisonOpcode(unsigned op);\n bool IsNeverNegativeValueOpcode(unsigned op);\n bool IsAlwaysIntegerOpcode(unsigned op);\n bool IsUnaryOpcode(unsigned op);\n bool IsBinaryOpcode(unsigned op);\n bool IsVarOpcode(unsigned op);\n bool IsCommutativeOrParamSwappableBinaryOpcode(unsigned op);\n unsigned GetParamSwappedBinaryOpcode(unsigned op);\n\n template<bool ComplexType>\n bool HasInvalidRangesOpcode(unsigned op);\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t DegreesToRadians(const Value_t& degrees)\n {\n return degrees * fp_const_deg_to_rad<Value_t>();\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t RadiansToDegrees(const Value_t& radians)\n {\n return radians * fp_const_rad_to_deg<Value_t>();\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline long makeLongInteger(const Value_t& value)\n {\n return (long) fp_int(value);\n }\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_COMPLEX_NUMBERS\n template<typename T>\n inline long makeLongInteger(const std::complex<T>& value)\n {\n return (long) fp_int( std::abs(value) );\n }\n#endif\n\n // Is value an integer that fits in \"long\" datatype?", "\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline bool isLongInteger(const Value_t& value)\n {\n return value == Value_t( makeLongInteger(value) );\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline bool isOddInteger(const Value_t& value)\n {\n const Value_t halfValue = (value + Value_t(1)) * Value_t(0.5);\n return fp_equal(halfValue, fp_floor(halfValue));\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline bool isEvenInteger(const Value_t& value)\n {\n const Value_t halfValue = value * Value_t(0.5);\n return fp_equal(halfValue, fp_floor(halfValue));\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline bool isInteger(const Value_t& value)\n {\n return fp_equal(value, fp_floor(value));\n }\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_LONG_INT_TYPE\n template<>\n inline bool isEvenInteger(const long& value)\n {\n return value%2 == 0;\n }\n\n template<>\n inline bool isInteger(const long&) { return true; }\n\n template<>\n inline bool isLongInteger(const long&) { return true; }\n\n template<>\n inline long makeLongInteger(const long& value)\n {\n return value;\n }\n#endif\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_MPFR_FLOAT_TYPE\n template<>\n inline bool isInteger(const MpfrFloat& value) { return value.isInteger(); }\n\n template<>\n inline bool isEvenInteger(const MpfrFloat& value)\n {\n return isInteger(value) && value%2 == 0;\n }\n\n template<>\n inline long makeLongInteger(const MpfrFloat& value)\n {\n return (long) value.toInt();\n }\n#endif\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_GMP_INT_TYPE\n template<>\n inline bool isEvenInteger(const GmpInt& value)\n {\n return value%2 == 0;\n }\n\n template<>\n inline bool isInteger(const GmpInt&) { return true; }\n\n template<>\n inline long makeLongInteger(const GmpInt& value)\n {\n return (long) value.toInt();\n }\n#endif\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_LONG_INT_TYPE\n template<>\n inline bool isOddInteger(const long& value)\n {\n return value%2 !", "= 0;\n }\n#endif\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_MPFR_FLOAT_TYPE\n template<>\n inline bool isOddInteger(const MpfrFloat& value)\n {\n return value.isInteger() && value%2 !", "= 0;\n }\n#endif\n\n#ifdef FP_SUPPORT_GMP_INT_TYPE\n template<>\n inline bool isOddInteger(const GmpInt& value)\n {\n return value%2 !", "= 0;\n }\n#endif\n\n\n// -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// fp_pow\n// -------------------------------------------------------------------------\n // Commented versions in fparser.cc\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_pow_with_exp_log(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n {\n return fp_exp(fp_log(x) * y);\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_powi(Value_t x, unsigned long y)\n {\n Value_t result(1);\n while(y !", "= 0)\n {\n if(y & 1) { result *= x; y -= 1; }\n else { x *= x; y /= 2; }\n }\n return result;\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n Value_t fp_pow(const Value_t& x, const Value_t& y)\n {\n if(x == Value_t(1)) return Value_t(1);\n if(isLongInteger(y))\n {\n if(y >= Value_t(0))\n return fp_powi(x, makeLongInteger(y));\n else\n return Value_t(1) / fp_powi(x, -makeLongInteger(y));\n }\n if(y >= Value_t(0))\n {\n if(x > Value_t(0)) return fp_pow_with_exp_log(x, y);\n if(x == Value_t(0)) return Value_t(0);\n if(!isInteger(y*Value_t(16)))\n return -fp_pow_with_exp_log(-x, y);\n }\n else\n {\n if(x > Value_t(0)) return fp_pow_with_exp_log(Value_t(1) / x, -y);\n if(x < Value_t(0))\n {\n if(!isInteger(y*Value_t(-16)))\n return -fp_pow_with_exp_log(Value_t(-1) / x, -y);\n }\n }\n return fp_pow_base(x, y);\n }\n\n template<typename Value_t>\n inline Value_t fp_exp2(const Value_t& x)\n {\n return fp_pow(Value_t(2), x);\n }\n} // namespace FUNCTIONPARSERTYPES\n\n#endif // ONCE_FPARSER_H_\n#endif // ONCE_FPARSER_AUX_H_\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0.004088934321492461, 0.013888888888888888, 0.00906344410876133, 0.008453505718547987, 0.01806619453678277, 0, 0.0034453057708871662, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0, 0.00366188587122368, 0.0025673940949935813, 0, 0.002938090241343127, 0, 0.004893964110929853, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003424657534246575, 0.0011587485515643105, 0, 0, 0, 0.0018115942028985507, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0061162079510703364, 0, 0.0036719706242350062, 0.013824884792626729, 0, 0.014218009478672985, 0.004784688995215311, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0.004739336492890996, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0020297699594046007, 0.005569620253164557, 0.005813953488372093, 0.006896551724137931, 0.0038684719535783366, 0.0022813688212927757 ]

[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an illumination device and a display device.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nA liquid crystal display device broadly consists of a liquid crystal panel for displaying images and a backlight device as an external light source. ", "In particular, a backlight device that is disposed at the rear side of a liquid crystal panel is referred to as a “direct type”.", "\nA device described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. ", "2001-22285 is known as one example of this kind of direct type backlight device. ", "As shown in FIG. ", "13A and FIG. ", "13B, this backlight device 1 consists of a base 2 that has a box shape in which the top surface side is open, a plurality of fluorescent tubes 3 that are mounted inside the base 2, and a plurality of optical sheets 4 that are disposed in a state in which they are superimposed in the open portion of the base 2. ", "Each of the fluorescent tubes 3 are supported with respect to the base 2 in a posture in which the axis of each tube is parallel to each other and also to the surface along the direction of alignment. ", "Light that is emitted from each of the fluorescent tubes 3 is supplied to the liquid crystal panel through the optical sheets 4.", "\nThe fluorescent tubes 3 as the light source of the backlight device 1 are one kind of linear light source. ", "The distribution of light intensity of these light sources is as follows. ", "More specifically, as shown in FIG. ", "14, when the linear light source (fluorescent tube 3) is viewed laterally in the axial direction thereof, the light intensity is strongest in a direction that is perpendicular to the axial direction and the light intensity gradually weakens as the viewing direction nears the axial direction from the perpendicular direction.", "\nAccordingly, when the fluorescent tubes 3 are disposed in the manner shown in FIG. ", "13A and FIG. ", "13B, there is a problem that although the backlight device 1 appears sufficiently bright when viewed from the front surface in the illumination direction, the backlight device 1 appears relatively dark when viewed from a diagonal direction." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0.07692307692307693, 0 ]

[ "OCZ Technology Shutters Hypersonic-PC\n\nPosted on March 22, 2010 3:00 PM by Rob Williams\n\nA couple of weeks ago, rumors were floating about that OCZ Technology would be selling off PC Power & Cooling, a company it acquired just three years earlier. ", "Not too long after our post was made, OCZ contacted us to let us know that the rumors were absolutely false, and that PC Power & Cooling was healthy and even had more models en route, such as the Silencer MKII.", "\n\nOver the past few months, though, it’s become increasingly clear that OCZ has shifted its focus more towards its core products, and as a result, the company will no longer invest in things like cooling products, peripherals and so forth. ", "Rather, it will focus on SSDs, memory and of course, power supplies. ", "As I made that previous post, I had wondered what OCZ’s renewed focus would mean for Hypersonic-PC, and that was made clear to me earlier today.", "\n\nThe official Hypersonic-PC website has officially been replaced with a simple page that states: “At this time Hypersonic-PC is not accepting any orders. ", "We are honoring all warranties and will continue to support existing customers. ", "All customers that currently own a Hypersonic branded PC or Notebook can contact the following numbers for direct product support.“.", "\n\nI contacted Alex Mei, OCZ’s Executive VP and CMO, to get an official word, and it was confirmed. ", "Alex mentioned, “We are focusing all our resources on SSD, PSU and Memory and our SI business really didn’t fit into the spectrum of things.” ", "Although OCZ in no way considered the ceasing of Hypersonic-PC to be an easy decision, one push that helped was the fact that some competiting SI’s (system integrators) had raised the issue of conflict-of-interest, which is to some degree understandable.", "\n\nAlong with the message on the website, Alex also mentioned that, “While we are ceasing marketing and sales efforts for Hypersonic we are still taking care of all customers that have Hypersonic product, all their full warranties are still good and we are making sure that everyone that purchased a Hypersonic solution is taken care of.“. ", "OCZ’s certainly to be commended for taking care of Hypersonic-PC’s customers after-the-fact. ", "If you’re a Hypersonic-PC owner, you can find all required customer service information on the official site linked to below.", "\n\nIt’s unfortunate that this route had to be taken, but it’s not exactly rocket science to understand why this is the smartest decision for the company. ", "OCZ has always been innovative throughout its numerous product-lines, but with its core categories accounting for so much of the company’s revenue, it makes sense to shed the extra weight, so to speak, and continue looking forward in the areas that matter most." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.016129032258064516, 0.009523809523809525, 0.004166666666666667, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0.030303030303030304, 0.014084507042253521, 0.003937007874015748, 0.011799410029498525, 0.021505376344086023, 0, 0, 0.0038314176245210726 ]

[ "Q:\n\nCan't see or read commands\n\nI just found Blender.", "\nIs it possible to change the background color.", "I'm old and it's impossible to read the commands. ", "Any help or hints would be appreciated.", "\nThank you.", "\nDon\n\nA:\n\nYou may also find it useful to change the general size of font. ", " In Blender User Preferences change the DPI to 108 as indicated above. ", "This will make the font bigger than the default. ", "Suit to your personal needs.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.028169014084507043, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "// Boost endian.hpp header file -------------------------------------------------------//\r\n\r\n// (C) Copyright Darin Adler 2000\r\n// (C) Copyright Beman Dawes 2006, 2009\r\n\r\n// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.", "\r\n// See http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt\r\n\r\n// See library home page at http://www.boost.org/libs/endian\r\n\r\n//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//\r\n\r\n// Original design developed by Darin Adler based on classes developed by Mark\r\n// Borgerding. ", "Four original class templates were combined into a single endian\r\n// class template by Beman Dawes, who also added the unrolled_byte_loops sign\r\n// partial specialization to correctly extend the sign when cover integer size\r\n// differs from endian representation size.", "\r\n\r\n// TODO: When a compiler supporting constexpr becomes available, try possible uses.", "\r\n\r\n#ifndef BOOST_SPIRIT_ENDIAN_HPP\r\n#define BOOST_SPIRIT_ENDIAN_HPP\r\n\r\n#if defined(_MSC_VER)\r\n#pragma once\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#ifdef BOOST_ENDIAN_LOG\r\n# include <iostream>\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#if defined(__BORLANDC__) || defined( __CODEGEARC__)\r\n# pragma pack(push, 1)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#include <boost/config.hpp>\r\n#include <boost/detail/endian.hpp>\r\n#define BOOST_MINIMAL_INTEGER_COVER_OPERATORS\r\n#define BOOST_NO_IO_COVER_OPERATORS\r\n#include <boost/spirit/home/support/detail/endian/cover_operators.hpp>\r\n#undef BOOST_NO_IO_COVER_OPERATORS\r\n#undef BOOST_MINIMAL_INTEGER_COVER_OPERATORS\r\n#include <boost/type_traits/is_signed.hpp>\r\n#include <boost/type_traits/make_unsigned.hpp>\r\n#include <boost/cstdint.hpp>\r\n#include <boost/static_assert.hpp>\r\n#include <boost/spirit/home/support/detail/scoped_enum_emulation.hpp>\r\n#include <iosfwd>\r\n#include <climits>\r\n\r\n# if CHAR_BIT !", "= 8\r\n# error Platforms with CHAR_BIT !", "= 8 are not supported\r\n# endif\r\n\r\n# define BOOST_ENDIAN_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCT {} // C++03\r\n\r\n# if defined(BOOST_ENDIAN_FORCE_PODNESS)\r\n# define BOOST_ENDIAN_NO_CTORS\r\n# endif\r\n\r\n\r\nnamespace boost { namespace spirit\r\n{\r\n namespace detail\r\n {\r\n // Unrolled loops for loading and storing streams of bytes.", "\r\n\r\n template <typename T, std::size_t n_bytes,\r\n bool sign=boost::is_signed<T>::value >\r\n struct unrolled_byte_loops\r\n {\r\n typedef unrolled_byte_loops<T, n_bytes - 1, sign> next;\r\n\r\n static typename boost::make_unsigned<T>::type load_big(const unsigned char* bytes)\r\n { return *(bytes - 1) | (next::load_big(bytes - 1) << 8); }\r\n static typename boost::make_unsigned<T>::type load_little(const unsigned char* bytes)\r\n { return *bytes | (next::load_little(bytes + 1) << 8); }\r\n\r\n static void store_big(char* bytes, T value)\r\n {\r\n *(bytes - 1) = static_cast<char>(value);\r\n next::store_big(bytes - 1, value >> 8);\r\n }\r\n static void store_little(char* bytes, T value)\r\n {\r\n *bytes = static_cast<char>(value);\r\n next::store_little(bytes + 1, value >> 8);\r\n }\r\n };\r\n\r\n template <typename T>\r\n struct unrolled_byte_loops<T, 1, false>\r\n {\r\n static T load_big(const unsigned char* bytes)\r\n { return *(bytes - 1); }\r\n static T load_little(const unsigned char* bytes)\r\n { return *bytes; }\r\n static void store_big(char* bytes, T value)\r\n { *(bytes - 1) = static_cast<char>(value); }\r\n static void store_little(char* bytes, T value)\r\n { *bytes = static_cast<char>(value); }\r\n\r\n };\r\n\r\n template <typename T>\r\n struct unrolled_byte_loops<T, 1, true>\r\n {\r\n static typename boost::make_unsigned<T>::type load_big(const unsigned char* bytes)\r\n { return *(bytes - 1); }\r\n static typename boost::make_unsigned<T>::type load_little(const unsigned char* bytes)\r\n { return *bytes; }\r\n static void store_big(char* bytes, T value)\r\n { *(bytes - 1) = static_cast<char>(value); }\r\n static void store_little(char* bytes, T value)\r\n { *bytes = static_cast<char>(value); }\r\n };\r\n\r\n template <typename T, std::size_t n_bytes>\r\n inline\r\n T load_big_endian(const void* bytes)\r\n {\r\n return static_cast<T>(unrolled_byte_loops<T, n_bytes>::load_big\r\n (static_cast<const unsigned char*>(bytes) + n_bytes));\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <>\r\n inline\r\n float load_big_endian<float, 4>(const void* bytes)\r\n {\r\n const unsigned char *b = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(\r\n bytes);\r\n b += 3;\r\n\r\n float value;\r\n unsigned char *v = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(&value);\r\n\r\n for(std::size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i)\r\n {\r\n *v++ = *b--;\r\n }\r\n\r\n return value;\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <>\r\n inline\r\n double load_big_endian<double, 8>(const void* bytes)\r\n {\r\n const unsigned char *b = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(\r\n bytes);\r\n b += 7;\r\n\r\n double value;\r\n unsigned char *v = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(&value);\r\n\r\n for(std::size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i)\r\n {\r\n *v++ = *b--;\r\n }\r\n\r\n return value;\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <typename T, std::size_t n_bytes>\r\n inline\r\n T load_little_endian(const void* bytes)\r\n {\r\n return static_cast<T>(unrolled_byte_loops<T, n_bytes>::load_little\r\n (static_cast<const unsigned char*>(bytes)));\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <>\r\n inline\r\n float load_little_endian<float, 4>(const void* bytes)\r\n {\r\n const unsigned char *b = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(\r\n bytes);\r\n\r\n float value;\r\n unsigned char *v = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(&value);\r\n\r\n for(std::size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i)\r\n {\r\n *v++ = *b++;\r\n }\r\n\r\n return value;\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <>\r\n inline\r\n double load_little_endian<double, 8>(const void* bytes)\r\n {\r\n const unsigned char *b = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(\r\n bytes);\r\n\r\n double value;\r\n unsigned char *v = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(&value);\r\n\r\n for(std::size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i)\r\n {\r\n *v++ = *b++;\r\n }\r\n\r\n return value;\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <typename T, std::size_t n_bytes>\r\n inline\r\n void store_big_endian(void* bytes, T value)\r\n {\r\n unrolled_byte_loops<T, n_bytes>::store_big\r\n (static_cast<char*>(bytes) + n_bytes, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <>\r\n inline\r\n void store_big_endian<float, 4>(void* bytes, float value)\r\n {\r\n unsigned char *b = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(bytes);\r\n b += 3;\r\n\r\n const unsigned char *v = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(\r\n &value);\r\n\r\n for(std::size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i)\r\n {\r\n *b-- = *v++;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <>\r\n inline\r\n void store_big_endian<double, 8>(void* bytes, double value)\r\n {\r\n unsigned char *b = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(bytes);\r\n b += 7;\r\n\r\n const unsigned char *v = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(\r\n &value);\r\n\r\n for(std::size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i)\r\n {\r\n *b-- = *v++;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <typename T, std::size_t n_bytes>\r\n inline\r\n void store_little_endian(void* bytes, T value)\r\n {\r\n unrolled_byte_loops<T, n_bytes>::store_little\r\n (static_cast<char*>(bytes), value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <>\r\n inline\r\n void store_little_endian<float, 4>(void* bytes, float value)\r\n {\r\n unsigned char *b = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(bytes);\r\n\r\n const unsigned char *v = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(\r\n &value);\r\n\r\n for(std::size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i)\r\n {\r\n *b++ = *v++;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n template <>\r\n inline\r\n void store_little_endian<double, 8>(void* bytes, double value)\r\n {\r\n unsigned char *b = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *>(bytes);\r\n\r\n const unsigned char *v = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(\r\n &value);\r\n\r\n for(std::size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i)\r\n {\r\n *b++ = *v++;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n } // namespace detail\r\n\r\n namespace endian\r\n {\r\n\r\n# ifdef BOOST_ENDIAN_LOG\r\n bool endian_log(true);\r\n# endif\r\n\r\n\r\n // endian class template and specializations ---------------------------------------//\r\n\r\n BOOST_SCOPED_ENUM_START(endianness) { big, little, native }; BOOST_SCOPED_ENUM_END\r\n BOOST_SCOPED_ENUM_START(alignment) { unaligned, aligned }; BOOST_SCOPED_ENUM_END\r\n\r\n template <BOOST_SCOPED_ENUM(endianness) E, typename T, std::size_t n_bits,\r\n BOOST_SCOPED_ENUM(alignment) A = alignment::unaligned>\r\n class endian;\r\n\r\n // Specializations that represent unaligned bytes.", "\r\n // Taking an integer type as a parameter provides a nice way to pass both\r\n // the size and signedness of the desired integer and get the appropriate\r\n // corresponding integer type for the interface.", "\r\n\r\n // unaligned big endian specialization\r\n template <typename T, std::size_t n_bits>\r\n class endian< endianness::big, T, n_bits, alignment::unaligned >\r\n : cover_operators< endian< endianness::big, T, n_bits >, T >\r\n {\r\n BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (n_bits/8)*8 == n_bits );\r\n public:\r\n typedef T value_type;\r\n# ifndef BOOST_ENDIAN_NO_CTORS\r\n endian() BOOST_ENDIAN_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCT\r\n explicit endian(T val)\r\n {\r\n# ifdef BOOST_ENDIAN_LOG\r\n if ( endian_log )\r\n std::clog << \"big, unaligned, \" << n_bits << \"-bits, construct(\" << val << \")\\n\";\r\n# endif\r\n detail::store_big_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value, val);\r\n }\r\n# endif\r\n endian & operator=(T val) { detail::store_big_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value, val); return *this; }\r\n operator T() const\r\n {\r\n# ifdef BOOST_ENDIAN_LOG\r\n if ( endian_log )\r\n std::clog << \"big, unaligned, \" << n_bits << \"-bits, convert(\" << detail::load_big_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value) << \")\\n\";\r\n# endif\r\n return detail::load_big_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value);\r\n }\r\n private:\r\n char m_value[n_bits/8];\r\n };\r\n\r\n // unaligned little endian specialization\r\n template <typename T, std::size_t n_bits>\r\n class endian< endianness::little, T, n_bits, alignment::unaligned >\r\n : cover_operators< endian< endianness::little, T, n_bits >, T >\r\n {\r\n BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (n_bits/8)*8 == n_bits );\r\n public:\r\n typedef T value_type;\r\n# ifndef BOOST_ENDIAN_NO_CTORS\r\n endian() BOOST_ENDIAN_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCT\r\n explicit endian(T val)\r\n {\r\n# ifdef BOOST_ENDIAN_LOG\r\n if ( endian_log )\r\n std::clog << \"little, unaligned, \" << n_bits << \"-bits, construct(\" << val << \")\\n\";\r\n# endif\r\n detail::store_little_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value, val);\r\n }\r\n# endif\r\n endian & operator=(T val) { detail::store_little_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value, val); return *this; }\r\n operator T() const\r\n {\r\n# ifdef BOOST_ENDIAN_LOG\r\n if ( endian_log )\r\n std::clog << \"little, unaligned, \" << n_bits << \"-bits, convert(\" << detail::load_little_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value) << \")\\n\";\r\n# endif\r\n return detail::load_little_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value);\r\n }\r\n private:\r\n char m_value[n_bits/8];\r\n };\r\n\r\n // unaligned native endian specialization\r\n template <typename T, std::size_t n_bits>\r\n class endian< endianness::native, T, n_bits, alignment::unaligned >\r\n : cover_operators< endian< endianness::native, T, n_bits >, T >\r\n {\r\n BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (n_bits/8)*8 == n_bits );\r\n public:\r\n typedef T value_type;\r\n# ifndef BOOST_ENDIAN_NO_CTORS\r\n endian() BOOST_ENDIAN_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCT\r\n# ifdef BOOST_BIG_ENDIAN\r\n explicit endian(T val) { detail::store_big_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value, val); }\r\n# else\r\n explicit endian(T val) { detail::store_little_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value, val); }\r\n# endif\r\n# endif\r\n# ifdef BOOST_BIG_ENDIAN\r\n endian & operator=(T val) { detail::store_big_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value, val); return *this; }\r\n operator T() const { return detail::load_big_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value); }\r\n# else\r\n endian & operator=(T val) { detail::store_little_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value, val); return *this; }\r\n operator T() const { return detail::load_little_endian<T, n_bits/8>(m_value); }\r\n# endif\r\n private:\r\n char m_value[n_bits/8];\r\n };\r\n\r\n // Specializations that mimic built-in integer types.", "\r\n // These typically have the same alignment as the underlying types.", "\r\n\r\n // aligned big endian specialization\r\n template <typename T, std::size_t n_bits>\r\n class endian< endianness::big, T, n_bits, alignment::aligned >\r\n : cover_operators< endian< endianness::big, T, n_bits, alignment::aligned >, T >\r\n {\r\n BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (n_bits/8)*8 == n_bits );\r\n BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( sizeof(T) == n_bits/8 );\r\n public:\r\n typedef T value_type;\r\n# ifndef BOOST_ENDIAN_NO_CTORS\r\n endian() BOOST_ENDIAN_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCT\r\n# ifdef BOOST_BIG_ENDIAN\r\n endian(T val) : m_value(val) { }\r\n# else\r\n explicit endian(T val) { detail::store_big_endian<T, sizeof(T)>(&m_value, val); }\r\n# endif\r\n# endif\r\n# ifdef BOOST_BIG_ENDIAN\r\n endian & operator=(T val) { m_value = val; return *this; }\r\n operator T() const { return m_value; }\r\n# else\r\n endian & operator=(T val) { detail::store_big_endian<T, sizeof(T)>(&m_value, val); return *this; }\r\n operator T() const { return detail::load_big_endian<T, sizeof(T)>(&m_value); }\r\n# endif\r\n private:\r\n T m_value;\r\n };\r\n\r\n // aligned little endian specialization\r\n template <typename T, std::size_t n_bits>\r\n class endian< endianness::little, T, n_bits, alignment::aligned >\r\n : cover_operators< endian< endianness::little, T, n_bits, alignment::aligned >, T >\r\n {\r\n BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( (n_bits/8)*8 == n_bits );\r\n BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT( sizeof(T) == n_bits/8 );\r\n public:\r\n typedef T value_type;\r\n# ifndef BOOST_ENDIAN_NO_CTORS\r\n endian() BOOST_ENDIAN_DEFAULT_CONSTRUCT\r\n# ifdef BOOST_LITTLE_ENDIAN\r\n endian(T val) : m_value(val) { }\r\n# else\r\n explicit endian(T val) { detail::store_little_endian<T, sizeof(T)>(&m_value, val); }\r\n# endif\r\n# endif\r\n# ifdef BOOST_LITTLE_ENDIAN\r\n endian & operator=(T val) { m_value = val; return *this; }\r\n operator T() const { return m_value; }\r\n #else\r\n endian & operator=(T val) { detail::store_little_endian<T, sizeof(T)>(&m_value, val); return *this; }\r\n operator T() const { return detail::load_little_endian<T, sizeof(T)>(&m_value); }\r\n #endif\r\n private:\r\n T m_value;\r\n };\r\n\r\n // naming convention typedefs ------------------------------------------------------//\r\n\r\n // unaligned big endian signed integer types\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, int_least8_t, 8 > big8_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, int_least16_t, 16 > big16_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, int_least32_t, 24 > big24_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, int_least32_t, 32 > big32_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, int_least64_t, 40 > big40_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, int_least64_t, 48 > big48_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, int_least64_t, 56 > big56_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, int_least64_t, 64 > big64_t;\r\n\r\n // unaligned big endian unsigned integer types\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, uint_least8_t, 8 > ubig8_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, uint_least16_t, 16 > ubig16_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, uint_least32_t, 24 > ubig24_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, uint_least32_t, 32 > ubig32_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, uint_least64_t, 40 > ubig40_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, uint_least64_t, 48 > ubig48_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, uint_least64_t, 56 > ubig56_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, uint_least64_t, 64 > ubig64_t;\r\n\r\n // unaligned little endian signed integer types\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, int_least8_t, 8 > little8_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, int_least16_t, 16 > little16_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, int_least32_t, 24 > little24_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, int_least32_t, 32 > little32_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, int_least64_t, 40 > little40_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, int_least64_t, 48 > little48_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, int_least64_t, 56 > little56_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, int_least64_t, 64 > little64_t;\r\n\r\n // unaligned little endian unsigned integer types\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, uint_least8_t, 8 > ulittle8_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, uint_least16_t, 16 > ulittle16_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, uint_least32_t, 24 > ulittle24_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, uint_least32_t, 32 > ulittle32_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, uint_least64_t, 40 > ulittle40_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, uint_least64_t, 48 > ulittle48_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, uint_least64_t, 56 > ulittle56_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, uint_least64_t, 64 > ulittle64_t;\r\n\r\n // unaligned native endian signed integer types\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, int_least8_t, 8 > native8_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, int_least16_t, 16 > native16_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, int_least32_t, 24 > native24_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, int_least32_t, 32 > native32_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, int_least64_t, 40 > native40_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, int_least64_t, 48 > native48_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, int_least64_t, 56 > native56_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, int_least64_t, 64 > native64_t;\r\n\r\n // unaligned native endian unsigned integer types\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, uint_least8_t, 8 > unative8_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, uint_least16_t, 16 > unative16_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, uint_least32_t, 24 > unative24_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, uint_least32_t, 32 > unative32_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, uint_least64_t, 40 > unative40_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, uint_least64_t, 48 > unative48_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, uint_least64_t, 56 > unative56_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::native, uint_least64_t, 64 > unative64_t;\r\n\r\n#define BOOST_HAS_INT16_T\r\n#define BOOST_HAS_INT32_T\r\n#define BOOST_HAS_INT64_T\r\n\r\n // These types only present if platform has exact size integers:\r\n // aligned big endian signed integer types\r\n // aligned big endian unsigned integer types\r\n // aligned little endian signed integer types\r\n // aligned little endian unsigned integer types\r\n\r\n // aligned native endian typedefs are not provided because\r\n // <cstdint> types are superior for this use case\r\n\r\n# if defined(BOOST_HAS_INT16_T)\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, int16_t, 16, alignment::aligned > aligned_big16_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, uint16_t, 16, alignment::aligned > aligned_ubig16_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, int16_t, 16, alignment::aligned > aligned_little16_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, uint16_t, 16, alignment::aligned > aligned_ulittle16_t;\r\n# endif\r\n\r\n# if defined(BOOST_HAS_INT32_T)\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, int32_t, 32, alignment::aligned > aligned_big32_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, uint32_t, 32, alignment::aligned > aligned_ubig32_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, int32_t, 32, alignment::aligned > aligned_little32_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, uint32_t, 32, alignment::aligned > aligned_ulittle32_t;\r\n# endif\r\n\r\n# if defined(BOOST_HAS_INT64_T)\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, int64_t, 64, alignment::aligned > aligned_big64_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::big, uint64_t, 64, alignment::aligned > aligned_ubig64_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, int64_t, 64, alignment::aligned > aligned_little64_t;\r\n typedef endian< endianness::little, uint64_t, 64, alignment::aligned > aligned_ulittle64_t;\r\n# endif\r\n\r\n } // namespace endian\r\n}} // namespace boost::spirit\r\n\r\n// import the namespace above into boost::endian\r\nnamespace boost { namespace endian\r\n{\r\n using namespace boost::spirit::endian;\r\n}}\r\n\r\n#if defined(__BORLANDC__) || defined( __CODEGEARC__)\r\n# pragma pack(pop)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#endif // BOOST_SPIRIT_ENDIAN_HPP\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.00423728813559322, 0.013071895424836602, 0.007380073800738007, 0, 0.01288056206088993, 0, 0.009554140127388535, 0.00014992503748125936, 0, 0.0029577843506318905, 0, 0.00741962077493817 ]

[ "The FBI just charged an Albanian hacker living in Malaysia, Ardit Ferizi, aka Th3Dir3ctorY, with stealing the Personally Identifiable Information of over 1,000 service members and subsequently posting that PII online to encourage people to target them (he provided the data to, among others, Junaid Hussain, who was subsequently killed in a drone strike).", "\n\nGiven Jim Comey’s repeated warnings of how the FBI is going dark on ISIS organizing, I thought I’d look at how FBI found this guy.", "\n\nArdit Ferizi, the suspect’s real name, was connected to the @Th3Dir3ctorY account on Twitter. ", "On that account Ferizi linked to an article about the Kosova Hacker’s Security group (KHS) for which he had been interviewed. ", "He also identified himself as the owner of KHS.", "\n\nFerizi registered the Twitter identity to a hotmail account tied to an IP address in Kosovo.", "\n\n@Th3Dir3ctorY subsequently logged into Twitter from various ISPs in Malaysia, including 210.186.111.14.", "\n\nThe hacker who first broke into “Victim Company” on June 13, 2015 and ultimately stole the data of 100,000 people created an account with the identity KHS. ", "On August 19, 2015 — after the company had removed the malware used to exfiltrate the data — someone identifying himself as “Albanian Hacker” and using the email “[email protected]” contacted the company and asked them to stop taking down their files (which the FBI interpreted to mean the malware left on the server). ", "The IP address tied to the SQL injection used by the hacker was 210.186.111.14.", "\n\nA Facebook account tied to the name “ardit.ferizi01” also used that IP address. ", "Ferizi sent himself a spreadsheet via that facebook account with the stolen PII.", "\n\nIn other words, Ferizi apparently did nothing to hide the association between his public Twitter boasting about stealing PII and association with KHS and the hack, down to his repeated email nudges to the victim company (and his attempt to get 2 Bitcoins to stop hacking them). ", "His Twitter account, Facebook account, and email account could all be easily correlated both through IP and name, and activity on all three inculpated him in the hack.", "\n\nThe only mention of any security in the complaint is that Bitcoin account.", "\n\nSure, Ferizi was not playing the role of formal recruiter here, but instead agent provocateur and hacker. ", "Still! ", "The FBI is billing this guy as a hacker. ", "And he did less to protect his identity then I sometimes use.", "\n\nAt least in this case, FBI isn’t going dark on ISIS’ attempts to incite attacks on Americans." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.014084507042253521, 0.030303030303030304, 0.020833333333333332, 0.023809523809523808, 0.02127659574468085, 0.010638297872340425, 0.009523809523809525, 0.006329113924050633, 0.003134796238244514, 0.02531645569620253, 0.012195121951219513, 0.0125, 0.010714285714285714, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.021052631578947368 ]

[ "DC Comics Presents: Batman- Bad #1\n\n$4.99\n\nDC Comics Presents: Batman- Bad #1\n\nJordy is big and simple. ", "He would never use his enormous strength to hurt someone--but inside him lurks something bad. ", "Can Batman remove the demonic Bad without destroying Jordy? ", "Collects stories from BATMAN: LEGENDS OF THE DARK KNIGHT #146-148. ", "NOTE: these are available online as individual issues." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0.014925373134328358, 0 ]

[ "Get our ultimate guide to things to do this summer with PlymouthlLive's FREE What's On newsletter Sign me up! ", "Thank you for subscribing See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\nOrganisers of one of the yachting world’s classic races have denied that they have no plans to move from its “ancestral home” in Plymouth.", "\n\nA Facebook page has been set up to fight to keep the finish of the Rolex Fastnet race in the city.", "\n\nThe biennial Fastnet was born in Plymouth in 1925 and until now every race has finished in the city.", "\n\nSpokeswoman Trish Jenkins said there had been talk of a move a few years ago but this was no longer on the cards.", "\n\n“We are working with Plymouth and want to keep it in Plymouth for the foreseeable future,” she said.", "\n\nShe said Eddie Warden Owen, chief executive of the Royal Ocean Racing Club (RORC), which organises the race, had said there was no intention to move the finish to any other destination.", "\n\n“They are working with the city council on the 2019 race to make it bigger and better,” she said.", "\n\nRORC, has already made a major change to the race, which traditionally was the finale to Cowes Week, the largest sailing regatta of its kind in the world.", "\n\nUntil now competitors set off from Cowes on the Isle of Wight, headed west to round the Fastnet Rock off the coast of Ireland, and then returned to Plymouth.", "\n\nNext August the Fastnet will be run two weeks before Cowes.", "\n\nChris Arscott, vice-commodore of the Royal Western Yacht Club, where the race was conceived, said: “There has been talk and pressure for some time for the race to go elsewhere, and the French are keen to take it.", "\n\n“If it goes to another finish, it won’t be the Fastnet Race. ", "The finish has been Plymouth since its inception in 1925.", "\n\n“It remains one of the most famous races around the world in the yachting calendar.", "\n\n“If you talk to anyone in the world who knows about yacht racing, and mention Plymouth, they talk about the Fastnet. ", "It is on every sailor’s bucket list and attracts a lot of the movers and shakers of the yachting world.", "\n\n“Plymouth is the ancestral home of the race and it always should be. ", "If it finishes elsewhere it will be a different race.”", "\n\n(Image: SORC SOLO)\n\nHe said the race was started by the Royal Western Yacht Club, and at a meeting in Plymouth afterwards a new club was set up to run it – the Royal Ocean Racing Club.", "\n\nMr Arscott said that any attempt to move the finish to Weymouth or Cowes on the Isle of Wight would add several days to race and make it unviable for most small boats.", "\n\nThe French have already snatched the Golden Globe race away from the Westcountry. ", "The gruelling single-handed non-stop circumnavigation now starts at Les Sables-d’Olonne on the Atlantic coast of France.", "\n\nA severe storm during the 1979 race resulted in the deaths of 15 competing yachtsmen and three rescuers, and involved 4,000 people in what became the largest peace-time rescue operation.", "\n\nIn 1985 the maxi yacht Drum capsized after the keel sheared off due to a design error. ", "Drum’s co-owner, the pop star Simon Le Bon from Duran Duran, was trapped under the hull with five other crew members for 20 minutes, until being rescued by the Royal Navy.", "\n\nWant more news?", "\n\nTo keep up to date with Plymouth Live's latest news, follow us on Facebook here and Twitter here , or visit our homepage at www.plymouthlive.com\n\nFor Devon news, find Devon Live's Facebook page here , or their Twitter page here , or visit their homepage at www.devonlive.com\n\nFor Cornwall news, find Cornwall Live's Facebook page here , or their Twitter page here , or visit their homepage at www.cornwalllive.com" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.00909090909090909, 0.0049504950495049506, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0.0106951871657754, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0.01680672268907563, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.011834319526627219, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.01927710843373494 ]

[ "Disclaimer: We use third-party advertising to display ads while you visit our website. ", "You may NOT duplicate or use content on this web site without written permissions from its rightful owners. ", "All content authors, owners or contributors to this web site are NOT responsible for personal results or experience with provided content, recipes or all other articles or content of ads and non-working links to this or other websites. ", "By accessing this site, you agree to have read and accept our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "GW170104\n\nGW170104 was a gravitational wave signal detected by the LIGO observatory on 4 January 2017. ", "On 1 June 2017, the LIGO and Virgo collaborations announced that they had reliably verified the signal, making it the third such signal announced, after GW150914 and GW151226, and fourth overall.", "\n\nEvent detection\nThe signal was detected by LIGO at 10∶11:58.6 UTC, with the Hanford detector picking it up 3 milliseconds before the Livingston detector. ", "Automated analyses did not initially identify this event as information about the state of the Hanford detector was not being correctly recorded. ", "The event was found by a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics by visual inspection of triggers from the Livingston detector. ", "The gravitational wave frequency at peak GW strain was 160 to 199 Hz.", "\n\nAstrophysical origin\nAnalysis indicated the signal resulted from the inspiral and merger of a pair of black holes (BBH) with and times the mass of the Sun, at a distance of ( billion light years) from Earth. ", "The resulting black hole had a mass of solar masses, two solar masses having been radiated away as gravitational energy. ", "The peak luminosity of GW170104 was .", "\n\nImplication for binary black hole formation\nThe spin axes of the black holes were likely misaligned with the axis of the binary orbit. ", "The probability that both spin axes were positively aligned with the orbit is less than 5%. ", "This configuration suggests that the binary black hole system was formed dynamically in a dense star cluster such as a globular cluster, i.e., as a result of gravitational interaction between stars and binary stars, in which case randomly aligned spin axes are expected. ", "The competing scenario, that the system was formed out of a binary star system consisting of two normal (main sequence) stars, is not ruled out but is disfavored as black holes formed in such a binary are more likely to have positively aligned spins.", "\n\nGraviton mass upper limit\nThe analysis of GW170104 yielded a new upper bound on the mass of gravitons, if gravitons are massive at all. ", "The graviton's Compton wavelength is at least , or about 1.6 light-years, corresponding to a graviton mass of no more than . ", "This Compton wavelength is about times greater than the gravitational wavelength of the GW170104 event.", "\n\nSee also\nGravitational-wave astronomy\nList of gravitational wave observations\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Binary stars\nCategory:Gravitational waves\nCategory:January 2017 events\nCategory:Stellar black holes\nCategory:2017 in science\nCategory:2017 in space" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.019417475728155338, 0.005128205128205128, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0.013071895424836602, 0.014492753623188406, 0.004694835680751174, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0.024, 0.009615384615384616, 0 ]

[ "Following 18O uptake in scCO2-H2O mixtures with Raman spectroscopy.", "\nThe uptake of (18)O by scC(16)O(2) in mixtures containing liquid H(2)(18)O was followed with Raman spectroscopy using a specially designed high-pressure optical cell. ", "Characteristic bands from the C(16)O(18)O and C(18)O(2) molecules were identified in the supercritical phase and measured in the spectra as a function of time after introducing the liquid H(2)(18)O into the scC(16)O(2). ", "Temporal dependence indicated the process was diffusion-limited in our cell for both C(16)O(18)O and C(18)O(2). ", "The ratio of concentrations of the (18)O-labeled CO(2) molecules, C(18)O(2)/C(16)O(18)O, was much higher than a random distribution of the isotopes for the system expected at equilibrium. ", "The results are consistent with previous studies showing both rapid kinetics for oxygen exchange in aqueous solutions and the role of CO(2) transport at liquid water interfaces. ", "More importantly, they demonstrate the potential for using Raman spectroscopy with (18)O isotopic labeling in scCO(2) reaction studies with the recently determined frequency and intensity characteristics of the Fermi dyad peaks from (18)O-containing CO(2) molecules." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.014925373134328358, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0.0037593984962406013 ]

[ "Use of Ablation Index-Guided Ablation Results in High Rates of Durable Pulmonary Vein Isolation and Freedom From Arrhythmia in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Patients.", "\nBackground Catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with less favorable outcomes than for paroxysmal AF. ", "Substrate modification is often added to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) to try to improve success rates. ", "Recent studies have shown improved clinical outcomes with use of regional ablation index (AI) targets for PVI. ", "We hypothesized that prospective use of AI-guided PVI in persistent AF patients would result in a low rate of PV reconnection at repeat electrophysiology study and that a high success rate can be achieved with durable PVI alone. ", "Methods Forty consecutive patients with persistent AF underwent AI-guided PVI with target values of 550 for anterior and 400 for posterior left atrial regions, followed by a protocol-mandated repeat procedure after 2 months. ", "Patients were monitored for atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence via daily plus symptom-initiated ECG recordings for 12 months. ", "Recurrence was defined as ≥30 seconds of any atrial tachyarrhythmia after a 3-month blanking period. ", "Results PV reconnection was seen at repeat electrophysiology study in 22% of patients, affecting 7% of PVs. ", "Ablation on the intervenous carina was required in 44% patients to achieve durable PVI. ", "Atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence was documented in 8 (20%) patients, only one of whom had PV reconnection at repeat study. ", "At 12 months, 38/40 (95%) patients were in sinus rhythm, with 4 (10%) patients having started antiarrhythmic drugs. ", "Higher body mass index and excess alcohol consumption were the only significant factors associated with atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence. ", "Conclusions Use of AI targets results in a high level of durable PVI. ", "A good clinical outcome can be achieved in the great majority of persistent AF patients with AI-guided PVI alone. ", "Clinical Trial Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . ", "Unique identifier: NCT02628730." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.005988023952095809, 0.014598540145985401, 0, 0.018018018018018018, 0.008733624454148471, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.008, 0, 0, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0.015151515151515152, 0 ]

[ "Ypres\n\nYpres ( ; ; ) is a Belgian municipality in the province of West Flanders. ", "Though the Dutch is the official name, the city's French name Ypres is most commonly used in English. ", "The municipality comprises the city of Ypres and the villages of Boezinge, Brielen, Dikkebus, Elverdinge, Hollebeke, Sint-Jan, Vlamertinge, Voormezele, Zillebeke, and Zuidschote. ", "Together, they are home to about 34,900 inhabitants.", "\n\nDuring the First World War, Ypres (or \"Wipers\" as it was commonly known by the British troops) was the centre of the Battles of Ypres between German and Allied forces.", "\n\nHistory\n\nOrigins to First World War\n\nYpres is an ancient town, known to have been raided by the Romans in the first century BC. ", "It is first mentioned by name in 1066 and is probably named after the river Ieperlee on the banks of which it was founded.", "\n\nDuring the Middle Ages, Ypres was a prosperous Flemish city with a population of 40,000 in 1200 AD, renowned for its linen trade with England, which was mentioned in the Canterbury Tales.", "\n\nAs the third largest city in the County of Flanders (after Ghent and Bruges) Ypres played an important role in the history of the textile industry. ", "Textiles from Ypres could be found in the markets of Novgorod in Kievan Rus' in the early 12th century. ", "In 1241, a major fire ruined much of the old city. ", "The powerful city was involved in important treaties and battles, including the Battle of the Golden Spurs, the Battle at Mons-en-Pévèle, the Peace of Melun, and the Battle of Cassel.", "\n\nThe famous Cloth Hall was built in the 13th century. ", "Also during this time cats, then the symbol of the devil and witchcraft, were thrown off Cloth Hall, possibly because of the belief that this would get rid of evil demons. ", "Today, this act is commemorated with a triennial Cat Parade through town.", "\n\nDuring the Norwich Crusade, led by the English bishop Henry le Despenser, Ypres was besieged from May to August 1383, until French relief forces arrived. ", "After the destruction of Thérouanne, Ypres became the seat of the new Diocese of Ypres in 1561, and Saint Martin's Church was elevated to cathedral.", "\n\nOn 25 March 1678 Ypres was conquered by the forces of Louis XIV of France. ", "It remained French under the Treaty of Nijmegen, and Vauban constructed his typical fortifications that can still be seen today. ", "In 1697, after the Treaty of Ryswick, Ypres was returned to the Spanish Crown.", "\n\nDuring the War of the Spanish Succession, the Duke of Marlborough in 1709 intended to capture Ypres, at the time a major French fortress, but changed his mind owing to the long time and effort it had taken him to capture Tournai and apprehension of disease spreading in his army in the poorly drained land around Ypres (see Battle of Malplaquet). ", "In 1713 it was handed over to the Habsburgs, and became part of the Austrian Netherlands.", "\n\nIn 1782 the Habsburg Emperor Joseph II ordered parts of the walls torn down. ", "This destruction, which was only partly repaired, made it easier for the French to capture the city in the 1794 Siege of Ypres during the War of the First Coalition.", "\n\nIn 1850 the Ypresian Age of the Eocene Epoch was named on the basis of geology in the region by Belgian geologist André Hubert Dumont.", "\n\nYpres had long been fortified to keep out invaders. ", "Parts of the early ramparts, dating from 1385, still survive near the Rijselpoort (Lille Gate). ", "Over time, the earthworks were replaced by sturdier masonry and earth structures and a partial moat. ", "Ypres was further fortified in the 17th and 18th centuries while under the occupation of the Habsburgs and the French. ", "Major works were completed at the end of the 17th century by the French military engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban.", "\n\nFirst World War\n\nYpres occupied a strategic position during the First World War because it stood in the path of Germany's planned sweep across the rest of Belgium and into France from the north (the Schlieffen Plan). ", "The neutrality of Belgium, established by the First Treaty of London,\nwas guaranteed by Britain; Germany's invasion of Belgium brought the British Empire into the war. ", "The German army surrounded the city on three sides, bombarding it throughout much of the war. ", "To counterattack, British, French, and allied forces made costly advances from the Ypres Salient into the German lines on the surrounding hills.", "\n\nIn the First Battle of Ypres (19 October to 22 November 1914), the Allies captured the town from the Germans. ", "The Germans had used tear gas at the Battle of Bolimov on 3 January 1915. ", "Their use of poison gas for the first time on 22 April 1915 marked the beginning of the Second Battle of Ypres, which continued until 25 May 1915. ", "They captured high ground east of the town. ", "The first gas attack occurred against Canadian, British, and French soldiers, including both metropolitan French soldiers as well as Senegalese and Algerian tirailleurs (light infantry) from French Africa. ", "The gas used was chlorine. ", "Mustard gas, also called Yperite from the name of this town, was also used for the first time near Ypres, in the autumn of 1917.", "\n\nOf the battles, the largest, best-known, and most costly in human suffering was the Third Battle of Ypres (31 July to 6 November 1917, also known as the Battle of Passchendaele), in which the British, Canadian, ANZAC, and French forces recaptured the Passchendaele Ridge east of the city at a terrible cost of lives. ", "After months of fighting, this battle resulted in nearly half a million casualties to all sides, and only a few miles of ground won by Allied forces. ", "During the course of the war the town was all but obliterated by the artillery fire.", "\n\nEnglish-speaking soldiers in that war often referred to Ieper/Ypres by the deliberate mispronunciation \"Wipers\". ", "British soldiers even published a wartime newspaper called The Wipers Times. ", "The same style of deliberate mispronunciation was applied to other Flemish place names in the Ypres area for the benefit of British troops, such as Wytschaete becoming \"White Sheet\" and Ploegsteert becoming \"Plug Street\".", "\n\nYpres was one of the sites that hosted an unofficial Christmas Truce in 1914 between German and British soldiers.", "\n\nDuring World War Two, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) would fight the Germans in a delaying action at the Ypres-Comines Canal, one of the actions that allowed the Allied retreat to Dunkirk. ", "Adolf Hitler fought at Ypres in the First World War and later visited the town during the Battle of France.", "\n\nWar memory and memorial\nOn 12 February 1920 King George V awarded the Military Cross to the City of Ypres, one of only two awards of this decoration to a municipality during World War I, the other being to Verdun. ", "In May 1920 Field Marshal French presented the Cross in a special ceremony in the city, and in 1925 it was added to the City's coat of arms, along with the French Croix de Guerre.", "\n\nHistorian Mark Connelly states that in the 1920s, British veterans set up the Ypres League and made the city the symbol of all that they believed Britain was fighting for and gave it a holy aura in their minds. ", "The Ypres League sought to transform the horrors of trench warfare into a spiritual quest in which British and imperial troops were purified by their sacrifice. ", "In 1920 Lieutenant-Colonel Beckles Willson's guide book, The Holy Ground of British Arms captured the mood of the Ypres League:\nThere is not a single half-acre in Ypres that is not sacred. ", "There is not a single stone which has not sheltered scores of loyal young hearts, whose one impulse and desire was to fight and, if need be, to die for England. ", "Their blood has drenched its cloisters and its cellars, but if never a drop had been spilt, if never a life had been lost in defence of Ypres still would Ypres have been hallowed, if only for the hopes and the courage it has inspired and the scenes of valour and sacrifice it has witnessed.", "\n\nYpres became a pilgrimage destination for Britons to imagine and share the sufferings of their men and gain a spiritual benefit.", "\n\nIn the 100th anniversary period more attempts are being made to preserve the First World War heritage in and around Ypres.", "\n\nYpres today\n\nAfter the war the town was extensively rebuilt using money paid by Germany in reparations, with the main square, including the Cloth Hall and town hall, being rebuilt as close to the original designs as possible (the rest of the rebuilt town is more modern in appearance). ", "The Cloth Hall today is home to In Flanders Fields Museum, dedicated to Ypres's role in the First World War and named for the poem by John McCrae.", "\n\nToday, Ypres is a small city in the very western part of Belgium, the so-called Westhoek. ", "Ypres these days has the title of \"city of peace\" and maintains a close friendship with another town on which war had a profound impact: Hiroshima. ", "Both towns witnessed warfare at its worst: Ypres was one of the first places where chemical warfare was employed, while Hiroshima suffered the debut of nuclear warfare. ", "The city governments of Ypres and Hiroshima advocate that cities should never be targets again and campaign for the abolition of nuclear weapons. ", "Ypres hosts the international campaign secretariat of Mayors for Peace, an international Mayoral organization mobilizing cities and citizens worldwide to abolish and eliminate nuclear weapons by the year 2020.", "\n\nSights\n\nTown centre\n\nThe imposing Cloth Hall was built in the 13th century and was one of the largest commercial buildings of the Middle Ages. ", "The structure which stands today is the exact copy of the original medieval building, rebuilt after the war. ", "The belfry that surmounts the hall houses a 49-bell carillon. ", "The whole complex was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999.", "\n\nThe Gothic-style Saint Martin's Cathedral, built in 1221, was also completely reconstructed after the war, but now with a higher spire. ", "It houses the tombs of Jansenius, bishop of Ypres and father of the religious movement known as Jansenism, and of Robert of Bethune, nicknamed \"The Lion of Flanders\", who was Count of Nevers (1273–1322) and Count of Flanders (1305–1322).", "\n\nMenin Gate\n\nThe Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing commemorates those soldiers of the British Commonwealth – with the exception of Newfoundland and New Zealand – who fell in the Ypres Salient during the First World War before 16 August 1917 and who have no known grave. ", "United Kingdom and New Zealand servicemen who died after that date are named on the memorial at Tyne Cot, a site which marks the furthest point reached by Commonwealth forces in Belgium until nearly the end of the war. ", "Other New Zealand casualties are commemorated on memorials at Buttes New British Cemetery and Messines Ridge British Cemetery. ", "The Menin Gate records only soldiers for whom there is no known grave. ", "As graves are identified, the names of those buried in them are removed from the Gate.", "\n\nThe memorial, designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield with sculpture by Sir William Reid Dick, was unveiled by Lord Plumer on 24 July 1927. ", "It was built and is maintained by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission.", "\n\nThe memorial's location is especially poignant, as it lies on the eastward route from the town, which Entente soldiers would have taken towards the fighting – many never to return. ", "Every evening since 1928 (except for a period during the Second World War when Ypres was occupied by Germany), at precisely eight o'clock, traffic around the imposing arches of the Menin Gate Memorial has been stopped while the \"Last Post\" is sounded beneath the gate by the local fire brigade in honour of the memory of British Empire soldiers who fought and died there. ", "\n\nThe ceremony was prohibited by occupying German forces during the Second World War, but it was resumed on the very evening of liberation – 6 September 1944 – notwithstanding the heavy fighting that still went on in other parts of the town. ", "The Last Post ceremony was hosted during the German occupation of Belgium in WWII, at Brookwood Military Cemetery in England. ", "The lions that marked the original gate were given to Australia by the people of Belgium and can be found at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. ", "\n\n\"Who will remember, passing through this Gate,\nThe unheroic Dead who fed the guns?\"", "\n\n-- Siegfried Sassoon, On Passing the Menin Gate\n\nWar graves\nWar graves, both of the Allied side and the Central Powers, cover the landscape around Ypres. ", "The largest number of dead are at Langemark German war cemetery and Tyne Cot Commonwealth war cemetery. ", "The countryside around Ypres is featured in the famous poem by John McCrae, In Flanders Fields.", "\n\nSaint George's Memorial Church commemorates the British and Commonwealth soldiers who died in the five battles fought for Ypres during First World War.", "\n\nEvents\n\nThe Cat Parade (\"Kattenstoet\") takes place every three years on the second Sunday of May. It involves the throwing of stuffed toy cats from the belfry and a colourful parade of cats and witches. ", "The latest Cat Parade took place on 13 May 2018.", "\nYpres is also the home of the Belgium Ypres Westhoek Rally since its creation in 1965. ", "It is organized by the Auto Club Targa Florio. ", "Some of the drivers to have taken part are among the best-known names in rallying, such as Juha Kankkunen, Bruno Thiry, Henri Toivonen, Colin McRae, Jimmy McRae, Marc Duez, François Duval, Craig Breen and Freddy Loix among others.", "\nYpres holds an annual canoe polo tournament in which teams come from all over Europe to play.", "\nOn 9 July 2014, the 101st Tour de France started stage 5 in Ypres.", "\nDuring the last weekend of August each year, Ypres hosts the Ieperfest, one of the biggest European festivals in the hardcore punk subculture.", "\n\nEconomy\nThough Ypres is an historic city, and generates significant income from tourism, it also has a number of industrial areas. ", "The biggest one is along the Ieperlee canal, which hosts room for around 120 companies and a wind farm in the north of Ypres.", "\n\nThe office area known as Ieper Business Park is connected to the industrial area. ", "That office area started as the site of speech recognition company Lernout & Hauspie, and was named \"Flanders Language Valley\" (mimicking Silicon Valley), until the company went bankrupt. ", "Since then, the office area had many difficult years, where a big share of the offices were unused. ", "However, those years are mostly over, and currently, the area offers about 1000 employees a job.", "\n\nThen there are also various other, smaller industrial areas like the area around Picanol in the south of Ypres.", "\n\nTransport\nIeper railway station run by NMBS has frequent trains to Kortrijk.", "\n\nIt can also be accessed from Brussels, linking to Eurostar, and takes about 75 minutes with two stops.", "\n\nNotable people\nWilliam of Ypres, a commander of Flemish mercenaries in England who was reckoned among the more able of the military commanders fighting for King Stephen of England in his 19-year civil war with the Empress Matilda.", "\nJacob Clemens non Papa (ca. ", "1510–1556), Renaissance composer\nGeorg Robin (1522-1595), architect\nCornelius Jansen (1585–1638), bishop of Ypres and father of the Jansenism movement\nJules Malou (1810–1886), politician, Prime Minister of Belgium from 1871 to 1878 and in 1884\n (1812–1884), politician, minister\n (1855–1901) Minister of Industry and Labour, Lawyer, University Professor,\nJulien Nyssens (1859–1910) engineer, builder of Zeebrugge harbour.", "\nAlbert Devèze (1881–1959), politician, minister\nEdward Phillips (1883–1915), cricketer\n (1895–1954), university professor\nSimona Noorenbergh (b. 1907 – Fane 1990), nun, social worker, co-founder of Fane, Papua New Guinea\nJohn French, 1st Earl of Ypres\nAntoon Verschoot (1925-2017), from 1954 to 2015 chief bugler at the Menin Gate for the daily Last Post ceremony.", "\nWalter Fiers (b. Ypres, 1931), molecular biologist\nMarc Vervenne (1949– ), emeritus dean Leuven university\n Jo Lernout and Pol Hauspie, founders of the speech technology company Lernout & Hauspie\nHenk Lauwers (b. 1956), classical baritone singer\nCatherine Verfaillie (b. Ypres, 1957), MD and stem cell pioneer\nNicholas Lens (b. 1957), opera composer\nEdouard Vermeulen (b. 1957), fashion designer\nRenaat Landuyt (b. 1959), politician, Belgian minister\nErik Vermeulen (b. 1959), jazz pianist\nYves Leterme (b. 1960), politician, former prime minister of Belgium\nIsaac Delahaye (b. 1982), lead guitarist of Epica\n\nTwin cities\n\n: Semey (since 2012)\n: Hiroshima\n: Sittingbourne, Kent (since 1964)\n: Siegen, Westphalia (since 1967)\n: Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais (since 1969)\n Ghana: Wa, Upper West Region\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links \n\nAssociation for World War Archaeology; information about World War I excavations near Ypres\nIn Flanders Fields Museum\nLast Post Association\nPilgrimage to Ypres and Sanctuary Wood\nThe Second Battle of Ypres in Oral Histories of the First World War: Veterans 1914–1918 at Library and Archives Canada\nMayors For Peace International Secretariat Ypres\nWebpage about the fortifications\nCoat of arms of Ieper (Ypres)\n – Information available in Dutch and limited information available in English\n Ypres Travel Guide - A comprehensive English language guide to Ypres (Ieper); includes history, sightseeing and Belgian beer culture.", "\n\n \nCategory:Municipalities of West Flanders\nCategory:Populated places in West Flanders\nCategory:Populated places in Belgium\nCategory:World War I memorials in Belgium\nCategory:Recipients of the Military Cross" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.03910614525139665, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.01092896174863388, 0.01818181818181818, 0.005813953488372093, 0.0136986301369863, 0.01282051282051282, 0.013513513513513514, 0.012987012987012988, 0.007751937984496124, 0.02564102564102564, 0.0057306590257879654, 0.011235955056179775, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0078125, 0.003134796238244514, 0.006666666666666667, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0.012987012987012988, 0.004524886877828055, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.018691588785046728, 0.009259259259259259, 0.0111731843575419, 0.009389671361502348, 0.006211180124223602, 0.010582010582010581, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.003472222222222222, 0.0273972602739726, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0.007246376811594203, 0.012658227848101266, 0.007352941176470588, 0.0045662100456621, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0, 0.014598540145985401, 0, 0, 0.005376344086021506, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0.019230769230769232, 0.019230769230769232, 0.021052631578947368, 0.0196078431372549, 0.004878048780487805, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.0391304347826087, 0, 0.029850746268656716, 0.013986013986013986, 0.007518796992481203, 0.008, 0.011904761904761904, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.02564102564102564, 0.009615384615384616, 0.01293103448275862, 0.034482758620689655, 0.019002375296912115, 0.019178082191780823, 0.013831258644536652, 0 ]

[ "---\nDescription: The SPFILENOTIFY\\_FILEINCABINET notification is sent to a callback routine by SetupIterateCabinet for each file found in the cabinet. ", "The callback routine must return a value indicating whether to extract the file.", "\nms.assetid: c6d89759-c0d4-4741-b992-43eaa0dc4f01\ntitle: SPFILENOTIFY_FILEINCABINET message (Setupapi.h)\nms.topic: reference\nms.date: 05/31/2018\n---\n\n# SPFILENOTIFY\\_FILEINCABINET message\n\nThe **SPFILENOTIFY\\_FILEINCABINET** notification is sent to a callback routine by [**SetupIterateCabinet**](/windows/desktop/api/Setupapi/nf-setupapi-setupiteratecabineta) for each file found in the cabinet. ", "The callback routine must return a value indicating whether to extract the file.", "\n\n\n```C++\nSPFILENOTIFY_FILEINCABINET\n Param1 = (UINT) FileInCabinetInfo;\n Param2 = (UINT) CabinetFile;\n \n```\n\n\n\n## Parameters\n\n<dl> <dt>\n\n*Param1* \n</dt> <dd>\n\nPointer to a [**FILE\\_IN\\_CABINET\\_INFO**](/windows/desktop/api/Setupapi/ns-setupapi-file_in_cabinet_info_a) structure that contains information about the file in the cabinet.", "\n\n</dd> <dt>\n\n*Param2* \n</dt> <dd>\n\nPointer to a null-terminated string that contains the filename of the cabinet file.", "\n\n</dd> </dl>\n\n## Return value\n\nYour callback routine should return one of the following.", "\n\n\n\n| Return code | Description |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|\n| <dl> <dt>**FILEOP\\_SKIP**</dt> </dl> | Do not extract the file, skip it.<br/> |\n| <dl> <dt>**FILEOP\\_DOIT**</dt> </dl> | Extract the file.<br/> |\n\n\n\n \n\nIf your callback routine returns FILEOP\\_DOIT, the name to use for the extracted file should be specified in the **FullTargetName** member of the [**FILE\\_IN\\_CABINET\\_INFO**](/windows/desktop/api/Setupapi/ns-setupapi-file_in_cabinet_info_a) structure passed to the routine in *Param1*.", "\n\n> [!", "Note] \n> There is no default cabinet callback routine. ", "The setup application should supply a callback routine to handle the notifications sent by [**SetupIterateCabinet**](/windows/desktop/api/Setupapi/nf-setupapi-setupiteratecabineta).", "\n\n \n\n## Requirements\n\n\n\n| | |\n|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Minimum supported client<br/> | Windows XP \\[desktop apps only\\]<br/> |\n| Minimum supported server<br/> | Windows Server 2003 \\[desktop apps only\\]<br/> |\n| Header<br/> | <dl> <dt>Setupapi.h</dt> </dl> |\n\n\n\n## See also\n\n<dl> <dt>\n\n[Overview](overview.md)\n</dt> <dt>\n\n[Notifications](notifications.md)\n</dt> <dt>\n\n[**FILE\\_IN\\_CABINET\\_INFO**](/windows/desktop/api/Setupapi/ns-setupapi-file_in_cabinet_info_a)\n</dt> <dt>\n\n[**SetupIterateCabinet**](/windows/desktop/api/Setupapi/nf-setupapi-setupiteratecabineta)\n</dt> </dl>\n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005747126436781609, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0022026431718061676 ]

[ "/* Copyright (c) [2014 Baidu]. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n\n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n *\n * File Name : \n * Author : \n * Version : $Revision:$\n * Date : $Date:$\n * Description : \n * \n * HISTORY:\n * Date | Modification | Author\n * 28/03/2014 | Initial Revision | \n \n */\n#ifndef HAL_ACC_H\n#define HAL_ACC_H\n\n#include \"bd_lis3dh_driver.h\"\n#define LIS3DH_ODR_FREQ LIS3DH_ODR_100Hz\n#define ACC_UNIT 0.031\n#define TAP_TIME_UNIT\n#define TAP_TIME_LIMIT 3\n#define TAP_LATENCY 14\n#define TAP_WINDOW 30\n#define TAP_THRESHOLD 1.5/ACC_UNIT\n\nvoid hal_acc_init(void);\nvoid hal_acc_PowerDown(void);\nvoid hal_acc_enable(void);\nbool hal_acc_ConfigClick(LIS3DH_ODR_t Freq, LIS3DH_Fullscale_t FullScale);\nvoid hal_acc_GetFifoData(uint8_t * val);\nvoid hal_acc_config_wake_int(bool enable);\nvoid hal_acc_config_Dtap(bool enable);\nvoid hal_acc_reset(void);\n/*lint --flb \"Leave library region\" */\n#endif\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0.014814814814814815, 0.00974025974025974, 0.009523809523809525, 0.012435233160621761 ]

[ "Back in January of 2010, we published a post that the legal industry could be in for a technology disruption on the scale of newspapers. ", "The signs abound that a disruption is now underway.", "\nI recently ran acrossthis chart in The Business Insider from famed internet analyst Henry Blodgett that provides vivid detail as to exactly the degree to which traditional newspapers have been dislocated:\n\nThe legal industry has already experienced a lot of turmoil in recent years, as a number of law firms, including some former heavyweights, have dissolved. ", "Even worse, the economic model at many law firms remains under intense pressure. ", "The Wall Street Journal notes that a few of the largest law firms in New York have seen profits grow, but for everyone else, the “outlook is grim.” ", "They note that firms that have any money are not investing in new business, but are socking it away in the hopes that a cash reserve will help them survive. ", "Most distressingly, legal industry consultant Kent Zimmerman noted, “law firm expenses are growing faster than revenues during the first half of the year.”", "\nThat’s just not sustainable. ", "The journalism industry was actually enjoying record profits and extraordinary growth in the years leading up to the ongoing collapse. ", "But they never adapted to rising costs and the disruption of their business model from the Internet. ", "As noted in the Business Insider article above, the newspaper industry’s peak year was the same year blogging software first appeared. ", "Since then, smaller, more nimble, Internet startups like the Huffington Post have enjoyed explosive growth while traditional players like the Chicago Tribune have had to seek bankruptcy protection.", "\nSo the question is, have we already passed the peak law firm revenues? ", "Is it possible that law firms can go through the same type of structural decline in the demand for their services and survive? ", "The traditional law firm partnership model is under pressure from many directions. ", "It’s not hard to imagine Big Law giants might one day be replaced by lean, hungry startup law firms, staffed with refugees from large law firms- much like newspaper veterans who moved to the Internet to start digital dynamos like Politico.", "\nThe most important question now is what growth drivers might be on the horizon for the traditional legal services. ", "Are there reasons to believe the legal industry is not going to endure the same kind of upheaval?" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.0027624309392265192, 0, 0.006756756756756757, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0.01015228426395939, 0, 0, 0, 0.0041841004184100415, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nApp crashes when switching from main activity to a new activiy\n\nMy app crashes when I use use a menu button to switch to a new page and call a new Activity. ", "I have followed the tutorial from the android developer site which shows how to link button clicks to a new activity but when I click a button object the app crashes without changing to the new activity.", "\nI have six different activities linking from the main activity.", "\nMy log cat is as follows:\n03-05 20:12:10.185: W/ActivityManager(288): Activity pause timeout for ActivityRecord{40d31ab0 u0 com.example.g00290342bvarley/.MainActivity}\n03-05 20:12:10.394: E/SurfaceFlinger(36): ro.sf.lcd_density must be defined as a build property\n03-05 20:12:10.954: E/SurfaceFlinger(36): ro.sf.lcd_density must be defined as a build property\n03-05 20:12:11.065: W/EGL_emulation(863): eglSurfaceAttrib not implemented\n03-05 20:12:11.474: I/QSB.SuggestionsProviderImpl(863): chars:0,corpora:[web, apps, com.android.contacts/.activities.PeopleActivity]\n03-05 20:12:11.604: E/SurfaceFlinger(36): ro.sf.lcd_density must be defined as a build property\n03-05 20:12:11.744: W/EGL_emulation(449): eglSurfaceAttrib not implemented\n03-05 20:12:12.815: I/Choreographer(288): Skipped 32 frames! ", " The application may be doing too much work on its main thread.", "\n03-05 20:12:13.114: D/dalvikvm(863): GC_CONCURRENT freed 398K, 13% free 3825K/4348K, paused 11ms+154ms, total 867ms\n03-05 20:12:15.115: I/Process(1467): Sending signal. ", "PID: 1467 SIG: 9\n03-05 20:12:15.285: I/WindowState(288): WIN DEATH: Window{40dbdb70 u0 com.example.g00290342bvarley/com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "MainActivity}\n03-05 20:12:15.297: I/ActivityManager(288): Process com.example.g00290342bvarley (pid 1467) has died.", "\n03-05 20:12:15.455: W/InputMethodManagerService(288): Got RemoteException sending setActive(false) notification to pid 1467 uid 10048\n03-05 20:12:36.119: D/ExchangeService(688): Received deviceId from Email app: null\n03-05 20:12:36.119: D/ExchangeService(688): !!! ", "deviceId unknown; stopping self and retrying\n03-05 20:12:41.254: D/ExchangeService(688): !!! ", "EAS ExchangeService, onCreate\n03-05 20:12:41.264: D/ExchangeService(688): !!! ", "EAS ExchangeService, onStartCommand, startingUp = false, running = false\n03-05 20:12:41.284: W/ActivityManager(288): Unable to start service Intent { act=com.android.email.", "ACCOUNT_INTENT } U=0: not found\n03-05 20:12:41.294: D/ExchangeService(688): !!! ", "Email application not found; stopping self\n03-05 20:12:41.304: D/ExchangeService(688): !!! ", "EAS ExchangeService, onStartCommand, startingUp = true, running = false\n03-05 20:12:41.334: W/ActivityManager(288): Unable to start service Intent { act=com.android.email.", "ACCOUNT_INTENT } U=0: not found\n03-05 20:12:41.354: E/ActivityThread(688): Service com.android.exchange.", "ExchangeService has leaked ServiceConnection com.android.emailcommon.service.", "ServiceProxy$ProxyConnection@40d06b20 that was originally bound here\n\nMainActivity where button methods located:\nimport android.app.", "Activity;\nimport android.content.", "Intent;\nimport android.os.", "Bundle;\nimport android.view.", "Menu;\nimport android.view.", "View;\nimport android.widget.", "EditText;\n\npublic class MainActivity extends Activity {\n\n @Override\n protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);\n }\n\n @Override\n public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {\n // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.", "\n getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);\n return true;\n }\n\n //methods for button clicks\n\n public void aboutMeth(View view) {\n // Do something in response to button\n Intent intent = new Intent(this, AboutGmit.class);\n EditText editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.about);\n startActivity(intent);\n\n }\n\n public void mapMeth(View view) {\n // Do something in response to button\n Intent intent = new Intent(this, MapGmit.class);\n EditText editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.map);\n startActivity(intent);\n }\n\n public void courseMeth(View view) {\n // Do something in response to button\n Intent intent = new Intent(this, CourseInfo.class);\n EditText editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.courseInfo);\n startActivity(intent);\n }\n\n public void lifeMeth(View view) {\n // Do something in response to button\n Intent intent = new Intent(this, StudentLife.class);\n EditText editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.studLife);\n startActivity(intent);\n }\n\n public void portalMeth(View view) {\n // Do something in response to button\n Intent intent = new Intent(this, StudentPortal.class);\n EditText editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.studPortal);\n startActivity(intent);\n }\n\n public void contactMeth(View view) {\n // Do something in response to button\n Intent intent = new Intent(this, ContactInfo.class);\n EditText editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.contact);\n startActivity(intent);\n }\n\n}\n\nThe new activity called ContactInfo.java\nimport android.os.", "Bundle;\nimport android.app.", "Activity;\nimport android.view.", "Menu;\n\npublic class ContactInfo extends Activity {\n\n @Override\n protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.activity_contact_info);\n }\n\n @Override\n public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {\n // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.", "\n getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.contact_info, menu);\n return true;\n }\n\n}\n\nThe manifest file where I have added the activity element.", "\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?", ">\n<manifest xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n package=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley\"\n android:versionCode=\"1\"\n android:versionName=\"1.0\" >\n\n <uses-sdk\n android:minSdkVersion=\"8\"\n android:targetSdkVersion=\"17\" />\n\n <application\n android:allowBackup=\"true\"\n android:icon=\"@drawable/ic_launcher\"\n android:label=\"@string/app_name\"\n android:theme=\"@style/AppTheme\" >\n <activity\n android:name=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "MainActivity\"\n android:label=\"@string/app_name\" >\n <intent-filter>\n <action android:name=\"android.intent.action.", "MAIN\" />\n\n <category android:name=\"android.intent.category.", "LAUNCHER\" />\n </intent-filter>\n </activity>\n <activity\n android:name=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "AboutGmit\"\n android:label=\"@string/title_activity_about_gmit\" \n android:parentActivityName=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "MainActivity\"\n >\n </activity>\n <activity\n android:name=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "MapGmit\"\n android:label=\"@string/title_activity_map_gmit\"\n android:parentActivityName=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "MainActivity\"\n >\n </activity>\n <activity\n android:name=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "CourseInfo\"\n android:label=\"@string/title_activity_course_info\" \n android:parentActivityName=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "MainActivity\"\n >\n </activity>\n <activity\n android:name=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "StudentLife\"\n android:label=\"@string/title_activity_student_life\" \n android:parentActivityName=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "MainActivity\"\n >\n </activity>\n <activity\n android:name=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "StudentPortal\"\n android:label=\"@string/title_activity_student_portal\" \n android:parentActivityName=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "MainActivity\"\n >\n <meta-data\n android:name=\"android.support.", "PARENT_ACTIVITY\"\n android:value=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "MainActivity\" />\n </activity>\n <activity\n android:name=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "ContactInfo\"\n android:label=\"@string/title_activity_contact_info\" \n android:parentActivityName=\"com.example.g00290342bvarley.", "MainActivity\"\n >\n </activity>\n </application>\n\n</manifest>\n\nButton layout in activity_main.xml\n<LinearLayout xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n xmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\"\n android:id=\"@+id/LinearLayout2\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:orientation=\"vertical\"\n android:paddingBottom=\"@dimen/activity_vertical_margin\"\n android:paddingLeft=\"@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin\"\n android:paddingRight=\"@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin\"\n android:paddingTop=\"@dimen/activity_vertical_margin\"\n tools:context=\".", "MainActivity\" >\n\n <Button\n android:id=\"@+id/about\"\n style=\"?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:onClick=\"aboutMeth\"\n android:hint=\"Details about GMIT\"\n android:text=\"@string/about\" />\n\n <Button\n android:id=\"@+id/map\"\n style=\"?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall\"\n android:layout_width=\"95dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:onClick=\"mapMeth\"\n android:hint=\"Location of GMIT on google maps\"\n android:text=\"@string/map\" />\n\n <Button\n android:id=\"@+id/courseInfo\"\n style=\"?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:onClick=\"courseMeth\"\n android:hint=\"Info about courses offered by GMIT\"\n android:text=\"@string/courseInfo\" />\n\n <Button\n android:id=\"@+id/studLife\"\n style=\"?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall\"\n android:layout_width=\"98dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:hint=\"Gallery\"\n android:onClick=\"lifeMeth\"\n android:text=\"@string/studLife\" />\n\n <Button\n android:id=\"@+id/studPortal\"\n style=\"?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall\"\n android:layout_width=\"93dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:onClick=\"portalMeth\"\n android:hint=\"The Student Portal!\"", "\n android:text=\"@string/studPortal\" />\n\n <Button\n android:id=\"@+id/contact\"\n style=\"?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:onClick=\"contactMeth\"\n android:hint=\"GMIT contact info\"\n android:text=\"@string/contact\" />\n\n</LinearLayout>\n\nA:\n\nI might be missing something but I give a try .", "\nIn each of your onClick methods you 're trying to get an editText.", "\nEditText editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.contact);\n\nBut there is no editText declared in your layout, so it turns into NullPointerException.", "\nTry to remove this line .", "\nHope it ll help \n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.0049261083743842365, 0, 0.006242197253433208, 0, 0.023529411764705882, 0.013793103448275862, 0.008695652173913044, 0.0037593984962406013, 0, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0.025974025974025976, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0.010723860589812333, 0.004161712247324614, 0, 0, 0.007978723404255319, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0.013513513513513514, 0.013422818791946308, 0.04054054054054054, 0.007407407407407408, 0.020833333333333332, 0.008264462809917356, 0.014388489208633094, 0.008264462809917356, 0.02054794520547945, 0.008264462809917356, 0.013513513513513514, 0.008264462809917356, 0.013245033112582781, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0.02027027027027027, 0.012307692307692308, 0.01805728518057285, 0.018018018018018018, 0.014925373134328358, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0 ]

[ "This week I visited the Blender Institute and decided to wrap up the multiview project. ", "But since I had an Oculus DK2 with me I decided to patch multiview to support Virtual Reality gadgets. ", "There is something tricky about them. ", "You can’t just render a...\n\nThe new dependency graph enables several corner cases that were not possible in the old system, In part by making evaluation finer grained – and in part by enabling driving from new datablocks. ", "A nice image to illustrate this is the data block popup in...\n\nHi there! ", "It’s probably time to make this somewhat official: Here is a selection of the most pressing “big ticket” animation related developments currently on my todo list. ", "Do note that this is not an exhaustive list (for which there are many other items), but...\n\nHello! ", "I’m visiting here to talk about work being done by Sergey, Joshua, Lukas and others updating Blender’s dependency graph. ", "Anyone can test it by building the depsgraph_refactor branch from git. ", "How? ", "To make things interesting I’m testing on Elephants Dream files. ", "To do this,...\n\nSo, as some of you may know already, since December 2014 and my three weeks spent in Amsterdam at BI, I’ve started working on the asset topic. ", "So far, I did not do anything really directly related to assets (except early designing) – rather, I’ve...\n\nAs outlined in the previous post there are some technical and feature targets we want to achieve. ", "Recapping here: 1) Performance boost for drawing code. ", "Make sure we use the best drawing method always to pass data to the GPU/Support features that are only available...\n\nEncompassing a broad issue with decentralized code such as real time drawing under the umbrella of the “Viewport” project, might be slightly misleading. ", "The viewport project, essentially encapsulates a few technical and artistic targets such as: Performance improvement in viewport drawing, allowing greater vertex counts...\n\nThe Blender hair system will get a number of improvements for the Gooseberry project. ", "Especially the hair dynamics have to be improved and integrated better into the set of artistic tools to allow animators to control and tweak the hair system efficiently. ", "We have a...\n\nCycles allows for photo-realistic rendering. ", "Part of the realism comes from the simulation of photography parameters, such as lens, aperture size, and depth of field. ", "When simulating anamorphic lens, there is something Cycles still miss which is anamorphic bokeh. ", "Generally speaking “bokeh” is the shape...\n\nOne of the common complaints with the Blender Game Engine is with publishing games. ", "While there are many issues related to publishing with the BGE, one issue is the lack of a simple, user-friendly way to publish to multiple platforms. ", "Steps are being taken to...\n\nFor the 2.71 release, we’ve been working on improving support for game developers using Blender with external engines. ", "To this end, Bastien Montagne has been working on a new FBX exporter, and I have been evaluating workflows to various external engines. ", "Dalai Felinto has also...\n\nJust a quick update on what’s happening in the opensubdiv-modifier branch in the Blender Git repository. ", "This is an initial integration of GPU tessellation in Blender, it’s totally not final and still loads of work to be done to make this project master-ready. ", "But there..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.011363636363636364, 0.019417475728155338, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.024793388429752067, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003703703703703704, 0.007722007722007722, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0078125, 0.006622516556291391, 0.006756756756756757, 0.014705882352941176, 0.015151515151515152, 0.01282051282051282, 0 ]

[ "Complex extrahepatic portocaval shunt with unusual caval features in a cat: computed tomographic characterisation.", "\nA two-year-old, neutered male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for a history of urate calculi, and neurologic signs. ", "Diagnostic imaging revealed an elongated and tortuous single extrahepatic portosystemic shunt which appeared to receive normal tributaries of the caudal vena cava. ", "Surgical correction of the shunt was carried out using cellophane banding. ", "Eight months following surgery, clinical signs had resolved. ", "Computed tomographic angiography allows thorough, rapid imaging of complex vascular anomalies to aid proper surgical correction. ", "Errors in the formation of the portal vein and caudal vena cava can produce complex anomalies of the abdominal vasculature. ", "Persistence of the embryologic left subcardinal vein is proposed to account for the lesion." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nxcb: how to launch an application and show it into a window\n\nI'm trying to implement a basic window manager using xcb library. ", "\nI managed to connect with X server, and grab some events, but i cannot figure how to launch an application and show it inside the current X session. ", "\nI'm trying to follow the xcb tutorial: \nhttp://xcb.freedesktop.org/tutorial/\nBasically i thought (and probaly i'm wrong) that once the session is started, with my \"windowmanager\", if i want to launch an application i just have to fork it, and launch the application, so for example:\nint child = fork();\nif(child==0) {\n printf(\"Child\");\n execve(\"/usr/bin/xterm\", NULL, NULL);\n}\n\nBut it seems that didn't work. ", "\nI have no much code to show, since i'm trying just to modify che code in the tutorial pasted above (i added an infinite loop, and few other thing).", "\nSo how to launch an x application like xterm, pcmanfm and show it on the current x session? ", "\nAnd how i can draw an application inside a new window?", "\nAnd a last question: \ni tried to copy and paste the hello world window example of X tutorial, but it doesn't seem to load any window. ", "The code is here: \nhttp://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.7/doc/libxcb/tutorial/index.html#helloworld\n\nA:\n\nYou don't \"draw an application inside a new window\" - you just launch a process and it creates a window for itself. ", "Check that DISPLAY variable is set correctly for your process.", "\nTo manage windows, you set SubstructureRedirect mask on a root window and respond to substructure/map request notifications from (new) application windows.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.007211538461538462, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0.004629629629629629, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "INTRODUCTION {#s1}\n============\n\nBreast cancer accounts for 22.9% of all cancers in women \\[[@R1]\\]. ", "It is a hormone-dependent disease, with estrogens playing a dominant role in both cancer initiation and progression. ", "The biological activities of estrogens are mediated through estrogen receptors (ERs), which are expressed by nearly 70% of breast tumors. ", "Thus, tamoxifen, an ER agonist, has been used to treat ER-positive breast cancer for over 30 years \\[[@R2]\\]. ", "However, many patients with ER-positive tumors develop resistance to tamoxifen therapy, posing a challenge for treatment \\[[@R3]\\].", "\n\nER-α36, a variant of human ERα, is involved in tamoxifen resistance. ", "Compared to full-length (66 kDa) ERα, ER-α36 lacks both transcriptional activation domains (AF-1 and AF-2) while retaining the DNA-binding domain and partial dimerization and ligand-binding domains \\[[@R4]\\]. ", "Its C-terminal 27-amino acid domain is unique and takes the place of the last 138 amino acids encoded by exons 7 and 8 of the ESR1 gene. ", "ER-α36 is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm, as well as on the cell surface where it mediates non-genomic estrogen and anti-estrogen signaling via intracellular signaling pathways (such as MAPK/ERK) and promotes cell growth \\[[@R5]\\].", "\n\nER-α36 signaling via MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways promotes tamoxifen actions in endometrial cancer cells \\[[@R6]\\]. ", "ER-α36 also increases Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) expression and decreases ERα expression, which could be an underlying mechanism for acquired tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer \\[[@R7]\\]. ", "Moreover, approximately 40% of ERα-positive breast cancer patients have high levels of ER-α36 in their tumors, and this subset of patients are less likely to receive benefits from tamoxifen therapy compared to those with ERα-positive/ER-α36-negative tumors \\[[@R5]\\].", "\n\nGRP94, also known as gp96, is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident member of the cytosolic heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family. ", "Gp96 is a molecular chaperone participating in glycoprotein folding and facilitating the degradation of misfolded proteins \\[[@R8]\\]. ", "Interestingly, the endoplasmic reticulum-resident gp96 translocates to the cell membrane in certain tumor cells \\[[@R9], [@R10]\\]. ", "Moreover, membrane expression of mgp96 is related to malignancy in breast cancer \\[[@R11]\\], and elevated gp96 correlates with tumor progression and ER-α36 expression in gastric cancer \\[[@R12]\\].", "\n\nWe previously found that mgp96 binds to human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) and EGFR, facilitating HER2 dimerization and signaling and promoting breast tumor growth \\[[@R13]\\]. ", "ER-α36 also physically interacts with EGFR and HER2 and promotes malignant growth of breast cancer cells \\[[@R14], [@R15]\\]. ", "Given the important roles of cell membrane ER-α36 in breast cancer growth and tamoxifen resistance, we investigated the role of mgp96 in the regulation of ER-α36 expression on the cell membrane. ", "Our results offer a new therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment.", "\n\nRESULTS {#s2}\n=======\n\nER-α36 binds to gp96 on the cell membrane of breast cancer cells {#s2_1}\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo determine whether gp96 interacts with ER-α36 in breast cancer cells, we performed a co-IP assay with anti-gp96 polyclonal antibody in ER-α36-positive MDA-MB-231 cells \\[[@R14]\\]. ", "We found that gp96 interacts with ER-α36 in breast cancer cells (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Similar results were observed when the co-IP assay was performed with membrane proteins from MDA-MB-231 cells, but not with membrane proteins from ER-α36-negative MCF7-10A cells (Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), indicating the specificity of gp96 binding to ER-α36 on the cell surface. ", "The interaction between gp96 and ER-α36 was further confirmed by GST pull-down assay (Figure [1C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To determine the region of gp96 involved in the gp96-ER-α36 interaction, we expressed a variety of truncated gp96 fragments (C243: aa 540--782, M163: aa 377--539, N355: aa 22--376). ", "As shown in Figure [1D](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the C-terminal domain of gp96, C243 (aa 540--782), interacted with ER-α36. ", "Furthermore, confocal microscopy analysis showed that gp96 partly co-localized with ER-α36 on the cell membrane of ER-α36-positive MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 cells but not on the cell membrane of ER-α36-negative MCF7-10A cells (Figure [1E](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Next, cross-linking and co-IP with anti-gp96 polyclonal antibody was performed on the cell membrane of MDA-MB-231 cells. ", "As shown in Figure [1F](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, gp96 associated with ER-α36 on the cell membrane.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nmgp96 positively regulates ER-α36 expression and enhances cell proliferation and invasion {#s2_2}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe next examined the effect of gp96 on ER-α36 expression. ", "In our previous study, we found that gp96 was highly expressed on the membrane of MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 cells and lowly expressed on BT-474 and T47D cells \\[[@R13]\\]. ", "As shown in Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, gp96 knockdown significantly decreased both total and cell membrane ER-α36 levels. ", "Compared to mock, depletion of gp96 decreased cell membrane ER-α36 in SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 cells by 66.7% and 63.6%, respectively (both *P* \\< 0.01). ", "Conversely, overexpression of mgp96 caused a dramatic increase in total (Figure [2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and cell membrane (Figure [2D](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) ER-α36 levels. ", "Overexpression of mgp96 increased cell membrane ER-α36 in BT-474 and T47D cells by ∼4-fold and ∼5-fold, respectively (both *P* \\< 0.01). ", "However, there was no change in ER-α36 mRNA levels with gp96 knockdown or overexpression (data not shown), indicating that mgp96 does not regulate ER-α36 transcription.", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nNext we examined the impact of mgp96 on ER-α36 protein stability. ", "Gp96 siRNA-treated cells showed a sharper time-dependent decrease in ER-α36 protein compared to mock-treated cells (Figure [2E](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), indicating that mgp96 affects ER-α36 protein stability. ", "As ERα degradation mainly occurs via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway \\[[@R19]--[@R21]\\], we quantified ER-α36 ubiquitination. ", "As shown in Figure [2F](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, gp96 siRNA-treated cells had more ubiquitinated ER-α36 protein than mock-treated cells, suggesting that mgp96 regulates ER-α36 protein levels via the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway.", "\n\nER-α36 promotes breast tumor growth through the MAPK signaling pathway \\[[@R22]\\]. ", "As shown in Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, gp96 knockdown decreased ERK phosphorylation (P-ERK) and led to a decreased ratio of P-ERK to P-p38. ", "MDA-MB-231 cells with low HER2 expression were selected to determine the effect of targeting gp96 on cell proliferation and invasion, excluding the possibility that gp96 may affect cell growth via regulating HER2 dimerization \\[[@R13]\\]. ", "As expected, gp96 depletion inhibited cell proliferation (Figure [3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and invasion (Figure [3C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) in both MDA-MB-231 cells and SKBR3 cells (Figure [3D](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To further determine the effects of gp96 RNAi on cell growth via reduced ER-α36, an ER-α36 expression vector was transfected into the MDA-MB-231-gp96i cells. ", "The result showed that inhibition of cell proliferation by gp96 knock-down was completely reversed by ER-α36 overexpression (Figure [3E](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nAn anti-gp96 mAb blocks the mgp96-ER-α36 interaction {#s2_3}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nMultiple monoclonal antibodies against gp96 have been generated by our lab, and for this study we selected a gp96 mAb that efficiently blocks the activity of cell surface gp96 \\[[@R18], [@R23]\\]. ", "Cross-linking and co-IP analyses revealed that the gp96 mAb blocked the association of ER-α36 with mgp96 (Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Treatment of MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 cells with the gp96 mAb reduced cell membrane ER-α36 levels (∼60% and ∼75%, respectively) (Figure [4B](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and total ER-α36 protein levels (Figure [4C](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and increased ER-α36 ubiquitination (Figure [4D](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with the gp96 mAb also significantly inhibited ER-α36-mediated MAPK signaling (Figure [4E](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and pronouncedly suppressed cell growth (Figure [4F](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and invasion (Figure [4G](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The inhibitory effect of the gp96 mAb on cell growth was also observed in SKBR3 cells (Figure [4H](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nTargeting gp96 inhibits breast cancer tumor growth {#s2_4}\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nTo determine whether gp96 targeting could be an effective strategy to inhibit breast tumor growth *in vivo*, we generated a stable gp96-knockdown cell line, MDA-MB-231-gp96i. ", "Similar to our *in vitro* results, tumor growth was significantly slowed in MDA-MB-231-gp96i xenograft nude mice compared to mock (*P* \\< 0.05) (Figure [5A](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Gp96 depletion resulted in a 39.7% decrease in tumor weights (*P* \\< 0.01) (Figure [5B](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Gp96 knockdown in tumors also decreased ER-α36 expression compared to mock (Figure [5C](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F5}\n\nWe next determined the therapeutic effect of the gp96 mAb in MDA-MB-231 xenograft nude mice. ", "As shown in Figure [5D](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [5E](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, treatment with the gp96 mAb dramatically slowed tumor growth (*P* \\< 0.05) and decreased tumor burden by 51.7% (*P* \\< 0.05) compared to mice treated with control antibody. ", "Treatment with gp96 mAb also decreased ER-α36 levels in xenograft tumors (Figure [5F](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nOf note, the inhibitory effect of the gp96 mAb on tumor growth was mostly eliminated with simultaneously silencing ER-α36 (*P* \\> 0.05), indicating that the gp96 mAb suppressed tumor growth through regulation of ER-α36 (Figure [5G](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [5H](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nDISCUSSION {#s3}\n==========\n\nER-α36 overexpression has been observed in breast cancer \\[[@R22], [@R24]\\], adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), pure apocrine carcinomas (PAC) of breast \\[[@R25]\\], endometrial cancer \\[[@R26]\\], gastric cancer \\[[@R27]\\], and colorectal cancer \\[[@R28]\\]. ", "ER-α36 expression is found in breast cancer tumors that are either positive or negative for ER, PR, and Her-2, indicating that ER-α36 might be an additional driver in the development and progression of breast cancer \\[[@R29]\\]. ", "Due to its emerging roles in the regulation of tumorigenesis and cancer progression, ER-α36 therefore serves as a new potential target for therapeutic development against breast cancer. ", "In this study, we found that mgp96 binds to and stabilizes ER-α36 on the cell membrane of breast cancer cells. ", "Moreover, a gp96 mAb that prevents mgp96 binding to ER-α36 decreases ER-α36 signaling and suppresses breast cancer growth and invasion, both *in vitro* and *in vivo*. ", "These results contribute to our understanding of the modulation of ER-α36 activation and validate mgp96 as a potential therapeutic target for ER-α36-positive breast cancer.", "\n\nSince ER-α36 activates membrane-initiated non-genomic signaling pathways (MAPK \\[[@R22], [@R30]\\], AKT \\[[@R6]\\], and PKC \\[[@R31]\\]), cell membrane ER-α36 is thought to play a dominant role in driving breast cancer growth and development. ", "Our results show that mgp96 binds to cell membrane ER-α36, increasing its stability, perhaps by decreasing ubiquitination, and leading to its up-regulation on the membrane of breast cancer cells.", "\n\nThe specificity of the gp96 mAb was verified in our previous study showing that the gp96 mAb only inhibits growth of mgp96-positive breast cancer cells, and has no effect on mgp96-negative cells \\[[@R13]\\]. ", "Besides, there was no difference in the weight between gp96 mAb-treated mice and control IgG-treated mice, indicating that gp96 mAb inflicts no potential toxicity on mice. ", "In addition, treatment with the gp96 mAb only inhibited proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells but not gp96-knockdown MDA-MB-231-gp96i cells (data not shown). ", "More studies are needed to determine off-target effects of the gp96 mAb in order to minimize its potential toxicity and improve efficacy.", "\n\nA previous study revealed that palmitoylation of ERα-66 is necessary for the localization of that particular ER isoform to the cell membrane \\[[@R32]\\]. ", "It remains to be determined whether post-translational modifications such as palmitoylation also play a role in ER-α36 targeting to the plasma membrane.", "\n\nIn addition to post-transcriptional regulation, ER-α36 transcription is also regulated by many factors. ", "ER-α36 interacts with HER2 in the cytoplasm and membrane of breast cancer cells \\[[@R15], [@R29]\\]. ", "ER-α36 positively regulates HER2 expression, and HER2 signaling activates ER-α36 transcription through an AP1 site in the *ESR1* promoter. ", "This positive feedback drives breast cancer development \\[[@R15]\\]. ", "Additionally, the positive feedback loop of ER-α36/EGFR promotes malignant growth of ER-negative breast cancer cells \\[[@R14]\\]. ", "As molecular chaperones, HSP90 and synuclein γ (SNCG) also facilitate the expression of ER-α36 and stimulate ligand-dependent cell growth \\[[@R33]\\]. ", "Interestingly, a recent study demonstrated that the gp96 expression levels are up-regulated by ER-α36 in gastric carcinoma cells \\[[@R12]\\]. ", "Thus, it is possible that there also exists a positive feedback loop in the mgp96-ER-α36 interaction.", "\n\nIn addition, we previously showed that mgp96 binds to HER2 and enhances HER2 signaling by facilitating HER2 dimerization in HER2-overexpressed breast cancer \\[[@R13]\\]. ", "Targeting mgp96 with siRNA or specific mAb inhibits HER2-positive breast cancer growth. ", "This may be due to the lack of the ER-α36 ligand E2β in the experimental system. ", "In addition, according to a previous study, there is a positive cross-regulation between HER2 and ER-α36 \\[[@R15]\\]. ", "Therefore, it is very likely that targeting mgp96 suppresses the growth of HER2-positive breast cancer through inhibition of both HER2 and ER-α36. ", "We speculate that cross-talk among mgp96, ER-α36 and HER2 forms a positive feedback loop in breast cancer, which may affect tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance, but this relationship remains to be examined.", "\n\nWe (and others) have shown that gp96 is able to bind antigenic peptides and cross-present the associated peptides to MHC Class I molecules, activating cytotoxic T cell responses \\[[@R34], [@R35]\\]. ", "Meanwhile, cell membrane expression of normally ER-resided gp96 is observed in multiple tumors and involved in promoting malignant growth. ", "Targeting mgp96 with specific antibodies may therefore provide a novel therapeutic approach against cancer. ", "More studies are needed to dissect the precise function of gp96 in the context of anti-tumor immunity and targeted therapy. ", "ER-α36 mediates non-genomic estrogen and anti-estrogen (tamoxifen) signaling and stimulates cell proliferation, which contributes to tamoxifen resistance \\[[@R3], [@R5], [@R7]\\]. ", "Given the dominant role of cell membrane ER-α36 in breast cancer growth and development, our study represents an effort to address the underlying mechanism of elevated cell membrane ER-α36 levels mediated by mgp96 in breast cancer. ", "Moreover, our results provide a potential therapeutic strategy for ER-α36 (+) breast cancer via inhibition of mgp96 activity.", "\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS {#s4}\n=====================\n\nCells, viruses, antibodies, and reagents {#s4_1}\n----------------------------------------\n\nER-negative breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, SKBR3, BT-474, and T47D were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). ", "Recombinant adenoviruses, ad-mgp96 expressing mgp96, and control adenoviruses ad-pDC312 were created by our lab. ", "The ER-α36-knockdown cell line, MDA-MB-231-ER-α36i, and MDA-MB-231-mock cell line, the ER-α36-negative breast cancer cell line MCF7-10A, ER-α36 antibody, E2β and BSA-E2β were generous gifts from Beijing Shenogen Biomedical Co. Ltd. Gp96 polyclonal antibody and Protein G were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, Texas, USA). ", "The gp96 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was generated in our lab. ", "ERK antibody, Phospho-ERK antibody, p38 antibody, and Phospho-p38 antibody were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, Massachusetts, USA). ", "The remaining antibodies were obtained from Zhongshan Goldenbridge Biotechnology (Beijing, China). ", "Cycloheximide (CHX) and MG132 were from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). ", "Glutathione Sepharose 4B was from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom). ", "The protein cross-linkers DTSSP and BS3 were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA).", "\n\nWestern blot {#s4_2}\n------------\n\nWestern blot analysis was performed according to our previous description \\[[@R16]\\].", "\n\nCo-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) {#s4_3}\n------------------------------\n\nCo-IP was performed as previously \\[[@R13]\\]. ", "Briefly, 2 μg of the relevant antibody was added to cell lysates overnight at 4°C. ", "Then cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with Protein G Sepharose beads for 4 h at 4°C. ", "Immunoprecipitates were separated by SDS-PAGE for Western blot analysis.", "\n\nSubcellular fractionation {#s4_4}\n-------------------------\n\nCell membrane proteins were isolated using a ProteoExtract™ Subcellular Proteome Extraction Kit (Calbiochem, Germany) following the manufacturer\\'s instructions.", "\n\nGST pull-down {#s4_5}\n-------------\n\nBriefly, 20 μg of GST or GST fusion proteins was incubated with 50μl Glutathione Sepharose 4B for 1 h at 4°C, and then, cell lysates were added and incubated for 4 h at 4°C. ", "The agarose beads were washed with PBS twice and resuspended in loading buffer. ", "After incubation in boiling water for 10 min, the supernatant was subjected to Western blot analysis.", "\n\nConfocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) {#s4_6}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nConfocal microscopy was performed on non-permeabilized cells as previously described \\[[@R17]\\]. ", "Images were obtained on a Leica TCS SP2 confocal laser-scanning microscope (Leica Microsystems, Germany).", "\n\nFlow cytometry {#s4_7}\n--------------\n\nCells were pretreated with 0.5 mM EDTA to facilitate removal of substrate and washed with PBS. ", "After blocked in PBS containing 10% BSA, cells were resuspended in a 100 μl PBS volume containing 10% BSA and serially stained with primary and secondary antibodies on ice for 1 h. Detection of fluorescence intensity was performed on a FAC-Scan cytometry machine (BD Biosciences, USA).", "\n\nCell proliferation {#s4_8}\n------------------\n\nCell growth was measured using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) (Dojindo, Japan) following the manufacturer\\'s instructions.", "\n\nCell invasion {#s4_9}\n-------------\n\nCell invasion assays were performed as previously described \\[[@R16]\\].", "\n\nEstablishment of a stable shRNA cell line {#s4_10}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nThe short hairpin RNA (shRNA) sequence targeting the gp96 gene was designed and synthesized as previously described \\[[@R18]\\]. ", "The shRNA construct was established by inserting the oligonucleotides into the RNA interference (RNAi)-pSIREN-RetroQ vector. ", "The recombinant plasmid, pSIREN-gp96i, was confirmed by sequencing. ", "Luciferase shRNA was selected as a mock transfection control (pSIREN-luci). ", "Phoenix cells were co-transfected with pSIREN-gp96i or pSIREN-luci and the helper vector. ", "Seventy-two hours after transfection, the supernatant was collected and MDA-MB-231 cells were infected with the virus suspension. ", "At 48 h after infection, MDA-MB-231 cells were selected with 2 μg/ml puromycin for 2 weeks to establish stable shRNA cell lines: MDA-MB-231-gp96i and MDA-MB-231-luci (mock). ", "The protein levels of gp96 were analyzed by western blotting to confirm that gp96 was effectively silenced.", "\n\nAnimal experiments {#s4_11}\n------------------\n\nModel 1 -- Six-week-old female BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into two groups (*n* = 5/group). ", "MDA-MB-231-gp96i or MDA-MB-231-luci (mock) cells were maintained in phenol red-free media with 2.5% charcoal-stripped fetal calf serum for three days, and a total of 1 × 10^7^ cells were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) ", "in the right hind flank of nude mice 5 days after s.c. ", "implantation of 1.7 mg/60-day release E2 pellets (Innovative Research of American, Sarasota, FL). ", "Tumor growth was monitored every 3 days and tumor size was calculated with the formula: Tv = (L × W^2^)/2. ", "Mice were sacrificed 36 days after cell injection for tumor weight evaluation and immunohistochemistry (IHC).", "\n\nModel 2 -- MDA-MB-231 cells were maintained in phenol red-free media with 2.5% charcoal-stripped fetal calf serum for three days, and a total of 1 × 10^7^ cells were injected s.c. ", "in the right hind flank of six-week-old female BALB/c nude mice 5 days after s.c. ", "implantation of 1.7 mg/60-day release E2 pellets. ", "Tumor growth was monitored every 3 days. ", "Mice were randomly divided to two groups (*n* = 5/group) when tumors reached a volume of ∼100 mm^3^ (around 2 weeks after injection of MDA-MB-231 cells). ", "Mice were treated with the gp96 mAb or control antibody (2 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal (i.p.) ", "injection twice a week. ", "Three weeks later, mice were sacrificed for tumor weight evaluation and IHC.", "\n\nModel 3 -- Six-week-old female BALB/c nude mice were implanted s.c. ", "with 1.7 mg/60-day release E2 pellets 5 days before cell injection and randomly divided into three groups (*n* = 5/group), and MDA-MB-231-mock and MDA-MB-231-ER-α36i cells were maintained in phenol red-free media with 2.5% charcoal-stripped fetal calf serum for three days: group 1 (231-mock+control Ab) was injected s.c. ", "in the right hind flank with 1 × 10^7^ MDA-MB-231-mock cells, and treated with control antibody (2 mg/kg) via i.p. ", "injection twice a week from the day 15 after cell injection; group 2 (231-ER-α36i+control Ab) was injected s.c. ", "in the right hind flank with 1 × 10^7^ MDA-MB-231-ER-α36i cells, and treated with control antibody (2 mg/kg) via i.p. ", "injection twice a week from the day 15 after cell injection; group 3 (231-ER-α36i+gp96 mAb) was injected s.c. ", "in the right hind flank with 1 × 10^7^ MDA-MB-231-ER-α36i cells, and treated with gp96 mAb (2 mg/kg) via i.p. ", "injection twice a week from the day 15 after cell injection. ", "Tumor growth was monitored every 3 days. ", "All mice were sacrificed at the day 39 after cell injection for tumor weight evaluation.", "\n\nMice were maintained and cared for in strict compliance with the institution\\'s guidelines of the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences of Research Ethics Committee. ", "All procedures were approved by the Research Ethics Committee.", "\n\nImmunohistochemistry (IHC) {#s4_12}\n--------------------------\n\nIHC analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse tumors was performed as described previously \\[[@R18]\\].", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#s4_13}\n--------------------\n\nAll data are presented as the mean ± SD, and significance was determined by two-tailed Student\\'s *t* test. ", "A *P* value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.", "\n\nThis work was supported by a grant from Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) (No.2014CB542602), grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31230026, 81321063, 81102018, 81471960), and a grant from the Beijing Nova Program (No. ", "Z141102001814084).", "\n\n**GRANT SUPPORT**\n\nThis work was supported by a grant from Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) (No. ", "2014CB542602), grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31230026, 81321063, 81102018, 81471960), and a grant from the Beijing Nova Program (No. ", "Z141102001814084).", "\n\n**CONFLICTS OF INTEREST**\n\nNo potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0.03636363636363636, 0.015267175572519083, 0, 0.014354066985645933, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0.016666666666666666, 0.014705882352941176, 0.0149812734082397, 0.0078125, 0.007462686567164179, 0.015267175572519083, 0.015306122448979591, 0.01098901098901099, 0.024, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0.008670520231213872, 0.01, 0.010416666666666666, 0.01652892561983471, 0.005494505494505495, 0.008264462809917356, 0.011673151750972763, 0.008264462809917356, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0.013986013986013986, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0.012658227848101266, 0.0066815144766146995, 0.012048192771084338, 0.006289308176100629, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0.0037593984962406013, 0.02147239263803681, 0.0078125, 0.018518518518518517, 0.0125, 0.009900990099009901, 0.05, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0.03125, 0.003236245954692557, 0.00966183574879227, 0.023622047244094488, 0.012658227848101266, 0.011764705882352941, 0.013605442176870748, 0.004201680672268907, 0.009216589861751152, 0.012658227848101266, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0.025, 0, 0.012121212121212121, 0.004672897196261682, 0.005050505050505051, 0, 0.013377926421404682, 0.003745318352059925, 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0.018518518518518517, 0.010638297872340425, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.007309941520467836, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0, 0.03076923076923077, 0.013100436681222707, 0, 0.00546448087431694, 0.012875536480686695, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0.0032258064516129032, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0.007067137809187279, 0.02456140350877193, 0.021929824561403508, 0.005376344086021506, 0.009009009009009009, 0.011976047904191617, 0.011627906976744186, 0.028925619834710745, 0.005128205128205128, 0.004784688995215311, 0.011627906976744186, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0.03, 0.014388489208633094, 0.014705882352941176, 0.023255813953488372, 0.02666666666666667, 0.014184397163120567, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0.024691358024691357, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0.004629629629629629, 0.015, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0.027932960893854747, 0.008620689655172414, 0.008, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0.023668639053254437, 0.01639344262295082, 0.02631578947368421, 0.010101010101010102, 0.021052631578947368, 0.017543859649122806, 0.027777777777777776, 0.00819672131147541, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0.005208333333333333, 0.009523809523809525, 0.007352941176470588, 0.017543859649122806, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.00909090909090909, 0.008928571428571428, 0.008, 0, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0.0045871559633027525, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0, 0, 0.010810810810810811, 0.016129032258064516, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0, 0.014234875444839857, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0.012121212121212121, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "\nCongress’s failure to act on fentanyl despite warnings, deaths - mzs\nhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/investigations/fentanyl-epidemic-congress/\n======\naphextim\nI find it sad at how fast the government is acting to ban the e-cigs and vapor\njuices after what, 8 alleged deaths? ", "I understand wanting to curb it before it\nbecomes a major problem...\n\nMeanwhile some doctors are given incentive to act as literal drug pushers for\ncertain opioid companies despite knowing all too well that many people may\nbecome addicted and eventually overdose.", "\n\nOpioids - It's up to the individual to be responsible and not get addicted and\nuse more than prescribed.", "\n\nNicotine - It's up to the government to be responsible for our youth and we\nneed to ensure they don't fall victim to becoming addicted. ", "Regulate\neverything and destroy all vape pens!", "\n\n~~~\nsarcasmatwork\n^This exactly!", "\n\n8 deaths now? ", "Which, CDC and others dont know the root cause yet. ", "It seems to\nbe an issue with e-cigs, and people smoking them excessively over and over and\nover. ", "Who knows the oil they used and its quality.", "\n\nWhile those deaths are unfortunate America has bigger issues killing WAY more\npeople daily. ", "Look at alcohol for example. ", "We all know how bad it is, but it\ngets a pass.", "\n\nAlthough, DOJ has gone after several of those responsible for \"Fueling Opioid\nEpidemic\" there is still major issues when Docs get a kickback for pushing\nDrug A over Drug B.\n\n[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-11/purdue-\nop...](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-11/purdue-opioid-plan-\npits-state-against-state-over-epidemic-s-cost)\n\n[https://www.npr.org/2019/09/19/762455218/as-drugmakers-\nface-...](https://www.npr.org/2019/09/19/762455218/as-drugmakers-face-opioid-\nlawsuits-some-ask-why-not-criminal-charges-too)\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

[ 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009157509157509158 ]

[ "\n425 N.W.2d 347 (1988)\n229 Neb. 103\nSTATE of Nebraska, Appellee,\nv.\nTerry L. CLARK, Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "87-802.", "\nSupreme Court of Nebraska.", "\nJuly 1, 1988.", "\n*349 Richard H. Hoch, of Hoch & Steinheider, Nebraska City, for appellant.", "\nRobert M. Spire, Atty. ", "Gen., and Yvonne E. Gates, Lincoln, for appellee.", "\nHASTINGS, C.J., and BOSLAUGH, WHITE, CAPORALE, SHANAHAN, GRANT, and FAHRNBRUCH, JJ.", "\nSHANAHAN, Justice.", "\nAfter a bench trial, the county court for Nemaha County found Terry L. Clark guilty of refusing to submit to a blood-alcohol test authorized by Neb.Rev.Stat. § ", "39-669.08 (Cum.", "Supp.1986). ", "On appeal, the district court affirmed Clark's conviction and sentence. ", "We affirm.", "\nIn a bench trial of a criminal case and in determining the sufficiency of evidence to sustain a conviction, it is not the province of the Supreme Court to resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass on the credibility of witnesses, determine the plausibility of explanations, or weigh the evidence. ", "Such matters are for the finder of fact. ", "The finding of a defendant's guilt must be sustained if, taking the view most favorable to the State, there is sufficient evidence to support such finding. ", "State v. Thomte, 226 Neb. 659, 413 N.W.2d 916 (1987); State v. Moore, 226 Neb. 347, 411 N.W.2d 345 (1987).", "\nUnder Neb.Rev.Stat. § ", "24-541.06(1) (Reissue 1985), concerning appeals from the county court, the district court conducts a review for error in the county court record. ", "State v. Moore, supra. ", "See, also, State v. Daniels, 224 Neb. 264, 397 N.W.2d 631 (1986) (district court as an intermediate court of appeals).", "\nLate in the evening of January 30, 1987, Police Officer Jerry M. Railsback, while on patrol in Auburn, Nebraska, observed two tandem westbound cars approaching his eastbound cruiser. ", "The second approaching car was closely following the first and had its \"bright\" headlamps on. ", "When the driver of the second vehicle failed to dim his car's headlamps, Officer Railsback turned around his cruiser and overtook and stopped the second, or trailing, vehicle of the pair of westbound automobiles. ", "Officer Railsback then approached the stopped vehicle and asked the driver to produce an operator's license and vehicle registration. ", "At that point, Railsback smelled the strong odor of alcohol emanating from the driver, Clark, 17 years of age, and asked Clark if he had been drinking. ", "With Clark was Rick Shaw, 18 years of age. ", "When Clark denied drinking, Railsback asked Clark to step out of the car and perform some field sobriety tests. ", "Although Clark did successfully recite the \"English alphabet,\" Clark could not walk heel-to-toe in a straight line. ", "Officer Railsback requested Clark to join him in the cruiser, where Railsback administered a preliminary breath test through an \"Alco-Sensor.\" ", "Clark failed that preliminary test, was placed under arrest for drunk driving, and was transported by Railsback to the police station.", "\nAt the police station, an officer read the \"Implied Consent Form\" to Clark, who signed that form for a chemical test to determine his blood-alcohol level and agreed to take a breath test on an Intoxilyzer Model 4011AS. ", "Officer James Kattes, a certified operator of the Intoxilyzer, administered the breath test to Clark. ", "Officer Kattes asked Clark to blow into the Intoxilyzer and explained that the machine's green light would be activated and remain activated, so long as the person who was being tested blows sufficient breath into the tube leading to the testing chamber of the Intoxilyzer. ", "Officer Kattes described Clark's contact with the Intoxilyzer:\nI asked Mr. Clark to blow into the intoxilizer; I showed him a green light on the machine that will light up when there's air passing through the tube. ", "If there's not enough air passing through the tube the light will go out; I also explained that to Mr. Clark. ", "Mr. Clark's first attempt he didn't blow hard enough into the machine; he blew for a short time *350 and the light went back out; I told him he had to blow harder, and he never did. ", "It appeared that he was putting his tongue over the end of the tube. ", "So, I advised Mr. Clark that I was gonna give him another chance on the intoxilizer, and if he refused this time, or didn't give a sufficient sample, he would be written for a refusal and charged with the same.", "\nOfficer Kattes reset the Intoxilyzer for a test of Clark's breath and \"again instructed Terry to blow through the machine; he again lit the light one time and that was it, he quit blowing again.\" ", "After resetting the Intoxilyzer for a second time, Officer Kattes informed Clark that\nthis [was] his last chance, that he was going to have to give a good sample. ", "Told him to blow into the machine, which he began to do; I encouraged him during the time he was blowing into the machine by saying, \"keep blowing, keep blowing\", continued to say that until all of a sudden he quit blowing and said, that's enough....\nIn his three contacts with the Intoxilyzer, Clark never supplied a sufficient sample of his breath for a test or, as described by Officer Railsback, \"[I]t wasn't an adequate sample, the green light come [sic] on and then it went off, and he didn't blow hard enough....\"\nThe police issued a citation which included the charge that Clark refused to submit to the breath test to determine Clark's blood-alcohol level. ", "The officers denied using any \"profane\" or vulgar language in conjunction with their direction that Clark submit to the Intoxilyzer test.", "\nThe complaint alleged that Clark refused to submit to a breath test in response to a proper direction by a law enforcement officer requesting such test. ", "Section 39-669.08(4) provides in part:\nAny person arrested as provided in this section may, upon the direction of a law enforcement officer, be required to submit to a chemical test of his or her blood, breath, or urine for a determination of the alcohol content. ", "Any person who refuses to submit to a chemical blood, breath, or urine test required pursuant to this section shall be subject to the administrative revocation procedures of the Director of Motor Vehicles provided in sections 39-669.07 to 39-669.09 and 39-669.14 to 39-669.18 and shall be guilty of a crime and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished as [set forth in subsections (a) through (c)].", "\nClark testified that, during his attempts to breathe into the Intoxilyzer, the officers \"were telling me to quit fucking with the machine, that I was fucking with the machine, and to keep blowin' keep blowin'.... That I was fucking with the machine... tellin' me I was fuckin' with the machine still ... quit fuckin' with the [Intoxilyzer].\" ", "Clark also testified that he believed the officers were trying to \"get\" him and that he \"was scared\" throughout the attempted Intoxilyzer tests.", "\nAfter the police placed Clark in a cell at the county jail, Clark's father was reached by telephone and informed about bail for Clark's release. ", "Cindy and Steve Cole, Clark's sister and brother-in-law, arrived at the sheriff's office. ", "Although Clark had never requested a blood or urine test, because he believed the type of test was a matter within the police officer's discretion, the Coles asked that Clark be given a blood test at a local hospital, a test to be given at Coles' expense. ", "The police refused Coles' request to allow a blood test on Clark.", "\nThe county court for Nemaha County found Clark guilty of refusing to submit to a chemical test authorized and required by § 39-669.08. ", "The district court affirmed Clark's conviction and sentence.", "\nClark claims his conviction must be set aside, because (1) Clark's conduct did not constitute a refusal to take the Intoxilyzer breath test authorized by § 39-669.08, (2) police refusal to allow a blood test on Clark prevents conviction for refusal to submit to the Intoxilyzer test, and (3) evidence is insufficient to sustain Clark's conviction.", "\nNeb.Rev.Stat. § ", "39-669.09 (Reissue 1984) provides:\nThe law enforcement officer who requires a chemical blood, breath, or urine test pursuant to section 39-669.08 may *351 direct whether the test shall be of blood, breath, or urine; Provided, that when the officer directs that the test shall be of a person's blood or urine, such person may choose whether the test shall be of his blood or urine. ", "The person tested shall be permitted to have a physician of his choice evaluate his condition and perform or have performed whatever laboratory tests he deems appropriate in addition to and following the test administered at the direction of the law enforcement officer. ", "If the officer shall refuse to permit such additional test to be taken, then the original test shall not be competent as evidence. ", "Upon the request of the person tested, the results of the test taken at the direction of the law enforcement officer shall be made available to him.", "\nClark asserts that he agreed to take the Intoxilyzer breath test and contends in his brief at 12 that the officers' \"profanity and abusiveness ... [led] to an unconducive testing atmosphere\" and that the \"extreme harassment by the officers during the testing\" prevented completion of the Intoxilyzer test. ", "Brief for Appellant at 14. ", "Paraphrased, Clark's contention is that the officers used \"continual profanity\" or vulgarity in their language which rendered Clark breathless or so intimidated that he was unable to provide a sample of his breath to complete the breath test.", "\nAn arrested motorist refuses to submit to a chemical test authorized by § 39-669.08 to determine the motorist's blood-alcohol level when the motorist's conduct, demonstrated under the circumstances confronting the officer requesting the chemical test, justifies a reasonable person's belief that the motorist understood the officer's request for a test and manifested a refusal or unwillingness to submit to the requested test. ", "See, State v. Medina, 227 Neb. 736, 419 N.W.2d 864 (1988); State v. Richter, 225 Neb. 871, 408 N.W.2d 324 (1987). ", "Cf., ", "Clontz v. Jensen, 227 Neb. 191, 416 N.W.2d 577 (1987) (administrative revocation of operator's license; implied consent law); Jamros v. Jensen, 221 Neb. 426, 377 N.W.2d 119 (1985). ", "Anything less than an unqualified, unequivocal assent to an arresting officer's request to submit to a chemical test constitutes a motorist's refusal to submit to a chemical test authorized by § 39-669.08. ", "See, State v. Medina, supra; Clontz v. Jensen, supra.", "\nIn the context of a civil proceeding arising out of an administrative revocation of a motorist's license as the result of refusal to submit to a chemical test under § 39-669.08 (Reissue 1984), this court, in Jamros v. Jensen, supra, recognized that an arrested motorist's physical inability to perform a breath test may excuse conduct which might otherwise be construed or treated as a refusal to submit to a breath test under the implied consent law. ", "In State v. Morse, 211 Neb. 448, 451, 318 N.W.2d 893, 895 (1982), this court observed: \"It is arguable that a true physical disability to take a breath test without an opportunity to submit to another form of test would be due process violation.\" ", "Therefore, we hold that, in a criminal prosecution for refusal to submit to a breath test authorized by § 39-669.08 (Cum.", "Supp. ", "1986), a defendant's physical inability to perform the breath test may excuse conduct which would otherwise be construed or treated as a refusal to submit to such test.", "\nHowever, notwithstanding an arrested motorist's expressed consent or agreement to take a breath test authorized by § 39-669.08, the motorist's subsequent conduct may be the basis for an inference that the motorist has withdrawn or revoked the previous consent to such test or has feigned consent to the test and, therefore, has refused to submit to the statutorily authorized breath test. ", "See, Ontiveros v. Arizona Dept. ", "of Transp., ", "151 Ariz. 542, 729 P.2d 346 (1986); People v. Schuberth, 115 Ill.App.3d 302, 71 Ill.Dec. 24, 450 N.E. 2d 459 (1983); Com., ", "Dept. ", "of Transp., ", "Bur. ", "of Traffic v. Hanes, 49 Pa.Commw. ", "407, 411 A.2d 571 (1980); Matter of Di Girolamo v. Melton, 60 A.D.2d 960, 401 N.Y.S.2d 893 (1978).", "\nWhether a motorist's physical inability prevents performance of a breath *352 test authorized by § 39-669.08 is a question of fact. ", "State v. Morse, supra.", "\nIn reference to § 39-669.09, we have held that an arrested motorist's right to designate a blood or urine test exists only when the arresting officer has directed that the chemical test be performed on a sample of the motorist's blood or urine. ", "State v. Thomas, 223 Neb. 759, 393 N.W.2d 711 (1986); State v. Morse, supra.", "\nClark claims that, contrary to § 39-669.09, he was denied the right to an evaluation by a physician of his selection and a blood test. ", "Whether § 39-669.09 extends such right to one from whom a breath test is requested, we need not decide. ", "A key phrase in § 39-669.09 is \"the person tested,\" which necessitates the conclusion that a chemical test must have been administered concerning the arrested motorist before such motorist has the right to medical evaluation and chemical tests. ", "Without some chemical test administered at the direction of a law enforcement officer, there can be no \"additional test\" regarding an arrested motorist, as provided by § 39-669.09. ", "Therefore, we hold that, if an arrested motorist has refused a chemical test to determine the motorist's blood-alcohol level in accordance with § 39-669.08(4), the motorist has no right to a physician's evaluation of the motorist's condition or chemical tests in addition to that directed by the law enforcement officer. ", "See McKinnon v. State, 709 S.W.2d 805 (Tex.", "App.1986) (Texas statute substantially similar to § 39-669.09 did not provide for an alternate test, but an additional test; when defendant did not submit to a chemical test, there was no right to an independent analysis by a physician of defendant's choice).", "\nWhile Clark claims that his inability to complete the breath test was the result of the officers' use of a four-letter word in its various forms as a verb or gerund, the county court, as the trier of fact, determined whether Clark was physically unable to perform the breath test or whether the incomplete breath test resulted from Clark's actual refusal to submit to and complete that test. ", "Coarse conduct, such as that attributed by Clark to the officers, is a questionable police tactic under the circumstances. ", "Even if the testimony about the officers' offensive and vulgar language were accepted as true, the effect of such language in relation to the incomplete breath test presented a question of fact concerning the cause of the uncompleted test and was a question resolved against Clark when the court found that Clark refused to submit to the breath test.", "\nBecause Clark's refusal disqualified him as a \"person tested\" within the purview of § 39-669.09, the officers properly refused the request that a blood test be performed on Clark.", "\nThere is sufficient evidence to sustain the county court's findings of fact and Clark's guilt, namely, that Clark refused to submit to the breath test authorized by § 39-669.08.", "\nAFFIRMED.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0425531914893617, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02666666666666667, 0.08333333333333333, 0.04081632653061224, 0.08333333333333333, 0.05263157894736842, 0.006211180124223602, 0.06666666666666667, 0.08333333333333333, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.0033783783783783786, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0.018867924528301886, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0.004694835680751174, 0.007462686567164179, 0.013157894736842105, 0.046511627906976744, 0.026785714285714284, 0.017241379310344827, 0.013986013986013986, 0.007462686567164179, 0.004545454545454545, 0.0196078431372549, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.013953488372093023, 0.00909090909090909, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0.004761904761904762, 0.015228426395939087, 0.012269938650306749, 0.006006006006006006, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0, 0.011661807580174927, 0.006944444444444444, 0.02054794520547945, 0.03333333333333333, 0.015625, 0.03076923076923077, 0.007352941176470588, 0.016666666666666666, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003257328990228013, 0.037037037037037035, 0.012396694214876033, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.011049723756906077, 0, 0.05660377358490566, 0, 0.004048582995951417, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0.016260162601626018, 0, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003861003861003861, 0.007633587786259542, 0.008130081300813009, 0.005714285714285714, 0.011111111111111112, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0 ]

[ "#!", "/usr/bin/env python\n\"\"\"\nLicensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one\nor more contributor license agreements. ", " See the NOTICE file\ndistributed with this work for additional information\nregarding copyright ownership. ", " The ASF licenses this file\nto you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the\n\"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance\nwith the License. ", " You may obtain a copy of the License at\n\n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n\nUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\ndistributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\nWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\nSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and\nlimitations under the License.", "\n\n\"\"\"\nimport signal\nimport os\nimport re\n\nimport ambari_simplejson as json\n\nfrom ambari_commons.os_check import OSCheck\nfrom ambari_commons.shell import RepoCallContext\nfrom ambari_commons.str_utils import cbool, cint\nfrom ambari_commons.repo_manager import ManagerFactory\nfrom resource_management.core.exceptions import Fail\nfrom resource_management.core.logger import Logger\nfrom resource_management.libraries.functions import conf_select\nfrom resource_management.libraries.functions import stack_tools\nfrom resource_management.libraries.functions.stack_select import get_stack_versions\nfrom resource_management.libraries.functions.repo_version_history \\\n import read_actual_version_from_history_file, write_actual_version_to_history_file, REPO_VERSION_HISTORY_FILE\nfrom resource_management.core.resources.system import Link\nfrom resource_management.libraries.functions import StackFeature\nfrom resource_management.libraries.functions.repository_util import CommandRepository\nfrom resource_management.libraries.functions.stack_features import check_stack_feature\nfrom resource_management.libraries.script.script import Script\nfrom resource_management.core import sudo\n\n\nclass InstallPackages(Script):\n \"\"\"\n This script is a part of Rolling Upgrade workflow and is described at\n appropriate design doc.", "\n It installs repositories to the node and then installs packages.", "\n For now, repositories are installed into individual files.", "\n \"\"\"\n\n UBUNTU_REPO_COMPONENTS_POSTFIX = [\"main\"]\n\n def __init__(self):\n super(InstallPackages, self).__init__()\n\n self.repo_mgr = ManagerFactory.get()\n self.repo_files = {}\n\n def actionexecute(self, env):\n num_errors = 0\n\n # Parse parameters\n config = Script.get_config()\n\n try:\n command_repository = CommandRepository(config['repositoryFile'])\n except KeyError:\n raise Fail(\"The command repository indicated by 'repositoryFile' was not found\")\n\n # Handle a SIGTERM and SIGINT gracefully\n signal.signal(signal.", "SIGTERM, self.abort_handler)\n signal.signal(signal.", "SIGINT, self.abort_handler)\n\n self.repository_version = command_repository.version_string\n\n # Select dict that contains parameters\n try:\n package_list = json.loads(config['roleParams']['package_list'])\n stack_id = config['roleParams']['stack_id']\n except KeyError:\n pass\n\n self.stack_name = Script.get_stack_name()\n if self.stack_name is None:\n raise Fail(\"Cannot determine the stack name\")\n\n self.stack_root_folder = Script.get_stack_root()\n if self.stack_root_folder is None:\n raise Fail(\"Cannot determine the stack's root directory\")\n\n if self.repository_version is None:\n raise Fail(\"Cannot determine the repository version to install\")\n\n self.repository_version = self.repository_version.strip()\n\n try:\n if not command_repository.items:\n Logger.warning(\n \"Repository list is empty. ", "Ambari may not be managing the repositories for {0}.\".format(\n self.repository_version))\n else:\n Logger.info(\n \"Will install packages for repository version {0}\".format(self.repository_version))\n new_repo_files = Script.repository_util.create_repo_files()\n self.repo_files.update(new_repo_files)\n except Exception as err:\n Logger.logger.exception(\"Cannot install repository files. ", "Error: {0}\".format(str(err)))\n num_errors += 1\n\n # Build structured output with initial values\n self.structured_output = {\n 'package_installation_result': 'FAIL',\n 'repository_version_id': command_repository.version_id\n }\n\n self.put_structured_out(self.structured_output)\n\n try:\n # check package manager non-completed transactions\n if self.repo_mgr.check_uncompleted_transactions():\n self.repo_mgr.print_uncompleted_transaction_hint()\n num_errors += 1\n except Exception as e: # we need to ignore any exception\n Logger.warning(\"Failed to check for uncompleted package manager transactions: \" + str(e))\n\n if num_errors > 0:\n raise Fail(\"Failed to distribute repositories/install packages\")\n\n # Initial list of versions, used to compute the new version installed\n self.old_versions = get_stack_versions(self.stack_root_folder)\n\n try:\n is_package_install_successful = False\n ret_code = self.install_packages(package_list)\n if ret_code == 0:\n self.structured_output['package_installation_result'] = 'SUCCESS'\n self.put_structured_out(self.structured_output)\n is_package_install_successful = True\n else:\n num_errors += 1\n except Exception as err:\n num_errors += 1\n Logger.logger.exception(\"Could not install packages. ", "Error: {0}\".format(str(err)))\n\n # Provide correct exit code\n if num_errors > 0:\n raise Fail(\"Failed to distribute repositories/install packages\")\n\n self._fix_default_links_for_current()\n # if installing a version of HDP that needs some symlink love, then create them\n if is_package_install_successful and 'actual_version' in self.structured_output:\n self._relink_configurations_with_conf_select(stack_id, self.structured_output['actual_version'])\n\n def _fix_default_links_for_current(self):\n \"\"\"\n If a prior version of Ambari did not correctly reverse the conf symlinks, then they would\n be put into a bad state when distributing a new stack. ", "For example:\n\n /etc/component/conf (directory)\n <stack-root>/v1/component/conf -> /etc/component/conf\n\n When distributing v2, we'd detect the /etc/component/conf problems and would try to adjust it:\n /etc/component/conf -> <stack-root>/current/component/conf\n <stack-root>/v2/component/conf -> /etc/component/v2/0\n\n The problem is that v1 never gets changed (since the stack being distributed is v2), and\n we end up with a circular link:\n /etc/component/conf -> <stack-root>/current/component/conf\n <stack-root>/v1/component/conf -> /etc/component/conf\n\n :return: None\n \"\"\"\n Logger.info(\"Attempting to fix any configuration symlinks which are not in the correct state\")\n from resource_management.libraries.functions import stack_select\n restricted_packages = conf_select.get_restricted_packages()\n\n if 0 == len(restricted_packages):\n Logger.info(\"There are no restricted conf-select packages for this installation\")\n else:\n Logger.info(\"Restricting conf-select packages to {0}\".format(restricted_packages))\n\n for package_name, directories in conf_select.get_package_dirs().iteritems():\n Logger.info(\"Attempting to fix the default conf links for {0}\".format(package_name))\n Logger.info(\"The following directories will be fixed for {0}: {1}\".format(package_name, str(directories)))\n\n component_name = None\n for directory_struct in directories:\n if \"component\" in directory_struct:\n component_name = directory_struct[\"component\"]\n\n if component_name:\n stack_version = stack_select.get_stack_version_before_install(component_name)\n else:\n Logger.warning(\"Unable to fix {0} since stack using outdated stack_packages.json\".format(package_name))\n return\n\n if 0 == len(restricted_packages) or package_name in restricted_packages:\n if stack_version:\n conf_select.convert_conf_directories_to_symlinks(package_name, stack_version, directories)\n else:\n Logger.warning(\n \"Unable to fix {0} since there is no known installed version for this component\".format(package_name))\n\n def _relink_configurations_with_conf_select(self, stack_id, stack_version):\n \"\"\"\n Sets up the required structure for /etc/<component>/conf symlinks and <stack-root>/current\n configuration symlinks IFF the current stack is < HDP 2.3+ and the new stack is >= HDP 2.3\n\n stack_id: stack id, ie HDP-2.3\n stack_version: version to set, ie 2.3.0.0-1234\n \"\"\"\n if stack_id is None:\n Logger.info(\"Cannot create config links when stack_id is not defined\")\n return\n\n args = stack_id.upper().split('-')\n if len(args) !", "= 2:\n Logger.info(\"Unrecognized stack id {0}, cannot create config links\".format(stack_id))\n return\n\n target_stack_version = args[1]\n if not (target_stack_version and check_stack_feature(StackFeature.", "CONFIG_VERSIONING, target_stack_version)):\n Logger.info(\"Configuration symlinks are not needed for {0}\".format(stack_version))\n return\n\n # After upgrading hdf-select package from HDF-2.X to HDF-3.Y, we need to create this symlink\n if self.stack_name.upper() == \"HDF\" \\\n and not sudo.path_exists(\"/usr/bin/conf-select\") and sudo.path_exists(\"/usr/bin/hdfconf-select\"):\n Link(\"/usr/bin/conf-select\", to=\"/usr/bin/hdfconf-select\")\n\n restricted_packages = conf_select.get_restricted_packages()\n\n if 0 == len(restricted_packages):\n Logger.info(\"There are no restricted conf-select packages for this installation\")\n else:\n Logger.info(\"Restricting conf-select packages to {0}\".format(restricted_packages))\n\n for package_name, directories in conf_select.get_package_dirs().iteritems():\n if 0 == len(restricted_packages) or package_name in restricted_packages:\n conf_select.convert_conf_directories_to_symlinks(package_name, stack_version, directories)\n\n\n def compute_actual_version(self):\n \"\"\"\n After packages are installed, determine what the new actual version is.", "\n \"\"\"\n\n # If the repo contains a build number, optimistically assume it to be the actual_version. ", "It will get changed\n # to correct value if it is not\n self.actual_version = None\n self.repo_version_with_build_number = None\n if self.repository_version:\n m = re.search(\"[\\d\\.]+-\\d+\", self.repository_version)\n if m:\n # Contains a build number\n self.repo_version_with_build_number = self.repository_version\n self.structured_output['actual_version'] = self.repo_version_with_build_number # This is the best value known so far.", "\n self.put_structured_out(self.structured_output)\n\n Logger.info(\"Attempting to determine actual version with build number.\")", "\n Logger.info(\"Old versions: {0}\".format(self.old_versions))\n\n new_versions = get_stack_versions(self.stack_root_folder)\n Logger.info(\"New versions: {0}\".format(new_versions))\n\n deltas = set(new_versions) - set(self.old_versions)\n Logger.info(\"Deltas: {0}\".format(deltas))\n\n # Get version without build number\n normalized_repo_version = self.repository_version.split('-')[0]\n\n if 1 == len(deltas):\n self.actual_version = next(iter(deltas)).strip()\n self.structured_output['actual_version'] = self.actual_version\n self.put_structured_out(self.structured_output)\n write_actual_version_to_history_file(normalized_repo_version, self.actual_version)\n Logger.info(\n \"Found actual version {0} by checking the delta between versions before and after installing packages\".format(\n self.actual_version))\n else:\n # If the first install attempt does a partial install and is unable to report this to the server,\n # then a subsequent attempt will report an empty delta. ", "For this reason, we search for a best fit version for the repo version\n Logger.info(\"Cannot determine actual version installed by checking the delta between versions \"\n \"before and after installing package\")\n Logger.info(\"Will try to find for the actual version by searching for best possible match in the list of versions installed\")\n self.actual_version = self.find_best_fit_version(new_versions, self.repository_version)\n if self.actual_version is not None:\n self.actual_version = self.actual_version.strip()\n self.structured_output['actual_version'] = self.actual_version\n self.put_structured_out(self.structured_output)\n Logger.info(\"Found actual version {0} by searching for best possible match\".format(self.actual_version))\n else:\n msg = \"Could not determine actual version installed. ", "Try reinstalling packages again.\"", "\n raise Fail(msg)\n\n def check_partial_install(self):\n \"\"\"\n If an installation did not complete successfully, check if installation was partially complete and\n log the partially completed version to REPO_VERSION_HISTORY_FILE.", "\n :return:\n \"\"\"\n Logger.info(\"Installation of packages failed. ", "Checking if installation was partially complete\")\n Logger.info(\"Old versions: {0}\".format(self.old_versions))\n\n new_versions = get_stack_versions(self.stack_root_folder)\n Logger.info(\"New versions: {0}\".format(new_versions))\n\n deltas = set(new_versions) - set(self.old_versions)\n Logger.info(\"Deltas: {0}\".format(deltas))\n\n # Get version without build number\n normalized_repo_version = self.repository_version.split('-')[0]\n\n if 1 == len(deltas):\n # Some packages were installed successfully. ", "Log this version to REPO_VERSION_HISTORY_FILE\n partial_install_version = next(iter(deltas)).strip()\n write_actual_version_to_history_file(normalized_repo_version, partial_install_version)\n Logger.info(\"Version {0} was partially installed. \"", ".format(partial_install_version))\n\n def find_best_fit_version(self, versions, repo_version):\n \"\"\"\n Given a list of installed versions and a repo version, search for a version that best fits the repo version\n If the repo version is found in the list of installed versions, return the repo version itself.", "\n If the repo version is not found in the list of installed versions\n normalize the repo version and use the REPO_VERSION_HISTORY_FILE file to search the list.", "\n\n :param versions: List of versions installed\n :param repo_version: Repo version to search\n :return: Matching version, None if no match was found.", "\n \"\"\"\n if versions is None or repo_version is None:\n return None\n\n build_num_match = re.search(\"[\\d\\.]+-\\d+\", repo_version)\n if build_num_match and repo_version in versions:\n # If repo version has build number and is found in the list of versions, return it as the matching version\n Logger.info(\"Best Fit Version: Resolved from repo version with valid build number: {0}\".format(repo_version))\n return repo_version\n\n # Get version without build number\n normalized_repo_version = repo_version.split('-')[0]\n\n # Find all versions that match the normalized repo version\n match_versions = filter(lambda x: x.startswith(normalized_repo_version), versions)\n if match_versions:\n\n if len(match_versions) == 1:\n # Resolved without conflicts\n Logger.info(\"Best Fit Version: Resolved from normalized repo version without conflicts: {0}\".format(match_versions[0]))\n return match_versions[0]\n\n # Resolve conflicts using REPO_VERSION_HISTORY_FILE\n history_version = read_actual_version_from_history_file(normalized_repo_version)\n\n # Validate history version retrieved is valid\n if history_version in match_versions:\n Logger.info(\"Best Fit Version: Resolved from normalized repo version using {0}: {1}\".format(REPO_VERSION_HISTORY_FILE, history_version))\n return history_version\n\n # No matching version\n return None\n\n\n def install_packages(self, package_list):\n \"\"\"\n Actually install the packages using the package manager.", "\n :param package_list: List of package names to install\n :return: Returns 0 if no errors were found, and 1 otherwise.", "\n \"\"\"\n ret_code = 0\n \n config = self.get_config()\n agent_stack_retry_on_unavailability = cbool(config['ambariLevelParams']['agent_stack_retry_on_unavailability'])\n agent_stack_retry_count = cint(config['ambariLevelParams']['agent_stack_retry_count'])\n\n # Install packages\n packages_were_checked = False\n packages_installed_before = []\n stack_selector_package = stack_tools.get_stack_tool_package(stack_tools.", "STACK_SELECTOR_NAME)\n\n try:\n # install the stack-selector; we need to supply the action as \"upgrade\" here since the normal\n # install command will skip if the package is already installed in the system.", "\n # This is required for non-versioned components, like stack-select, since each version of\n # the stack comes with one. ", "Also, scope the install by repository since we need to pick a\n # specific repo that the stack-select tools are coming out of in case there are multiple\n # patches installed\n repositories = config['repositoryFile']['repositories']\n command_repos = CommandRepository(config['repositoryFile'])\n repository_ids = [repository['repoId'] for repository in repositories]\n repos_to_use = {}\n\n if not command_repos.items:\n raise ValueError(\"No repositories passed with the command\")\n\n for repo_id in repository_ids:\n if repo_id in self.repo_files:\n repos_to_use[repo_id] = self.repo_files[repo_id]\n\n self.repo_mgr.upgrade_package(stack_selector_package, RepoCallContext(\n ignore_errors=False,\n use_repos=repos_to_use,\n retry_on_repo_unavailability=agent_stack_retry_on_unavailability,\n retry_count=agent_stack_retry_count))\n\n packages_installed_before = self.repo_mgr.installed_packages()\n packages_installed_before = [package[0] for package in packages_installed_before]\n packages_were_checked = True\n filtered_package_list = self.filter_package_list(package_list)\n try:\n available_packages_in_repos = self.repo_mgr.get_available_packages_in_repos(command_repos)\n except Exception:\n available_packages_in_repos = []\n\n installation_context = RepoCallContext(\n ignore_errors=False,\n retry_on_repo_unavailability=agent_stack_retry_on_unavailability,\n retry_count=agent_stack_retry_count\n )\n\n for package in filtered_package_list:\n name = self.get_package_from_available(package['name'], available_packages_in_repos)\n\n # This enables upgrading non-versioned packages, despite the fact they exist.", "\n # Needed by 'mahout' which is non-version but have to be updated\n self.repo_mgr.upgrade_package(name, installation_context)\n except Exception as err:\n ret_code = 1\n Logger.logger.error(\"Package Manager failed to install packages: {0}\".format(str(err)))\n\n # Remove already installed packages in case of fail\n if packages_were_checked and packages_installed_before:\n packages_installed_after = self.repo_mgr.installed_packages()\n packages_installed_after = [package[0] for package in packages_installed_after]\n packages_installed_before = set(packages_installed_before)\n new_packages_installed = [package for package in packages_installed_after if package not in packages_installed_before]\n\n if OSCheck.is_ubuntu_family():\n package_version_string = self.repository_version.replace('.', '-')", "\n else:\n package_version_string = self.repository_version.replace('-', '_')\n package_version_string = package_version_string.replace('.', '_')", "\n\n for package in new_packages_installed:\n if package_version_string and (package_version_string in package):\n self.repo_mgr.remove_package(package, RepoCallContext())\n\n if not self.repo_mgr.verify_dependencies():\n ret_code = 1\n Logger.logger.error(\"Failure while verifying dependencies\")\n Logger.logger.error(\"*******************************************************************************\")\n Logger.logger.error(\"Manually verify and fix package dependencies and then re-run install_packages\")\n Logger.logger.error(\"*******************************************************************************\")\n\n # Compute the actual version in order to save it in structured out\n try:\n if ret_code == 0:\n self.compute_actual_version()\n else:\n self.check_partial_install()\n except Fail as err:\n ret_code = 1\n Logger.logger.exception(\"Failure while computing actual version. ", "Error: {0}\".format(str(err)))\n return ret_code\n\n def abort_handler(self, signum, frame):\n Logger.error(\"Caught signal {0}, will handle it gracefully. ", "Compute the actual version if possible before exiting.", "\".format(signum))\n self.check_partial_install()\n \n def filter_package_list(self, package_list):\n \"\"\"\n Note: that we have skipUpgrade option in metainfo.xml to filter packages,\n as well as condition option to filter them conditionally,\n so use this method only if, for some reason the metainfo option cannot be used.", "\n \n :param package_list: original list\n :return: filtered package_list\n \"\"\"\n filtered_package_list = []\n for package in package_list:\n if self.check_package_condition(package):\n filtered_package_list.append(package)\n return filtered_package_list\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n InstallPackages().execute()\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.016260162601626018, 0.009433962264150943, 0.01935483870967742, 0.010135135135135136, 0.010101010101010102, 0.006880733944954129, 0, 0, 0.005405405405405406, 0, 0.0057405281285878304, 0.0022988505747126436, 0.0007390983000739098, 0.0029498525073746312, 0.0018628912071535022, 0, 0.00265017667844523, 0, 0.002136752136752137, 0, 0.001932367149758454, 0.0023014959723820483, 0, 0.004149377593360996, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0.01282051282051282, 0.0032743942370661427, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0022560631697687537, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0.001040582726326743, 0, 0, 0.0029940119760479044, 0 ]

[ "\n234 B.R. 408 (1999)\nIn re Alexander SZYSZKO, Debtor.", "\nBankruptcy No. ", "99 B 02417.", "\nUnited States Bankruptcy Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division.", "\nJune 2, 1999.", "\n*409 Thomas D. Laue, Kenneth J. Ottaviano, Ungaretti and Harris, Chicago, IL, for movant.", "\nJeffrey P. White, Jeffrey P. White & Associates, Chicago, IL, for debtor.", "\nPhillip Martino, Rudnick & Wolf, Chicago, IL, as examiner.", "\n\n\n*410 MEMORANDUM OPINION\n\nJOHN D. SCHWARTZ, Bankruptcy Judge.", "\nThe matter presently before the Court is Taisa Szyszko's (\"Taisa\") Motion for Relief From the Automatic Stay to Fund Trust. ", "Taisa argues that a State Court Order, entered nunc pro tunc, is sufficient to create a valid trust and that her husband, Alexander Szyszko (\"Debtor\"), should be required to fund this trust. ", "The Debtor argues that the nunc pro tunc order is not sufficient to create a valid trust and therefore there is nothing to fund. ", "Alternatively, in a second motion, Taisa moves for the annulment of the automatic stay in order to fund the trust.[1] After reviewing the parties' briefs and the relevant case law, both motions will be denied.", "\n\nFACTS\nThe Debtor filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code[2] on January 27, 1999. ", "The facts relevant to the present motions occurred prior to the commencement of the Debtor's Chapter 11 proceeding. ", "The Debtor and Taisa were married in Poland on August 20, 1977. ", "On March 23, 1978, their first child was born. ", "On August 22, 1980, the Debtor left Poland to come to the United States. ", "Taisa and their child remained in Poland. ", "While in the United States the Debtor filed for and was granted a divorce from Taisa in 1986. ", "The Debtor secured this divorce by publication and apparently never served Taisa.", "\nOn September 22, 1988, Taisa and the couple's child came to live in the United States. ", "She and the Debtor resumed living as a married couple. ", "From 1990 through 1995 they filed joint income tax returns and otherwise resumed life as husband and wife. ", "In 1990 and 1994 the couple purchased real estate which is held in a land trust of which they are both the beneficiaries. ", "On September 3, 1991, a second child was born to the Debtor and Taisa. ", "In December 1996, Taisa filed a petition for divorce from the Debtor in the Circuit Court of Cook County. ", "In response, the Debtor filed a motion to dismiss based on the 1986 divorce decree. ", "On Taisa's motion, the Circuit Court vacated the 1986 order of divorce.[3]\nIn the current divorce proceedings the Debtor was ordered to pay all the past due and future household and personal expenses of Taisa and the children and provide Taisa with $1,000 a week as support. ", "Additional financial responsibilities were provided by the state court in its order of December 13, 1996. ", "On October 13, 1998, on a Petition to Show Cause and for Sanctions, the Circuit Court modified the support order to provide that the Debtor pay Taisa $2,000 per month.[4] On January 26, 1999, in a pretrial conference in the Judge's chambers, the Debtor was ordered to deposit a check he had received from the sale of certain business equipment[5] into a trust for the benefit of the Debtor's children.[6] The Judge directed the parties to prepare an order to this effect for his signature. ", "The prepared order set forth that the check, in the amount of $76,744.95, *411 was to be used to fund the trust, that David Grund and Jerry Goldberg were to be the trustees of the trust, and that $2000 per month was to be distributed from the trust until such time as the funds were expended or until further order of the court. ", "There was no record made of the conference held in the Judge's chambers.", "\nOn January 28, 1999, the order was presented to the Judge for his signature. ", "Because Taisa's counsel had knowledge that the Debtor had filed for bankruptcy protection on January 27, 1999,[7] the Judge entered the order nunc pro tunc January 26, 1999, the date of the pretrial conference.", "\n\nDISCUSSION\nTaisa requests that this court modify the automatic stay to validate the Circuit Court of Cook County's order establishing a § 503(g) trust for the benefit of the Debtor's children.[8] She argues that because the Circuit Court established the trust nunc pro tunc or alternatively that the order was orally entered on January 26, 1999, that the funds were not part of the Debtor's estate. ", "In a separate motion she requests that the Court annul the automatic stay so the trust can be funded for the benefit of the children. ", "Taisa argues that because the Debtor has failed to comply with the State Court orders requiring him to pay child support and alimony that this court should annul the automatic stay and require payment of pre-petition child support and alimony. ", "The Debtor contends that because of the intervening bankruptcy the order is not enforceable. ", "He argues that the funds in question became property of the estate when the bankruptcy was filed and Taisa has no right to them over the claims of other creditors.", "\nIn her motion to Modify the Automatic Stay to Fund Trust, Taisa argues that the order from the Circuit Court is valid because the Circuit Judge ordered the trust be funded, whether it was the nunc pro tunc order or the oral order which predated the written order. ", "Because the written order was entered nunc pro tunc to a date prior to the bankruptcy filing, Taisa argues that the prior date is the correct date and the trust was validly established. ", "Alternatively, Taisa relies on the January 26, 1999, oral order. ", "She alleges that the oral order at the pretrial conference was the event which gave rise to the trust, the written order was mere surplusage. ", "Taisa's final attempt to fund the trust is by annulling the automatic stay to provide the funds for the trust.", "\nContrary to Taisa's allegations, the Debtor argues that the trust was not validly formed because the nunc pro tunc order was invalid. ", "It was invalid, he alleges, because there was no record or previous written memorandum which was later incorporated into the order and because a nunc pro tunc order cannot be used to retroactively enter an order. ", "He also argues that the oral order cannot be given effect because the intent of the Judge was that a written order be drafted and submitted to effectuate the order.", "\nIn Illinois, nunc pro tunc orders must relate to definite and precise evidence *412 in the record. ", "McCloud v. Rodriguez, 237 Ill.Dec. 614, 710 N.E.2d 37 (1999); Beck v. Stepp, 144 Ill.2d 232, 162 Ill.Dec. 10, 579 N.E.2d 824 (1991). ", "The evidence must be assured without relying on the memory of the judge or party and cannot be based upon ex parte communications or testimony. ", "McCloud, 237 Ill.Dec. 614, 710 N.E.2d 37, 41-42; Beck, 162 Ill. Dec. 10, 579 N.E.2d at 827. ", "It can be entered to supplement the record with an order which was previously made but omitted from the record. ", "Chicago City Bank & Trust Co. v. Drake Int'l, Inc., 211 Ill. App.3d 850, 156 Ill.Dec. 289, 570 N.E.2d 765 (1991). ", "It cannot be used to give a judgment retroactive effect. ", "Id. citing In re Blume, 197 Ill.App.3d 552, 144 Ill.Dec. 61, 554 N.E.2d 1100 (1990). ", "At the pretrial conference, which was not part of the official court record, the Judge instructed the parties to draft an order which would provide for the establishment of a trust to be funded with the check in question. ", "Because there was no record, there was no order. ", "Also because the order was entered nunc pro tunc, it violated the requirement that an order cannot be given retroactive effect if it does not appear as part of the official record.", "\nAll of this does not mean that Taisa cannot recover post-petition child support and alimony claims from the Debtor. ", "It means only that at this time she cannot recover her pre-petition claims from the Debtor or from the assets of the bankruptcy estate until a plan of reorganization is effectuated or the bankruptcy estate's assets are liquidated, and then only to the extent allowed by the Bankruptcy Code.", "\nTaisa's second argument is that the oral order at the pretrial conference is a valid order and the trust should be funded. ", "The oral ruling, however, was not made in court nor was a record produced at the pretrial conference. ", "The oral order suffers from the same deficiencies as her prior argument that the nunc pro tunc should be effectuated. ", "Moreover, Illinois Supreme Court Rule 272 states, in relevant part:\n[i]f at the time of announcing final judgment the judge requires the submission of a form of written judgment to be signed by the judge or if the circuit court rule requires the prevailing party to submit a draft order, the clerk shall make a notation to that effect and the judgment becomes final only when the signed judgment is filed.", "\nIl.", "S.Ct.", "Rule 272.", "\nThe oral order at the pretrial cannot be accepted as a valid final order. ", "It cannot be argued that the oral order is valid because the judge required a draft order to be submitted for his signature. ", "By requiring the parties to provide a draft order the Judge brought the matter under the rubric of Rule 272 and therefore the matter was not an order until it was signed and filed. ", "This begs the question of whether the order could be given retroactive effect by entering it nunc pro tunc. ", "As was previously discussed, the order could not be entered nunc pro tunc. ", "Therefore, the oral announcement at the pretrial conference did not effectively establish the trust. ", "The motion to modify the stay to fund the trust must be denied.", "\nTaisa's final argument is that the automatic stay should be annulled to fund the trust. ", "Annulment is unique because it asks the court to approve post-petition action which violated the automatic stay. ", "In re Elder-Beerman Stores Corp., 195 B.R. 1012 (Bankr.", "S.D.Ohio 1996). ", "Courts have been hesitant to annul the stay because of the nature of the relief, specifically that it works in a retroactive manner. ", "Id. Such relief can only be granted in accordance with equitable principles. ", "In re Lipuma, 167 B.R. 522 (Bankr.", "N.D.Ill.1994). ", "Annulment can only be granted if the creditor did not have knowledge of the applicability of the automatic stay and to allow the automatic stay to apply would unfairly prejudice the creditor. ", "Id.\n*413 In the present case the automatic stay cannot be annulled. ", "The Debtor provided Taisa's attorneys with a copy of his bankruptcy petition the day it was filed with the Clerk of the Bankruptcy Court. ", "Obviously they knew about the automatic stay when the order in question was presented to the Court for signature and filing. ", "It is the reason the order was entered nunc pro tunc. ", "Because creditors of the Debtor could be injured by the requested annulment to fund the trust, and it is the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code that must govern who is to receive the benefit of the funds, the question of an equitable remedy does not come into play. ", "The court has no authority to allow a claim to property over the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code on the basis that such a claim is equitable. ", "The Debtor's creditors did not harm Taisa. ", "The motion to annul the automatic stay to fund the trust must be denied.", "\nNOTES\n[1] This Motion to Annul the Automatic Stay to Fund Trust is intertwined with the Motion for Relief from the Stay so the court will address both in this Memorandum Opinion and Order.", "\n[2] 11 U.S.C. § 101-1330.", "\n[3] That order is currently on appeal.", "\n[4] It should be noted that Taisa failed to comply with certain provisions of the December 13, 1996, state court order. ", "Specifically, she failed to allow the Debtor the visitation rights provided for by the order.", "\n[5] The court has not been provided with information as to whether the funds from the sale of the business assets are properly assets of the Debtor's estate or of the estate of Elexon Ltd., a chapter 7 debtor and business the Debtor owned.", "\n[6] The trust was to be established pursuant to 750 ILCS 5/503 as a 503(g) trust to protect and promote the best interests of the children.", "\n[7] The Debtor faxed copies of his bankruptcy petition to the domestic relations attorneys for Taisa.", "\n[8] A review of Illinois law regarding § 503(g) trusts leads this court to believe that Taisa may have an additional hurdle not addressed by either party. ", "The order from the Circuit Court orders the parties to establish a trust, it does not establish the trust itself. ", "See In re Marriage of Hobson, 220 Ill.App.3d 1006, 163 Ill.Dec. 437, 581 N.E.2d 388 (Ct.", "App.1991); In re Marriage of Harsy, 193 Ill.App.3d 415, 140 Ill.Dec. 344, 549 N.E.2d 995 (1990); In re Marriage of Pickholtz, 178 Ill.App.3d 512, 127 Ill.Dec. 657, 533 N.E.2d 529 (1989); Atkinson v. Atkinson, 82 Ill.App.3d 617, 37 Ill. Dec. 829, 402 N.E.2d 831 (1980) affirmed in part, vacated in part on other grounds 87 Ill.2d 174, 57 Ill.Dec. 567, 429 N.E.2d 465 (1980). ", "Therefore, assuming the validity of the order, a question arises as to whether a 503(g) trust can be established and funded due to the intervening bankruptcy.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.03773584905660377, 0, 0, 0.03076923076923077, 0, 0.044444444444444446, 0.02702702702702703, 0.03389830508474576, 0, 0.016, 0.015706806282722512, 0.007751937984496124, 0.004784688995215311, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0.015625, 0.02127659574468085, 0.0136986301369863, 0.023809523809523808, 0.010638297872340425, 0.012345679012345678, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0, 0.04225352112676056, 0.018867924528301886, 0.011904761904761904, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0.006122448979591836, 0.0060790273556231, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0.007481296758104738, 0.007462686567164179, 0.012295081967213115, 0.010752688172043012, 0.006134969325153374, 0.01509433962264151, 0.005376344086021506, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.014814814814814815, 0, 0, 0, 0.015037593984962405, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.023529411764705882, 0, 0, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0.0034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0, 0.0024691358024691358, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0.008, 0, 0.0037735849056603774, 0, 0.046511627906976744, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0.012448132780082987, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.006369426751592357, 0.008771929824561403, 0.011363636363636364, 0.0106951871657754, 0, 0 ]

[ "64 F.3d 53\n35 U.S.P.Q.2d 1753\nFABRICATION ENTERPRISES, INC., ", "Plaintiff-Appellee,v.The HYGENIC CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "846, Docket 94-7745.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Second Circuit.", "\nArgued Jan. 24, 1995.Decided Aug. 22, 1995.", "\n\n1\nBrendan J. O'Rourke, New York City (Michael T. Mervis, New York City, on the brief; Lauren S. Peterson, New York City, and Thomas W. Maroney, Tarrytown, NY, of counsel), for plaintiff-appellee.", "\n\n\n2\nRobert M. Gippin, Akron, OH (Patrick J. Keating and Adam M. Ekonomon, Akron, OH, and R. Mark Goodman, White Plains, NY, of counsel), for defendant-appellant.", "\n\n\n3\nBefore VAN GRAAFEILAND, Senior Circuit Judge, WINTER, Circuit Judge, and KAPLAN, District Judge.*", "\n\n\n4\nKAPLAN, District Judge.", "\n\n\n5\nThe design of a product may serve at least two purposes. ", " It may identify the source of the product, and it can serve a utilitarian purpose. ", " The law of trade dress protects the public against confusion as to the source of a product where the confusion arises from similarity of packaging or design. ", " If trade dress protection of product design goes too far, however, the public may be deprived of the benefits of robust competition by precluding use of utilitarian product features. ", " In consequence, the doctrine of functionality limits the extent of trade dress protection of product design. ", " The issue on this appeal is whether the District Court correctly granted summary judgment determining that the design feature at issue here is functional and therefore not susceptible of trade dress protection.", "\n\n\n6\nDefendant The Hygenic Corporation (\"Hygenic\") manufactures latex exercise bands which are sold under the Thera-Band TM trademark. ", " The elasticity of the bands permits people to exercise by working against the bands' resistance to stretching. ", " The product now consists of eight bands, ranging in levels of resistance from those that are easy to those that are more difficult to stretch. ", " The multiple resistance levels permit a user to tailor exercises to his or her strength, much as would a set of dumbbells that has a range of weights. ", " The bands are used primarily by physical therapists and athletic trainers to conduct exercise programs with patients that seek to increase the patients' strength over time by having them perform exercises with progressively more resistant bands. ", " To help therapists and trainers differentiate among the bands' resistance levels, the bands are marketed in a series of colors--tan, yellow, red, green, blue, black, silver and gold--which signify, from least resistant to most resistant, the degree of resistance of the particular band. ", " Five colors in the color sequence, those first used by Hygenic, are incorporated in registered trademarks for Thera-Band TM products, which depict a series of horizontal bars in yellow, red, green, blue, and black framing the word \"Thera-Band TM.\"Plaintiff Fabrication Enterprises, Inc. (\"Fabrication\"), a former distributor of Hygenic products, introduced a similar product, using the same color sequence, following the collapse of its relationship with Hygenic. ", " It brought this action for, inter alia, a declaration that Hygenic did not have legally enforceable trade dress protection in the color system.", "\n\n\n7\nThe District Court granted summary judgment in favor of Fabrication on the trade dress issue on the ground that the color sequence employed by Hygenic is functional and therefore not protectable. ", " Fabrication Enterprises, Inc. v. Hygenic Corp., 848 F.Supp. ", "1156 (S.D.N.Y.1994). ", " The court below, however, did not have the benefit of Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co., --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. ", "1300, 131 L.Ed.2d 248 (1995). ", " The Supreme Court there held that the doctrine of functionality does not preclude the use of color as a trademark and approved a functionality test in the color trade dress context highly sensitive to color's role in the competitive arena of the product. ", " We conclude that there are genuine issues of material fact precluding summary judgment on the issue of functionality. ", " We therefore reverse.", "\n\n\n8\n* Prior to 1977, Hygenic sold a latex sheeting product to dentists. ", " The product was available in varying levels of resistance and was purchased by some physical therapists from dental suppliers. ", " Physical therapists used the latex sheeting, in addition to other ad hoc implements such as inner tubes, to perform resistance exercises with their patients. ", " When Hygenic in 1977 ceased sale of the product, two physical therapists approached Hygenic and described how they had been using the latex sheeting. ", " The therapists suggested that Hygenic reinstate the product and market it to therapists as resistance exercise equipment in five different colors. ", " They suggested a yellow-red-green-blue-black sequence to indicate progressive resistance levels. ", " Although color systems had been used previously in other therapy products, no other product then used that particular sequence. ", " The choice, moreover, was entirely arbitrary. ", " The therapists' affidavits below explained that they thought of yellow and red as bright children's colors suited to the bands requiring the least strength, that green followed red as a Christmas color, that green and blue were more subdued and adult, and that they considered black heavier than the others. ", " Hygenic initially rejected the suggestion, but adopted it in 1979 after exploring it with customers and receiving an enthusiastic reception.", "\n\n\n9\nFabrication became a distributor of Thera-Band TM in 1979, and this lawsuit is not the first manifestation of discord in the relationship with Hygenic. ", " In 1987, Fabrication produced a similar resistive band product under the name \"Can-Do\" in colors identical to Hygenic's Thera-Band TM product. ", " Hygenic objected, and Fabrication instituted suit for a declaratory judgment determining that Hygenic had no rights in the colors. ", " The case, however, was settled under an agreement (the \"1987 Agreement\") in which Hygenic contracted to reduce its prices to Fabrication, Fabrication promised to refrain from using the color format in exercise bands, and Fabrication acknowledged, for so long as Hygenic continued to sell to Fabrication pursuant to the Agreement, that \"Hygenic has proprietary rights in the color format\" used in the Thera-Band TM products.", "\n\n\n10\nIn August 1993, Hygenic gave notice to Fabrication terminating the 1987 Agreement. ", " Fabrication thereupon brought this action, in which it asserted an antitrust claim in addition to seeking the declaratory relief already described. ", " Hygenic counterclaimed for alleged violations of the Lanham Act and Section 368-d of the New York General Business Law and on unfair competition and common law grounds.", "\n\n\n11\nIn October 1993, Fabrication obtained a preliminary injunction requiring Hygenic to continue supplying it with Thera-Band TM products. ", " Less than a month later, it displayed and solicited orders for its \"Can-Do\" product, which was made in colors identical and sold with packaging similar to Thera-Band TM, at an Atlanta trade show. ", " In December 1993, Hygenic moved for a preliminary injunction, but the motion was denied and no interlocutory appeal was taken.", "\n\n\n12\nIn February 1994, Fabrication moved for summary judgment on its claim for declaratory relief and dismissing Hygenic's counterclaims, both on the ground that Hygenic's trade dress is functional. ", " Hygenic objected to Fabrication's declarations for alleged failure to satisfy Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 56(e) and submitted extensive affidavits in opposition to the motion.", "\n\n\n13\nThe District Court excluded Fabrication's declarations but nevertheless granted Fabrication's motion. ", " It began from the premise that \"[a] characteristic of a product is functional when important to the usefulness of the item.\" ", " 848 F.Supp. ", "at 1158. ", " It noted that \"[c]olors may be used solely to attract attention or to distinguish a brand from competing wares. ", " When ... colors are used to identify or differentiate characteristics of the product as opposed to its source or origin, color has a functional use ...\" and therefore is unprotectable. ", " Id. at 1159. ", " (Emphasis in the original) It then concluded:\n\n\n14\n\"It is undisputed that the colors of the resistant bands are intended to distinguish levels of resistance. ", " This makes the color scheme functional. ", " Numerous other means of making a given brand distinctive can be utilized. ", " There is no necessity to strain to treat the color codes as nonfunctional in order to permit Hygenic to protect the integrity or identity of its own source products in the marketplace.\" ", " Id.\n\n\n15\nFinal judgment was entered on June 14, 1994,1 and this appeal followed. ", " Hygenic here attacks both the entry of summary judgment against it on the issue of functionality and the denial of its 1993 motion for a preliminary injunction.", "\n\nII\n\n16\nOur first task is to determine whether the District Court applied the correct legal standard in concluding that the Thera-Band TM color code is functional and therefore not protectable trade dress.2\n\n\n17\nSection 43 of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1125(a), prohibits a person from using a false designation of origin in commerce in connection with goods or containers for goods. ", " A product's \"trade dress,\" which involves the \"total image of a product and may include features such as size, shape, color or color combinations, texture [or] graphics,\" LeSportsac, Inc. v. K Mart Corp., 754 F.2d 71, 75 (2d Cir.1985) quoting John H. Harland Co. v. Clarke Checks, Inc., 711 F.2d 966, 980 (11th Cir.1983), therefore may be protectable under the Lanham Act. ", " Thus, a product's manufacturer may be entitled \"to trade dress protection for the appearance of the product.\" ", " Stormy Clime Ltd. v. ProGroup, Inc., 809 F.2d 971, 974 (2d Cir.1987).", "\n\n\n18\nThe extent to which a product's trade dress is protectable is commensurate with the purpose of the Lanham Act, which is to secure \"the public's interest in protection against deceit as to the sources of its purchases, [and] the businessman's right to enjoy business earned through investment in the good will and reputation attached to a trade name.\" ", " National Color Laboratories, Inc. v. Philip's Foto Co., 273 F.Supp. ", "1002, 1003 (S.D.N.Y.1967); 1 MCCARTHY Sec. ", "2.01, at 2-3. ", " Thus, to earn protection under the Lanham Act, a manufacturer must show that its trade dress is capable of distinguishing the owner's goods from the competition's and identifying the source of the goods. ", " Trade dress that can perform these tasks is said either to be inherently distinctive, because its intrinsic nature serves to identify the source of the product, or to have acquired secondary meaning by having become over time a distinguishing mark in the minds of consumers. ", " Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. ", "2753, 120 L.Ed.2d 615 (1992).3 Even if a product's trade dress is distinctive, however, an alleged infringer can defeat Lanham Act protection by showing that the trade dress, or a feature of the trade dress, is functional. ", " Qualitex Co., --- U.S. at ----, 115 S.Ct. ", "at 1304; Stormy Clime, 809 F.2d at 974; LeSportsac, 754 F.2d at 75. ", " The purpose of the functionality defense is to prevent advances in functional design from being monopolized by the owner of the design's trade dress in order to \"encourage competition and the broadest dissemination of useful design features.\" ", " Warner Bros., Inc. v. Gay Toys, Inc., 724 F.2d 327, 331 (2d Cir.1983).", "\n\n\n19\nOn the motion below, the District Court concluded that the Thera-Band TM color code is functional. ", " It based this conclusion on the view that a color cannot be a protectable aspect of a product's trade dress if it is \"important to the usefulness of the item,\" apparently irrespective of whether that color serves also to identify the source of the product. ", " As the Supreme Court made clear in Qualitex, this is incorrect. ", " The standard applied below does not take into account the fact that a color or color code, even one that contributes to the function of the product, may be protected under the Lanham Act unless the costs to competition of precluding competitors from using the color are too high. ", " Qualitex Co., --- U.S. at ----, 115 S.Ct. ", "at 1306. ", " Moreover, as we discuss below, the standard used by the District Court did not adequately account for the full variety of factors relevant to evaluating the possible impact on competition of granting Lanham Act protection to a product feature.", "\n\n\n20\nIn Qualitex, the Supreme Court held that \"where a color serves a significant nontrademark function ... courts will examine whether its use as a mark would permit one competitor (or a group) to interfere with legitimate (nontrademark-related) competition through actual or potential exclusive use of an important product ingredient.\" ", " Id. at ----, 115 S.Ct. ", "at 1306. ", " Thus, a finding that a color serves a useful non source-identifying function--which was the basis of the decision below--is in fact only the starting point for analysis of whether protecting the color as an aspect of trade dress would restrain competition unduly. ", " The test endorsed by the Court in Qualitex for determining whether color is sufficiently functional to preclude trade dress protection is that originally articulated in Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc., 456 U.S. 844, 850 n. 10, 102 S.Ct. ", "2182, 2187 n. 10, 72 L.Ed.2d 606 (1982): a feature or features of trade dress are not protectable if they are \"essential to the use or purpose of the [product]\" or \"affect [the product's] cost or quality.\"", "\n\n\n21\nThis Court has considered the Inwood Laboratories standard in the past. ", " In Stormy Clime, we held that a court conducting a functionality inquiry must take account of two risks which, if badly managed, might result in either too great or too little protection of competition. ", " On the one hand, to the extent that the product feature or design at issue enhances the distinctiveness of the product, there is a risk that failure to protect the feature or design will cause confusion and allow competitors to benefit unfairly from the original manufacturer's investment in its product's appearance. ", " If such confusion occurs, meaningful competition is frustrated because \"[w]ithout some ... method of product identification, informed consumer choice, and hence meaningful competition in quality, could not exist.\" ", " Smith v. Chanel, Inc., 402 F.2d 562, 566 (9th Cir.1968); accord 1 MCCARTHY Sec. ", "3.02. ", " On the other hand, because a product feature or design that enhances the distinctiveness of the product also might contribute to the usefulness of the product, there is a risk that protecting the feature or design would give the manufacturer an unfair competitive advantage because competitors will be prohibited from incorporating that feature into their designs. ", " Warner Bros., 724 F.2d at 331; Stormy Clime, 809 F.2d at 976.4\n\n\n22\nIn order properly to account for these risks, a court must examine a number of variables, including (1) the degree of functionality of the similar features of the product, (2) the degree of similarity between the non-functional (ornamental) features of the competing products, and (3) the feasibility of alternative designs that would not impair the utility of the product. ", " \"These factors should be considered along a continuum. ", " On one end, unique arrangements of purely functional features constitute a functional design. ", " On the other end, distinctive and arbitrary arrangements of predominantly ornamental features that do not hinder potential competitors from entering the same market with differently dressed versions of the product are non-functional and hence eligible for trade dress protection.\" ", " Stormy Clime, 809 F.2d at 977 (citations omitted). ", " The Supreme Court's emphasis in Qualitex on assessing how trade dress protection might affect competition when applying the functionality doctrine makes this multi-factored, industry-sensitive test even more vital, because only by examining all of these factors can a court accurately assess how the extension of Lanham Act protection to useful features may effect competition.", "\n\n\n23\nThe District Court began and ended its analysis with determining whether the feature is important to the usefulness of the item. ", " The approach does not appear to acknowledge the possibility that a useful product feature may serve both source-identifying and utilitarian ends and that the competitive benefits of protecting the source-identifying aspects of the feature under the Lanham Act may outweigh the competitive costs of precluding competitors from using the feature. ", " It therefore does not account for all of the variables that are relevant to assessing the potential competitive impact of extending Lanham Act protection to the product feature or design. ", " We hold that this was error.", "\n\nIII\n\n24\nOur conclusion that the District Court applied an incorrect legal standard does not end our analysis. ", " A judgment appealed from will be sustained on any legally sufficient basis in the record. ", " International Ore and Fertilizer Corp. v. SGS Control, Serv., ", "Inc., 38 F.3d 1279, 1286 (2d Cir.), ", "cert. ", "denied, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. ", "2276, 132 L.Ed.2d 280 (1995). ", " Accordingly, we consider whether there was a genuine issue as to any fact material to determination of the issue of functionality.", "\n\n\n25\nThe crux of Fabrication's motion for summary judgment was the contention that the color format used by Hygenic is an industry standard that has been used widely without objection by Hygenic. ", " It argued that the use of a different color format to indicate the resistive strength of exercise bands would be unacceptable to the market and, indeed, dangerous and that no other method is technically or economically feasible.5\n\n\n26\nFabrication submitted a good deal of evidence to the effect that several therapy products sold in progressive resistances are color coded and that a number use color formats identical or similar to that used by Hygenic. ", " Sammons and others, for example, have sold hand putties coded by a yellow-red-green-blue sequence, Sammons since as early as 1979 or 1980. ", " North Coast, Fabrication and Sammons have marketed exercise tubing in a yellow-red-green-blue-black sequence for some ten years, although Fabrication's tubing is made for it by Hygenic. ", " One or more manufacturers have marketed hand and finger exercisers using the same sequence since 1989 or 1990. ", " Apart from the Fabrication product that gave rise to Hygenic's counterclaim, however, the only evidence of other exercise bands comparable to the Thera-Band TM product is one sold briefly and unsuccessfully by SPS, which was color coded in pastel shades of yellow-orange-green-blue.", "\n\n\n27\nFabrication sought also to show that the use of color coding in general and of this color sequence in particular was indispensable or, at least, extremely important. ", " The physical therapist who submitted evidence on its behalf expressed the opinion that use of a different color sequence would be potentially dangerous because patients and therapists accustomed to the allegedly standard sequence might mistakenly choose a band of an incorrect resistance level and thereby cause injury. ", " The former principal of SPS, moreover, attributed the failure of its pastel colored exercise bands to the unwillingness of the market to accept anything but the Hygenic colors in the Hygenic sequence.", "\n\n\n28\nFinally, Fabrication contended that it was impossible, as a practical matter, to label its exercise bands. ", " It argued that its product is manufactured by a process known as calendaring which leaves a talc film that cannot be printed or stamped on the bands.6\n\n\n29\nHygenic's affidavits controverted Fabrication's evidence in virtually every respect. ", " They asserted that hand putties, as well as hand and finger exercisers, are unrelated products that perform different functions than exercise bands and, in any case, that no one has sold hand putties in the same color sequence as Hygenic's exercise bands.7 They averred that there is no industry standard, formal or informal, and pointed to a number of other progressive resistance products used in physical and occupational therapy that employ other color coding systems. ", " They adduced evidence which, if credited, would establish that the use of the same color sequence by Fabrication for exercise bands could be dangerous to patients because the resistive properties of the Fabrication product are different than those of the Thera-Band TM product. ", " Perhaps most significantly, Hygenic submitted affidavits from the president of Akron Rubber Development Laboratory and a visual and marketing consultant which together asserted that different systems for signifying resistance levels on competitive products, both color based and other, were both technically and economically feasible, a position strengthened by affidavits of persons familiar with the market who expressed the view that such alternatives could be accepted in the marketplace.8\n\n\n30\nAs we have noted, the Supreme Court recently reiterated--in a color trade dress case--that\n\n\n31\n\" 'a product feature is functional,' and cannot serve as a trademark, 'if it is essential to the use or purpose of the article or if it affects the cost or quality of the article,' that is, if exclusive use of the feature would put competitors at a significant non-reputation-related disadvantage.\" ", " Qualitex Co., --- U.S. at ----, 115 S.Ct. ", "at 1304, quoting Inwood Laboratories, 456 U.S. at 850 n. 10, 102 S.Ct. ", "at 2187 n. 10 (1982).", "\n\n\n32\nIt went on to quote approvingly the Restatement's view that a design is functional if its aesthetic value lies in its ability to \"confe[r] a significant benefit that cannot practically be duplicated by the use of alternative designs.\" ", " Id. at ----, 115 S.Ct. ", "at 1306, quoting Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition Sec. ", "17, Comment c, at 175-76 (1995).", "\n\n\n33\nIn this case, it is undisputed that the color sequence employed by Hygenic confers a significant benefit in that it identifies the resistance level of each band. ", " The dispositive issue is whether that benefit may be achieved by alternative means. ", " That question must be viewed in terms of the technical and economic practicality of other color coding or identification systems--e.g., the practicality of imprinting or stamping the bands. ", " It perhaps may be viewed also in terms of the acceptability of a different scheme of identification to the marketplace, although it is not clear that this is an appropriate consideration.9 But however it is viewed, there are genuine issues of fact here. ", " The parties' proofs are at loggerheads. ", " In consequence, we cannot sustain the judgment in light of Qualitex, even if Fabrication's affidavits and declarations are considered.", "\n\nIV\n\n34\nWe note the extensive effort devoted by the parties below to the issue whether others had used identical or similar color formats and, if so, whether they did so on comparable products and whether Hygenic objected to such uses. ", " Such evidence undoubtedly is relevant to the question whether Hygenic's trade dress is entitled to protection in the first place. ", " As the Supreme Court held in Two Pesos, --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. ", "at 2758, trade dress is entitled to protection if it is inherently distinctive or if it has acquired secondary meaning, i.e., if it has become distinctive of the goods of a particular source. ", " But Fabrication did not seek summary judgment on the issue of protectability, and the District Court did not rule on the point. ", " We think it inappropriate to do so in the first instance.", "\n\nV\n\n35\nHygenic also seeks review of the District Court's denial in December 1993 of its motion for a preliminary injunction restraining Fabrication from marketing its \"Can-Do\" product in the same color sequence as Thera-Band TM.", "\n\n\n36\nAs we have noted, Hygenic sought a preliminary injunction after Fabrication introduced the \"Can Do\" product at a trade show. ", " The motion, which was brought on by order to show cause, was made returnable at a status conference on December 17, 1993. ", " No opposing papers were filed. ", " Following the conference, the District Court endorsed an order denying the motion, apparently in anticipation of a prompt trial. ", " No interlocutory appeal was taken.", "\n\n\n37\nThe District Court made no findings of fact or conclusions of law in denying the motion, which alone requires a remand because it leaves us unable to review the decision. ", " E.g., Fengler v. Numismatic Americana, Inc., 832 F.2d 745, 747 (2d Cir.1987); FTC v. British Oxygen Co., 529 F.2d 196, 199-200 (3d Cir.1976) (en banc); See Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 52(a), 65(d). ", " On remand, however, we note that the District Court is entitled to consider the passage of time since the denial of the motion in December 1993. ", " We have noted elsewhere that unwarranted delay in seeking a preliminary injunction in trademark cases undercuts the movant's claim of irreparable injury. ", " Majorica, S.A. v. R.H. Macy & Co., 762 F.2d 7, 8 (2d Cir.1985); Citibank, N.A. v. Citytrust, 756 F.2d 273 (2d Cir.1985). ", " By parity of reasoning, the District Court may wish to consider whether Hygenic's failure to take an interlocutory appeal or to seek expedited handling of, or a stay pending, this appeal has a bearing on any contention that a preliminary injunction should be issued at this late date.", "\n\nVI\n\n38\nAccordingly, the judgment appealed from is reversed, the order denying Hygenic's motion for a preliminary injunction is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.", "\n\n\n\n*\n The Honorable Lewis A. Kaplan, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation\n\n\n1\n The District Court's order granted Hygenic's motion for summary judgment dismissing Fabrication's antitrust claims, which is not at issue on this appeal, but did not dispose of all of the claims asserted by both of the parties. ", " It therefore was interlocutory at the time it was entered. ", " The parties thereafter settled the remaining issues, and final judgment was entered\n\n\n2\n We recognize that Hygenic counterclaimed on both trade dress and trademark grounds. ", " This distinction is immaterial for most purposes on this appeal because functionality, the focus of the decision below and of this decision, is a defense in both trademark and trade dress cases. ", " 1 J. THOMAS MCCARTHY, MCCARTHY ON TRADEMARKS AND UNFAIR COMPETITION Sec. ", "7.26 (3d ed. ", "1993) (hereinafter \"MCCARTHY\"Y\")\n\n\n3\n Pursuant to Qualitex, Lanham Act protection for a single color may be garnered only upon a showing of secondary meaning. ", " Qualitex Co., --- U.S. at ----, 115 S.Ct. ", "at 1303. ", " Whether this is true for the Thera-Band TM color code, which consists of more than one color, is not an issue in this case because Hygenic does not contend that the Thera-Band TM color code is inherently distinctive\n\n\n4\n The Lanham Act is not concerned with protecting innovation by giving the innovator a monopoly, which is the function of patent law. ", " Insuring that Lanham Act protection is not extended to product features that might grant a competitive advantage thus prevents the Lanham Act from interfering with the policies and purposes of patent law. ", " See Duraco Prods., ", "Inc. v. Joy Plastic Enter., ", "Ltd., 40 F.3d 1431 (3d Cir.1994); Stormy Clime, 809 F.2d at 978\n\n\n5\n Fabrication submitted declarations or affidavits of its sole shareholder (Elliott Goldberg), three industry witnesses (Robert Silagy, John Vuckovich and Ronald Herzig), a physical therapist and a former Hygenic employee (George Sovak). ", " Hygenic moved to strike those of Goldberg, Silagy, Sovak, and Vuckovich on the ground that they contained inadmissible hearsay, failed to demonstrate the competency of the declarant or otherwise failed to satisfy Rule 56(e)'s requirement that affidavits in support of motions for summary judgment \"shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein.\" ", " In granting summary judgment for Fabrication, the District Court expressly declined to consider evidence from any of the challenged documents, although it did not in terms pass on the merits of Hygenic's objection. ", " 848 F.Supp. ", "at 1158 n. 1. ", " Inasmuch as we conclude that the judgment should be reversed irrespective of whether Fabrication's materials are taken into account, we consider them as part of the summary judgment record\n\n\n6\n Fabrication acknowledged that Hygenic's product is manufactured by extrusion, which produces a material that can be printed or stamped. ", " It argued, however, that extrusion equipment would cost $2 to $3 million, which is economically impractical if used solely for the production of exercise bands, which are a comparatively low volume product. ", " It pointed out that Hygenic can justify such expensive equipment only because it manufactures other products on it and thus spreads the cost over a larger base\n\n\n7\n Indeed, they disputed Fabrication's claim that Sammons sold hand putties in a yellow-red-green-blue sequence with an affidavit from Fred Sammons, the principal of the company, who stated that it used a three color sequence\n\n\n8\n Hygenic's affidavits disputed also Fabrication's contention that the failure of SPS's pastel colored product demonstrated the commercial impracticality of a different color sequence. ", " They contended that the SPS product had not been supported by an adequate marketing effort\n\n\n9\n Insofar as a new product's acceptability in the marketplace is affected by consumer goodwill toward a prior product, it appears that any costs that must be borne by the newcomer in overcoming that goodwill are not an appropriate part of the functionality inquiry, even though as a matter of economic reality it is obvious that such costs will affect the cost of the new item. ", " As the Court indicated in Qualitex, the first comer is entitled to the advantages of reputation and recognition achieved through use of its trade dress in the market. ", " See Qualitex Co., --- U.S. at ----, 115 S.Ct. ", "at 1306\nThis is not to say, however, that the first manufacturer is entitled to all of the benefits that might accrue to the first person to introduce a product or product feature. ", " Consumers over time may come to attribute meaning to a feature other than as an indication of the product's source. ", " If a sufficient proportion of consumers come to see the feature as signifying something other than the source of a product, then the feature may be declared generic and unprotectable. ", " See, e.g., Ciba-Geigy Corp. v. Bolar Pharmeceutical Co., Inc., 547 F.Supp. ", "1095, 1114 (D.N.J.1982), aff'd, 719 F.2d 56 (3d Cir.1983), cert. ", "denied, 465 U.S. 1080, 104 S.Ct. ", "1444, 79 L.Ed.2d 763 (1984); 2 MCCARTHY Secs. ", "7.21, 7.21, 12. ", " Thus, if a manufacturer wishes to retain Lanham Act protection for a product feature, it bears the burden of insuring that consumers view the feature in predominantly source-identifying terms. ", " In this case, as we note above, the evidence on this question is conflicting.", "\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.05, 0.0425531914893617, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.043209876543209874, 0.0392156862745098, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004739336492890996, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006437768240343348, 0, 0.009950248756218905, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0.01680672268907563, 0, 0.00390625, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0.020833333333333332, 0.007575757575757576, 0.007075471698113208, 0, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0.014184397163120567, 0.005076142131979695, 0, 0.015, 0.024096385542168676, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.0106951871657754, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0.004464285714285714, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.04225352112676056, 0.01904761904761905, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0.00816326530612245, 0.0029498525073746312, 0, 0, 0, 0.011583011583011582, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0.0045045045045045045, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0.031746031746031744, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015228426395939087, 0.0021929824561403508, 0, 0.0106951871657754, 0, 0.014134275618374558, 0, 0, 0.004975124378109453, 0.008849557522123894, 0.004132231404958678, 0.002105263157894737, 0.007168458781362007, 0.0022346368715083797, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0.004149377593360996, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.014814814814814815, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0.013100436681222707, 0, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0.024539877300613498, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.007017543859649123, 0.0045045045045045045, 0.011049723756906077, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0, 0.005633802816901409, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0.016339869281045753, 0.00646551724137931, 0.013824884792626729, 0, 0, 0.006024096385542169, 0, 0.008665511265164644, 0.0021141649048625794, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0.005154639175257732, 0, 0 ]

[ "module.exports = require('./cjs/nivo-voronoi')\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0 ]