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tomekkorbak

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[ "Want to submit your track to Avocaudio?", "\n\nAbout Avocaudio\n\nAvocaudio is the brainchild and digital label of internationally acclaimed DJ/Producer Roommate (Justin McCauley). ", "The concept behind the label is to create a release platform for talented artists and friends to put forth what they feel is a direct musical representation of themselves. ", "Avocaudio encompasses many different styles of music and continues to evolve with each release. ", "You can always expect a well produced and original product from every artist involved." ]

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[ "IBM Will Shift Lotus Chief\nTo Computer-Server Group\n\nIn a management change at one of its best-known units, International Business Machines Corp. is transferring Al Zollar, general manager of its Lotus software unit, to head a hardware division.", "\n\nMr. Zollar, a 26-year IBM veteran and one of its highest-ranking African-American executives, is given credit at the company for integrating the quirky Lotus unit into IBM's larger software business. ", "He will become general manager of the iSeries computer server group, a hardware line, IBM told managers Wednesday in an internal e-mail." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPostgreSQL triggers functions (e.g.: RI_Fkey_setnull_upd etc..)\n\nI am getting acquainted with PostgreSQL.", "\nTrying to find information for trigger functions listed below:\nRI_Fkey_cascade_del\nRI_Fkey_cascade_upd\nRI_Fkey_check_ins\nRI_Fkey_check_upd\nRI_Fkey_noaction_del\nRI_Fkey_noaction_upd\nRI_Fkey_restrict_del\nRI_Fkey_restrict_upd\nRI_Fkey_setdefault_del\nRI_Fkey_setdefault_upd\nRI_Fkey_setnull_del\nRI_Fkey_setnull_upd\nsuppress_redundant_updates_trigger\ntrigger_in\ntsvector_updates_trigger\ntsvector_updates_trigger_column\nunique_key_recheck\n\nGoogle shows me only sources of PGSQL.", "\n\nA:\n\nsuppress_redundant_updates_trigger and tsvector_update_trigger are in the documentation.", "\ntrigger_in is a placeholder function associated with the TRIGGER pseudotype, and is never actually called.", "\nThe rest are implementation details of foreign key and uniqueness constraints. ", "You should find everything you need to know about these constraints in the documentation. ", "You shouldn't need to know anything about the underlying triggers (and if you do, the only explanation you're likely to find is the source code itself).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Never miss another 'John Grant (US)' show\n\nTrack John Grant (US)\n\nJohn Grant (US)\n\nJohn Grant is a Denver-born solo artist and former lead vocalist with The Czars. ", "He released his debut solo album Queen of Denmark in April 2010. ", "It was recorded in collaboration with Midlake and will be released on Bella Union. ", "John has previously performed as a back up to American rock bands Midlake and The Flaming Lips.", "\n\nLogin or Register\n\nOr connect via Facebook\n\nLogin using Facebook\n\nAs a member, you'll be sent our Tickets and Tours bulletin every Thursday. ", "If you provide us with a UK location you'll also receive a regional newsletter every Monday packed full of things happening on your doorstep. ", "You can unsubscribe from these at any time.", "\n\n×\n\nDo you represent Heaven?", "\n\nWe will link the artist's page to the account you are signed in with now. ", "You will then be able to add events and information to the page through Ents24 Backstage.", "\n\nPlease select your role in relation to this artist, add a few words of explanation to help us verify your request, and then click the 'Submit' button.", "\n\nPlease note: requests should only be made by those officially affiliated to Heaven.", "\n\nI am the\n\n×\n\nBuying Tickets from Another Website\n\nYou are about to leave Ents24.com to buy tickets from another website." ]

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[ "Multiphoton microscopy applications in nanodermatology.", "\nMultiphoton microscopy is being used as a tool for tracking nanoparticles and assessing endogenous autofluorescent molecules. ", "This technology is founded on femtosecond lasers that are capable of exciting unlabeled metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, and upconverting nanoparticles. ", "The addition of time-correlated single-photon counting detectors enables fluorescence lifetime imaging. ", "Fluorescence lifetime measurements result in high-resolution, quantitative data that can be used to distinguish nanoparticle signals from those of endogenous fluorophores. ", "This application of multiphoton microscopy is capable of simultaneous nanoparticle and NAD(P)H imaging, resulting in the capacity for dye-free assessments of treatment-induced metabolic changes. ", "The stage is set for advanced, clinical imaging focused nanoparticle trials that can directly address critical issues in nanomedicine and nanotoxicology." ]

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[ "In \"Associations Between Affective States and Sexual and Health Status Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China: Exploratory Study Using Social Media Data\" (J Med Internet Res 2020;22(1):e13201), there was an error which was not identified during the proofing stage.", "\n\nThe original published Acknowledgments section was incorrectly listed as:\n\n> We are grateful to the participants of this study. ", "This project was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number \\#71974212, \\#71774178, and \\#81803334), Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (grant number \\#201607010332), and A Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control of the National Science and Technology Major Project (grant number \\#2018ZX10715004).", "\n\nThe correct Acknowledgments section is:\n\n> We are grateful to the participants of this study. ", "This project was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number \\#91546203, \\#71974212, \\#71774178, and \\#81803334), Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (grant number \\#201607010332) and A Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control of the National Science and Technology Major Project (grant number \\#2018ZX10715004).", "\n\nThe correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR website on March 3, 2020, together with the publication of this correction notice. ", "Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nTrouble with .remove() when theres a hash in the url\n\nI have a simple animation that plays on my homepage. ", "It works with an empty div with an animated height/margin. ", "This works great, but I'd like to be able to link to specific anchors without the animation.", "\nSo, my solution is to simply remove that empty div (class=\"pushtocenter\" when there is a hash in the URL.", "\n(window.location.hash) && $(\".pushtocenter\").remove();\n\nHowever, the div stays put. ", "The (window.location.hash) && works, because I've checked it using console.log, but for some reason .remove() just isn't doing anything.", "\nAt first, I thought it was because the div was inserted via a php include, necessitating .on(), but I simply moved it out of the include, so it's not that. :(", "\nAny ideas?", "\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nTry this:\nif((window.location.hash)){\n $(\".pushtocenter\").remove();\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Olfactory functions are mediated by parallel and hierarchical processing.", "\nHow the human brain processes the perception, discrimination, and recognition of odors has not been systematically explored. ", "Cerebral activations were therefore studied with PET during five different olfactory tasks: monorhinal smelling of odorless air (AS), single odors (OS), discrimination of odor intensity (OD-i), discrimination of odor quality (OD-q), and odor recognition memory (OM). ", "OS activated amygdala-piriform, orbitofrontal, insular, and cingulate cortices and right thalamus. ", "OD-i and OD-q both engaged left insula and right cerebellum. ", "OD-q also involved other areas, including right caudate and subiculum. ", "OM did not activate the insula, but instead, the piriform cortex. ", "With the exception of caudate and subiculum, it shared the remaining activations with the OD-q, and engaged, in addition, the temporal and parietal cortices. ", "These findings indicate that olfactory functions are organized in a parallel and hierarchical manner." ]

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[ "We use cookies to customise content for your subscription and for analytics.", "If you continue to browse Lexology, we will assume that you are happy to receive all our cookies. ", "For further information please read our Cookie Policy.", "\n\nInsurance and reinsurance news - March 2017 - Reconsidering the jurisdiction of FOS: The impact of the Aviva decision\n\nThe High Court has recently laid down an important decision in relation to the jurisdiction of the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS). ", "The decision itself concerned the reinstatement of a life insurance policy that had been avoided for non-disclosure. ", "But the case is most interesting because of the judge’s comments about the jurisdiction of the FOS. ", "The decision demonstrates the possibility of a challenge to a FOS decision that is based on what is ‘fair and reasonable’, rather than on the strict legal position and where their reasons are insufficiently explained by the FOS.", "\n\nIn R (Aviva Life & Pensions (UK) Ltd) v Financial Ombudsman Service [2017] EWHC 352 (Aviva) the High Court held that, while not irrational, the FOS decision that Aviva should reinstate the policy should be quashed on the basis that it was inadequately reasoned. ", "Mr Justice Jay, however, had “personal concerns about a jurisdiction such as this which occupies an uncertain space outside the common law and statute. ", "The relationship between what is fair and reasonable, and what the law lays down, is not altogether clear.”", "\n\nThis concern regarding the FOS’s discretion to determine what is ‘fair and reasonable’ will be of interest, not just to insurers, but to all parties seeking decisions from the FOS.", "\n\nThis newsletter considers the effect of the High Court decision.", "\n\nBackground\n\nIn July 2006 Mr and Mrs McCulloch (who are “interested parties” for the purposes of the proceedings) took out a 23-year joint life policy (the joint life policy) which included terminal illness benefits and a sum assured of £127,000. ", "This was, in essence, a composite policy whereby Mr McCulloch insured against the contingency of his wife’s prior death, and vice versa. ", "A single premium was payable on the basis of a blended mortality risk. ", "In early August 2013 Mr and Mrs McCulloch cancelled the joint life policy and Mr McCulloch applied for a single life policy on his own life (the single life policy) from Aviva in November 2013. ", "Mr McCulloch failed to disclose on the application form for the single life policy that he had been consulting his GP in relation to possible mental health issues since September 2013, that he had been referred for psychiatric assessment, and that he was awaiting a CT scan.", "\n\nHis responses on the proposal form included:\n\n“Q18: 'Within the last five years, other than in respect of the conditions that you have already declared have you:\n\n1. ", "received any medical attention at a hospital as an inpatient or outpatient, or\n\n2. ", "had or been advised to have any investigations, scans or blood tests?'", "\n\nA: ‘no’\n\n'Q19: Other than in respect of the conditions that you have already declared, are you currently:\n\n1. ", "experiencing any symptoms or complaints for which you have not consulted a doctor or\n\n2. ", "receiving any form of treatment or medication or\n\n3. ", "awaiting any medical or surgical consultation or follow up or\n\n4. ", "awaiting any test or investigation?'", "\n\nA: Yes – groin hernia (and further details were given).”", "\n\nHe subsequently sought to claim for terminal illness benefit on the single life policy when he was diagnosed with a terminal illness identified by the CT scan. ", "Aviva declined the claim on the grounds of misrepresentation, and avoided the policy owing to negligence or careless, rather than innocent, non-disclosure. ", "Aviva stated that it would not have offered the policy if disclosure had been made.", "\n\nThe FOS considered that Aviva should treat the claim as required under the Association of British Insurer’s Code of Practice on the basis that Mr McCulloch’s misrepresentation was due to his illness.", "\n\nThe Ombudsman stated that “Mr McCulloch could be expected to make the same disclosures that I would expect a reasonable person to make” and accordingly “[i]n cases of innocent misrepresentation, the appropriate remedy is to disregard the information that wasn’t included in the application form. ", "So Aviva should reinstate the policy on its original terms and consider Mr McCulloch’s claim”.", "\n\n1. ", "There were two stages in determining whether its decision was ‘Wednesbury’ unreasonable: (i) was the decision unfair or unreasonable; and (ii) if it was unreasonable, what remedy should be given? ", "Crucially, the second test should only apply if the first has been satisfied. ", "Moreover, because Aviva had followed relevant law, guidance and practice, it could not be concluded that the first test had been satisfied.", "\n\n2. ", "Although the mistake as to the information provided may not have been Mr McCulloch’s fault, Aviva was blameless, yet found itself committed to pay out on the certainty that Mr McCulloch would die during the currency of the term, not the risk that he might. ", "Accordingly, the Ombudsman’s decision was more than inadequately reasoned, it was perverse. ", "The only correct conclusion should have been that, had Mr McCulloch been well, he would have provided the information and the risk would have been declined.", "\n\n3. ", "The FOS’s decision requiring Aviva to reinstate the policy should be quashed because the effect of reinstatement would have led to Aviva paying the full amount due under the life policy, which was £500,000. ", "This was in excess of the £150,000 award limit that would otherwise be applicable if the insurer had refused cover due to a breach of policy terms or the application of an exclusion. ", "By contrast, the FOS contended that the role of the Ombudsman was to determine whether a decision was fair and reasonable, and in doing so, should take into account, but is not bound by, relevant law and practice.", "\n\nThe Court’s decision\n\nThe whole of the Ombudsman’s decision was quashed, meaning the FOS has to reconsider the complaints regarding both policies. ", "However, in doing so, the Court did not agree with Aviva’s formulation of whether the Ombudsman’s decision was ‘Wednesbury’ unreasonable, and held that the Ombudsman was correct to use “her own evaluative assessment of the merits of the decision reached.” ", "Further, the Ombudsman did not have to accept Aviva’s decision, simply because Aviva had followed the relevant law, guidance and practice.", "\n\nInstead, the Court concluded that the correct question to consider was “whether a different Ombudsman, properly directing herself as to her powers, could rationally conclude that it would be fair and reasonable to uphold the complaint.” ", "In considering that question, the Court emphasised the importance of Aviva’s submission that, had it known of Mr McCulloch’s condition, it would not have accepted the risk. ", "In particular, it was noted that:\n\n\"insurance is about risk, not certainty. ", "Insurers required proposal forms to be completed accurately so that the risk may be properly valued, and the premium assessed. ", "Moreover, some weight must be given to the argument that fairness and reasonableness is not just about the interests of the insured, but must also accommodate the commercial interests of the insurer.”", "\n\nHowever, the Court decided that despite this it was not persuaded that a differentlyreasoned decision upholding Mr and Mrs McCulloch’s complaint would necessarily be irrational. ", "In this sense, the judgment is a reminder of how difficult the Wednesbury test is to satisfy.", "\n\nThe strong statements the judge makes (despite the FOS conceding this point) about the need to explain a departure from the relevant law, guidance and practice are also significant. ", "Mr Justice Jay said that “FOS was right to concede at the earliest possible stage that the Ombudsman’s determination was flawed for inadequacy of reasons. ", "The Ombudsman did not follow relevant law, guidance and practice. ", "Although, as I will explain below, she was not required to do so, it was incumbent on her to explain why she did not […] It follows that a quashing order should be made in this case.” ", "Although the need for the FOS to explain a departure from the relevant law, guidance and practice has been accepted as the law and referred to in decisions for many years, a quashing order on this basis may serve as helpful guidance to the FOS of the importance of this.", "\n\nPerhaps more significantly, the judge also stated that “[b]y way of postscript, I do have personal concerns about a jurisdiction such as this which occupies an uncertain space outside the common law and statute. ", "The relationship between what is fair and reasonable, and what the law lays down, is not altogether clear. ", "The approach of the Court of Appeal has been to say that a sufficient nexus exists between these two normative categories because (i) the corpus of legal principles and rules is clear, and (ii) the Ombudsman must give clear reasons when she departs from the law. ", "Speaking entirely personally, I am not wholly satisfied that this adequately bridges the gap, or gives sufficient definition to the norms under scrutiny. ", "Who, or what, defines the contours and content of fairness and reasonableness? ", "If the law takes one policy direction, what can rationally survive of a policy which has been eschewed?...”", "\n\nThe combined effect of both points is a helpful reminder, and perhaps even a warning, which may bring more rigour to the FOS’s decision making in the future by encouraging it to think more about its alignment with the law and when and why it is appropriate to depart from it, bearing in mind that fairness and reasonableness should presumably be measured from the perspective of the firm as well as the customer. ", "Reasonableness and predictability are important aspects of the Rule of Law and this case raises interesting questions regarding the circumstances in which it might be fair and reasonable to hold a firm liable for something for which it would not be liable under the law." ]

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[ "While exit polls indicate that Walker’s win won’t have much of an effect on the President’s standing in Wisconsin — Obama led Mitt Romney, 54 to 48 per cent, according to CNN results, the results are nevertheless an embarrassment for Democrats. ", "The national party initially heralded the recall effort as a referendum on the GOP’s agenda — DNC Chairwoman Debbie Wasserman-Schultz called the election a “dry run” for November last month — but backed away after it became clear that Walker would likely withstand the challenge." ]

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[ "The fundamental analysis of this company requires a thorough look at State National Companies balance sheet. ", "Financial strength can be guaged by performing State National Companies stock analysis and by analyzing the balance sheet. ", "Quarterly results are typically accompanied with the company releasing financial statements. ", "State National Companies had a long term debt of $43.81M at the end of 2017 Q3. ", "To understand the debt servicing capacity of the company, one needs to look at State National Companies operating cash flow and State National Companies revenue also. ", "State National Companies debt to equity ratio is 0.14.", "\n\nView and download State National Companies quarterly results to get the balance sheet details for the latest 40 quarters data.", "\n\nAssets: An asset is a resource that a corporation like State National Companies owns and has monetary significance. ", "SNC assets grew from $3.25B in 2017 Q2 to $3.59B in 2017 Q3. ", "Assets can be of two types: fixed assets like real estate, plant and machinery; and current assets which includes cash, accounts receivable etc. ", "Tech stocks typically don't have too many assets.", "\n\nLiabilities: The total liabilities of State National Companies for the quarter 2017 Q3 total to $3.26B. Liabilities for a company like State National Companies include bank loans, services which have been availed for which a settlement in the form of cash/ asset transfer needs to be done in future etc. ", "A firm takes on such obligations to grow its business which in turn will generate future economic benefits for its business.", "\n\nHistorical, current end-of-day data, and company fundamental data provided by Zacks.", "\nAll information provided \"as is\" for informational purposes only, not intended for trading purposes or advice.", "\nNeither Amigobulls nor any of the data providers is liable for any informational errors, incompleteness, or delays, or for any actions taken in reliance on information contained herein. ", "By accessing the amigobulls.com, you agree not to redistribute the information found therein.", "\nPlease read our terms of use and privacy policy." ]

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[ "A blog of complete and utter random-ness. ", "Hence the name : Igloo on the Beach!", "\nYou'll find poems and stories here ranging from lost sisters, to my account on a particular shade of lime green; from my dream of Michael Jackson to a curious girl. ", "So go ahead, take a peep into my world, and I hope you enjoy!", "\n\nPages\n\nMonday, 3 October 2016\n\nSpoken Word #2 Self Labelled Feminist\n\nWords of Caution: The term \"Lady's man\" has various spellings and meanings, here being used in the negative sense that the world does subject men, who are prone to female (or male) attention, to. ", "Through this poem, I in no means attempt to sabotage the view on women, or say that all humans who wear make up wear it for other people's attention. ", "There are lots of people who apply make up because it makes them happy, or they it as art. ", "You people, rock. ", "But this poem is specifically about girls/women who attempt to wear makeup to gather the attention of the \"Lady's man\".", "\n\nHope you enjoy.", "\n\nMy question, is to Mr. Lady's man;\n\nYes sir, you, the one sitting between the girls'\n\nin black and white from left to right,\n\nanti-clockwise.", "\n\nTell me, Mr. Lady's man,\n\nDo you feel comfortable where you're sitting?", "\n\nAre you sure?", "\n\nOh yes, of course you're comfortable;\n\nYou're sitting next to your \"fans\".", "\n\nNow, Mr. Lady's man,\n\nbe a gentle soul,\n\nAsk the girls' around you whether\n\nTHEY are comfortable.", "\n\nOh behold the truth! ", "How can they be?", "\n\nConsidering they got expensive, fake, spray tanned legs,\n\nto catch the eye of what they call you;\n\nyou, the lady's man.", "\n\nSo now, Mr. Lady's man,\n\nbeing the self labelled feminist that you are,\n\ndo your duty,\n\nsit them down,\n\n(But don't be gross, sit them down decently,\n\nnot like food on a five star restaurant plate).", "\n\nSit them down and tell them that you love the colour of their eyes,\n\nnot the flaky mascara around it;\n\nThat you love their curly hair peeping\n\nout of the blow-dry ever so subtly\n\nand that you love that black spot on this one's face,\n\nthe same exact one\n\nshe tried so hard, but failed, to cover well.", "\n\nBecause let me tell you, Mr. Lady's man, you MAY not like make up on our faces,\n\nbut you certainly don't complain\n\nwhen you get your way,\n\nas we wear our flaky mascara\n\nto catch the eye of what they call you;\n\nyou,\n\nthe lady's man.", "\n\n- For being so done with societal norms\n\nP.S My blog's 2nd birthday is on the 18th of October, and it would be fantastic if you could share the link to my work to your friends, family and colleagues." ]

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[ "Attitudes and knowledge of parents of preschool children about specific learning disabilities.", "\nSpecific learning disorders include dyslexia - reading disorder, dysgraphia - writing disorder, dyspraxia and discoloration - difficulties with mathematical tasks. ", "Along with these disorders, hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit are often associated with these disorders. ", "According to available data, 2/3 of children who have difficulty reading, writing, and counting have a lack of attention. ", "Diagnosing these disorders is an important task for parents, preschools and schools, because it is prerequisite for understanding and treatment. ", "The aim of the research was to gain information how the parents of preschool children get information and knowledge about learning disabilities at children, were they able to recognize the symptoms, what was the main source of their information and whether information was understandable and reliable. ", "Five hundred (510) respondents participated in the survey. ", "The survey was conducted from July to August 2016 and was conducted through a \"google\" application. ", "The survey was placed at different social networks, and the participation in the survey was voluntary and anonymous with the note that parents of preschool and school children were participating. ", "A survey of 10 questions with the offered answers was used in the survey. ", "The results have shown that parents majority of information get from Internet /which is understandable for this sample, because the survey was done through Internet/. Most parents received information through online pages, which did not always mean getting the correct information. ", "They expressed a need for expert education and more public talk about children's learning disabilities. ", "Parents have been interested in this topic, so it is necessary to organize different workshops and lectures that will be led by experts to provide reliable and useful information and to put more professional information on Internet for parents." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of Invention\nThe present invention relates to the battery/battery charger module including a battery, a battery charger and a junction portion, and more specifically relates to such a module which is adapted for connecting to other battery/battery charger modules for creating a modular system.", "\n2. ", "Discussion of the Related Art\nVarious battery charger systems are known in the art. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,696,283 shows a charger unit which can be detachably mated to charging modules capable of accommodating a varying number of batteries to be charged. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,694,729 shows a portable electric power apparatus for a truck. ", "The apparatus contains two battery packs, each having four six volt battery units, which are connected to a truck's electrical system. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,691,157 shows a battery charger apparatus for an automobile. ", "The apparatus rack is connected to the electrical system of an internal combustion engine and to a module which houses the battery to be charged. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,636,703 shows a charging apparatus having a U-shaped cell frame and a power supply casing.", "\nMany of the above battery charger systems have limited application, and all are limited in their flexibility. ", "It is thus desirable to have a battery/battery charger system which offers greater flexibility in configuration and has an open architecture which allows a battery and battery charger system to be created by connection of multiple battery/battery charger modules." ]

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[ "(CNN) This year, the nativity scene on the front lawn of the Saint Susanna Parish looks a little different.", "\n\nYes, inside the traditional wooden structure visitors can still see the biblical characters of Mary and Joseph staring lovingly at their baby Jesus. ", "But tacked on the walls above them are 16 blue planks, each one a sobering remembrance.", "\n\nSAN BERNARDINO 14. ", "VIRGINIA TECH 32. ", "LAS VEGAS CONCERT 58. ", "AURORA THEATER 12.", "\n\nThis year parishioners at this church in Dedham, a suburb of Boston, decided to blend the annual crèche with the ongoing national conversation about gun violence. ", "Each plank states the location and number of people killed in one of 16 mass shootings in the US.", "\n\nThe idea to bring gun violence into the Christmas display came from the parish's Pax Christi group, a Catholic peace organization. ", "The church's pastor, Steve Josoma, picked which shootings to commemorate.", "\n\nThe point is to show, during a traditional season of peace, that mass shootings are happening all over the country, in all kinds of places, says Pax Christi coordinator Patricia Ferrone.", "\n\n\"All of the positive associated with Jesus that we all aspire to, yet we have a world that's an awful mess,\" Ferrone told CNN. ", "The idea \"is really just trying to make connections to show the contrast, in a certain sense, with the way of Jesus and the way of violence.\"", "\n\nIn the last 10 years the United States has witnessed 18 mass shootings. ", "In 2017 they averaged at one per month through early November, feeding a national debate over gun control and related issues.", "\n\nFerrone said St. Susanna didn't worry about a backlash because it \"felt like a clear thing to do.\"", "\n\nThe Pax Christi group always addresses issues of peace, justice and violence at Christmas time, she said. ", "Last year, they handed out ornaments discouraging parishioners from buying toys of violence for their children.", "\n\n\"I think that we have to become more comfortable talking about these (issues) more,\" Ferrone said. \"", "These are serious issues and to gloss over them is to forget they're important.\"", "\n\nBut they also don't want to put a damper on the season or criminalize anyone. ", "Along with the display comes prayer for the families affected by these shootings, their victims and even the perpetrators of such violence.", "\n\nOn the outside of the display is a banner that reads: \"If only you knew the things that make for peace.\" ", "It's a quote from the gospel of Luke that dovetails with the parish's push for open conversations about Christian values.", "\n\n\"It really is rooted in our faith, in our belief that Jesus came with a particular message,\" Ferrone said. \"", "We're trying to figure that out and act accordingly, as best as we can.\"" ]

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[ "/*\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance with\n * the License. ", "You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on\n * an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ", "See the License for the\n * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.", "\n *\n * Copyright 2012-2020 the original author or authors.", "\n */\npackage org.assertj.core.api;\n\nimport static java.lang.String.format;\nimport static org.assertj.core.api.", "Assertions.assertThat;\n\nimport org.assertj.core.util.", "Lists;\nimport org.junit.jupiter.api.", "Test;\n\nclass SoftAssertionErrorTest {\n\n @Test\n void should_format_a_single_error_correctly() {\n SoftAssertionError error = new SoftAssertionError(Lists.newArrayList(\"One\"));\n assertThat(error).hasMessage(format(\"%nThe following assertion failed:%n1) One%n\"));\n }\n\n @Test\n void should_format_multiple_errors_correctly() {\n SoftAssertionError error = new SoftAssertionError(Lists.newArrayList(\"One\", \"Two\"));\n assertThat(error).hasMessage(format(\"%nThe following 2 assertions failed:%n1) One%n2) Two%n\"));\n }\n\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Story highlights Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva served as Brazil's President from 2003-11\n\nHe was charged as part of a wide-ranging anti-corruption investigation\n\n(CNN) Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, Brazil's former President, was found guilty Wednesday of corruption and money laundering charges, a representative of the federal court in Parana state told CNN.", "\n\nBrazilian Federal Judge Sergio Moro sentenced Lula da Silva to nine-and-a-half years in jail. ", "He will remain free during his appeal, and faces corruption, obstruction of justice and money laundering charges in four other court cases.", "\n\nWednesday's sentencing stems from a wide-ranging corruption investigation into the state-run oil company Petrobras, dubbed \"Operation Car Wash.\" The accusations against Lula da Silva emerged after he left office in 2011.", "\n\nMoro said the former President benefited from the renovation of a triplex in a beach town near Sao Paulo by the construction company OAS.", "\n\nThe charges were connected to 3.7 million reais' ($1.1 million) worth of bribes received from OAS through the beachfront apartment. ", "In return, Lula da Silva helped the builder acquire contracts from the oil company, the prosecutor's office said.", "\n\nRead More" ]

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[ "Local\n\nRock choir helps reduce snoring\n\nPEOPLE suffering from bad nights sleep or kept awake by their partner's snoring, should start singing.", "\n\nAccording to research joining a Rock Choir group can help boost people's mental health and wellbeing, while reducing snoring.", "\n\nHelen Just, leader of the Droitwich Spa, Great Malvern and Worcester Rock Choir, said a study carried out by the Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust found preliminary ecidence that refulat singing exercises could benefit people who snore.", "\n\nShe said: \"This prompted us to ask Rock Choir members whether they or their partners had noticed any improvements in their snoring since joining and over 10 per cent of respondents said yes.", "\n\n\"Singing helps to exercise and strengthen muscles in the soft palette, which is where the snoring vibration occurs.\"", "\n\nShe added that some of her members that were regularly singing with her said they felt happier, had increased their confidence and had even lost weight.", "\n\nMs Just offers a free trial to all new members at the weekly sessions across the county.", "\n\nThere are no auditions and no requirements to read music or have any previous singing experience to join the contemporary choir and singers can expect to attend performances throughout the year.", "\n\nFor a free taster session or more information about times, go to rockchoir.com or call 01252 714276.", "\n\nComments (1)\n\nWell, it can be true, but seems to be a strange practice. ", "Like to practice yoga for the same reason. ", "The only thing which helped me was a snoring mouthpiece - http://snoringmouthp\niecereviewshq.com/go\nod-morning-snore-sol\nution-review/ . ", "It just holds my tongue, and thats way I stopped my snoring. ", "Hope this choir sessions really help. :)", "\n\nWell, it can be true, but seems to be a strange practice. ", "Like to practice yoga for the same reason. ", "The only thing which helped me was a snoring mouthpiece - http://snoringmouthp\niecereviewshq.com/go\nod-morning-snore-sol\nution-review/ . ", "It just holds my tongue, and thats way I stopped my snoring. ", "Hope this choir sessions really help. :)", "GremlinRu" ]

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[ "Half of the public would blame GOP lawmakers for a government shutdown while only a third would blame President Obama, according to a CNN survey released Monday.", "\n\nThirteen percent, meanwhile, said Republicans and the president would both be responsible while 2 percent said neither should be blamed or said they had no opinion.", "\n\nA plurality of people polled said a government shutdown that would last a few days would be a major problem. ", "Just under a quarter said it would be a minor problem and 20 percent said it would be a crisis.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nThe government shutdown in October 2013 lasted 16 days.", "\n\nAmong the political parties, 82 percent of Democrats would blame Republicans in Congress for a shutdown while 10 percent of Democrats would blame Obama.", "\n\nJust over 60 percent of Republican voters would blame Obama and just under a quarter would blame members of their own party.", "\n\nMore independents would blame Republicans for a shutdown than they would the president.", "\n\nCongress has 10 days to pass a new spending bill or the government could shut down again. ", "Conservatives have been pushing GOP leaders to defund Obama’s immigration order through appropriations bills and the House GOP Conference is expected to debate its next steps in a closed-door meeting Tuesday morning.", "\n\nThe poll surveyed 1,045 adults between Nov. 21-23 with a 3 percentage point margin of error." ]

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[ "Well, we now have more information about the foolish but well-meaning action by Occupy Wall Street at that Citibank branch in New York.", "\n\nAccording to one demonstrator, they were all Citibank customers who intended to close their accounts except for one journalist and three others, Chase customers who went with the Citi group for moral support. ", "All of them were arrested (See: DON’T close your Citibank account today. ", "They’re arresting people.)", "\n\nWe have three insider accounts, one from Elana Carroll, published at Gawker (via Xeni), and another from Marshall Garrett, at the Village Voice.", "\n\nThe third is by Anindya Bhattacharyya, an actual socialist from Britain (where socialists aren’t an actual endangered species, as they are here in the US), wast here as a reporter (for a publication suspiciously titled “The Socialist Worker“). ", "He had gone along to report on the action at Citibank and was swept up with everyone else.", "\n\nSpread the word! ", "Share this on: Facebook | Twitter | Reddit | Stumbleupon (or use the buttons at the bottom of the page)\n\n\n\nHere are his tweets, live from the scene:\n\nin a branch of citibank now with a couple of dozen # ows supporters protesting against student debt.", "\n\npolice have arrived. ", "they’re not letting us out. ", "no warning given. # ", "ows\n\nangry scenes outside the bank between protesters and police. ", "we’re being held inside and threatened with arrest. # ", "ows\n\nthis is pretty surreal. # ", "ows\n\nokay we’re all being arrested now. ", "might be the last tweet you’ll g\n\net from me for a while\n\nAfter being released Sunday night, Bhattacharyya resumed tweeting, and posted a couple of stories to his Euro-publication (which of course you shouldn’t trust because it has the word “socialist” in the name). ", "He describes how the demonstrators talked about how unfair the student loan process was, and:\n\nThe protesters were entirely respectful towards bank staff and customers. ", "We were asked to leave at one point, but nobody said anything about arrests or police. ", "Then, out of the blue, the bank doors were locked. ", "Police arrived to cuff and arrest the lot of us.", "\n\nOne woman protester had closed her Citibank account as part of the protest and had left the building. ", "She and her partner were rounded up by police outside the bank and bundled back in.", "\n\nThey had been spotted by an undercover police officer who had been with us inside posing as a protester. ", "The police had been intending to arrest us all along.", "\n\nCarroll’s tale is similar, although she says she thinks there were several account closings. ", "Here’s what she says happened:\n\nDuring this second speech we were asked to leave by management, but chose to keep on talking. ", "We were not shouting or moving about at all–we were in a loosely formed circle in the center of the bank lobby. ", "Another one or two people spoke briefly. ", "As they spoke the doorway was slowly being filled with buff men in polo shirts. ", "Our talk was slowing down and coming to a close. ", "We had been inside probably between 10 and 20 minutes total when suddenly we heard “doors are being locked now!” ", "from one of the men who’d been standing in the doorway. ", "We walked over to the front doors and were met by many cops. ", "At least 6 were inside with us. “", "We would like to leave ” we said. “", "It’s too late” the cops said back. ", "A woman in her 70s (who I later befriended while waiting at central booking) asked to leave again and moved forward. ", "She was pushed back forcefully by one of the cops in the doorway. ", "She did not react. ", "Everyone remained calm. “", "You are all under arrest,” said a whiteshirt. ", "These cops were mean…\n\nSo this was not like the demonstrators in other places, sitting down in the streets or blocking police access to tents, who know their actions are going to get them arrested, but do it anyway. ", "These kids thought they would stage a little educational seminar for 10 minutes or so and then move on. ", "And they were shocked when it all went bad.", "\n\nNext page >> The “protester” who was a cop" ]

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[ "Myoferlin\n\nMyoferlin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYOF gene.", "\n\nMutations in dysferlin, a protein associated with the plasma membrane, can cause muscle weakness that affects both proximal and distal muscles. ", "The protein encoded by this gene is a type II membrane protein that is structurally similar to dysferlin. ", "It is a member of the ferlin family and associates with both plasma and nuclear membranes. ", "Myoferlin contains C2 domains that play a role in calcium-mediated membrane fusion events, suggesting that it may be involved in membrane regeneration and repair. ", "Myoferlin also contains a FerA domain. ", "FerA domains have been shown to interact with the membrane, suggesting that FerA domain in myoferlin may contribute to myoferlin's membrane interaction mechanism. ", "Myoferlin is overexpressed in several types of cancers, especially triple-negative breast cancer. ", "Overexpression of myoferlin is associated with proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells and silencing myoferlin's gene in triple-negative breast cancer can significantly reduce tumor growth and metastatic progression. ", "Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. ", "Other possible variants have been detected, but their full-length natures have not been determined.", "\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading" ]

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[ "Mutation -388 C>G of NR5A1 gene affects litter size and promoter activity in sheep.", "\nThe Nuclear receptor superfamily 5, group A, member 1 (NR5A1) gene encodes a nuclear receptor that regulates the transcription of genes involved in steroidogenesis, follicular development and female fertility. ", "Little, however, is known about the relationship of this gene with reproductive performance in sheep. ", "In this study, the transcription initiation site of Hu sheep NR5A1 gene was located 193 nucleotides (i.e., at -193 nt) before the translational start site (ATG). ", "The core promoter region of the NR5A1 gene ranged from -696 nt to -298 nt, and a C>G mutation at -388 nt was detected in this region. ", "Association analysis indicated ewes with the GG genotype had greater litter size at the second and third parity than those with the CC genotype (P < 0.05). ", "The results from the luciferase assay provided evidence that the -388 G allele increased luciferase activity compared with that of the -388 C allele. ", "Furthermore, the -388 C>G mutation lost a CpG site and gained a novel binding site for the transcription factor, SP1, and results from an overexpression experiment and methylation analysis indicated transcription factor SP1 and methylation of the -388 C>G mutation were both involved in alteration of NR5A1 transcription activity. ", "Results of the present study revealed that the -388 C>G mutation lost a CpG site and promoted NR5A1 gene expression, which completely superimposed positive effects on NR5A1 gene transcription activity by transcription factor SP1, resulting in a fecundity increase in Hu sheep." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Marathon Bombing Survivor Adrianne Haslet Injured after Being Struck by Car in Back Bay\n\nShe says on Instagram a car struck her while she was walking on a crosswalk.", "\n\nGet a compelling long read and must-have lifestyle tips in your inbox every Sunday morning — great with coffee!", "\n\nUpdate: Is there anyone in Boston tougher than Adrianne Haslet? ", "In a follow-up on social media Wednesday night, she says she has not ruled out running the marathon this year in spite of her serious injuries. “", "My goals aren’t changing. ", "It’s only my path to get to those goals that has taken a detour. ", "Armed with a determination I never thought could get stronger, and your words, love, and support to do so will only make crossing that finish line even sweeter,” she wrote on Instagram. “", "Day 38 of Boston marathon training is a rest day. ", "I don’t know if I’m cleared to run this year, but until then , my head is staying in the game.”", "\n\nEarlier: Adrianne Haslet, who survived the Boston Marathon bombings, was seriously injured when she was struck by a car in Back Bay, she wrote on Instagram Monday.", "\n\nHaslet says she is recovering at a hospital after the collision, which she says happened while she was walking across the street on Commonwealth Avenue. “", "Struck by a car on Commonwealth Avenue, while on a crosswalk,” she wrote in the post, along with a photo of herself in a hospital bed wearing a neck brace. “", "Thrown into the air and landed, crushing the left side of my body. ", "Yesterday. ", "I’m completely broken. ", "More surgery to come.”", "\n\nPolice say the collision occurred around 7:15 p.m. Saturday and that the driver received a citation for failure to yield to a pedestrian in a crosswalk. ", "In a tragic coincidence, the site of the crash would have been mere blocks from the marathon finish line, where Haslet was badly injured in the explosion in 2013 and lost part of her left leg.", "\n\nIn the years that followed, Haslet’s story has been a remarkable one. ", "A professional dancer, she went on to take the stage during a TED conference in Vancouver and dance once more, on a bionic leg built at MIT, then appeared on the TV show “Dancing with the Stars.” ", "Later, in 2016, she ran the Boston Marathon on a carbon-fiber blade, in the process raising funds for a nonprofit called Limbs for Life, which helps buy prosthetics for those who can’t afford to buy them on their own (after the feat, Tom Brady called her an “inspiration”). ", "She has posted on social media about training to run the marathon again this year.", "\n\nOn Sunday night after the crash, she added an update to her Instagram story: “What doesn’t kill me, better fucking run.”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRails 3.0, want to match 'UK' == 'United Kingdom' in ActiveRecord model\n\nI have a problem,\nI have a Country model. ", "where the entry in the DB is: {:name => 'United Kingdom'}\nThe data I have is UK instead of United Kingdom. ", "in the other models where i search for it i have done:\ncountry_name = \"United Kingdom\" if country.name == \"UK\"\nbut i have to do this all over the application and that is just bad.", "\nSo the question: How can I, in the Country model, do a search that ONLY does it for search. ", "when it makes a query, I don't want {:name => 'UK'}.", "\neg. ", "if I search for UK and the result should turn out {:name => 'United Kingdom'} NOT {:name => 'UK'}.", "\nThe solution is ok if I can just put some stupid hack in like:\nname = \"United Kingdom\" if searchstring == \"UK\"\n\nA:\n\nYou could add a customer finder method to your Country model:\nclass Country < ActiveRecord::Base\n def self.by_name(name)\n name == 'UK'? ", "find_by_name('United Kingdom') : find_by_name(name)\n end\nend\n\nThen you can use Country.by_name('...') whenever you need to find a country by its name. ", "Alternatively, if you wanted to keep the semantics of the find_by_name method:\nclass Country < ActiveRecord::Base\n def self.find_by_name(name)\n name = 'United Kingdom' if name == 'UK'\n where(:name => name)\n end\nend\n\nThere are various variations around this. ", "I think I would favour the second example because it presents the same API as the dynamic attribute-based finders that ActiveRecord provides i.e. find_by_XXX etc.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Zelda Barron\n\nZelda Barron ( Zelda Ruth Solomons, 31 March 1929 – 14 August 2006) was a British director, screenwriter, and producer known for films like Shag, Secret Places, and The Bulldance.", "\n\nBarron was born in Manchester, England, in 1929, the fifth of six children born to a Russia-born tailor and an English mother from a wealthy family. ", "She wanted to attend university, but her parents pushed her to instead go to secretarial school.", "\n\nShe married British actor Ron Barron in 1953 while working as a secretary in the British film industry. ", "By the 1960s, she was working as a script supervisor at Woodfall Film Productions on films like If... and Isadora,eventually gaining recognition for her talents as a script doctor on films like Reds and Yentl.", "\n\nUnder Skreba Productions, which she co-founded with Simon Relph and Ann Skinner, she went to work on her own films, including Secret Places, which she wrote and directed.", "\n\nShe's also known for her work as a music video director; she directed four videos for Boy George in the ’80s.", "\n\nShe retired from filmmaking after being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. ", "She died in Ireland at the age of 77.", "\n\nHer son, Steve Barron, is a U.K.-based director, and her daughter, Siobhan Barron, is a costume designer.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1929 births\nCategory:2006 deaths\nCategory:British film directors\nCategory:British screenwriters\nCategory:British film producers" ]

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[ "Shell has re-branded energy and broadband provider First Utility as Shell Energy and switched the firm's residential customers in Britain to a 100 percent renewable electricity supply.", "\n\n\n\nIn an announcement Monday, Shell said that customers of Shell Energy would be offered renewable electricity from sources such as biomass, solar and wind, as standard. ", "Over 700,000 homes were switched to renewables, Shell said.", "\n\n\n\nShell announced it had agreed to buy First Utility in December 2017, and the acquisition was completed in February 2018.", "\n\n\n\n\"This is a good example of our approach to building a significant electricity business, in line with customer needs,\" Mark Gainsborough, executive vice president, Shell New Energies, said in a statement Monday.", "\n\n\n\n\"Shell recognizes the world needs more energy with lower emissions and this will give customers more flexibility, greater control and cleaner energy,\" he added.", "\n\n\n\nShell New Energies was set up in 2016 and focuses on new fuels for transport, including advanced biofuels, and power." ]

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[ "Texas Football Recruiting: Tracking Targets for 2013 Class\n\nTexas may have struggled the last couple of seasons trying to get back into the BCS spotlight, but it hasn't been due to a lack of talent. ", "The Longhorns always seem to recruit extremely well and this year is no different.", "\n\nAlthough national signing day isn't until February of next year, Texas has already landed 14 recruits, giving them once again a top-five recruiting class already for the 2013 class. ", "But with scholarships still left to hand out, head coach Mack Brown and company are far from completing this class.", "\n\nWith players scheduling official visits and coaches checking out new talent, here are the latest updates on some of the players that are considering becoming Texas Longhorns.", "\n\nBeau Sandland\n\nSandland is a JUCO transfer who caught 20 passes for 265 yards and two touchdowns last year at Calif./Pierce College. ", "He hasn't yet received an offer from Texas, but Longhorn coaches have recently stopped by to check him out and may keep in touch with the young man.", "\n\n“It’s still early but with the way Mack Brown has that program down there, I know they have a young team and have struggled the last couple of years. ", "But I know the next couple of years they have pretty high expectations to compete for a national title.” ", "Sandland said. (", "Via ESPN)\n\nSandland says that he will likely take all of his official visits, and he'll go well into December before making an official decision.", "\n\nTorrodney Prevot\n\nPrevot is one of the better defensive ends in this year's class. ", "He isn't exactly the biggest at 6'4\", 200 pounds, but he is extremely quick off the ball and gets into the backfield in a hurry. ", "He'll likely play linebacker and defensive end at the next level.", "\n\nPrevot wants to make his decision early in the season and says that he plans to visit Texas early next month.", "\n\n\"We haven't really talked about that visit in recent weeks,\" Prevot said. \"", "The plan is for me to go down to one of the June camps, June 9 or 10, whichever one that is.\" (", "Via Scout)\n\nVincent Taylor\n\nblog.mysanantonio.com\n\nLatest Status: Considering Oklahoma State and Baylor.", "\n\nTaylor is a 4-star defensive tackle from San Antonio, Texas, and was all ready to make his commitment to the Baylor Bears before Oklahoma State threw an offer his way. ", "Now he has a tough decision to make.", "\n\nBut Texas is a school that's been looking at him for quite some time, but for whatever reason hasn't extended an offer just yet.", "\n\n“Coach [Duane] Akina came out but didn’t have too much to say. ", "We haven’t really talked about an offer. ", "When they did come, I didn’t really feel like they were really looking at me much.” ", "Taylor said. (", "Via ESPN)\n\nIt is not clear if Texas will eventually try to land the 6'3\", 250-pound player, but it may be too late even if they do.", "\n\n“I’ve got two big schools that I’m very interested in right now,” Taylor said. “", "If Texas was to come in and offer, it would probably be hard for me to just change my mind.”", "\n\nNoel Ellis\n\nEllis is a 4-star cornerback out of New Orleans, La. He hasn't received an offer from the Longhorns yet, but they have shown great interest and Ellis plans to attend camp on June 3. ", "He's a great cover corner, has terrific instincts on the football field and is solid at helping in run support.", "\n\n“Texas is an excellent program on a big stage,” his father, Noel Ellis Sr., ", "said. “", "We’ve got our sights set on being on the big stage. ", "Texas is definitely a school we’ll consider, especially if they show mutual interest. ", "If Texas was to offer, that would definitely propel them into the top three.” (", "Via ESPN)\n\nPicking up Ellis would be big for a program that is desperately trying to improve its secondary.", "\n\nJustin Manning\n\nManning has been very quiet about which teams he's favoring, but one of the top defensive tackle prospects in the country can choose between nearly any prestigious school out there. ", "He's a tough athlete at 6'2\", 275 pounds and is a great pass-rusher, with excellent explosion off the ball.", "\n\nHe hasn't really named any favorites, but says he will take his time throughout the process and is in no hurry to make a commitment. (", "Via Scout)\n\n“I’m probably not going to go to any camps,” Manning said. “", "If I do, it will just be to meet and talk with the coaches.”", "\n\nHe's really looking at TCU, and considering he is from Dallas, Texas, you would think the Longhorns would be high on his list as well.", "\n\nVonn Bell\n\nBell is one of the top safeties in this year's class and has already visited with the schools listed above. ", "He's 6'1\", 190 pounds, has great hands for a defensive player and has quick enough feet to play the cornerback position. ", "He's also a tough player who will lay you out with a big hit if given the opportunity.", "\n\nBell is in the process of trimming his list down, which also includes schools like Florida, Notre Dame and Arkansas, but says he will take his time before making his decision. (", "Via Scout)\n\n\"I do not have anything planned for the summer yet, but anything is possible,\" he said. \"", "I am going to take at least a few of my official visits because I want to see how the campus is during the season. ", "I want to see how the fans get out and support their team, how live it is, and just get a feel for things on game-day.\"", "\n\nRa'Shaad Samples\n\nSamples is one of the top recruits in the 2013 class coming out of the state of Texas and is one of the best receivers this class has to offer. ", "At 5'11\" and 170 pounds, he has the ability to play inside or outside, has terrific hands and racks up the yards after the catch. ", "He isn't exactly great at one thing, but does a bunch of things well.", "\n\nDespite having offers from nearly every top school in the country, Samples recently announced his top six on his Twitter account. ", "A date isn't known just yet, but with the Longhorns being on that short list, they have to feel real confident in landing the receiver from Dallas." ]

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[ "Boys' Thomas Mason® for crewcuts flannel Ludlow shirt\n\nThe Ludlow dress shirt: a true classic—just like Dad's—made from cozy cotton flannel from Thomas Mason, one of Europe's oldest and most legendary mills. ", "They've been making some of the world's finest shirting since 1796 (and just to put that in perspective: George Washington was alive then)." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWho decides the specifics of the 4th-level fighter granted by a deck of many things?", "\n\nSince the race is the same as the player character's and they have control of this character, I am inclined to let the player decide background and ability score distribution.", "\n\nA:\n\nDo what's fun and enjoyable\nSince there are not specific rules, there is considerable latitude to choose an option that the player and you enjoy. ", " For example, the Fighter's archetype and the characters sub race are not specified so there's room to work. ", " \nKnight(DMG) \n\nYou gain the service of a 4th-level fighter who appears in a space you\n choose within 30 feet of you. ", "The fighter is of the same race as you\n and serves you loyally until death, believing the fates have drawn him\n or her to you. ", " You control this character. ", " \n\nDMG p. 5 \n\nThe rules don't account for every possible situation that might arise\n during a typical D&D session. {", "snip} Part 3 of this book offers a\n wealth of information to help you adjudicate the rules in a wide\n variety of situations.", "\n\nSimple Approach\nOffer the player the standard array, and have the player create the character with the simple template/example the PHB offers. ", " Offer the standard equipment, etc. ", " Have the 4th Level ASI be the default. ", " Pick a fighting style: as there is no restriction, there is no reason that this fighter can't be a Battle Master, or Eldritch Knight, etc. ", "\nYou can pick one, or let the player pick one. ", " It doesn't matter. ", " \nFrom the DM perspective, the more of this you can delegate to the player, the less work for you and the more the player takes an interest in this Character rather than \"this piece of cannon fodder.\" ", " \nBut why stop there?", "\n\nMaybe this fighter took a feat at 4th level. (", "If you allow feats in\nyour game, why not?)", "\nWhat is this fighter's name?", "\nDoes this fighter even come from this world, or was this fighter\ntransported into your campaign world from a different one? ", " (Some\nLin Carter(Green Star), Edgar Rice Burroughs(Barsoom), Robert E Howard(Almuric), and John Norman(Gor) novels use that as a trope: someone from earth transported to a different world). ", " \n\nThe permutations and variations are nearly boundless. ", " How much detail are you and your player interested in? ", "\nThe player can come up with a back story that fits with a background, etc, or you can offer a tie-in to some other area of your world/setting that connects this 4th level fighter to someone, somewhere, something, some organization, or from off-world as suggested above. ", " This offers the chance for some rich role play in the future of the campaign, but remember that the player controls this Fighter, which suggests that you can heal this fighter, roll death saving throws, etcetera. ", " Treating the Fighter as an NPC seems to dilute the card and just adds work for you. ", " \nDon't stop play for the other players\nThe character creation on the spot (impromptu) simply provides a fighter, but you have other players. ", " Keep the play moving for them unless you judge that this is a good time for a break. ", " (Then take a break and have the player do a quick build). ", " \nMake a ruling and then play on!", "\n\nThere are some pregen characters, levels 1-10, at the WoTC web site, but it may not fit the character's race. ", " While there are only two Fighter's listed, you could choose to stretch it to \"any martial\" and choose; Human Fighter, Barbarian, Paladin; Wood Elf Ranger; High Elf Fighter; Half Orc Paladin; Halfling Rogue or Monk; \nWhile that saves you a roll up, it doesn't allow for the kind of customization I recommend in the body of the answer. ", " Since the player is playing this character, why not let the Player get the joy of creation? ", " I'd recommend that. ", " \nDepending upon time, you could instead have the player roll up stats rather than standard array, or use point buy. ", " Just make sure the game does not come to all stop when this new character arrives. ", " \n\n" ]

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[ "Does the U.S. Federal Reserve Have Us on a Collision Course?", "\n\nSecurities markets continue to be heavily influenced by central bank policy. ", "As we start 2014, the markets are grappling with a policy that is transitioning from quantitative easing (QE) measures to one of forward guidance.", "\n\nWhy are the words “collision course” in the title of this commentary? ", "Because of two issues related to Fed policy: (1) A growing chorus of Fed officials are concerned about financial conditions and the propensity of QE measures to create new bubbles, and (2) The Fed has given guidance about how much influence the labor markets will wield over the fed funds rate, and it has defined a threshold for keeping rates low.", "\n\nWe are now on a collision course with both of these issues. ", "I will look at each issue in a bit more detail, and then I will discuss how policy makers are counting on so-called macroprudential policy to balance the massive liquidity that central banks have pushed onto the financial markets. (", "This last section is important, because if these policies do not have teeth, we will be left with the same bubble risks that were present during the last 20 years when central banks became too influential.)", "\n\nThe unemployment rate collision\n\nThe Fed, under Chairman Ben Bernanke’s guidance, has been using an unemployment rate of 6.5% as a threshold for beginning to steer short-term interest rates away from their zero-bound range (see chart 1).", "\n\nThe 6.5% threshold has now become a weight on the shoulders of the Fed’s policy-making board. ", "The labor situation appears to have improved during the last few quarters, but people have been dropping out of the workforce, which has been a sticky issue. ", "This decline in the so-called participation rate (see chart 2) has actually helped lower the official unemployment rate, because it represents the denominator in the unemployment rate calculation.", "\n\nThe Fed’s policy-making board will now have to adjust its guidance, and possibly confuse markets, even though it is trying to be transparent about its policy and intentions. ", "Janet Yellen assumed the chairmanship of the Fed in early February 2014, and she will be responsible for directing policy given this twist in the labor market. ", "This brings us to our second collision.", "\n\nThe stock market valuation collision\n\nCertain Fed officials (including Jeremy Stein, Elizabeth Duke, and Jerome Powell) have been uncomfortable with the open-ended nature of QE operations. ", "They have called for a clear exit plan in early 2013, expressing their concerns about financial conditions and the propensity to create new bubbles in financial or property markets. ", "The Fed, after back-tracking in September, has finally started to taper purchases of U.S. Treasury and agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS). ", "Fed officials have stated that future tapering actions will be data dependent, a point they have repeatedly stressed. ", "They have also been careful to point out that the fed funds rate will remain low for an extended period in order to gain confidence that they have achieved their economic improvement targets (see prior discussion on employment). ", "Fed officials are trying to push market participants to concentrate on so-called forward guidance and want them to feel confident that the tapering actions will not upset financial markets. ", "This guidance from the Fed, and the continued QE purchases, have had a marked effect on stock market valuations. ", "I would argue that equity market valuations are significantly elevated. ", "Jim Bianco, president of Bianco Research, gives us two charts that highlight valuations in today’s markets:\n\nChart 3 shows growth in the S&P Small Cap 600 Index. ", "The chart also illustrates that forward-looking ratios recently hit levels that were higher than at any time except at the onset of the global financial crisis (at which time forward earnings collapsed).", "\n\nChart 4 has been a favorite of mine for some time. ", "It measures the market capitalization of the Russell 3000ETM Index and compares it with nominal gross domestic product (GDP) in the United States. ", "As shown, weak corporate performance, coupled with a healthy dose of Fed liquidity, has pushed stock market valuations back up to 120% of nominal GDP. ", "Bianco’s chart reveals that in the new era of outsized Fed influence, equity markets (1995 and beyond) have moved to an outsized capitalization level. ", "The current reading is below the late 1990’s technology bubble (and just below the level achieved before the global financial crisis), but it remains elevated in absolute terms. ", "The Fed, which is concerned about financial conditions and the risks of future bubbles, must be mindful of these readings. ", "Fed officials are likely to push for continued tapering actions until they see normalcy return to these markets.", "\n\nCentral bank liquidity versus macroprudential policy\n\nWe believe it’s fair to say that the world is awash in unprecedented central bank liquidity. ", "In our view, this environment is due, in part, to the failure of central banks around the world to govern national bank systems or assess leverage levels (particularly in developed economies).", "\n\nAs the world slowly delevers, central bank liquidity will likely remain at high levels. ", "To balance that condition, policy makers are pursuing a so-called macroprudential policy that will attempt to counter the liquidity by restricting risky ventures by regulated entities (mainly commercial banks). ", "These policies have included minimum capital levels for banks, restrictions on capital market activity (the Volcker Rule in the U.S., for instance), bonus rule adjustments for bank employees, and simple leverage tests.", "\n\nIn my observation of the implementation of these macroprudential policies, I have seen pushback that has disturbed me. ", "Particularly concerning is the pushback on simple leverage tests by both European and U.S. banks. ", "These simple leverage tests get around the games that can be played with risk-based capital tests, and truly provide a check on leverage in the system. ", "The simple leverage test restricts the ability of banking institutions to grow swiftly, which they see as a threat to the valuation rewards that equity markets can provide. ", "There has also been pushback on activities related to the Volcker Rule. ", "Once again, banks see this as a threat to their earnings capacity.", "\n\nThese rules need to have teeth in order to counter the massive liquidity. ", "It will be hard to control commercial and investment bank activities in a world with such advantageous funding levels. ", "It will also be the case that shadow banking activities will flourish without the checks that are slated to take effect. ", "China, for instance, has been notoriously lax in checking its shadow banking activity after the global financial crisis, and it now has significant leverage issues in its financial system.", "\n\nIn an investment landscape saddled by the collision course described previously, we see a need for flexibility when managing fixed income portfolios in 2014. ", "We are not sold on analyst predictions for higher rates and robust equity market gains. ", "In fact, current equity valuations may be a limiting factor on those gains. ", "Such valuations may also be a limiting factor on interest rate levels. ", "We ask investors to be careful with bond fund investments that have delivered attractive near-term returns through investments in equity or equity-like securities. ", "They may not be the diversifiers that investors can count on in bond-type investments.", "\n\nWhen managing the portfolios we are responsible for, we will aim to move through this changing environment with an eye on proper diversification and prudent exposure to equity markets. ", "Interest rate sensitivity will likely be dampened, but we will keep a keen eye on economic trends and the technical levels of interest-rate hedging in the marketplace.", "\n\nThe views expressed represent the investment manager's assessment of the market environment as of February 2014, and should not be considered a recommendation to buy, hold, or sell any security, and should not be relied on as research or investment advice. ", "Views are subject to change without notice and may not reflect the investment manager’s current views.", "\n\nCarefully consider the Funds' investment objectives, risk factors, charges, and expenses before investing. ", "This and other information can be found in the Funds' prospectuses and summary prospectuses, which may be obtained by visiting our fund literature page or calling 877 693-3546. ", "Investors should read the prospectus and the summary prospectus carefully before investing.", "\n\nIMPORTANT RISK CONSIDERATIONS\n\nInvesting involves risk, including the possible loss of principal.", "\n\nDiversification may not protect against market risk.", "\n\nFixed income securities may also be subject to prepayment risk, the risk that the principal of a fixed income security may be prepaid prior to maturity, potentially forcing an investor to reinvest that money at a lower interest rate.", "\n\nFixed income securities and bond funds can lose value, and investors can lose principal, as interest rates rise. ", "They also may be affected by economic conditions that hinder an issuer’s ability to make interest and principal payments on its debt. ", "The Funds may also be subject to prepayment risk, the risk that the principal of a fixed income security that is held by the Funds may be prepaid prior to maturity, potentially forcing the Funds to reinvest that money at a lower interest rate.", "\n\nThe Fund may invest in derivatives, which may involve additional expenses and are subject to risk, including the risk that an underlying security or securities index moves in the opposite direction from what the portfolio manager anticipated. ", "A derivative transaction depends upon the counterparties’ ability to fulfill their contractual obligations.", "\n\nInternational investments entail risks not ordinarily associated with U.S. investments including fluctuation in currency values, differences in accounting principles, or economic or political instability in other nations.", "\n\nInvesting in emerging markets can be riskier than investing in established foreign markets due to increased volatility and lower trading volume.", "\n\nInternational fixed income investments are subject to currency risk. ", "Adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates may reduce or eliminate any gains provided by investments that are denominated in foreign currencies and may increase losses.", "\n\nIf and when a portfolio invests in forward foreign currency contracts or uses other investments to hedge against currency risks, the portfolio will be subject to special risks, including counterparty risk." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to select paths by size of area or length of perimeter?", "\n\nI am simplifying a design in Illustrator and already ran Path > Simplify and Path > Clean Up. ", "I have many paths with small areas or small perimeters that I would like to select and delete. ", "I can do it programmatically with an SVG version of the design and Inkscape; but I would rather use Illustrator and see the result as I delete those areas.", "\nCan Illustrator select paths by area or perimeter?", "\n\nA:\n\nInstall the following script with these directions, then run it and adjust the parameter 100 as needed:\n\n#target illustrator\n\nvar doc = app.activeDocument;\nvar objs = doc.pageItems;\ntraverseSceneObjects(objs, selectByCurveLengthFactory(100));\nredraw();\n\nfunction selectByCurveLengthFactory( length){\n return function(item) {\n if ( item.length <= length)\n {\n item.selected = true;\n }\n }\n}\n\nfunction traverseSceneObjects(pageItems, func){\n\n for (var iter=0 ; iter<pageItems.length; iter++ ){\n var item = pageItems[iter];\n var typename = item.typename;\n\n // apply action or get the subitems of object\n if (typename === \"PathItem\"){\n func(item);\n\n } else if (typename === \"GroupItem\") {\n traverseSceneObjects( item.pageItems, func );\n\n } else if (typename === \"CompoundPathItem\" ) {\n traverseSceneObjects( item.pathItems, func );\n }\n }\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Louis François Cauchy\n\nLouis François Cauchy (27 May 1760 – 28 December 1848) was a senior French government official and the father of the mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy.", "\n\nBorn on 27 May 1760 in Rouen into an upper-middle-class family, Cauchy successfully studied at the Collège de Lisieux in Paris. ", " In 1771 he received the top prize in the concours général.", "\n\nHe became a lawyer at the Parlement of Normandy, and in 1783 he joined the office of the Intendant Général of Rouen, Louis Thiroux de Crosne. ", "When de Crosne took charge of the Paris police, Cauchy followed him as his senior aide. ", "In October 1787 he married Marie-Madeleine Desestre, who came from a family of Parisian officers, and the couple had four children, Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857), Alexandre Laurent Cauchy (1792-1857), Eugène François Cauchy (1802-1877) and a daughter.", "\n\nOn the year of Augustin-Louis Cauchy's birth, Louis François moved his entire family to the small village of Arcueil.", "\n\nIn April 1794, de Crosne was executed by the revolutionary government. ", "Cauchy then had no official role until the country came under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte.", "\n\nIn 1800, he was elected Keeper of the Seals (Garde des Sceaux) in the French Senate, and also became secretary and archivist of the Chamber of Peers. ", "He was ennobled by King Charles X in 1825.", "\n\nHe died in Arcueil in 1848.", "\n\nBibliography \n\nBruno Belhoste : Cauchy, un mathématicien légitimiste au XIXème Siècle\n\nCategory:18th-century French people\nCategory:19th-century French people\nCategory:French civil servants\nCategory:1760 births\nCategory:1848 deaths" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "The government has confirmed today that the British public will be given a vote on whether Jenson Button stays within the McLaren team in a controversial poll already dubbed ‘Buttxit’.", "\n\n‘For too long JB has had to live under the restrictive regime of the failing McLaren organisation,’ explained a spokesman for the Buttxit camp. ‘", "Every year McLaren pays Jenson £10m and if we vote Leave that money could be spent on the NHS or some other fictional claim we’re going to renege on immediately.’", "\n\n‘JB needs to take back control and regain his sovereignty,’ the Buttxit spokesman continued. ‘", "Although what I’m really doing is using meaningless statements to mask the fact I secretly hate people from Surrey.’", "\n\n‘The Buttxit camp talk about all the benefits of leaving McLaren,’ countered a leading Jenstay campaigner. ‘", "But these are all highly theoretical and there is no guarantee of an increase in punditry, Le Mans drives, and being able to open a Honda dealership like Derek Warwick.’", "\n\n‘Experts are already warning that a Buttxit could set the team back 50 years,’ noted a McLaren insider. ‘", "Which would be a welcome performance boost for us.’" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Amphetamine- and scopolamine-induced locomotor activity following treatment with chlorphenvinphos or chlorphyriphos in rats.", "\nEffects of acute exposure to organophosphorous pesticides (OPs), chlorphenvinphos (CVP) or chlorphyriphos (CPF) on amphetamine (AMPH)- or scopolamine (SCOP)-induced open-field locomotion were compared in rats. ", "CVP and CPF were administered intraperitoneally, both at doses resulting in about 50% inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (rbcAChE). ", "The pesticide groups did not differ one from another in the magnitude of the acute behavioral effects. ", "Three weeks after the exposure, i.e. when AChE activity returned to normal level, the behavioral response to AMPH and SCOP was significantly reduced in CVP-, but not in CPF-pretreated rats. ", "These results confirm that a single exposure to organophosphorous pesticides may result in neurobehavioral effects detectable after restitution of AChE. They also show that CVP and CPF differ in respect of long lasting functional consequences of exposure, which suggests a difference in the mechanism of toxicity." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.001532339141704142, 0.0009382354328408837, 0.0009681728552095592, 0.0006775670335628092, 0.000877245853189379, 0.0008798526250757277 ]

[ "Penetration of chloroform, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene through human skin.", "\nIn vitro dermal absorption was measured for three volatile organic compounds in dilute aqueous solution through freshly prepared and previously frozen human skin. ", "The permeability coefficients at 26 degrees C for chloroform (0.14 cm/h) and trichloroethylene (0.12 cm/h) were similar but much larger than that for tetrachloroethylene (0.018 cm/h). ", "Storage of the skin at -20 degrees C did not significantly affect the penetration of these chemicals. ", "The dermal absorption of chloroform through freshly prepared human skin was not changed significantly by pretreatment of the skin with commonly used consumer products (moisturizer, baby oil, insect repellent, sunscreen); however, the permeability coefficient was found to increase from 0.071 cm/h at 11 degrees C to 0.19 cm/h at 50 degrees C. These data suggest that exposure estimates for chloroform and other contaminants in water should consider the appropriate exposure scenario to properly assess the dermal dose." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0013381578028202057, 0.0006479491712525487, 0.0007339364965446293, 0.0005742252105847001, 0.0006186579703353345 ]

[ "I. On April 12, 1987, Michael Morton sat down to write a letter. “", "Your Honor,” he began, “I’m sure you remember me. ", "I was convicted of murder, in your court, in February of this year.” ", "He wrote each word carefully, sitting cross-legged on the top bunk in his cell at the Wynne prison unit, in Huntsville. “", "I have been told that you are to decide if I am ever to see my son, Eric, again. ", "I haven’t seen him since the morning that I was convicted. ", "I miss him terribly and I know that he has been asking about me.” ", "Referring to the declarations of innocence he had made during his trial, he continued, “I must reiterate my innocence. ", "I did NOT kill my wife. ", "You cannot imagine what it is like to lose your wife the way I did, then to be falsely accused and convicted of this terrible crime. ", "First, my wife and now possibly, my son! ", "Sooner or later, the truth will come out. ", "The killer will be caught and this nightmare will be over. ", "I pray that the sheriff’s office keeps an open mind. ", "It is no sin to admit a mistake. ", "No one is perfect in the performance of their job. ", "I don’t know what else to say except I swear to God that I did NOT kill my wife. ", "Please don’t take my son from me too.” ", "His windowless concrete cell, which he shared with another inmate, measured five by nine feet. ", "If he extended his arms, he could touch the walls on either side of him. ", "A small metal locker that was bolted to the wall contained one of the few remnants he still possessed from his previous life: a photograph of Eric when he was three years old, taken shortly before the murder. ", "The boy was standing in the backyard of their house in Austin, playing with a wind sock, grabbing the streamers that fluttered behind it in the breeze. ", "There was a picture too of his late wife, Christine—a candid shot Michael had taken of her years earlier, with her hair pinned up, still wet from a bath. ", "She was looking away from the camera, but she was smiling slightly, her fingers pressed against her mouth. ", "The crime-scene photos were still fresh in Michael’s mind, but if he focused on the snapshot, the horror of those images abated. ", "Christine with damp hair, smiling—this was how he wanted to remember her. ", "The last time he had seen her was on the morning of August 13, 1986, the day after his thirty-second birthday. ", "He had glanced at her as she lay in bed, asleep, before he left for work around five-thirty. ", "He returned home that afternoon to find the house cordoned off with yellow crime-scene tape. ", "Six weeks later, he was arrested for her murder. ", "He had no criminal record, no history of violence, and no obvious motive, but the Williamson County Sheriff’s Office, failing to pursue other leads, had zeroed in on him from the start. ", "Although no physical evidence tied him to the crime, he was charged with first-degree murder. ", "Prosecutors argued that he had become so enraged with Christine for not wanting to have sex with him on the night of his birthday that he had bludgeoned her to death. ", "When the guilty verdict was read, Michael’s legs buckled beneath him. ", "District attorney Ken Anderson told reporters afterward, “Life in prison is a lot better than he deserves.” ", "The conviction had triggered a bitter custody battle between Christine’s family—who, like many people in Michael’s life, came to believe that he was guilty—and Michael’s parents. ", "The question of who would be awarded custody of Eric was to be resolved by state district judge William Lott, who had also presided over Michael’s trial. ", "If Christine’s family won custody, Michael was justifiably concerned that he would never see his son again. ", "Two weeks after sending his first entreaty to Lott, Michael penned another letter. “", "My son has lost his mother,” he wrote. “", "Psychological good can come from [seeing] his one surviving parent.” ", "Ultimately, custody of the boy was awarded to Christine’s younger sister, Marylee Kirkpatrick. ", "But at the recommendation of a child psychiatrist who felt that Eric should know his father, Lott agreed to allow two supervised visits a year. ", "Marylee drove Eric to Huntsville every six months to see his father. ", "He was four when the visits began. ", "At first, Eric was oblivious to his surroundings. ", "He raced his Matchbox cars along the plastic tabletops in the visitation area, mimicking the sounds of a revving engine. ", "He talked about the things he loved: dinosaurs, comic books, astronomy, his dog. ", "As he grew older, he described the merit badges he had earned in Boy Scouts and his Little League triumphs. ", "Marylee always sat beside him, her impassive expression impossible to decipher. ", "For Eric’s sake, she seemed determined to make the mandated reunions—which she had strenuously opposed—as normal as possible. ", "She flipped through magazines as Eric and his father spoke, sometimes glancing up to join in. ", "Michael tried to pretend there was nothing unusual about the arrangement either, dispensing lemon drops he had purchased at the prison commissary and talking to his son about the Astros’ ups and downs or the Oilers’ failed attempts at a comeback. ", "During the months that stretched between visits, he wrote letters to Eric, but Marylee did not encourage the correspondence, and it remained a one-way conversation. “", "I’m not going to force you to come see me,” Michael told him. “", "You can come back anytime if you change your mind.” ", "Before he walked away, he said to Marylee, “Take good care of my son for me.” ", "Over the years, as Eric got older, Michael would try not to register surprise at each new haircut and growth spurt, but the changes always startled him. ", "He was dumbstruck the first time he heard Eric call Marylee “Mom.” ", "The boy’s memories of his mother had, by then, receded. “", "Of course, I have lost him,” Michael wrote in his journal after one visit, when Eric was ten. “", "He knows little or nothing of me or the short time we spent together.” ", "Around the time Eric turned thirteen, the tenor of their visits changed. ", "Eric was distant and impatient to leave. ", "Michael knew that the boy had started asking questions; during a trip to East Texas to see his paternal grandparents, he had asked if it was true that his father had killed his mother. ", "Fearful of alienating Eric any further, Michael never tried to engage him in a conversation about the case or persuade him that he had been wrongfully convicted. ", "He assumed that Marylee would contradict any argument he made, and he doubted Eric would believe him anyway. ", "The silences that stretched between them became so agonizing that Michael often found himself turning to Marylee to make conversation. ", "Two hours were allotted for their visits, but that was an eternity. “", "Well . . . ,” ", "Marylee would say when they ran out of small talk. “", "Yes,” Michael would agree. “", "It’s probably time.” ", "Their last meeting was so brief that Eric and Marylee barely sat down. ", "Eric, who was fifteen, was unable to look Michael in the eye. “", "I don’t want to come here anymore,” he choked out. ", "Michael considered thanking Marylee for turning his son against him or telling Eric that everything he had been led to believe was a lie. ", "But as he looked at his son, who stared hard at the floor, he kept those thoughts to himself. “", "I’m not going to force you to come see me,” Michael told him. “", "You can come back anytime if you change your mind.” ", "Before he walked away, he said to Marylee, “Take good care of my son for me.” ", "II. ", "When Michael and Christine bought the house on Hazelhurst Drive, in 1985, northwest Austin had not yet been bisected by toll roads or swallowed up by miles of unbroken suburban sprawl. ", "The real estate bust had brought construction to a standstill, and the half-built subdivision where they lived, east of Lake Travis, was a patchwork of new homes and uncleared, densely wooded lots. ", "Although the Morton home had an Austin address, it sat just north of the Travis County line, in Williamson County—an area that, despite an incursion of new residents and rapid development, still retained the rural feel and traditional values of small-town Texas. ", "Austin was seen as morally permissive, a refuge for dope smoking and liberal politics that Williamson County, which prided itself on its law-and-order reputation, stood against. ", "In Georgetown, the county seat, bars and liquor stores were prohibited. ", "Their neighborhood was a place for newcomers, most of them young professionals with children. ", "The Mortons arrived when Eric was a toddler, and Christine had quickly learned everyone’s name on their street, often stopping in the driveway after work to visit with the neighbors. ", "Friendly and unguarded, with long brown hair and bright-blue eyes, she had a disarming confidence; she might squeeze the arm of the person she was talking to as she spoke or punctuate conversation with a boisterous laugh. ", "Michael was slower to warm to strangers, and his neighbors on Hazelhurst, whom he never got to know well, found him remote, even prickly. (“", "He would spend the whole morning working in the yard and never look up,” one told me.) ", "The Mortons’ next-door neighbor Elizabeth Gee, a lawyer’s wife and stay-at-home mother, often seemed taken aback by Michael’s lack of social graces. ", "He made no secret of the fact that he found her comically straitlaced; he and Christine had gone out to dinner with the Gees once, and Michael had rolled his eyes when she had demurely looked to her husband to answer for her after the waiter asked if she wanted a drink. ", "Christine had grown up in the suburbs south of Houston and attended Catholic school, where she was a popular student and member of the drill team. ", "Michael was rougher around the edges. ", "His father’s job with an oil field service company had taken the family from Waco to a succession of small towns across Southern California before they finally settled in Kilgore, where Michael attended his last two years of high school. ", "One day when Michael was sixteen, his father brought him along to an oil drilling site, and Michael sat in the car and watched as his dad slogged through his work in an icy rain. ", "The experience forever cured him of wanting to toil in the oil patch. ", "He went to Stephen F. Austin State University, in Nacogdoches, where, in 1976, he met Christine in a psychology class. ", "For their first date, he took her out in a borrowed Corvette, and not long afterward, she confided to her friend Margaret Permenter that she thought he might be “the one.” “", "Mike was pretty reserved, but he was nice and handsome, with one of those Jimmy Connors haircuts,” Permenter told me. “", "Chrissy was more committed than he was at first.” ", "Christine followed Michael to Austin in 1977 after he dropped out of SFA. ", "They had hoped to finish their degrees at the University of Texas, but the plan fizzled when they learned that many of their credits would not transfer. ", "Instead, Michael landed a job stocking shelves at night at a Safeway and eventually became a manager, overseeing toiletries and housewares. (", "He would also later start a side business cleaning parking lots.) ", "He and Christine spent their weekends at Lake Travis, waterskiing and buzzing around in the jet boat that Michael and several of his college buddies had pooled their money to buy. ", "He became an avid scuba diver, and on his days off, he would explore Lake Travis for hours. “", "When they argued, they were both very vocal,” Christine’s best friend, Holly Gersky, told me. “", "That’s how their marriage worked. ", "They got everything out in the open.” ", "Michael and Christine were affectionate with each other but also voluble about their problems. “", "It was not Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? ", "but they had what I would call passionate conversations,” Jay Gans, a former roommate of Michael’s, told me. “", "There was nothing subtle about either one of them. ", "They would argue very intensely, and eventually one of them would start cracking up, and not long after that, they would disappear into the bedroom.” ", "They married in 1979. ", "The candor with which they spoke to each other could unnerve even their closest friends. “", "When they argued, they were both very vocal,” Christine’s best friend, Holly Gersky, told me. “", "That’s how their marriage worked. ", "They got everything out in the open.” ", "They bickered constantly, and no subject was too inconsequential. ", "After they bought the house on Hazelhurst, the topic of the landscaping spawned pitched battles over everything from the size of the deck that Michael was building to the prudence of Christine’s decision to plant marigolds at the end of the driveway, beyond the sprinkler’s reach. ", "Michael also liked to rib Christine, and his sense of humor could be sarcastic and sometimes crude. ", "A running gag between them involved Michael calling out, “Bitch, get me a beer!”—something they had once overheard a friend of a friend shout at his girlfriend. ", "Christine would respond by telling Michael to go screw himself. “", "He teased her a lot, and he would go right up to the line of what was acceptable, and sometimes he went over it,” Gersky said. ", "Referring to an attractive friend of theirs who stopped by the house one day wearing shorts, he told Christine, “Now, that’s the way you should look.”", "\n\nMichael and Christine in Houston on their wedding day, in 1979. ", "Courtesy of Michael Morton Michael and Christine in Nacogdoches during their college years at Stephen F. Austin State University, in the mid-seventies. ", "Courtesy of Michael Morton Left: Michael and Christine in Houston on their wedding day, in 1979. ", "Courtesy of Michael Morton Right: Michael and Christine in Nacogdoches during their college years at Stephen F. Austin State University, in the mid-seventies. ", "Courtesy of Michael Morton\n\nYet the connection between them ran deep. ", "They weathered a tragedy in the early years of their marriage, when Christine suffered a late miscarriage with her first pregnancy, in 1981. ", "She had been four and a half months pregnant at the time. ", "If not for Michael, she later wrote to his mother, she could not have survived the anguish of their loss. ", "They were overjoyed when she became pregnant again less than two years later and elated when she reached her ninth month without any serious complications. ", "But within an hour of Eric’s birth, in the summer of 1983, the Mortons were informed that their son had major health problems. ", "Emergency surgery had to be performed that day to repair an abnormality in his esophagus. ", "During the three-week stay in the neonatal unit that followed, doctors discovered that Eric also had a congenital heart defect. ", "The condition prevented his blood from receiving the proper amount of oxygen. ", "Doctors advised Michael and Christine that their son would not survive to adulthood unless he had open-heart surgery. ", "But he could not undergo the procedure until he became bigger and hardier; he had to either reach his third birthday or weigh thirty pounds. ", "Operating sooner carried too much risk. ", "Until then, there was nothing that Michael and Christine could do but wait. ", "Together, they devoted themselves to caring for Eric. ", "If he exerted himself, he turned blue, a symptom that only worsened as he got older. ", "As a two-year-old, he would sit quietly and draw or leaf through picture books. ", "He tired so easily that if he ran around the living room once or twice he would fall to the floor from exhaustion. ", "Christine dropped him off on weekday mornings at a day care in Austin, an arrangement that allowed her to continue working full-time as a manager at Allstate, but in the evenings, she was reluctant to leave him with a babysitter. “", "Mike thought it was important to take a break and do something fun from time to time, but Chris felt she needed to stay close to home,” Gersky said. “", "They were both so worried about Eric and keeping him healthy until his surgery, and that put a lot of stress on their marriage.” ", "The strain on the relationship became obvious. ", "Nothing stayed below the surface for long, and Michael’s wisecracks began to have a harder edge to them. ", "He openly complained to friends that he and Christine were not having enough sex and that she needed to lose weight. “", "His comments stung,” Gersky said. “", "Chris shrugged them off—she would say, ‘Just ignore him’—but they made other people uncomfortable. ", "The bottom line was that Mike loved her, she loved him, and they adored Eric, and he was the most important thing to both of them, but they were definitely having a difficult time.” ", "In June 1986, shortly before Eric’s third birthday, the Mortons drove to Houston for his operation. ", "Christine took a leave of absence and Michael used all of his vacation time so they could both be present for Eric’s three-week hospital stay. ", "They each took turns sleeping at his bedside so that he was never alone. ", "The surgery went smoothly, and by the time he was discharged, he seemed to be a different child. ", "The transformation was dramatic, even miraculous. ", "For the first time in his life, his cheeks were pink and he was full of energy. ", "When they returned home, Michael and Christine watched in amazement as he gleefully ran up and down the sidewalk outside their house, laughing. ", "Six weeks later, on the morning of Wednesday, August 13, Michael rose before dawn and dressed for work, quietly moving around the bedroom so as not to wake Christine. ", "They had celebrated his birthday the night before, and it had been a fun evening at first. ", "They brought Eric with them to the City Grill, a trendy restaurant in downtown Austin, for a rare night out. ", "Michael and Christine smiled at each other as their son, now the picture of health, ate from his mother’s plate and then dug into a bowl of ice cream. ", "Eric nodded off in the car on the way home, and when they arrived, Michael carried him to his room and tucked him in. ", "Once he and Christine were alone, Michael put on an adult video that he had rented for the occasion, hoping to spark some romance. ", "But not long after they began watching the movie, Christine fell asleep on the living room floor. ", "Hurt and angry, Michael retreated to the bedroom without her. ", "Later, when she came to bed, she leaned over and kissed him. “", "Tomorrow night,” she promised.", "\n\nChristine, around 1980. ", "Courtesy of Michael Morton The photo of three-year-old Eric playing in the backyard that Michael kept during his time in prison. ", "Courtesy of Michael Morton Left: Christine, around 1980. ", "Courtesy of Michael Morton Right: The photo of three-year-old Eric playing in the backyard that Michael kept during his time in prison. ", "Courtesy of Michael Morton\n\nThe episode had rankled Michael, and before he went to the kitchen that morning to fix himself something to eat, he glanced over at Christine; she lay sleeping in their water bed, in a pink nightgown she had put on for his birthday, her dark hair fanned out across her pillow. ", "After he ate breakfast, he wrote her a note, which he propped up on the vanity in the bathroom so she would be sure to see it before she left for work: Chris, I know you didn’t mean to, but you made me feel really unwanted last night. ", "After a good meal, we came home, you binged on the rest of the cookies. ", "Then, with your nightgown around your waist and while I was rubbing your hands and arms, you farted and fell asleep. ", "I’m not mad or expecting a big production. ", "I just wanted you to know how I feel without us getting into another fight about sex. ", "Just think how you might have felt if you were left hanging on your birthday. ", "At the end, he scribbled “I L Y”—“I love you”—and signed it “M.” It was still dark outside when he pulled out of the driveway sometime after 5:30 that morning. ", "When he arrived at the Safeway, he rapped his keys against the glass doors out front, and the produce manager, Mario Garcia, let him in. ", "He punched his time card at 6:05 a.m. Throughout the morning, he and Garcia stopped to talk about their mutual interest in scuba diving. ", "They made plans to go on a dive the next day, which they both had off from work. ", "Michael agreed to call Garcia that evening so they could pick a place to meet. ", "He left work shortly after two o’clock that afternoon and stopped at the mall to run a few errands. ", "Afterward, at around three-thirty, he went to pick up Eric. ", "Mildred Redden, an older woman who looked after the boy in her home along with several other children, was surprised to see Michael. ", "She told him that she had neither seen Eric nor heard from Christine all day. ", "Alarmed, Michael reached for the phone and dialed home. ", "The phone rang several times and then a man whose voice he did not recognize picked up. ", "For a moment, Michael thought it might be Christine’s brother, who was in town. “", "Can I help you?” ", "the man asked. “", "Yeah, I’m calling my house,” Michael said. “", "Say, where are you?” ", "the man asked. “", "I’m over at the Reddens’,” Michael replied. “", "Over where? ", "This is the sheriff.” “", "What’s going on?” ", "Michael said. “", "I live there.” “", "Well, we need to talk to you, Mike.” “", "I’ll be there in ten minutes,” he said, sounding panicky. “", "Okay,” the sheriff said. “", "Just take it easy though, okay?” ", "Michael bolted for the door so quickly that Redden, who had turned for a moment to place a baby in a swing, never saw him leave. ", "III. ", "To his admirers, Williamson County sheriff Jim Boutwell was larger than life; to his detractors, he was a walking cliché. ", "The amiable, slow-talking former Texas Ranger wore a white Stetson, and he took his coffee black and his Lucky Strikes unfiltered. ", "As a young pilot for the Department of Public Safety, he was famous for having flown a single-engine airplane around the University of Texas Tower in 1966 while sniper Charles Whitman took aim at bystanders below. (", "Boutwell succeeded in distracting Whitman and drawing his fire as police officers moved in, though he narrowly missed being shot himself.) ", "Law enforcement was in his blood—his great-grandfather John Champion had briefly served as the Williamson County sheriff after the Civil War—and stories were often repeated about Boutwell’s ability to win over almost anyone, even people he was about to lock up. ", "More than once, he had defused a tense situation by simply walking up to a man wielding a gun and lifting the weapon right out of his hands. ", "At election time, Boutwell always ran unopposed. ", "But Boutwell also played by his own rules, a tendency that had, in one notorious case, resulted in a botched investigation whose flawed conclusions reverberated through the cold-case files of police departments across the country. ", "In 1983, three years before Christine’s murder, Boutwell coaxed a confession from Henry Lee Lucas, a one-eyed drifter who would, within a year’s time, be considered the most prolific serial killer in American history. ", "Earlier that summer, Lucas had pleaded guilty to two murders—in Montague and Denton counties—and then boasted of committing at least a hundred more. ", "At the invitation of the sheriff of Montague County, his old friend W. F. “Hound Dog” Conway, Boutwell had driven to Montague to question Lucas about an unsolved Williamson County case known as the Orange Socks murder. (", "The victim, who was never identified, was wearing only orange socks when her body was found in a culvert off Interstate 35 on Halloween in 1979.) ", "After a productive initial interrogation, Boutwell brought Lucas back to Williamson County and elicited further details from him about the killing, but his methods were unethical at best. “", "He led Henry to the crime scene, showed him photos of the victim, and fed him information,” reporter Hugh Aynesworth, whose 1985 exposé on Lucas for the Dallas Times Herald was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, told me. “", "Henry didn’t even get the way he killed her right on the first try: he said Orange Socks must have been stabbed, instead of strangled. ", "His ‘confession’ was recorded four times so it could be refined.” ", "Boutwell played by his own rules, a tendency that had, in one notorious case, resulted in a botched investigation whose flawed conclusions reverberated through the cold-case files of police departments across the country. ", "Lucas, who was held at the Williamson County jail, seemed to like the attention. ", "In subsequent interviews with Boutwell, the number of murders he claimed to have committed climbed to a staggering 360. ", "Despite signs that Lucas was taking everyone for a ride, the Williamson County DA’s office—which had nothing but his confession to connect him to the Orange Socks killing—charged him with capital murder. ", "Among the many problems with the state’s case was the fact that Lucas had cashed a paycheck in Jacksonville, Florida, nearly one thousand miles away, a day after the killing. ", "When the case went to trial, in 1984, his job foreman testified that he had seen Lucas at least three times on the day the murder occurred. (", "Prosecutors countered by laying out a time line that allowed Lucas to kill his victim and return to Jacksonville without a second to spare.) ", "During a break in the trial, Boutwell speculated that jurors would see past the case’s myriad contradictions. “", "Even if they don’t believe Henry did this one, they know he done a lot of them, and they’ll want to see him put away for good,” Boutwell observed. ", "Lucas was found guilty and sentenced to death. ", "After his conviction, Lucas remained in the Williamson County jail, where he would eventually confess to committing more than six hundred murders. ", "He soon became a kind of macabre celebrity. ", "Investigators from across the country traveled to Georgetown to interview him about their unsolved cases, but the integrity of Lucas’s confessions was dubious. ", "A task force manned by Boutwell and several Texas Rangers often briefed him before detectives arrived; one Ranger memo stated that in order to “refresh” Lucas’s memory, he was furnished with crime-scene photos and information about his supposed victims. ", "Provided with milk shakes, color TV, and assurances that he would not be transferred to death row as long as he kept talking, Lucas obliged. ", "He gave visiting investigators enough lurid details that he was eventually indicted for 189 homicides. ", "Not a single fingerprint, weapon, or eyewitness ever corroborated his claims. ", "Even as his stories grew more and more outlandish—he declared that he had killed Jimmy Hoffa and delivered the poison for the 1978 Jonestown massacre in Guyana—Boutwell never washed his hands of him. ", "The sheriff, who was interviewed by reporters from as far away as Japan, appeared to enjoy the limelight. ", "Years later, after Boutwell died of lymphatic cancer, Governor George W. Bush took the unusual step of commuting Lucas’s death sentence to life in prison. “", "While Henry Lee Lucas is guilty of committing a number of horrible crimes, serious concerns have been raised about his guilt in this case,” Bush announced in 1998, on the eve of Lucas’s execution for the Orange Socks murder. ", "By then, it was no secret that the investigation Boutwell had kick-started was a fiasco. ", "Aynesworth’s exhaustive Times Herald series had used work records, receipts, and a trail of documents to show that Lucas was likely responsible for no more than three of the slayings credited to him. ", "In the spring of 1986 Texas attorney general Jim Mattox had issued a scathing report about the Lucas “hoax” and the investigators who had perpetuated it. ", "This was just a few months before the murder of Christine Morton, but when Boutwell arrived at the crime scene that day, Mattox’s report probably wasn’t weighing too heavily on his mind. ", "It might have hurt his reputation in Austin, 28 miles south, but in Georgetown he remained untarnished. “", "He’d go around town, boy, and everyone would clap him on the back,” Aynesworth told me. “", "He was a hero.”", "\n\nDistrict attorney Ken Anderson (right) and Sheriff Jim Boutwell answering questions from reporters in an undated photograph. ", "Williamson County Sun\n\nThe house on Hazelhurst was blocked off with crime-scene tape when Michael returned home. ", "Despite the oppressive heat that August afternoon, many of his neighbors were standing outside in their yards; they stopped talking when they saw him pull up. ", "Michael sprinted across the lawn and tried to push his way inside, past the sheriff’s deputies and technicians from the DPS crime lab who were already on the scene, but several officers converged on him. “", "He’s the husband,” Boutwell called out, once Michael had identified himself. ", "Michael was breathing hard. “", "Is my son okay?” ", "he asked. “", "He’s fine,” Boutwell said. “", "He’s at the neighbors’.” “", "How about my wife?” ", "The sheriff was matter-of-fact. “", "She’s dead,” he replied. ", "Boutwell led Michael into the kitchen and introduced him to Sergeant Don Wood, the case’s lead investigator. “", "We have to ask you a few questions before we can get your son,” Boutwell told him. ", "Dazed, Michael took a seat at the kitchen table. ", "He had shown no reaction to the news of Christine’s death, and as he sat across from the two lawmen, he tried to make sense of what was happening around him. ", "Sheriff’s deputies brushed past him, opening drawers and rifling through cabinets. ", "He could see the light of a camera flash exploding again and again in the master bedroom as a police photographer documented what Michael realized must have been the place where Christine was killed. ", "He could hear officers entering and exiting his house, exchanging small talk. ", "Someone dumped a bag of ice into the kitchen sink and stuck Cokes in it. ", "Cigarette smoke hung in the air. ", "Bewildered, Michael looked to the two law enforcement officers for answers. “", "She was murdered?” ", "he asked, incredulous. “", "Where was my son?” ", "Boutwell was not forthcoming. ", "The sheriff said only that Christine had been killed but that they did not yet know what had happened to her. ", "From the start, Boutwell treated Michael not like a grieving husband but like a suspect. ", "By then, Boutwell had been in the house for two and a half hours. ", "Sheriff’s deputies had arrived earlier that afternoon, responding to a panicked phone call from the Mortons’ next-door neighbor Elizabeth Gee, who had spotted Eric wandering around the Mortons’ front yard by himself, wearing only a shirt and a diaper. ", "Alarmed, she let herself in to the Morton home and called out for her friend. ", "Hearing nothing, she looked around the house. ", "After searching the home several times, she finally discovered Christine’s body lying on the water bed, with a comforter pulled up over her face. ", "A blue suitcase and a wicker basket had been stacked on top of her. ", "The wall and the ceiling were splattered with blood. ", "Her head had been bludgeoned repeatedly with a blunt object. ", "From the start, Boutwell treated Michael not like a grieving husband but like a suspect. ", "The sheriff had never tried to reach Michael to notify him of Christine’s death, and once he arrived, their conversation at the kitchen table began with Boutwell’s reading Michael his Miranda rights. ", "His opinion of Michael was informed by the note left in the bathroom for Christine, which established that Michael had been angry with her in the hours leading up to her murder. ", "Boutwell had read it shortly after arriving at the house. ", "Michael’s lack of emotion at the news of her death did not help to dispel the sheriff’s suspicion that the murder had been a domestic affair. ", "Odd details about the crime scene only reinforced his hunch. ", "There were no indications of a break-in, a fact that Boutwell would repeat to the media in the weeks to come. (", "Though it was true that there were no signs of forced entry, the sliding-glass door in the dining area was unlocked.) ", "Robbery did not appear to have been the motive for the crime; Christine’s purse was missing, but her engagement ring and wedding band were lying in plain sight on the nightstand. ", "Other valuables, like a camera with a telephoto lens, had also gone untouched. ", "Michael, who did not request an attorney, was cooperative and candid during his conversation with Boutwell and Wood. ", "When he was asked to account for his time, beginning with the previous morning, he described his day in painstaking detail, down to the particular kind of fish Christine had eaten for dinner and the color of socks he had worn to bed. ", "As the afternoon wore on, they pressed him about tensions in his marriage and whether either of them had ever had an affair. ", "Sensing the drift of the conversation, Michael said at one point, “I didn’t do this, whatever it is.” ", "Boutwell, who had not examined Christine’s injuries, had incorrectly surmised that she had been shot in the head at close range, and many of his questions focused on the guns that Michael kept in the house. ", "Michael liked to hunt, and he had seven guns in all. ", "As he spoke, he reeled off their makes and models according to caliber. ", "When he listed his .45 automatic, Boutwell and Wood glanced up from their legal pads. “", "Is my .45 missing?” ", "Michael asked. ", "The pistol could not be accounted for—they had already searched his cache of firearms and hadn’t seen it—but neither man answered him. ", "Growing more and more uneasy with their line of questioning, Michael finally erupted. “", "I didn’t kill my wife,” he insisted. “", "Are you fucking crazy?” ", "The conversation stretched on for the rest of the afternoon. ", "Afterward, Wood escorted Michael to a neighbor’s home, where Eric had been playing. ", "Relieved to see his father, Eric ran to him. ", "Michael fell to his knees and embraced the boy. ", "For the first time since the ordeal had begun, he broke down and wept. ", "People would later remark on how strange it was that Michael did not go to a hotel or a friend’s house that night, but in the fog of shock and grief, he and Eric went home. ", "Michael did not ask what, if anything, the three-year-old had witnessed. (", "Wood had already tried to question the boy but was unable to get any information from him.) ", "Instead, Michael offered his son assurances that everything would be all right. ", "The house was in disarray; furniture was overturned, clothes were strewn across the bedroom floor, and the kitchen was littered with empty Coke cans and cigarette butts. ", "Intent on reclaiming some sense of normalcy, Michael pulled down the yellow crime-scene tape outside and began to clean up. ", "As it grew dark, he went from room to room, turning on lights. ", "When exhaustion finally overtook him, he crawled into Eric’s bed and lay beside him, holding the boy close. ", "The lights stayed on all night. ", "The next morning, Orin Holland, who lived one block north of the Mortons, on Adonis Drive, stopped a sheriff’s deputy who was canvassing the neighborhood to share what he thought might be important information. ", "Holland told the officer that his wife, Mary, and a neighbor, Joni St. Martin, had seen a man park a green van by the vacant, wooded lot behind the Morton home on several occasions. ", "Holland went on to explain that his wife and St. Martin had also seen the man get out of the van and walk into the overgrown area that extended up to the Mortons’ privacy fence. ", "Shortly after Holland talked to the deputy—either that night or the next, Holland told me—a law enforcement officer visited his home. “", "His purpose was not to ask us questions about what we had seen but to reassure us,” Holland said. “", "Everyone was very unnerved at that time, and he came to say that we shouldn’t worry and that we were not in any danger. ", "He didn’t overtly say, ‘We know who did it,’ but he implied that this was not a random event. ", "I can’t remember his exact words, but the suggestion was that the husband did it.” “", "We kept waiting for the police to come talk to us, but they never did,” Joni told me. “", "Eventually, we figured the evidence led them in another direction.” ", "The St. Martins had also contacted the sheriff’s office about the van. “", "Joni remembers me seeing the van early in the morning on the day Christine was killed, when I left to go to work,” her ex-husband, David, told me. “", "I trust Joni’s memory more than mine, but twenty-six years later, I can’t say exactly when I saw it.” ", "Still, the van made an impression on both of them. “", "There were only two houses on our street: the Hollands’ and ours,” Joni explained. “", "People dumped trash in that area, so if we saw a vehicle we didn’t know, we paid attention.” ", "After learning of Christine’s murder, David called the sheriff’s office. “", "We kept waiting for the police to come talk to us, but they never did,” Joni told me. “", "Eventually, we figured the evidence led them in another direction.” ", "Like most people in the neighborhood, she and David did not know Michael particularly well. “", "We’d said hi at the mailbox before, but that was it—he pretty much kept to himself,” Joni told me. “", "So when he was arrested, we thought, ‘Well, what do we know? ", "They must have something on him.’ ” ", "In fact, what little physical evidence had been recovered from the crime scene pointed away from Michael. ", "Fingerprints lifted from the door frame of the sliding-glass door in the dining area did not match anyone in the Morton household. ", "All told, there were approximately fifteen fingerprints found at the house—including one lifted from the blue suitcase that was left on top of Christine’s body—but they were never identified. ", "A fresh footprint was also discovered just inside the Mortons’ fenced-in backyard. ", "The most compelling piece of evidence was discovered by Christine’s brother, John Kirkpatrick, who searched the property behind the house the day after her murder. ", "Just east of the wooded lot where the man in the green van had been seen by the Mortons’ neighbors, there was an abandoned construction site where work on a new home had come to a halt. ", "John walked around the site, looking for anything that might help illuminate what had happened to his sister. ", "As he examined the ground, he spotted a blue bandana lying by the curb. ", "The bandana was stained with blood. ", "John immediately turned the bandana over to the sheriff’s office, but its discovery did not spur law enforcement to comb the area behind the Morton home for additional evidence. ", "Either the significance of the bandana was not understood, perhaps because investigators had failed to follow up on the green van lead, or, worse, it was simply ignored. ", "When John handed over the bandana that afternoon, Boutwell and Wood were already absorbed by another development in the case. ", "Based on an analysis of partially digested food found in Christine’s stomach, the medical examiner had estimated that she had been killed between one and six o’clock in the morning (Michael had, by his own account, been at home with her until five-thirty). ", "The results did not necessarily implicate Michael, but they did not clear him of suspicion either. ", "And neither did the medical examiner’s finding that Christine had not been sexually assaulted. ", "Neither rape nor robbery appeared to have motivated her killer, but the savage nature of the beating—eight crushing blows to the head—seemed to suggest that rage had played a part. ", "A few days later, Boutwell met with Michael, Marylee, and Christine’s parents, Jack and Rita Kirkpatrick, to update them on the progress of the investigation. ", "Michael had always enjoyed a cordial relationship with his wife’s family, but the sheriff’s comments that day quickly erased whatever goodwill existed between them. ", "As Boutwell comforted the Kirkpatricks with the assurance that he would find Christine’s killer, he made it clear that Michael had not yet been ruled out as a suspect. “", "I’d like to show you some photos and update you on the progress of the investigation,” Boutwell said. “", "But I can’t show you anything if he’s”—the sheriff nodded at Michael—“in the room.” ", "By the time Christine’s funeral was held later that week, in Houston, the uneasiness between Michael and the Kirkpatricks was obvious. “", "I noticed Mike standing off by himself afterward, and I could tell something wasn’t right,” a friend of the Mortons’ told me. “", "Chris’s brother, John, told me there were some questions about Mike. ", "He said, ‘I’m heading back to Austin to look into some things.’ ” ", "Over the next few weeks, dozens of people who had known Michael and Christine—from close friends to co-workers and passing acquaintances—were visited by Wood. ", "A former truck driver and small-town police chief, he was hardly a seasoned homicide detective; he had been promoted to the position of investigator only seven months earlier. ", "But he was diligent, sometimes producing as many as four reports a day, and he often reviewed his handwritten notes with the sheriff before typing up his findings. ", "Boutwell’s unwavering focus on Michael left Christine’s best friend, Holly Gersky, who spent days on end being interrogated at the sheriff’s office, deeply shaken. “", "I knew Chris’s routine, I knew about her marriage, I knew everything they wanted to know about, so they had a lot of questions for me,” she explained. “", "The whole time, I kept insisting that Mike could never have hurt Chris. ", "I told them that he was incapable of abandoning Eric. ", "One morning Sheriff Boutwell sat me down. ", "He didn’t raise his voice—he was to the point—but he had a very big, intimidating presence. ", "He said, ‘You’re either lying or there’s something you’re not telling us.’ ” ", "Michael passed two lie detector tests in the weeks that followed and cooperated fully with the investigation, answering another round of questions from Boutwell and Wood without a lawyer present. ", "He gave them consent to search his black Datsun pickup, and he provided them with samples of his hair, saliva, and blood. (", "Before the advent of DNA testing, in the nineties, forensic tools—such as blood-typing and hair analysis—were relatively primitive. ", "They were effective at eliminating suspects, but they could not pinpoint a perpetrator’s identity.) ", "No physical evidence was ever found that tied Michael to the murder. ", "Still, Boutwell stuck to his theory of the case, telling a local newspaper, Hill Country News, that footprints found near the scene of the crime had been determined to have no connection to the killing and that blood stains discovered at a nearby work site—a reference to the blue bandana—were believed to have resulted from a minor construction accident. ", "No doubt mindful of how an unsolved murder might unsettle the real estate developers and new families who were moving in to Williamson County, the sheriff sought to allay concerns about the safety of the community. ", "Above all, Boutwell emphasized, Christine’s murder had not been random. “", "I feel confident to say there is no need for public alarm, because I seriously doubt that we have a serial murderer running loose in the area,” he said. ", "Courtesy of Michael Morton Of all the nightmarish possibilities that Michael turned over in his mind about what might have happened on the day Christine was killed, he was the most preoccupied by the possibility that Eric had witnessed the attack or had been harmed in some way himself. ", "Certain details about the crime scene—that the blinds, which Christine always opened when she woke up, remained closed; that she had still been wearing her nightgown—suggested to him that she had been murdered shortly after he left for work, and so he held out hope that Eric had slept through the ordeal. ", "He was heartened when Jan Maclean, a child therapist he had arranged for Eric to talk to, told Michael that his son manifested the usual signs of separation anxiety that often follow the death of a parent, but nothing indicated that the boy had himself been victimized. ", "Then, several weeks after the funeral, Eric said something that knocked the breath out of him. ", "Michael was on his hands and knees in the master bathroom, scrubbing the bathtub, when Eric walked up behind him. ", "The boy stared at the tub and looked up at the shower, studying it. “", "Daddy,” the three-year-old said, turning to him. “", "Do you know the man who was in the shower with his clothes on?” “", "Daddy,” the three-year-old said, turning to him. “", "Do you know the man who was in the shower with his clothes on?” ", "Michael sat back, stunned. ", "He had no doubt that Eric was speaking of the man who had killed Christine. ", "The boy’s question dovetailed with details from the crime scene; there had been blood on the bathroom door. ", "Hesitant to say anything that might upset his son, Michael did not probe further. “", "I don’t know him,” Michael said finally. “", "But I think if you have any questions about him, you should ask Jan.” Maclean would never glean any more details from Eric, and Michael did not disclose the boy’s statement to the sheriff’s office. ", "Given how aggressively Boutwell and Wood had questioned him, Michael did not want them anywhere near his son. ", "At the urging of a friend, he retained two well-regarded Austin lawyers, Bill Allison and Bill White, who advised him to stop talking to law enforcement. ", "By then, Michael had lost any confidence that Boutwell and his deputies would ever find Christine’s killer. ", "Just before dinnertime on September 25, Michael heard the doorbell ring. ", "He turned off the stove and grabbed Eric, hoisting the boy onto his hip. ", "When he opened the door, he saw Boutwell and Wood standing on his front porch. ", "Boutwell had a warrant for his arrest. ", "Though the sheriff could have let Michael turn himself in at a prearranged time, giving him enough notice to make a plan for Eric’s care, Boutwell had instead chosen to surprise him at home. “", "You’ve got to be kidding me,” Michael said. ", "The last time Eric had seen police officers was the day his mother was killed, and as he was pulled from Michael’s arms and handed to their neighbor Elizabeth Gee, he became hysterical. ", "Boutwell put Michael in handcuffs and led him down the front walkway. ", "Michael turned to see Eric, his arms outstretched, screaming for him. ", "IV. ", "Perhaps no sheriff and district attorney had a closer working relationship than Jim [Boutwell] and I had,” wrote Williamson County DA Ken Anderson in his 1997 book, Crime in Texas: Your Complete Guide to the Criminal Justice System. “", "We talked on the phone daily and, more often than not, drank a cup of coffee together.” ", "The two men frequently met at the L&M Cafe, a greasy spoon just down from the courthouse square in Georgetown. ", "There, wrote Anderson, “we painstakingly pieced together circumstantial murder cases. ", "We debated the next step of an investigation. . . . ", "The downfall of more than one criminal doing life in the state prison system began with an investigation put together on a coffee-stained napkin at the L&M.” Anderson, whose family moved from the East Coast to Houston when he was a teenager, had formed his early impressions of the legal profession from watching Gregory Peck in To Kill a Mockingbird and Spencer Tracy in Inherit the Wind. ", "He saw himself as one of the good guys. ", "He had enrolled in UT Law School in the wake of the Watergate hearings, when his politics were left-leaning and his sympathies lay with defending people, not prosecuting them. ", "After graduation, he worked as a staff attorney representing the ultimate underdogs: three-time offenders serving life sentences at a prison outside Huntsville. ", "But the experience left him profoundly disillusioned; he often felt that he was being misled by his clients. “", "They were innocent, every one of them,” he later told the Austin American-Statesman. “", "Even if you were wet behind the ears, liberal, fresh-graduated out of law school, you realized they were lying pretty quickly.” ", "A prominent Austin defense attorney once quipped that Anderson had “one foot in each century—that being the nineteenth and the twentieth.” ", "Anderson’s ideology took a hard right turn in 1980, when he joined the Williamson County DA’s office. ", "He quickly became an indispensable first assistant to district attorney Ed Walsh, whose ascent had paralleled the county’s rapid growth. ", "Before Walsh was elected, in 1976, there had been no full-time district attorney; at the time, the county’s population hovered at around 49,000 people, about one tenth what it is today. ", "Walsh had run on a tough-on-crime platform that promised convictions and jail time for drug dealing—a campaign pledge he made good on. ", "But while Walsh was an amiable figure who enjoyed a good rapport with the defense bar, his first assistant quickly developed an unforgiving reputation, often taking a harder line on punishment than his boss did. ", "Anderson routinely asked for, and won, harsh sentences and fought to keep offenders in prison long after they became eligible for parole. ", "A prominent Austin defense attorney once quipped that Anderson had “one foot in each century—that being the nineteenth and the twentieth.” ", "His view of the world, which would shape the modern-day Williamson County DA’s office, was strictly black and white. “", "Ken did not see grays,” said one attorney who practiced with him in the eighties. “", "He felt very strongly about the cases he was working on.” ", "Intense and driven, he poured himself into each case he prosecuted, preparing for trial with scrupulous attention to detail. ", "By his own admission, he was not so much a brilliant lawyer as a meticulous one. ", "He was also famously adversarial, sharing as little information with defense attorneys as possible through a firm “closed file” policy. ", "His job, as he saw it, was to fight “the bad guys,” and the struggle between the forces of good and evil was a common theme in his writing and courtroom oratory. “", "When you go home tonight, you will lock yourselves in your house,” he often reminded jurors during closing arguments. “", "You will check to see that you locked your windows, that your dead-bolted doors are secure. ", "Perhaps you will even turn on a security system. ", "There is something very wrong with a society where the good people are locked up while the criminals are running free on the street.” ", "Boutwell, who was a generation older than him, loomed large in the young prosecutor’s imagination. ", "The sheriff was “a lawman from the tip of his Stetson to the soles of his cowboy boots,” Anderson rhapsodized in Crime in Texas. “", "I admire and respect all the Jim Boutwells of this world.” ", "Their meetings at the L&M Cafe had begun when Anderson, as a first assistant DA, would accompany Walsh whenever the district attorney sat down with Boutwell for one of their regular coffees. ", "Among the topics at hand was no doubt the Lucas case, which Walsh and Anderson had prosecuted. ", "When Walsh stepped down, in 1985, to run for higher office, Anderson was appointed district attorney by Governor Mark White. ", "He had been DA for little more than a year when Christine was murdered. ", "Just 33, he had never run for public office before. ", "Winning a conviction in the Morton case, which was front-page news, would become one of the new district attorney’s signature achievements. ", "In the decades that followed, Anderson often cited the case in interviews and in his own writing when he reflected back on the high points of his 22-year career as a prosecutor. ", "Yet even with his strong allegiance to the sheriff, Anderson expressed reservations about the evidence early on. ", "Boutwell had been ready to arrest Michael within a week of the murder, but it was Anderson who had held him off. (“", "I wanted to make sure, dadgum sure, everything was right on this case before we went out and arrested the guy,” Anderson would later tell Judge Lott during the trial.) ", "According to Kimberly Dufour Gardner, a prosecutor who worked in the DA’s office in the mid-eighties, Anderson had voiced his doubts even after Michael’s arrest. “", "Mr. Anderson made a remark relative to Sheriff Boutwell arresting Morton so soon,” Gardner stated last year in a sworn affidavit. “", "I recall that he said he did not feel confident about the evidence against Mr. Morton at that time.” ", "After his arrest, Michael spent a week in the county jail in Georgetown before he was finally released on bond in early October. ", "He returned home and tried to resume a normal life with Eric, who had been cared for by both sets of grandparents in his absence. ", "Normalcy, of course, was impossible: in less than five months, he would be standing trial for the murder of his wife. ", "Still, Michael continued working forty hours a week at the Safeway (the grocery chain’s union held that members could not be fired unless they were actually convicted of a crime), and he attended to the innumerable responsibilities of single parenthood, driving Eric to therapy sessions and cardiologist appointments. ", "He knew that some of his co-workers didn’t know what to make of him, but others, like Mario Garcia, welcomed him back. ", "The two men had not known each other particularly well before Michael’s arrest—they had never socialized outside of work before—but Garcia, who had let Michael into the Safeway on the day Christine was murdered, had always been certain that he was innocent. “", "That morning, he was the same as he always was,” Garcia told me. “", "I never doubted him. ", "After everything he did to make Eric well, why would he leave him at a crime scene? ", "Why would he kill Christine and then say, ‘And to hell with my son’? ", "It didn’t add up.” ", "The notoriety of the crime followed Michael wherever he went. ", "Strangers who had read about the case in the newspaper slowed down as they drove past the house. ", "Teenagers cruised by at night, sometimes whistling and honking and making a scene. ", "Michael had decided to sell the house shortly after the murder, and he put it on the market for a song, but there were no takers. ", "One day, a customer approached him in the Safeway. “", "Hey, I heard that that guy who killed his wife works here,” the man said, lowering his voice. “", "Which one is he?” ", "Photograph by Van Ditthavong During those months leading up to Michael’s trial, sheriff’s deputies regularly stopped by the Gee house to speak to Elizabeth, who was still recovering from having discovered Christine’s body. ", "Her husband, Christopher, became accustomed to returning home from work to find a squad car parked out front. “", "She was home all day, next to where the murder happened, and she was scared to death,” he told me. (", "The Gees are now divorced, and Elizabeth did not respond to requests for an interview.) “", "Sheriff’s deputies would stop by our house while they were patrolling the neighborhood, and they would fill her head with these whacked-out theories about Mike dealing drugs and stuff that was way out in the ozone,” he said. “", "They scared the tar out of her. ", "They kept telling her, ‘You need to be careful. ", "You don’t know what this guy is going to do.’ ” ", "By then, Christopher told me, it was clear that Elizabeth’s testimony would be part of the prosecution’s case; she not only had discovered Christine’s body but also had overheard some of Michael’s less charitable comments to his wife. ", "Kept on edge by frequent visits from sheriff’s deputies, she would prove to be a powerful witness. ", "Though Michael had never been a demonstrative person, his stoicism and his apparent lack of sentimentality for Christine only fed Elizabeth’s anxiety. ", "She was astonished to see him two days after Christine’s funeral using a Weed Eater to cut down the marigolds at the end of his driveway, which she knew Christine had planted over his objections. ", "It did not matter that the flowers had already withered in the summer heat or that Michael had been sprucing up the landscaping to attract prospective home buyers; within the context of a murder investigation, cutting down the marigolds took on a sinister dimension. ", "So did another, far stranger thing he did. ", "After a friend who worked in construction cleaned and repainted the master bedroom, Michael resumed sleeping there, on the water bed where Christine was killed. (“", "I have happy memories of this bed too,” he told a horrified Marylee.) ", "He was clearly still in a state of shock; he had also started keeping a pistol-grip shotgun beside him while he slept. ", "But taken together, the marigolds, the bed, and the caustic remarks he used to make to Christine all hardened perceptions that he was callous and unrepentant and no doubt capable of murder. ", "According to Bayardo’s revised time of death, Christine could not have died after 1:30 a.m. Cementing that view was the decision of Travis County medical examiner Roberto Bayardo, who had performed Christine’s autopsy, to change the estimated time of death. (", "Bayardo had previously worked with Boutwell and Anderson on the Orange Socks case.) ", "Originally, based on his belief that she had eaten dinner as late as 11 p.m., Bayardo had found that Christine could have died as late as 6 a.m., a half hour after Michael left for work. ", "But the medical examiner would later testify that he made that determination when “I didn’t know all the facts. ", "I didn’t know when she had her last meal.” ", "Bayardo changed his estimate shortly after Boutwell and Anderson visited the City Grill and retrieved a credit card receipt showing that Michael had paid for their meal at 9:21 p.m. According to Bayardo’s revised time of death, Christine could not have died after 1:30 a.m. This conclusion was based on an examination of her partially digested stomach contents, a notoriously imprecise method for determining the time of death that was not recognized, even 26 years ago, as sound science. ", "Bayardo’s math also defied logic; although the time that the Mortons’ dinner ended had been revised by less than two hours, he had adjusted the estimated time of death more dramatically, by nearly five hours. ", "Still, his conclusion was crucial to the state’s case: besides Eric, the only person who had been with Christine between 9:30 p.m. and 1:30 a.m. was Michael. ", "Years later, Bayardo testified in the cases of two wrongfully accused defendants outside Williamson County who were eventually freed after evidence pointed to their innocence: Anthony Graves, who was sentenced to death in 1994 for murdering six people in Somerville, and Lacresha Murray, who was convicted of the 1996 fatal beating of a two-year-old girl in Austin. ", "A 2004 assessment on appeal of Bayardo’s methodology in the Morton case by noted forensic pathologist Michael Baden, the former chief medical examiner of New York City and a preeminent expert in his field, would indicate that the medical examiner’s work was deeply flawed in this instance as well. ", "According to Baden, Bayardo did not have critical data that would have allowed him to make a more reliable evaluation. “", "My review reveals a number of serious mistakes in the methodology used by the medical examiner,” wrote Baden in a sworn affidavit. “", "No proper observations were made at the scene of death of rigor mortis, livor mortis, or algor mortis—the stiffening of the body, the settling of the blood, or the body’s change in temperature—which are the traditional measures that assist forensic pathologists in determining time of death.” ", "Just weeks after Bayardo changed his time-of-death estimate, Anderson, who had expressed reservations about the strength of the state’s evidence, felt confident enough about the case to present it to a grand jury. ", "And when the hearing was convened, Boutwell was the only witness he called. ", "Based on his testimony, the grand jury indicted Michael for first-degree murder. ", "At trial, Anderson would lean heavily on Bayardo’s conclusions to bolster the state’s case. ", "The district attorney would even go so far as to have Christine’s last meal prepared and delivered to the courtroom for the jury’s inspection. ", "Bill Allison, one of Michael’s attorneys, told me that until Bayardo’s revision, “the evidence was weak. ", "His finding changed everything.” ", "On February 10, 1987, the morning that The State of Texas v. Michael W. Morton got under way, Michael put on a suit, kissed his son on the forehead, and handed the boy to his mother, Patricia, who had come from Kilgore with his father, Billy, to help out during the trial. ", "Michael had not boxed up any of the belongings that filled the four-bedroom house or made arrangements for Eric’s care in the event that he was convicted; given the lack of evidence against him, he felt cautiously optimistic that twelve people would not be able to find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. ", "He drove his pickup to the home of Allison’s law partner, Bill White, an ex-Navy man and former prosecutor. ", "White’s blunt, outspoken style complemented the more cerebral Allison, a clinical law professor at UT. ", "When Michael arrived, White—who was busy poring through his notes—tossed him the keys to his Porsche and told him to drive. ", "A quiet scene greeted them when they arrived at the Greek Revival courthouse on Georgetown’s main square. ", "The crush of media attention would come later; on the first day, only a few reporters showed up. ", "In preparation for trial, Ken Anderson had immersed himself in the details of the case. ", "The district attorney knew he was up against formidable opponents: both defense attorneys had impressive track records, and Allison had been one of Anderson’s own law professors. ", "Addressing the five-man, seven-woman jury that morning, the district attorney laid out the state’s theory of the case, arguing that on the night of his birthday, Michael had worked himself into a rage after Christine rejected his advances. “", "He had rented a videotape, a very sexually explicit videotape, and he viewed that sexually explicit videotape, and he got madder and madder,” Anderson said. “", "He got some sort of blunt object, probably a club, and he took that club and he went into the bedroom . . . ", "and he beat his wife repeatedly to death.” ", "Anderson went on to explain that Michael had staged a burglary afterward to cover his tracks, though he had done a poor job of it, pulling out only four dresser drawers and emptying them. “", "He also decided he would write a note as if his wife was still alive,” Anderson continued. “", "So he wrote a note, pretending she was still alive, and left that in the bathroom.” ", "The motive was a stretch—how often do husbands bludgeon their wives to death for not wanting to have sex?—but Anderson pressed on, telling the jury that Michael had taken Christine’s purse, his .45, and the murder weapon and disposed of them before showing up to work. ", "In the absence of any concrete evidence, Anderson relied on his most emotional material, calling as his first witness Rita Kirkpatrick, who haltingly provided a few facts about her daughter’s life. ", "She was followed by Elizabeth Gee, who painted a portrait of an unhappy marriage. ", "She told the jury of the Mortons’ frequent arguments and how she once heard Michael bark, “Bitch, go get me a beer.” ", "She vividly described finding Christine’s body and how aloof Michael had been in the weeks that followed. ", "When Anderson asked her to recount what he had done two days after Christine’s funeral, Elizabeth became emotional; she paused for a moment to collect herself, then looked at Michael. “", "Weed-Eating her marigolds,” she said, enunciating each word. ", "Though much of Elizabeth’s testimony had felt “almost rehearsed,” jury foreman Mark Landrum told me, her disgust for Michael in that moment had been palpable. “", "From that moment on, I didn’t like Michael Morton,” Landrum said. “", "I’m assuming the entire jury felt that way too. ", "Whether he was a murderer or not was still to be determined, but I knew that I did not like him.” ", "As he sat at the defense table weeping, Michael was grasping the full horror of what had happened to his wife. ", "Building on the idea that Michael hated his wife, Anderson also cast him as sexually deviant. ", "Over the protests of the defense, Judge Lott allowed the district attorney to show jurors the first two minutes of Handful of Diamonds, the adult video that Michael had rented, under the pretext that it established his state of mind before the murder. ", "Though tame by today’s standards, the film did not curry favor with a Williamson County jury. “", "I was repulsed,” Lou Bryan, a now-retired schoolteacher who served on the jury, told me. “", "I kept thinking, ‘What kind of person would watch this?’ ” ", "Anderson’s portrait of Michael only darkened after DPS serologist Donna Stanley testified that a stain on the Mortons’ bedsheet contained semen that was consistent with Michael’s blood type. (", "In fact, later analysis detected both semen and vaginal fluid, corroborating Michael’s account to Boutwell that he and Christine had had sex the week before she was killed.) ", "Anderson used Stanley’s testimony to suggest an appalling scenario: that after beating his wife to death, Michael had masturbated over her lifeless body. ", "The burden on the state to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Michael had killed Christine was arguably lessened once he was cast as a sadist. ", "Viewed through that lens, Michael was doomed. ", "When he broke down as Anderson held up a succession of grisly crime-scene photos, his reaction was seen not as an outpouring of grief but as the remorse of a guilty man. “", "I felt like he was crying over what he had done,” Landrum told me. ", "In fact, as he sat at the defense table weeping, Michael was grasping the full horror of what had happened to his wife.", "\n\nJurors Mark Landrum and Lou Bryan in front of the old Williamson County courthouse, in Georgetown. ", "Photograph by Van Ditthavong" ]

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[ "What’s the Midwest’s favorite sandwich?", "\n\nA recent YouGov poll has a verdict: the grilled cheese.", "\n\nIt’s “the one sandwich that brings more people back to their childhood than anything else, so no other food should compare,” said Chris Johnston, founder of Cheesie’s, a late-night joint that serves grilled cheeses at its Wicker Park and Lake View locations well into the early mornings.", "\n\nThe grilled cheese is also a bestseller at the Fat Shallot, which whips up classic sandwiches in its food truck as well as establishments in Lincoln Park and Revival Food Hall.", "\n\nWhile grilled cheese was the favorite in the poll with 79 percent of Midwesterners saying they liked it, grilled chicken was a close second with 75 percent.", "\n\nBut Sam Barron, who co-owns the Fat Shallot with his wife Sarah Weitz, says their fried buffalo chicken sandwich outsells the grilled chicken, so maybe it’s “perhaps hopeful” to called grilled chicken a favorite.", "\n\nResponding humorously to her husband, Weitz quipped, “My husband’s crazy. ", "Who doesn’t love a grilled chicken sandwich?”", "\n\nShe added, “People in the Midwest want something familiar and classic.”", "\n\n“Classic” indeed characterizes the other sandwiches well-liked by Midwesterners: the roast beef (71%), turkey (70%) and ham (69%).", "\n\nChicago is a “meat-and-potatoes town that goes for things tasty and tends to leave the dieting ambitions as only ambitions,” Barron said.", "\n\nIt’s a city with a strong sense of regional identity, which might explain why the muffuletta — a sandwich with origins in New Orleans — was least liked among Midwesterners (15%).", "\n\nAlso receiving little love in the poll were the cream cheese and cucumber (21%), lobster roll (25%), crab cake (28%) and Cuban (28%).", "\n\nThe muffuletta might not be as liked because it’s typically perceived as “a stack of meat and cheese with a mystifying ‘olive salad’ between two dry pieces of bread,” said Meredith Taylor, deli manager at Tempesta Market.", "\n\nFor Tempesta Market, a West Town delicatessen that stays true to its Italian roots, the key is adding a “Chicago twist” to the muffuletta, Taylor said.", "\n\nIts muffuletta “nixes the mysterious olive dressing, adds hot giardiniera aioli, Santa Anna’s to-die-for marinated eggplant and piles of our handcrafted, locally made salami,” she explained.", "\n\n“In a slow-rolling Midwestern city,” Taylor continued, Tempesta’s muffuletta is “a little fire under the feet of sandwich lovers all over Chicagoland.”", "\n\nIs a hot dog a sandwich?", "\n\nThe poll also asked whether hamburgers, hot dogs, tacos and Sloppy Joes should be considered sandwiches.", "\n\nThirty-four percent responded that hot dogs should indeed “be considered a sandwich.”", "\n\nSuperdawg, the iconic drive-in specializing in Chicago-style hot dogs, had a few words to say.", "\n\n“Our official stance in this contentious debate,” Laura Ustick said cheekily, “is that hot dogs are not sandwiches.”", "\n\n“They are their very own category, and even have their own emoji!”" ]

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[ "Kieran is a founding member of SmartCentric and has been the driving force behind the establishment of SmartCentric. ", "He has steered SmartCentric's flagship product, SmartCity, from a smart card-based e-purse (electronic purse) application to a smart card system that supports multiple applications on a single card supporting either RFID technologies or traditional contact technologies. ", "Kieran background is a combination of management, technical and marketing. ", "He has extensive experience in the Financial Services and Smart Card Industry, both domestically and internationally and has held a number of management, marketing, and technical positions during a twenty seven-year career in companies such as Fujitsu Services (formerly ICL), Kindle Banking Systems (now part of Misys Group), IBM and Smurfit Computing. ", "Kieran received his Masters in Management from Trinity College Dublin Ireland.", "\n\nTim Griffin,\nHead of Development\n\nTim has spent nearly 30 years working in the Telecomms and IT industry. ", "Based on a solid technical grounding and a career which has encompassed roles in all aspect of software development, he has spent the last eight years managing multi-million dollar, multi-national development projects to successful delivery. ", "He has successfully delivered full infrastructure systems across a broad range of industry verticals. ", "Having previously worked with the core members of the SmartCentric development team in the previous ICL/Fujitsu Smartcard Group, he rejoined SmartCentric in 2006 to oversee the expansion of the SmartCity® product to its next level. ", "He has many technical certifications and is a Prince 2 accredited practitioner.", "\n\nPeter Rush, Chief Technical Officer\n\nPeter\nhas been the technical driving force behind SmartCity® since the\nestablishment of SmartCentric and prior to that within Fujitsu\nServices. ", "Peter has sixteen years\nexperience in software engineering, eight of these in the smartcard\nand cryptography area. ", "He has participated in the entire software development cycle from initial customer consultation to ultimate delivery. ", "Peter holds a Bachelor of\nScience in Electronic Engineering from Dublin City University in\nIreland" ]

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[ "Privacy Policy\n\nPrivacy Policy\n\nThank you for visiting the AeroFlite Enterprises, Inc. website. ", "At AeroFlite, we understand your concerns regarding privacy and we are committed to protecting your privacy. ", "You can browse through most of this site without having to provide personal information but you may be asked to register or fill out a form to access certain features or to provide services that you request. ", "This Policy explains what information we collect, what we do with it, and how we maintain its privacy. ", "Please read this entire policy before using this site or submitting any personal information. ", "By using the site, you are accepting the practices described in this privacy policy. ", "These practices may be changed, in which case a revised policy will be posted. ", "Therefore, you are encouraged to review the privacy policy whenever you visit the site to make sure that you understand how any personal information you provide will be used. ", "Also see the separate Terms of Website Usage.", "\nNote: The privacy practices set forth in this privacy policy are for this website only. ", "If you link to other websites, please review the privacy policies posted at those sites. ", "Sites linked to and from this site are not necessarily under the control of AeroFlite and AeroFlite shall have no responsibilities or liabilities whatsoever for the content or privacy practices of any such linked site or any link or linking program at any time. ", "AeroFlite does not necessarily endorse companies (or related products or services) to or from which this site is linked. ", "If you decide to access any third party sites linked to this site, you do so entirely at your own risk. ", "AeroFlite hereby disclaims any rights to trademarks, service marks, trade names, logos, copyrights, patents, domain names or other intellectual property interests of third parties.", "\n\nCollection of Information\n\nWhen you register, AeroFlite will not share your personal information with any third party. ", "We collect certain information in order to help you quickly find goods, services or information on our site, to support our security procedures, and to help us contact you in order to provide information, respond to your requests or resolve an issue. ", "Nearly all personal information that we collect is explicitly provided by you through registration forms and request forms. ", "Typically this is contact type information such as name, postal address, E-mail address, and etcetera.", "\n\nCookie / Tracking Technology\n\nIn addition to information you provide to us explicitly, the site uses technology to collect technical information such as your Internet Protocol address, your computer’s operating system, and your browser type. ", "We use this information to help us improve the site and to enable security.", "\nSelect portions of the AeroFlite website and customer intranet may use “cookies” (small files placed on your computer’s hard drive for identification purposes). ", "Cookies cannot read data off of your hard drive or collect personal information; however, if you previously provided personally identifiable information, cookies may be tied to such information. ", "The use of cookies is a well-known industry standard. ", "Cookie and tracking technology are useful for gathering information such as browser type and operating system, tracking the number of visitors to the site, and understanding how visitors use the site. ", "Cookies can also help customize the site for visitors creating a faster user experience, as well as to enforce certain security procedures. ", "Most browsers are initially set to accept cookies. ", "Your web browser may allow you to be notified when you are receiving a cookie, providing the option to accept or reject its download. ", "By not accepting cookies, some pages may not fully function and you may not be able to access certain information on the AeroFlite website or customer intranet.", "\n\nDistribution of Information\n\nUnder certain circumstances, the disclosure of your personal information without prior notice to you may be required by law or court order or requested by governmental authorities, or other companies, for example in connection with law enforcement activities such as assisting in fraud prevention or investigation or in response to a subpoena. ", "We may do so when: (1) permitted or required by law; or, (2) trying to protect against or prevent actual or potential fraud or unauthorized transactions; or, (3) investigating fraud which has already taken place. ", "Except in such circumstances, personally identifiable information on individual users will not be given, sold or otherwise transferred to unaffiliated third parties without the approval of the user at the time of collection.", "\n\nCommitment to Data Security\n\nYour personally identifiable information is kept secure. ", "Only authorized employees, agents and contractors (who have agreed to keep information secure and confidential) have access to this information. ", "Unfortunately, no data transmission over the Internet or any wireless network can be guaranteed to be totally secure. ", "AeroFlite cannot ensure or warrant the security of any information you transmit to us and you do so at your own risk. ", "Once we receive your transmission, we use commercially reasonable efforts to protect its security on our systems.", "\n\nDisclaimer for Part Number Accuracy when using the information provided by this website:\n\nAeroFlite Enterprises, Inc. has made every effort to assure the accuracy of the part numbers provided. ", "The information contained in this website is to be used for the selection and reference of product only. ", "It is important that you check the specifications of the part numbers suggested to be sure they match your requirements. ", "AeroFlite cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies or changes in the part numbers contained in this website. ", "Use of the part number search and the PartsBuilder constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Website Usage.", "\n\nPrivacy Contact Information\n\nIf you have any questions, concerns, or comments about our privacy policy you may contact us using the information below:\nBy E-mail: info@aeroflite.com\nWe reserve the right to make changes to this Privacy Policy at any time with or without notice." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nReplacing outlet; found one white wire hot. ", "How to connect?", "\n\nI am replacing a worn outlet. ", "\nUpon removing faceplate & receptacle, I discovered 3 romex feeds into single box. ", "\nEach has 3 wires: 1 black, 1 white, 1 copper\nAs I understand it, usually black=hot, white=neutral & copper=ground. ", "\nTesting with a non-contact voltage tester: \n - one black wire is hot\n - one white wire is hot\n(both coming out of the same romex)\n - no other wires are hot\nAll grounds are combined to a pigtail with the pigtail lead going to the ground screw on the outlet.", "\nAll three white wires were connected to old outlet silver side; all 3 black wires were connected to outlet brass side. ", "\nThe new outlet (just your basic, generic outlet) has screw-type connectors, not backstab (actually it looks like there could be backstab openings, but the gauge would have to be super small - existing wire will not fit): it has two brass screws for the hot leads, two silver for the neutral, one green for ground. ", "\nI've considered a few connection options:\n\nConnect the black hot lead to the top brass screw; wirenut the other two non-hot black wires with a pigtail & connect the pigtail to the bottom brass screw. ", "Connect the hot white wire to the top silver screw, wirenut & pigtail as with the black. ", "\n\nor- \n\nWirenut all three black wires with a pigtail, run the pigtail to the top brass screw; repeat for white running to the top white screw. ", " \n\nor -\n\nHot black to top brass, wirenut the other two w/pigtail to bottom brass screw; one of the NON-hot white wires to top silver, wirenut one hot & one non-hot white w/pigtail to bottom silver.", "\n\nI'm hesitant 'cuz of the one white lead being hot.", "\nThoughts? ", "\nThanks in advance for advice, guidance, direction, assistance...or just the number of a good therapist...;-)\n\nA:\n\nI would go with # 2 \"Wirenut all three black wires with a pigtail, run the pigtail to the top brass screw; repeat for white running to the top white screw.\"", "\nThat has the advantage over the other methods that if you ever need to replace the outlet again, you can turn off power, remove the outlet, cap the pigtails and turn power back on so that the rest of the circuit has power until you replace the outlet.", "\nHowever, as you already know, you need to figure out why one of the white wires (which should be neutral) is showing hot. ", "There are two possibilities:\n\nIt is an actual hot wire. ", "That would be very strange, unless it turns out that this outlet is switched (and then actually a switched hot). ", "But if that's the case then the original configuration doesn't make much sense.", "\nIt is actually a neutral and is NOT hot, but really a false positive. ", "This can happen if you are using an overly sensitive non-contact tester. ", "A good non-contact tester should be able to distinguish between the neutral and the hot. ", "However, if it is a little too sensitive then it may show the neutral as hot due to induced current over the length of the cable. ", "So the question then is: How are you determining it is hot? ", "If it is using a non-contact tester, then get a multitester and see what voltage reading you get between that white wire and the other wires - black hot should show ~ 120, other whites and grounds should show ~ 0.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "// mkerrors.sh\n// Code generated by the command above; see README.md. ", "DO NOT EDIT.", "\n\n// +build arm,openbsd\n\n// Code generated by cmd/cgo -godefs; DO NOT EDIT.", "\n// cgo -godefs -- _const.go\n\npackage unix\n\nimport \"syscall\"\n\nconst (\n\tAF_APPLETALK = 0x10\n\tAF_BLUETOOTH = 0x20\n\tAF_CCITT = 0xa\n\tAF_CHAOS = 0x5\n\tAF_CNT = 0x15\n\tAF_COIP = 0x14\n\tAF_DATAKIT = 0x9\n\tAF_DECnet = 0xc\n\tAF_DLI = 0xd\n\tAF_E164 = 0x1a\n\tAF_ECMA = 0x8\n\tAF_ENCAP = 0x1c\n\tAF_HYLINK = 0xf\n\tAF_IMPLINK = 0x3\n\tAF_INET = 0x2\n\tAF_INET6 = 0x18\n\tAF_IPX = 0x17\n\tAF_ISDN = 0x1a\n\tAF_ISO = 0x7\n\tAF_KEY = 0x1e\n\tAF_LAT = 0xe\n\tAF_LINK = 0x12\n\tAF_LOCAL = 0x1\n\tAF_MAX = 0x24\n\tAF_MPLS = 0x21\n\tAF_NATM = 0x1b\n\tAF_NS = 0x6\n\tAF_OSI = 0x7\n\tAF_PUP = 0x4\n\tAF_ROUTE = 0x11\n\tAF_SIP = 0x1d\n\tAF_SNA = 0xb\n\tAF_UNIX = 0x1\n\tAF_UNSPEC = 0x0\n\tARPHRD_ETHER = 0x1\n\tARPHRD_FRELAY = 0xf\n\tARPHRD_IEEE1394 = 0x18\n\tARPHRD_IEEE802 = 0x6\n\tB0 = 0x0\n\tB110 = 0x6e\n\tB115200 = 0x1c200\n\tB1200 = 0x4b0\n\tB134 = 0x86\n\tB14400 = 0x3840\n\tB150 = 0x96\n\tB1800 = 0x708\n\tB19200 = 0x4b00\n\tB200 = 0xc8\n\tB230400 = 0x38400\n\tB2400 = 0x960\n\tB28800 = 0x7080\n\tB300 = 0x12c\n\tB38400 = 0x9600\n\tB4800 = 0x12c0\n\tB50 = 0x32\n\tB57600 = 0xe100\n\tB600 = 0x258\n\tB7200 = 0x1c20\n\tB75 = 0x4b\n\tB76800 = 0x12c00\n\tB9600 = 0x2580\n\tBIOCFLUSH = 0x20004268\n\tBIOCGBLEN = 0x40044266\n\tBIOCGDIRFILT = 0x4004427c\n\tBIOCGDLT = 0x4004426a\n\tBIOCGDLTLIST = 0xc008427b\n\tBIOCGETIF = 0x4020426b\n\tBIOCGFILDROP = 0x40044278\n\tBIOCGHDRCMPLT = 0x40044274\n\tBIOCGRSIG = 0x40044273\n\tBIOCGRTIMEOUT = 0x400c426e\n\tBIOCGSTATS = 0x4008426f\n\tBIOCIMMEDIATE = 0x80044270\n\tBIOCLOCK = 0x20004276\n\tBIOCPROMISC = 0x20004269\n\tBIOCSBLEN = 0xc0044266\n\tBIOCSDIRFILT = 0x8004427d\n\tBIOCSDLT = 0x8004427a\n\tBIOCSETF = 0x80084267\n\tBIOCSETIF = 0x8020426c\n\tBIOCSETWF = 0x80084277\n\tBIOCSFILDROP = 0x80044279\n\tBIOCSHDRCMPLT = 0x80044275\n\tBIOCSRSIG = 0x80044272\n\tBIOCSRTIMEOUT = 0x800c426d\n\tBIOCVERSION = 0x40044271\n\tBPF_A = 0x10\n\tBPF_ABS = 0x20\n\tBPF_ADD = 0x0\n\tBPF_ALIGNMENT = 0x4\n\tBPF_ALU = 0x4\n\tBPF_AND = 0x50\n\tBPF_B = 0x10\n\tBPF_DIRECTION_IN = 0x1\n\tBPF_DIRECTION_OUT = 0x2\n\tBPF_DIV = 0x30\n\tBPF_H = 0x8\n\tBPF_IMM = 0x0\n\tBPF_IND = 0x40\n\tBPF_JA = 0x0\n\tBPF_JEQ = 0x10\n\tBPF_JGE = 0x30\n\tBPF_JGT = 0x20\n\tBPF_JMP = 0x5\n\tBPF_JSET = 0x40\n\tBPF_K = 0x0\n\tBPF_LD = 0x0\n\tBPF_LDX = 0x1\n\tBPF_LEN = 0x80\n\tBPF_LSH = 0x60\n\tBPF_MAJOR_VERSION = 0x1\n\tBPF_MAXBUFSIZE = 0x200000\n\tBPF_MAXINSNS = 0x200\n\tBPF_MEM = 0x60\n\tBPF_MEMWORDS = 0x10\n\tBPF_MINBUFSIZE = 0x20\n\tBPF_MINOR_VERSION = 0x1\n\tBPF_MISC = 0x7\n\tBPF_MSH = 0xa0\n\tBPF_MUL = 0x20\n\tBPF_NEG = 0x80\n\tBPF_OR = 0x40\n\tBPF_RELEASE = 0x30bb6\n\tBPF_RET = 0x6\n\tBPF_RSH = 0x70\n\tBPF_ST = 0x2\n\tBPF_STX = 0x3\n\tBPF_SUB = 0x10\n\tBPF_TAX = 0x0\n\tBPF_TXA = 0x80\n\tBPF_W = 0x0\n\tBPF_X = 0x8\n\tBRKINT = 0x2\n\tCFLUSH = 0xf\n\tCLOCAL = 0x8000\n\tCREAD = 0x800\n\tCRTSCTS = 0x10000\n\tCS5 = 0x0\n\tCS6 = 0x100\n\tCS7 = 0x200\n\tCS8 = 0x300\n\tCSIZE = 0x300\n\tCSTART = 0x11\n\tCSTATUS = 0xff\n\tCSTOP = 0x13\n\tCSTOPB = 0x400\n\tCSUSP = 0x1a\n\tCTL_HW = 0x6\n\tCTL_KERN = 0x1\n\tCTL_MAXNAME = 0xc\n\tCTL_NET = 0x4\n\tDIOCOSFPFLUSH = 0x2000444e\n\tDLT_ARCNET = 0x7\n\tDLT_ATM_RFC1483 = 0xb\n\tDLT_AX25 = 0x3\n\tDLT_CHAOS = 0x5\n\tDLT_C_HDLC = 0x68\n\tDLT_EN10MB = 0x1\n\tDLT_EN3MB = 0x2\n\tDLT_ENC = 0xd\n\tDLT_FDDI = 0xa\n\tDLT_IEEE802 = 0x6\n\tDLT_IEEE802_11 = 0x69\n\tDLT_IEEE802_11_RADIO = 0x7f\n\tDLT_LOOP = 0xc\n\tDLT_MPLS = 0xdb\n\tDLT_NULL = 0x0\n\tDLT_PFLOG = 0x75\n\tDLT_PFSYNC = 0x12\n\tDLT_PPP = 0x9\n\tDLT_PPP_BSDOS = 0x10\n\tDLT_PPP_ETHER = 0x33\n\tDLT_PPP_SERIAL = 0x32\n\tDLT_PRONET = 0x4\n\tDLT_RAW = 0xe\n\tDLT_SLIP = 0x8\n\tDLT_SLIP_BSDOS = 0xf\n\tDT_BLK = 0x6\n\tDT_CHR = 0x2\n\tDT_DIR = 0x4\n\tDT_FIFO = 0x1\n\tDT_LNK = 0xa\n\tDT_REG = 0x8\n\tDT_SOCK = 0xc\n\tDT_UNKNOWN = 0x0\n\tECHO = 0x8\n\tECHOCTL = 0x40\n\tECHOE = 0x2\n\tECHOK = 0x4\n\tECHOKE = 0x1\n\tECHONL = 0x10\n\tECHOPRT = 0x20\n\tEMT_TAGOVF = 0x1\n\tEMUL_ENABLED = 0x1\n\tEMUL_NATIVE = 0x2\n\tENDRUNDISC = 0x9\n\tETHERMIN = 0x2e\n\tETHERMTU = 0x5dc\n\tETHERTYPE_8023 = 0x4\n\tETHERTYPE_AARP = 0x80f3\n\tETHERTYPE_ACCTON = 0x8390\n\tETHERTYPE_AEONIC = 0x8036\n\tETHERTYPE_ALPHA = 0x814a\n\tETHERTYPE_AMBER = 0x6008\n\tETHERTYPE_AMOEBA = 0x8145\n\tETHERTYPE_AOE = 0x88a2\n\tETHERTYPE_APOLLO = 0x80f7\n\tETHERTYPE_APOLLODOMAIN = 0x8019\n\tETHERTYPE_APPLETALK = 0x809b\n\tETHERTYPE_APPLITEK = 0x80c7\n\tETHERTYPE_ARGONAUT = 0x803a\n\tETHERTYPE_ARP = 0x806\n\tETHERTYPE_AT = 0x809b\n\tETHERTYPE_ATALK = 0x809b\n\tETHERTYPE_ATOMIC = 0x86df\n\tETHERTYPE_ATT = 0x8069\n\tETHERTYPE_ATTSTANFORD = 0x8008\n\tETHERTYPE_AUTOPHON = 0x806a\n\tETHERTYPE_AXIS = 0x8856\n\tETHERTYPE_BCLOOP = 0x9003\n\tETHERTYPE_BOFL = 0x8102\n\tETHERTYPE_CABLETRON = 0x7034\n\tETHERTYPE_CHAOS = 0x804\n\tETHERTYPE_COMDESIGN = 0x806c\n\tETHERTYPE_COMPUGRAPHIC = 0x806d\n\tETHERTYPE_COUNTERPOINT = 0x8062\n\tETHERTYPE_CRONUS = 0x8004\n\tETHERTYPE_CRONUSVLN = 0x8003\n\tETHERTYPE_DCA = 0x1234\n\tETHERTYPE_DDE = 0x807b\n\tETHERTYPE_DEBNI = 0xaaaa\n\tETHERTYPE_DECAM = 0x8048\n\tETHERTYPE_DECCUST = 0x6006\n\tETHERTYPE_DECDIAG = 0x6005\n\tETHERTYPE_DECDNS = 0x803c\n\tETHERTYPE_DECDTS = 0x803e\n\tETHERTYPE_DECEXPER = 0x6000\n\tETHERTYPE_DECLAST = 0x8041\n\tETHERTYPE_DECLTM = 0x803f\n\tETHERTYPE_DECMUMPS = 0x6009\n\tETHERTYPE_DECNETBIOS = 0x8040\n\tETHERTYPE_DELTACON = 0x86de\n\tETHERTYPE_DIDDLE = 0x4321\n\tETHERTYPE_DLOG1 = 0x660\n\tETHERTYPE_DLOG2 = 0x661\n\tETHERTYPE_DN = 0x6003\n\tETHERTYPE_DOGFIGHT = 0x1989\n\tETHERTYPE_DSMD = 0x8039\n\tETHERTYPE_ECMA = 0x803\n\tETHERTYPE_ENCRYPT = 0x803d\n\tETHERTYPE_ES = 0x805d\n\tETHERTYPE_EXCELAN = 0x8010\n\tETHERTYPE_EXPERDATA = 0x8049\n\tETHERTYPE_FLIP = 0x8146\n\tETHERTYPE_FLOWCONTROL = 0x8808\n\tETHERTYPE_FRARP = 0x808\n\tETHERTYPE_GENDYN = 0x8068\n\tETHERTYPE_HAYES = 0x8130\n\tETHERTYPE_HIPPI_FP = 0x8180\n\tETHERTYPE_HITACHI = 0x8820\n\tETHERTYPE_HP = 0x8005\n\tETHERTYPE_IEEEPUP = 0xa00\n\tETHERTYPE_IEEEPUPAT = 0xa01\n\tETHERTYPE_IMLBL = 0x4c42\n\tETHERTYPE_IMLBLDIAG = 0x424c\n\tETHERTYPE_IP = 0x800\n\tETHERTYPE_IPAS = 0x876c\n\tETHERTYPE_IPV6 = 0x86dd\n\tETHERTYPE_IPX = 0x8137\n\tETHERTYPE_IPXNEW = 0x8037\n\tETHERTYPE_KALPANA = 0x8582\n\tETHERTYPE_LANBRIDGE = 0x8038\n\tETHERTYPE_LANPROBE = 0x8888\n\tETHERTYPE_LAT = 0x6004\n\tETHERTYPE_LBACK = 0x9000\n\tETHERTYPE_LITTLE = 0x8060\n\tETHERTYPE_LLDP = 0x88cc\n\tETHERTYPE_LOGICRAFT = 0x8148\n\tETHERTYPE_LOOPBACK = 0x9000\n\tETHERTYPE_MATRA = 0x807a\n\tETHERTYPE_MAX = 0xffff\n\tETHERTYPE_MERIT = 0x807c\n\tETHERTYPE_MICP = 0x873a\n\tETHERTYPE_MOPDL = 0x6001\n\tETHERTYPE_MOPRC = 0x6002\n\tETHERTYPE_MOTOROLA = 0x818d\n\tETHERTYPE_MPLS = 0x8847\n\tETHERTYPE_MPLS_MCAST = 0x8848\n\tETHERTYPE_MUMPS = 0x813f\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPCC = 0x3c04\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPCLAIM = 0x3c09\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPCLREQ = 0x3c05\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPCLRSP = 0x3c06\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPCREQ = 0x3c02\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPCRSP = 0x3c03\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPDG = 0x3c07\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPDGB = 0x3c08\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPDLTE = 0x3c0a\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPRAR = 0x3c0c\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPRAS = 0x3c0b\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPRST = 0x3c0d\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPSCD = 0x3c01\n\tETHERTYPE_NBPVCD = 0x3c00\n\tETHERTYPE_NBS = 0x802\n\tETHERTYPE_NCD = 0x8149\n\tETHERTYPE_NESTAR = 0x8006\n\tETHERTYPE_NETBEUI = 0x8191\n\tETHERTYPE_NOVELL = 0x8138\n\tETHERTYPE_NS = 0x600\n\tETHERTYPE_NSAT = 0x601\n\tETHERTYPE_NSCOMPAT = 0x807\n\tETHERTYPE_NTRAILER = 0x10\n\tETHERTYPE_OS9 = 0x7007\n\tETHERTYPE_OS9NET = 0x7009\n\tETHERTYPE_PACER = 0x80c6\n\tETHERTYPE_PAE = 0x888e\n\tETHERTYPE_PCS = 0x4242\n\tETHERTYPE_PLANNING = 0x8044\n\tETHERTYPE_PPP = 0x880b\n\tETHERTYPE_PPPOE = 0x8864\n\tETHERTYPE_PPPOEDISC = 0x8863\n\tETHERTYPE_PRIMENTS = 0x7031\n\tETHERTYPE_PUP = 0x200\n\tETHERTYPE_PUPAT = 0x200\n\tETHERTYPE_QINQ = 0x88a8\n\tETHERTYPE_RACAL = 0x7030\n\tETHERTYPE_RATIONAL = 0x8150\n\tETHERTYPE_RAWFR = 0x6559\n\tETHERTYPE_RCL = 0x1995\n\tETHERTYPE_RDP = 0x8739\n\tETHERTYPE_RETIX = 0x80f2\n\tETHERTYPE_REVARP = 0x8035\n\tETHERTYPE_SCA = 0x6007\n\tETHERTYPE_SECTRA = 0x86db\n\tETHERTYPE_SECUREDATA = 0x876d\n\tETHERTYPE_SGITW = 0x817e\n\tETHERTYPE_SG_BOUNCE = 0x8016\n\tETHERTYPE_SG_DIAG = 0x8013\n\tETHERTYPE_SG_NETGAMES = 0x8014\n\tETHERTYPE_SG_RESV = 0x8015\n\tETHERTYPE_SIMNET = 0x5208\n\tETHERTYPE_SLOW = 0x8809\n\tETHERTYPE_SNA = 0x80d5\n\tETHERTYPE_SNMP = 0x814c\n\tETHERTYPE_SONIX = 0xfaf5\n\tETHERTYPE_SPIDER = 0x809f\n\tETHERTYPE_SPRITE = 0x500\n\tETHERTYPE_STP = 0x8181\n\tETHERTYPE_TALARIS = 0x812b\n\tETHERTYPE_TALARISMC = 0x852b\n\tETHERTYPE_TCPCOMP = 0x876b\n\tETHERTYPE_TCPSM = 0x9002\n\tETHERTYPE_TEC = 0x814f\n\tETHERTYPE_TIGAN = 0x802f\n\tETHERTYPE_TRAIL = 0x1000\n\tETHERTYPE_TRANSETHER = 0x6558\n\tETHERTYPE_TYMSHARE = 0x802e\n\tETHERTYPE_UBBST = 0x7005\n\tETHERTYPE_UBDEBUG = 0x900\n\tETHERTYPE_UBDIAGLOOP = 0x7002\n\tETHERTYPE_UBDL = 0x7000\n\tETHERTYPE_UBNIU = 0x7001\n\tETHERTYPE_UBNMC = 0x7003\n\tETHERTYPE_VALID = 0x1600\n\tETHERTYPE_VARIAN = 0x80dd\n\tETHERTYPE_VAXELN = 0x803b\n\tETHERTYPE_VEECO = 0x8067\n\tETHERTYPE_VEXP = 0x805b\n\tETHERTYPE_VGLAB = 0x8131\n\tETHERTYPE_VINES = 0xbad\n\tETHERTYPE_VINESECHO = 0xbaf\n\tETHERTYPE_VINESLOOP = 0xbae\n\tETHERTYPE_VITAL = 0xff00\n\tETHERTYPE_VLAN = 0x8100\n\tETHERTYPE_VLTLMAN = 0x8080\n\tETHERTYPE_VPROD = 0x805c\n\tETHERTYPE_VURESERVED = 0x8147\n\tETHERTYPE_WATERLOO = 0x8130\n\tETHERTYPE_WELLFLEET = 0x8103\n\tETHERTYPE_X25 = 0x805\n\tETHERTYPE_X75 = 0x801\n\tETHERTYPE_XNSSM = 0x9001\n\tETHERTYPE_XTP = 0x817d\n\tETHER_ADDR_LEN = 0x6\n\tETHER_ALIGN = 0x2\n\tETHER_CRC_LEN = 0x4\n\tETHER_CRC_POLY_BE = 0x4c11db6\n\tETHER_CRC_POLY_LE = 0xedb88320\n\tETHER_HDR_LEN = 0xe\n\tETHER_MAX_DIX_LEN = 0x600\n\tETHER_MAX_LEN = 0x5ee\n\tETHER_MIN_LEN = 0x40\n\tETHER_TYPE_LEN = 0x2\n\tETHER_VLAN_ENCAP_LEN = 0x4\n\tEVFILT_AIO = -0x3\n\tEVFILT_PROC = -0x5\n\tEVFILT_READ = -0x1\n\tEVFILT_SIGNAL = -0x6\n\tEVFILT_SYSCOUNT = 0x7\n\tEVFILT_TIMER = -0x7\n\tEVFILT_VNODE = -0x4\n\tEVFILT_WRITE = -0x2\n\tEV_ADD = 0x1\n\tEV_CLEAR = 0x20\n\tEV_DELETE = 0x2\n\tEV_DISABLE = 0x8\n\tEV_ENABLE = 0x4\n\tEV_EOF = 0x8000\n\tEV_ERROR = 0x4000\n\tEV_FLAG1 = 0x2000\n\tEV_ONESHOT = 0x10\n\tEV_SYSFLAGS = 0xf000\n\tEXTA = 0x4b00\n\tEXTB = 0x9600\n\tEXTPROC = 0x800\n\tFD_CLOEXEC = 0x1\n\tFD_SETSIZE = 0x400\n\tFLUSHO = 0x800000\n\tF_DUPFD = 0x0\n\tF_DUPFD_CLOEXEC = 0xa\n\tF_GETFD = 0x1\n\tF_GETFL = 0x3\n\tF_GETLK = 0x7\n\tF_GETOWN = 0x5\n\tF_RDLCK = 0x1\n\tF_SETFD = 0x2\n\tF_SETFL = 0x4\n\tF_SETLK = 0x8\n\tF_SETLKW = 0x9\n\tF_SETOWN = 0x6\n\tF_UNLCK = 0x2\n\tF_WRLCK = 0x3\n\tHUPCL = 0x4000\n\tHW_MACHINE = 0x1\n\tICANON = 0x100\n\tICMP6_FILTER = 0x12\n\tICRNL = 0x100\n\tIEXTEN = 0x400\n\tIFAN_ARRIVAL = 0x0\n\tIFAN_DEPARTURE = 0x1\n\tIFA_ROUTE = 0x1\n\tIFF_ALLMULTI = 0x200\n\tIFF_BROADCAST = 0x2\n\tIFF_CANTCHANGE = 0x8e52\n\tIFF_DEBUG = 0x4\n\tIFF_LINK0 = 0x1000\n\tIFF_LINK1 = 0x2000\n\tIFF_LINK2 = 0x4000\n\tIFF_LOOPBACK = 0x8\n\tIFF_MULTICAST = 0x8000\n\tIFF_NOARP = 0x80\n\tIFF_NOTRAILERS = 0x20\n\tIFF_OACTIVE = 0x400\n\tIFF_POINTOPOINT = 0x10\n\tIFF_PROMISC = 0x100\n\tIFF_RUNNING = 0x40\n\tIFF_SIMPLEX = 0x800\n\tIFF_UP = 0x1\n\tIFNAMSIZ = 0x10\n\tIFT_1822 = 0x2\n\tIFT_A12MPPSWITCH = 0x82\n\tIFT_AAL2 = 0xbb\n\tIFT_AAL5 = 0x31\n\tIFT_ADSL = 0x5e\n\tIFT_AFLANE8023 = 0x3b\n\tIFT_AFLANE8025 = 0x3c\n\tIFT_ARAP = 0x58\n\tIFT_ARCNET = 0x23\n\tIFT_ARCNETPLUS = 0x24\n\tIFT_ASYNC = 0x54\n\tIFT_ATM = 0x25\n\tIFT_ATMDXI = 0x69\n\tIFT_ATMFUNI = 0x6a\n\tIFT_ATMIMA = 0x6b\n\tIFT_ATMLOGICAL = 0x50\n\tIFT_ATMRADIO = 0xbd\n\tIFT_ATMSUBINTERFACE = 0x86\n\tIFT_ATMVCIENDPT = 0xc2\n\tIFT_ATMVIRTUAL = 0x95\n\tIFT_BGPPOLICYACCOUNTING = 0xa2\n\tIFT_BLUETOOTH = 0xf8\n\tIFT_BRIDGE = 0xd1\n\tIFT_BSC = 0x53\n\tIFT_CARP = 0xf7\n\tIFT_CCTEMUL = 0x3d\n\tIFT_CEPT = 0x13\n\tIFT_CES = 0x85\n\tIFT_CHANNEL = 0x46\n\tIFT_CNR = 0x55\n\tIFT_COFFEE = 0x84\n\tIFT_COMPOSITELINK = 0x9b\n\tIFT_DCN = 0x8d\n\tIFT_DIGITALPOWERLINE = 0x8a\n\tIFT_DIGITALWRAPPEROVERHEADCHANNEL = 0xba\n\tIFT_DLSW = 0x4a\n\tIFT_DOCSCABLEDOWNSTREAM = 0x80\n\tIFT_DOCSCABLEMACLAYER = 0x7f\n\tIFT_DOCSCABLEUPSTREAM = 0x81\n\tIFT_DOCSCABLEUPSTREAMCHANNEL = 0xcd\n\tIFT_DS0 = 0x51\n\tIFT_DS0BUNDLE = 0x52\n\tIFT_DS1FDL = 0xaa\n\tIFT_DS3 = 0x1e\n\tIFT_DTM = 0x8c\n\tIFT_DUMMY = 0xf1\n\tIFT_DVBASILN = 0xac\n\tIFT_DVBASIOUT = 0xad\n\tIFT_DVBRCCDOWNSTREAM = 0x93\n\tIFT_DVBRCCMACLAYER = 0x92\n\tIFT_DVBRCCUPSTREAM = 0x94\n\tIFT_ECONET = 0xce\n\tIFT_ENC = 0xf4\n\tIFT_EON = 0x19\n\tIFT_EPLRS = 0x57\n\tIFT_ESCON = 0x49\n\tIFT_ETHER = 0x6\n\tIFT_FAITH = 0xf3\n\tIFT_FAST = 0x7d\n\tIFT_FASTETHER = 0x3e\n\tIFT_FASTETHERFX = 0x45\n\tIFT_FDDI = 0xf\n\tIFT_FIBRECHANNEL = 0x38\n\tIFT_FRAMERELAYINTERCONNECT = 0x3a\n\tIFT_FRAMERELAYMPI = 0x5c\n\tIFT_FRDLCIENDPT = 0xc1\n\tIFT_FRELAY = 0x20\n\tIFT_FRELAYDCE = 0x2c\n\tIFT_FRF16MFRBUNDLE = 0xa3\n\tIFT_FRFORWARD = 0x9e\n\tIFT_G703AT2MB = 0x43\n\tIFT_G703AT64K = 0x42\n\tIFT_GIF = 0xf0\n\tIFT_GIGABITETHERNET = 0x75\n\tIFT_GR303IDT = 0xb2\n\tIFT_GR303RDT = 0xb1\n\tIFT_H323GATEKEEPER = 0xa4\n\tIFT_H323PROXY = 0xa5\n\tIFT_HDH1822 = 0x3\n\tIFT_HDLC = 0x76\n\tIFT_HDSL2 = 0xa8\n\tIFT_HIPERLAN2 = 0xb7\n\tIFT_HIPPI = 0x2f\n\tIFT_HIPPIINTERFACE = 0x39\n\tIFT_HOSTPAD = 0x5a\n\tIFT_HSSI = 0x2e\n\tIFT_HY = 0xe\n\tIFT_IBM370PARCHAN = 0x48\n\tIFT_IDSL = 0x9a\n\tIFT_IEEE1394 = 0x90\n\tIFT_IEEE80211 = 0x47\n\tIFT_IEEE80212 = 0x37\n\tIFT_IEEE8023ADLAG = 0xa1\n\tIFT_IFGSN = 0x91\n\tIFT_IMT = 0xbe\n\tIFT_INFINIBAND = 0xc7\n\tIFT_INTERLEAVE = 0x7c\n\tIFT_IP = 0x7e\n\tIFT_IPFORWARD = 0x8e\n\tIFT_IPOVERATM = 0x72\n\tIFT_IPOVERCDLC = 0x6d\n\tIFT_IPOVERCLAW = 0x6e\n\tIFT_IPSWITCH = 0x4e\n\tIFT_ISDN = 0x3f\n\tIFT_ISDNBASIC = 0x14\n\tIFT_ISDNPRIMARY = 0x15\n\tIFT_ISDNS = 0x4b\n\tIFT_ISDNU = 0x4c\n\tIFT_ISO88022LLC = 0x29\n\tIFT_ISO88023 = 0x7\n\tIFT_ISO88024 = 0x8\n\tIFT_ISO88025 = 0x9\n\tIFT_ISO88025CRFPINT = 0x62\n\tIFT_ISO88025DTR = 0x56\n\tIFT_ISO88025FIBER = 0x73\n\tIFT_ISO88026 = 0xa\n\tIFT_ISUP = 0xb3\n\tIFT_L2VLAN = 0x87\n\tIFT_L3IPVLAN = 0x88\n\tIFT_L3IPXVLAN = 0x89\n\tIFT_LAPB = 0x10\n\tIFT_LAPD = 0x4d\n\tIFT_LAPF = 0x77\n\tIFT_LINEGROUP = 0xd2\n\tIFT_LOCALTALK = 0x2a\n\tIFT_LOOP = 0x18\n\tIFT_MEDIAMAILOVERIP = 0x8b\n\tIFT_MFSIGLINK = 0xa7\n\tIFT_MIOX25 = 0x26\n\tIFT_MODEM = 0x30\n\tIFT_MPC = 0x71\n\tIFT_MPLS = 0xa6\n\tIFT_MPLSTUNNEL = 0x96\n\tIFT_MSDSL = 0x8f\n\tIFT_MVL = 0xbf\n\tIFT_MYRINET = 0x63\n\tIFT_NFAS = 0xaf\n\tIFT_NSIP = 0x1b\n\tIFT_OPTICALCHANNEL = 0xc3\n\tIFT_OPTICALTRANSPORT = 0xc4\n\tIFT_OTHER = 0x1\n\tIFT_P10 = 0xc\n\tIFT_P80 = 0xd\n\tIFT_PARA = 0x22\n\tIFT_PFLOG = 0xf5\n\tIFT_PFLOW = 0xf9\n\tIFT_PFSYNC = 0xf6\n\tIFT_PLC = 0xae\n\tIFT_PON155 = 0xcf\n\tIFT_PON622 = 0xd0\n\tIFT_POS = 0xab\n\tIFT_PPP = 0x17\n\tIFT_PPPMULTILINKBUNDLE = 0x6c\n\tIFT_PROPATM = 0xc5\n\tIFT_PROPBWAP2MP = 0xb8\n\tIFT_PROPCNLS = 0x59\n\tIFT_PROPDOCSWIRELESSDOWNSTREAM = 0xb5\n\tIFT_PROPDOCSWIRELESSMACLAYER = 0xb4\n\tIFT_PROPDOCSWIRELESSUPSTREAM = 0xb6\n\tIFT_PROPMUX = 0x36\n\tIFT_PROPVIRTUAL = 0x35\n\tIFT_PROPWIRELESSP2P = 0x9d\n\tIFT_PTPSERIAL = 0x16\n\tIFT_PVC = 0xf2\n\tIFT_Q2931 = 0xc9\n\tIFT_QLLC = 0x44\n\tIFT_RADIOMAC = 0xbc\n\tIFT_RADSL = 0x5f\n\tIFT_REACHDSL = 0xc0\n\tIFT_RFC1483 = 0x9f\n\tIFT_RS232 = 0x21\n\tIFT_RSRB = 0x4f\n\tIFT_SDLC = 0x11\n\tIFT_SDSL = 0x60\n\tIFT_SHDSL = 0xa9\n\tIFT_SIP = 0x1f\n\tIFT_SIPSIG = 0xcc\n\tIFT_SIPTG = 0xcb\n\tIFT_SLIP = 0x1c\n\tIFT_SMDSDXI = 0x2b\n\tIFT_SMDSICIP = 0x34\n\tIFT_SONET = 0x27\n\tIFT_SONETOVERHEADCHANNEL = 0xb9\n\tIFT_SONETPATH = 0x32\n\tIFT_SONETVT = 0x33\n\tIFT_SRP = 0x97\n\tIFT_SS7SIGLINK = 0x9c\n\tIFT_STACKTOSTACK = 0x6f\n\tIFT_STARLAN = 0xb\n\tIFT_T1 = 0x12\n\tIFT_TDLC = 0x74\n\tIFT_TELINK = 0xc8\n\tIFT_TERMPAD = 0x5b\n\tIFT_TR008 = 0xb0\n\tIFT_TRANSPHDLC = 0x7b\n\tIFT_TUNNEL = 0x83\n\tIFT_ULTRA = 0x1d\n\tIFT_USB = 0xa0\n\tIFT_V11 = 0x40\n\tIFT_V35 = 0x2d\n\tIFT_V36 = 0x41\n\tIFT_V37 = 0x78\n\tIFT_VDSL = 0x61\n\tIFT_VIRTUALIPADDRESS = 0x70\n\tIFT_VIRTUALTG = 0xca\n\tIFT_VOICEDID = 0xd5\n\tIFT_VOICEEM = 0x64\n\tIFT_VOICEEMFGD = 0xd3\n\tIFT_VOICEENCAP = 0x67\n\tIFT_VOICEFGDEANA = 0xd4\n\tIFT_VOICEFXO = 0x65\n\tIFT_VOICEFXS = 0x66\n\tIFT_VOICEOVERATM = 0x98\n\tIFT_VOICEOVERCABLE = 0xc6\n\tIFT_VOICEOVERFRAMERELAY = 0x99\n\tIFT_VOICEOVERIP = 0x68\n\tIFT_X213 = 0x5d\n\tIFT_X25 = 0x5\n\tIFT_X25DDN = 0x4\n\tIFT_X25HUNTGROUP = 0x7a\n\tIFT_X25MLP = 0x79\n\tIFT_X25PLE = 0x28\n\tIFT_XETHER = 0x1a\n\tIGNBRK = 0x1\n\tIGNCR = 0x80\n\tIGNPAR = 0x4\n\tIMAXBEL = 0x2000\n\tINLCR = 0x40\n\tINPCK = 0x10\n\tIN_CLASSA_HOST = 0xffffff\n\tIN_CLASSA_MAX = 0x80\n\tIN_CLASSA_NET = 0xff000000\n\tIN_CLASSA_NSHIFT = 0x18\n\tIN_CLASSB_HOST = 0xffff\n\tIN_CLASSB_MAX = 0x10000\n\tIN_CLASSB_NET = 0xffff0000\n\tIN_CLASSB_NSHIFT = 0x10\n\tIN_CLASSC_HOST = 0xff\n\tIN_CLASSC_NET = 0xffffff00\n\tIN_CLASSC_NSHIFT = 0x8\n\tIN_CLASSD_HOST = 0xfffffff\n\tIN_CLASSD_NET = 0xf0000000\n\tIN_CLASSD_NSHIFT = 0x1c\n\tIN_LOOPBACKNET = 0x7f\n\tIN_RFC3021_HOST = 0x1\n\tIN_RFC3021_NET = 0xfffffffe\n\tIN_RFC3021_NSHIFT = 0x1f\n\tIPPROTO_AH = 0x33\n\tIPPROTO_CARP = 0x70\n\tIPPROTO_DIVERT = 0x102\n\tIPPROTO_DIVERT_INIT = 0x2\n\tIPPROTO_DIVERT_RESP = 0x1\n\tIPPROTO_DONE = 0x101\n\tIPPROTO_DSTOPTS = 0x3c\n\tIPPROTO_EGP = 0x8\n\tIPPROTO_ENCAP = 0x62\n\tIPPROTO_EON = 0x50\n\tIPPROTO_ESP = 0x32\n\tIPPROTO_ETHERIP = 0x61\n\tIPPROTO_FRAGMENT = 0x2c\n\tIPPROTO_GGP = 0x3\n\tIPPROTO_GRE = 0x2f\n\tIPPROTO_HOPOPTS = 0x0\n\tIPPROTO_ICMP = 0x1\n\tIPPROTO_ICMPV6 = 0x3a\n\tIPPROTO_IDP = 0x16\n\tIPPROTO_IGMP = 0x2\n\tIPPROTO_IP = 0x0\n\tIPPROTO_IPCOMP = 0x6c\n\tIPPROTO_IPIP = 0x4\n\tIPPROTO_IPV4 = 0x4\n\tIPPROTO_IPV6 = 0x29\n\tIPPROTO_MAX = 0x100\n\tIPPROTO_MAXID = 0x103\n\tIPPROTO_MOBILE = 0x37\n\tIPPROTO_MPLS = 0x89\n\tIPPROTO_NONE = 0x3b\n\tIPPROTO_PFSYNC = 0xf0\n\tIPPROTO_PIM = 0x67\n\tIPPROTO_PUP = 0xc\n\tIPPROTO_RAW = 0xff\n\tIPPROTO_ROUTING = 0x2b\n\tIPPROTO_RSVP = 0x2e\n\tIPPROTO_TCP = 0x6\n\tIPPROTO_TP = 0x1d\n\tIPPROTO_UDP = 0x11\n\tIPV6_AUTH_LEVEL = 0x35\n\tIPV6_AUTOFLOWLABEL = 0x3b\n\tIPV6_CHECKSUM = 0x1a\n\tIPV6_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_HOPS = 0x1\n\tIPV6_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_LOOP = 0x1\n\tIPV6_DEFHLIM = 0x40\n\tIPV6_DONTFRAG = 0x3e\n\tIPV6_DSTOPTS = 0x32\n\tIPV6_ESP_NETWORK_LEVEL = 0x37\n\tIPV6_ESP_TRANS_LEVEL = 0x36\n\tIPV6_FAITH = 0x1d\n\tIPV6_FLOWINFO_MASK = 0xffffff0f\n\tIPV6_FLOWLABEL_MASK = 0xffff0f00\n\tIPV6_FRAGTTL = 0x78\n\tIPV6_HLIMDEC = 0x1\n\tIPV6_HOPLIMIT = 0x2f\n\tIPV6_HOPOPTS = 0x31\n\tIPV6_IPCOMP_LEVEL = 0x3c\n\tIPV6_JOIN_GROUP = 0xc\n\tIPV6_LEAVE_GROUP = 0xd\n\tIPV6_MAXHLIM = 0xff\n\tIPV6_MAXPACKET = 0xffff\n\tIPV6_MMTU = 0x500\n\tIPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS = 0xa\n\tIPV6_MULTICAST_IF = 0x9\n\tIPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP = 0xb\n\tIPV6_NEXTHOP = 0x30\n\tIPV6_OPTIONS = 0x1\n\tIPV6_PATHMTU = 0x2c\n\tIPV6_PIPEX = 0x3f\n\tIPV6_PKTINFO = 0x2e\n\tIPV6_PORTRANGE = 0xe\n\tIPV6_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT = 0x0\n\tIPV6_PORTRANGE_HIGH = 0x1\n\tIPV6_PORTRANGE_LOW = 0x2\n\tIPV6_RECVDSTOPTS = 0x28\n\tIPV6_RECVDSTPORT = 0x40\n\tIPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT = 0x25\n\tIPV6_RECVHOPOPTS = 0x27\n\tIPV6_RECVPATHMTU = 0x2b\n\tIPV6_RECVPKTINFO = 0x24\n\tIPV6_RECVRTHDR = 0x26\n\tIPV6_RECVTCLASS = 0x39\n\tIPV6_RTABLE = 0x1021\n\tIPV6_RTHDR = 0x33\n\tIPV6_RTHDRDSTOPTS = 0x23\n\tIPV6_RTHDR_LOOSE = 0x0\n\tIPV6_RTHDR_STRICT = 0x1\n\tIPV6_RTHDR_TYPE_0 = 0x0\n\tIPV6_SOCKOPT_RESERVED1 = 0x3\n\tIPV6_TCLASS = 0x3d\n\tIPV6_UNICAST_HOPS = 0x4\n\tIPV6_USE_MIN_MTU = 0x2a\n\tIPV6_V6ONLY = 0x1b\n\tIPV6_VERSION = 0x60\n\tIPV6_VERSION_MASK = 0xf0\n\tIP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP = 0xc\n\tIP_AUTH_LEVEL = 0x14\n\tIP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_LOOP = 0x1\n\tIP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_TTL = 0x1\n\tIP_DF = 0x4000\n\tIP_DIVERTFL = 0x1022\n\tIP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP = 0xd\n\tIP_ESP_NETWORK_LEVEL = 0x16\n\tIP_ESP_TRANS_LEVEL = 0x15\n\tIP_HDRINCL = 0x2\n\tIP_IPCOMP_LEVEL = 0x1d\n\tIP_IPSECFLOWINFO = 0x24\n\tIP_IPSEC_LOCAL_AUTH = 0x1b\n\tIP_IPSEC_LOCAL_CRED = 0x19\n\tIP_IPSEC_LOCAL_ID = 0x17\n\tIP_IPSEC_REMOTE_AUTH = 0x1c\n\tIP_IPSEC_REMOTE_CRED = 0x1a\n\tIP_IPSEC_REMOTE_ID = 0x18\n\tIP_MAXPACKET = 0xffff\n\tIP_MAX_MEMBERSHIPS = 0xfff\n\tIP_MF = 0x2000\n\tIP_MINTTL = 0x20\n\tIP_MIN_MEMBERSHIPS = 0xf\n\tIP_MSS = 0x240\n\tIP_MULTICAST_IF = 0x9\n\tIP_MULTICAST_LOOP = 0xb\n\tIP_MULTICAST_TTL = 0xa\n\tIP_OFFMASK = 0x1fff\n\tIP_OPTIONS = 0x1\n\tIP_PIPEX = 0x22\n\tIP_PORTRANGE = 0x13\n\tIP_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT = 0x0\n\tIP_PORTRANGE_HIGH = 0x1\n\tIP_PORTRANGE_LOW = 0x2\n\tIP_RECVDSTADDR = 0x7\n\tIP_RECVDSTPORT = 0x21\n\tIP_RECVIF = 0x1e\n\tIP_RECVOPTS = 0x5\n\tIP_RECVRETOPTS = 0x6\n\tIP_RECVRTABLE = 0x23\n\tIP_RECVTTL = 0x1f\n\tIP_RETOPTS = 0x8\n\tIP_RF = 0x8000\n\tIP_RTABLE = 0x1021\n\tIP_TOS = 0x3\n\tIP_TTL = 0x4\n\tISIG = 0x80\n\tISTRIP = 0x20\n\tIXANY = 0x800\n\tIXOFF = 0x400\n\tIXON = 0x200\n\tKERN_HOSTNAME = 0xa\n\tKERN_OSRELEASE = 0x2\n\tKERN_OSTYPE = 0x1\n\tKERN_VERSION = 0x4\n\tLCNT_OVERLOAD_FLUSH = 0x6\n\tLOCK_EX = 0x2\n\tLOCK_NB = 0x4\n\tLOCK_SH = 0x1\n\tLOCK_UN = 0x8\n\tMADV_DONTNEED = 0x4\n\tMADV_FREE = 0x6\n\tMADV_NORMAL = 0x0\n\tMADV_RANDOM = 0x1\n\tMADV_SEQUENTIAL = 0x2\n\tMADV_SPACEAVAIL = 0x5\n\tMADV_WILLNEED = 0x3\n\tMAP_ANON = 0x1000\n\tMAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x1000\n\tMAP_CONCEAL = 0x8000\n\tMAP_COPY = 0x2\n\tMAP_FILE = 0x0\n\tMAP_FIXED = 0x10\n\tMAP_FLAGMASK = 0xfff7\n\tMAP_HASSEMAPHORE = 0x0\n\tMAP_INHERIT = 0x0\n\tMAP_INHERIT_COPY = 0x1\n\tMAP_INHERIT_NONE = 0x2\n\tMAP_INHERIT_SHARE = 0x0\n\tMAP_INHERIT_ZERO = 0x3\n\tMAP_NOEXTEND = 0x0\n\tMAP_NORESERVE = 0x0\n\tMAP_PRIVATE = 0x2\n\tMAP_RENAME = 0x0\n\tMAP_SHARED = 0x1\n\tMAP_STACK = 0x4000\n\tMAP_TRYFIXED = 0x0\n\tMCL_CURRENT = 0x1\n\tMCL_FUTURE = 0x2\n\tMNT_ASYNC = 0x40\n\tMNT_DEFEXPORTED = 0x200\n\tMNT_DELEXPORT = 0x20000\n\tMNT_DOOMED = 0x8000000\n\tMNT_EXPORTANON = 0x400\n\tMNT_EXPORTED = 0x100\n\tMNT_EXRDONLY = 0x80\n\tMNT_FORCE = 0x80000\n\tMNT_LAZY = 0x3\n\tMNT_LOCAL = 0x1000\n\tMNT_NOATIME = 0x8000\n\tMNT_NODEV = 0x10\n\tMNT_NOEXEC = 0x4\n\tMNT_NOSUID = 0x8\n\tMNT_NOWAIT = 0x2\n\tMNT_QUOTA = 0x2000\n\tMNT_RDONLY = 0x1\n\tMNT_RELOAD = 0x40000\n\tMNT_ROOTFS = 0x4000\n\tMNT_SOFTDEP = 0x4000000\n\tMNT_SYNCHRONOUS = 0x2\n\tMNT_UPDATE = 0x10000\n\tMNT_VISFLAGMASK = 0x400ffff\n\tMNT_WAIT = 0x1\n\tMNT_WANTRDWR = 0x2000000\n\tMNT_WXALLOWED = 0x800\n\tMSG_BCAST = 0x100\n\tMSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC = 0x800\n\tMSG_CTRUNC = 0x20\n\tMSG_DONTROUTE = 0x4\n\tMSG_DONTWAIT = 0x80\n\tMSG_EOR = 0x8\n\tMSG_MCAST = 0x200\n\tMSG_NOSIGNAL = 0x400\n\tMSG_OOB = 0x1\n\tMSG_PEEK = 0x2\n\tMSG_TRUNC = 0x10\n\tMSG_WAITALL = 0x40\n\tMS_ASYNC = 0x1\n\tMS_INVALIDATE = 0x4\n\tMS_SYNC = 0x2\n\tNAME_MAX = 0xff\n\tNET_RT_DUMP = 0x1\n\tNET_RT_FLAGS = 0x2\n\tNET_RT_IFLIST = 0x3\n\tNET_RT_MAXID = 0x6\n\tNET_RT_STATS = 0x4\n\tNET_RT_TABLE = 0x5\n\tNFDBITS = 0x20\n\tNOFLSH = 0x80000000\n\tNOTE_ATTRIB = 0x8\n\tNOTE_CHILD = 0x4\n\tNOTE_DELETE = 0x1\n\tNOTE_EOF = 0x2\n\tNOTE_EXEC = 0x20000000\n\tNOTE_EXIT = 0x80000000\n\tNOTE_EXTEND = 0x4\n\tNOTE_FORK = 0x40000000\n\tNOTE_LINK = 0x10\n\tNOTE_LOWAT = 0x1\n\tNOTE_PCTRLMASK = 0xf0000000\n\tNOTE_PDATAMASK = 0xfffff\n\tNOTE_RENAME = 0x20\n\tNOTE_REVOKE = 0x40\n\tNOTE_TRACK = 0x1\n\tNOTE_TRACKERR = 0x2\n\tNOTE_TRUNCATE = 0x80\n\tNOTE_WRITE = 0x2\n\tOCRNL = 0x10\n\tONLCR = 0x2\n\tONLRET = 0x80\n\tONOCR = 0x40\n\tONOEOT = 0x8\n\tOPOST = 0x1\n\tO_ACCMODE = 0x3\n\tO_APPEND = 0x8\n\tO_ASYNC = 0x40\n\tO_CLOEXEC = 0x10000\n\tO_CREAT = 0x200\n\tO_DIRECTORY = 0x20000\n\tO_DSYNC = 0x80\n\tO_EXCL = 0x800\n\tO_EXLOCK = 0x20\n\tO_FSYNC = 0x80\n\tO_NDELAY = 0x4\n\tO_NOCTTY = 0x8000\n\tO_NOFOLLOW = 0x100\n\tO_NONBLOCK = 0x4\n\tO_RDONLY = 0x0\n\tO_RDWR = 0x2\n\tO_RSYNC = 0x80\n\tO_SHLOCK = 0x10\n\tO_SYNC = 0x80\n\tO_TRUNC = 0x400\n\tO_WRONLY = 0x1\n\tPARENB = 0x1000\n\tPARMRK = 0x8\n\tPARODD = 0x2000\n\tPENDIN = 0x20000000\n\tPF_FLUSH = 0x1\n\tPRIO_PGRP = 0x1\n\tPRIO_PROCESS = 0x0\n\tPRIO_USER = 0x2\n\tPROT_EXEC = 0x4\n\tPROT_NONE = 0x0\n\tPROT_READ = 0x1\n\tPROT_WRITE = 0x2\n\tRLIMIT_CORE = 0x4\n\tRLIMIT_CPU = 0x0\n\tRLIMIT_DATA = 0x2\n\tRLIMIT_FSIZE = 0x1\n\tRLIMIT_NOFILE = 0x8\n\tRLIMIT_STACK = 0x3\n\tRLIM_INFINITY = 0x7fffffffffffffff\n\tRTAX_AUTHOR = 0x6\n\tRTAX_BRD = 0x7\n\tRTAX_DST = 0x0\n\tRTAX_GATEWAY = 0x1\n\tRTAX_GENMASK = 0x3\n\tRTAX_IFA = 0x5\n\tRTAX_IFP = 0x4\n\tRTAX_LABEL = 0xa\n\tRTAX_MAX = 0xb\n\tRTAX_NETMASK = 0x2\n\tRTAX_SRC = 0x8\n\tRTAX_SRCMASK = 0x9\n\tRTA_AUTHOR = 0x40\n\tRTA_BRD = 0x80\n\tRTA_DST = 0x1\n\tRTA_GATEWAY = 0x2\n\tRTA_GENMASK = 0x8\n\tRTA_IFA = 0x20\n\tRTA_IFP = 0x10\n\tRTA_LABEL = 0x400\n\tRTA_NETMASK = 0x4\n\tRTA_SRC = 0x100\n\tRTA_SRCMASK = 0x200\n\tRTF_ANNOUNCE = 0x4000\n\tRTF_BLACKHOLE = 0x1000\n\tRTF_BROADCAST = 0x400000\n\tRTF_CLONED = 0x10000\n\tRTF_CLONING = 0x100\n\tRTF_DONE = 0x40\n\tRTF_DYNAMIC = 0x10\n\tRTF_FMASK = 0x70f808\n\tRTF_GATEWAY = 0x2\n\tRTF_HOST = 0x4\n\tRTF_LLINFO = 0x400\n\tRTF_LOCAL = 0x200000\n\tRTF_MASK = 0x80\n\tRTF_MODIFIED = 0x20\n\tRTF_MPATH = 0x40000\n\tRTF_MPLS = 0x100000\n\tRTF_PERMANENT_ARP = 0x2000\n\tRTF_PROTO1 = 0x8000\n\tRTF_PROTO2 = 0x4000\n\tRTF_PROTO3 = 0x2000\n\tRTF_REJECT = 0x8\n\tRTF_STATIC = 0x800\n\tRTF_UP = 0x1\n\tRTF_USETRAILERS = 0x8000\n\tRTF_XRESOLVE = 0x200\n\tRTM_ADD = 0x1\n\tRTM_CHANGE = 0x3\n\tRTM_DELADDR = 0xd\n\tRTM_DELETE = 0x2\n\tRTM_DESYNC = 0x10\n\tRTM_GET = 0x4\n\tRTM_IFANNOUNCE = 0xf\n\tRTM_IFINFO = 0xe\n\tRTM_LOCK = 0x8\n\tRTM_LOSING = 0x5\n\tRTM_MAXSIZE = 0x800\n\tRTM_MISS = 0x7\n\tRTM_NEWADDR = 0xc\n\tRTM_REDIRECT = 0x6\n\tRTM_RESOLVE = 0xb\n\tRTM_RTTUNIT = 0xf4240\n\tRTM_VERSION = 0x5\n\tRTV_EXPIRE = 0x4\n\tRTV_HOPCOUNT = 0x2\n\tRTV_MTU = 0x1\n\tRTV_RPIPE = 0x8\n\tRTV_RTT = 0x40\n\tRTV_RTTVAR = 0x80\n\tRTV_SPIPE = 0x10\n\tRTV_SSTHRESH = 0x20\n\tRT_TABLEID_MAX = 0xff\n\tRUSAGE_CHILDREN = -0x1\n\tRUSAGE_SELF = 0x0\n\tRUSAGE_THREAD = 0x1\n\tSCM_RIGHTS = 0x1\n\tSCM_TIMESTAMP = 0x4\n\tSHUT_RD = 0x0\n\tSHUT_RDWR = 0x2\n\tSHUT_WR = 0x1\n\tSIOCADDMULTI = 0x80206931\n\tSIOCAIFADDR = 0x8040691a\n\tSIOCAIFGROUP = 0x80246987\n\tSIOCALIFADDR = 0x8218691c\n\tSIOCATMARK = 0x40047307\n\tSIOCBRDGADD = 0x8054693c\n\tSIOCBRDGADDS = 0x80546941\n\tSIOCBRDGARL = 0x806e694d\n\tSIOCBRDGDADDR = 0x81286947\n\tSIOCBRDGDEL = 0x8054693d\n\tSIOCBRDGDELS = 0x80546942\n\tSIOCBRDGFLUSH = 0x80546948\n\tSIOCBRDGFRL = 0x806e694e\n\tSIOCBRDGGCACHE = 0xc0146941\n\tSIOCBRDGGFD = 0xc0146952\n\tSIOCBRDGGHT = 0xc0146951\n\tSIOCBRDGGIFFLGS = 0xc054693e\n\tSIOCBRDGGMA = 0xc0146953\n\tSIOCBRDGGPARAM = 0xc03c6958\n\tSIOCBRDGGPRI = 0xc0146950\n\tSIOCBRDGGRL = 0xc028694f\n\tSIOCBRDGGSIFS = 0xc054693c\n\tSIOCBRDGGTO = 0xc0146946\n\tSIOCBRDGIFS = 0xc0546942\n\tSIOCBRDGRTS = 0xc0186943\n\tSIOCBRDGSADDR = 0xc1286944\n\tSIOCBRDGSCACHE = 0x80146940\n\tSIOCBRDGSFD = 0x80146952\n\tSIOCBRDGSHT = 0x80146951\n\tSIOCBRDGSIFCOST = 0x80546955\n\tSIOCBRDGSIFFLGS = 0x8054693f\n\tSIOCBRDGSIFPRIO = 0x80546954\n\tSIOCBRDGSMA = 0x80146953\n\tSIOCBRDGSPRI = 0x80146950\n\tSIOCBRDGSPROTO = 0x8014695a\n\tSIOCBRDGSTO = 0x80146945\n\tSIOCBRDGSTXHC = 0x80146959\n\tSIOCDELMULTI = 0x80206932\n\tSIOCDIFADDR = 0x80206919\n\tSIOCDIFGROUP = 0x80246989\n\tSIOCDIFPHYADDR = 0x80206949\n\tSIOCDLIFADDR = 0x8218691e\n\tSIOCGETKALIVE = 0xc01869a4\n\tSIOCGETLABEL = 0x8020699a\n\tSIOCGETPFLOW = 0xc02069fe\n\tSIOCGETPFSYNC = 0xc02069f8\n\tSIOCGETSGCNT = 0xc0147534\n\tSIOCGETVIFCNT = 0xc0147533\n\tSIOCGETVLAN = 0xc0206990\n\tSIOCGHIWAT = 0x40047301\n\tSIOCGIFADDR = 0xc0206921\n\tSIOCGIFASYNCMAP = 0xc020697c\n\tSIOCGIFBRDADDR = 0xc0206923\n\tSIOCGIFCONF = 0xc0086924\n\tSIOCGIFDATA = 0xc020691b\n\tSIOCGIFDESCR = 0xc0206981\n\tSIOCGIFDSTADDR = 0xc0206922\n\tSIOCGIFFLAGS = 0xc0206911\n\tSIOCGIFGATTR = 0xc024698b\n\tSIOCGIFGENERIC = 0xc020693a\n\tSIOCGIFGMEMB = 0xc024698a\n\tSIOCGIFGROUP = 0xc0246988\n\tSIOCGIFHARDMTU = 0xc02069a5\n\tSIOCGIFMEDIA = 0xc0286936\n\tSIOCGIFMETRIC = 0xc0206917\n\tSIOCGIFMTU = 0xc020697e\n\tSIOCGIFNETMASK = 0xc0206925\n\tSIOCGIFPDSTADDR = 0xc0206948\n\tSIOCGIFPRIORITY = 0xc020699c\n\tSIOCGIFPSRCADDR = 0xc0206947\n\tSIOCGIFRDOMAIN = 0xc02069a0\n\tSIOCGIFRTLABEL = 0xc0206983\n\tSIOCGIFRXR = 0x802069aa\n\tSIOCGIFTIMESLOT = 0xc0206986\n\tSIOCGIFXFLAGS = 0xc020699e\n\tSIOCGLIFADDR = 0xc218691d\n\tSIOCGLIFPHYADDR = 0xc218694b\n\tSIOCGLIFPHYRTABLE = 0xc02069a2\n\tSIOCGLIFPHYTTL = 0xc02069a9\n\tSIOCGLOWAT = 0x40047303\n\tSIOCGPGRP = 0x40047309\n\tSIOCGSPPPPARAMS = 0xc0206994\n\tSIOCGVH = 0xc02069f6\n\tSIOCGVNETID = 0xc02069a7\n\tSIOCIFCREATE = 0x8020697a\n\tSIOCIFDESTROY = 0x80206979\n\tSIOCIFGCLONERS = 0xc00c6978\n\tSIOCSETKALIVE = 0x801869a3\n\tSIOCSETLABEL = 0x80206999\n\tSIOCSETPFLOW = 0x802069fd\n\tSIOCSETPFSYNC = 0x802069f7\n\tSIOCSETVLAN = 0x8020698f\n\tSIOCSHIWAT = 0x80047300\n\tSIOCSIFADDR = 0x8020690c\n\tSIOCSIFASYNCMAP = 0x8020697d\n\tSIOCSIFBRDADDR = 0x80206913\n\tSIOCSIFDESCR = 0x80206980\n\tSIOCSIFDSTADDR = 0x8020690e\n\tSIOCSIFFLAGS = 0x80206910\n\tSIOCSIFGATTR = 0x8024698c\n\tSIOCSIFGENERIC = 0x80206939\n\tSIOCSIFLLADDR = 0x8020691f\n\tSIOCSIFMEDIA = 0xc0206935\n\tSIOCSIFMETRIC = 0x80206918\n\tSIOCSIFMTU = 0x8020697f\n\tSIOCSIFNETMASK = 0x80206916\n\tSIOCSIFPHYADDR = 0x80406946\n\tSIOCSIFPRIORITY = 0x8020699b\n\tSIOCSIFRDOMAIN = 0x8020699f\n\tSIOCSIFRTLABEL = 0x80206982\n\tSIOCSIFTIMESLOT = 0x80206985\n\tSIOCSIFXFLAGS = 0x8020699d\n\tSIOCSLIFPHYADDR = 0x8218694a\n\tSIOCSLIFPHYRTABLE = 0x802069a1\n\tSIOCSLIFPHYTTL = 0x802069a8\n\tSIOCSLOWAT = 0x80047302\n\tSIOCSPGRP = 0x80047308\n\tSIOCSSPPPPARAMS = 0x80206993\n\tSIOCSVH = 0xc02069f5\n\tSIOCSVNETID = 0x802069a6\n\tSOCK_CLOEXEC = 0x8000\n\tSOCK_DGRAM = 0x2\n\tSOCK_NONBLOCK = 0x4000\n\tSOCK_RAW = 0x3\n\tSOCK_RDM = 0x4\n\tSOCK_SEQPACKET = 0x5\n\tSOCK_STREAM = 0x1\n\tSOL_SOCKET = 0xffff\n\tSOMAXCONN = 0x80\n\tSO_ACCEPTCONN = 0x2\n\tSO_BINDANY = 0x1000\n\tSO_BROADCAST = 0x20\n\tSO_DEBUG = 0x1\n\tSO_DONTROUTE = 0x10\n\tSO_ERROR = 0x1007\n\tSO_KEEPALIVE = 0x8\n\tSO_LINGER = 0x80\n\tSO_NETPROC = 0x1020\n\tSO_OOBINLINE = 0x100\n\tSO_PEERCRED = 0x1022\n\tSO_RCVBUF = 0x1002\n\tSO_RCVLOWAT = 0x1004\n\tSO_RCVTIMEO = 0x1006\n\tSO_REUSEADDR = 0x4\n\tSO_REUSEPORT = 0x200\n\tSO_RTABLE = 0x1021\n\tSO_SNDBUF = 0x1001\n\tSO_SNDLOWAT = 0x1003\n\tSO_SNDTIMEO = 0x1005\n\tSO_SPLICE = 0x1023\n\tSO_TIMESTAMP = 0x800\n\tSO_TYPE = 0x1008\n\tSO_USELOOPBACK = 0x40\n\tS_BLKSIZE = 0x200\n\tS_IEXEC = 0x40\n\tS_IFBLK = 0x6000\n\tS_IFCHR = 0x2000\n\tS_IFDIR = 0x4000\n\tS_IFIFO = 0x1000\n\tS_IFLNK = 0xa000\n\tS_IFMT = 0xf000\n\tS_IFREG = 0x8000\n\tS_IFSOCK = 0xc000\n\tS_IREAD = 0x100\n\tS_IRGRP = 0x20\n\tS_IROTH = 0x4\n\tS_IRUSR = 0x100\n\tS_IRWXG = 0x38\n\tS_IRWXO = 0x7\n\tS_IRWXU = 0x1c0\n\tS_ISGID = 0x400\n\tS_ISTXT = 0x200\n\tS_ISUID = 0x800\n\tS_ISVTX = 0x200\n\tS_IWGRP = 0x10\n\tS_IWOTH = 0x2\n\tS_IWRITE = 0x80\n\tS_IWUSR = 0x80\n\tS_IXGRP = 0x8\n\tS_IXOTH = 0x1\n\tS_IXUSR = 0x40\n\tTCIFLUSH = 0x1\n\tTCIOFLUSH = 0x3\n\tTCOFLUSH = 0x2\n\tTCP_MAXBURST = 0x4\n\tTCP_MAXSEG = 0x2\n\tTCP_MAXWIN = 0xffff\n\tTCP_MAX_SACK = 0x3\n\tTCP_MAX_WINSHIFT = 0xe\n\tTCP_MD5SIG = 0x4\n\tTCP_MSS = 0x200\n\tTCP_NODELAY = 0x1\n\tTCP_NOPUSH = 0x10\n\tTCP_NSTATES = 0xb\n\tTCP_SACK_ENABLE = 0x8\n\tTCSAFLUSH = 0x2\n\tTIOCCBRK = 0x2000747a\n\tTIOCCDTR = 0x20007478\n\tTIOCCONS = 0x80047462\n\tTIOCDRAIN = 0x2000745e\n\tTIOCEXCL = 0x2000740d\n\tTIOCEXT = 0x80047460\n\tTIOCFLAG_CLOCAL = 0x2\n\tTIOCFLAG_CRTSCTS = 0x4\n\tTIOCFLAG_MDMBUF = 0x8\n\tTIOCFLAG_PPS = 0x10\n\tTIOCFLAG_SOFTCAR = 0x1\n\tTIOCFLUSH = 0x80047410\n\tTIOCGETA = 0x402c7413\n\tTIOCGETD = 0x4004741a\n\tTIOCGFLAGS = 0x4004745d\n\tTIOCGPGRP = 0x40047477\n\tTIOCGSID = 0x40047463\n\tTIOCGTSTAMP = 0x400c745b\n\tTIOCGWINSZ = 0x40087468\n\tTIOCMBIC = 0x8004746b\n\tTIOCMBIS = 0x8004746c\n\tTIOCMGET = 0x4004746a\n\tTIOCMODG = 0x4004746a\n\tTIOCMODS = 0x8004746d\n\tTIOCMSET = 0x8004746d\n\tTIOCM_CAR = 0x40\n\tTIOCM_CD = 0x40\n\tTIOCM_CTS = 0x20\n\tTIOCM_DSR = 0x100\n\tTIOCM_DTR = 0x2\n\tTIOCM_LE = 0x1\n\tTIOCM_RI = 0x80\n\tTIOCM_RNG = 0x80\n\tTIOCM_RTS = 0x4\n\tTIOCM_SR = 0x10\n\tTIOCM_ST = 0x8\n\tTIOCNOTTY = 0x20007471\n\tTIOCNXCL = 0x2000740e\n\tTIOCOUTQ = 0x40047473\n\tTIOCPKT = 0x80047470\n\tTIOCPKT_DATA = 0x0\n\tTIOCPKT_DOSTOP = 0x20\n\tTIOCPKT_FLUSHREAD = 0x1\n\tTIOCPKT_FLUSHWRITE = 0x2\n\tTIOCPKT_IOCTL = 0x40\n\tTIOCPKT_NOSTOP = 0x10\n\tTIOCPKT_START = 0x8\n\tTIOCPKT_STOP = 0x4\n\tTIOCREMOTE = 0x80047469\n\tTIOCSBRK = 0x2000747b\n\tTIOCSCTTY = 0x20007461\n\tTIOCSDTR = 0x20007479\n\tTIOCSETA = 0x802c7414\n\tTIOCSETAF = 0x802c7416\n\tTIOCSETAW = 0x802c7415\n\tTIOCSETD = 0x8004741b\n\tTIOCSFLAGS = 0x8004745c\n\tTIOCSIG = 0x8004745f\n\tTIOCSPGRP = 0x80047476\n\tTIOCSTART = 0x2000746e\n\tTIOCSTAT = 0x80047465\n\tTIOCSTI = 0x80017472\n\tTIOCSTOP = 0x2000746f\n\tTIOCSTSTAMP = 0x8008745a\n\tTIOCSWINSZ = 0x80087467\n\tTIOCUCNTL = 0x80047466\n\tTOSTOP = 0x400000\n\tVDISCARD = 0xf\n\tVDSUSP = 0xb\n\tVEOF = 0x0\n\tVEOL = 0x1\n\tVEOL2 = 0x2\n\tVERASE = 0x3\n\tVINTR = 0x8\n\tVKILL = 0x5\n\tVLNEXT = 0xe\n\tVMIN = 0x10\n\tVQUIT = 0x9\n\tVREPRINT = 0x6\n\tVSTART = 0xc\n\tVSTATUS = 0x12\n\tVSTOP = 0xd\n\tVSUSP = 0xa\n\tVTIME = 0x11\n\tVWERASE = 0x4\n\tWALTSIG = 0x4\n\tWCONTINUED = 0x8\n\tWCOREFLAG = 0x80\n\tWNOHANG = 0x1\n\tWUNTRACED = 0x2\n)\n\n// Errors\nconst (\n\tE2BIG = syscall.", "Errno(0x7)\n\tEACCES = syscall.", "Errno(0xd)\n\tEADDRINUSE = syscall.", "Errno(0x30)\n\tEADDRNOTAVAIL = syscall.", "Errno(0x31)\n\tEAFNOSUPPORT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2f)\n\tEAGAIN = syscall.", "Errno(0x23)\n\tEALREADY = syscall.", "Errno(0x25)\n\tEAUTH = syscall.", "Errno(0x50)\n\tEBADF = syscall.", "Errno(0x9)\n\tEBADRPC = syscall.", "Errno(0x48)\n\tEBUSY = syscall.", "Errno(0x10)\n\tECANCELED = syscall.", "Errno(0x58)\n\tECHILD = syscall.", "Errno(0xa)\n\tECONNABORTED = syscall.", "Errno(0x35)\n\tECONNREFUSED = syscall.", "Errno(0x3d)\n\tECONNRESET = syscall.", "Errno(0x36)\n\tEDEADLK = syscall.", "Errno(0xb)\n\tEDESTADDRREQ = syscall.", "Errno(0x27)\n\tEDOM = syscall.", "Errno(0x21)\n\tEDQUOT = syscall.", "Errno(0x45)\n\tEEXIST = syscall.", "Errno(0x11)\n\tEFAULT = syscall.", "Errno(0xe)\n\tEFBIG = syscall.", "Errno(0x1b)\n\tEFTYPE = syscall.", "Errno(0x4f)\n\tEHOSTDOWN = syscall.", "Errno(0x40)\n\tEHOSTUNREACH = syscall.", "Errno(0x41)\n\tEIDRM = syscall.", "Errno(0x59)\n\tEILSEQ = syscall.", "Errno(0x54)\n\tEINPROGRESS = syscall.", "Errno(0x24)\n\tEINTR = syscall.", "Errno(0x4)\n\tEINVAL = syscall.", "Errno(0x16)\n\tEIO = syscall.", "Errno(0x5)\n\tEIPSEC = syscall.", "Errno(0x52)\n\tEISCONN = syscall.", "Errno(0x38)\n\tEISDIR = syscall.", "Errno(0x15)\n\tELAST = syscall.", "Errno(0x5b)\n\tELOOP = syscall.", "Errno(0x3e)\n\tEMEDIUMTYPE = syscall.", "Errno(0x56)\n\tEMFILE = syscall.", "Errno(0x18)\n\tEMLINK = syscall.", "Errno(0x1f)\n\tEMSGSIZE = syscall.", "Errno(0x28)\n\tENAMETOOLONG = syscall.", "Errno(0x3f)\n\tENEEDAUTH = syscall.", "Errno(0x51)\n\tENETDOWN = syscall.", "Errno(0x32)\n\tENETRESET = syscall.", "Errno(0x34)\n\tENETUNREACH = syscall.", "Errno(0x33)\n\tENFILE = syscall.", "Errno(0x17)\n\tENOATTR = syscall.", "Errno(0x53)\n\tENOBUFS = syscall.", "Errno(0x37)\n\tENODEV = syscall.", "Errno(0x13)\n\tENOENT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2)\n\tENOEXEC = syscall.", "Errno(0x8)\n\tENOLCK = syscall.", "Errno(0x4d)\n\tENOMEDIUM = syscall.", "Errno(0x55)\n\tENOMEM = syscall.", "Errno(0xc)\n\tENOMSG = syscall.", "Errno(0x5a)\n\tENOPROTOOPT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2a)\n\tENOSPC = syscall.", "Errno(0x1c)\n\tENOSYS = syscall.", "Errno(0x4e)\n\tENOTBLK = syscall.", "Errno(0xf)\n\tENOTCONN = syscall.", "Errno(0x39)\n\tENOTDIR = syscall.", "Errno(0x14)\n\tENOTEMPTY = syscall.", "Errno(0x42)\n\tENOTSOCK = syscall.", "Errno(0x26)\n\tENOTSUP = syscall.", "Errno(0x5b)\n\tENOTTY = syscall.", "Errno(0x19)\n\tENXIO = syscall.", "Errno(0x6)\n\tEOPNOTSUPP = syscall.", "Errno(0x2d)\n\tEOVERFLOW = syscall.", "Errno(0x57)\n\tEPERM = syscall.", "Errno(0x1)\n\tEPFNOSUPPORT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2e)\n\tEPIPE = syscall.", "Errno(0x20)\n\tEPROCLIM = syscall.", "Errno(0x43)\n\tEPROCUNAVAIL = syscall.", "Errno(0x4c)\n\tEPROGMISMATCH = syscall.", "Errno(0x4b)\n\tEPROGUNAVAIL = syscall.", "Errno(0x4a)\n\tEPROTONOSUPPORT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2b)\n\tEPROTOTYPE = syscall.", "Errno(0x29)\n\tERANGE = syscall.", "Errno(0x22)\n\tEREMOTE = syscall.", "Errno(0x47)\n\tEROFS = syscall.", "Errno(0x1e)\n\tERPCMISMATCH = syscall.", "Errno(0x49)\n\tESHUTDOWN = syscall.", "Errno(0x3a)\n\tESOCKTNOSUPPORT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2c)\n\tESPIPE = syscall.", "Errno(0x1d)\n\tESRCH = syscall.", "Errno(0x3)\n\tESTALE = syscall.", "Errno(0x46)\n\tETIMEDOUT = syscall.", "Errno(0x3c)\n\tETOOMANYREFS = syscall.", "Errno(0x3b)\n\tETXTBSY = syscall.", "Errno(0x1a)\n\tEUSERS = syscall.", "Errno(0x44)\n\tEWOULDBLOCK = syscall.", "Errno(0x23)\n\tEXDEV = syscall.", "Errno(0x12)\n)\n\n// Signals\nconst (\n\tSIGABRT = syscall.", "Signal(0x6)\n\tSIGALRM = syscall.", "Signal(0xe)\n\tSIGBUS = syscall.", "Signal(0xa)\n\tSIGCHLD = syscall.", "Signal(0x14)\n\tSIGCONT = syscall.", "Signal(0x13)\n\tSIGEMT = syscall.", "Signal(0x7)\n\tSIGFPE = syscall.", "Signal(0x8)\n\tSIGHUP = syscall.", "Signal(0x1)\n\tSIGILL = syscall.", "Signal(0x4)\n\tSIGINFO = syscall.", "Signal(0x1d)\n\tSIGINT = syscall.", "Signal(0x2)\n\tSIGIO = syscall.", "Signal(0x17)\n\tSIGIOT = syscall.", "Signal(0x6)\n\tSIGKILL = syscall.", "Signal(0x9)\n\tSIGPIPE = syscall.", "Signal(0xd)\n\tSIGPROF = syscall.", "Signal(0x1b)\n\tSIGQUIT = syscall.", "Signal(0x3)\n\tSIGSEGV = syscall.", "Signal(0xb)\n\tSIGSTOP = syscall.", "Signal(0x11)\n\tSIGSYS = syscall.", "Signal(0xc)\n\tSIGTERM = syscall.", "Signal(0xf)\n\tSIGTHR = syscall.", "Signal(0x20)\n\tSIGTRAP = syscall.", "Signal(0x5)\n\tSIGTSTP = syscall.", "Signal(0x12)\n\tSIGTTIN = syscall.", "Signal(0x15)\n\tSIGTTOU = syscall.", "Signal(0x16)\n\tSIGURG = syscall.", "Signal(0x10)\n\tSIGUSR1 = syscall.", "Signal(0x1e)\n\tSIGUSR2 = syscall.", "Signal(0x1f)\n\tSIGVTALRM = syscall.", "Signal(0x1a)\n\tSIGWINCH = syscall.", "Signal(0x1c)\n\tSIGXCPU = syscall.", "Signal(0x18)\n\tSIGXFSZ = syscall.", "Signal(0x19)\n)\n\n// Error table\nvar errorList = [...]struct {\n\tnum syscall.", "Errno\n\tname string\n\tdesc string\n}{\n\t{1, \"EPERM\", \"operation not permitted\"},\n\t{2, \"ENOENT\", \"no such file or directory\"},\n\t{3, \"ESRCH\", \"no such process\"},\n\t{4, \"EINTR\", \"interrupted system call\"},\n\t{5, \"EIO\", \"input/output error\"},\n\t{6, \"ENXIO\", \"device not configured\"},\n\t{7, \"E2BIG\", \"argument list too long\"},\n\t{8, \"ENOEXEC\", \"exec format error\"},\n\t{9, \"EBADF\", \"bad file descriptor\"},\n\t{10, \"ECHILD\", \"no child processes\"},\n\t{11, \"EDEADLK\", \"resource deadlock avoided\"},\n\t{12, \"ENOMEM\", \"cannot allocate memory\"},\n\t{13, \"EACCES\", \"permission denied\"},\n\t{14, \"EFAULT\", \"bad address\"},\n\t{15, \"ENOTBLK\", \"block device required\"},\n\t{16, \"EBUSY\", \"device busy\"},\n\t{17, \"EEXIST\", \"file exists\"},\n\t{18, \"EXDEV\", \"cross-device link\"},\n\t{19, \"ENODEV\", \"operation not supported by device\"},\n\t{20, \"ENOTDIR\", \"not a directory\"},\n\t{21, \"EISDIR\", \"is a directory\"},\n\t{22, \"EINVAL\", \"invalid argument\"},\n\t{23, \"ENFILE\", \"too many open files in system\"},\n\t{24, \"EMFILE\", \"too many open files\"},\n\t{25, \"ENOTTY\", \"inappropriate ioctl for device\"},\n\t{26, \"ETXTBSY\", \"text file busy\"},\n\t{27, \"EFBIG\", \"file too large\"},\n\t{28, \"ENOSPC\", \"no space left on device\"},\n\t{29, \"ESPIPE\", \"illegal seek\"},\n\t{30, \"EROFS\", \"read-only file system\"},\n\t{31, \"EMLINK\", \"too many links\"},\n\t{32, \"EPIPE\", \"broken pipe\"},\n\t{33, \"EDOM\", \"numerical argument out of domain\"},\n\t{34, \"ERANGE\", \"result too large\"},\n\t{35, \"EWOULDBLOCK\", \"resource temporarily unavailable\"},\n\t{36, \"EINPROGRESS\", \"operation now in progress\"},\n\t{37, \"EALREADY\", \"operation already in progress\"},\n\t{38, \"ENOTSOCK\", \"socket operation on non-socket\"},\n\t{39, \"EDESTADDRREQ\", \"destination address required\"},\n\t{40, \"EMSGSIZE\", \"message too long\"},\n\t{41, \"EPROTOTYPE\", \"protocol wrong type for socket\"},\n\t{42, \"ENOPROTOOPT\", \"protocol not available\"},\n\t{43, \"EPROTONOSUPPORT\", \"protocol not supported\"},\n\t{44, \"ESOCKTNOSUPPORT\", \"socket type not supported\"},\n\t{45, \"EOPNOTSUPP\", \"operation not supported\"},\n\t{46, \"EPFNOSUPPORT\", \"protocol family not supported\"},\n\t{47, \"EAFNOSUPPORT\", \"address family not supported by protocol family\"},\n\t{48, \"EADDRINUSE\", \"address already in use\"},\n\t{49, \"EADDRNOTAVAIL\", \"can't assign requested address\"},\n\t{50, \"ENETDOWN\", \"network is down\"},\n\t{51, \"ENETUNREACH\", \"network is unreachable\"},\n\t{52, \"ENETRESET\", \"network dropped connection on reset\"},\n\t{53, \"ECONNABORTED\", \"software caused connection abort\"},\n\t{54, \"ECONNRESET\", \"connection reset by peer\"},\n\t{55, \"ENOBUFS\", \"no buffer space available\"},\n\t{56, \"EISCONN\", \"socket is already connected\"},\n\t{57, \"ENOTCONN\", \"socket is not connected\"},\n\t{58, \"ESHUTDOWN\", \"can't send after socket shutdown\"},\n\t{59, \"ETOOMANYREFS\", \"too many references: can't splice\"},\n\t{60, \"ETIMEDOUT\", \"operation timed out\"},\n\t{61, \"ECONNREFUSED\", \"connection refused\"},\n\t{62, \"ELOOP\", \"too many levels of symbolic links\"},\n\t{63, \"ENAMETOOLONG\", \"file name too long\"},\n\t{64, \"EHOSTDOWN\", \"host is down\"},\n\t{65, \"EHOSTUNREACH\", \"no route to host\"},\n\t{66, \"ENOTEMPTY\", \"directory not empty\"},\n\t{67, \"EPROCLIM\", \"too many processes\"},\n\t{68, \"EUSERS\", \"too many users\"},\n\t{69, \"EDQUOT\", \"disk quota exceeded\"},\n\t{70, \"ESTALE\", \"stale NFS file handle\"},\n\t{71, \"EREMOTE\", \"too many levels of remote in path\"},\n\t{72, \"EBADRPC\", \"RPC struct is bad\"},\n\t{73, \"ERPCMISMATCH\", \"RPC version wrong\"},\n\t{74, \"EPROGUNAVAIL\", \"RPC program not available\"},\n\t{75, \"EPROGMISMATCH\", \"program version wrong\"},\n\t{76, \"EPROCUNAVAIL\", \"bad procedure for program\"},\n\t{77, \"ENOLCK\", \"no locks available\"},\n\t{78, \"ENOSYS\", \"function not implemented\"},\n\t{79, \"EFTYPE\", \"inappropriate file type or format\"},\n\t{80, \"EAUTH\", \"authentication error\"},\n\t{81, \"ENEEDAUTH\", \"need authenticator\"},\n\t{82, \"EIPSEC\", \"IPsec processing failure\"},\n\t{83, \"ENOATTR\", \"attribute not found\"},\n\t{84, \"EILSEQ\", \"illegal byte sequence\"},\n\t{85, \"ENOMEDIUM\", \"no medium found\"},\n\t{86, \"EMEDIUMTYPE\", \"wrong medium type\"},\n\t{87, \"EOVERFLOW\", \"value too large to be stored in data type\"},\n\t{88, \"ECANCELED\", \"operation canceled\"},\n\t{89, \"EIDRM\", \"identifier removed\"},\n\t{90, \"ENOMSG\", \"no message of desired type\"},\n\t{91, \"ELAST\", \"not supported\"},\n}\n\n// Signal table\nvar signalList = [...]struct {\n\tnum syscall.", "Signal\n\tname string\n\tdesc string\n}{\n\t{1, \"SIGHUP\", \"hangup\"},\n\t{2, \"SIGINT\", \"interrupt\"},\n\t{3, \"SIGQUIT\", \"quit\"},\n\t{4, \"SIGILL\", \"illegal instruction\"},\n\t{5, \"SIGTRAP\", \"trace/BPT trap\"},\n\t{6, \"SIGABRT\", \"abort trap\"},\n\t{7, \"SIGEMT\", \"EMT trap\"},\n\t{8, \"SIGFPE\", \"floating point exception\"},\n\t{9, \"SIGKILL\", \"killed\"},\n\t{10, \"SIGBUS\", \"bus error\"},\n\t{11, \"SIGSEGV\", \"segmentation fault\"},\n\t{12, \"SIGSYS\", \"bad system call\"},\n\t{13, \"SIGPIPE\", \"broken pipe\"},\n\t{14, \"SIGALRM\", \"alarm clock\"},\n\t{15, \"SIGTERM\", \"terminated\"},\n\t{16, \"SIGURG\", \"urgent I/O condition\"},\n\t{17, \"SIGSTOP\", \"suspended (signal)\"},\n\t{18, \"SIGTSTP\", \"suspended\"},\n\t{19, \"SIGCONT\", \"continued\"},\n\t{20, \"SIGCHLD\", \"child exited\"},\n\t{21, \"SIGTTIN\", \"stopped (tty input)\"},\n\t{22, \"SIGTTOU\", \"stopped (tty output)\"},\n\t{23, \"SIGIO\", \"I/O possible\"},\n\t{24, \"SIGXCPU\", \"cputime limit exceeded\"},\n\t{25, \"SIGXFSZ\", \"filesize limit exceeded\"},\n\t{26, \"SIGVTALRM\", \"virtual timer expired\"},\n\t{27, \"SIGPROF\", \"profiling timer expired\"},\n\t{28, \"SIGWINCH\", \"window size changes\"},\n\t{29, \"SIGINFO\", \"information request\"},\n\t{30, \"SIGUSR1\", \"user defined signal 1\"},\n\t{31, \"SIGUSR2\", \"user defined signal 2\"},\n\t{32, \"SIGTHR\", \"thread AST\"},\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "HomeAway is the world leader in vacation rentals. ", "We offer the largest selection of properties for any travel occasion and every budget. ", "We're committed to helping families and friends find a perfect vacation rental to create unforgettable travel experiences together.", "\n\nVisit our other condo's:\nvrbo #477813 (sleeps 16)\nvrbo #611008 (sleeps 9)\nvrbo #712388 (sleeps 20)\nBeautiful, Brand new, Completely remodeled 4 bedroom condo with unique, eclectic, new furnishings. ", "Open floor plan, with large great room. ", "There is a large stone fireplace in the family room.", "Granite Counter tops. ", "This unit is located on the 3rd level of Las Palmas, easily accessed by stairs or elevator. ", "Located in Las Palmas, near Green Valley. ", "Just a few steps away are two amazing pools/jacuzzis. ", "Just adjacent to the condo is the infamous Green Valley Resort and Spa which offers 4 more pools, tennis/racquet ball courts, shared BBQ, kids playground and exercise room as well as the spa. ", "Free Wi-Fi.", "\nINCLUDES ACCESS TO GREEN VALLEY AND SAND HOLLOW AQUATIC CENTER POOLS!!!", "\nThe master bedroom has a king bed with brand new pillow top, tub/shower, his and her vanities and 43' flat screen TV. ", "The second bedroom has a queen bed and a 43' flat screen TV. ", "Full bathroom connected. ", "The third bedroom has Full over Full sized bunk beds, along with a twin trundle. ", "This room is decorated with a Star Wars theme. ", "Fun for kids of all ages. ", "The fourth bedroom also has Full over Full sized bunk beds with a twin trundle. ", "All brand new mattresses and bedding for your ultimate comfort.", "\nThe family room has 2 large couches, one with a queen sleeper. ", "There is plenty of seating for family movie night gatherings. ", "The entertainment center boast a 60' flat screen with DVD. ", "Adjacent to the family room is a large dining and bar area that seats up to 16 people comfortably. ", "There is a Washer and Dryer for your convenience.", "\nYou can enjoy a beautiful sunrise in the morning or chat with friends while barbecuing in the evening on your own private balcony.", "\nFor those of you who are outdoor enthusiast, there are are hiking, biking, and running trails within walking distance. ", "11 golf courses within 10 minutes of condominium! (", "several within five minutes!), ", "Mesquite is right around the corner only 35 minutes with more golf courses and great casinos with fantastic buffets, and for you nature lovers, Zions Park and Bryce Canyon National Parks, Grand Staircase, Great Basin National Park, Lake Powell, and the Grand Canyon are all within one-half day travel/fun!", "\n2017 Articat HDX 700 Crew XT, Side x Side, 9 seater, available to rent. ", "There are hundreds of miles of trails behind the condo. ", "$400/day\nVisit our other condos:\nvrbo #477813\nvrbo #611008\nvrbo #712388\n\nVisit our other condo's:\nvrbo #477813 (sleeps 16)\nvrbo #611008 (sleeps 9)\nvrbo #712388 (sleeps 20)\nBeautiful, Brand new, Completely remodeled 4 bedroom condo with unique, eclectic, new furnishings. ", "Open floor plan, with large great room. ", "There is a large stone fireplace in the family room.", "Granite Counter tops. ", "This unit is located on the 3rd level of Las Palmas, easily accessed by stairs or elevator. ", "Located in Las Palmas, near Green Valley. ", "Just a few steps away are two amazing pools/jacuzzis. ", "Just adjacent to the condo is the infamous Green Valley Resort and Spa which offers 4 more pools, tennis/racquet ball courts, shared BBQ, kids playground and exercise room as well as the spa. ", "Free Wi-Fi.", "\nINCLUDES ACCESS TO GREEN VALLEY AND SAND HOLLOW AQUATIC CENTER POOLS!!!", "\nThe master bedroom has a king bed with brand new pillow top, tub/shower, his and her vanities and 43' flat screen TV. ", "The second bedroom has a queen bed and a 43' flat screen TV. ", "Full bathroom connected. ", "The third bedroom has Full over Full sized bunk beds, along with a twin trundle. ", "This room is decorated with a Star Wars theme. ", "Fun for kids of all ages. ", "The fourth bedroom also has Full over Full sized bunk beds with a twin trundle. ", "All brand new mattresses and bedding for your ultimate comfort.", "\nThe family room has 2 large couches, one with a queen sleeper. ", "There is plenty of seating for family movie night gatherings. ", "The entertainment center boast a 60' flat screen with DVD. ", "Adjacent to the family room is a large dining and bar area that seats up to 16 people comfortably. ", "There is a Washer and Dryer for your convenience.", "\nYou can enjoy a beautiful sunrise in the morning or chat with friends while barbecuing in the evening on your own private balcony.", "\nFor those of you who are outdoor enthusiast, there are are hiking, biking, and running trails within walking distance. ", "11 golf courses within 10 minutes of condominium! (", "several within five minutes!), ", "Mesquite is right around the corner only 35 minutes with more golf courses and great casinos with fantastic buffets, and for you nature lovers, Zions Park and Bryce Canyon National Parks, Grand Staircase, Great Basin National Park, Lake Powell, and the Grand Canyon are all within one-half day travel/fun!", "\n2017 Articat HDX 700 Crew XT, Side x Side, 9 seater, available to rent. ", "There are hundreds of miles of trails behind the condo. ", "$400/day\nVisit our other condos:\nvrbo #477813\nvrbo #611008\nvrbo #712388\n\nVisit our other condo's:\nvrbo #477813 (sleeps 16)\nvrbo #611008 (sleeps 9)\nvrbo #712388 (sleeps 20)\nBeautiful, Brand new, Completely remodeled 4 bedroom condo with unique, eclectic, new furnishings. ", "Open floor plan, with large great room. ", "There is a large stone fireplace in the family room.", "Granite Counter tops. ", "This unit is located on the 3rd level of Las Palmas, easily accessed by stairs or elevator. ", "Located in Las Palmas, near Green Valley. ", "Just a few steps away are two amazing pools/jacuzzis. ", "Just adjacent to the condo is the infamous Green Valley Resort and Spa which offers 4 more pools, tennis/racquet ball courts, shared BBQ, kids playground and exercise room as well as the spa. ", "Free Wi-Fi.", "\nINCLUDES ACCESS TO GREEN VALLEY AND SAND HOLLOW AQUATIC CENTER POOLS!!!", "\nThe master bedroom has a king bed with brand new pillow top, tub/shower, his and her vanities and 43' flat screen TV. ", "The second bedroom has a queen bed and a 43' flat screen TV. ", "Full bathroom connected. ", "The third bedroom has Full over Full sized bunk beds, along with a twin trundle. ", "This room is decorated with a Star Wars theme. ", "Fun for kids of all ages. ", "The fourth bedroom also has Full over Full sized bunk beds with a twin trundle. ", "All brand new mattresses and bedding for your ultimate comfort.", "\nThe family room has 2 large couches, one with a queen sleeper. ", "There is plenty of seating for family movie night gatherings. ", "The entertainment center boast a 60' flat screen with DVD. ", "Adjacent to the family room is a large dining and bar area that seats up to 16 people comfortably. ", "There is a Washer and Dryer for your convenience.", "\nYou can enjoy a beautiful sunrise in the morning or chat with friends while barbecuing in the evening on your own private balcony.", "\nFor those of you who are outdoor enthusiast, there are are hiking, biking, and running trails within walking distance. ", "11 golf courses within 10 minutes of condominium! (", "several within five minutes!), ", "Mesquite is right around the corner only 35 minutes with more golf courses and great casinos with fantastic buffets, and for you nature lovers, Zions Park and Bryce Canyon National Parks, Grand Staircase, Great Basin National Park, Lake Powell, and the Grand Canyon are all within one-half day travel/fun!", "\n2017 Articat HDX 700 Crew XT, Side x Side, 9 seater, available to rent. ", "There are hundreds of miles of trails behind the condo. ", "$400/day\nVisit our other condos:\nvrbo #477813\nvrbo #611008\nvrbo #712388\n\nBeautiful, Brand new, Completely remodeled 4 bedroom condo with unique, eclectic, new furnishings. ", "Open floor plan, with large great room. ", "There is a large stone fireplace in the family room.", "Granite Counter tops. ", "This unit is located on the 3rd level of Las Palmas, easily accessed by stairs or elevator. ", "Located in Las Palmas, near Green Valley. ", "Just a few steps away are two amazing pools/jacuzzis. ", "Just adjacent to the condo is the infamous Green Valley Resort and Spa which offers 4 more pools, tennis/racquet ball courts, shared BBQ, kids playground and exercise room as well as the spa. ", "Free Wi-Fi.", "\n\nThe master bedroom has a king bed with brand new pillow top, tub/shower, his and her vanities and 43' flat screen TV. ", "The second bedroom has a queen bed and a 43' flat screen TV. ", "Full bathroom connected. ", "The third bedroom has Full over Full sized bunk beds, along with a twin trundle. ", "This room is decorated with a Star Wars theme. ", "Fun for kids of all ages. ", "The fourth bedroom also has Full over Full sized bunk beds with a twin trundle. ", "All brand new mattresses and bedding for your ultimate comfort.", "\n\nThe family room has 2 large couches, one with a queen sleeper. ", "There is plenty of seating for family movie night gatherings. ", "The entertainment center boast a 60' flat screen with DVD. ", "Adjacent to the family room is a large dining and bar area that seats up to 16 people comfortably. ", "There is a Washer and Dryer for your convenience.", "\n\nYou can enjoy a beautiful sunrise in the morning or chat with friends while barbecuing in the evening on your own private balcony.", "\n\nFor those of you who are outdoor enthusiast, there are are hiking, biking, and running trails within walking distance. ", "11 golf courses within 10 minutes of condominium! (", "several within five minutes!), ", "Mesquite is right around the corner only 35 minutes with more golf courses and great casinos with fantastic buffets, and for you nature lovers, Zions Park and Bryce Canyon National Parks, Grand Staircase, Great Basin National Park, Lake Powell, and the Grand Canyon are all within one-half day travel/fun!", "\n\n2017 Articat HDX 700 Crew XT, Side x Side, 9 seater, available to rent. ", "There are hundreds of miles of trails behind the condo. ", "$400/day\n\nFive stars\n\nThis was a great place to stay with our family of eight. ", "The condo was clean, decorated nicely, and has all the amenities. ", "The view was beautiful. ", "There was lots to do in the area to enjoy the outdoors.", "\n\nFabulous place for a weekend getaway\n\nStayed here for three days and it was just what we needed. ", "The kids enjoyed the pool, I enjoyed the king size bed and large master bathroom. ", "We watched movies at night on the large screen TV in the family room and we were grateful that the fridge came stocked with plenty of chilled water bottles. ", "This is our second time staying at properties owned by Toni and we will certainly stay again next year!", "\n\nSubmitted: Nov 16, 2017\n\nStayed: November 2017\n\nSource: VRBO, from HomeAway\n\nOwner's Response: Andy I'm so happy you had a good time! ", "Keep coming back!", "\n\nBeautifully decorate and very family friendly.", "\n\nWe had 13 of us from age 2 to 75 and everyone enjoyed our stay here. ", "Five of the kids (ages 6 to 9) loved sharing the \"star wars\" room with the double bunk bed and trundle. ", "The rest of us were very comfortable and especially enjoyed playing games on the dining room table. ", "The owners were very accommodating and great to deal with. ", "Definitely would recommend this great VRBO condo.", "\n\nCofortable, Immaculate, Modern Home Away from Home\n\nStan and Toni were excellent communicators from start to finish. ", "Prior to my stay, all questions were answered. ", "Prior to arriving I also received a detailed sheet with instructions on how to maneuver around the house.", "\n\nThe place is ample, extremely clean and organized. ", "Besides the instructions that I received to make my way around the house, everything could be found in its proper place, labeled. ", "Not only was it helpful in identifying where or what things were, but it was also helpful when it came time to put things back or away. ", "If you are a business traveler like me, you will appreciate the consistency and speed of the WiFi internet. ", "If you are a person who loves to cook while traveling, there are spices and cookware galore available in the kitchen. ", "The bed that I slept in felt like heaven and I had one of the best nights of rest that I have ever had. ", "My trip was short, but I definitely plan on staying at this place in the future. ", "If you are looking for a place close to everything that has everything,, this is the place for you.", "\n\nAbout Toni Nilson\n\nWe have 8 children, and we live in Utah. ", "We love Family Vacations, and would love to help make your vacation perfect!", "\n\nToni Nilson purchased this condo in 2012\n\nWhy Toni Nilson chose St. George\n\nThis condo is completely remodeled with all new furninshings. ", "It sleeps up to 16 people comfortably.", "\n\nWhat makes this condo unique\n\nThis condo sleeps 16 people in beds, there are beautiful views of St. George off of the shady deck. ", "There is a fun Star Wars themed room and decorated throughout with bright fun colors and unique furnishings. ", "The open kitchen makes it easy to entertain the entire family. ", "Located near multiple golf courses, restaurants, and shopping centers. ", "Hiking and biking trails within walking distance. ", "Garage space available for storage of bikes, cars, recreational vehicles etc.", "\n\nMap\n\nCar: recommended\n\nLas Palmas is located in the beautiful scenic bluffs of St. George, Utah just adjacent to the Nationally renowned Green Valley Spa and Resort. ", "With easy access to hiking and biking trails, infamous golf courses and amazing national parks. ", "Five minutes from I15 and five to ten minutes from any restaurant, shopping and golf courses." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "An acidic polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the roots and rhizomes of Saposhnikovia divaricata.", "\nAn acidic polysaccharide, named saposhnikovan C, was isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Saposhnikovia divaricata Schischk. ", "It was homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis and gel chromatography, and showed remarkable reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test. ", "It is composed of D-galacturonic acid:L-rhamnose:L-arabinose:D-galactose in a molar ratio of 27:7:8:8, and its molecular mass was estimated to be 132000. ", "About 30% of the D-galacturonic acid residues exist as the methyl esters. ", "O-Acetyl groups were identified, and the content amounted to 3.3%. ", "Methylation analysis, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, and controlled Smith degradation studies indicated the structural features. ", "It has a pectin-like rhamnogalacturonan backbone with branched arabinan and galactan side chains." ]

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[ "Ein spektakuläres Gemälde des britischen Streetart-Künstlers Banksy sorgt bei der Versteigerung für großes Aufsehen: Als der Hammer fällt, wechselt das Werk zum Rekordpreis von fast zehn Millionen Pfund den Besitzer. ", "Wer bietet so viel Geld? ", "Das Auktionshaus hüllt sich in Schweigen.", "\n\nDas britische Parlament von Affen bevölkert: Dieses surreale Werk des britischen Street-Art-Künstlers Banksy hat bei einer Auktion in London die Rekordsumme von 9,9 Millionen Pfund (11,1 Millionen Euro) eingebracht. ", "Bei der 13-minütigen Versteigerung gingen die Gebote für das Ölgemälde aus dem Jahr 2009 rasant nach oben, wie das Auktionshaus Sotheby's berichtete. ", "Wer letztlich den Zuschlag für das Gemälde bekam, bleibt geheim: Die Identität des Käufers wurde nicht bekannt gegeben.", "\n\nDas millionenteure Kunstwerk bietet reichlich Anlass für politisch scharfzüngige Interpretationen: Auf dem 2,5 Meter hohen und 4,2 Meter breiten Ölgemälde sitzen statt Politikern Schimpansen auf den grünen Bänken des britischen Unterhauses. ", "Das Bild steht wie ein Symbol für die verfahrene Brexit-Debatte im Londoner Parlament. ", "Sotheby's hatte den Wert im Vorfeld auf 1,5 bis 2,0 Millionen Pfund geschätzt.", "\n\nDie nun erzielte Summe stellt einen Rekord für ein Werk des britischen Künstlers dar, dessen Identität weiterhin gut geschützt unter Verschluss gehalten wird. ", "Der bisherige Rekordpreis für ein Banksy-Werk lag bei umgerechnet 1,7 Millionen Euro, die 2008 bei einer Auktion in New York erzielt wurden.", "\n\nKlare Bezüge zur Brexit-Debatte\n\nAuch der Künstler selbst äußerte sich zu der Versteigerung. \"", "Rekordpreis für ein Banksy-Gemälde bei einer Auktion heute Abend aufgestellt\", schrieb der Künstler auf Instagram. \"", "Schade, dass es nicht mehr mir gehört.\" ", "Zugleich postete er ein Zitat des 2012 verstorbenen Kunstkritikers Robert Hughes, mit dem er sich offenbar von der Kommerzialisierung seiner Kunst distanzieren will. \"", "Der Preis eines Kunstwerks ist Teil seiner Funktion geworden\", heißt es da.", "\n\nBanksy hatte das Bild 2011 verkauft. ", "Das Gemälde war erstmals 2009 im Museum von Banksys Heimatstadt Bristol ausgestellt worden. ", "In diesem Jahr stellte der Künstler das Gemälde erneut aus - zeitgleich mit dem ursprünglichen Brexit-Datum 29. ", "März und in Anspielung auf die heftigen und tumultartigen Brexit-Debatten im Unterhaus. ", "Bei dieser Gelegenheit wurde das Werk, das früher \"Fragestunde\" hieß, umbenannt in \"Devolved Parliament\" (etwa: Zurückentwickeltes Parlament).", "\n\nIn den vergangenen Wochen gewann das Gemälde dann angesichts der hitzigen Parlamentsdebatten seit dem Antritt von Premierminister Boris Johnson erneut an Aktualität. \"", "Was wir in den vergangenen Wochen und Monaten im Unterhaus gesehen haben, ist zu einer täglichen Seifenoper geworden\", sagte Alex Branczik von Sotheby's. ", "Mit dem Gemälde zeige Banksy den Rückschritt der ältesten parlamentarischen Demokratie in eine Welt von \"tribalistischem, animalischem Verhalten\"." ]

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[ "/*\r\n * private.c\r\n *\r\n * Description:\r\n * This translation unit implements routines which are private to\r\n * the implementation and may be used throughout it.", "\r\n *\r\n * --------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n *\r\n * Pthreads-win32 - POSIX Threads Library for Win32\r\n * Copyright(C) 1998 John E. Bossom\r\n * Copyright(C) 1999,2005 Pthreads-win32 contributors\r\n * \r\n * Contact Email: rpj@callisto.canberra.edu.au\r\n * \r\n * The current list of contributors is contained\r\n * in the file CONTRIBUTORS included with the source\r\n * code distribution. ", "The list can also be seen at the\r\n * following World Wide Web location:\r\n * http://sources.redhat.com/pthreads-win32/contributors.html\r\n * \r\n * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\r\n * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public\r\n * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either\r\n * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.", "\r\n * \r\n * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\r\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\r\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the GNU\r\n * Lesser General Public License for more details.", "\r\n * \r\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public\r\n * License along with this library in the file COPYING.LIB;\r\n * if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,\r\n * 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA\r\n */\r\n\r\n#include \"pthread.h\"\r\n#include \"implement.h\"\r\n\r\n#include \"ptw32_MCS_lock.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_is_attr.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_processInitialize.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_processTerminate.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_threadStart.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_threadDestroy.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_tkAssocCreate.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_tkAssocDestroy.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_callUserDestroyRoutines.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_semwait.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_timespec.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_relmillisecs.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_throw.c\"\r\n#include \"ptw32_getprocessors.c\"\r\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDo something 300px after leaves the bottom\n\nI have a code to display something when get 300px before the scroll reaches the bottom! ", "When the bottom is reached, I want to get rid of this message when get 300px after leave the bottom!", "\nIt perfectly works when I reach 300px before the bottom, but it doesn't work when I try to scroll 300px back.", "\ndocument.addEventListener('scroll', function(event) {\n var docHeight = $(document).height(); // Document height\n var winHeight = $(window).height(); // Window height\n var minHeight = docHeight - winHeight; // Real document height\n var curHeight = $(window).scrollTop(); // Display the height according to scrolling\n\n $(window).scroll(function() {\n //BEFORE\n if(curHeight + 300 > minHeight) {\n document.getElementById('copyrights').innerHTML = \"Welcome to bottom\";\n }\n\n //AFTER (doesn't work)\n if(curHeight - 300 == minHeight - 300) {\n document.getElementById('copyrights').innerHTML = \"Good bye\";\n }\n });\n});\n\nA:\n\nYou'll have to set a flag variable to hold the state of whether you already went to the bottom before or not, or else it will just say goodbye at page load. ", "Also the second check should be if (curHeight <= minHeight - 300). ", "So all in all something like the following:\nvar scrolledToBottom = false;\ndocument.addEventListener('scroll', function(event) {\n var docHeight = $(document).height(); // Document height\n var winHeight = $(window).height(); // Window height\n var minHeight = docHeight - winHeight; // Real document height\n var curHeight = $(window).scrollTop(); // Display the height according to scrolling\n\n $(window).scroll(function() {\n //BEFORE\n if(curHeight + 300 > minHeight) {\n document.getElementById('copyrights').innerHTML = \"Welcome to bottom\";\n scrolledToBottom = true;\n }\n\n if (scrolledToBottom) {\n //AFTER (doesn't work)\n if (curHeight <= minHeight - 300) {\n document.getElementById('copyrights').innerHTML = \"Good bye\";\n }\n }\n });\n});\n\n" ]

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[ "Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow (film)\n\nYesterday, Today, Tomorrow (Filipino: Kahapon, Ngayon, Bukas) is a Filipino drama film directed by Jun Luna. ", "The film stars Maricel Soriano, Gabby Concepcion, Jericho Rosales, Dennis Trillo, Paulo Avelino, Lovi Poe, Carla Abellana, Solenn Heussaff, Ronaldo Valdez, Agot Isidro and Eula Caballero. ", "It is an official entry for the 2011 Metro Manila Film Festival. ", "It was released on 25 December 2011.", "\n\nCast\nMaricel Soriano as Mariel\nGabby Concepcion as Gary\nJericho Rosales as Jacob\nDennis Trillo as Derek\nPaulo Avelino as Vincent\nLovi Poe as Lori\nCarla Abellana as Charlotte\nSolenn Heussaff as Selene\nRonaldo Valdez as Donald\nAgot Isidro as Agnes\nEula Caballero as Eunice\nChariz Solomon as Coreen\nWilma Doesnt as Betty\nVia Antonio as Portia\n\nAwards\n\nRelease\n\nBox office\nThe film grossed over on its 2 weeks of showing, and holds the second to the last grossing film out of eight other films including Enteng Ng Ina Mo, Ang Panday 2, Segunda Mano, and others who also competed in the 2011 Metro Manila Film Festival. ", "And as of now, the film earned P18.8 million and still at its place.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2011 films\nCategory:Philippine films\nCategory:2010s drama films\nCategory:Regal Entertainment films\nCategory:Philippine drama films" ]

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[ "A few weeks ago, I simply posted a link to a story about the beginning of the lawsuit Jamie Leigh Jones filed against KBR-Haliburton. ", "Since then, people have come here searching for “jamie leigh jones pics” and “jamie leigh jones sexual partners.” ", "The defense decided to dig up information on her past, which could explain the search terms. ", "But they way rape victims are sexualized (i.e. Lara Logan) might have played a role as well.", "\n\nLast week, a jury found that Jones was not raped. ", "It’s not surprising. ", "Few rape cases end in a conviction even in a criminal trial. ", "I had thought that the damage done to her pectoral capsule, genitals and anus would be enough to convince anyone that she had not had consensual sex, but it’s unclear what the jury was allowed to hear, and KBR has done a good job of muddying the water. ", "One of the most powerful corporations in the world used popular narratives about women being liars to avoid liability. ", "Considering the number of American soldiers they have killed through negligence, the fact that they gave our troops dirty water to drink, and the allegations that they participate in human trafficking, it is a deep and cruel irony for KBR to question the credibility of anyone.", "\n\nJessica P at Care2 has a lot to say about they way the sexism inherent in our culture is still obvious from this verdict.", "\n\nIt’s hard to write about something so disturbing, with a faceless, amorphous, villain right out of central casting. ", "By my count, they imprisoned a rape victim, electrocuted our soldiers to death, serve troops disgusting muddy brown water and are modern day slave mongers – almost too evil to be real, as if from a children’s story. ", "The good news is that the number of rapes is at an all time low. ", "The attitudes of some people make it difficult to convict rapists, but collectively we are doing something right with preventing the crime to begin with." ]

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[ "Cooperative Study of Methods for the Recovery of Enteric Viruses from Shellfish.", "\nTen investigators actively involved in shellfish virology agreed to participate in a methods study. ", "Each participant was given the freedom of choice as to method and cell cultures used. ", "Considerable variation was noted in the number of viruses recovered from six 100-g representative samples. ", "All the methods appeared to detect polioviruses but difficulty was encountered in detecting low levels of coxsackie-viruses and echoviruses. ", "The glasswool filtration-hydroextraction method and modifications of the Sobsey method were the most effective techniques for detecting and quantitating virus in this study." ]

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[ "Pearl vortex\n\nIn superconductivity, a Pearl vortex is a vortex of supercurrent in a thin film of type-II superconductor, first described in 1964 by Judea Pearl. ", "A Pearl vortex is similar to Abrikosov vortex except for its magnetic field profile which, due to the dominant air-metal interface, diverges sharply as 1/ at short distances from the center, and decays slowly, like 1/ at long distances. ", "Abrikosov's vortices, in comparison, have very short range interaction and diverge as near the center.", "\n\nA transport current flowing through a superconducting film may cause these vortices to move with a constant velocity proportional to, and perpendicular to the transport current. ", "Because of their proximity to the surface, and their sharp field divergence at their centers, Pearl's vortices\ncan actually be seen by a scanning SQUID microscope.", "\nThe characteristic length governing the distribution of the magnetic field around the vortex center is given by the ratio /, also known as \"Pearl length,\" where is the film thickness and\n is London penetration depth.", "\nBecause this ratio can reach macroscopic dimensions (~1 mm) by making the film sufficiently thin, it can\nbe measured relatively easy and used to estimate the density of superconducting electrons.", "\n\nAt distances shorter than the Pearl's length, vortices behave like a Coulomb gas (1/ repulsive force).", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Superconductivity" ]

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[ "By Mary Yasmine Arrouche\n\nAstrid Andersen, a specialist of menswear deeply rooted in street culture and sportswear seems to have found her niche and this season follows in her step to offer a men's collection playing on the duality of manliness and vulnerability.", "\n\nRight after a much talked about collaboration with high street giant, TOPMAN, it seems like Astrid Andersen manages to find new inspirations without losing her touch and fascination with her streetwear creed.", "\n\nThis season, the Asian culture is once again at the core of her collection, in a quite obvious fashion to say the least.", "\n\nKimonos, adorned with delicate prints and flocked with the Astrid Andersen logo represent the middle point between tradition and novelty. ", "Orange, magenta, navy blue and black compose the color palette of what seems to be the marriage of traditional Japanese outfits and American sports.", "\n\nThe lightness of aerial silks meets the heaviness of neoprene, lace (full shirts or used as an embellishment) is combined with ample basketball shirts. ", "Leather is used mainly on the ample shorts, reminiscing of the ones basketball players wear, or even on the wide back pack offering at Astrid Andersen. ", "Neoprene gives the silhouette an \"American footballer\" accent with broad shoulders and is toned down by sheer patches here and there.", "\n\nAn ode to duality and a bold streetwear statement set to satisfy her ever growing fan base, Astrid Andersen seems to have found her thing and is not ready to let it go, yet." ]

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[ "Posted by Scott Jehl 05/16/2017\n\nThis April, I was thrilled to be given the opportunity to present at Funka’s annual Accessibility Days Conference in Stockholm. ", "The following is a transcript and slides from my presentation, Accessibility in a Responsive World.", "\n\nGood afternoon, everyone! ", "It’s such an honor for me to be here in Stockholm at this event. ", "Thanks so much for joining me for this technical session.", "\n\nToday I’m going to talk about accessibility within the context of responsive web design.", "\n\nI work for a consultancy in the US called Filament Group.", "\n\nAt Filament, we design & develop websites and applications for clients both large and small. ", "And on behalf of our clients, our goal has long been to build sites that are accessible to as many people as possible.", "\n\nIn that aim, we’ve found that being “accessible” means many things to us, to our clients, and to users.", "\n\nFirst, it means that a website must be able to be reached in the first place, from anywhere in the world, and quickly—particularly in slow and spotty mobile networks.", "\n\nAnd that alone takes special care to do well.", "\n\nMany aspects of web delivery are out of our control, but we can do a lot to increase the odds of a fast & useful delivery. ", "So I like to think of performance and resilience as the earliest accessibility metrics to care about. ", "Speed improves access. ", "And to build resilient sites, we need to plan for failure, even expect it, and take steps to ensure our code can gracefully tolerate faults that can render a site unusable, or prevent it from rendering at all.", "\n\nBuilding accessibly to us also means that once the code is delivered, the website should be usable and intuitive and feel appropriate to folks using any device, browser, viewport size, and assistive technology.", "\n\nVineyard Vines, an example of a Responsive layout.", "\n\nFrom a screen size perspective, that means designing interfaces that are fluid and contextual, to feel at home on any device, and this is something Responsive Web Design—the pairing of fluid layout & images, with CSS media queries—helps us do quite well.", "\n\nIt’s been amazing to watch responsive design go from a proof of concept that a small number of us used on our blogs to what’s now almost an expected quality of a website.", "\n\nOf course, to truly work across all of these different screens, responsive interfaces need to be inclusive to common input modes as well. ", "Like keyboard, touch, and mouse.", "\n\niOS VoiceOver's dial interface\n\nAnd we can go a long way towards that goal by using meaningful HTML markup to ensure an accessible experience from the start, such as using real focusable elements for buttons, and layering in ARIA attributes when necessary to improve the ways that markup is communicated to assistive technology.", "\n\nAnd often most critically, it means applying enhancements defensively, in a qualified manner.", "\n\nFeatures and constraints vary across browsers, devices, and networks, and the code we deliver should accommodate.", "\n\nWe need to take care to use techniques that shield users from downloading code that their device won’t end up using, or images that are larger than necessary for their display, and we must apply enhancements progressively, and cautiously, so that we don’t unintentionally break a page that was already usable in its initial delivered form.", "\n\nBut, often than not, I do find that the practices we use to achieve all of these goals tend to play very nicely together.", "\n\nThat’s really a testament to how well web standards have been planned. ", "Carefully addressing one use case almost always betters the experience of the others as well.", "\n\nThat said, during the process of developing a site, one design requirement, optimization, or priority can sometimes complicate or conflict with another, or at least competes with the way we’re used to doing things. ", "And when that happens, we ideally want to find new ways to satisfy all our priorities.", "\n\nRecently, I’ve encountered some challenges at the intersection of responsive design and accessibility.", "\n\nCSS itself gives us powerful control over the way our linear HTML is presented, and using it as designed can sometimes result in a disconnect between the markup that keyboard and assistive technology users interact with, and the way that markup is being presented on the screen. ", "Additionally, CSS media queries enable us to shift between many of these potentially disconnected presentations of our HTML depending on the size of the viewport, which can compound the problem.", "\n\nTwo presentations of a collapsible nav control depending on viewport width.", "\n\nThat disconnect can create barriers for many people.", "\n\nMore and more, we’re tasked with creating components that behave quite differently across devices. ", "Inadequate pairing of visual & aural interfaces at all variations of a UI can lead to confusion, particularly for sighted (and partially sighted) screen reader users.", "\n\nAnd that’s perhaps an under-looked group. ", "Our field typically discusses screen reader usage as it relates to blind people, but it’s easy to forget that folks use screen readers and other assistive tech for a far wider variety of additional reasons, from partial sightedness to cognitive disabilities, to all kinds of physical impairment (temporary and not).", "\n\nMuch like all means of accessing the web, assistive technology is no single platform, but rather a continuum, to quote Jeremy Keith… a continuum of use cases to consider.", "\n\nAs most accessibility guides will say, pairing the visual experience very closely with the experience that is communicated to assistive technology can eliminate a great number of problems for users throughout that continuum.", "\n\nBut achieving that is not always straightforward.", "\n\nFor the rest of this session, I’ll look at some of the challenges I’ve seen in accurately communicating the changing state of a responsive interface to assistive technology.", "\n\nA little while ago, I reached out on Twitter to ask about the challenges other developers encounter in creating accessible responsive layouts, and many of the answers related to problematic spatial and behavioral language in a UI.", "\n\nI too had run into issues in this area.", "\n\nSometimes text cues in an interface reference the visual relationship of elements in a layout, and that text can be misleading if that layout changes across viewport sizes in a responsive design.", "\n\nScreenshot of resizing layout\n\nTake this somewhat contrived example of a text caption that might appear below or to the right of an image depending on the viewport size. ", "Referring to the image using terms like “above” or “left\" can be misleading unless we dynamically update it to match the layout, and that’s probably more complicated than it’s worth.", "\n\nYou could extrapolate this example to more complicated scenarios, particularly with info graphics. ", "But if we try to avoid visual language entirely and instead say something like \"Pictured: …” or “Figure 1”, we can avoid those spatial issues before they crop up.", "\n\nCode example: <figure> <img src=\"eiffel.jpg\" alt=\"Eiffel tower\"> <figcaption>Pictured, the Eiffel Tower, Is Illuminated in Green to Celebrate Paris Agreement's Entry into Force</figcaption> </figure>\n\nFor cases like this, it also improves accessibility to use HTML elements that are designed for this use case of relating a caption to a figure.", "\n\nThe figure and figcaption elements are designed for this, as shown here, and their native semantics leave nothing for us to add.", "\n\nSo a site’s language use can be overly tied to visual presentation. ", "It’s also possible to use language that’s overly specific about how a site should be used. ", "Text that attempts to aid usability for particular input types may be irrelevant or confusing to users with devices that lack that capability.", "\n\nI recently encountered such an example when building an autosuggest search field. ", "At first, I was inclined to include instructions on the field to aid in using the suggestions that it offers.", "\n\nFor example, a message like \"use your arrow keys to browse the suggestions” could be applied using the aria-describedby attribute.", "\n\nCode example: <input type=\"search\" aria-autocomplete=\"list\" aria-owns=\"menu\" aria-describedby=\"helptext\"> <p id=\"helptext\">Use your arrow keys to browse the suggestions</p> <div id=\"menu\" aria-hidden=\"true\">…</div>\n\nThe HTML for that might look like this:\n\nA search input with ARIA attributes noting things such as that it will offer a list autocomplete, and that it is described by a paragraph of helper text referenced elsewhere in the page (which is the text that contains my helpful note about arrow key usage)\n\nAnd admittedly, there would be more code involved in making this control really function. ", "Such as a fair amount of javascript to toggle attributes and populate the menu options as the user types.", "\n\nVideo clip with audio from VoiceOver\n\nStill, with that HTML alone, we can already focus on the text input in desktop browser, with a screenreader enabled, and hear something like this.", "\n\n(audio clip: “search, edit text. ", "Use your arrow keys to browse the suggestions.”)", "\n\nTo a developer like me, sitting at my work laptop, that might seem like a helpful addition. ", "However, responsive designs need to be ready not only for many screen sizes but also different input mechanisms too, and it’s easy to forget that well-meaning instructions like these may not be helpful to folks browsing on a touchscreen for example, which often has no arrow keys to use.", "\n\nVideo clip with audio from iOS VoiceOver\n\nFor someone using this control on a touchscreen and a screen reader like VoiceOver, the instructions aren’t so helpful. ", "To support that use case, we would want to make sure the menu options are usable via tab focus, as that will map nicely to VoiceOver’s screen gestures.", "\n\nAs we do more and more testing to support different modes of input like that, we increase the likelihood of the control being intuitive to use without many instructions, so we can shift the helper text to describe something less input specific. ", "In my case, I ended up changing the text to say this:\n\n(Audio clip: ”As you type, relevant search suggestions will automatically appear after this field.\")", "\n\nAnother common practice is properly hiding content that should not be presented visually in a design, but that is beneficial to those using assistive tech.", "\n\nGenerally, I find it’s best to avoiding hiding content at all unless it improves the user experience to do so, but if you need to accessibly hide content, there are many things to keep in mind.", "\n\nFrom a CSS standpoint, hiding HTML elements so that only screen readers can access them is both common and reliable.", "\n\nCode example: .accessible-hidden { position: absolute; top: 0; left: -999px; height: 1px; width: 1px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; }\n\nThe way that’s typically done is to position an element outside of the visual viewport so that it’s not in the rendered view, using some styles like this. ", "As long as styles like display: none and visibility hidden are avoided, the content can still be accessed by screen readers.", "\n\nThere’s a lot of history packed into this little bit of code. ", "But the basic mechanics of it simply move the element offscreen and collapse its dimensions so that it’s not visible. ", "The 1 pixel size became common because VoiceOver would ignore text with 0px dimensions. ", "Rules like clip are there as extra safeguards for certain elements that don’t collapse to 1px without a fight. ", "And -999px is generally enough to get an element well outside the left of the viewport, unless you’re building a right-to-left layout…\n\nCode example: .accessible-hidden { position: absolute; top: 0; left: -999px; height: 1px; width: 1px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; }\n\nOne part of this code that I find particularly interesting with regards to accessibility is the last rule.", "\n\nI learned recently that when you collapse an element down to small dimensions like this, the text inside it will naturally wrap, and some screen readers may interpret those word wraps in unhelpful ways, such as ignoring them entirely so that sentences are read aloud without spaces!", "\n\nTo avoid that, you should include white-space: nowrap in your accessible-hidden styles, and the text doesn’t virtually wrap inside the 1px container, and the spaces will be retained.", "\n\nCode example: .accessible-hidden:focus { position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; background: #fff; padding: 10px; }\n\nAnother thing that’s easy to forget is that hiding content accessibly will not prevent focusable content from receiving keyboard focus.", "\n\nWhen the roving focus state seems to disappear while navigating the page because it ended up focusing on hidden content, it can be very disorienting.", "\n\nTo avoid this problem, I try to remember that any accessibly-hidden content should no longer be hidden when it gains focus. ", "As one example, the CSS shown here will position an accessibly-hidden element element at the top of the viewport when focused\n\nSkip link on this site\n\nAnd that’s a common approach for styling skip links.", "\n\nWe use this CSS for the skip links on the interior pages of Filament’s site, all of which have a skip-to-content link that is hidden when not focused. ", "If you’re tabbing through this page, it’ll be the first element that gains focus, shown top/center.", "\n\nThis is really helpful to all keyboard users, especially those who are sighted or partially sighted, perhaps using a screen reader as an aid on top of the visual interface. ", "In those situations especially, the parity between visual and aural experience is really critical.", "\n\nSo in the rare cases where it makes sense to hide focusable content, this approach is a helpful way to ensure it doesn’t stay hidden when actually focused.", "\n\nThe ways CSS presentation can unintentionally impact accessibility are scary and fascinating to me.", "\n\nThat text hiding gotcha was one really good example of that.", "\n\nAnother one I have run into comes from the common technique of using CSS text-transform to change text letter case.", "\n\nSame button, different audio\n\nIt’s common to see all-caps used for small buttons in an interface, and the “right” way to do this is to use ordinary sentence case text in the source code and use CSS to transform it to all-caps, and perhaps even only at certain viewport sizes.", "\n\nOne thing you might not expect is that VoiceOver will sometimes speak an element differently depending on whether this CSS style is applied.", "\n\nAudio clip: “Add to Bag, A-D-D to Bag”\n\nFun with aural text-transform Time of arrival (est.) : \"", "Time of arrival, E.S.T.\"\n\nmen : \"M.E.N.\"\n\nzip : \"Z.I.P.\"\n\nUs : \"U.S.\"\n\nSo voiceover seems to assume that when some words are made all-caps, just with CSS, they become acronyms and it reads them one letter at a time. ", "This could create some pretty confusing situations.", "\n\nFor example, an estimated time of arrival could become the time of arrival in the EST, the eastern time zone.", "\n\nOr, perhaps a link to “Visit Us” would be read as “Visit U.S.”, which sounds like it’s suggesting you visit the United States. ", "And that’s a very different thing.", "\n\nCode example: <button aria-label=\"Add to bag\">Add to bag</button>\n\nThankfully if you run into this problem yourself, there is a workaround I’ve used that can fix it.", "\n\nAria-label will let you specify the text as you’d like it to be read. ", "It’s not ideal, but it works, and we actually had to do use this in a recent project.", "\n\nIn theory, the CSS property “speak: normal” (as opposed to “speak: spell-out”) should fix this too, which would be better. ", "But I was not able to get it to work in VoiceOver.", "\n\nOne of the most common challenges I find in building responsive layouts comes from accurately communicating the role and state of responsive toggles.", "\n\nSo much of UI design involves toggles, whether they’re accordions, menus that open and close, dialogs, tabs.", "\n\nBut toggles that are only sometimes user-interactive, depending on various conditions, can be particularly tricky to communicate well to assistive technology.", "\n\nImage with navigation either collapsible or static, based on viewport size\n\nConsider a component like this one.", "\n\nOn small screens like the phone at the top, we have some navigation lists that are user-expandable, while on wider screens the list items are shown at all times, without any ability for the user to collapse them, and the buttons that formerly acted as toggles are instead just text headings above each list.", "\n\nAnother example of navigation that's collapsible or static, based on viewport size\n\nHere’s another example of this same sort of behavior, from the navigation on Filament’s website.", "\n\nAgain, here we have a list of navigation links, sometimes preceded by a button that lets you toggle their visibility, or sometimes displayed statically without any need for user interaction.", "\n\nIn these two examples, the components are different enough in behavior that they should be described differently to assistive technology.", "\n\nI find it’s fairly easy to find examples online for creating either a variant of this component’s HTML in accessible ways. ", "But managing both in the same UI is less often discussed.", "\n\nAs a result, developers like Dave Rupert here have admitted that they’re trying to show and hide content less often, just to avoid dealing with the complexity of doing it well…\n\nHTML Starting Point <h2 class=\"collapsible_header\">Packing List</h2> <div class=\"collapsible_content\"> ... </div>\n\nSo how might we do it well?", "\n\nWell, here’s how that component might start out in the HTML source, before any JavaScript is applied to make it user-toggleable.", "\n\nPretty basic. ", "There’s a level 2 heading, followed by a div containing some collapsible content, perhaps a list of links.", "\n\nNow, to make that markup meaningful as a toggle control, it needs some additions.", "\n\nIf you’re like me, your first inclination might be to use JavaScript to transform the role of that heading into a button, but the ARIA specification’s rule number 2 explicitly asks that we do not do that.", "\n\nInstead, we should insert a button element into the heading, which allows that heading to stay in the document tree as handy accessible navigation.", "\n\nI should note here that the ARIA spec has some fantastic documentation nowadays and this particular page has a short list of rules that are really great as high-level guides.", "\n\nAn Interactive Toggle <h2 class=\"collapsible_header\"> <button aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-controls=\"packinglist\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Packing List</button> </h2> <div class=\"collapsible_content\" role=\"menu\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"packinglist\"> ... </div>\n\nSo for a clickable toggle, the heading should have a focusable button element inside it.", "\n\nThere are also some ARIA attributes we can add to communicate the state (expanded or collapsed) and the relationship between the button and content.", "\n\nTypically, we would add this markup with JavaScript, since the collapsible needs JavaScript to be functional.", "\n\nBut we also want to selectively add or remove this markup depending on the viewport size and which version of our component is in play.", "\n\nPairing Behavior with Presentation var big = window.matchMedia( \"(min-width: 800px)\" ).matches; if( big ){ removeToggle(); } else { addToggle(); }\n\nAnd that part is tricky. ", "Changing markup across responsive layouts is not as easy as changing presentation. ", "We have to do it by adding or removing attributes and elements. ", "And we need to figure out WHEN to do that as well.", "\n\nOne way we could figure that out is to use the matchMedia function, which lets us test media queries in JavaScript to see if they match or not.", "\n\nWe might check if a media query matches when the page loads, and listen for it to change at later times too…\n\nAnd this would work, but it also adds some unfortunate maintenance overhead, as now we have presentation information in our JavaScript as well as our CSS.", "\n\nVideo showing a toggle's visual affordance via mouse cursor type\n\nA better way might be to write our script to inspect which CSS rules are active, and based on that, we can know which version of the component is being shown. ", "Then we can update the HTML to best communicate that version.", "\n\nTo do this, I’ve used the CSS cursor property (which changes the mouse cursor) to denote whether the heading is supposed to act as a toggle at a particular breakpoint. ", "For example, the cursor should display as a “pointer” when the toggle is interactive, and as the “default” arrow when it is not.", "\n\nWith the cursor property denoting the version of the component, my JavaScript could check this property and manipulate the HTML and behavior accordingly.", "\n\nToggle or not, in CSS .collapsible_header { cursor: pointer; } @media (min-width: 800px){ .collapsible_header { cursor: default; } }\n\nTo recap that last bit, here is how that looks in CSS.", "\n\nOur collapsible heading begins with a cursor of pointer. ", "Then at 800px the cursor property changes to default, declaring the heading non-interactive.", "\n\nJavaScript can read active CSS rules so it pick up on this and manipulate the markup accordingly, removing the ARIA attributes and button.", "\n\nChecking Presentation var headingCSS = getComputedStyle( myHeading, null ); if( headingCSS.getPropertyValue( \"cursor\" ) === \"pointer\" ){ addToggle(); } else { removeToggle(); }\n\nHere’s an example of some JavaScript that is checking the cursor CSS property.", "\n\nTechnically, the getComputedStyle method allows us to do this, so I’m using that to get the styles of myHeading, which represents my collapsible heading.", "\n\nBased on whether the value is pointer, I can make decisions on modifying the markup to match the version of the component that is in play.", "\n\nSo this is a little better than the matchMedia version, because now I can have many responsive toggles using the same logic, and the JavaScript doesn’t need to know the breakpoints at which they change from toggles to static.", "\n\nToggle demo with sound from VoiceOver screenreader\n\nHere’s how this component sounds in VoiceOver, the built in Mac screen reader, at its various sizes.", "\n\nFirst as a collapsible menu, then as a simple navigation list with no menu button\n\nSo we can see that it pairs well with the UI at both breakpoints.", "\n\nScreenshot of a dialog overlay that becomes static content at wider viewport sizes\n\nA similar challenge can occur with modal dialogs. ", "Sometimes we use modals on small screens to toggle the display of content that is shown at all times on wider screen sizes.", "\n\nTake for example, this Filters panel for a search results page.", "\n\nOn small screens, a user can open the filters in a modal dialog, and this is convenient because you don’t have to scroll back and forth on a small screen to refine your search.", "\n\nOn wider screens however, this content sits statically on the left side of the results, because there’s more room to display it.", "\n\nVideo of a dialog control that becomes static, inline content\n\nHere’s a more generic version of a dialog control that does this same thing. ", "This is an open dialog. ", "And you can see its presentation change across breakpoints\n\nSimilarly to the collapsible toggle, these two states should be communicated differently in HTML.", "\n\nThankfully I found that we could use JavaScript to monitor and toggle the relevant attributes for the dialog, just like we did with the collapsible toggle.", "\n\nWith a dialog of course, the markup is a little different.", "\n\nStatic Content starting point... <div class=\"dialog\" id=\"mydialog\"> <p>This is some content.</p> </div>\n\nThe static, initial markup for potentially-modal content like this is nothing fancy.", "\n\nHere’s a div with some content inside it.", "\n\nStatic Content in a dynamic modal <div class=\"dialog\" id=\"mydialog\" aria-label=\"dialog example” role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"0\"> <p>This is some content.</p> <button>Close dialog</button> </div>\n\nHowever, when transformed into a functional dialog with JavaScript, that HTML should look more like this.", "\n\nI’ve added a role of dialog, a tabindex attribute to allow focus, an aria-label attribute to describe the dialog, and a button to close the dialog.", "\n\nModal or not, in CSS .dialog { display: none; } .dialog-open { display: block; } @media (min-width: 800px){ .dialog { display: block; } .dialog button { display: none; } }\n\nThe CSS for toggling between the two versions of this component looks like this. ", "We start by the dialog-open class is present.", "\n\nAt 800px, we shift the display property to block even when the open class is not present, making it visible at all times.", "\n\nWe also set the close button to display: none.", "\n\nWith this CSS in place, we can write JavaScript to pick up on the presentation and manipulate the markup, depending on the breakpoint. ", "We’d want the script to check if the button is both display none AND the dialog is visible. ", "If both of those are true, it’s a static dialog, and the script removes the modal-related attributes.", "\n\nSo, the approach of detecting CSS properties has worked for me in the past, but it still involves a degree of awareness of the CSS styles that drive each presentation.", "\n\nFortunately, there are some cleaner ways to communicate information from CSS to JavaScript that you might consider.", "\n\nMike Herchel’s article Importing CSS Breakpoints into JavaScript, from 2015, covers one such method.", "\n\nHacking the content property body:before { content: \"smartphone\"; display: none; /* Prevent from displaying. */ } ", "@media (min-width: 800px) { body:before { content: \"tablet\"; } }\n\nIn the article, Mike uses CSS generated content, otherwise known as the :before or :after selector, which is a CSS selector that inserts a text element into the page.", "\n\nAnd he sets the content property of that generated element to different values, which JavaScript can read and use in its logic.", "\n\nHe uses terms like smartphone, tablet, but we could replace that for something more component-minded like collapsed or expanded, or modal or static.", "\n\nNeat. ", "The downside to it is minor, but worth noting: generated content is not designed for this purpose, so it’s a bit of a hack. ", "Be sure to use display none so it doesn’t appear in the design.", "\n\nIn Michael Scarnagl’s article, “Handling states on resize using CSS custom properties,” I found a cleaner and more forward looking approach.", "\n\nIn it, Michael describes how to use CSS custom properties to communicate state to JavaScript.", "\n\nCustom CSS Properties, instead .js--expandable { --expandable: true; } @media (min-width: 800px) { .js--expandable { --expandable: false; } }\n\nIs anyone here using CSS custom properties yet?", "\n\nWell, if custom properties are new to you, well, they honestly were to me too. ", "They’re a pretty new standard that don’t yet enjoy full modern browser support.", "\n\nBut Michael’s concept here is neat.", "\n\nHe’s using a custom property “—expandable”, which JavaScript can detect like any other CSS property.", "\n\nBest of all, custom properties have no native presentation to worry about, so they can be used without worry of interference in the UI.", "\n\nThe last issue I wanted to discuss is one I that think still has no great solutions, yet it is going to become more and more of a problem for users across the continuum of use cases\n\nThis issue is not even new. ", "In fact it predates responsive design, though responsive design can compound the problem for certain.", "\n\nIt arrises when we use CSS to reorder the display of content so that it no longer follows the order in the page source.", "\n\nWith CSS, it’s trivial to do this, and most complex layouts, responsive or not, end up moving portions of HTML out of their natural source order at least in small amounts.", "\n\nFor example, just float some focusable elements to the right and you’ve done it: tab order will start on the right, then move left, opposite of display. ", "Screen readers tend to follow source order in this way too, so elements would be read content from right to left in that case.", "\n\nHere’s a vertical example from Filament’s homepage. ", "Sighted users on small screens see our logo & description first. ", "Yet wider screens get our navigation first.", "\n\nIn both, the HTML is the same, but the small screen layout follows source order. ", "Meaning that the large screen experience has a disconnect between keyboard navigation and display. ", "And yet, from a design perspective, we feel each presentation suits its context quite well.", "\n\nI expect this problem to get worse in the near future, as new CSS features like Flexbox & Grid have now landed in most browsers and make it even easier to depart from source order to achieve complex layouts.", "\n\nTake flex box’s flex-direction: row-reverse value, which will flip the order of child elements from left to right to right to left. ", "You can do the same vertically with column-reverse.", "\n\nThis makes for a dramatic departure between HTML and how it’s presented on the screen.", "\n\nBut is this not also the promise of CSS? ", "Freeing layout from the constraints of source order is what drove web standards adoption away from table layouts. ", "It’s hard to say we should not use CSS for what it’s designed to do.", "\n\nSome folks think that browsers should step up to address this issue, perhaps by forcing tab and reading order to follow the visual display.", "\n\nIn my mind, that would be preferable to asking developers to either try to number elements tab index attributes manually, or worse, asking them to not use new CSS layout features.", "\n\nLeonie Watson has written about this and thinks vendors need to address it. ", "Indeed, as she notes, Firefox formerly had a bug in its Flexbox implementation that made tab focus follow visual order. ", "They’ve since fixed it, but as she notes, maybe it was a good idea.", "\n\nI think it would be great if browsers addressed this too, but I’ll admit it’s not without nuance.", "\n\nFor example, in a form layout like this one, it make sense to navigate from the first two inputs to the fields beneath them.", "\n\nBut a strict and not-very-smart calculated left-to-right focus order might end up roving focus to the next field on the right, which would not follow the expected logical order of the form.", "\n\nAlternatively, there are surely many examples like this where you would want focus to rove to elements that are positioned in a particular visual spot, yet are greatly separated in source order, so it goes both ways.", "\n\nPerhaps fieldsets and other semantic markup can aid the browser in making these decisions, but I’m not sure. ", "It’s a complicated problem.", "\n\nThankfully it is being worked out as we speak, and hopefully we’ll see some improvements soon from browser vendors.", "\n\nFor now, at the very least, we should be using landmark roles or HTML 5 elements to communicate broad structural landmarks in our UI.", "\n\nLandmark roles like header, main, nav, and contentinfo help a great deal when navigating a document with assistive technology, regardless of presentation, so keep using them to mitigate source order issues.", "\n\nSo I’ve covered a lot about complications at the intersection of responsive design and accessibility.", "\n\nThere’s much, much more to think about here, and I hope to see more discussion in this area as folks continue to improve the accessibility of their responsive sites.", "\n\nWe need to remember that we can build beautiful,complex sites that are broadly accessible.", "\n\nIts harder to do that. ", "It’s harder to deliver responsibly, and resiliently.", "\n\nBut… it’s important, and it’s one of the most satisfying parts of our job.", "\n\nAll blog posts" ]

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[ "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,008,727 (“Standard cell having test pad for probing and semiconductor integrated circuit device containing the standard cells”) to Katsura et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, discloses placement of a testing pad in a standard cell.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,091,249 A (“Method and apparatus for detecting defects in wafers”) to Graham et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using a non-contact (“NC”) technique.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,452,412 B1 (“Drop-in test structure and methodology for characterizing an integrated circuit process flow and topography”) to Jarvis et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,949,765 B2 (“Padless structure design for easy identification of bridging defects in lines by passive voltage contrast”) to Song et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "7,101,722 B1 (“In-line voltage contrast determination of tunnel oxide weakness in integrated circuit technology development”) to Wang et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "7,105,436 B2 (“Method for in-line monitoring of via/contact holes etch process based on test structures in semiconductor wafer manufacturing”) to Zhao et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "7,518,190 B2 (“Grounding front-end-of-line structures on a SOI substrate”) to Cote et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "7,930,660 B2 (“Measurement structure in a standard cell for controlling process parameters during manufacturing of an integrated circuit”), to Ruderer et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, describes the use of test structures in fill cells for manufacturing optimization.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "7,939,348 B2 (“E-beam inspection structure for leakage analysis”), to Seng et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "8,039,837 B2 (“In-line voltage contrast detection of PFET silicide encroachment”) to Patterson et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "8,339,449 B2 (“Defect monitoring in semiconductor device fabrication”), to Fong et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "8,399,266 B2 (“Test structure for detection of gap in conductive layer of multilayer gate stack”) to Mo et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "8,421,009 B2 (“Test structure for charged particle beam inspection and method for defect determination using the same”) to Xiao, incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "8,575,955 B1 (“Apparatus and method for electrical detection and localization of shorts in metal interconnect lines”) to Brozek, incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique.", "\nU.S. Patent Publication 20090102501 A1 (“Test structures for e-beam testing of systematic and random defects in integrated circuits”) to Guldi et al., ", "incorporated by reference herein, discloses structures and methods for testing certain defects using an NC technique." ]

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[ "The present invention is directed to an audio conferencing server and, more specifically to an audio conferencing server for the internet.", "\nAn internet audio conferencing server allows computer users at remote locations to speak to and hear groups of other computer users and to carry on free form multi-party conversations in real time.", "\nThe term “computer user” is generally meant to be at least one person, but may have other meanings, such as at least one automated program, at least one device acting on the person's behalf, or any combination of the above (e.g. two or more people, at least one automated program, and/or at least one device). ", "For example, when it is stated that the computer user provides an audio stream, the human computer user may be providing audio that the automated program and/or the device is “translating” (e.g. converting) into an audio stream suitable for transmission. ", "Another example is that for some matters (e.g. technical matters), an automated program and/or a device (e.g. a computer or other processing device) could act on behalf of the human computer user with or without prior instructions from the human computer user.", "\n“Audio conferencing” has a slightly different meaning than “free form multi-party conversations.” “", "Audio conferencing” is meant to include any type of multi-party audio conferencing. “", "Free form multi-party conversations” are more dynamic than audio conferencing. ", "An example of free form multi-party conversations might be found in a 3D virtual world where computer users represented by graphical representations (e.g. avatars) move around and hear ambient sounds, have conversations with other computer users, and otherwise have a dynamic audio experience. ", "The free form multi-party conversation may occur in an audio conference.", "\nExemplary free form multi-party conversations and audio conferencing are described in U.S. patent Ser. ", "No. ", "11/233,773 (the '773 reference), which is assigned to the assignee of the present application, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. ", "The '773 reference describes an advanced voice server to which a plurality of clients (computer users) may connect. ", "The advanced voice server is able to perform processing functions with real-time-updated processing parameters uniquely for each client voice (audio input to an audio input device), for each client. ", "Each client has a unique mix-list of the processing functions and their respective processing parameters that the advanced voice server uses to uniquely mix a unique voice mix for each client to be heard on an audio output device. ", "The processing parameters may be supplied by the client, by a system administrator, or by an automated process acting on behalf of the client. ", "In addition, exemplary audio conferences and/or free form multi-party conversations are described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,125,115 to Smits, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,650,929 to Boerger et al., ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,539,741 to Barraclough et al., ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,113,431 to Horn, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.", "\nAudio conferencing server architecture is the system over which audio conferencing and/or free form multi-party conversations are implemented. ", "There are three primary known prior art versions of audio conferencing server architectures: a “centralized server” audio conferencing server architecture (FIG. ", "1), a “central/off-loaded” audio conferencing server architecture (FIG. ", "2), and a “chained” audio conferencing server architecture (FIGS. ", "3 and 4).", "\nFIG. ", "1 is directed to a first version of existing audio conferencing server architecture and, more specifically to a “centralized” audio conferencing server architecture system (also referred to herein as the “centralized server system”). ", "The centralized server system has a one-stage audio stream between a centralized server and computer users (shown as Users 1-10). ", "The centralized server system is the most basic version of an existing audio conferencing server that allows computer users to form connections between their local computers and a centralized server and thereby to define free form multi-party conversations. ", "The centralized server receives a real time input audio stream from each computer user, mixes an output audio stream for each computer user, and sends each of the audio streams to the respective computer user(s). ", "The generated audio stream that is the “output” may simply contain a generic mix of all the other computer users' input audio streams or the generated audio stream may be modified in various ways, such as by varying the gain (volume) of the various audio stream inputs and/or applying various audio effects to the various audio stream inputs to clarify the input and/or allow the listener to distinguish between input sources.", "\nThis centralized server system offers the advantage of simplicity of implementation. ", "One limitation of such a centralized server system, however, is a capacity limitation in that a centralized server lacks the ability to scale beyond a certain number of computer users. ", "This capacity and/or inability to scale limitation can be a problem if an arbitrary level of usage by a given population of computer users is desired that is too great for any existing centralized server hardware to support. ", "Supporting the same computer user population on multiple servers in order to circumvent the capacity limitation is unsatisfactory. ", "One reason that multiple servers are unsatisfactory for this centralized server system is because multiple servers require a multiplication of administrative effort. ", "Another reason that multiple servers are unsatisfactory for this centralized server system is because computer users have to perform extra work (or steps) to determine which server they can use that has available capacity at any given time. ", "Yet another reason that multiple servers are unsatisfactory for this centralized server system is because multiple servers require a means for allowing computer users to agree on which server to form their free form multi-party conversation at the moment they form the free form multi-party conversation. ", "Still another reason why multiple servers are unsatisfactory is because this approach divides a large 3D virtual world into discontiguous audio spaces.", "\nFIG. ", "2 is directed to a second version of existing audio conferencing server architecture and, more specifically to a “central/off-loaded” audio conferencing server architecture system (also referred to herein as the “central/off-loaded server system”). ", "The central/off-loaded server system has a two-stage audio stream between a central server, compression gateways, and computer users (shown as Users 1-12). ", "The central/off-loaded server system uses a central server that is connected to at least one compression gateway. ", "The compression gateways provide some of the functions (e.g. compression, decompression, and jitter buffering) normally performed by the central server. ", "This off-loading leaves the central server with more computational capacity available to service audio mixing. ", "To define free form multi-party conversations, computer users form connections between their local computers and a compression gateway that, in turn, connects to the central server. ", "Compressed audio streams are received from the internet and decompressed by compression gateways. ", "Compression gateways are also responsible for compressing and sending the mixed output audio streams back out to the internet at the end of the mixing process. ", "Furthermore, compression gateways are also responsible for repairing the temporal state of the audio input data if the temporal state gets damaged between the computer user's computer and the compression gateway. ", "Correcting the temporal state is accomplished through use of a “jitter buffer” feature that trades latency for smoothness in audio streams' arrival rates by buffering arriving audio streams and metering the buffered audio streams out to the mixing function smoothly.", "\nWhereas the centralized server system of the audio conferencing server architecture performs functions (e.g. compression, decompression, and jitter buffering) on the centralized server, the central/off-loaded server system version of the audio conferencing server architecture off-loads the performance of these functions to other server computers (i.e. the compression gateways) and the raw audio streams are transmitted over a reliable internal server site network (e.g. LAN) to the central server for mixing. ", "Ultimately, however, the central/off-loaded server system still has the same limitations as the centralized server system: its capacity is still limited by the computer-intensive task of mixing audio streams. ", "Even a central server aided by many compression gateways can only support a finite number of computer users.", "\nFIG. ", "3 is directed to a third version of existing audio conferencing server architecture and, more specifically to a “chained” audio conferencing server architecture system (referred to herein as the “chained server system”). ", "This chained server system has a two-stage audio stream between any of the chained servers, another chained server, and computer users (shown as Users 1-12) where the audio stream is mixed two times. ", "Using this chained server system, computer users connect to any of the plurality of chained servers that are in a communicative relationship with each other. ", "This chained server system attempts to solve the problems associated with the capacity limitations of the first two versions by utilizing multiple servers that are chained (e.g. networked) together. ", "Computer users form connections to any chained server that has available capacity. ", "The chained servers then pass audio streams between one another to bridge distributed conferences on high-speed networks located at the server site. ", "In order to reduce the network bandwidth required between chained servers, the inputs from computer users in a free form multi-party conversation that are collocated on the same chained server are pre-mixed on that chained server. ", "Then, the pre-mixed outputs are passed to at least some of the other chained servers with the audio from computer users in the same conference in mixed form (the pre-mixed output). ", "This pre-mixed output is then mixed as necessary with the pre-mixed output from other chained servers and with any mixed output from computer users located on the final mixing server. ", "The final mixed output is then transmitted to at least one computer user in the free form multi-party conversation that is directly connected to that chained server. ", "An exemplary flow of a free form multi-party conversation using this chained server architecture is shown in FIG. ", "4 and discussed below. ", "The pre-mixing is an essential feature of this chained server system since without the pre-mixing, the amount of bandwidth between the various chained servers would be equal to the bandwidth taken up by all computer users, which would then become a hard limitation to the number of computer users that could be supported in the architecture—the limitation that the chained server system is attempting to avoid. ", "The pre-mixing also saves considerable CPU cycles on the server(s) receiving the pre-mix.", "\nFIG. ", "4 is a simplified block diagram of an example of a free form multi-party conversation flow using the “chained” audio conferencing server architecture of FIG. ", "3. ", "In this example, computer users 1-4 are connected to chained server A, computer users 5-8 are connected to chained server B, and computer users 9-12 are connected to chained server C. In this example, chained servers A and B mix the audio from their respective computer users and then pass the pre-mixed audio stream data to chained server C, thereby bridging the conference. ", "At chained server C, the pre-mixed outputs from chained servers A and B are mixed with the audio from computer users 9-11 (shown as being sent individually, but alternatively being a pre-mixture) to form a final mixed output that is transmitted to computer user 12.", "\nThe chained server system solves the problem addressed above (in connection with a multiple server embodiment of a centralized server) concerning computer users being required to agree on a chained server at the moment they form their free form multi-party conversation by allowing free form multi-party conversations to be formed across chained server boundaries. ", "The chained server system also does a reasonable job of increasing server capacity where pre-mixing can be leveraged to save network bandwidth and CPU cycles.", "\nAnother limitation of the chained server system is that it becomes impossible (or at least impossible to guarantee) that individual users can receive (or control) volume and/or effects for any given input audio stream when mixed to any given output audio stream because once multiple input audio streams are pre-mixed, they cannot be separated and mixed at the destination server. ", "Thus, a selected gain level or effect applied to a given input audio stream in pre-mix must be received by all computer users who will get the same pre-mix in their output audio stream. ", "Applying a gain level or effect on a pre-mix at the destination server would solve the problem of allowing each individual's output audio stream to vary according to his wishes, but this scheme would require that the same gain level or effect be applied to all of the input audio streams in a pre-mix received by the destination server. ", "One way or another, there becomes no way to guarantee individual gains and effects can be applied to individual input audio streams for any individual output audio stream as long as the technique of pre-mixing is used. ", "But the capacity limitations of the servers and intervening network bandwidth would become exhausted far too quickly to make the structure worthwhile to pursue without pre-mixing.", "\nPre-mixing restricts the ability to provide free form multi-party conversations because pre-mixing forces users to hear the pre-mixed audio stream substantially as it is pre-mixed (although there might be a variation of overall volume). ", "Accordingly, the resulting audio stream is not “free form.”" ]

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[ "The present invention relates to waterborne film-forming compositions that are curable at ambient or higher temperatures, comprising polyisocyanate crosslinking agents and active hydrogen-containing acrylic copolymers having high glass transition temperatures.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,466,745 to Fiori et al. ", "discloses polyisocyanate functional crosslinking agents which can be emulsified in water with a surface active isocyanate reactive material and the emulsion used to form a curable film-forming composition. ", "The emulsified materials are in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion which exhibits good stability and yet the polyisocyanate and isocyanate reactive material are highly reactive when applied as a film. ", "The patent recommends that these isocyanate reactive materials have glass transition temperature (T.sub.g) less than about 0.degree. ", "C. It is believed the low Tg materials are more mobile during the curing reaction allowing the isocyanate reactive group, i.e., hydroxyl, more opportunity to locate an isocyanate group thereby facilitating the crosslinking reaction. ", "High T.sub.g isocyanate reactive materials, on the other hand, are relatively immobile resulting in less opportunity to locate and react with the polyisocyanate.", "\nA drawback to using low T.sub.g isocyanate reactive materials, however, is that the resultant cured films are inherently softer and less solvent resistant than recommended for automotive applications.", "\nIt would be desirable to provide an aqueous based film-forming composition containing a polyisocyanate curing agent and an isocyanate reactive material which can be stably dispersed in water, is reactive when applied as a film, and forms a hard, solvent-resistant film." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We derived similar to Bo [*et al.*]{} (", "2010) results but in the case when the dynamics of the FX rate is driven by a general Merton jump-diffusion process. ", "The main results of our paper are as follows: 1) formulas for the Esscher transform parameters which ensure that the martingale condition for the discounted foreign exchange rate is a martingale for a general Merton jump–diffusion process are derived; using the values of these parameters we proceeded to a risk-neural measure and provide new formulas for the distribution of jumps, the mean jump size, and the Poisson process intensity with respect to the measure; pricing formulas for European call foreign exchange options have been given as well; 2) obtained formulas are applied to the case of the exponential processes; 3) numerical simulations of European call foreign exchange option prices for different parameters are also provided; 4) codes for Matlab functions used in numerical simulations of option prices are given.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Anatoliy Swishchuk$^1$, Maksym Tertychnyi $^2$, Winsor Hoang $^3$'\ntitle: ' Currency Derivatives Pricing for Markov-modulated Merton Jump-diffusion Spot Forex Rate'\n---\n\n$^1$ = Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Canada\\\n\\\n$^2$ Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Canada\\\n\\\n$^3$ = CTS Forex, Canada\\\n\\\n\n**Keywords :** foreign exchange rate, Esscher transform, risk-neutral measure, European call option, Markov Processes.", "\n\n**Mathematics Subject Classification :** 91B70, 60H10, 60F25.", "\n\n**Introduction**\n================\n\nThe existing academic literature on the pricing of foreign currency options could be divided into two categories: 1) both domestic and foreign interest rates were assumed to be constant whereas the spot exchange rate is assumed to be stochastic (see, e.g., Jarrow et al. (", "1981, [@b15-2]); 2) models for pricing foreign currency options incorporate stochastic interest rates, and are based on Merton’s 1973, [@b22]) stochastic interest rate model for pricing equity options (see, e.g., Grabbe (1983, [@b16]), Adams et al. (", "1987, [@b1]). ", "In both cases, this pricing approach did not integrate a full term structure model into the valuation framework. ", "To our knowledge, Amin et al. (", "1991, [@b3]) were the first to start discussing and building a general framework to price contingent claims on foreign currencies under stochastic interest rates using the Heath et al. (", "1987) model of term structure. ", "Melino et al. (", "1991, [@b20]) examined the foreign exchange rate process, (under a deterministic interest rate), underlying observed option prices and Rumsey (1991, [@b28]) considered cross-currency options. ", "Mikkelsen (2001, [@b24]) investigated by simulation cross-currency options using market models of interest rates and deterministic volatilities for spot exchange rates. ", "Schlogl (2002, [@b29]) extended market models to a cross-currency framework. ", "Piterbarg (2005, [@b26]) developed a model for cross-currency derivatives such as PRDC swaps with calibration for currency options; he used neither market models nor stochastic volatility models. ", "In Garman et al. (", "1983, [@b9]) and Grabbe (1983, [@b16]), foreign exchange option valuation formulas were derived under the assumption that the exchange rate follows a diffusion process with continuous sample paths. ", "Takahashi et al. (", "2006, [@b32]) proposed a new approximation formula for the valuation of currency options using jump-diffusion stochastic volatility processes for spot exchange rates in a stochastic interest rates environment. ", "In particular, they applied the market models developed by Brace et al. (", "1998), Jamshidian (1997, [@b15]) and Miltersen et al. (", "1997, [@b23]) to model the term structure of interest rates. ", "Also, Ahn et al. (", "2007, [@b2]) derived explicit formulas for European foreign exchange call and put options values when the exchange rate dynamics are governed by jump-diffusion processes. ", "Hamilton (1988) was the first to investigate the term structure of interest rates by rational expectations econometric analysis of changes in regime. ", "Goutte et al. (", "2011, [@b10]) studied foreign exchange rates using a modified Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model under a Hamilton Markov regime switching framework. ", "Zhou et al. (", "2012, [@b33]) considered an accessible implementation of interest rate models with regime-switching. ", "Siu et al (2008, [@b31]) considered pricing currency options under a two-factor Markov modulated stochastic volatility model. ", "Swishchuk and Elliott applied hidden Markov models for pricing options in [@b31-1]. ", "Bo et al. (", "2010, [@b7]) discussed a Markov-modulated jump-diffusion, (modeled by a compound Poisson process), for currency option pricing. ", "We note that currency derivatives for domestic and foreign equity markets and for the exchange rate between the domestic currency and a fixed foreign currency with constant interest rates were discussed in Bjork (1998, [@b6]). ", "We also mention that currency conversion for forward and swap prices with constant domestic and foreign interest rates were discussed in Benth et al. (", "2008, [@b5]).", "\n\nIn this article we generalize results in [@b7] on a case when dynamics of FX rate is driven by general Merton jump-diffusion process ([@b21]). ", "Main results of our research are as follows:\n\n1\\) In section 2 we generalize formulas in [@b7] for Esscher transform parameters assuring that martingale condition for discounted foreign exchange rate is a martingale for a general Merton jump-diffusion process (see ). ", "Using these values of parameters (see , ) we proceed to a risk-neural measure and provide new formulas for the distribution of jumps (), the mean jump size (see ), and the Poisson process intensity with respect to this measure (see ). ", "At the end of section 2 pricing formulas for a European call foreign exchange option are given (They are similar to those in [@b7], but the mean jump size and the Poisson process intensity with respect to the new risk-neutral measure are different).", "\n\n2\\) In section 3 we apply formulas -, - to a particular case of the exponential distribution (see ) of jumps (see -).", "\n\n3\\) In section 4 we provide numerical simulations of European call foreign exchange option prices for different parameters: $S/K$, where $S$ is the initial spot FX rate, $K$ is the strike FX rate for a maturity time $T$.\n\nAppendix contains the codes for Matlab functions used in numerical simulations of option prices.", "\n\nCurrency option pricing for Merton jump-diffusion processes\n===========================================================\n\nLet $(\\Omega, \\mathcal{F}, \\textbf{P})$ be a complete probability space with a probability measure $\\textbf{P}$. Consider a continuous-time, finite-state Markov chain $\\xi= \\{\\xi_t\\}_{0\\leq t \\leq T}$ on $(\\Omega, \\mathcal{F}, \\textbf{P})$ with a state space $\\mathcal{S}$, the set of unit vectors $(e_1,\\cdots, e_n)\\in \\mathbb{R}^n$ with a rate matrix $\\Pi$[^1]. ", "The dynamics of the chain are given by: $$\\label{3.11-1}\n \\xi_t=\\xi_0+\\int_0^t \\Pi \\xi_u du+M_t \\in \\mathbb{R}^n,$$ where $M = \\{M_t, t \\geq 0\\}$ is a $\\mathbb{R}^n$-valued martingale with respect to $(\\mathcal{F}_t^\\xi)_{0 \\leq t \\leq T}$, the $\\textbf{P}$-augmentation of the natural filtration $(\\mathcal{F}_t)_{0 \\leq t \\leq T}$, generated by the Markov chain $\\xi$. Consider a Markov-modulated Merton jump-diffusion which models the dynamics of the spot FX rate, given by the following stochastic differential equation (in the sequel SDE, see [@b7]): $$\\label{3.11}\ndS_t= S_{t_-}\\left(\\mu_t dt+\\sigma_t d W_t+(Z_{t_-}-1)dN_t\\right), \\; Z_t>0.$$ Here $\\mu_t$ is drift parameter; $W_t$ is a Brownian motion, $\\sigma_t$ is the volatility; $N_t$ is a Poisson Process with intensity $\\lambda_t$, $Z_{t_-}-1$ is the amplitude of the jumps, given the jump arrival time. ", "The distribution of $Z_t$ has a density $\\nu(x), x\\in \\mathbb{R}$. The parameters $\\mu_t$,$\\sigma_t$,$\\lambda_t$ are modeled using the finite state Markov chain: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{3.11-1}\n&\\mu_t:=<\\mu, \\xi_t>, \\; \\mu \\in \\mathbb{R}^n_+;\\notag \\\\\n&\\sigma_t:=<\\sigma, \\xi_t>, \\; \\sigma \\in \\mathbb{R}^n_+;\\notag\\\\\n&\\lambda_t:=<\\lambda, \\xi_t>, \\; \\lambda \\in \\mathbb{R}^n_+.\\end{aligned}$$ The solution of is $S_t=S_0 e^{L_t}$, (where $S_0$ is the spot FX rate at time $t=0$). ", "Here $L_t$ is given by the formula: $$\\label{3.12}\nL_t=\\int_0^t(\\mu_s-1/2 \\sigma_s^2) ds+\\int_0^t \\sigma_s dW_s+\\int_0^t \\log Z_{s_{-}}d N_s.$$\n\nNote, that for the most of well-known distributions (normal , exponential distribution of $Z_t$, etc) $L_t$ is not a L$\\acute{\\textnormal{e}}$vy process (see definition of L$\\acute{\\textnormal{e}}$vy process in [@b25], the condition **L3**), since $ \\log Z_{t_{-}}\\rightarrow -\\infty$ for small $Z_t$, but probability of jumps with even 0 amplitude is a positive constant, depending on a type of distribution. ", "We call the process as Merton jump-diffusion process (see [@b21], section 2, formulas 2, 3)\n\nThere is more than one equivalent martingale measure for this market driven by a Markov-modulated jump-diffusion model. ", "We shall define the regime-switching generalized Esscher transform to determine a specific equivalent martingale measure.", "\n\nUsing Ito’s formula we can derive a stochastic differential equation for the discounted spot FX rate. ", "To define the discounted spot FX rate we need to introduce domestic and foreign riskless interest rates for bonds in the domestic and foreign currency.", "\n\nThe domestic and foreign interest rates $(r^d_t)_{0\\leq t\\leq T}$, $(r^f_t)_{0\\leq t\\leq T}$ are defined using the Markov chain $(\\xi_t)_{0\\leq t\\leq T}$ (see [@b7]): $$r^d_t=\\langle r^d, \\xi_t\\rangle, r^d \\in \\mathbb{R}_+^n,$$ $$r^f_t=\\langle r^f, \\xi_t\\rangle, r^f \\in \\mathbb{R}_+^n.$$ The discounted spot FX rate is: $$\\label{3.13}\n S^d_t=\\textnormal{exp}\\left(\\int_0^t (r^d_s-r^f_s) ds\\right)S_t, \\quad\n 0\\leq t\\leq T.$$ Using , the differentiation formula, see Elliott et al. (", "1982, [@b11-1]) and the stochastic differential equation for the spot FX rate we find the stochastic differential equation for the discounted discounted spot FX rate: $$\\label{3.14}\nd S_{\nt_-}^d= S_{t_-}^d(r^d_t-r^f_t+\\mu_t) dt+\nS_{t_-}^d\\sigma_t d W_t\n +S_{t_-}^d(Z_{t_-}-1) d N_t.$$\n\nTo derive the main results consider the log spot FX rate\n\n$$Y_t= \\log\\left(\\frac{S_t}{S_0}\\right)$$ Using the differentiation formula:\n\n$$Y_t=C_t+J_t,$$ where $C_t, J_t$ are the continuous and diffusion part of $Y_t$. They are given in , :\n\n$$\\label{3.15}\n C_t=\\int_0^t\\left (r^d_s-r^f_s+\\mu_s\n \\right)ds+\\int_0^t \\sigma_s dW_s,$$\n\n$$\\label{3.16}\n J_t=\\int_0^t \\log Z_{s_-}dN_s.$$\n\nLet $(\\mathcal{F}_t^Y)_{0 \\leq t \\leq T}$ denote the $\\textbf{P}$-augmentation of the natural filtration $(\\mathcal{F}_t)_{0 \\leq t \\leq T}$, generated by $Y$. For each $t \\in [0, T]$ set $\\mathcal{H}_t=\\mathcal{F}_t^Y\\vee \\mathcal{F}_t^\\xi$. Let us also define two families of regime switching parameters\n\n$(\\theta_s^c)_{0\\leq t\\leq T}$, $(\\theta_s^J)_{0\\leq t\\leq T}$: $\\theta_t^m=<\\theta^m, \\xi_t>$, $\\theta^m=(\\theta_1^m,..., \\theta_n^m)\\subset \\mathbb{R}^n$, $m=\\{c, J\\}$.\n\nDefine a random Esscher transform $\\textbf{Q}^{\\theta^c, \\theta^J}\\sim \\textbf{P}$ on $\\mathcal{H}_t$ using these families of parameters $(\\theta_s^c)_{0\\leq t\\leq T}$, $(\\theta_s^J)_{0\\leq t\\leq T}$ (see [@b7], [@b11], [@b12] for details):\n\n$$\\label{4.1}\nL_t^{\\theta^c, \\theta^J}=\\frac{d \\textbf{Q}^{\\theta^c, \\theta^J}}{d\n\\textbf{P}}\\biggl|_{\\mathcal{H}_t}=:$$\n\n$$\\frac{\\textnormal{exp} \\left(\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c dC_s +\\int_0^t \\theta_{s_-}^J d J_s\\right )}\n {\\mathbb{E}\\left [\\textnormal{exp} \\biggl(\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c dC_s +\\int_0^t \\theta_{s_-}^J d J_s\\right )\\biggl | \\mathcal{F}_t^\\xi\\biggl]}.$$\n\nThe explicit formula for the density $L_t^{\\theta^c, \\theta^J}$ of the Esscher transform is given in the following Theorem. ", "A similar statement is proven for the log-normal distribution in [@b7]. ", "The formula below can be obtained by another approach, considered by Elliott and Osakwe ([@b11-2]).", "\n\n**Theorem 2.1.** *", "For $0\\leq t \\leq T$ density $L_t^{\\theta^c, \\theta^J}$ of Esscher transform defined in is given by* $$\\label{4.59}\nL_t^{\\theta^c, \\theta^J}=\\textnormal{exp}\\left(\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c\n\\sigma_s dW_s -1/2 \\int_0^t (\\theta_s^c \\sigma_s)^2\nds\\right)\\times$$ $$\\textnormal{exp}\\left(\\int_0^t \\theta_{s_-}^J \\log Z_{s_-}d N_s-\\int_0^t \\lambda_s\\biggl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_s^J }\\nu(dx)-1\\right)ds\\biggl).$$\n\n*In addition,the random Esscher transform density $L_t^{\\theta^c,\\theta^J}$ (see , ) is an exponential $(\\mathcal{H}_t)_{0\\leq t\\leq T}$ martingale and admits the following SDE*\n\n$$\\label{4.60}\n \\frac{d L_t^{\\theta^c,\n \\theta^J}}{L_{t_-}^{\\theta^c,\n \\theta^J}}=\\theta_t^c \\sigma_t dW_t+(Z_{t_-}^{\\theta_{t_-}^J}\n-1)d N_t-\\lambda_t \\left(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_t^J }\\nu(dx)-1\\right)dt.$$\n\n**Proof Theorem 2.1.** ", "The compound Poisson Process, driving jumps $\\sum_0^{N_t}(Z_{i}-1)$, and the Brownian motion $W_t$ are independent processes. ", "As a result: $$\\mathbb{E}\\left [\\textnormal{exp} \\biggl(\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c dC_s +\\int_0^t \\theta_{s_-}^J d J_s\\right )\\biggl | \\mathcal{F}_t^\\xi\\biggl]=$$\n\n$$\\label{4.61}\\mathbb{E}\\left [\\exp \\biggl(\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c (\\mu_s-1/2\\sigma_s^2)ds +\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c \\sigma_s dW_s)\\biggl) \\biggl|\\mathcal{F}_t^\\xi\\right]\n \\mathbb{E}\\left [\\textnormal{exp}\\biggl(\\int_0^t \\theta_{s_-}^J\n \\log Z_{s_-} d N_s\\biggl) \\biggl| \\mathcal{F}_t^\\xi\\right].$$\n\nLet us calculate: $$\\mathbb{E}\\left [\\textnormal{exp}\\biggl(\\int_0^t \\theta_{s_-}^J \\log Z_{s_-} d N_s\\biggl) \\biggl| \\mathcal{F}_t^\\xi\\right].$$ Write $$\\Gamma_t:=\\exp\\left(\\int_0^t\\alpha_{s_-}dN_s \\right), \\alpha_s=\\theta_s^J \\log Z_s.$$ Using the differentiation rule (see [@b11-1]) we obtain the following representation of $\\Gamma_t$: $$\\label{4.4-1}\n\\Gamma_t=\\Gamma_0+M_t^J+\\int_{]0,t]}\\Gamma_s\\int_{\\mathbb{R}}(e^{\\alpha_s}-1)\\nu(dx)\\lambda_s ds,$$ where $$M_t^J=\\int_{]0, t]}\\Gamma_{s_-}(e^{\\alpha_s}-1)dNs- \\int_{]0,t]}\\Gamma_s\\int_{\\mathbb{R}}(e^{\\alpha_s}-1)\\nu(dx)\\lambda_s ds$$ is a martingale with respect to $\\mathcal{F}_t^\\xi$. Using this fact and we obtain: $$\\label{4.62}\n\\mathbb{E}\\left [\\textnormal{exp}\\biggl(\\int_0^t \\theta_{s}^J \\log Z_{s_-}dN_s\\biggl) \\biggl| \\mathcal{F}_t^\\xi\\right]=\\exp\\biggl(\\int_0^t \\lambda_s\\biggl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R} }x^{\\theta_s^J}\\nu(dx)-1 \\biggl) ds\\biggl)$$ We have from the differentiation rule: $$\\label{4.62-1}\n\\mathbb{E}\\left[e^ {u\\int_0^t\\sigma_s d W_s}\\right]=\n\\exp \\left \\{\\frac{1}{2}u^2\\int_0^t \\sigma_s^2 ds\\right\\}$$ where $\\sigma_t$ is the volatility of a market. ", "Substituting and into we obtain: $$\\mathbb{E}\\left [\\textnormal{exp} \\biggl(\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c dC_s +\\int_0^t \\theta_{s_-}^J d J_s\\right )\\biggl | \\mathcal{F}_t^\\xi\\biggl]=$$\n\n$$\\label{4.63}\n\\exp \\biggl(\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c (\\mu_s-1/2\\sigma_s^2)ds +\\frac{1}{2}\\int_0^t (\\theta_s^c \\sigma_s)^2 ds )\\biggl)\n\\exp\\biggl(\\int_0^t \\lambda_s\\biggl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+} }x^{\\theta_s^J }\\nu(dx)-1 \\biggl) ds\\biggl)$$\n\nSubstituting to the expression for $L_t^{\\theta^c,\\theta^J}$ in we have:\n\n$$\\label{4.64}\nL_t^{\\theta^c,\\theta^J}=\\exp \\biggl(\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c (\\mu_s-1/2\\sigma_s^2)ds +\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c \\sigma_s dW_s)\\biggl)\\textnormal{exp}\\biggl(\\int_0^t \\theta_{s_-}^J\\log Z_{s_-} d N_s\\biggl)\\times$$\n\n$$\\biggl[\\exp \\biggl(\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c (\\mu_s-1/2\\sigma_s^2)ds +\\frac{1}{2}\\int_0^t (\\theta_s^c \\sigma_s)^2 ds )\\biggl)\n\\exp\\biggl(\\int_0^t \\lambda_s\\biggl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+} }x^{\\theta_s^J }\\nu(dx)-1 \\biggl) ds\\biggl)\\biggl]^{-1}=$$ $$\\textnormal{exp}\\left(\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c\n\\sigma_s dW_s -1/2 \\int_0^t (\\theta_s^c \\sigma_s)^2\nds\\right)\\times$$ $$\\textnormal{exp}\\left(\\int_0^t \\theta_{s_-}^J \\log Z_{s_-}d N_s-\\int_0^t \\lambda_s\\biggl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_s^J }\\nu(dx)-1\\right)ds\\biggl).$$\n\nIf we present $L_t^{\\theta^c,\\theta^J}$ in the form $L_t^{\\theta^c,\\theta^J}=e^{X_t}$ (see ) and and apply differentiation rule we obtain SDE . ", "It follows from that $L_t^{\\theta^c,\\theta^J}$ is a martingale. ", "$\\square$\n\nWe shall derive the following condition for the discounted spot FX rate () to be martingale. ", "These conditions will be used to calculate the risk-neutral Esscher transform parameters $(\\theta_t^{c, \\ast})_{0\\leq t\\leq T}$, $(\\theta_t^{J, \\ast})_{0\\leq t\\leq T}$ and give to the measure $\\textbf{Q}$. Then we shall use these values to find the no-arbitrage price of European call currency derivatives.", "\n\n**Theorem 2.2.** *", "Let the random Esscher transform be defined by . ", "Then the martingale condition(for $S^d_t$, see ) holds if and only if Markov modulated parameters ($\\theta_t^c, \\theta_t^J, 0\\leq t\\leq T$) satisfy for all $0\\leq t\\leq T$ the condition:* $$\\label{4.65}\nr^f_t-r^d_t+\\mu_t+\\theta_t^c\\sigma_t^2+\\lambda_t^{\\theta,\nJ }k_t^{\\theta, J}=0$$ *where the random Esscher transform intensity $\\lambda_t^{\\theta,\nJ}$ of the Poisson Process and the main percentage jump size $k_t^{\\theta, J}$ are respectively given by* $$\\label{4.66}\n\\lambda_t^{\\theta, J}=\\lambda_t \\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_s^J }\\nu(dx),$$ $$\\label{4.67}\n k_t^{\\theta, J}=\\frac{\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{(\\theta_t^J +1)}\\nu(dx)}{\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_t^J }\\nu(dx)}-1.$$ *as long as* $\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_t^J +1}\\nu(dx)<+\\infty$.\n\n**Proof of Theorem 2.2.** ", "The martingale condition for the discounted spot FX rate $S^d_t$ $$\\label{4.11}\n\\mathbb{E}^{\\theta^c, \\theta^J}[S^d_t| \\mathcal{H}_u]=S^d_u, \\quad\nt\\geq u.$$ To derive such a condition Bayes formula is used: $$\\label{4.12}\n \\mathbb{E}^{\\theta^c,\n\\theta^J}[S^d_t|\\mathcal{H}_u]=\\frac{\\mathbb{E}[L_t^{\\theta^c,\n\\theta^J} S^d_t|\\mathcal{H}_u]}{\\mathbb{E}[L_t^{\\theta^c,\n\\theta^J} |\\mathcal{H}_u]},$$ taking into account that $L_t^{\\theta^c,\\theta^J}$ is a martingale with respect to $\\mathcal{H}_u$, so: $$\\label{4.13}\n\\mathbb{E}\\biggl[L_t^{\\theta^c, \\theta^J}\\biggl | \\mathcal{H}_u\\biggl]=L_u^{\\theta^c,\n\\theta^J}.$$\n\nUsing formula for the solution of the SDE for the spot FX rate, we obtain an expression for the discounted spot FX rate in the following form:\n\n$$\\label{4.68}\nS_t^d=S_u^d \\exp\\biggl(\\int_u^t(r_s^f-r_s^d+\\mu_s-1/2 \\sigma_s^2) ds+\\int_u^t \\sigma_s dW_s+ \\int_u^t \\log Z_{s_-} d N_s\\biggl), \\quad t\\geq u.$$\n\nThen, using , we can rewrite in the following form: $$\\label{4.69}\n\\mathbb{E}\\biggl[\\frac{L_t^{\\theta^c, \\theta^J}}{L_u^{\\theta^c,\n\\theta^J}}S^d_t \\biggl | \\mathcal{H}_u\\biggl]=S_u^d \\;\\mathbb{E}\\biggl[\\exp \\left(\\int_u^t \\theta_s^c\n\\sigma_s dW_s -1/2 \\int_0^t (\\theta_s^c \\sigma_s)^2\nds\\right)\\times$$ $$\\textnormal{exp}\\left(\\int_u^t \\theta_{s_-}^J \\log Z_{s_-}d N_s-\\int_u^t \\lambda_s\\biggl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_s^J}\\nu(dx)-1\\right)ds\\biggl)\\times$$ $$\\exp\\biggl(\\int_u^t(r_s^f-r_s^d+\\mu_s-1/2 \\sigma_s^2) ds+\\int_u^t \\sigma_s dW_s+ \\int_u^t \\log Z_{s_-} d N_s\\biggl)| \\mathcal{H}_u\\biggl]=$$ $$\\label{4.70}\n S_u^d \\;\\mathbb{E}\\biggl[\\exp \\left(\\int_u^t (\\theta_s^c+1)\n\\sigma_s dW_s -1/2 \\int_u^t ((\\theta_s^c+1) \\sigma_s)^2\nds\\right)\\times$$ $$\\exp\\biggl(\\int_u^t(r_s^f-r_s^d+\\mu_s+ \\theta_s^c\\sigma_s^2) ds\\biggl)\\;\n\\exp \\biggl( \\int_u^t \\lambda_s\\bigl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R}}e^{\\theta_s^J x}\\nu(dx)-1\\bigl)ds\\biggl)|\\mathcal{H}_u\\biggl]\\times$$ $$\\mathbb{E}\\biggl[\\exp \\left(\\int_u^t(\\theta_s^c+1)\n\\log Z_{s_-}d N_s\\right)| \\mathcal{H}_u\\biggl].$$\n\nUsing expression for characteristic function of Brownian motion (see ) we obtain: $$\\label{4.71}\n \\mathbb{E}\\biggl[\\exp \\left(\\int_u^t (\\theta_s^c+1)\n\\sigma_s dW_s -1/2 \\int_u^t ((\\theta_s^c+1) \\sigma_s)^2\nds\\right)| \\mathcal{H}_u\\biggl]=1.$$\n\nUsing we have: $$\\label{4.72}\n\\mathbb{E}\\biggl[\\exp \\left(\\int_u^t(\\theta_s^c+1)\n\\log Z_{s_-}d N_s\\right)| \\mathcal{H}_u\\biggl]=\\exp\\biggl(\\int_0^t \\lambda_s\\biggl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+} }x^{(\\theta_s^J+1) }\\nu(dx)-1 \\biggl) ds\\biggl).$$ Substituting , into we obtain finally:\n\n$$\\label{4.73}\n\\mathbb{E}\\biggl[\\frac{L_t^{\\theta^c, \\theta^J}}{L_u^{\\theta^c,\n\\theta^J}}S^d_t \\biggl | \\mathcal{H}_u\\biggl]=S_u^d \\exp\\biggl(\\int_u^t(r_s^f-r_s^d+\\mu_s+ \\theta_s^c\\sigma_s^2) ds\\biggl)\\times$$\n\n$$\\exp \\biggl( -\\int_u^t \\lambda_s\\bigl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_s^J}\\nu(dx)-1\\bigl)ds\\biggl)\\;\\exp \\biggl( \\int_u^t \\lambda_s\\bigl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{(\\theta_s^J+1) }\\nu(dx)-1\\bigl)ds\\biggl).$$\n\nFrom we get the martingale condition for the discounted spot FX rate:\n\n$$\\label{4.74}\nr_t^f-r_t^d+\\mu_t+ \\theta_t^c\\sigma_t^2+\\lambda_t \\biggl[\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{(\\theta_s^J+1) }\\nu(dx)-\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_s^J }\\nu(dx)\\biggl]=0.$$\n\nProve now, that under the Esscher transform the new Poisson process intensity and the mean jump size are given by , .", "\n\nNote that $L_t^J=\\int_0^t \\log Z_{s_-}dN_s$ is the jump part of L$\\acute{\\textnormal{e}}$vy process in the formula for the solution of SDE for spot FX rate. ", "We have: $$\\label{4.75}\n \\mathbb{E}_{\\textbf{Q}} \\left[ e^{L_t^J}\\right]=\\int_{\\Omega}\\exp\\left(\\int_0^t \\log Z_{s_-}dN_s\\right)L_t^{\\theta^{c},\\theta^{J}}(\\omega)d\\textbf{P}(\\omega),$$ where $\\textbf{P}$ is the initial probability measure, $\\textbf{Q}$ is a new risk-neutral measure. ", "Substituting the density of the Esscher transform into we have: $$\\label{4.76}\n \\mathbb{E}_{\\textbf{Q}} \\left[ e^{L_t^J}\\right]=\\mathbb{E}_\\textbf{P}\\biggl[\\textnormal{exp}\\left(\\int_0^t \\theta_s^c\n\\sigma_s dW_s -1/2 \\int_0^t (\\theta_s^c \\sigma_s)^2\nds\\right)-$$ $$\\int_0^t \\lambda_s\\biggl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_s^J }\\nu(dx)-1\\biggl)ds\\biggl) \\biggl] \\;\\mathbb{E}_\\textbf{P}\\biggl[\\textnormal{exp}\\left(\\int_0^t (\\theta_{s}^J+1)\\log Z_{s_-}d N_s\\right)\\biggl].$$ Using we obtain: $$\\label{4.77}\n\\mathbb{E}_\\textbf{P}\\biggl[\\textnormal{exp}\\left(\\int_0^t (\\theta_{s}^J+1)\\log Z_{s_-}d N_s\\right)\\biggl]=\\exp\\biggl(\\int_0^t \\lambda_s\\biggl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+} }x^{(\\theta_s^J +1)}\\nu(dx)-1 \\biggl) ds\\biggl)$$ Putting to and taking into account characteristic function of Brownian motion (see ) we have: $$\\label{4.78}\n \\mathbb{E}_{\\textbf{Q}} \\left[ e^{L_t^J}\\right]=\\exp\\biggl(\\int_0^t \\lambda_s\\biggl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+} }x^{\\theta_s^J }\\nu(dx)\\left[\\frac{\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{(\\theta_s^J +1)}\\nu(dx)}{\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_s^J }\\nu(dx)}-1\\right] \\biggl) ds\\biggl).$$ Return to the initial measure $\\textbf{P}$, but with different $\\lambda_t^{\\theta, J}, k_t^{\\theta, J}$. We obtain: $$\\label{4.79}\n \\mathbb{E}_{\\tilde{\\lambda}, \\tilde{\\nu}} \\left[ e^{L_t^J}\\right]=\\exp\\biggl(\\int_0^t \\lambda_s^{\\theta, J}\\biggl(\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x \\tilde{\\nu}(dx)-1\\biggl)ds\\biggl).$$ Formula for the new intensity $\\lambda_t^{\\theta, J}$ of the Poisson process follows directly from ,. ", "The new density of jumps $\\tilde{\\nu}$ is defined from , by the following formula: $$\\label{4.80}\n\\frac{\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{(\\theta_t^J +1)}\\nu(dx)}{\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_t^J }\\nu(dx)}=\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x\\tilde{\\nu}(dx).$$ Calculate now the new mean jump size given jump arrival with respect to the new measure $\\textbf{Q}$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{4.81}\n&k_t^{\\theta, J}=\\int_\\Omega (Z(\\omega)-1)d\\tilde{\\nu}(\\omega)=\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}} (x-1)\\tilde{\\nu}(dx)=\\notag \\\\\n&\\int_{\\mathbb{_+}} x\\tilde{\\nu}(dx)-1=\n\\frac{\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{(\\theta_t^J +1)}\\nu(dx)}{\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_t^J }\\nu(dx)}-1.\\end{aligned}$$ So, we can rewrite martingale condition for the discounted spot FX rate in the form in , where $\\lambda_t^{\\theta, J}, k_t^{\\theta, J}$ are given by , respectively. ", "$\\square$\n\nUsing we have the following formulas for the families of the regime switching parameters satisfying the martingale condition : $$\\label{4.82}\n \\theta_t^{c, \\ast}=\\frac{K_0+r_t^d-r_t^f-\\mu_t}{\\sigma_t^2},$$ $$\\label{4.83}\n \\theta_t^{J, \\ast}: \\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{(\\theta_t^{J, \\ast} +1)}\\nu(dx)-\\int_{\\mathbb{R_+}}x^{\\theta_t^{J, \\ast}} \\nu(dx)=\\frac{K_0}{\\lambda_t},$$ where $K_0$ is any constant. ", "Note again, that the choice for these parameters is not unique.", "\n\nIn the next section we shall apply these formulas , to the exponential distribution of jumps.", "\n\nWe now proceed to the general formulas for European calls (see [@b7], [@b21]). ", "For the European call currency options with a strike price $K$ and the time of expiration $T$ the price at time zero is given by:\n\n$$\\label{4.31}\n \\Pi_0(S, K, T, \\xi)=\\mathbb{E}^{\\theta^{c,\\ast}, \\theta^{J,\n \\ast}}\\left[e^{-\\int_0^T (r^d_s-r^f_s)ds}(S_T-K)^+\\mid \\mathcal{F}_t^\\xi\\right].$$\n\nLet $J_i(t,T)$ denote the occupation time of $\\xi$ in state $e_i$ over the period $[t, T], t<T$. We introduce several new quantities that will be used in future calculations: $$\\label{4.32}\nR_{t, T}=\\frac{1}{T-t}\\int_0^T (r_s^d-r_s^f)ds=\\frac{1}{T-t}\\sum_{i=1}^n (r_i^d-r_i^f)J_i(t, T),$$ where $J_i(t, T):=\\int_t^T <\\xi_{s},\\; e_i>ds$; $$\\label{4.33}\nU_{t, T}=\\frac{1}{T-t}\\int_t^T \\sigma_s^2 ds=\\frac{1}{T-t} \\sum_{i=1}^n \\sigma_i^2J_i(t, T);$$ $$\\label{4.34}\n \\lambda_{t, T}^{\\theta^\\ast J}=\\frac{1}{T-t} \\sum_{i=1}^n \\lambda_i^{\\theta^\\ast J}J_i(t, T);$$ $$\\label{4.35}\n\\lambda_{t, T}^{\\theta^\\ast }=\\frac{1}{T-t}\\int_t^T(1+k_s^{\\theta^\\ast J})\\lambda_s^{\\theta^\\ast J}ds=\\frac{1}{T-t}\\sum_{i=1}^n (1+k_i^{\\theta^\\ast J})\\lambda_i^{\\theta^\\ast J} J_i(t, T);$$ $$\\label{4.36}\n V_{t, T, m}^2=U_{t, T}+\\frac{m\\sigma_J^2}{T-t},$$ where $\\sigma_J^2$ is the variance of the distribution of the jumps. ", "$$\\label{4.37}\n R_{t, T, m}=R_{t,T}-\\frac{1}{T-t}\\int_t^T \\lambda_s^{\\theta^\\ast J}k_s^{\\theta^\\ast J}ds+\\frac{1}{T-t}\\int_0^T\\frac{\\log(1+k_s^{\\theta^\\ast J})}{T-t}ds=$$ $$R_{t, T}-\\frac{1}{T-t}\\sum_{i=1}^n \\lambda_i^{\\theta^\\ast J}k_i^{\\theta^\\ast J}+\n\\frac{m}{T-t}\\sum_{i=1}^n \\frac{\\log(1+k_i^{\\theta^\\ast J})}{T-t}J_i(t,T),$$ where $m$ is the number of jumps in the interval $[t, T]$, $n$ is the number of states of the Markov chain $\\xi$.\n\nFrom the pricing formula in Merton (1976, [@b21]) let us define (see [@b7]) $$\\label{4.38}\n \\overline{\\Pi_0}(S, K,T; R_{0, T}, U_{0, T}, \\lambda_{0, T}^{\\theta^{\\ast}})=\\sum_{m=0}^{\\infty}\\frac{e^{-T\\lambda_{0, T}^{\\theta^\\ast,\n J}}(T\\lambda_{0, T}^{\\theta^\\ast})^m}{m!}\\times$$ $$BS_0(S, K, T, V^2_{0, T, m}, R_{0, T,\n m})$$ where $BS_0(S, K, T, V^2_{0, T, m}, R_{0, T,\n m})$ is the standard Black-Scholes price formula (see [@b6]) with initial spot FX rate $S$, strike price $K$, risk-free rate $r$, volatility square $\\sigma^2$ and time $T$ to maturity.", "\n\nThen, the European style call option pricing formula takes the form (see [@b7]): $$\\label{4.39}\n\\Pi_0(S, K, T)=\\int_{[0, t]^n}\\overline{\\Pi_0}(S, K,T; R_{0, T},\nU_{0, T}, \\lambda_{0, T}^{\\theta^{\\ast,\n J}})\\times$$ $$\\psi(J_1, J_2,..., J_n) dJ_1...dJ_n,$$ where $\\psi(J_1, J_2,..., J_n)$ is the joint probability distribution density for the occupation time, which is determined by the following characteristic function (See [@b11-2]): $$\\label{4.39-1}\n\\mathbb{E} \\left[\\exp \\bigl\\{\\langle u, J(t,T)\\rangle \\bigl\\}\\right]=\\langle\\exp \\{(\\Pi + diag(u)) (T-t)\\}\\cdot\\mathbb{E}[\\xi_0], \\mathfrak{1}\\rangle,$$ where $\\mathfrak{1}\\in \\mathbb{R}^n$ is a vector of ones, $u=(u_1,..., u_n)$ is a vector of transform variables, $J(t,T):=\\{J_1(t,T),..., J_n(t,T)\\}$.\n\nCurrency option pricing for exponential processes\n=================================================\n\nBecause of the restriction $Z_{s_-}>0$ we can not consider a double-exponential distribution of jumps (see [@b17], [@b19]) in $\\int_0^t \\log Z_{s_-}dN_s $. ", "Let us consider exponential distribution instead. ", "It is defined by the following formula of density function: $$\\label{4.84}\n \\nu(x)=\\theta e^{-\\theta x}\\biggl|_{x \\geq 0}$$ The mean value of this distribution is: $$\\label{4.85}\n \\textnormal{mean}(\\theta)=\\frac{1}{\\theta}$$ The variance of this distribution is: $$\\label{4.86}\n\\textnormal{var}(\\theta)=\\frac{1}{\\theta^2}$$ The exponential distribution like the double-exponential distribution has also memorylessness property.", "\n\nLet us derive the martingale condition and formulas for the regime-switching Esscher transform parameters in case of jumps driven by the exponential distribution. ", "Using the martingale condition for discounted spot FX rate we obtain:\n\n$$\\label{4.87}\nr_t^f-r_t^d+\\mu_t+ \\theta_t^c\\sigma_t^2+\\lambda_t \\biggl[\\frac{\\Gamma(\\theta_t^J+2)}{\\theta^{\\theta_t^J+1}}-\\frac{\\Gamma(\\theta_t^J+1)}{\\theta^{\\theta_t^J}}\\biggl]=0,$$\n\nwhere we have such a restriction(and in the sequel): $\\quad \\theta_t^J>-1$.\n\nUsing , the random Esscher transform intensity $\\lambda_t^{\\theta,\nJ}$ of the Poisson Process and the main percentage jump size $k_t^{\\theta, J}$ are respectively given by $$\\label{4.88}\n\\lambda_t^{\\theta, J}=\\lambda_t \\frac{\\Gamma(\\theta_t^J+1)}{\\theta^{\\theta_t^J}},$$ $$\\label{4.89}\n k_t^{\\theta, J}=\\frac{\\theta_t^J+1}{\\theta}-1.$$\n\nUsing we have the following formula for the families of regime switching Esscher transform parameters satisfying martingale condition : $$\\label{4.90}\n \\theta_t^{J, \\ast}: \\biggl[\\frac{\\Gamma(\\theta_t^{J,\\ast}+2)}{\\theta^{\\theta_t^{J,\\ast}+1}}-\\frac{\\Gamma(\\theta_t^{J,\\ast}+1)}{\\theta^{\\theta_t^{J,\\ast}}}\\biggl]=\\frac{K_0}{\\lambda_t}.$$ Let us simplify : $$\\label{4.91}\n \\theta_t^{J, \\ast}: \\frac{\\Gamma(\\theta_t^{J,\\ast}+1)}{\\theta^{\\theta_t^{J,\\ast}}}\\biggl(\\frac{\\theta_t^{J,\\ast}+1}{\\theta}-1\\biggl)=\\frac{K_0}{\\lambda_t}.$$ The formula for $\\theta_t^{c, \\ast}$ in this case is the same as in .", "\n\nWith respect to to such values of the regime switching Esscher transform parameters we have from , , : $$\\label{4.92}\n k_t^{J, \\ast}=K_0/\\lambda_t^{ J, \\ast}.$$\n\nWhen we proceed to a new risk-neutral measure $\\textbf{Q}$ we have the new $\\tilde{\\theta}$ in . ", "Using we obtain:\n\n$$\\label{4.93}\n\\tilde{\\theta}=\\frac{\\theta}{\\theta_t^J+1}.$$\n\nFrom we arrive at interesting conclusion: $\\tilde{\\theta}$ depends on time $t$. So, now the distribution of jumps changes depending on time(it is not the case before for the log double-exponential distribution, where $\\tilde{\\theta}$ was actually a constant, see [@b7]). ", "So, the compound Poisson Process depends not only on a number of jumps, but on moments of time when they arrive in this case. ", "The same statement is true for the mean jump size in . ", "But the pricing formulas - are applicable to this case as well.", "\n\nIn the numerical simulations, we assume that the hidden Markov chain has three states: up, down, side-way, and the corresponding rate matrix is calculated using real Forex data for the thirteen-year period: from January 3, 2000 to November 2013. 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Bjork, “Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time,” 2nd ed. ", "Oxford University Press, 1998. ", "F. Benth, J. Benth and S. Koekebakker, “Stochastic Modeling of Electricity and Related Markets,” World Scientific, 2008. ", "R.C.Merton, “Option pricing when underlying stock returns are discontinuous,” Journal of Finance and Economics 3, 1976, pp. ", "125-144. ", "A. Papapantoleon , “An introduction to L$\\acute{\\textnormal{e}}$vy processes with Applications to Mathematical Finance. ", "Lecture notes,” 2000. ", "R.J. Elliott, L. Chan, T. K. Siu, “Option pricing and Esscher transform under regime switching,” Annals of Finance 1, 2005, pp. ", "423-432. ", "R.J. Elliott , T. K. Siu, L. Chan, J. W. Lau, “Pricing options under a generalized Markov-modulated jump-diffusion model,” Stochastic Analysis and Applications 25, 2007, pp. ", "821-843. ", "R. J. Elliott, “Stochastic Calculus and Applications,” Springer, 1982. ", "R. J. Elliott, Carlton-James U. Osakwe, “Option Pricing for Pure Jump Processes with Markov Switching Compensators,” Finance and Stochastics, Vol. ", "10, Issue 2, 2006, pp. ", "250-275. ", "S. G. Kou, “A jump-diffusion model for option pricing,” Management Science, 48(8), 2002, pp. ", "1086–1101. ", "Li-Hua Zhang, Wei-Guo Zhang, Wen-Jun Xu, Wei-Lin Xiao, “The double-exponential jump-diffusion model for pricing European options under fuzzy envirionments,” Economical Modelling, 29, 2012 , pp. ", "780-786.", "\n\nAppendix {#appendix .unnumbered}\n========\n\n**The Matlab function used to calculate probability matrix for the Markov chain modeling cross rates of currency pairs in the Forex market.**", "\n\nWe assume that the Markov chain has only three states: “trend up”, “trend down”, “trend sideway”. ", "Such a choice of states is justified by numerous articles for the FX market (See www.mql5.com). ", "In a file $\\textnormal{MaxDataFile open.", "CSV}$ there are open prices of EURO/ESD currency pairs of Japanese candles over a 13 year period. ", "This file was generated in the platform MT5 using MQL5 programming language.", "\n\n function [ Probab_matrix ] =Probab_matrix_calc1(candles_back_up, candles_back_down,\n delta_back_up, delta_back_down, candles_up,candles_down, delta_up, delta_down )\n Probab_matrix=zeros(3,3);\n m_open=csvread('MaxDataFile_open.", "CSV');\n [size_open temp]=size(m_open);\n m_before=zeros(1,size_open);\n upper_border=size_open-max(candles_up, candles_down);\n delta_up=delta_up/10000;\n delta_down=delta_down/10000;\n count_up=0;\n count_down=0;\n count_sideway=0;\n beforeborder=max(candles_back_up, candles_back_down)+1;\n for i=beforeborder:size_open\n if (m_open(i)-m_open(i-candles_back_up)>=delta_up)\n m_before(i)=1;\n end\n if (m_open(i-candles_back_down)-m_open(i)>=delta_down)\n m_before(i)=-1;\n end\n end;\n for i=1:upper_border\n if(m_before(i)==1)\n if(m_open(i+candles_up)-m_open(i)>=delta_up)\n Probab_matrix(1,1)= Probab_matrix(1,1)+1;\n else\n if(m_open(i)-m_open(i+candles_down)>=delta_down)\n Probab_matrix(1,2)= Probab_matrix(1,2)+1;\n else\n Probab_matrix(1,3)= Probab_matrix(1,3)+1;\n end\n end\n end\n if(m_before(i)==-1)\n if(m_open(i+candles_up)-m_open(i)>=delta_up)\n Probab_matrix(2,1)= Probab_matrix(2,1)+1;\n else\n if(m_open(i)-m_open(i+candles_down)>=delta_down)\n Probab_matrix(2,2)= Probab_matrix(2,2)+1;\n else\n Probab_matrix(2,3)= Probab_matrix(2,3)+1;\n end\n end\n end\n if(m_before(i)==0)\n if(m_open(i+candles_up)-m_open(i)>=delta_up)\n Probab_matrix(3,1)= Probab_matrix(3,1)+1;\n else\n if(m_open(i)-m_open(i+candles_down)>=delta_down)\n Probab_matrix(3,2)= Probab_matrix(3,2)+1;\n else\n Probab_matrix(3,3)= Probab_matrix(3,3)+1;\n end\n end\n end\n end\n count_up=sum(Probab_matrix(1,:));\n count_down=sum(Probab_matrix(2,:));\n count_sideway=sum(Probab_matrix(3,:));\n for j=1:3\n Probab_matrix(1,j)= Probab_matrix(1,j)/count_up;\n Probab_matrix(2,j)= Probab_matrix(2,j)/count_down;\n Probab_matrix(3,j)= Probab_matrix(3,j)/count_sideway\n end\n end\n\nFor example run in Matlab:\n\n [ Probab_matrix ] = Probab_matrix_calc1(30, 30, 10, 10, 30, 30, 10, 10);\n\nProbability matrix is as follows:\n\n$$\\left( {\\begin{array}{cc}\n \\textnormal{up} & \\textnormal{down}\\;\\;\\textnormal{sideway} \\\\\n 0.4408 & 0.4527\\;\\; 0.1065\\\\\n 0.4818 &0.4149 \\;\\; 0.1033\\\\\n 0.4820 &0.4119\\;\\; 0.1061\n \\end{array} } \\right)$$\n\n[^1]: In our numerical simulations we consider three-state Markov chain and calculate elements in $\\Pi$ using Forex market EURO/USD currency pair\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "\"Everybody's asleep.\" \" ", "Good.\" \" ", "Wanna play Candyland?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "The kid's game?\" \"", "Not if you're naked.\" \"", "Ray, come on!\" \"", "This is gonna be worse if I leave it.\" \"", "You're suppose to leave it.\" \"", "That's the Let-it-sit rule.\" \"", "Right?\" \"", "I love that rule.\" \"", "Yeah, I never should have taught you that.\" \"", "Woo!\" \"", "Never should've taught you that either.\" \"", "Get away from me!\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "We're in here!\" \" ", "Occupied!\" \" ", "What is going on?\" \"", "Big shot cop here wants to give me a ticket!\" \"", "I don't want to, I have to!\" \"", "End of the month, he's got a quota.\" \"", "You hit my patrol car!\" \"", "I'm your father!\" \"", "I don't care if I killed a guy!\" \"", "You're suppose to look the other way.\" \"", "Right?\" \"", "Dad, whatever you do I wanna look the other way.\" \"", "I can't look the other way anymore.\" \"", "You drive like a maniac.\" \"", "Frank, how did you hit Robert's patrol car?\" \"", "My partner comes to pick me up and Dad backs out of the driveway without looking.\" \" ", "The car shouldn't have been there!\" \" ", "On the street?\" \"", "Call it a hit and run.\" \"", "Say you never saw the guy!\" \" ", "I can't lie on the police report.\" \" ", "Why not?\" \"", "Because I have a moral obligation as a police officer and I almost got caught for lying for you the last time!\" \"", "Now let me see your license!\" \"", "Sorry, Sally, I'm fighting this!\" \"", "There is black and white on the side of your car!\" \"", "I hit a penguin!\" \"", "I'm writing the ticket!\" \"", "That's Barone!\" \"", "B-a-r-o-n-e!\" \"", "As in the man from whose loins you sprung!\" \"", "By the way...\" \"I hope you have someplace else to sleep tonight!\" \"", "Because if you try to come home,\" \"I'm gonna have you arrested for breaking and entering!\" \"", "Does that couch pull out?\" \"", "Wow!\" \"", "Did you do that yourself?\" \"", "They're coming!\" \"", "So if Dad doesn't pay this ticket, is there gonna be a court date?\" \"", "'Cause I would take off of work for that.\" \"", "I might just give him a warning.\" \"", "Oh, wussy-wus-wus.\" \"", "Come on, you got a chance to get even with this guy!\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "What do you mean you don't know?\" \"", "Remember what he's done to us?\" \"", "Remember \"Guess that smell\"?\" \"", "Yeah?\" \"", "The killing of the tooth fairy?\" \"", "Liver week?\" \"", "Liver week was my fault.\" \"", "Would have been one night if I just could have swallowed it.\" \"", "Ray?\" \"", "Listen, I've decided I don't want Frank\" \" driving the kids anymore.\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "I don't want him driving the kids.\" \"", "Makes me uncomfortable.\" \" ", "Because of the swearing?\" \" ", "Because of the driving!\" \"", "He's not a safe driver.\" \"", "Yeah, well\" \"I can't tell him he can't drive his own grandkids around.\" \"", "Why not?\" \"", "He's too aggressive.\" \"", "That's why I can't tell him.\" \"", "I can't believe how your whole family protects Frank!\" \"", "You know?\" \"", "He's got everybody so intimidated.\" \"", "Good for you Robert, for giving him that ticket.\" \"", "Yeah, well, he's just giving him a warning.\" \"", "Well I can't live over here forever.\" \"", "Can I?\" \"", "No.\" \" ", "Then it's just a warning!\" \" ", "Wuss!\" \" ", "You're the wuss!\" \" ", "How am I the wuss?\" \" ", "Let me show you how you're the wuss!\" \" ", "All right!\" \" ", "Bring it!\" \" ", "Okay, okay!\" \"", "You know, he's right.\" \"", "At least Robert stood up to Frank.\" \"", "You on the other hand, would put your own children in jeopardy just to avoid an embarrassing conversation.\" \"", "Hey, our kids are not in jeopardy.\" \"", "How do we know Robert isn't the one who caused that accident?\" \"", "It's liver week again!\" \"", "God.\" \"", "I'm doing that one.\" \"", "For three innings.\" \"", "Who wants to go to the Happy Zone?\" \"", "I do!\" \"", "Then get in the car.\" \"", "And I hope your Dad gave you some quarters 'cause I'm not the bank.\" \"", "You know, I forgot it was Happy Zone day.\" \"", "Every other Saturday.\" \"", "That's what you wanted, wasn't it?\" \"", "A day without the kids so you could catch up on the cleaning?\" \"", "Maybe we should do it more often.\" \"", "Last one in the car is a rotten egg!\" \"", "Um, Ally?\" \"", "Yeah wait, honey!\" \"", "Um, Ray, maybe you should go with them to the Happy Zone.\" \"", "No, no.\" \"", "When everybody goes, then this becomes the Happy Zone.\" \"", "Yeah, well, maybe you should just go anyway.\" \"", "You know?\" \"", "You take the kids so they won't mess up Frank's car.\" \"", "Well, I'm not so picky now that Robert got his stupid cop paint on it.\" \" ", "Now you see, everything's fine.\" \" ", "Come on, Marie!\" \"", "Ray, maybe you're not hearing me.\" \"", "I'm hearing you make trouble.\" \"", "I got juice for everyone.\" \"", "Here we go.\" \"", "Ray?\" \"", "Ray?\" \"", "Ray?\" \" ", "Ray wants to drive.\" \" ", "I didn't say that!\" \"", "Okay, fine.\" \"", "I'll go to the Happy Zone.\" \"", "They may not let you in with that attitude.\" \"", "Okay, Mommy's driving.\" \" ", "Then why the hell am I going?\" \" ", "Because it will be fun!\" \"", "It'll give us all a chance to spend more time together!\" \"", "I thought the point was to give you a day off?\" \"", "Not that I ever got a day off.\" \"", "You can take off anytime.\" \" ", "That's it.\" \"", "I'm riding with Debra.\" \" ", "Then who's going with me?\" \"", "All right!\" \"", "Marie, you take my car and drive the kids.\" \"", "I'll ride with Frank.\" \"", "I want to talk to him anyway.\" \"", "All right!\" \"", "Look!\" \"", "I'll drive with my father, okay?\" \"", "You go with Debra and the kids in our car and this way there doesn't need to be any talking.\" \"", "Why are you going?\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "Because I shouldn't miss out on the happiness.\" \" ", "Hi, Grandpa!\" \" ", "Yeah, yeah.\" \"", "See, now there's a line for skeeball.\" \"", "We're screwed!\" \" ", "Where have you been?\" \" ", "We ran into traffic.\" \"", "It wasn't traffic, Dad.\" \"", "It was a funeral procession.\" \"", "One less idiot in the world.\" \"", "That's a terrible thing to say.\" \"", "You don't even know the person.\" \"", "We met the family.\" \"", "And believe me, the family van ldiot.\" \" ", "You met them?\" \" ", "During the fight.\" \"", "What fight?\" \"", "There was no fight!\" \"", "They didn't want to get their good suits dirty.\" \" ", "What happened?\" \" ", "A few people\" \"I don't know, I guess they were the mourners, they got a little upset 'cause we almost caused a pile up\" \" when Dad cut off the hearse.\" \" ", "Oh, Frank.\" \"", "What kind of rush is he in?\" \"", "He's dead!\" \" ", "Hold me, please?\" \" ", "Oh.\" \"", "You were right.\" \"", "He shouldn't be driving the kids.\" \"", "He shouldn't be driving at all.\" \" ", "What are you blubbering about?\" \" ", "You!\" \"", "You!\" \" ", "You're a terrible driver!\" \" ", "I'm a great driver!\" \"", "Dad, we almost go hit!\" \"", "It was in my blind spot!\" \"", "What, a 20-car funeral procession?\" \"", "That's not a blind spot, Dad.\" \"", "That's west!\" \" ", "You're exaggerating.\" \" ", "You're a hostile driver.\" \"", "He's a hostile person.\" \"", "You should see him brush his teeth.\" \"", "Debra's right.\" \"", "You're not driving the kids anymore.\" \"", "What's this about, Debra?\" \"", "Uh, talk to Ray.\" \"", "All of a sudden I'm not driving the kids?\" \"", "Where is this coming from?\" \"", "From my near-death experience!\" \"", "It's amazing your license hasn't been revoked already.\" \"", "Aw, let them take it.\" \" ", "The damn thing's expired anyhow.\" \" ", "Oh.\" \" ", "What?\" \" ", "Frank!\" \"", "You told me you took care of it.\" \"", "What's wrong with you?\" \"", "Wait, you're driving without a valid license?\" \"", "I didn't want to wait in those long lines!\" \"", "Besides, I kinda like the picture on this one.\" \"", "See, 10 lbs. ", "lighter and more hair.\" \"", "This expired last year.\" \"", "I am not driving with you until you get that renewed!\" \"", "That's incentive?\" \"", "Why couldn't my marriage license expire?\" \"", "Hey, what are you doing?\" \"", "You're not getting these till you pass a driving test!\" \"", "Are you outta your mind?\" \"", "Give me those damn keys!\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Hey, come here!\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Come on, come on!\" \"", "I'll walk.\" \"", "Dad, it's 7:00 A.M. What the hell are you doing?\" \"", "Let's go!\" \"", "My test is at 7:30!\" \"", "What?\" \"", "What test?\" \"", "At the dmv!\" \"", "I gotta take the stupid test again and they got some rule about going with a licensed driver!\" \"", "I'm not going now!\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Stop it!\" \"", "Barone, you stupid ass!\" \"", "Hey, I'm on it!\" \"", "I got it!\" \"", "I got it!\" \"", "All right, Dad!\" \"", "I'm coming, shut up.\" \"", "Good morning.\" \"", "How'd you get the keys back from Mom?\" \"", "That was not pleasant.\" \"", "But I found the remote.\" \"", "Yeah, come on.\" \"", "Let's get this over with.\" \"", "Car.\" \"", "Car!\" \" ", "Oh, wait your turn!\" \" ", "Dad, what are you-- what are you doing?\" \"", "You didn't look, you didn't signal.\" \"", "There was plenty of room!\" \"", "This is the kind of stuff that's going to be on the test.\" \"", "They're not going to have that beginner's crap on there.\" \"", "Yes, they are.\" \"", "You gotta look in the mirror.\" \"", "Yeah, yeah.\" \"", "And both hands on the wheel.\" \"", "10:00 and 2:00.\" \"", "Both hands.\" \"", "Sit up straight.\" \" ", "Come on!\" \" ", "Yes, and you have to signal.\" \"", "Every time.\" \"", "There's only one signal you need.\" \"", "Let me find it.\" \"", "Here it is!\" \"", "Dad!\" \"", "That's a lady, Dad!\" \"", "Oh great!\" \"", "She's giving it back.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "That's good.\" \"", "Two fingers before breakfast.\" \"", "Driving test.\" \"", "Next thing I know, they'll have me take a walking test.\" \"", "Stop sign.\" \" ", "Breathing test.\" \" ", "Stop sign.\" \" ", "Bathroom test.\" \" ", "Stop sign, Dad!\" \"", "What?\" \"!\" \"", "What are you doing?\" \"", "You went through a stop sign!\" \"", "That's called a rolling stop!\" \"", "What?\" \"", "There was nobody coming.\" \"", "Saves the brakes!\" \"", "Yeah, tell that to your instructor.\" \"", "You know what he'll give you?\" \"", "A bus pass!\" \"", "I don't need you telling me how to drive.\" \"", "I taught you.\" \"", "Yeah, well, great.\" \"", "I'll use your method.\" \"", "After everything I'll tell you I'll just add the word \"stupid.\"\" \"", "Fine, then I'll burst into tears.\" \"", "Don't yell at me!\" \"", "How can I drive when you're yelling at me!\" \"", "I'm trying to help you.\" \"", "Okay?\" \"", "Do you want to pass this test or not?\" \"", "Don't worry about me.\" \"", "This whole family's a bunch of pansies\" \"I've been driving for 50 years!\" \"", "Yeah, maybe that's enough.\" \" ", "What's that suppose to mean?\" \" ", "Nothing.\" \"", "Let me tell you something.\" \"", "When I started, you needed skill to drive a car.\" \"", "No automatic transmission.\" \"", "No power steering.\" \"", "No cup holder.\" \"", "Yes, sir, you needed a little muscle, Nancy.\" \"", "Dad!\" \"", "Don't yell at me!\" \"", "You were going to hit that guy!\" \"", "You didn't see him?\" \"", "I saw him!\" \"", "He stopped short.\" \"", "No he didn't, Dad!\" \"", "He's at a light!\" \"", "You were talking to me!\" \"", "How am I suppose to think and drive at the same time?\" \"", "Yeah, right.\" \"", "Right.\" \" ", "Green light, Dad.\" \" ", "I know!\" \"", "Oh, excuse me.\" \"", "I forgot to signal.\" \"", "What happened?\" \"", "He passed.\" \"", "He passed?\" \" ", "Wait, just the written part, right?\" \" ", "He passed.\" \"", "No, everything.\" \"", "The writing, the driving, the seeing.\" \" ", "They gave him a new license?\" \" ", "Yup!\" \"", "Pretty good picture, too.\" \"", "What kind of government is this?\" \"!\" \"", "What do you mean they-- they just gave your father a new license?\" \"", "They're just giving stuff away over there!\" \"", "My God!\" \"", "Hey, I'm gonna go out tomorrow and get my pilot's license.\" \"", "Yes, then I'm gonna perform a few marriages.\" \"", "Then I'm gonna open a casino!\" \"", "Hey... while you're at it, get a masseuse's license.\" \"", "Why are you just lying there?\" \"", "What are we gonna do now?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "What are we gonna do?\" \"", "He's got a shiny new license.\" \"", "Mine expires before his does.\" \"", "Okay, just because he slipped through the crack, this incredibly huge crack, doesn't mean he should be allowed to drive.\" \" ", "We still have to talk to him.\" \" ", "No, no.\" \"", "No, I'll tell you what has to be done.\" \"", "What I've been saying all along-- all the cars should be made out of Nerf.\" \" ", "This is your solution?\" \" ", "Yeah, that's it.\" \"", "No metal, no glass.\" \"", "Crashes are now fun!\" \"", "Oh, I see.\" \"", "You really thought this through, huh?\" \"", "What happens to your Nerf car when it rains?\" \"", "You ring it out at the light.\" \"", "Rain.\" \"", "The real problem is the wind.\" \"", "My car!\" \"", "Ah!\" \"", "The real problem is that now your father has the state of New York behind him.\" \"", "Yeah well, they better not try to pass him 'cause he'll flip them off.\" \"", "So this doesn't worry you?\" \"", "Well look, the thing with my father is he always drove fast and took chances, you know?\" \"", "But he had the moves to back it up.\" \"", "Now\" \"He's getting older, Ray.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "But he passed the test.\" \"", "And I gotta tell you,\" \"I was a little proud of him, you know?\" \"", "'Cause... maybe that means that... he's not really that old.\" \"", "I know it's hard, you know?\" \"", "Especially when they live right across the street and you see him every day.\" \"", "Sometimes two, three times a day.\" \"", "And you don't notice they're getting older.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I guess all that time he spends with his head in our fridge keeps him fresh.\" \"", "You know, sometimes I don't see my parents for three months.\" \"", "And then when I do, it's, whoa, suddenly they're older.\" \"", "Uh-huh.\" \"", "That's the better way.\" \" ", "So listen, what about the driving?\" \" ", "Well.\" \"", "I think we gotta be adults here, you know?\" \"", "And every morning let the air outta his tires.\" \"", "No, you're right.\" \"", "We have to be the grown-ups.\" \"", "'Cause that's what happens.\" \"", "And we're just gonna have to tell him.\" \"", "Can't drive the kids anymore.\" \"", "And he shouldn't be driving at night when the weather's bad.\" \"", "Or anywhere there's people.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "While we're at it, why don't we tell him how much Tv he can watch?\" \"", "And how much candy he's allowed.\" \"", "And make him tie his retainer to his belt loop with fishing line so he doesn't lose it!\" \"", "He did that to me.\" \"", "Well maybe you'll do better with them than they did with you.\" \"", "This driving thing is just the beginning, isn't it?\" \"", "Yup.\" \"", "Okay, all right!\" \"", "We're the parents now.\" \"", "I tell you one thing.\" \"", "You're giving them the sex talk.\" \" ", "Hey.\" \" ", "Hey.\" \" ", "You know who I saw last night?\" \" ", "Who?\" \" ", "Bobby Kotch.\" \" ", "Bobby Kotch, what?\" \"", "From Little League?\" \" ", "That's right.\" \"", "The lanky guy.\" \" ", "Yeah, how's he doing?\" \"", "Remember when we use to make fun of him for throwing like a girl?\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \" ", "Turned out to be a cross-dresser.\" \"", "Get outta here.\" \"", "How do you know?\" \"", "I arrested him.\" \"", "You can arrest someone for being a cross-dresser?\" \"", "Oh, you can when he's beating up a guy with a baseball bat.\" \"", "So, what does he look like in a dress?\" \"", "Not bad.\" \"", "Hey, Robert?\" \"", "Dad look like he's getting old to you?\" \"", "Is this a rest home discussion?\" \"", "'Cause I've got some brochures in my room.\" \"", "I mean, what is he now?\" \"", "He's like 66?\" \"", "Raymond, the man is gonna live for many, many more years.\" \"", "And you'll feel much better once you make your peace with it.\" \"", "No, I mean, it's just\" \"Hey, you wanna be a parent one day, right?\" \"", "Yeah, sure.\" \"", "I was thinking of a really good training program for you.\" \" ", "Hey!\" \" ", "It's a boy.\" \"", "Where's Ally?\" \" ", "The movie starts in half an hour.\" \" ", "What movie?\" \"", "I told Ally I'd take her to the new piece of animated crap.\" \"", "Oh, it's not crap, Dad.\" \"", "It's good.\" \"", "I mean, it's no \"Little Mermaid,\" but, uh\" \"Amy wanted to go.\" \" ", "Hi, Grandpa!\" \" ", "Hey, sweetheart.\" \"", "Go get your raincoat.\" \" ", "Really raining, huh?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Hey, maybe I'll go with you?\" \" ", "You wanna go?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Yeah, I like those movies, you know?\" \"", "Plus, it's the matinee, right?\" \"", "We get the matinee price?\" \"", "Rob, you mind watching the twins till Debra gets home?\" \" ", "Sure.\" \" ", "Yeah, okay.\" \"", "Hey, Ray?\" \"", "Here.\" \" ", "You giving me these?\" \" ", "You're driving.\" \"", "You got a problem with that?\" \"", "That way I'll have both hands free for signaling.\" \" ", "Bye, Uncle Robert.\" \" ", "Bye, kiddo.\" \"", "Listen, about the movie.\" \"", "Don't get too attached to the zebra with the-- well, you'll see.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Oh, boy.\" \"", "Hey, you're paying for the movie.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Don't worry about it.\" \"", "And I want lots of candy!\" \"", "It's gonna ruin your dinner, though.\" \"", "Now don't jump in the puddles!\" \"", "Debra, Penny's is having a sale on athletic socks.\" \" ", "Anybody need socks?\" \" ", "I think we're good.\" \"", "I'm pretty low.\" \"", "We should swing by.\" \"", "I need to get to the post office before it closes.\" \"", "Okay, okay.\" \"", "Whoa, whoa!\" \"", "Hey, that moron cut you off!\" \" ", "All right.\" \"", "It's all right, Frank.\" \" ", "Hey, hey, wait a-- no, you can't be a doormat!\" \"", "Excuse me, honey.\" \"", "Grandpa has something for that man.\" \"", "No, Frank!\" \"", "No.\" \"", "This is for you, you stupid stinking hump!\"" ]

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[ "Movements forming timepiece assemblies as defined in the field of the invention have been proposed in some prior documents. ", "The patent CH 597 636, published in 1977, proposes such a movement with reference to FIG. ", "3 thereof. ", "The movement is equipped with a balance-hairspring and a conventional maintenance device comprising a pallet assembly and an escape wheel kinematically linked with a barrel equipped with a spring. ", "This timepiece movement comprises a device for regulating the frequency of the mechanical oscillator. ", "This regulating device comprises an electronic circuit and a magnetic assembly formed from a flat coil, arranged on a support arranged under the felloe of the balance, and from two magnets mounted on the balance and arranged close to one another so as to both pass over the coil when the oscillator is activated.", "\nThe electronic circuit comprises a time base comprising a quartz generator and serving to generate a reference frequency signal FR, this reference frequency being compared with the frequency FG of the mechanical oscillator. ", "The frequency FG of the oscillator is detected via the electrical signals generated in the coil by the pair of magnets. ", "The regulating circuit is suitable for momentarily inducing a braking torque via a magnetic magnet-coil coupling and a switchable load connected to the coil. ", "The document CH 597 636 provides the following teaching: “The resonator formed should have a variable oscillation frequency according to the amplitude on either side of the frequency FR (isochronism error)”. ", "It is therefore taught that a variation in the oscillation frequency of a non-isochronous resonator is obtained by varying the oscillation amplitude thereof. ", "An analogy is made between the oscillation amplitude of a resonator and the angular velocity of a generator comprising a rotor equipped with magnets and arranged in a gear train of the timepiece movement in order to regulate the operation thereof. ", "As a braking torque reduces the rotational speed of such a generator and as such the rotational frequency thereof, it is herein merely envisaged to be able to reduce the oscillation frequency of an obligatorily non-isochronous resonator by applying a braking torque reducing the oscillation amplitude thereof.", "\nTo perform electronic regulation of the frequency of the generator, or of the mechanical oscillator, it is envisaged in a given embodiment that the load is formed by a switchable rectifier via a transistor which loads a storage capacity during braking pulses, to retrieve the electricity so as to supply the electronic circuit. ", "The consistent teaching given in the document CH 597 636 is as follows: When FG>FR the transistor is conductive; a power Pa is then drawn from the generator/oscillator. ", "When FG<FR, the transistor is non-conductive; therefore, power is no longer drawn from the generator/oscillator. ", "In other words, regulation is merely performed when the frequency of the generator/of the oscillator is greater than the reference frequency FR. ", "This regulation consists of braking the generator/oscillator with the aim of reducing the frequency FG thereof. ", "As such, in the case of the mechanical oscillator, those skilled in the art understand that regulation is only possible when the barrel spring is strongly armed and that the free oscillation frequency (natural frequency) is greater than the reference frequency FR, resulting from a voluntary isochronism error of the selected mechanical oscillator. ", "Therefore, there is a two-fold problem, i.e. the mechanical oscillator is selected for that which is usually an error in a mechanical movement and the electronic regulation is only functional when the natural frequency of this oscillator is greater than a nominal frequency.", "\nIn conclusion, the teaching generally given to those skilled in the art is as follows: If it is sought to electronically regulate the frequency of a balance-hairspring of a conventional timepiece movement, it is necessary to change the balance-hairspring in order to firstly arrange at least one magnet on top and secondly to modify the natural frequency thereof such that this natural frequency is greater than the frequency sought. ", "The consequence of such a teaching is obvious: It is necessary to misadjust the mechanical resonator so that it oscillates at an excessively high frequency so as to enable the regulation device to consistently return the frequency thereof to a lower frequency, corresponding to the theoretical frequency sought, by a succession of braking pulses. ", "Consequently, the resulting timepiece movement is voluntarily set in such a way that precise operation is dependent on the electronic regulation, failing which such a timepiece movement would have a very significant time drift. ", "As such, if for one reason or another the regulation device is deactivated, particularly due to damage, then the watch equipped with such a movement will no longer be precise, to an extent that it is actually no longer operational. ", "Such a situation is problematic.", "\nThe use of a magnet-coil type electromagnetic system for coupling the balance-hairspring with the electronic regulation circuit gives rise to various problems. ", "Firstly, the arrangement of permanent magnets on the balance results in a magnetic flux being consistently present in the timepiece movement and said magnetic flux varying spatially periodically. ", "Such a magnetic flux may have a harmful effect on various members or elements of the timepiece movement, particularly on elements made of magnetic material such as parts made of ferromagnetic material. ", "This may have repercussions on the proper operation of the timepiece movement and also increase wear of pivoted elements. ", "It may indeed be envisaged to shield to a certain extent the magnetic system in question, but shielding requires specific elements which are borne by the balance. ", "Such shielding tends to increase the size of the mechanical resonator and the weight thereof. ", "Furthermore, it limits the possibilities of clean visually appealing configurations. ", "Furthermore, a high-intensity external magnetic field may damage the magnetised elements of the electromagnetic system.", "\nThose skilled in the art are aware of the proposed embodiments of mechanical timepiece movements, comprising a device for regulating the frequency of the balance-hairspring, where it is envisaged to act upon the oscillating balance with an electromechanical system formed, on one hand, by a stop which is arranged on the balance and, on the other, by an actuator equipped with a movable finger which is actuated at a defined braking frequency in the direction of the abutment. ", "This concept is intended to synchronise the frequency of the oscillator against that of a quartz oscillator with a claimed interaction between the finger and the stop when the mechanical oscillator exhibits a time drift relative to the quartz oscillator, the finger either momentarily locking the balance which is then stopped in the movement thereof during a certain time interval (the stop bearing against the finger moved in the direction thereof upon the return of the balance towards the neutral position thereof), or limiting the oscillation amplitude when the finger arrives against the stop while the balance rotates in the direction of the maximum amplitude position thereof.", "\nSuch a regulation system has numerous drawbacks and it could seriously be doubted that it could form an operational system. ", "The ‘blind’ action of the finger relative to the movement of the stop and to any potential initial phase shift of the oscillation of the stop in relation to that of the finger poses multiple problems. ", "The action is limited to an angular position given by the position of the actuator relative to the balance-hairspring. ", "As such, the effect of the interaction between the finger and the stop is dependent on the oscillation amplitude of the balance-hairspring and on the position of the actuator. ", "In conclusion, such embodiments appear to a person skilled in the art to be highly unlikely, and such a person skilled in the art is deterred from such a use. ", "Moreover, those skilled in the art of the present invention are not aware of watches equipped with such an electromechanical system that have been introduced onto the market." ]

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[ "Scythris atollicola\n\nScythris atollicola is a moth of the family Scythrididae. ", "It was described by Kari Nupponen and Aidas Saldaitis in 2013. ", "It is found on the Maldives (Kureli).", "\n\nReferences\n\natollicola\nCategory:Moths described in 2013" ]

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[ "French ship Trocadéro (1824)\n\nThe Trocadéro was a first-rate 118-gun ship of the line of the French Navy, of the Océan type, designed by Jacques-Noël Sané.", "\n\nOrdered as Formidable, she was commissioned in Toulon as Trocadéro in 1824.", "\n\nOn 23 March 1836, as she was refitting in Toulon, she was accidentally set afire. ", "The fire destroyed her.", "\n\nReferences\n\n L’incendie du Trocadéro à Toulon (1836), Nicolas Mioque\n La fin du Trocadéro, vaisseau de 1er rang (1836), Nicolas Mioque\n\nCategory:Ships of the line of the French Navy\nCategory:Océan-class ships of the line\nCategory:1824 ships\nCategory:Ship fires\nCategory:Maritime incidents in March 1836\nCategory:Ships built in France" ]

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[ "Molecular characterization of a Trithorax-group homologue gene from Pinus radiata.", "\nIn eukaryotes, trithorax group proteins play critical roles in the regulation of transcription, cell proliferation, differentiation and development. ", "In this work we report the molecular cloning and characterization of SEPR11, a cDNA from the conifer Monterrey pine (Pinus radiata) encoding a polypeptide homologue of a trithorax group member described in animals and yeast. ", "A full-length clone was isolated from RNA prepared from somatic embryos and contained a 1,239 bp ORF encoding 412 amino acids. ", "Characterization of the isolated sequence revealed that it contains a SPRY domain in the C-terminal region. ", "A comparison of the pine sequence with homologous proteins from plants, animals and yeast revealed that SEPR11 is phylogenetically related to the trithorax group members and not a SPRY-domain containing protein. ", "RT-PCR analyses of transcript abundance in pine tissues demonstrated that SEPR11 is particularly abundant in embryos, suggesting that this gene could be involved during embryo development. ", "The spatial localization of SEPR11 transcripts revealed that gene expression was restricted to the vascular bundle and apical and radicular meristems, suggesting a possible function of this gene in meristem control and vascular bundle development. ", "This work is the first report of the presence of a trithorax group homologue gene in gymnosperm." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\ndoes the infinite series $\\sum^{\\infty}_{n=1} (-1)^n \\frac {\\log(n)}n$ converge?", "\n\ndoes the infinite series $\\sum^{\\infty}_{n=1} (-1)^n \\frac {\\log(n)}n$ converge?", "\nFor this one I tried absolute convergence then I applied the integral test but I realized that $\\log^2(x)/2$ does not converge so I know that that won't work. ", "Any help? ", "Also I know the limit of $a_n$ as n approaches $\\infty=0$ however I am not sure if it is non decreasing \n\nA:\n\nThe sequence $\\log n\\over n$ is decreasing for $n>2$ because the function $x\\mapsto{\\log x\\over x}$ is decreasing in $(e,\\infty)$:\n$$f'(x)={1-\\log x\\over x^2}.$$\n\n" ]

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[ "//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n// boost variant/bad_visit.hpp header file\n// See http://www.boost.org for updates, documentation, and revision history.", "\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n//\n// Copyright (c) 2002-2003\n// Eric Friedman\n//\n// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See\n// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at\n// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\n\n#ifndef BOOST_VARIANT_BAD_VISIT_HPP\n#define BOOST_VARIANT_BAD_VISIT_HPP\n\n#include <exception>\n\nnamespace boost {\n\n//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n// class bad_visit\n//\n// Exception thrown when a visitation attempt via apply_visitor fails due\n// to invalid visited subtype or contents.", "\n//\nstruct bad_visit\n : std::exception\n{\npublic: // std::exception interface\n\n virtual const char * what() const throw()\n {\n return \"boost::bad_visit: \"\n \"failed visitation using boost::apply_visitor\";\n }\n\n};\n\n} // namespace boost\n\n#endif // BOOST_VARIANT_BAD_VISIT_HPP\n" ]

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[ "12 FLRA No. ", "140\nU.S. NAVAL SPACE SURVEILLANCE\nSYSTEMS, DAHLGREN, VIRGINIA\nRespondent\nand\nCase No. ", "3-CA-1603\nAMERICAN FEDERATION OF GOVERNMENT\nEMPLOYEES, AFL-CIO, LOCAL 2096\nCharging Party\nU.S. NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTER,\nDAHLGREN, VIRGINIA\nRespondent\nand\nCase No. ", "3-CA-1778\n9 FLRA No. ", "30\nAMERICAN FEDERATION OF GOVERNMENT\nEMPLOYEES, AFL-CIO, LOCAL 2096\nCharging Party\nDECISION AND ORDER UPON RECONSIDERATION\nOn March 17, 1983, the Authority issued an Order granting the motion\nfor reconsideration of its decision in U.S. Naval Space Surveillance\nSystems, Dahlgren, Virginia and U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center,\nDahlgren, Virginia, 9 FLRA No. ", "30 (1982), which had been filed by the\nDepartment of the Navy (Navy) on behalf of the U.S. Naval Surface\nWeapons Center, Dahlgren, Virginia (Weapons Center), the Respondent in\nCase No. ", "3-CA-1778. ", "In granting the Navy's motion for reconsideration,\nthe Authority stayed its order in 9 FLRA No. ", "30 pending completion of\nthe proceeding upon reconsideration, and granted leave to the parties to\nfile statements of position on the issue of whether Respondent Weapons\nCenter violated section 7131(d) of the Statute when it refused to\nbargain with the Union concerning a proposal to grant official time to a\nWeapons Center employee for representing the Union in contract\nnegotiations with another employee. ", "/1/ The Navy (on behalf of\nRespondent Weapons Center), the Charging Party, and the General Counsel\nfiled statements of position.", "\nIn its Decision and Order with respect to Case No. ", "3-CA-1778, /2/ the\nAuthority found in pertinent part that the Respondent Weapons Center\n(whose agent, Resio, also was the representative and spokesman for\nUSNSSS) violated the Statute when it refused to bargain with the Union\nunder section 7131(d) of the Statute concerning a proposal to grant\nofficial time to a Weapons Center employee, Union Executive Vice\nPresident Ezra Green, for representing the Union in contract\nnegotiations with another employer (USNSSS). ", "Further, the Authority\ndismissed an allegation that the Weapons Center had violated section\n7131(a) of the Statute by refusing to grant official time to Green for\nsuch purposes. ", "The Authority noted that, under section 7131(a),\nentitlement to official time accrues only to an employee within the unit\ninvolved in the negotiations. ", "The Authority's findings and conclusions\nin this latter regard are not at issue herein. ", "The issue to be decided\nnow is whether an employer is required to negotiate under section\n7131(d) concerning the authorization of official time for its\nemployee(s) to represent the Union in contract negotiations involving\nemployees of another employer.", "\nIn reaching its conclusion which is here at issue, the Authority\nrelied upon an earlier decision in Department of Defense, Department of\nthe Navy, Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic, Charleston, South Carolina,\n6 FLRA No. ", "67 (1981), and a previous Interpretation and Guidance, 7 FLRA\nNo. ", "105 (1982). ", "For the reasons set forth below, it is concluded that\nthese cases are not controlling herein, and that the purposes and\npolicies of the Statute will best be effectuated by dismissing in its\nentirety the complaint in Case No. ", "3-CA-1778.", "\nIn Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic, an activity was alleged to have\nunilaterally changed existing conditions of employment by denying\nofficial time to one of its employees, the president of the union which\nexclusively represented a unit of the activity's employees, for the\npurpose of representing employees in a unit of exclusive recognition at\na separate activity (the Naval Weapons Station). ", "The Authority\nconcluded, in agreement with the Judge, that the evidence failed to\nestablish the existence of a past practice whereby the activity\nknowingly and consistently granted official time to its employees to\nrepresent employees at other activities. ", "Accordingly, the complaint was\ndismissed on that basis. ", "The complaint did not allege that the union\nhad been denied the right to negotiate for such official time under\nsection 7131(d) of the Statute, and the Authority did not consider\nwhether section 7131(d) would have required the activity to negotiate\nwith respect thereto.", "\nSimilarly, in its Interpretation and Guidance, supra, the Authority\ndid not address the issue presented herein. ", "Rather, the question was\nwhether section 7131(a) of the Statute applies to the negotiation of a\nlocal agreement which supplements a national or controlling (master)\nagreement. ", "In concluding that section 7131(a) does not entitle\nemployees to official time for negotiating local supplemental\nagreements, the Authority emphasized that such entitlement to official\ntime only flows to an employee representing an exclusive representative\nin the negotiation of a collective bargaining agreement \"affecting\nemployees in the appropriate unit.\" (", "Emphasis in original.) ", "The\nAuthority added that when the parties at the level of exclusive\nrecognition agree to authorize the creation of local supplemental\nagreements affecting employees in the appropriate unit, they \"remain\nempowered under section 7131(d) of the Statute to negotiate official\ntime for employees representing the exclusive representative at the\nlocal level. . . . \"", "\nBy contrast, the Weapons Center and the Charging Party herein were\nnot engaged at all in the negotiation of a collective bargaining\nagreement involving conditions of employment affecting any Weapons\nCenter employee. ", "Only USNSSS, a completely separate activity, was\nengaged in negotiations with the Union, and those negotiations\nconsequently concerned only conditions of employment of USNSSS\nemployees. ", "Any agreement reached in such negotiations would not apply\nto or affect Weapons Center employees in any way. ", "The Authority now\nconcludes, consistent with the purposes and policies of the Statute as\ndiscussed herein, that the Weapons Center had no obligation under\nsection 7131(d) of the Statute to negotiate with the Charging Party\nconcerning the authorization of official time for one of its employees\nto represent the Union in a different collective bargaining unit engaged\nin collective bargaining with a different activity. ", "/3/\nCongress has specifically declared in section 7101(a)(1) of the\nStatute that it is \"the right of employees to organize, bargain\ncollectively, and participate through labor organizations of their own\nchoosing in decisions which affect them (that) (A) safeguards the public\ninterest, (B) contributes to the effective conduct of public business,\nand (C) facilitates and encourages the amicable settlements of disputes\nbetween employees and their employers involving conditions of\nemployment. . . . \" ", "/4/ Requiring an employer to bargain on demand with\nregard" ]

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[ "Sodium vapor process\n\nThe sodium vapor process (occasionally referred to as yellowscreen) is a photochemical film technique for combining actors and background footage. ", "It originated in the British film industry in the late 1950s, and was used extensively by The Walt Disney Company in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative to the more common bluescreen process. ", "Petro Vlahos is credited with the invention or development of both of these processes, and received (with Wadsworth E. Pohl and Ub Iwerks) an Academy Award in 1965 for the sodium vapor process used in Mary Poppins.", "\n\nThe process is not very complicated in principle. ", "An actor is filmed performing in front of a white screen that is lighted with powerful sodium vapor lights. ", "Such light glows in a specific narrow color spectrum that falls neatly into a chromatic notch between the various color sensitivity layers of the film so that the odd yellow color does not register on the red, green or blue layers. ", "This allows the complete range of colors to be used not only in costumes, but also in makeup and props. ", "A camera with a beam-splitter prism is used to expose two separate film elements. ", "The main element is regular color negative film that is not very sensitive to sodium light, and the other a fine-grain black-and-white film that is extremely sensitive to the specific wavelength produced by the sodium vapor.", "\n\nThis second film element is used to create a matte, as well as a counter-matte, for use during compositing on an optical printer. ", "These complementary mattes allow the various image elements to be cleanly isolated, so that as they are re-exposed onto a single, fresh piece of negative, one at a time and in jigsaw fashion, the various images do not show through one another (as they would using simple double exposure). ", "Acquiring the matte film element (as a first-generation original) at the same time as the live action makes a much better fit during optical printing, because it requires fewer separate, duplicate film generations than does bluescreen (though both processes degrade the image and introduce more \"error\" to the resulting matte) in the process of achieving sufficiently dense mattes. ", "This increased accuracy ultimately renders the matte \"lines\" almost invisible, though as with bluescreen, its use may be signaled by hard separation or mismatched coloration and contrast between elements, or in this case, a telltale white/yellow fringe.", "\n\nDisney reportedly made only one sodium vapor camera because only one working prism was ever produced, despite attempts to replicate it. ", "The camera was a retired Technicolor three-strip camera modified to use two films, and used normal lenses for the conventional 1.85-1 aspect ratio. ", "First developed in 1932, Technicolor three-strip cameras ran three rolls of black-and-white film past a beam splitter and a prism to film three strips of film, one for each primary color. ", "In 1952, Eastman Kodak introduced its color negative film, Eastmancolor, which led to Hollywood's discontinuation of Technicolor cameras in 1954. ", "\n\nAt the time of its use, the sodium process yielded cleaner results than did bluescreen, which was subject to noticeable color spill (a blue tint around the edges of the matte). ", "The increased accuracy allowed for the compositing of materials with finer detail, such as hair or Mary Poppins' veiled hat. ", "It was also useful that the \"sodium yellow\" light (and its removal via the matte) had a negligible effect on human skin tones. ", "As the bluescreen process improved, the sodium vapor process was abandoned, its screen and lamps monopolizing huge studios and incurring a higher cost.", "\n\nThe first use of the process was in the J. Arthur Rank Organisation's Plain Sailing in 1956. ", " It was used in Disney films The Parent Trap, Mary Poppins and Bedknobs and Broomsticks. ", "It was also used for the Ray Harryhausen film Mysterious Island, produced by Columbia Pictures. ", "Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds (produced by Universal Studios) used yellow screen, under the direction of Disney animator Ub Iwerks, in traveling matte shots with birds' rapidly fluttering wings. ", "\n\nThe process was used in the 1970s for scenes in Island at the Top of the World, Gus, The Apple Dumpling Gang, Freaky Friday, Escape to Witch Mountain, Pete's Dragon and The Black Hole. ", "Its last known use was in the 1990 film Dick Tracy.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Cinematic techniques" ]

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[ "Shop\n\nArticles\n\nEverything posted by Highfox\n\nI never seem to be GAS free\nHot on the top spot is a Sandberg VM4 or VT4 (aged and used)\nThe Jaydee lust is still there and not going away.", "\nThat's it at the moment I think.", "\nJust sold the 3rd pre-eb Stingray that I have owned, it's like some on going tease for me,\n\nI'm looking at getting a Sandberg California VS4. ", "Now the thing is this one seems to be only passive, has the reverse P and a single coil jazz at the bridge position\nAre they a rare breed? ", "Can't seem to find any detailed info on it anywhere.", "\n\nI'd say the Wal, haven't owned a Thumb (bit did have a custom Streamer, if that counts)\nThe Stingray goes well aggressive with the highs, the Wal is more controllable and doesn't really overdrive any of the frequencies imo, just more and more\n\nI have had a few P's in the Fender variety. ", "Two that I really thought were keepers, light weight, growl and that vintage vibe, a late 60's and early 70's , but alas both gone now.. Funny now I have a Dee Dee signature P from recent times and it's not half bad!", "\n\nIt could be that they are priced a little high. ", "But if it's \"that\" sound you're after nothing else will get you close (at least nothing I have tried).", "\nI'd guess a lot of hours goes into making one and also the cost of the materials. ", "They don't seem to hang about long when one is for sale, I guess the used market and long waiting list for a new build affects the price as well.", "\nGo try one\n\nBack in 88 I traded my single pickup pro for a brand new Warwick custom Streamer, that was my Wal plus 750 pounds in cash! ", "I was happy and used the Warwick for over 10 years so can't really complain I guess.", "\n\nThat's a beaut Lozz and sure it will go quick.", "\nWord of warning I have thought I could do without a Ray many times in the past only to find myself getting another. ", "Like a P bass, a must for the Arsenal :)\n\nSomething out, something new, a trade.", "\nShe's feeling at home already.", "\nHad the real deal at one point a 76 in the same config, this one is not a boat anchor and sounds and plays nicely.", "\nThe previous owner put in some FV 63 pups and had some fretwork done. ", "Do you know what it is yet?", "\nI'm not a fan of Sig models normally, but decided to trade in a bass I wasn't using much. ", "Time will tell.", "\n\nThey are very good for not a lot of money. ", "Got mine just before Crimbo. ", "Flats are the way to go if you like the old school sound and feel. ", "I only used mine at one practice session so far, but it really suited a few tunes.", "\nI have to make the effort to take it out a bit more, gets a lot of home use\n\non my 2 band, simple I just cut the treble if there is too much bite and the same with the low-end if it over -powers.", "\nWhere you play and how you dig in makes a big difference as well. ", "I'm on my 3rd Stingray now and have finally got the eq sussed" ]

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[ "Purinergic (P2X7) receptor activation of microglia induces cell death via an interleukin-1-independent mechanism.", "\nActivation of purinergic P2X7 receptors, principally by extracellular ATP, promotes the processing and release of the cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and induces cell death in activated microglia and macrophages. ", "The objective of this study was to determine if IL-1beta release contributes directly to this cell death in microglia. ", "Exposure of microglia to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ATP induced release of IL-1beta and IL-1alpha, as well as cell death. ", "Neither cell death nor IL-1 release was observed in microglia lacking the P2X7 receptor. ", "Microglia from mice lacking the IL-1beta gene demonstrated a profile of death identical to that of wild-type microglia in response to LPS and ATP. ", "Thus, IL-1beta is not required for P2X7 receptor-stimulated microglial death." ]

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[ "Ahmadabad District (Iran)\n\nAhmadabad District () is a district (bakhsh) in Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its population was 51,267, in 13,424 families. ", " The District has one city: Malekabad. ", "The District has two rural districts (Dehestan): Piveh Zhan Rural District and Sarjam Rural District.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Districts of Razavi Khorasan Province\nCategory:Mashhad County" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nsudoku algorithm explanation formula\n\nI'm implementing a sudoku solver using human way algorithm. ", "Which have 3 constraint, different number ini row, cell and box.", "\nI googled and I got http://www.emanueleferonato.com/2008/12/09/sudoku-creatorsolver-with-php/. But I cannot understand how this guy get floor($cell / 9) for return_row function or floor(return_row($cell) / 3) * 3 + floor(return_col($cell) / 3) for return_block.", "\nI try to figure it out by write down the data in excel and I know there is some pattern like this :\n[cell] [column]\n0 0\n1 1\n2 2\n3 3\n4 4\n5 5\n6 6\n7 7\n8 8\n9 0\n\nBut how did he figure it out that the formula was $cell % 9 ?", "\nI want to know, if I don't know the answer for the formula, how can I calculate that ? ", "How can I determine that formula ? ", "What method should I use?", "\nThanks\n--- UPDATE ---\nBased on @peterwhy answer now I understand about the row, col and block.", "\nI know about is_possible_col and is_possible_row , which show that index = 9*row + col so from here we get row = floor(index/9) and col = index % 9.", "\nNow I confused about is_possible_block function. ", "@peterwhy said : \n\nfloor($block/3)*27 + 9*floor($x/3) is 9 times the number of rows\n before the cell, $x%3 + 3*($block%3) is the number of columns before\n the cell.", "\n\nWhich make me think like this:\n9row+col\n9(floor($block/3)*3 + floor($x/3)) + ($x%3 + 3*($block%3))\n\nrow = 3row_block+row_x_block\n\n9(3(floor($block/3) + floor($x/3))) + ($x%3 + 3*($block%3))\nfloor($block/3) = row_block\n floor($x/3) = row_x_block\n\ncol = 3col_block+col_x_block\n\nHow col = 3col_block+col_x_block , because what I know, the formula should be like this : col = 3row_block+col.", "\nI know col_x_block mean column position on 0-8 block. ", "And row_block mean row position on 0-2 block.", "\nPlease see this to see the detail calculation.", "\nHow do you explain this?", "\n\nA:\n\nfloor($cell/9) and $cell % 9 are just how (integer) quotient and remainder are calculated in programming language. ", "The $cell indices are arranged row by row. ", "The row number can be obtained as a quotient and the column number can be obtained as a remainder.", "\nTake the cell numbered $42$ as an example. ", "By division,\n$$42 = 9\\cdot4 + 6$$\nhence the cell is located on the 4th row (0-based) and the 6th column (also 0-based).", "\n\nThe block number is just sightly more complicated. ", "The first part, floor(return_row($cell) / 3) * 3, first calculates the quotient of the row number divided by $3$. So rows $0$ to $2$ are in the first third, and $6$ to $8$ are in the last third. ", "Then this \"group of 3 rows\" index is multiplied by $3$, because there are 3 blocks for each group of 3 rows.", "\nThe second part, floor(return_col($cell) / 3), again find the quotient of the column number divided by $3$.\nTaking the same example of cell $42$, which is on row 4 and column 6. ", "The row number\n$$4 = 3\\cdot\\color{red}1 + 1;\\;\\left\\lfloor\\frac43\\right\\rfloor = \\color{red}1$$\nthe quotient $\\color{red}1$ means the cell is on the 1st \"group of 3 rows\" (0-based). ", "And the column number\n$$6 = 3\\cdot\\color{blue}2+0;\\;\\left\\lfloor\\frac63\\right\\rfloor = \\color{blue}2$$\nthe quotient $\\color{blue}2$ means the cell is on the 2nd \"group of 3 columns\" (also 0-based). ", "Combining this two information, the block where cell $42$ is at is assigned a block index\n$$\\color{red}1\\cdot 3 + \\color{blue}2 = 5$$\n\nAgain, take $42$ as an example:\n$$\\begin{array}{l|l|ccc|ccc|ccc|}\n\\text{Row}&\\text{Cells}&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8\\\\\n\\hline\n0&0-8&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc\\\\\n1&9-17&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc\\\\\n2&18-26&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc\\\\\n\\hline\n3&27-35&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc\\\\\n4&36-44&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\color{red}\\bigcirc&\\cdots\\\\\n\\end{array}$$\nNotice the red $\\color{red}\\bigcirc$ is the 43rd $\\bigcirc$. Elementary division says $\\lfloor42/9\\rfloor=4$ gives how many complete groups of $9$ the $42$ black $\\bigcirc$s can form:\n$$\\begin{array}{l|l|ccc|ccc|ccc|}\n\\text{Row}&\\text{Cells}&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8\\\\\n\\hline\n\\color{blue}0&0-8&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc\\\\\n\\color{green}1&9-17&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc\\\\\n\\color{blue}2&18-26&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc&\\color{blue}\\bigcirc\\\\\n\\hline\n\\color{green}3&27-35&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc&\\color{green}\\bigcirc\\\\\n4&36-44&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\bigcirc&\\color{red}\\bigcirc&\\cdots\\\\\n\\end{array}$$\nAnd the remaining $42\\bmod 9=6$ black $\\bigcirc$s count how many columns are before the red $\\color{red}\\bigcirc$. Since the row number and column number are $0$-based, the quotient $4$ and the remainder $6$ also denote the row and column numbers respectively.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Introduction {#S0001}\n============\n\nLa tuberculose multirésistante chez l\\'enfant est une forme grave de la tuberculose qui représente un problème majeur de santé du fait du contrôle difficile de la maladie et de l\\'absence des formes pédiatriques du médicament antituberculeux. ", "Nous présentons le cas de deux enfants suivis dans notre formation pour tuberculose multirésistante.", "\n\nPatient et observation {#S0002}\n======================\n\nObservation 1 {#S20003}\n-------------\n\nIl s\\'agit d\\'un enfant de deux ans, fils unique, bien vacciné selon le programme national d\\'immunisation, avec bon développement psychomoteur. ", "Traité pour tuberculose pulmonaire à microscopie positive pendant 6 mois à l'âge de 18 mois, mis sous 2RHZ/4RH, la recherche des BK dans les crachats est demeurée positive au 6e mois invitant à réaliser un Genexpert dans les expectorations revenant positif avec résistance à la Rifampicine détectée. ", "A l\\'admission dans notre établissement c'était un enfant en bon état général, avec un poids de 10 kg (-1DS), une taille de 76 cm (-1DS), cicatrice vaccinale présente, l\\'examen pleuropulmonaire ainsi que le reste de l\\'examen somatique était sans particularité. ", "La radiographie thoracique de face a montré un infiltrat hilo-axillaire gauche excavé. ", "Ainsi l\\'enfant a été mis sous Kanamycine, Ethionamide, Cyclosérine, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Ciprofloxacine et Vit B6 avec bonne tolérance clinique. ", "L'évolution a été marqué sur le plan clinique d\\'une prise de 3 kilos, avec sur le plan bactériologique une négativation à l\\'examen direct et à la culture dès le premier mois du traitement. ", "Actuellement l\\'enfant est au 6e mois du traitement avec une bonne évolution clinique radiologique et bactériologique, ainsi on prévoit l\\'arrêt de la Kanamycine et continuer avec les autres médicaments pendant 18 mois.", "\n\nObservation 2 {#S20004}\n-------------\n\nIl s\\'agit d\\'une patiente de 9 ans, traitée pour primo-infection tuberculeuse en 2013 par 2RHZ/4RH, elle a deux oncles décédés par tuberculose multirésistante confirmée par un test de sensibilité. ", "A l\\'arrêt du traitement antibacillaire pour primo-infection tuberculeuse, la patiente a présenté une toux sèche associée à une fièvre non chiffrée et sueurs nocturnes profuses dans un contexte d\\'altération de l'état général invitant la réalisation de 3 recherche de BK dans les crachats revenues positives à l\\'examen direct et à la culture, le Genexpert a confirmé la résistance à la Rif et le test de Hain a objectivé une résistance à la Rifampicine et à l\\'Isoniazide. ", "A l\\'admission c'était une patiente consciente, indice PS à 2, cachectique avec un poids de 21 kg, l\\'examen pleuropulmonaire ainsi que le reste de l\\'examen somatique étaient sans particularité. ", "La radiographie thoracique de face à l\\'admission a montré de multiples opacités micronodulaires et nodulaires confluentes par endroit avec excavations prenant la totalité de l\\'hémithorax gauche et le tiers inférieur de l\\'hémithorax droit. ", "La tomodensitométrie thoracique a objectivé un aspect en faveur de dilatation de bronches plus marquées à gauche et un syndrome alvéolo-interstitiel bilatéral avec adénopathies hilaires bilatérales, inter-bronchiques et médiastinales antérieures. ", "Le bilan biologique a montré une anémie à 9g/dl hypochrome microcytaire avec fer sérique diminué et ferritinémie élevée, un syndrome inflammatoire biologique avec une VS accélérée à la première heure à 45 mm, une CRP à 48,5, le reste du bilan biologique était sans particularité. ", "La décision était de mettre la patiente sous Kanamycine, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, Cyclosérine, Ethionamide, Ciprofloxacine, et Vit B6 avec bonne tolérance clinique. ", "L'évolution a été marquée par un gain de 2 kg dès le premier mois du traitement, une légère amélioration radiologique du côté droit, tandis que sur le plan bactériologique les BK sont demeurés positifs au premier mois et se sont négativés au deuxième. ", "La décision était de maintenir le traitement de la phase d\\'attaque pendant 8 mois.", "\n\nDiscussion {#S0005}\n==========\n\nLa tuberculose multirésistante (MDR-TB) se réfère à la tuberculose maladie causée par des souches de Mycobactérium tuberculosis résistantes à l\\'isoniazide et la rifampicine. ", "Les estimations de l\\'incidence de la maladie MDR-TB chez les enfants sont nécessaires pour comprendre l\\'ampleur de ce problème et faire en sorte que le traitement soit disponible, y compris les préparations de médicaments essentiels de la tuberculose pour enfants \\[[@CIT0001]\\]. ", "L\\'OMS estime 9,4 millions de cas de tuberculose dans le monde entier en 2008 dont 440 000 (3,6%) avait une tuberculose multirésistante. ", "la tuberculose chez l\\'enfant est estimée quant à elle à 10-15% de la charge totale, mais la charge de la MDR-TB chez les enfants est peu connue avec des taux plus élevés dans les pays en développement \\[[@CIT0002]\\]. ", "Cela reflète le fait que les enfants sont plus susceptibles que les adultes d\\'avoir une maladie paucibacillaire et que les jeunes enfants (\\<5 ans) ne peuvent pas expectorer, empêchant ainsi le diagnostic microbiologique. ", "Les jeunes enfants courent le plus de risque de maladie grave et de décès une fois infecté \\[[@CIT0001]\\]. ", "Selon l\\'OMS, les enfants doivent être suspectés d\\'avoir MDR-TB s\\'ils sont en contact avec un cas connu de MDR-TB ou ne répondent pas au régime antituberculeux standard \\[[@CIT0003]\\]. ", "Le diagnostic de la tuberculose chez les enfants repose souvent sur un ensemble d\\'arguments: une histoire de contact avec une source infectieuse de la tuberculose; des symptômes et des signes évocateurs de la tuberculose (par exemple toux chronique, perte de poids / retard de croissance ou des signes de tuberculose pulmonaire ou extra-pulmonaire); et des enquêtes spéciales (par exemple, test cutané tuberculinique (TST) et / ou la radiographie thoracique) \\[[@CIT0004]\\]. ", "La confirmation bactériologique de la maladie de la tuberculose résistante aux médicaments est plus difficile à atteindre chez les enfants que chez les adultes \\[[@CIT0001]\\]. ", "Le diagnostic de la résistance aux médicaments doit être fait par la culture et l\\'antibiogramme, mais la difficulté d\\'obtenir les sécrétions respiratoires, rend ainsi la moitié de tous les enfants ayant un diagnostic clinique de la tuberculose négatifs à l\\'examen direct et à la culture, ce qui rend la confirmation microbiologique difficile \\[[@CIT0001]\\]. ", "Les enfants atteints de MDR-TB sont gérés de la même façon que les adultes \\[[@CIT0004]\\]. ", "Les Directives de l\\'OMS recommandent le traitement jusqu'à 18 mois après la première culture négative (24 mois dans la XDR-TB). ", "En fonction de la gravité de la maladie et les effets secondaires expérimentés, les agents doivent être administrés par voie parentérale pendant au moins 6 mois \\[[@CIT0003], [@CIT0005]\\]. ", "Parce que les enfants sont souvent paucibacillaire, une courte durée du traitement (12 mois) peut être suffisante au début si la maladie est non extensive \\[[@CIT0006]\\]. ", "Une hospitalisation pour les 4-6 premiers mois du traitement est souvent nécessaire afin d\\'administrer les agents injectables de deuxième ligne et de surveiller les effets indésirables. ", "Ces derniers sont plus fréquents que dans le traitement de première ligne; heureusement, ces effets indésirables peuvent généralement être gérés sans arrêt des médicaments \\[[@CIT0007]\\].", "\n\nConclusion {#S0006}\n==========\n\nChez tout enfant suspect de tuberculose, penser à la résistance en présence d\\'une source de contamination ou devant une rechute précoce ou un échec thérapeutique pour que la prise en charge thérapeutique soit la plus précoce possible.", "\n\nConflits d\\'intérêts {#S0007}\n====================\n\nLes auteurs ne déclarent aucun conflit d\\'intérêt.", "\n\nContributions des auteurs {#S0008}\n=========================\n\nTous les auteurs ont contribué à la conduite de ce travail. ", "Tous les auteurs déclarent également avoir lu et approuvé la version finale du manuscrit.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nJavascript and CSS Asset Packaging in Visual Studio\n\nI have several backbone.js views, javascript modules and style sheets in an ASP.Net MVC app i'm developing. ", "I want to seperate these files during development but combine/consolidate, compress, uglify, resolve dependencies etc. ", "before deployment. ", "The Ruby community has solutions for this including Juicer and Jammit. ", "Are there similar solutions for .Net web developers ideally solutions that integrate with visual studio. ", "\n\nA:\n\nI've used Chirpy for this in the past. ", "Also compiles SASS, LESS, and CoffeeScript.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Reporting Surgical Resection Margin Status for Osteosarcoma: Comparison of the AJCC, MSTS, and Margin Distance Methods.", "\nMultiple different schemes are used to assess surgical resection margins in orthopedic pathology, but which is optimal for reporting resection margin status of osteosarcoma is uncertain. ", "Moreover, the minimum tumor clearance (metric width of resection margin) necessary for local control is not well defined. ", "In this investigation, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) R system, Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) system, and margin distance method for reporting resection margin status were compared in a series of 186 high-grade osteosarcomas. ", "Hazard ratios for local recurrence for each resection margin category were compared with other categories within each margin assessment scheme to assess discriminatory ability. ", "Cross-model comparisons of regression coefficients from parametric survival and logistic regression models were also performed. ", "Predictive accuracy of each margin assessment scheme for determining 2-year local recurrence-free survival was evaluated by comparing the areas under receiver-operating characteristic curves generated from logistic regression analyses. ", "Concordance with clinical outcomes was also calculated. ", "Both the MSTS and margin distance schemes showed significantly greater predictive accuracy and concordance with observed outcomes than the AJCC R system. ", "A margin distance of ≥2 mm significantly decreased the risk of local recurrence. ", "Results were similar after adjustment for confounding prognostic factors (anatomic site, macroscopic lymphovascular invasion, and chemotherapy status). ", "Therefore, surgical resection margins for osteosarcoma should be reported using either the MSTS or margin distance method instead of the AJCC R system." ]

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[ "NEW YORK (Reuters) - Noted short-seller Jim Chanos of Kynikos Associates continued to add to his short position in electric car maker Tesla Inc TSLA.O throughout the year even as the company's shares rallied, he said at the Reuters Global Investment 2018 Outlook Summit on Tuesday.", "\n\nSlideshow ( 5 images )\n\nChanos, who first disclosed his short position in Tesla in May last year, said he expected company co-founder and Chief Executive Officer Elon Musk to step down as CEO by 2020 to focus on his private rocketship company SpaceX as competitors such as BMW BMWG.DE and Porsche PSCH_P.DE expand their lines of luxury electric vehicles.", "\n\n“Obviously this is not being valued as a car company, it’s being valued on Musk ... he’s the reason people own the stock,” Chanos said.", "\n\nShares of Tesla are up 44 percent for the year to date, at one point pushing the company's market value higher than competitor General Motors GM.N despite Tesla's not turning a profit.", "\n\nOn Nov. 1, Tesla reported its largest-ever quarterly loss and pushed back its target for volume production of its new Model 3 sedan by three months. ", "The company said it now expects to build 5,000 Model 3s per week by late in the first quarter of 2018 from its original target date of December.", "\n\nDespite the production delays, Tesla has been among the most painful for short-sellers this year, with losses among funds that bet on its decline totaling more than $4 billion this year, according to S3 Partners, a financial analytics firm.", "\n\n“Put it this way,” Chanos said. “", "If you wouldn’t be short a multi-billion-dollar loss-making enterprise in a cyclical business, with a leveraged balance sheet, questionable accounting, every executive leaving, run by a CEO with a questionable relationship with the truth, what would you be short? ", "It sort of ticks all the boxes.”", "\n\nHe said the company is burning more than $1 billion in cash each quarter and will have a harder time tapping capital markets if and when Musk leaves.", "\n\nTesla did not respond to a request for comment.", "\n\nFollow Reuters Summits on Twitter @Reuters_Summits\n\nFor other news from Reuters Global Investment 2018 Outlook Summit, see: here" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to create CultureInfo instance using the full name or convert the full name to CultureInfo code?", "\n\nIs there anyway to create an instance of cultureInfo object using the full displayname:\nCultureInfo userCulture = new CultureInfo(\"Japanese (Japan)\");\n\nor convert the full displayname to culture code:\ntoCultureCode(\"Japanese (Japan)\"); \n\nwould return \"ja-JP\"\n\nA:\n\nThere's no builtin method to get a culture by it's english name, so you could write one:\npublic static CultureInfo getCultureByEnglishName(String englishName)\n{\n // create an array of CultureInfo to hold all the cultures found, \n // these include the users local culture, and all the\n // cultures installed with the .Net Framework\n CultureInfo[] cultures = CultureInfo.", "GetCultures(CultureTypes.", "AllCultures & ~CultureTypes.", "NeutralCultures);\n // get culture by it's english name \n var culture = cultures.", "FirstOrDefault(c => \n c.EnglishName.", "Equals(englishName, StringComparison.", "InvariantCultureIgnoreCase));\n return culture;\n}\n\nDEMO\nThe toCultureCode is ToString:\nString name = \"Japanese (Japan)\";\nCultureInfo japanCulture = getCultureByEnglishName(name);\nConsole.", "Write(japanCulture.", "ToString()); // -> \"ja-JP\"\n\n" ]

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[ "Fox\n\nHere's some information to relish. ", "The Bob's Burgers movie is still on the way, despite some reports Monday that stoked fan concern. ", "A representative for Disney confirmed that Bob's Burgers -- The Movie, featuring the restaurant-running Belchers of the Fox animated series, will still be opening in theaters on July 17, 2020. ", "As Linda Belcher herself would say, \"All right!\"", "\n\nThe confusion seems to have stemmed from a list of movie titles and dates sent out by Disney on Monday that was incomplete and did not include Bob's Burgers -- The Movie, as well as the Star Wars/Avatar films coming from 2024-2027. ", "The studio later sent out a corrected version, but some fans and writers had already picked up on Bob's Burgers missing.", "\n\nCNET Now All the latest tech news delivered to your inbox. ", "It's FREE!", "\n\nOne fan on Twitter went straight to the top, asking Bob's Burgers creator Loren Bouchard what gives.", "\n\n\"Please tell us what's going on with the movie ... there's a lot of heartbroken belchies out there right now,\" the fan wrote. ", "He responded, \"Fear not,\" although with no extra detail.", "\n\nAs we note in our roundup of details about the movie, July 17, 2020 has been the set release date for the Bob's Burgers movie for some time. ", "Back in June, actor John Roberts, who voices Linda, told Aesthetic Magazine he thought the release date would be \"a little later than they announced,\" although the studio still has the July 17, 2020 date as of Monday's schedule.", "\n\nBob and Linda Belcher run a beach town burger restaurant with their three quirky kids, Tina, Gene, and Louise. ", "Bouchard tweeted in February that the film will explain the origin of Louise's ever-present pink bunny ears, and voice actor Roberts says the film will be \"very musical,\" as many Bob's Burgers episodes are.", "\n\nFans were relieved to hear Bouchard say the movie is still coming. \"", "Good to hear,\" wrote one. \"", "Was quite concerned when it was reported to have been removed from schedule.\"", "\n\nGood to hear. ", "Was quite concerned when it was reported to have been removed from schedule — Peter Wilson (@mortandteddy) November 18, 2019\n\nAlright, trusting you! ", "You’ve never steered us wrong before 🙏🏻 — Kate Elizabeth (@KB82897) November 18, 2019" ]

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[ "786 F.2d 1171\nMcConnellv.", "Wee\n86-1091\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Eighth Circuit.", "\n2/28/86\n\n1\nW.D.Mo.", "\n\n\n2\nDISMISSED **\n\n\n3\n---------------\n\n\n\n** See Local Rule 12.", "\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to speed up wordpress website\n\nI did wordpress for Restaurant. ", "In that website is very slow speed for loading, its take 14.2 sec. ", " Website Link Here.", "\nI need to reduce that loading time, suggest me how to do this.(refer me if any plugin use to cure this problem )\nThank you for advance :)\n\nA:\n\nThere's quite a lot you can do to improve the speed of your website. ", "You can do some research on website performance optimization for WordPress. ", "You will come across terms like minify, gzip compression, image optimizations etc.", "\nA simple way is to use plugins that does these optimizations for you. ", "There are quite a few good ones out there. ", "But be careful not to add too many plugins as this will only increase the loading time.", "\nI suggest JCH Optimize because they do pretty much every optimization needed for your website (less plugins to use), it's really easy to use and they have a free version that you can try. ", "And they support other php cms like Joomla, Drupal and Magento.", "\nW3 Total Cache is also good for caching. ", "and they're are many other plugins you can look into.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Journey Through Nara, Town of Huge Buddhas and Countless Deer\n\nLocated in Kansai region and less than an hour from Kyoto and Osaka, there’s a country named Nara which is renowned for its temple and deer. ", "As it is a first permanent capital city of Japan, Nara offers 8 UNESCO Heritage Sites, historical temples, shrines, ruins, and gardens. ", "This beautiful, peaceful city is a home for a thousand of deer which ranging freely. ", "If you are planning to visit the west of Japan, let’s these nine places in Nara be your choice.", "\n\nNara Park\n\nSituated in the centre of Nara, the large park, where many locations including Todaiji, Kasuga Taisha, Kofukuji and the Nara National Museum are located in, is named Nara park. ", "This park is a home of hundreds of deer freely roaming around the park. ", "Believed to be the messengers of the gods, the deer become to be a symbol of Nara and are labelled as a natural treasure. ", "The deer in the park is extremely tame but aggressive sometimes. ", "The visitors can find and buy deer cracker around the parks. ", "Some deer were trained to bow to the visitors to ask to be feed.", "\n\nTodaiji Temple\n\nWith famous bronze Great Buddha statue, Todaiji, a huge wooden temple, is one of the most important and historic temples in Japan. ", "The famous bronze Great Buddha statue is housed in the main hall, the one of the largest wooden structure in the world. ", "To build the Buddha, almost all of the bronze in Japan were used. ", "Don’t miss a wooden column with a hole which is believed that whoever can crawl through the small hole will earn enlightenment. ", "For anyone who is interested in Buddhist art, there’s a museum homing several cultural artifacts from the temple’s collection.", "\n\nKasuga Taisha Shrine\n\nLocated next to the Kasuyagama Primeval Forest, a UNESCO World Heritage site, Kasuga Taisha is a shrine of the Fujiwara family featuring the bronze and stone lanterns along the path to the shrine. ", "Walking up the mossy path lined with a hundred of stone lanterns from Todaiji temple to Kasuga Taisha Shrine is worthwhile. ", "The green background of moss and trees and the red shrine buildings is ravishing scenery.", "\n\nYakushiji Temple\n\nLocated in western Nara, near Nishinokyo Station, Yakushiji Temple is the head temple of the Hosso Sect of Japanese Buddhism which was constructed by Emperor Tenmu in the 700s. ", "With one main hall and a lecture hall in the middle and pagodas on each side, this temple is well-known for its strict symmetrical and geometric layout. ", "The east pagodas are the only original construction that has survived from the fires.", "\n\nHoryuji Temple\n\nHoryuji Temple, one of the largest temples in Japan and the oldest wooden construction in the world, was built by Prince Shotoku in 607 to be a home for a statue of the Yakushi (Medicinal) Buddha and countless clay and bronze statues from the Nara period. ", "This sprawling complex was burnt down in 670 but was rebuilt shortly.", "\n\nHeijo Palace Site\n\nMost structures in Heijo Palace site including the Suzaku Gate, the Daigoku-den (Council Hall), and the East Palace Garden are modern reconstructions but the site is still an intriguing illustration of architecture in Nara period. ", "There are the foundations of the former palace, preserved excavation areas, and two museums; the Heijo Palace site museum and the Heijokyo History Museum exhibited in the site.", "\n\nIsuien and Yoshikien Gardens\n\nLocated next to Todaji Temple, a small but attractive Isuien Garden offers the “borrowed” scenery of Todaiji’s Nandaimon Gate and Mount Wakakusayama, several tea houses and a small museum with Ancient Chinese and Korean artifacts. ", "On the other side of the Yoshikigawa River, there’s the Yoshikien Garden which is free for foreign visitors. ", "It offers three separate types of Japanese gardens including a pond garden, a moss garden and a tea ceremony garden.", "\n\nNara National Museum\n\nLocated across the Yoshikien Garden, the western-style museum called the Nara National Museum displays architecture and houses in Meiji period. ", "During the fall, the special exhibition of artifacts from the Todaiji Treasury is held in the museum." ]

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[ "TPKeyboardAvoiding\n==================\n\nA drop-in universal solution for moving text fields out of the way of the keyboard in iOS.", "\n\nIntroduction\n------------\n\nThere are a hundred and one proposed solutions out there for how to move `UITextField` and `UITextView` out of the way of the keyboard during editing -- usually, it comes down to observing `UIKeyboardWillShowNotification` and `UIKeyboardWillHideNotification`, or implementing `UITextFieldDelegate` delegate methods, and adjusting the frame of the superview, or using `UITableView`'s `scrollToRowAtIndexPath:atScrollPosition:animated:`, but most proposed solutions tend to be quite DIY, and have to be implemented for each view controller that needs it.", "\n\nThis is a relatively universal, drop-in solution: `UIScrollView` and `UITableView` subclasses that handle everything.", "\n\nWhen the keyboard is about to appear, the subclass will find the subview that's about to be edited, and adjust its frame and content offset to make sure that view is visible, with an animation to match the keyboard pop-up. ", "When the keyboard disappears, it restores its prior size.", "\n\nIt should work with basically any setup, either a UITableView-based interface, or one consisting of views placed manually.", "\n\nIt also automatically hooks up \"Next\" buttons on the keyboard to switch through the text fields.", "\n\nUsage\n-----\n\nFor use with `UITableViewController` classes, drop `TPKeyboardAvoidingTableView.m` and `TPKeyboardAvoidingTableView.h` into your project, and make your UITableView a `TPKeyboardAvoidingTableView` in the xib. ", " If you're not using a xib with your controller, I know of no easy way to make its UITableView a custom class: The path of least resistance is to create a xib for it.", "\n\nFor non-UITableViewControllers, drop the `TPKeyboardAvoidingScrollView.m` and `TPKeyboardAvoidingScrollView.h` source files into your project, pop a `UIScrollView` into your view controller's xib, set the scroll view's class to `TPKeyboardAvoidingScrollView`, and put all your controls within that scroll view. ", " You can also create it programmatically, without using a xib - just use the TPKeyboardAvoidingScrollView as your top-level view.", "\n\nTo disable the automatic \"Next\" button functionality, change the UITextField's return key type to anything but UIReturnKeyDefault.", "\n\nNotes\n-----\n\nThese classes currently adjust the contentInset parameter to avoid content moving beneath the keyboard. ", " This is done, as opposed to adjusting the frame, in order to work around an iOS bug that results in a jerky animation where the view jumps upwards, before settling down. ", " In order to facilitate this workaround, the contentSize is maintained to be at least same size as the view's frame.", "\n\nLicence (Zlib)\n--------------\n\nCopyright (c) 2013 Michael Tyson\n\nThis software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied\nwarranty. ", "In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages\narising from the use of this software.", "\n\nPermission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,\nincluding commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it\nfreely, subject to the following restrictions:\n\n1. ", "The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not\n claim that you wrote the original software. ", "If you use this software\n in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be\n appreciated but is not required.", "\n\n2. ", "Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be\n misrepresented as being the original software.", "\n\n3. ", "This notice may not be removed or altered from any source\n distribution.", "\n\n\n------------\n\nMichael Tyson, A Tasty Pixel \nmichael@atastypixel.com\n" ]

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[ "PIXI Eye Bright Kit No.1 Fair/Medium\n\nDescription\n\nPIXI BY PETRA EYE BRIGHT KIT #1 FAIR/MEDIUM 2.8G\n\nOn-the-go perfecting palette with two concealers, one brightener and one highlighter to make eyes look brighter and more awake. ", "This kit contains our four fastest flaw fixers that help to wake up your eyes all in one compact. ", "It's all you need to achieve the \"I just want to look like I've had a good night's sleep\" effect. ", "Includes a unique combination of eye brightener, silky cover-up duo and a multi-purpose cream highlighter\n\nVitamin C is a naturally derived youth-enhancing and anti-aging ingredient\n\nJojoba oil mimics skin's own hydration and is an effective natural moisturizer and environmental barrier for the skin\n\nDirections:\n\nApply with clean fingertips.", "\n\nDab - don't rub - brightening cream (lightest coloured cream) into under eye area and inner and outer corner of the eye. ", "Dab and press cover-up (blend the two skin coloured creams for a custom shade) lightly into the skin around eye area and any other areas that may need some correcting. ", "Now add the highlighter cream (slightly shimmery cream) to brow bones and cheekbones.", "\n\nKeep in mind that the formula is very concentrated - a little goes a long way.", "\n\nHow long will it take to arrive?", "\n\nPlease remember to add postal time (2-3 working days) to obtain a complete estimate of delivery to your door.", "\n\nHow will I know it has been sent?", "\n\nYou will receive an email to confirm when your item has been sent.", "\n\nYou can also check the status of your order and individual items by accessing My Account details and following the prompts.", "\n\nPlease allow 10 working days from dispatch of your order before notifying us of any late deliveries.", "\n\nIt may be advisable to check with your neighbours to see if a parcel has been left with them, check any outhouses you might have where it may be left if it cannot fit through your letterbox and contact your local sorting office to see if the item has been returned to the depot as undelivered and awaiting collection." ]

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[ "Penelope Cruz Looks Sultry and Sexy For SAGs\n\nPenelope Cruz managed to make black totally exciting with her red carpet choice at tonight's SAG Awards red carpet. ", "She kept it fairly simple with her hair and makeup, but it doesn't take much to make her look gorgeous. ", "What do you think of Penelope's look? ", "Check out all of Bella and Fab's live red carpet love it or leave it polls!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Background\n==========\n\nHigh yield agriculture based on elite crop varieties and high inputs results in loss of both numbers of crop plants and genetic resources within crops, thus threatening crop biodiversity and the nutritional safety of humanity \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "To preserve crop diversity, traditional landscapes may have to be preserved \\[[@B2]\\]. ", "In analogy with the concept of \\\"biodiversity hotspot\\\" used to identify priority areas for the conservation of wild species \\[[@B3]\\], traditional agroecosystems could be considered as main conservatories of crop biodiversity \\[[@B4]\\]. ", "Indeed in 2002 the FAO started an initiative for the conservation and adaptive management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems <http://www.fao.org/nr/giahs/en/>. ", "Although they are quite diverse, these agroecosystems exhibit common features such as 1) a high diversity of crop species, 2) the use of diversified traditional varieties, 3) sustainable agriculture, 4) low inputs associated with traditional farming practices and 5) the farmers obtaining a sizable proportion of their seeds (or vegetative equivalents) from their own harvest \\[[@B5]\\]. ", "For instance, a survey in continental oases in northern Oman recorded 107 different crop species belonging to 39 families, including 33 fruit species \\[[@B6]\\]. ", "This large biodiversity was successfully achieved despite the constraints of a small scale cropping system under arid and semi-arid conditions. ", "Similarly, a study of 27 crop species in traditional agroecosystems distributed in eight countries over the five continents \\[[@B7]\\] demonstrated that such agroecosystems maintain considerable within crop genetic diversity. ", "Traditional agroecosystems are either the repositories of crop diversity, or the place where extant crop diversity was fostered. ", "Hence investigating within crop species genetic diversity and its geographic variation would help understanding genetic resources and dynamic processes of past and present domestication and subsequent diversification.", "\n\nThe biodiversity hotspot concept is associated with a major pattern of biodiversity: it increases close to the equator, and decreases towards the poles \\[[@B8]\\]. ", "Two main ideas have been suggested to explain this global biodiversity pattern. ", "Equatorial regions are a museum of biodiversity preserving ancient biodiversity, and/or they are a cradle generating new biodiversity \\[[@B9]\\]. ", "If agroecosystems are hosting huge crop biodiversity, should we consider them as museums or as incubators of crop biodiversity, or as both? ", "For long term crop management policies and hence to feed the world, the answers to this question is of a great importance.", "\n\nThe Mediterranean basin is one of 25 hotspots of biodiversity in the world. ", "It hosts 25,000 species, of which 13,000 are endemic, this later group representing 4.3% of the worldwide flora \\[[@B3]\\]. ", "It is the largest biodiversity hotspot on earth (over 2,000,000 km^2^) and it includes several separate refuge areas \\[[@B10]\\]. ", "Traditional agroecosystems are still found all over the Mediterranean region in mountains and oases. ", "However several of these traditional agroecosystems may be of particular importance for preserving crop biodiversity. ", "Indeed, many plant species were originally domesticated close to the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean. ", "Hence, we might encounter contrasted patterns of genetic diversity within crops throughout the Mediterranean area, with more crop diversity available in the Eastern Mediterranean.", "\n\nThe process of domestication seems to have been diffuse, with prolonged cultivation of undomesticated forms, and prolonged genetic exchanges of domesticated forms with local wild relatives, at least for crops propagated by seeds \\[[@B11],[@B12]\\]. ", "With a such domestication process, traditional agroecosystems located in the East Mediterranean may be most important for preservation of crop genetic resources. ", "In addition, the domestication process of clonally propagated crops, particularly fruit trees, is often thought to have been an instant or almost instant process \\[[@B13],[@B14]\\] building on the idea that genotypes presenting the whole suite of agronomic traits of interest may have arisen by chance within totally natural populations \\[[@B15]\\]. ", "This may qualify as a silver bullet hypothesis. ", "If we follow this hypothesis, domestication was instantaneous, and followed by subsequent clonal propagation. ", "Hence we would expect that extant varieties are old, probably limited in number, and that they represent the gene pool of the original region of domestication. ", "The wild progenitors of some of these clonal crops still grow all around the Mediterranean region. ", "This is true for three most symbolic crops in these regions such as olive, grape wine and fig. ", "Therefore, we may ask, within such species, whether extant varietal genetic diversity in traditional agroecosystems reflects the propagation of old widespread clones, or old local clones, or recent local clones. ", "We may even ask whether varieties could be fuzzy aggregations of genotypes (landraces) \\[[@B16]\\].", "\n\nWe chose to address this question in fig which presents us with a particularly fascinating situation as it is extremely easy propagated via cuttings, and was domesticated extremely early in the Near East, contemporarily with cereal crops, 9-12,000 BP \\[[@B17]\\]. ", "Fig, *Ficus carica*L., is dioecious. ", "Female trees produce the edible crop. ", "Male trees produce pollen and their figs host the pollinator, *Blastophaga psenes*\\[[@B18]\\]. ", "Each fig variety is a clone of female tree that are propagated through cuttings. ", "Some fig varieties may produce seedless fig fruits without pollination while other varieties require pollination for successful fruit set \\[[@B19]\\]. ", "Female figs produce seeds if pollinated. ", "Male figs are often collected far from zones of fig cultivation and suspended in cultivated female trees to ensure pollination \\[[@B20]\\].", "\n\nPhylogeographic studies based on cytoplasmic genes showed that wild fig was present all over the Mediterranean basin before domestication \\[[@B21]\\]. ", "We investigated the genetic diversity of fig varieties in Moroccan traditional agroecosystems. ", "Morocco is at the Western limit of the natural range of fig, as far away as possible (over 3500 km) from postulated places of domestication. ", "Hence, if domestication begun and ended in the Eastern Mediterranean, then we expect to observe limited diversity so far away from the original zone of domestication. ", "We also expect to observe lack of spatial genetic structure within Morocco, or simply a decrease of diversity when further away from the shores of the Mediterranean.", "\n\nWe made extensive collections of fig cultivars *in situ*, in order to 1) test whether cultivars are effectively highly local, 2) detect whether some of these cultivars are old, and 3) establish what insights into the history of fig cultivation could be drawn from extant genetic diversity and its spatial structuring.", "\n\nWe show here that in traditional agroecosystems, fig varieties are true clones, highly diversified, often highly local. ", "Nevertheless they are often sufficiently old to have accumulated somatic mutations. ", "Spatial genetic structure resembles what would be expected for a wild plant at mutation/drift/migration equilibrium. ", "We conclude that the Moroccan traditional agroecosystems are at the same time museums and incubators of fig variety diversity, in a dynamic system preserving old, local varieties and generating new ones locally.", "\n\nResults and Discussion\n======================\n\n277 cultivated trees were sampled throughout traditional Moroccan agroecosystems distributed over 40 sites that we grouped into 6 geographical zones (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "During field collection, we noted that, within each site, trees designated by the same name (local variety) shared highly similar morphological traits. ", "To maximize genetic diversity of our sampling we generally collected a single individual per variety per site. ", "Nevertheless, in a number of cases we sampled twice the same local variety within a site or within adjacent sites. ", "Such samples systematically shared a same genotype. ", "Hence genetic evidence confirms the obvious conclusion from phenotypic observation that local varieties are generally clones.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nSSR polymorphism and its discrimination power\n---------------------------------------------\n\nThe 277 individuals genotyped were separated into 194 distinct molecular profiles using 17 SSR loci (see Additional File [1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Genetic parameters for each locus are given in Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}\\[[@B22]-[@B25]\\]. ", "Overall, observed heterozygosity was higher than expected heterozygosity. ", "The discriminating power per locus, *D*~*i*~(probability of distinguishing two randomly chosen clones), ranged from 0.495 (LMFC26) to 0.979 (LMFC30) with a mean of 0.70 (Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Hence the probability of confusing a randomly chosen clone with another one (under the hypothesis of statistical independence of the loci) was *Π*(1-*D*~*i*~) = 5 × 10^-11^. With only 38,226 pairwise comparisons (including identical genotypes) in our data set, all cases of genotype identity should correspond to clones.", "\n\n###### \n\nGenetic parameters of the 17 SSR loci used in this study.", "\n\n Locus *A* Size range (in bp) *H*~*O*~ *H*~*E*~ *F*~*IS*~ *D*\n ----------- ----- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------- -------\n MFC1^a^ 5 161-195 0.620 0.629 0.016 0.841\n MFC2^a^ 7 156-190 0.599 0.602 0.008 0.880\n MFC3^a^ 9 96-136 0.818 0.760 -0.074 0.851\n MFC4^a^ 5 216-226 0.524 0.493 -0.060 0.652\n MFC8^b^ 2 173-177 0.508 0.490 -0.033 0.619\n MFC9^b^ 7 188-211 0.636 0.582 -0.090 0.786\n MFC11^b^ 7 181-203 0.604 0.569 -0.059 0.585\n MFC12^b^ 4 152-167 0.578 0.552 -0.045 0.743\n FSYC01^c^ 5 117-160 0.455 0.451 -0.005 0.842\n FSYC04^c^ 2 181-183 0.529 0.502 -0.053 0.595\n LMFC19^d^ 8 296-312 0.433 0.398 -0.086 0.573\n LMFC24^d^ 4 272-278 0.460 0.456 -0.006 0.646\n LMFC26^d^ 3 224-236 0.235 0.223 -0.051 0.495\n LMFC28^d^ 5 192-203 0.562 0.558 -0.004 0.733\n LMFC30^d^ 11 231-261 0.904 0.820 -0.100 0.979\n LMFC32^d^ 9 197-225 0.433 0.415 -0.039 0.628\n LMFC34^d^ 2 245-247 0.492 0.486 -0.009 0.519\n\n*A*: number of alleles, *H*~*O*~: observed heterozygosity, *H*~*E*~: expected heterozygosity, *F*~*IS*~: within population fixation index, *D*: discriminating power. ", "Primers developed by: ^a^Khadari et *al*. ", "\\[[@B22]\\], ^b^Achtak et *al*. ", "\\[[@B23]\\], ^c^Ahmed et *al*. ", "\\[[@B24]\\] and ^d^Giraldo et *al*. ", "\\[[@B25]\\].", "\n\nWe plotted the distribution of number of allelic differences between the 194 different genotypes in order to visualize the distribution of genetic differences between genotypes, (Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}; 18,721 pairwise comparisons, excluding identical genotypes). ", "The distribution ranged from 1 to 34 differences, presented a major peak at 19-20 differences and a very distinct, but very small, peak at 1-3 differences. ", "The probability to observe by chance two or more genotypes that were distinguished by 3 alleles was 2.6 × 10^-6^. Further, individuals whose genotypes were identical or differed by only 1-3 alleles were morphologically highly similar (see Additional File [2](#S2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The systematic association of genetic similitude for neutral markers with morphological similarity allows to conclude that all these trees belonged to a single original clone and that some had accumulated somatic mutations. ", "Further, the shape of the pairwise genetic difference curve suggests that, beyond the case of the few genotypes deriving from each other by somatic mutations, all other genotypes are the product of sexual reproduction. ", "We chose to be highly conservative in our estimate of which genotypes represented somatic mutations. ", "Indeed the curve suggests that the limit may be better placed above 6 differences and indeed the probability of observing by chance two genotypes differing only by 6 alleles was still low, at 0.0017.", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nHence, we classified the 194 genotypes into 152 genotype groups (clones) separated by at most 3 alleles, which were distinguished from all other genotypes by 4 to 34 alleles. ", "Out of these groups of genotypes, 128 contained a single individual while 24 groups contained more than one individual and represented collectively 66 genotypes. ", "Often a variety name was found to be associated with the same clone (identical or almost identical genotype) in different sites, conforting our conclusions. ", "Numbers of trees sharing the same genotypes are given in Additional File [3](#S3){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, while Additional File [4](#S4){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} provide a series of cases of genotypes differentiated by 1-3 alleles and sharing the same variety name. ", "While we have no data on mutation rates in somatic lines, the presence of such mutations within clonal lineages suggests that these varieties are old.", "\n\n{ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).](1471-2229-10-28-3){#F3}\n\nVariety names and characterization\n----------------------------------\n\nOut of 277 sampled fig trees, 246 were named by the local farmers while for 31 fig trees, the interviewed farmers did not provide any name (see Additional File [1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "These 31 unnamed trees corresponded to 30 genotypes out of which four corresponded genetically and morphologically to known varieties (\\'Ikoran Imelalen\\', \\'El Messari\\', \\'El kehla\\' and \\'Beyota\\') and three were very similar genetically and morphologically to the \\'Saaidi\\' and \\'Rhoudane\\' varieties. ", "The remaining 23 genotypes were distinct from previously defined varieties.", "\n\nSynonymy was observed for 23 genotypes, with 2 to 7 denominations per genotype (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, Additional File [3](#S3){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Two situations were observed. ", "True synonymy was observed when the different fig trees presented identical pomological traits such as the varieties \\'Johri\\' and \\'El Messari\\' (green fig skin color, flattened pyriform fruit shape and red internal color). ", "This situation was encountered for 20 genotypes. ", "False synonymy was observed for fig trees known under the same generic denomination to which a descriptor of fig skin color was added. ", "In these cases the leaves and the figs presented similar morphologies but fruit color was different. ", "Six instances of the latter situation were encountered (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, Additional File [3](#S3){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "They included for instance \\'Saaidi Lbyed-IB5-T4-P014\\' (white skin color) and \\'Saaidi Lkhel-IB5-T3-P014\\' (black) in the North west zone, \\'Ikoran Ihebchan-IVA2-T2-P002\\' (black) and \\'Ikoran Imelalen-IVA1-T1-P001\\' (white) in the Center zone (Figures [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nWe suggest that the second type of synonymy corresponds to cases of somatic mutations. ", "A similar situation has previously been reported in Cataluña for \\'Col de Dame blanche\\', \\'Col de Dame grise\\' and \\'Col de Dame noire\\' which are genetically and morphologically identical and only differ by skin color \\[[@B26]\\] and in Slovenia for \\'Green Matalon\\' and \\'Black Matalon\\' \\[[@B27]\\]. ", "Such mutations have been reported in *Vitis vinifera*\\[[@B28]\\], and indeed, in Brazil, a single wine producer successfully selected 2 clonal color variants \\[[@B29]\\]. ", "In our study, each time we encountered several color forms within a variety, they occurred within the same zone, but not necessarily within the same site (see Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Additional File [3](#S3){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "This suggests that varieties have a prolonged local history.", "\n\nWe grouped several variety names as highly similar because they had the same meaning albeit in different languages or dialects (see Additional File [4](#S4){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "For instance, the names \\'Ikoran Ihebchan -IVA1-T3P041\\', \\'Kahla-VIA1-T4P177\\', \\'Kohli-IA2-T8P018\\', and \\'Taberchante-VA1-T1-P077\\' sampled in the central region, in the oases, in the North west and in the Moulouya valley, respectively, all corresponded to black figs presenting turbinate fruit shape, but their genotypes were distinctive. ", "Thus cases of homonymy involved 31 distinct denominations corresponding to 181 fig trees and 147 genotypes (see Additional File [4](#S4){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "In a number of cases such homonymy corresponded to highly similar genotypes. ", "Nevertheless, the denominations representing most cases of homonymy were referring to fruit color. ", "Denominations referring to White, Black and Green color represent a total of 55 genotypes, i.e. 1/3 of the 164 genotypes sampled with variety denomination.", "\n\nDepending on the genetic relationships between genotypes, three types of homonymy were distinguished (see Additional File [4](#S4){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "First we observed homonymy between highly similar genotypes (= within a clone) such as within the varieties \\'Rhoudane\\', \\'Zerki\\' and \\'Byed\\', which included respectively three, four, and four very closely related genotypes. ", "As stated above these correspond most probably to cases of somatic mutation within clone, and do not really constitute cases of homonymy. ", "Second we observed cases of homonymy grouping varieties presenting similar pomological traits but clearly distinct genotypes, such as the cultivars \\'Aïn Hajla\\', \\'Rhoudane\\', \\'Kehla\\' and \\'Biyadi\\', representing respectively two, six, eight, nine and six distinct genotypes. ", "Finally we observed cases of homonymy grouping varieties presenting different pomological traits and different genotypes (six cases; Additional File [4](#S4){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nOnly eight clones were present in several geographic zones. ", "This was the case for instance for \\'Assel-IA1-T4-P010\\' (North west zone), \\'Assal-IID1-T6-P010\\' (Rif zone), \\'Zerka-VA2-T1-P010\\' (Moulouya valley). ", "These eight non local clones corresponded to widely known varieties, such as \\'Assal-IID1-T6-P010\\' = \\'Sebtawi-IA1-T1-P010\\' = \\'Zerka-VA2-T1-P010\\'; \\'Rhoudane-IIF1-T12-P006\\' = \\'Rhoudani-IIIA1-T4-P006\\' = \\'El Kehla (Rhoudani)-VC1-T1-P006\\' and \\'Bacora-IA3-T5-P019\\' = \\'Lemdar-IIC1-T5-P019\\' (see Additional File [3](#S3){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Hence, in Morocco, most fig varieties are cultivated over a limited spatial. ", "Concurrently, within a geographical zone, varieties often correspond to a single specific clone. ", "For instance, in the Rif, the 81 trees analyzed were assigned to 43 named varieties (and 7 unnamed) and corresponded to 64 genotypes (grouped into 35 clones when including within a clones all genotypes that differed by at most three alleles).", "\n\nHence in traditional Moroccan agroecosystems fig local varieties are clones and they are generally highly local and diversified (on average 8 local varieties were collected per site in the Rif region). ", "At least some of these local varieties were sufficiently old to have accumulated somatic mutations on neutral genetic markers and on selected traits.", "\n\nGenetic diversity within and among geographical groups\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nSimilar numbers of alleles were observed within each geographic zone, except the North center zone which presented fewer varieties, few local genotypes and as a consequence fewer alleles (Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Surprisingly in the South zone, all genotypes were local and allele diversity was similar to that observed in other zones. ", "Among the 95 observed alleles, three were exclusively detected in the center zone (MFC3-133, LMFC30-259, LMFC28-192), two in the Moulouya valley (MFC9-188, LMFC24-278), two in the North west zone (LMFC19-306, LMFC32-225) and four in the South zone (MFC3-96, MFC2-190, MFC9-211, LMFC30-243). ", "Expected heterozygosity was highest in the South zone (0.558) and lowest in the Rif zone (0.495).", "\n\n###### \n\nGenetic diversity within geographical zone.", "\n\n Geographic zone trees analyzed named varieties unnamed varieties genotypes local genotypes *N* *N*~*A*~ *H*~*E*~ *H*~*O*~ *F*~*IS*~ p-value\n -------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------- ------------------- ----------- ----------------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------\n North west (I) 60 43 4 36 31 66 3.88 0.523 0.559 -0.0699 0.0187\n Rif (II) 81 43 7 64 58 70 4.12 0.495 0.540 -0.0968 0.0003\n **Mountain agroecosystems**^a^ **141** **76** **11** **96** **89** **77** **4.53** **0.510** **0.548** **-0.0724** **0.0005**\n North center (III) 20 12 4 15 12 54 3.18 0.533 0.558 -0.0502 0.1477\n Center (IV) 61 23 10 45 40 70 4.12 0.511 0.557 -0.0904 0.0156\n Moulouya valley (V) 34 19 2 27 24 70 4.12 0.518 0.507 0.0219 0.4292\n South (VI) 21 15 3 21 21 72 4.24 0.558 0.571 -0.0242 0.2898\n **Oasis agroecosystems**^b^ **21** **14** **3** **21** **21** **72** **4.24** **0.558** **0.571** **-0.0242** **0.2898**\n\n*N*: total number of alleles observed within each zone; *N*~*A*~: mean number of alleles per locus; *H*~*O*~: observed heterozygosity; *H*~*E*~: expected heterozygosity; *F*~*IS*~: intrapopulation fixation index. ", "^a^Moutain agroecosystems (= Rif and North west zones); ^b^Oasis agroecosystems (= oases of the South Morocco).", "\n\nThere is no published data available on fig genetic diversity in traditional agroecosystems based on a sufficient number of genetic markers to discriminate clones. ", "However, ongoing work in Lebanon and in the Tizi Ouzou area (Algeria) using the same markers (Chalak, **pers**. ", "comm.; ", "Daoudi, **pers**. ", "comm.) ", "suggest the presence of similar level of diversity as in Northern Morocco. ", "These areas correspond to traditional agroecosystems mainly based on subsistence agriculture, with orchards presenting several fruit species grown together and several varieties per species \\[[@B30],[@B31]\\]. ", "Hence, the pattern observed for fig variety diversity in Morocco can probably be transcribed to most traditional agroecosystems around the Mediterranean. ", "How the pattern may shift outside the range of wild *Ficus carica*remains an open question.", "\n\nGenetic differentiation among the six geographic zones was about 4% (*F*~*ST*~= 0.038). ", "Pairwise comparisons showed contrasted *F*~*ST*~values ranging from 0.017 to 0.068 (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The highest differentiation (*F*~*ST*~= 0.07) was noted between the Southern zone and the Rif zone. ", "These two zones were also the sole zones clearly separated on the two first coordinate axes of the Factorial Correspondence Analysis (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A significant spatial genetic structure was observed (p \\< 10^-6^). ", "Pairwise Loiselle kinship coefficients decreased significantly with distance (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and were more strongly correlated with log than with linear distance, whatever the range of distances incorporated in the calculus. ", "Such a pattern would be interpreted in natural populations as isolation by distance with no rupture in gene flow \\[[@B32]\\].", "\n\n###### \n\nPairwise *F*~*ST*~values between samples from the different geographic zones.", "\n\n North west Rif North center Center Moulouya\n -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ----------- -----------\n Rif 0.028\\*\\* \n North center 0.026\\* 0.046\\*\\* \n Center 0.021\\*\\*\\* 0.030\\*\\*\\* 0.025\\* \n Moulouya 0.027\\*\\*\\* 0.031\\*\\* 0.026\\* 0.017\\*\\* \n South 0.038\\*\\*\\* 0.068\\*\\*\\* 0.042\\* 0.018\\* 0.029\\*\\*\n\n\\* p \\< 5.10^-3^, \\*\\* p \\< 10^-6^, \\*\\*\\* p \\< 10^-9^\n\n{#F4}\n\n{#F5}\n\nWe may reconcile the three sets of analyses (FCA, *F*~*ST*~and pairwise Loiselle kinship coefficients) by suggesting that we have here the image of spatial genetic structure as could be expected in natural populations for a situation of mutation/migration/drift processes at equilibrium resulting in some geographic variation in genetic background without geographic variation in genetic diversity. ", "Within this global pattern, the North west zone appears to be slightly atypical, a feature which could have been predicted. ", "Indeed, the region is the most affected by neighboring cities and as such represents a less traditional agroecosystem, slightly blurring the picture.", "\n\nThe pattern of isolation by distance, with no clines in diversity, is a signature of a genetic equilibrium situation, with no trace of a past colonization process. ", "This feature and the quasi-absence of widespread varieties, is suggestive of a cultivation system based on varieties that originated locally, mainly from the local gene pool.", "\n\nVarietal and genotypic diversity in mountain and oasis agroecosystems\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nQuite interestingly, traditional mountain agroecosystems (North west and Rif zones) presented much more varietal diversity than traditional oasis agroecosystems (South zone) (Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}, Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However they presented almost identical numbers of alleles. ", "This result was obtained despite our sampling only 21 trees in the oases against 141 trees in the North west and Rif zone. ", "This suggests that fig varietal and genetic diversity available in oases is threatened, maybe due to their small surface, while the one available in the mountain agroecosystems will be more resilient.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nTraditional Moroccan agroecosystems contain substantial fig varietal and genetic diversity. ", "While fig varieties are true clones and not landraces \\[[@B16]\\], the distribution of differences between genotypes shows that this diversity arose through sexual reproduction and only marginally, through somatic mutation. ", "Hence the silver bullet hypothesis of instantaneous domestication of clonal plants \\[[@B13]\\] does not apply, at least today, to fig. ", "In that perspective fig is similar to other clonally propagated plants from other parts of the world for which sexual reproduction has been important and often still is. ", "Such species include for instance Cassava \\[[@B33]\\] and Agave \\[[@B34]\\] in America or Enset \\[[@B35]\\] in Africa. ", "Further, in fig, sexual production of new varieties almost obligatorily involves crosses with wild figs. ", "Indeed, it is a dioecious species, and male figs used for pollination are collected on any tree in the neighborhood, and when male figs are cultivated within a village, their potential genetic qualities for siring agronomically interesting crops is not taken into account. ", "Preliminary data from the Rif zone confirms close genetic relationship between local varieties and wild growing fig trees. ", "As such fig cultivation in its native range fits the global picture of frequent hybridization of cultivated plants with their wild relative \\[[@B36]\\].", "\n\nHowever the case of fig is particular as new varieties must (almost) systematically result in the incorporation of hybrids between wild and cultivated plants. ", "We may thus suspect that in all traditional Mediterranean agroecosystems located within fig natural habitat, cultivated figs and wild growing figs locally form a single evolutionary unit. ", "Hence such traditional agroecosystems are effectively incubators of fig variety diversity in a dynamic incorporating wild growing as well as cultivated trees. ", "This is not always the case in clonally propagated plants. ", "For instance, while sexual reproduction seems to be most important in traditional Cassava cultivation, genetics allow to trace its origin to a single region of the range of its progenitor, *Manihot flabellatus*\\[[@B37]\\]. ", "The domestication process of monoecious and dioecious plants may turn out to be quite different.", "\n\nIn a context of ongoing rapid climatic change, the nutritional quality, and toxicity of crops may change dramatically \\[[@B38]\\]. ", "A dynamic management of genetic resources as observed here in traditional agroecosystems may prove essential for responding to such new challenges.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nFig sampling\n------------\n\nTraditional agroecosystems are still present in Morocco, in the Rif and Atlas mountains in Northern and central areas and in oases in the South east. ", "A survey in the Rif agroecosystems showed that 28 crop species were cultivated including 14 fruit species \\[[@B31]\\]. ", "A high diversity of fruit crops was also observed in the South Moroccan oases.", "\n\nField trips to collect plant material covered all territories of Morocco presenting traditional agroecosystems (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "They were done in June and August-September in order to observe first or second crop figs, respectively (fig varieties produce either both first crop and second crop or only the second crop). ", "Collections were made in 2005 and 2006. ", "This allowed characterizing the different varieties and establishing their geographical range. ", "Field observations and some genetic data (Achtak et *al*. ", "unpublished) had shown that within the range of each prospection site or village, each variety corresponded generally to a single genetic clone. ", "The sampling strategy could therefore be focused on diversity, using pomological observation following the IPGRI recommendation \\[[@B39]\\] and interviews with farmers. ", "Thus, for each prospection site, we sampled one individual of each of the cultivated varieties. ", "When we had a doubt on the perfect identity of vegetative and pomological traits within a variety within a site, or when a farmer suggested that there were two types within a variety, then we collected both forms. ", "Hence genetic homogeneity within variety was assessed within site when there was any hint of a doubt, and systematically, among sites. ", "Local variety names were noted as given by farmers; photographs and GPS coordinates were recorded as references for each collected fig tree (see Additional File [1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The photographs allowed confronting a posteriori genotypic identity with morphological similitude. ", "Six major geographical zones were surveyed (North west, Rif, North center, Center, Moulouya valley and South; Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and 277 trees representing 119 denominations were sampled.", "\n\nDNA extraction and SSR genotyping\n---------------------------------\n\nTotal genomic DNA was extracted from 200 mg of fresh young leaves of the 277 sampled fig trees using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN) according to the supplier\\'s instructions with the following modification: 1% of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP 40,000) was added to the buffer AP1.", "\n\nWe selected 17 loci among the developed SSR markers \\[[@B22]-[@B25]\\] based on their polymorphism and ease of scoring following the screening of 16 distinct Mediterranean varieties.", "\n\nMicrosatellite amplifications were performed according to the protocol described by Khadari et *al*. ", "\\[[@B40]\\]. ", "SSR genotyping was conducted in an automated capillary sequencer (ABI prism 3130 XL). ", "Analyses were performed using the GENEMAPPER V3.7 software.", "\n\nData analysis\n-------------\n\nFor each SSR locus, alleles were detected and identified by locus name and allele size in bp. ", "Genetic distances between fig genotypes were estimated according to the Jaccard similarity coefficient and UPGMA algorithm using a program developed by J. Brzustowski <http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/jbrzusto/cluster.php>. ", "The corresponding phenogram was drawn based on the software Treeview 6.1. ", "Discriminating power, D, was calculated for each SSR locus as *D*~*j*~= ∑*p*~*i*~\\[(*Np*~*i*~-1)/*N*-1)\\] \\[[@B41]\\] where *p*~*i*~was the frequency of the *i*-th molecular pattern revealed by locus *j*, and *N*was the number of genotypes. ", "We used the *Dj*values to compute the exact probabilities of getting at least one pair of genotypes differing only at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 loci.", "\n\nThe number of alleles per locus (*A*), observed heterozygosity (*H*~*O*~), expected heterozygosity (*H*~*E*~) and Wright\\'s fixation index (*F*= 1- *H*~*O*~/*H*~*E*~) were computed using the software Genetix 4.5 \\[[@B42]\\]. ", "Genetic diversity was compared among geographic zones using parameters corrected for sample size \\[[@B43]\\]. ", "Genetic differentiation between populations was assessed using *F*~*ST*~values and the software Genepop 3.1 \\[[@B44]\\]. ", "The significance of population differentiation was estimated using exact tests \\[[@B45]\\].", "\n\nTo assess genetic isolation by distance, spatial genetic structure was investigated using a spatial autocorrelation method. ", "Genetic relationships between all pairs of genotypes were regressed on the linear and the logarithmic geographical distance using the software SPAGeDi \\[[@B46]\\]. ", "The kinship coefficient of Loiselle *et al*. ", "\\[[@B47]\\], robust against the presence of low frequency alleles, was used. ", "Significance of the regression coefficients was assessed through 10,000 permutations.", "\n\nList of Abbreviations\n=====================\n\nBP: Before Present; pers. ", "comm.: ", "personal communication; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; FCA: Factor Correspondence Analysis; GPS: Global Positioning System; IPGRI: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute; pb: base pair; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; PVP:Polyvinylpyrrolidone; SSR: Simple Sequence Repeat; UPGMA: Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean.", "\n\nAuthors\\' contributions\n=======================\n\nBK designed and coordinated the study. ", "HA, MA, AO and BK performed fig sampling. ", "HA, SS and BK carried out the molecular analysis. ", "HA, FK and BK performed the statistical analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. ", "All authors participated in the draft finalization and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nAuthors\\' information\n=====================\n\nHA is a geneticist who defended the PhD thesis entitled \\\"domestication and diversification of fig, *Ficus carica*L., varieties in Morocco\\\" in December 2009. ", "MA is a Professor at University of Tétouan (Morocco), plant ecologist and working on agrobiodiversity. ", "AO is a scientist at the Moroccan Agronomic Research Institute in charge of the management of fruit genetic resources. ", "SS is an engineer, molecular biologist, in charge of the development and use of molecular markers. ", "FK is a scientist in evolutionary biology particularly on biotic interactions, specialised on the *Ficus*pollinating wasps co-evolution. ", "BK is a geneticist working within the conservation biology field and managing a Mediterranean fruit domestication and diversification program.", "\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\n###### Additional file 1\n\n**List of the studied fig trees**. ", "This table provides the list of studied fig trees with indications on their sampled geographic zone, sub-zone, site, name, SSR profile and the GPS coordinates.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for file\n\n###### Additional file 2\n\n**List of groups of closely related genotypes with skin color fruit**. ", "This file describes a list of groups of closely related genotypes differed only by 1 to 3 alleles and considered to be somatic variants of a single clone.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for file\n\n###### Additional file 3\n\n**Cases of synonymy**. ", "This file describes the cases of synonymy (several variety names for one genotype) observed among cultivated fig trees in Morocco.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for file\n\n###### Additional file 4\n\n**Cases of homonymy**. ", "This file describes the cases of homonymy (several genotypes for one variety name) observed among cultivated fig trees in Morocco.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for file\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nThe PhD student, Hafid Achtak, was supported by fellowships from Agropolis Fondation, RTRA N° 07042 \\\"FigOlivDiv\\\", PRAD 04-07, GDRI BIOM and Volubilis Ma-08-197. ", "This work was performed in the laboratory \\\"Atelier de Marquage Moléculaire\\\" UMR DiA-PC, INRA Montpellier and was financed by GDRI BIOM and Agropolis Fondation, RTRA N° 07042 \\\"FigOlivDiv\\\". ", "We thank all members of the laboratory \\\"Atelier de Marquage Moléculaire\\\" for their technical support. ", "During the whole study, the encouragement and help of Pr. ", "F. Dosba and Dr. F. Boillot were decisive. ", "Comments on an earlier version of the manuscript from Pr. ", "Doyle Mckey, Loic Le Cunff and Jean-Louis Noyer seriously improved its final quality.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "ICRR-588-2011-5\\\nIPMU11-0093\\\nMCTP-11-21\\\nSCIPP-11/04\n\n[**Kentaro Hanaki$^{1}$, Masahiro Ibe$^{2,3}$, Yutaka Ookouchi$^{3}$ and Chang-Soon Park$^{4}$**]{}\\\n\n$^{1}$[*[Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics,\\\nUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1040, USA]{}*]{}\n\n${}^{2}$[*Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan* ]{}\n\n$^{3}$[*Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU),\\\nUniversity of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8583, Japan*]{}\\\n\n$^{4}$[*Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics,\\\nUniversity of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA*]{}\\\n\n**Abstract**\n\nWe discuss constraints from cosmology on the models with direct gauge mediation based on the ISS supersymmetry breaking models. ", "It is a generic feature that the ISS models possess a $U(1)$ symmetry which is eventually spontaneously broken, when the models are based on the gauge symmetries with complex representations. ", "We show that the resultant pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson causes problems in cosmology, which leads to severe constraints on the models. ", "We also show that most parameter space of the models can be probed by observing gravitational waves emitted from the cosmic string network when the $U(1)$ symmetry is a gauge symmetry.", "\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking models[@Dine:1981za; @Dine:1981gu; @Dimopoulos:1982gm; @Affleck:1984xz; @Dine:1993yw; @Dine:1994vc; @Dine:1995ag] are one of the most attractive realizations of the phenomenologically viable minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). ", "So far, a lot of models of gauge mediation have been constructed, for the aim to improve the models in view of naturalness or consistency to cosmological observations. ", "We have now many successful models to be examined by experiments.", "\n\nA downside of models of gauge mediations is, however, their complexity. ", "The models are inevitably complicated, since we need to connect the supersymmetry breaking sector and the MSSM sector via gauge interaction of the MSSM. ", "In this respect, models of direct gauge mediation where the MSSM gauge symmetries are embedded into flavor symmetries of the supersymmetry breaking sector are particularly attractive since the models require fewer particles and parameters (for a precise definition of direct mediation models, see Refs[@Dine:2007dz]). ", "Before the discovery of dynamical supersymmetry breaking in simple supersymmetric gauge theories by Ref.[@ISS], the construction of direct gauge mediation models could rely mostly on the vector-like dynamical supersymmetry breaking model developed in Refs.[@Izawa:1996pk; @Intriligator:1996pu], the IYIT model.[^1] Since it was shown that vector-like dynamical supersymmetry breaking is possible in more generic models by Ref.[@ISS], many direct gauge mediation models have been constructed based on the ISS supersymmetry breaking models (See Refs.[@Dine:2006xt; @Ibe:2006rc; @KOO; @Terning; @Strassler] for early applications.).[^2]\n\nThere are two common features shared by the direct gauge mediation models based on the ISS supersymmetry breaking models. ", "One, which is shared by all the direct gauge mediation models, is the Landau pole problem. ", "Since we embed the MSSM gauge groups into flavor groups of the dynamical sector, there appear many fields which transform under the MSSM gauge groups. ", "These fields contribute to the beta functions of the gauge coupling constants and drive them to Landau poles below the unification scale. ", "This problem forces us to take the messenger scale rather high, while the supersymmetry breaking scale is kept rather low to realize the MSSM superparticle masses below the TeV range. ", "The other feature shared is spontaneous symmetry breaking of global symmetries at the messenger scale. ", "Especially, when the ISS models are based on gauge symmetries which have complex representations such as $SU(N_c)$, the models possess a $U(1)$ global symmetry which is consistent with the mass terms of the models. ", "We call it $U(1)_B$ symmetry in the rest of the paper.", "\n\nIn this paper, we discuss the implications of these common properties, high messenger scale and spontaneous breaking of $U(1)_B$ symmetry, of the models. ", "First, if the $U(1)_B$ is a global symmetry, we find that the pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson (PNGB) resulting from its spontaneous breaking has a lifetime longer than the age of the universe. ", "In this case, the energy density of the coherent oscillation of the PNGB easily dominates over the energy density of the universe. ", "As a result, the models are consistent only when the reheating temperature of the universe is much less than hundreds GeV. Then, if the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is gauged, its spontaneous breaking does not predict the presence of Nambu-Goldstone boson but does generate cosmic strings with a tension of the order of the messenger scale. ", "As we will discuss, most of the parameter space can be probed by observing gravitational waves emitted from the cosmic string networks in future experiments. ", "Since the existence of the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is strongly interrelated to the structure of the gauge dynamics of the supersymmetry breaking sector, the observation of the gravitational wave gives us an important clue on the structure of the hidden sector.", "\n\nThe organization of the paper is as follows. ", "In section 2, we discuss the models of direct gauge mediation and spontaneous breaking of the global symmetries. ", "In section 3, we discuss cosmological implications of the pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons resulting from spontaneous $U(1)_B$ symmetry breaking. ", "In section 4, we discuss cosmological implications for the case where $U(1)_B$ symmetry is gauged. ", "The final section is devoted to our conclusions.", "\n\nDirect gauge mediation\n======================\n\nIn this section, we briefly review the models of direct gauge mediation based on the ISS supersymmetry breaking model. ", "The Standard Model gauge groups are embedded into the global symmetries of the supersymmetry breaking sector. ", "This class of models often involves global symmetries in addition to those identified with the Standard Model gauge groups. ", "As we will discuss shortly, some of those extra symmetries are spontaneously broken at the scale of gauge mediation. ", "The implications of the spontaneous breaking of those symmetries will be discussed in the following sections.", "\n\nAn explicit example\n-------------------\n\nTo be concrete, we discuss generic properties of the models of direct gauge mediation by considering an explicit model developed in Ref.[@KOO], KOO model, as an example. ", "The KOO model is based on the original ISS model [@ISS], which consists of an $SU(N_c)$ gauge theory with $N_f$ flavors, $Q_i$ and $\\bar Q_i$, with a superpotential, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:mass}\nW= \\sum_{i,j=1}^{N_f} (m_Q)_{ij} Q_i \\bar Q_j\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ where $m_Q$ is a mass matrix. ", "In the KOO model, the mass matrix $m_Q$ is assumed to be diagonal but split into the first $N_f-N_c$ components with the eigenvalues being $m_0$ and the remaining $N_c$ components with $\\mu_0$, i.e. $m_Q=\\mathrm{diag}(m_0,\\cdots,m_0,\\mu_0,\\cdots,\\mu_0)$. We assume that $m_0 \\gg \\mu_0$. In this case, we may rewrite the superpotential into, $$\\begin{aligned}\n W_{\\rm mass} = m_0 (Q^I \\bar Q_I) + \\mu_0 (Q^a \\bar Q_a)\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ where $I=1, \\cdots, N_f- N_c$ and $a=1,\\cdots, N_c$ denote the flavor indices, while the color $SU(N_c)$ indices are contracted in $(Q \\bar Q)$.\n\nIn this model, the maximal global symmetry $SU(N_f)$ is broken into $SU(N\\equiv N_f-N_c)\\times SU(N_c)\\times U(1)_{P'}$ by the mass matrix. ", "Here, $U(1)_{P'}$ denotes a $U(1)$ subgroup of $SU(N_c)$ with the ratio of the charges of $Q^I$ and $Q^a$ being $N_c$ to $N$. In addition to those global symmetries, the model also possesses a $U(1)$ symmetry with a charge assignment $Q(+1)$ and $\\bar Q(-1)$, which we name $U(1)_B$, and a $U(1)$ $R$-symmetry with a charge assignment $Q(+1)$ and $\\bar Q(+1)$.\n\nTo realize the gauge mediation mechanism, we embed the MSSM gauge groups into the subgroup of $SU(N)\\times SU(N_c)$ global symmetries. ", "By this, the MSSM sector is connected to the dynamical supersymmetry breaking sector in a direct manner. ", "To construct a successful model, however, we need to break the $R$-symmetry which forbids the gaugino mass terms. ", "What is even more troublesome in the models based on the ISS models is that the gauginos do not obtain masses comparable to those of the sfermions even if the $U(1)_R$ symmetry is spontaneously broken as it happens in the model in Ref.[@IzawaTobe], and hence, we need to break the R-symmetries explicitly.[^3]\n\nIn the KOO model, the comparable gaugino masses to the sfermion masses are achieved by adding the following term[@KOO], $$\\begin{aligned}\nW_{\\rm def}= - \\frac{1}{m_X} (Q^I \\bar Q_a) (Q^a \\bar Q_I)\\ ,\n\\label{eq:higher-d}\\end{aligned}$$ to the superpotential. ", "Here, $m_X$ denotes a dimensionful parameter. ", "With this additional term, the $R$ symmetry is explicitly broken. ", "The remaining global symmetries are $SU(N) \\times SU(N_c) \\times U(1)_{P} \\times U(1)_B$.[^4] In the following discussion, we assume that $m_X$ is larger than $m$ but much smaller than the Planck scale $M_{PL}$. Such higher dimensional terms can be, for example, generated by integrating out extra massive fields with masses $m_X$ coupling to $(Q_a, Q_I)$ in a renormalizable theory. ", "We also assume that other dimension four operators such as $(Q^a\\bar{Q}_b)(Q_a\\bar{Q}^b)$ are suppressed more significantly than those suppressed by $m_X$, i.e., they are suppressed by the Planck scale,[^5] otherwise, the metastability of the vacuum could be spoiled.", "\n\nTo explore the vacuum structure, it is useful to consider the magnetic description, where the model is well described by the composite fields $$Y^I_{~J} = Q^I \\bar Q_J \\;,\\qquad Z^I_{~a}= Q^I \\bar Q_a\\;,\\qquad \\tilde Z^a_{~I} = Q^a \\bar Q_I \\;,\\qquad \\Phi^a_{~b} = Q^a \\bar Q_b\\;.$$ In this description, the superpotential is given by $$\\label{KOOSUP}\nW= h \\mathrm{Tr} \\left[ m^2 Y + \\mu^2 \\Phi - \\chi Y \\tilde{\\chi} - \\chi Z\\tilde{\\rho} - \\rho \\tilde{Z}\\tilde{\\chi} - \\rho \\Phi \\tilde{\\rho} - m_z Z \\tilde Z\\right]\\ ,$$ where $\\rho$ and $\\chi$ are components of magnetic quarks charged under the dual $SU(N_f-N_c)$ gauge group. ", "Here, we have suppressed all the indices of the gauge and global symmetries and defined $$\\begin{aligned}\nm^2 \\equiv m_0 \\Lambda\\ , \\quad \\mu^2 \\equiv \\mu_0 \\Lambda\\ ,\\quad\nm_z \\equiv \\Lambda^2/m_X \\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Throughout this paper, we assume a dimensionful parameter[^6] in magnetic theory to be the same order as $\\Lambda$, i.e. $h\\equiv {\\Lambda / \\widehat{\\Lambda}}=O(1)$. By appropriate phase rotations, we may take parameters $m$, $\\mu$ and $m_z$ to be real numbers without loss of generality.", "\n\nAs long as the deformation superpotential is small, the meta-stable vacuum identified in the ISS model still exists. ", "In addition to the original supersymmetry breaking vacuum, this deformation also leads to other meta-stable and supersymmetry breaking vacua which are away from the ISS vacuum. ", "These vacua are given by $$\\label{E:nVacConfig}\n\\begin{split}\n&Y^I_{~J} = \\frac{\\mu^2}{m_z} \\left(\\InN\\right)^I_J\\;,\\quad\\, \\, \\,\\Phi^a_{~b} = \\frac{m^2}{m_z} \\left(\\InNc\\right)^a_{~b} + O(m_Z)\\ ,\\\\\n&\\chi^I_{~J} = m \\delta^I_J\\;,\\,\\qquad\\qquad \\tilde\\chi^I_{~J} = m \\delta^I_J\\ ,\\\\\n&\\rho^I_{~a} = \\mu \\Gamma^I_{~a}\\;,\\,\\qquad \\qquad \\tilde\\rho^a_{~I} = \\mu \\Gamma^a_{~I}\\ ,\\\\\n&Z^I_{~a} = -\\frac{m\\mu}{m_z}\\Gamma^I_{~a}\\;,\\qquad \\tilde Z^a_{~I} = - \\frac{m\\mu}{m_z}\\Gamma^a_{~I}\\ ,\n\\end{split}$$ where $n$ is any integer between 0 and $N$. The matrices $\\Gamma^a_{~I}$ and $\\Gamma^I_{~a}$ have $1$ in the first $n$ diagonal elements and $0$ elsewhere; $$\\Gamma^a_{~I} = \\begin{pmatrix} \\unit_n & 0_{n\\times ({N-n})} \\\\ 0_{(N_c-n)\\times n} & 0_{(N_c-n)\\times (N-n)} \\end{pmatrix}\\;,\\qquad\n\\Gamma^I_{~a} = \\begin{pmatrix} \\unit_n & 0_{n\\times (N_c-n)} \\\\ 0_{(N-n)\\times n} & 0_{(N-n)\\times (N_c-n)} \\end{pmatrix}\\;.$$ The matrix $\\unit_m$ is an $m\\times m$ identity matrix and $\\unit^p_q$ is a $q\\times q$ matrix whose first $p$ diagonal elements are $1$ and $0$ otherwise. ", "The vacuum with $n=0$ corresponds to the vacuum of the ISS model, while the vacua with $n>0$ have lower energy than the ISS vacuum, and the supersymmetry breaking scale of these vacua is $O(\\mu^2)$. As we show in the appendix A, all pseudo-moduli are stabilized by the Coleman-Weinberg potential.", "\n\nAt the vacuum in Eq., ", "the global symmetries are spontaneously broken into $SU(n) \\times SU(N - n) \\times SU(N_c -n) \\times U(1)^2$ for $n>0$. Here, two preserved $U(1)$ symmetries are linear combinations of the following three $U(1)$ symmetries; $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{E:U1P}\nU(1)_P : \\rho \\to e^{i \\theta_P} \\rho\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{E:U1c}\nU(1)_c : \\rho \\to \\left(\n\\begin{array}{cc}\ne^{i \\theta_c} {\\bf 1}_{n \\times n} & 0\\\\\n0 & e^{i \\frac{n}{N_c - n}\\theta_c} {\\bf 1}_{(N_c -n) \\times (N_c - n)}\\\\\n\\end{array}\\right) \\rho\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{E:U1d}\nU(1)_d : \\rho \\to \\rho \\left(\n\\begin{array}{cc}\ne^{i \\theta_d} {\\bf 1}_{n \\times n} & 0\\\\\n0 & e^{i \\frac{n}{N_f -N_c - n}\\theta_d} {\\bf 1}_{(N_f - N_c -n) \\times (N_f -N_c - n)}\\;.", "\n\\end{array}\\right)\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Then one of the preserved symmetries is a combination of $U(1)_P$ and $U(1)_c$ with $\\theta_P = - \\theta_c$ and the other is a combination of $U(1)_c$ and $U(1)_d$ with $\\theta_c = - \\theta_d$. In contrast, at the highest energy vacuum, i.e. the ISS vacuum, only a $U(1)$ global symmetry is spontaneously broken and the resulting preserved symmetry is $SU(N_f - N_c) \\times SU(N_c) \\times U(1)_P$. In both cases, one of the $U(1)$ symmetries is spontaneously broken, which corresponds to the $U(1)_B$ symmetry in the electric description.", "\n\nFinally, let us embed the MSSM gauge groups into the flavor symmetry and construct direct gauge mediation. ", "In this case, the admixtures of the dual quarks and the mesons play roles of the messengers whose masses are around $m$. The detailed analysis of the mass matrix of the supersymmetry breaking sector including the messengers is given in the appendix A. When we embed the MSSM gauge groups into $SU(N-n)$, the messenger mass matrix squared of the fermions is given by $A_2$ in . ", "This is nothing but the one appearing in O’Raifeartaigh model of KOO vacua[@KOO]. ", "Thus, just replacing $N_c$, $N$ in the result of [@KOO] with $N_c-n$, ${N-n}$ respectively, we obtain the leading order of the gaugino masses, $$\\begin{aligned}\nm_{\\lambda}\\simeq {g^2 {(N_c-n)}\\over (4\\pi)^2}F_\\Phi {\\partial \\over \\partial \\Phi} {\\log\\det }M={g^2 {(N_c-n)}\\over (4\\pi)^2} {h \\mu^2 m_z \\over m_z \\langle \\Phi \\rangle -m^2}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Here, $\\langle \\Phi \\rangle $ is determined by the Coleman-Weinberg potential for full O’Raifeartaigh model including the contributions from $A_1$ and $B_1$ (see the appendix A), which is proportional to the explicit R-breaking parameter $m_z$, i.e. $\\langle \\Phi \\rangle \\sim m_z$. As a result, at the leading order of $m_z/ m$, the gaugino masses are given by, $$\\begin{aligned}\nm_{\\lambda}\\simeq -{g^2 {(N_c-n)}\\over (4\\pi)^2} {h \\mu^2 m_z \\over m^2}\\left( 1 +{ O}\n\\left({m_z^2 \\over m^2}\\right) \\right)\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ When we embed the MSSM gauge groups into the $SU(N_c-n)$ group, gaugino masses are given by $$\\begin{aligned}\nm_{\\lambda}\\simeq -{g^2 {(N-n)}\\over (4\\pi)^2} {h \\mu^2 m_z \\over m^2}\\left( 1 +{ O}\n\\left({m_z^2 \\over m^2}\\right)\\right)\\ .\\end{aligned}$$\n\nNotice that if we embed the MSSM gauge groups into the $SU(n)$ symmetry, the messenger sector does not include a tachyonic direction anywhere in the moduli space, and hence, one expects that gaugino masses vanish[@KS]. ", "In fact, we can show ${\\rm det}M=\\mu^2 m_z$ by a direct computation, which indicates that the determinant of the matrix is independent of $\\Phi$, and hence, gaugino masses vanish.", "\n\nThe sfermion masses are, on the other hand, roughly given by,[^7] $$\\begin{aligned}\n m_{\\rm sfermion} \\sim \\frac{g^2} {4\\pi}\\frac{\\mu^2}{m}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ In order to have comparable gaugino masses to the sfermion masses in the TeV range, the mass parameters should satisfy $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:scales}\n\\frac{\\mu^2}{m} &\\sim & 100\\,{\\rm TeV}\\ , \\\\\nm_z &\\sim & m\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Here, the second condition is realized when $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:LmX}\n\\Lambda \\sim \\sqrt{m m_X}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$\n\nAs discussed in Ref.[@KOO], the Landau pole problem is solved by assuming that the messenger scale is higher than $10^{12}$GeV. Besides, the supersymmetry breaking scale is restricted to be smaller than $10^{9.5}$GeV to avoid unacceptably large flavor violating soft parameters from the gravity mediation effects. ", "By combining these constraints with Eq., ", "we find that the model is viable for $$\\begin{aligned}\n10^{12}\\,{\\rm GeV}\\lesssim &m&\\lesssim 10^{14}\\,{\\rm GeV}\\ , \\cr\n10^{8.5}\\,{\\rm GeV}\\lesssim &\\mu&\\lesssim 10^{9.5}\\,{\\rm GeV}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$\n\nLet us summarize the important features of the models with direct gauge mediation based on the ISS supersymmetry breaking models. ", "In the KOO model, the global $U(1)_B$ symmetry is spontaneously broken by the expectation values of $\\chi$ and $\\tilde \\chi$ in Eq.. Since the messengers obtain masses from the vacuum expectation value of $\\chi$ and $\\tilde\\chi$, the $U(1)_B$ breaking scale coincides with the messenger scale. ", "Notice that this non-trivial interrelation between the messenger scale and the $U(1)_B$ breaking scale is rather generic feature of the models of direct gauge mediation based on the ISS variant models.", "\n\nIn the following discussion, we concentrate on the vacuum with $n=0$, since it is the vacuum closest to the symmetry enhancement point which can be dynamically chosen in the cosmological evolution.[^8] We also assume the models where the MSSM gauge groups are embedded into $SU(N)$ with an assumption $N_c > 10$ to avoid the Landau pole problem (see [@KOO] for details).", "\n\nCosmological implication of the PNGB\n====================================\n\nAs emphasized in the previous section, spontaneous symmetry breaking of global symmetries is expected at the messenger scale in the direct gauge mediation models. ", "If the symmetries are exact, the corresponding Nambu-Goldstone bosons are exactly massless. ", "It is generally believed, however, that any global symmetries should be broken in gravitational theory.[^9] That is, the global symmetries are expected to be explicitly broken at least by higher dimensional operators which are suppressed by the Planck scale. ", "Therefore the resultant Nambu-Goldstone bosons are pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons (PNGBs) and obtain finite masses.", "\n\nWhen the PNGBs are massive but very light, their lifetime can be very long and cause problems in the cosmological evolution. ", "To avoid such problems, the symmetry breaking operators should not be suppressed so much so that the resultant PNGBs are heavy enough. ", "As we will see, however, the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is highly protected by the gauge symmetry and the corresponding PNGB cannot be heavy enough.[^10] As a result, the PNGB from $U(1)_B$ breaking dominates over the energy density of universe, which ruins the success of the standard cosmology.", "\n\nPNGB mass\n---------\n\nThe distinctive feature of the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is that it is highly protected by the $SU(N_c)$ gauge symmetry of the supersymmetry breaking dynamics. ", "Even the lowest dimensional operators which explicitly break the $U(1)_B$ symmetry are quite suppressed; $$\\begin{aligned}\n W_B^{\\rm (leading)} \\sim \\frac{C_B}{M_{PL}^{N_c-3}} Q^{N_c}+\\frac{ C_{\\bar B}}{M_{PL}^{N_c-3}} \\tilde{Q}^{N_c}\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ where $C_{B,\\bar B}$ are dimensionless coefficients of $O(1)$. These operators correspond to the baryon and anti-baryon operators, respectively. ", "By remembering that the size of the gauge group $SU(N_c)$ is required to be large, $N_c > 10$ (see Ref.[@KOO] for details), we see that these operators are quite suppressed.", "\n\nIn the magnetic dual description, the above baryon and anti-baryon operators are translated into, $$\\begin{aligned}\nW_{B}^{\\rm (leading)}\\sim \nc_B{\\Lambda^{2N_c-N_f} \\over M_{PL}^{N_c-3}}\\chi^{N_f-N_c} \n+ c_{\\bar B}{\\Lambda^{2N_c-N_f} \\over M_{PL}^{N_c-3}}\\tilde{\\chi}^{N_f-N_c} \\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ where $c_{B,\\bar{B}}$ are again the dimensionless coefficients of $O(1)$. The dynamical scale $\\Lambda$ of the $SU(N_c)$ gauge theory has been incorporated based on the dimensional analysis.", "\n\nBy combining the superpotential of the KOO model in Eq.(\\[KOOSUP\\]) with the above $U(1)_B$ breaking operators, we obtain, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:potentials}\nW&=& \\bar{m}\\Lambda M+ q\\tilde{q}M+{\\Lambda^2 \\over m_{X}}Z\\tilde Z\n+{\\Lambda^2 \\over M_{PL}}M^2\n+ W_B + \\cdots\\ ,\\nonumber\\\\\nW_{B} &=&W_B^{\\rm (leading)} + {\\Lambda^{2N_c-N_f+1}\\chi^{N_f-N_c} M\\over M_{PL}^{N_c-1}}\n+ {\\Lambda^{2N_c-N_f+1}{\\tilde \\chi}^{N_f-N_c} M\\over M_{PL}^{N_c-1}}+\\cdots\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ where the meson field $M$ collectively denotes the meson fields $Y$, $\\Phi$ and $Z$, and the dual quarks, $q$ and $\\tilde q$ denote $q={(\\chi, \\rho)}$ and $\\tilde q={(\\tilde \\chi,\\tilde \\rho)}$. We have omitted detailed flavor structures of each term. ", "In the above superpotential, we included the higher dimensional $U(1)_B$ breaking operators which are relevant for the PNGB mass.", "\n\nThe leading contribution to the PNGB mass is from the cross term of the fourth term of $W$ and the second and third terms of $W_B$ in Eq.(\\[eq:potentials\\]) via ${\\cal L}\\sim |\\partial_M W|^2 $, which roughly leads to, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:mass1}\nm_{\\rm PNGB}^2 \\sim {\\Lambda^{2N_c-N_f+3} \\over M_{PL}^{N_c}} m^{N_f-N_c-1}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Here, we have used $\\langle{\\Phi}\\rangle\\sim m_z \\sim m$. Notice that the contributions from the second and the third terms of $W$ are vanishing at the leading order since $\\langle{Z\\chi}\\rangle=\\langle{\\tilde\\chi\\tilde Z}\\rangle = 0$.\n\nAnother relevant contribution comes from the $A$-terms of $W_B^{(\\rm leading)}$ via the higher dimensional Kähler potential term, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\delta K \\sim {MM^{\\dagger}qq^{\\dagger}\\over \\Lambda^2}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ By plugging $M=m+\\theta^2 \\mu^2$ and renormalizing the kinetic term of $q$, we obtain the A-term of $W_{B}^{(\\rm leading)}$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal L} \\sim (N_f-N_c)\\frac{\\mu^2}{\\Lambda^2}m\\times W_{B}^{(\\rm leading)} + h.c.\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ which leads to $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:mass2}\nm_{\\rm PNGB}^2\\sim (N_f - N_c)\\mu^2 {\\Lambda^{2N_c-N_f-2}\\over M_{PL}^{N_c-3}}m^{N_f-N_c-1}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ By comparing Eqs.(\\[eq:mass1\\]) and (\\[eq:mass2\\]) with the conditions in Eq.(\\[eq:scales\\]), we find that the PNGB mass from the $A$-terms is dominant when the dynamical scale $\\L$ is relatively low (see Figure\\[fig:PNGBmass\\] for numerical results).", "\n\n![*", "Left) The parameter region of the dynamical scale $\\Lambda$ (see Eq.(\\[eq:Lconditions\\])). ", "Right) The PNGB mass as a function of $m$. The upper solid line corresponds to $m_{\\rm PNGB}$ for $\\Lambda = \\Lambda_{\\rm max}$ for $N_c=10$, where $m_{\\rm PNGB}$ is dominated by the one in Eq.(\\[eq:mass1\\]). ", "The lower solid line corresponds to $m_{\\rm PNGB}$ for for $\\Lambda =\\Lambda_{\\rm min}$ for $N_c=10$, where $m_{\\rm PNGB}$ is dominated by the one in Eq.(\\[eq:mass2\\]). ", "The dashed lines denote those values for $N_c =11$.* []{data-label=\"fig:PNGBmass\"}](Lambda.pdf){width=\".8\\linewidth\"}\n\n![*", "Left) The parameter region of the dynamical scale $\\Lambda$ (see Eq.(\\[eq:Lconditions\\])). ", "Right) The PNGB mass as a function of $m$. The upper solid line corresponds to $m_{\\rm PNGB}$ for $\\Lambda = \\Lambda_{\\rm max}$ for $N_c=10$, where $m_{\\rm PNGB}$ is dominated by the one in Eq.(\\[eq:mass1\\]). ", "The lower solid line corresponds to $m_{\\rm PNGB}$ for for $\\Lambda =\\Lambda_{\\rm min}$ for $N_c=10$, where $m_{\\rm PNGB}$ is dominated by the one in Eq.(\\[eq:mass2\\]). ", "The dashed lines denote those values for $N_c =11$.* []{data-label=\"fig:PNGBmass\"}](PNGBmass.pdf){width=\".8\\linewidth\"}\n\nBefore giving the numerical results of the PNGB mass, let us discuss the constraints on the dynamical scale $\\Lambda$. For generating the gaugino masses comparable to the sfermion masses, the $R$-breaking mass term, $m_Z Z\\tilde Z$, played an important role. ", "As we mentioned earlier, the other mass terms such as $\\Phi^2$ should be, on the other hand, much smaller than $m_Z Z\\tilde Z$ otherwise the metastable supersymmetry breaking vacua would be destabilized. ", "Thus, we need to require $m_X \\ll M_{PL}$. By remembering that we also require $\\Lambda \\sim \\sqrt{m m_X}$ for a successful gauge mediation (see Eq.(\\[eq:LmX\\])), this condition leads to the upper bound on the dynamical scale for a given messenger scale.", "\n\nThe dynamical scale $\\Lambda$ is also constrained from below, $\\Lambda \\gg m$, otherwise the metastability of the supersymmetry breaking vacua could not be analyzed. ", "That is, the incalculable higher dimensional terms of the Kähler potential of the pseudo-flat direction such as, $$\\begin{aligned}\n K \\sim \\frac{|\\Phi|^4}{\\Lambda^2}\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ become comparable to the radiatively generated Kähler potentials via the dual quark interactions.", "\n\nIn Fig.\\[fig:PNGBmass\\], we show the upper and lower limits on $\\Lambda$ as a function of $m$ which are defined by, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:Lconditions}\n \\Lambda_{\\rm max} = \\sqrt{0.1\\times M_{PL} m}\\ ,\\quad \\Lambda_{\\rm min} = 10\\times m \\ .\\end{aligned}$$ The figure shows that the dynamical scale is in a range of $10^{13-16}$GeV. In the right panel of Fig.\\[fig:PNGBmass\\], we show the PNGB mass for a given messenger scale. ", "The figure shows that the PNGB mass is quite suppressed, and for example, $$\\begin{aligned}\n m_{\\rm PNGB} \\ll O(1)\\, {\\rm keV}\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ for $m \\sim 10^{13}$GeV. As we will see shortly, the energy density of the PNGB dominates over the energy density of the universe due to the long lifetime, although it is very light.", "\n\nBefore closing this section, let us discuss the masses of the fermionic and the scalar superpartners of the PNGB. ", "Since the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is broken at the energy scale higher than the supersymmetry breaking scale, these partners are also expected to be light. ", "Unlike the PNGB, however, they obtain masses by the supersymmetry breaking effects. ", "To discuss their masses, it is useful to define the PNGB chiral supermultiplet ${\\cal A}$ by, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\chi \\sim m \\times e^{\\frac{\\cal A}{m}}\\ , \\quad \\tilde\\chi \\sim m \\times e^{\\frac{-\\cal A}{m}}\\ . ", "\\end{aligned}$$ The partners of the PNGB obtain the masses via the Kähler potential, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:PNGBK}\n K \\sim \\frac{h^2}{16\\pi^2} \\frac{\\Phi^\\dagger\\Phi}{m^2} ({\\cal A} +{\\cal A}^\\dagger )^2 + \\cdots \\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ which is radiatively generated by the $\\chi-Z-\\rho$ interactions. ", "By plugging $\\Phi \\simeq m + \\mu^2\\theta^2$ into the above Kähler potential, we obtain the masses of the superpartners of the PNGB; $$\\begin{aligned}\nm_{\\rm fermion} \\sim \\frac{h^2}{4\\pi^2} \\frac{\\mu^2}{m}\\ , \\quad\nm_{\\rm scalar} \\sim \\frac{h}{4\\pi} \\frac{\\mu^2}{m}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, they are typically heavier than the superparticles in the MSSM unlike the PNGB of the $U(1)_B$ symmetry.", "\n\nPNGB decay width\n----------------\n\nAs pointed out in Ref.[@Banks], discrete symmetries such as charge conjugation symmetry and CP-symmetry play important roles to determine the interaction between the PNGB and the MSSM sector.", "\n\nLet us first consider a charge conjugation transformation defined by the exchange, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:conjugate}\n Q \\leftrightarrow \\bar{Q}\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ with appropriate charge conjugations of the gauge fields. ", "The PNGB is odd under this transformation. ", "This charge conjugation is a good symmetry when we neglect the matter fields in the MSSM sector. ", "Thus, as long as we integrate out only the messenger fields, the effective interactions of the PNGB respect this symmetry. ", "As a result, the lowest dimensional operators which are relevant for the decay of the PNGB into the MSSM gauge fields require at least three gauge fields which are roughly given by[@DolgovI; @DolgovII], $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal L}_{\\rm eff}\\sim \\frac{g_{SM}^3}{4\\pi}{1 \\over m^7} (D_{\\rho} F_{\\alpha \\beta} )(D^{\\beta} F_{\\sigma \\tau})( D^{\\rho} D^{\\alpha} F^{\\sigma \\tau}) {\\cal P} \\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ where ${\\cal P}$ denotes the PNGB, $F_{\\mu\\nu}$ the gauge field strengths of the Standard Model, and $D^\\mu$ the appropriate covariant derivatives. ", "We collectively denoted the corresponding gauge coupling constants by $g_{SM}$. Therefore, the decay width of the PNGB into photons through this operator is negligibly small.", "\n\nOnce we integrate the MSSM sector as well, the above non-renormalizable operator could lead to the effective interactions between the PNGB and the Standard Model fermions, $f$, at the three-loop level, which are at most given by, $$\\begin{aligned}\n {\\cal L}_{\\rm eff} \\sim \\left(\\frac{\\alpha_{SM}}{4\\pi}\\right)^3\\frac{1}{m} \\partial_\\mu {\\cal P}\n (f^{\\dagger} \\sigma^\\mu f + \\cdots )\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Here, the gauge coupling constants are estimated at the messenger scale. ", "The decay widths of the PNGB into the fermions (i.e. the electrons or neutrinos) through these operators are quite suppressed, and hence, the dominant process should be the one into photons through the diagrams with one more loop. ", "As a result, the decay width is at most of the order of $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Gamma \\sim \\left(\\frac{\\alpha_{SM}}{4\\pi}\\right)^8 \\frac{m_{\\rm PNGB}^3}{m^2}\n \\sim 10^{-60}\\,{\\rm GeV}\\times \\left(\\frac{m_{\\rm PNGB}}{1\\,\\rm keV} \\right)^3\n \\left(\\frac{10^{13}\\,\\rm GeV}{m} \\right)^2\n \\ . ", "\\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, we find that the lifetime of the PNGB is much longer than the age of the universe.[^11]\n\nThe PNGB may also decay via the interaction terms which explicitly break the $U(1)_B$ symmetry in Eq.(\\[eq:potentials\\]). ", "From the explicit breaking term $W_B^{\\rm (leading)}$, the messenger fields obtain an effective mass term which depends on the PNGB, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\delta m_{q} \\sim C_B {\\Lambda^{2N_c-N_f} \\over M_{PL}^{N_c-3}} m^{N_f-N_c-2}e^{i{\\cal P}/m} \\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Thus, after integrating out messengers, we obtain an interaction terms, $$\\begin{aligned}\n{1\\over 16\\pi^2}\\int d \\theta^2 \\log M_{\\rm mess} W_{\\alpha}W^{\\alpha} \\sim {1\\over 16\\pi^2} ( c_B-c_{\\bar{B} }) {\\Lambda^{2N_c-N_f} \\over M_{PL}^{N_c-3} } m^{N_f-N_c-4}{\\cal P}F_{\\mu \\nu } \\widetilde{F}^{\\mu \\nu} \\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Notice that these operators vanish for $c_B = c_{\\bar B}$ since the charge conjugation is a good symmetry in this limit. ", "As a result, the PNGB decays into two photons via these operators with the decay width, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma \\simeq \\left( {1\\over 16\\pi} {m_{\\rm PNGB}^3 \\over M_{\\rm eff}^2} \\right)\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ where we have defined $$\\begin{aligned}\nM_{\\rm eff}=\\frac{16\\pi^2}{c_B-c_{\\bar B}}M_{PL} \\left({M_{PL}\\over \\Lambda} \\right)^{2N_c-N_f} \\left( {M_{PL}\\over m}\\right)^{N_f-N_c-4} \\gg M_{PL} \\ .\\end{aligned}$$ The last inequality is obtained by remembering $N_f-N_c > 5$ and $2N_c - N_f > 0$. As a result, the decay of the PNGB via the $U(1)_B$ breaking operators is subdominant, and hence, the lifetime of the PNGB is much longer than the age of the universe.", "\n\nPNGB dominated universe\n-----------------------\n\nNow we are ready to study energy density of a coherent oscillation of the PNGB in the history of cosmology. ", "During inflation, the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is expected to be restored by the inflation dynamics if the Hubble scale during inflation is larger than $m$, since $\\chi$’s are expected to obtain effective masses around the symmetry enhancement point, i.e. $\\chi = \\tilde \\chi = 0$. In this case, the initial amplitude of the coherent oscillation of the PNGB from its true minima[^12] after inflation is $O(m)$. If the Hubble scale during inflation is smaller than $m$, the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is not restored during inflation. ", "Even in this case, the initial amplitude of the coherent oscillation of the PNGB after inflation is again expected to be $O(m)$, since the PNGB has a very flat potential on which the initial condition is randomly distributed. ", "Thus, as long as the Hubble scale during inflation is much larger than $m_{\\rm PNGB}$, the initial amplitude of the coherent oscillation of the PNGB after inflation is expected to be $O(m)$. Thus, the initial energy density of the oscillation of the PNGB after inflation is expected to be, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:PNGBA}\n \\rho_{\\rm PNGB} \\sim m_{\\rm PNGB}^2 m^2\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ In the followings, we discuss the evolution of the energy density of the PNGB after inflation with this initial condition.", "\n\nFirst, let us assume that the reheating temperature of the universe after inflation is lower than $$\\begin{aligned}\nT_{\\rm osc} \\sim \\sqrt{m_{\\rm PNGB}M_{PL}}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ In this case, the PNGB starts oscillating around its minimum when the Hubble parameter becomes lower than $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:Hosc}\nH < H_{\\rm osc} \\sim m_{\\rm PNGB}\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ which is before the radiation dominated era (see Fig.\\[fig:evolution\\]). ", "Before the universe enters into the radiation dominated era, both the inflaton and the PNGB oscillate, and hence, their energy densities scales in the same way by the cosmic expansion. ", "Thus, at the beginning of the radiation dominated era, the energy density of the PNGB at the reheating time is given by, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\rho_{\\rm PNGB}^{(B)} \\simeq \\rho_{\\rm PNGB}^{(A)} \\times \\frac{\\rho_{I}^{(D)}}\n {\\rho_{I}^{(C)}} \\simeq {T_R^4}\\frac{m^2}{M_{PL}^2}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Here, $\\rho_{I}$ denotes the energy density of the inflaton, $T_R$ the reheating temperature, and the superscripts of the energy densities correspond to the ones in Fig.\\[fig:evolution\\]. ", "In the final expression, we have used Eq.(\\[eq:PNGBA\\]) and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\rho_{I}^{(C)} &\\sim& m_{\\rm PNGB}^2 M_{PL}^2\\ ,\\cr\n\\rho_{I}^{(D)} &\\sim& T_R^4\\ ,\\end{aligned}$$ where the first equality is obtained from Eq.(\\[eq:Hosc\\]) and the second one represents the energy density conservation at the reheating time.", "\n\nDuring the radiation dominated era, the energy density of the radiation scales by the fourth power of the inverse of the scalar factor $a$, while the PNGB energy density scales by the third power of the inverse of $a$. Thus, by remembering that the cosmic temperature scales the inverse of $a$, we find that the PNGB energy density dominates the energy density when the temperature becomes lower than, $$\\begin{aligned}\n T_{\\rm dom} \\sim T_R \\times \\frac{\\rho_{\\rm PNGB}^{(B)}}{\\rho_R^{(D)}} \\sim T_R \\times\\frac{m^2}{M_{PL}^2}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Since the lifetime of the PNGB is longer than the age of the universe, the domination temperature $T_{\\rm dom}$ should be much lower than the temperature of the matter-radiation equality temperature of the Standard Cosmology, $T_{\\rm eq} = O(1)$eV. Thus, for the successful cosmology, the reheating temperature is severely restricted to $$\\begin{aligned}\nT_R \\sim T_{\\rm dom} \\times \\frac{M_{PL}^2}{m^2} \\ll T_{\\rm eq} \\times \\frac{M_{PL}^2}{m^2}\n\\sim O(100)\\,{\\rm GeV}\\times \\left(\\frac{10^{13}\\,{\\rm GeV}}{m}\\right)^2\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ This constraint is rather severe when we consider baryogenesis mechanisms which require very high reheating temperature such as the thermal leptogenesis mechanism[@Fukugita:1986hr].", "\n\n![*", "The evolution of the energy densities as the universe cools down. ", "The two solid lines represent the density for inflatons and that for pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons, respectively, and the dotted line represents that for Standard Model matters. ", "To avoid spoiling the successful Standard Cosmology, the energy density, $\\rho_{PNGB}$, should not exceed $\\rho_{SM}$ at the temperature above $T_{eq}=O(1)$eV (see text).*[]{data-label=\"fig:evolution\"}](PNGB.eps){width=\".5\\linewidth\"}\n\nWe may do a similar analysis for $T_{\\rm osc} < T_R$. In this case, the PNGB oscillation dominates over the energy density when the cosmic temperature becomes lower than $$\\begin{aligned}\n T_{\\rm dom}^{\\prime} \\sim T_{\\rm osc} \\times\\frac{m^2}{M_{PL}^2}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Thus, by requiring $T_{\\rm dom}^\\prime \\ll T_{\\rm eq}$, we find that $$\\begin{aligned}\n m_{\\rm PNGB} \\ll 10^{-10}\\,{\\rm keV} \\times\\left(\\frac{10^{13}\\,\\rm GeV}{m}\\right)^4\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ By comparing the PNGB mass in Fig.\\[fig:PNGBmass\\], we find that this condition is difficult to be satisfied without causing the Landau pole problem.", "\n\nGauged $U(1)_B$ symmetry\n========================\n\nA simple way out of the above discussion is the gauged $U(1)_B$ symmetry. ", "When the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is a gauge symmetry, its spontaneous breaking does not lead to the Nambu-Goldstone boson, and the cosmological constraints discussed above is not applicable. ", "Instead, it leads to another cosmologically interesting object, the stable cosmic string. ", "In this section, we discuss the implications of the cosmic string in the direct gauge mediation models based on the deformed ISS models.", "\n\nClassification of vortex solutions\n----------------------------------\n\nHere, we show that there are two types of vortices in the deformed ISS-model on which the KOO gauge mediation model bases.[^13] The solutions corresponding to the topological defects have finite energy, and hence, the configuration of the solutions decay rapidly enough as the spatial radius increases. ", "As is well known, this condition is satisfied when the scalar fields responsible for spontaneous symmetry breaking take values on the same gauge orbit at infinity (see Ref.[@TongII] for a review.) ", "For example, the one dimensional topological defect, i.e. the vortex, corresponds to a map from the spatial infinity of two-dimensional space to the gauge orbit which defines the winding number $\\pi_1(G_{\\rm local}/H_{\\rm local})$ (see also the Appendix B). ", "The homotopy group, $\\pi_1(G_{\\rm local}/H_{\\rm local})$, can be calculated by using the exact sequence, $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&\\pi_2(G)=0 \\xrightarrow{f_1} \\pi_2(G/H) \\xrightarrow{f_2} \\pi_1 (H) \\xrightarrow{f_3} \\pi_1 (G) \\xrightarrow{f_{4} } \\pi_1 (G/H) \\xrightarrow{f_{5} } \\pi_0(H)=0 \\ , \\nonumber \\\\\n&&\\hspace{5cm}{\\rm Ker}f_{k+1}={\\rm Im}f_k\\ .\\end{aligned}$$\n\nLet us start with the highest energy vacuum where the only non-vanishing dual quarks in are $\\chi^I_{~J}=\\tilde{\\chi}^I_{~J}=m \\delta^I_{~J}$ up to symmetry transformations. ", "In this case, symmetry breaking occurs as follows: $${\nG \\equiv SU(N)_{\\rm color}\\times SU(N)\\times SU(N_c) \\times U(1)_B \\times U(1)_P \\to H\\equiv SU(N)_{\\rm diag}\\times SU(N_c) \\times U(1)_P\\ .", "\n}$$ Since $U(1)_P$ acts trivially on this metastable vacuum, non-trivial contribution comes only from the gauged $U(1)_B$ breaking, $${\n\\pi_1\\left( {G_{\\rm local}\\over H_{\\rm local}} \\right)=\\pi_1\\left( { SU(N)\\times U(1)_B \\over {\\bf 1}} \\right)={\\bf Z}\\ .", "\n}$$ Therefore, we find that there is at least one finite energy vortex.", "\n\nThe vortex solutions at the lower energy vacua are more interesting. ", "Gauging only $U(1)_B$ is very similar to the case of the highest KOO vacuum. ", "So we here consider a vortex when both $U(1)_B$ and $U(1)_P$ are gauged. ", "The fundamental group is $${\n\\pi_1\\left( {SU(N)\\times U(1)_B \\times U(1)_P \\over {\\bf 1}} \\right)={\\bf Z}\\times {\\bf Z}\\ . ", "\n}$$ So there should be [*two*]{} types of finite vortices. ", "As we discuss in the Appendix B, one of the vortices corresponds to the so-called semi-local vortex. ", "In the following analysis, we again concentrate on the case of the highest energy vacuum, $n=0$.\n\nCosmic strings\n--------------\n\nNow let us discuss the cosmological implications of the vortex solutions. ", "Since the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is gauged and $\\pi_1(G_{\\rm local}/H_{\\rm local})={\\bf Z}$, dynamical generation of the cosmic strings with a tension $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\mu_T \\simeq \\pi^2\\, m\n \\end{aligned}$$ is expected at the phase transition of the $U(1)_B$ symmetry. ", "Such phase transition occurs when the Hubble scale or the temperature of the universe become lower than the symmetry breaking scale $m$. At the phase transition, typically one cosmic string is generated in a Hubble volume[@Kibble].[^14]\n\nFirst, let us consider the case with $m > H_{\\rm inf}, T_{H}$, where $H_{\\rm inf}$ is the Hubble scale during inflation and $T_H$ the highest temperature afte inflation.[^15] In this case, the cosmic strings are diluted away by the inflation even if they are generated at the phase transition before the inflation. ", "Therefore, we find that the models with direct gauge mediation based on the deformed ISS is consistent with cosmology if the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is a gauge symmetry, since cosmic strings do not leave any visible effects after inflation. ", "Since the messenger scale $m$ is above $10^{12}$GeV, the condition $m>T_H$ is still consistent with thermal leptogenesis[@Fukugita:1986hr].", "\n\nNext, let us consider the cases with ${\\rm Max}\\, [H_{\\rm inf},T_{H}] {\\gtrsim}m$ where the cosmic strings are not inflated away. ", "In these cases, the phase transition takes place after the end of inflation, and the produced cosmic strings survive until now.", "\n\nOnce very long cosmic strings are formed at the phase transition, their energy density is naively expected to scale as $\\rho_{\\rm str}\\sim \\mu_T H_*^2 a^{-2}$, where $H_*$ is the Hubble parameter at the phase transition. ", "If this is the case, the energy density of the cosmic strings eventually dominates over the energy density of the universe unless the tension $\\mu_T$ is negligibly small. ", "However, the long cosmic strings break into loops through the reconnection processes of the strings. ", "The produced loops subsequently disappear by emitting gravitational waves. ", "In this way, the energy density of the string finally reaches the simple scaling, $ \\rho_{\\rm str} \\propto \\mu_T H^2$, despite the very complicated system of the string network (see [@Book] for details). ", "As a result, the energy density of the stable cosmic string is always subdominant at any time as long as the tension $\\mu_T$ is much smaller than the Planck scale.", "\n\nOne of the striking effects of the cosmic string is its contributions to the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). ", "Recent CMBR observations from WMAP and SDSS experiments have placed a limit on the tension of the cosmic string, $G\\mu_T < 3.5 \\times 10^{-7}$[@Wyman:2005tu] where $G$ is the Newton constant, $G \\simeq(1.2 \\times 10^{19}\\,{\\rm GeV})^2$. In terms of the messenger scales, the above constraint corresponds to $$\\begin{aligned}\n m{\\lesssim}10^{15.2}\\, {\\rm GeV} \\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, the messenger scale we are interested in is consistent with the constraints from the anisotropy of the cosmic background.", "\n\nAnother striking signature from the cosmic strings is the gravitational radiation produced by the string loops[@VilenkinGW; @Book]. ", "The most stringent constraint on the cosmic strings through the gravitational wave observation is the one coming from the pulsar timing tests. ", "According to Ref.[@DePies:2007bm], the tension of the cosmic string is constrained to be $G\\mu_T < 10^{-9}$ by the pulsar timing limits.[^16] Thus, we find that the messenger scale of the direct gauge mediation is also consistent with the constraint obtained from the pulsar timing limits.", "\n\nThe future experiments of the gravitational wave observation will be much more sensitive to the gravitational waves from the cosmic strings. ", "As discussed in Ref.[@DePies:2007bm], we may probe the gravitational waves from the cosmic strings with the tension down to $G\\mu_T\\simeq 10^{-16}$ by the sensitivity of the LISA experiment for example.[^17] Thus, the future gravitational wave experiments cover most of the messenger scale, $$\\begin{aligned}\n m > 10^{10.5}\\,{\\rm GeV}\\ .\\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, if the phase transition of the $U(1)_B$ takes place after the end of inflation, the models based on the deformed ISS can be tested by observing the gravitational wave. ", "Finally, let us comment that the Hubble scale during inflation can be determined experimentally by the tensor to scalar ratio $r$ of the cosmic microwave background, since they are related by $H_{\\rm inf} \\simeq 10^{14}\\times r^{1/2}$GeV. The COrE experiment[@Collaboration:2011ck], for example, aims to measure the ratio down to $10^{-3}$ which corresponds to $H_{\\rm inf} \\simeq 10^{12-13}$GeV. In this way, we can indirectly test one of the conditions of the occurrence of the phase transition after the end of inflation, i.e. $H_{\\rm inf} > m$, via the observation of the tensor mode of the cosmic microwave background.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nIn this paper, we discussed cosmological implications of the models with direct gauge mediation based on the deformed ISS models. ", "The generic properties of this class of models is that some of the global symmetries are spontaneously broken at the messenger scale. ", "Especially, we investigated the implications of spontaneous breaking of the $U(1)_B$ symmetry which is an intrinsic feature of the ISS models based on the gauge symmetries with complex representations.", "\n\nWhen the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is a global symmetry, it is expected to be broken explicitly by gravitational interactions. ", "In the ISS models, however, the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is highly protected by gauge symmetry of the dynamics of supersymmetry breaking. ", "Due to such protection, the mass of the resultant PNGB is very small and its lifetime is longer than the age of the universe. ", "The energy density of the coherent oscillation of the PNGB easily dominates over the energy density of the universe. ", "As a result, we found that the models with the global $U(1)_B$ symmetry are consistent only when the reheating temperature of the universe is much less than hundreds GeV. This constraint is rather severe when we discuss baryogenesis mechanisms such as leptogenesis which requires the reheating temperature higher than $T_R {\\gtrsim}10^9$GeV[@Fukugita:1986hr].", "\n\nWhen the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is a gauge symmetry, on the other hand, its spontaneous breaking predicts the cosmic strings instead of the Nambu-Goldstone boson. ", "We found that the messenger scale of our interest, i.e. $m=O(10^{12-14})\\,$GeV, is consistent with the cosmic microwave background constraints and the pulser timing limits even if the phase transition occurs after inflation. ", "Furthermore, we also found that most of the parameter space can be tested by observing the gravitational waves from the cosmic string networks at the future experiments.", "\n\nFinally, let us emphasize again that the existence of the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is strongly interrelated to the structure of gauge dynamics of the supersymmetry breaking sector. ", "Thus, the detectability of the remnant of spontaneous breaking of the $U(1)_B$ symmetry allows us to get a glimpse of the structure of the hidden supersymmetry breaking sector through the observation of the gravitational waves. ", "The $U(1)_B$ symmetry is, however, not expected in the IYIT supersymmetry breaking models since they are based on the gauge theories with real representations. ", "The supersymmetry breaking vacuum of the IYIT model is stable, while that of the ISS model is metastable. ", "Therefore, by investigating the implications of the $U(1)_B$ symmetry breaking, we will not only be able to put constraints on the model parameters, but also might get a hint on a speculative question; whether we are on the metastable vacuum or not.", "\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nWe would like to thank B. Batell, M. Dine, M. Eto, K. Hashimoto, R. Kitano, Y. Nakai, D. Shih, S. Terashima and T. Watari for discussions and especially K. Ohashi, D. Green, T. Vachaspati and T. Yanagida for useful discussions and suggestions. ", "MI thank K. Miyamoto for discussions on cosmic strings. ", "MI and CP are grateful to the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics for their hospitality. ", "YO would like to thank the Institute for Advanced Study and Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics for their hospitality. ", "KH’s work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy under grant DE-FG02-95ER40899. ", "YO’s research is supported by World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI Initiative), MEXT, Japan. ", "CP is also supported in part by DOE grant DE-FG02-04ER41286.", "\n\nAppendix A Stability of lower vacua {#appendix-a-stability-of-lower-vacua .unnumbered}\n===================================\n\nIn this appendix, we study the stability of the lower energy uplifted vacua in the model studied in [@KOO] by calculating the Coleman-Weinberg potential. ", "The supersymmetry condition for the superpotential $\\partial W=0$ becomes $$\\label{E:KOOSUSYCondition}\n\\begin{split}\n&\\mu^2 - \\tilde\\rho \\rho =0\\ , \\\\\n&m^2 - \\tilde\\chi\\chi=0\\ ,\\\\\n&Y\\tilde \\chi + Z\\tilde\\rho=0\\;,\\qquad \\chi Y + \\rho\\tilde Z =0\\ ,\\\\\n&\\tilde\\rho \\chi + m_z \\tilde Z =0\\;,\\qquad \\tilde\\chi \\rho + m_z Z=0\\, \\\\\n&\\tilde Z\\tilde \\chi +\\Phi \\tilde\\rho =0\\;,\\qquad \\chi Z + \\rho \\Phi =0\\;.", "\n\\end{split}$$ Except the first equation, all equations are satisfied, and we obtain supersymmetry breaking vacua. ", "Note that there are flat directions. ", "This can be seen by noting that is still satisfied by the change of fields $$\\begin{split}\n\\chi\\rightarrow A_N^{-1} \\chi B_N \\;,&\\qquad \\tilde\\chi\\rightarrow B_N^{-1} \\tilde\\chi A_N\\ ,\\\\\n\\rho\\rightarrow A_N^{-1} \\rho C_{N_c} \\;,&\\qquad \\tilde\\rho\\rightarrow C_{N_c}^{-1} \\tilde\\rho A_N\\ ,\\\\\nZ\\rightarrow B_N^{-1} Z C_{N_c} \\;,&\\qquad \\tilde Z\\rightarrow C_{N_c}^{-1} \\tilde Z B_N\\ , \\\\\n\\Phi\\rightarrow C_{N_c}^{-1} \\Phi C_{N_c} \\;,&\\qquad Y\\rightarrow B_N^{-1} Y B_N\\;,\n\\end{split}$$ where $A,B,C$ denote invertible matrices whose sizes are shown in subscripts. ", "When $A,B,C$ are especially special unitary matrices, they generate Goldstone modes. ", "This explains half of the possible non-trivial modes. ", "The other half are pseudo-moduli and the quantum fluctuation may develop a non-trivial Coleman-Weinberg potential.", "\n\nIt suffices to consider the following background fields to obtain the Coleman-Weinberg potential. ", "$$\\begin{split}\n&Y^I_{~J} = \\frac{\\mu^2}{m_z} \\left(\\InN\\right)^I_J\\;,\\qquad \\Phi^a_{~b} = \\frac{m^2}{m_z} \\left(\\InNc\\right)^a_{~b}+\\gamma \\unitnp^a_{~b}\\ ,\\\\\n&\\chi^I_{~J} = \\alpha m \\delta^I_J\\;,\\qquad \\tilde\\chi^I_{~J} = \\alpha^{-1} m \\delta^I_J\\ , \\\\\n&\\rho^I_{~a} = \\alpha\\beta\\mu \\Gamma^I_{~a}\\;,\\qquad \\tilde\\rho^a_{~I} = \\alpha^{-1}\\beta^{-1}\\mu \\Gamma^a_{~I}\\ ,\\\\\n&Z^I_{~a} = -\\frac{\\beta m\\mu}{m_z}\\Gamma^I_{~a}\\;,\\qquad \\tilde Z^a_{~I} = - \\frac{\\beta^{-1}m\\mu}{m_z}\\Gamma^a_{~I}\\;,\n\\end{split}$$ where $\\alpha$, $\\beta$ and $\\gamma$ are pseudo moduli. ", "$\\unitnp^a_{~b}$ is an $N_c\\times N_c$ matrix whose lower $N_c-n$ diagonal components are 1. ", "The boson and fermion mass matrices are given by $$m_B^2 = \\begin{pmatrix} W^{\\dagger ac} W_{cb} & W^{\\dagger abc}W_c \\\\ W_{abc} W^{\\dagger c} & W_{ac} W^{\\dagger cb}\\end{pmatrix}\\;,\\qquad\nm_F^2 = \\begin{pmatrix} W^{\\dagger ac} W_{cb} & 0 \\\\ 0 & W_{ac} W^{\\dagger cb}\\end{pmatrix}\\;.$$ From this, the Coleman-Weinberg is computed by using the formula $$\\label{E:CWpotential}\nV_{eff} = \\frac{1}{64\\pi^2} \\left(\\mathrm{Tr}\\; m_B^4 \\log \\frac{m_B^2}{\\Lambda^2} - \\mathrm{Tr}\\; m_F^4 \\log \\frac{m_F^2}{\\Lambda^2}\\right)\\;.$$ Components that are not directly coupled to $W_{\\rho\\tilde \\rho \\Phi} W^{\\dagger \\Phi}$ do not contribute to the Coleman-Weinberg potential due to the boson-fermion cancellation. ", "Among the off-diagonal components $W_{abc} W^{\\dagger c}$ of the boson mass matrix, the only non-vanishing component is $$W_{\\rho^I_a\\Phi^b_c \\tilde\\rho^d_J}W^{\\dagger \\Phi^a_b} = -\\mu^2 \\delta^J_I \\left[\\delta^a_d - \\InNc^a_d\\right]\\;.$$ Therefore we focus on the components of the boson mass matrix $m_B^2$ that are connected to $W_{\\rho\\tilde \\rho \\Phi} W^{\\dagger \\Phi}$. It is useful to divide the index $a$ into $a_1$ and $a_2$, where $a_1=1,\\cdots, n$ and $a_2=n+1,\\cdots, N_c$. Similarly, divide $I$ so that $I=(I_1,I_2)$ such that $I_1=1,\\cdots, n$ and $I_2=n+1,\\cdots, N$. Then we can check that those that are coupled to the off-diagonal element $W_{\\rho\\tilde \\rho \\Phi} W^{\\dagger \\Phi}$ can be written as $$\\label{E:mB2exp}\n{m_B^2}_{\\text{effective}} = \\left[\\begin{pmatrix} A_1 & B_1 \\\\ B_1 & A_1 \\end{pmatrix}\\otimes \\unit_{n(N_c-n)}\\right]\\oplus \\left[\\begin{pmatrix} A_2 & B_2 \\\\ B_2 & A_2 \\end{pmatrix}\\otimes \\unit_{(N-n)(N_c-n)}\\right]\\ ,$$ where $$A_1=\\bordermatrix{\n & \\Phi^{e_1}_{f_2} & \\Phi^{e_2}_{f_1} & \\rho^{M_1}_{e_2} & \\tilde\\rho^{e_2}_{M_1} & Z^{M_1}_{e_2} &\\tilde Z^{e_2}_{M_1}\\cr\n\\Phi^{\\dagger b_2}_{a_1} & \\alpha^2\\beta^2\\mu^2 & 0 & \\mu\\alpha\\beta\\gamma & 0 & \\alpha^2\\beta m\\mu & 0\\cr\n\\Phi^{\\dagger b_1}_{a_2} & 0 & \\frac{\\mu^2}{\\alpha^2\\beta^2} & 0 & \\frac{\\mu\\gamma}{\\alpha\\beta} & 0 & \\frac{m\\mu}{\\alpha^2\\beta}\\cr\n\\rho^{\\dagger a_2}_{I_1} & \\mu\\alpha\\beta\\gamma & 0 & \\frac{\\mu^2}{\\alpha^2\\beta^2}+\\frac{m^2}{\\alpha^2}+\\gamma^2 & 0 & \\frac{mm_z}{\\alpha}+\\alpha\\gamma m & 0\\cr\n\\tilde\\rho^{\\dagger I_1}_{a_2} & 0 & \\frac{\\mu\\gamma}{\\alpha\\beta} & 0 & \\alpha^2\\beta^2\\mu^2+\\alpha^2 m^2+\\gamma^2 & 0 & \\alpha m m_z+\\frac{m\\gamma}{\\alpha}\\cr\nZ^{\\dagger a_2}_{I_1} & \\alpha^2\\beta\\mu m & 0 & \\frac{m m_z}{\\alpha}+\\alpha \\gamma m & 0 & \\alpha^2 m^2 + m_z^2 & 0\\cr\n\\tilde Z^{\\dagger I_1}_{a_2} & 0 & \\frac{m\\mu}{\\alpha^2\\beta} & 0 & \\alpha m m_z+\\frac{m \\gamma}{\\alpha} & 0 & \\frac{m^2}{\\alpha^2}+m_z^2\n} \\ ,$$ $$\\label{E:A2}\nA_2=\\bordermatrix{\n & \\rho^{M_2}_{e_2} & \\tilde\\rho^{e_2}_{M_2} & Z^{M_2}_{e_2} &\\tilde Z^{e_2}_{M_2}\\cr\n\\rho^{\\dagger a_2}_{I_2} & \\frac{m^2}{\\alpha^2}+\\gamma^2 & 0 & \\frac{m m_z}{\\alpha}+\\alpha \\gamma m & 0 \\cr\n\\tilde\\rho^{\\dagger I_2}_{a_2} & 0 & \\alpha^2 m^2+\\gamma^2 & 0 & \\alpha m m_z+\\frac{m\\gamma}{\\alpha}\\cr\nZ^{\\dagger a_2}_{I_2} & \\frac{m m_z}{\\alpha}+\\alpha \\gamma m & 0 & \\alpha^2 m^2 + m_z^2 & 0\\cr\n\\tilde Z^{\\dagger I_2}_{a_2} & 0 & \\alpha m m_z+\\frac{m\\gamma}{\\alpha} & 0 & \\frac{m^2}{\\alpha^2} + m_z^2\n}\\ ,$$ $$B_1=\\bordermatrix{\n &\\Phi^{\\dagger f_2}_{e_1} & \\Phi^{\\dagger f_1}_{e_2} & \\rho^{\\dagger e_2}_{M_1} & \\tilde\\rho^{\\dagger M_1}_{e_2} & Z^{\\dagger e_2}_{M_1} &\\tilde Z^{\\dagger M_1}_{e_2}\\cr\n\\Phi^{\\dagger b_2}_{a_1} &0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\cr\n\\Phi^{\\dagger b_1}_{a_2} &0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\cr\n\\rho^{\\dagger a_2}_{I_1} &0 & 0 & 0 & -\\mu^2 & 0 & 0\\cr\n\\tilde\\rho^{\\dagger I_1}_{a_2} &0 & 0 & -\\mu^2 & 0 & 0 & 0\\cr\nZ^{\\dagger a_2}_{I_1}&0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\cr\n\\tilde Z^{\\dagger I_1}_{a_2} &0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \n}\\ ,$$ $$B_2=\\bordermatrix{\n & \\rho^{\\dagger e_2}_{M_2} & \\tilde\\rho^{\\dagger M_2}_{e_2} & Z^{\\dagger e_2}_{M_2} &\\tilde Z^{\\dagger M_2}_{e_2}\\cr\n\\rho^{\\dagger a_2}_{I_2} &0 & -\\mu^2 & 0 & 0\\cr\n\\tilde\\rho^{\\dagger I_2}_{a_2} &-\\mu^2 & 0 & 0 & 0\\cr\nZ^{\\dagger a_2}_{I_2} &0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\cr\n\\tilde Z^{\\dagger I_2}_{a_2} &0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\cr\n}\\ ,$$ Note that the first summand of the boson matrix matrix always has a zero eigenvalue whose two eigenvectors are $$\\begin{split}\n&\\left( \\frac{m^2-\\gamma \\lambda}{m \\mu}, 0, \\frac{\\alpha\\beta\\lambda} m,0,-\\beta ,0 ,0, \\frac{m^2-\\gamma\\lambda}{m\\mu},0,\\frac{\\lambda}{\\alpha\\beta m},0, -\\frac 1 {\\beta}\\right)\\;,\\\\\n&\\left( 0,\\frac{m^2-\\gamma \\lambda}{m \\mu}, 0, \\frac{\\lambda}{\\alpha\\beta m },0,-\\frac 1 {\\beta} , \\frac{m^2-\\gamma\\lambda}{m\\mu},0,\\frac{\\alpha\\beta\\lambda}{m},0, -\\beta, 0 \\right)\\;,\n\\end{split}$$ where one is a Goldstone mode and the other a pseudo-modulus.", "\n\nUsing the mass matrices and the formula , we can compute the effective potential. ", "Note that the mass matrix expressions $A_1$, $A_2$, $B_1$ and $B_2$ are invariant when $\\alpha$ is replaced by $1/\\alpha$, or when $\\beta$ is replaced by $1/\\beta$, up to permutations of rows and columns. ", "This means that the effective potential is extremal at $\\alpha=\\beta=1$. We only need to check whether it is stable there. ", "For $\\gamma$, there is no such symmetry and the stabilization may occur at a nonzero value of $\\gamma$. A numerical computation has shown that indeed the effective potential is stabilized at $\\alpha=\\beta=1$ and at some nonzero $\\gamma$ as long as $m_z< m$.\n\nAppendix B Semi-local vortex {#appendix-b-semi-local-vortex .unnumbered}\n=============================\n\nIn this appendix, we will review basics aspects of a semi-local vortex (see [@VAreview] for a review). ", "Usually, a vortex solution is studied by the manifold of minima of a potential $V$. We call the manifold ${\\cal M}_{\\rm min}$[^18], which can be written as $${\n{\\cal M}_{\\rm min}={G_{\\rm local}\\times G_{\\rm global}\\over H_{\\rm local}\\times H_{\\rm global}}\\ .", "\n}$$ For example, in the original Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen (ANO) vortex, ${\\cal M}_{\\rm min}=U(1)$. The theory includes only a $U(1)$ gauge group, which parametrizes the minima of the potential. ", "When $\\pi_1({\\cal M}_{\\rm min})$ is nonzero there should be either a finite energy vortex or an infinite energy one (global vortex). ", "So we have to check whether or not the kinetic term gives a finite contribution to the energy. ", "However, nonzero $\\pi_1({\\cal M}_{\\rm min})$ does not necessarily imply the presence of a finite energy vortex solution when the theory has some global symmetry and vice versa. ", "A vortex generated by symmetry breaking including both global and local symmetry is called a semi-local vortex in a [*broad sense*]{}. ", "It includes two types of finite energy vortices:\n\n- The first type is the same as above: $\\pi_1({\\cal M}_{\\rm min})$ is nonzero and the symmetry which supports the vortex is a gauge group. ", "Therefore the kinetic term does not diverge. ", "Conventionally, this type of vortex is called the Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen vortex although this is a semi-local vortex in a broad sense.", "\n\n- According to Achucarro, Vachaspati [@VA], even when $\\pi_1({\\cal M}_{\\rm min})=0$, it is possible to create a vortex with finite energy. ", "This type can happen only when both local and global symmetries exist in a theory. ", "This vortex is called a semi-local vortex. ", "Following the convention, we call this type of vortex semi-local.", "\n\nIn any case, to have a finite energy solution, the kinetic term of a field should approach zero faster than $1/r$. This condition implies the scalar fields must take values on the same gauge orbit at infinity, and the map from infinity to this gauge orbit defines the winding number $\\pi_1(G_{\\rm local}/H_{\\rm local})$. The finite energy solutions including both ANO and semi-local vortices are classified by this $\\pi_1(G_{\\rm local}/H_{\\rm local})$.\n\nHere we will review the explicit construction of the second type vortex by following the paper [@Gibbons] and show a connection to $\\pi_2({\\cal M}_{\\rm moduli})$ in the sigma model limit [@Hind]. ", "${\\cal M}_{\\rm moduli}$ is called the vacuum moduli and is defined by $${\n{\\cal M}_{\\rm moduli}\\equiv {{\\cal M}_{\\rm min}\\over L_{\\rm orbit}}\\ ,\\quad {\\rm where}\\quad L_{\\rm orbit}={G_{\\rm local}\\over H_{\\rm local}}\\ .", "\n}$$ where $L_{\\rm orbit}$ is the gauge orbit in ${\\cal M}_{\\rm min}$. The model is a $U(1)$ gauge theory with a Lagrangian $${\\cal L} = - \\frac{1}{2} (D_{\\mu} \\Phi)^\\dagger D^\\mu \\Phi \n- \\frac{\\lambda}{8}(\\Phi^\\dagger \\Phi - \\eta^2)^2\n-\\frac{1}{4} F_{\\mu \\nu} F^{\\mu \\nu} \\ ,$$ where $\\Phi$ is an $SU(2)$ doublet and the Lagrangian is invariant under the $SU(2)$ global symmetry. ", "The topology of the vacuum manifold is ${\\bf S}^3$. Since $\\pi_1({\\bf S}^3)=0$, one naively expects that there is no stable vortex solution. ", "However, one can construct a stable vortex. ", "Since we are interested in a static solution, the energy density is given by $${\\cal E} = \\frac{1}{2} |D_i \\Phi|^2 + \\frac{\\lambda}{8} (\\Phi^\\dagger \\Phi - \\eta^2)^2 + B_i^2\\ . ", "\\label{Hamiltonian}$$ To keep the energy finite, the energy density at infinity must be equal to zero. ", "This implies\n\n- The scalar takes values in the minimum of the potential, ${\\bf S}^3$.\n\n- The first term in the energy density also vanishes. ", "This confines the vev of the scalar fields in the gauge orbit ${\\bf S}^1$ of the local $U(1)$ symmetry in ${\\bf S}^3$.\n\n- The gauge field must be a pure gauge and should be taken so that $D_i \\Phi$ vanishes.", "\n\nTherefore, if one identify all the points in the same gauge orbit, the scalar fields take the same value in any direction at spatial infinity. ", "Namely we regard ${\\bf S}^1_{\\infty}$ as a point. ", "Roughly, this means the two-dimensional space transverse to the vortex is identified as ${\\bf S}^2$. Now we can consider a map from this spatial ${\\bf S}^2$ to space ${\\bf S}^3/U(1) = {\\bf S}^2$, or more generally, ${G_{\\rm global}/H_{\\rm global}}=SU(2)_{\\rm global}/U(1)_{\\rm diag} = {\\bf S}^2$. This is classified by $\\pi_2(SU(2)_{\\rm global}/U(1)_{\\rm diag})$. If a configuration is trivial under this $\\pi_2$, then we can take a scalar value in spatial ${\\bf CP}^1$. Thus, without causing a divergence of the kinetic term one can change the configuration to a trivial one[^19]. ", "It is worth noting the correspondence between $\\pi_1(G_{\\rm local}/H_{\\rm local})$ and $\\pi_2({\\cal M}_{\\rm mod!", "\n uli})$. The semi-local vortex considered in Gibbons et al. ", "is a one-parameter generalization of the “usual\" vortex solution. ", "By “usual\", we mean that the scalar fields take values in the same gauge orbit everywhere on $R^2$ transverse to the vortex. ", "In this sense, the usual vortex is some limit of a semi-local vortex if there exists a one-parameter generalization. ", "On the other hand, semilocal vortices can be understood as lump solutions in non-linear sigma models obtained in the low-energy limit and whose target space is the vacuum moduli. ", "These lump solutions can be classified by $\\pi_2 (G_{\\rm global}/H_{\\rm global})$, so it should agree with $\\pi_1(G_{\\rm local}/H_{\\rm local})$—they both classify semi-local vortices in different limits. ", "Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen vortex is an exception, because it does not have any one-parameter generalization.", "\n\nAppendix C D-brane and cosmic strings {#appendix-c-d-brane-and-cosmic-strings .unnumbered}\n=====================================\n\nIn [@KOO], D-brane configurations are presented for all supersymmetry breaking vacua in the model studied in section 2 in the main text. ", "In this appendix we would like to identify brane configurations for ANO and semi-local vortices. ", "We start with a review of a magnetic brane configuration shown in [@KOO] and its slight modification for our purpose. ", "Consider Type IIA superstring theory in the flat 10-dimensional Minkowski spacetime with coordinates $x^{0,\\cdots,9}$. Introduce three NS5 branes. ", "The first one, which we call NS$_1$, is located at $x^{7,8,9}=0$ and extended in the $x^{0,\\cdots,3}$ and $x^{4,5}$ directions ($z=x^4+ix^5$ in complex coordinates.). ", "The other two are going in directions $w=x^7+ix^8$ and $x^{4,5,9}=0$ but placed at different points in $x^6$. We call them NS$_2$, NS$_3$. Also we introduce a D6 brane extending in $x^{4,5,9}$ directions and placed at $x^{7,8}=0$. For lower energy configurations, we then suspend $(N_f-N_c-n)$ D4 branes between D6 and NS5$_2$, $N_C-n$ D4 branes between NS$_2$ and NS$_3$, and $n$ D4 branes between D6 and NS$_3$. The total intersecting brane configuration is shown in Figure \\[Brane\\].", "\n\nBefore identifying a vortex configuration in this D-brane system, let us comment on the gaugino mass and tachyonic direction from the point of view of D-branes. ", "Suppose we embed the SM group into $SU(N_f-N_c-n)$. This open string mode connecting between $N_f-N_c-n$ and $N_c-n$ corresponds to a messenger. ", "When the distance between these D4 brane becomes very close, a tachyonic mode is developed and it causes a reconnection of D4 branes. ", "As was shown in the section 2, in this case, the leading order of gaugino masses are non-zero.", "\n\nOn the other hand, if the SM group is embedded into $SU(n)$, the messenger, which is open string connecting two $n$ D4 and $N_c-n$ D4 branes, can never be tachyonic. ", "In this case, the leading order gaugino masses are vanishing. ", "This fact is consistent with argument shown in [@KS].", "\n\nIn a supersymmetric configuration, ANO and semi-local vortices were already studied by Hanany and Tong [@Tong] (see [@TongII] for review). ", "They claimed that a soliton with co-dimension two is $k$ D2 branes which are suspended between a NS five brane and D4 branes. ", "The world-volume of the D2 branes is extending in $x^{0,1,2}$. We can identify two kinds of such D2-branes. ", "One is suspended vertically connected to NS$_1$ brane. ", "Since extra D4 branes are not connected to the NS$_1$ brane, there is no extra degree of freedom. ", "On the other hand, D2 branes going in the horizontal direction can have an extra-degree of freedom since $N_f-N_c-n$ D4 branes are connected to the NS$_2$ brane. ", "We identify this vertex as a semi-local vortex and the other D2 branes are ANO vortex which we found in the main text. ", "The tension which is proportional to the length of the D2 branes is consistent with the symmetry breaking scale of the group under which the vortex is generated.", "\n\nFinally, we discuss the decay of semi-local vortices. ", "As reviewed in Appendix B, a semi-local vortex becomes unstable when one gauges global symmetries. ", "In the brane configuration, gauging of non-abelian groups in metastable vacua corresponds to the replacement of the D6 brane with a NS brane. 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", "G. W. Gibbons, M. E. Ortiz, F. Ruiz Ruiz and T. M. Samols, Nucl.", " Phys.", "  B [**385**]{}, 127 (1992) \\[arXiv:hep-th/9203023\\]. ", "M. Hindmarsh, Nucl.", " Phys.", "  B [**392**]{}, 461 (1993) \\[arXiv:hep-ph/9206229\\]. ", "A. Hanany and D. Tong, JHEP [**0307**]{}, 037 (2003) \\[arXiv:hep-th/0306150\\].", "\n\n[^1]: See Ref.[@Murayama:1997pb] for the successful direct mediation model based on this class of the vector-like dynamical symmetry breaking models.", "\n\n[^2]: Another advantage of this class of models is that the models have simple realizations in string theory as emphasized in Refs.[@HoriOoguri; @BraneI; @BraneII; @BraneIII] (see [@ISreview; @KOOreview] for reviews).", "\n\n[^3]: For generic discussions on the gaugino masses, see Refs.[@KS; @GKK]. ", "See also Refs.[@SeqI; @Izawa:2008ef; @AbelKhoze; @HanakiOokouchi; @NakaiOokouchi] for related discussions.", "\n\n[^4]: We define $U(1)_P$ as a linear combination of $U(1)_B$ and $U(1)_{P'}$ that has a trivial action on $Q_I$.\n\n[^5]: Such suppressions can be explained if we assume an approximate $R$-symmetry with the charge assignment $R(Q_I)= R(\\bar{Q}_I) = 1$ and $R(Q_a)= R(\\bar{Q}_a) = 0$, which is explicitly broken only by the $\\mu Q_a \\bar{Q}^a$ term[@KOO].", "\n\n[^6]: The dimensionful parameter $\\widehat{\\Lambda}$ is related to the scale in electric description $\\Lambda$ and the one in magnetic description $\\tilde{\\Lambda}$ by $${\\Lambda^{3N_c-N_f} \\tilde{\\Lambda}^{3(N_f-N_c)-N_f}=(-1)^{N_f-N_c}\\widehat{\\Lambda}^{N_f}\\ .}$$\n\n[^7]: The sfermion squared mass contributions from $\\chi$’s correspond to the ones discussed in Ref.[@Green:2010ww; @Auzzi:2010mb; @Sudano:2010vt], which tend to be suppressed compared with the other contributions from $\\rho$’s and $Z$’s. ", "The detailed analysis on the sfermion squared masses will be given elsewhere.", "\n\n[^8]: We may straightforwardly extend our analysis to those with $n>0$.\n\n[^9]: This can also be understood by the fact that there is no global symmetry in string theory. ", "See [@Banks:2010zn] for a recent discussion.", "\n\n[^10]: At the vacuum with $n>0$, we also have spontaneous breaking of the non-abelian global symmetries. ", "Those symmetries, however, can be broken even by the tree-level superpotential in Eq.. Therefore, the PNGBs from the non-abelian global symmetries may have masses at the messenger scale.", "\n\n[^11]: The scalar and the fermionic partners of the PNGB decay immediately into a pair of the PNGBs or a pair of the PNGB and the gravitino respectively via the operator in Eq.(\\[eq:PNGBK\\]).", "\n\n[^12]: Let us remember that the $U(1)_B$ symmetry is explicitly broken.", "\n\n[^13]: Topological defects in the ISS-metastable vacuum were firstly studied in Ref.[@EHT], where the semi-local vortex solution were explicitly constructed.", "\n\n[^14]: This estimation represents that the causality does not permit an exchange of information beyond the horizon scale. ", "In Ref.[@Zurek], however, it is pointed out that if the system cools quickly a field value can be different within a causally connected region. ", "As recently emphasized in Ref.[@murayamaDM], this Kibble-Zurek mechanism provides a substantially larger abundance of topological defects from phase transitions in the early universe than the original estimation by Kibble. ", "Notice however that the energy density of the cosmic strings on its simple scaling low (see below) is insensitive to the initial energy density of the cosmic strings.", "\n\n[^15]: The highest temperature $T_{H}$ during inflation is given by $T_{H} \\simeq (T_{R}^2 H_{\\rm inf} M_{PL})^{1/4}$.\n\n[^16]: This value is the result when we assume that the typical length of the newly produced loops at the Hubble scale $H$ is about $\\ell_{\\rm loop} \\sim 0.1\\times H^{-1}$. This length at the production is suggested by numerical simulations done in[@Vanchurin:2005pa; @Ringeval:2005kr; @Martins:2005es]. ", "If the typical length at the production is much shorter, the pulsar timing test is not sensitive to the gravitational wave from the loops of the cosmic strings. ", "In such cases, the gravitational waves from the infinite strings become important at the frequency of the gravitational wave around $10^{-8}$Hz to which the pulsar timing test is sensitive[@Kawasaki:2010yi].", "\n\n[^17]: This number is again for $\\ell_{\\rm loop} \\sim 0.1\\times H^{-1}$ at the production. ", "See Ref.[@DePies:2007bm] for details.", "\n\n[^18]: One naturally expects that quantum corrections lift the minimum of the potential unless it is not protected by symmetry, so this minimum of the potential generally has the structure $G/H$, where $G$ and $H$ are the symmetry of the theory and that preserved at a vacuum, respectively.", "\n\n[^19]: Note that if we weakly gauged $SU(2)_{\\rm global}$, then the configuration is not stable anymore.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Monday, March 30, 2009\n\nBrian Bergman writes in the \"Church_of_Christ\" Yahoo! ", "Group concerning Acts 20, in which Paul and his companions stay in Troas seven days, and then meet with the church on the first day of the week:\n\nI have seen some very smart people write about this passage in Acts recently and they basically say that we need to look at why Luke might have included this particular incident in his account. ", "As the argument goes, Luke was very concerned about tying together the victorious nature of resurrection with the Lord's Supper. ", "In this particular instance, Luke saw the most powerful example of the church eating the Lord's supper because they were doing so in the presence of Eutychus who they had just seen risen from the dead, reinforcing their hope in their own resurrection some day.", "\n\nIf you accept this argument, Acts 20:7 suddenly has a great deal of theological meaning for the purpose of our communion together rather than being a proof text for the meeting time of the church.", "\n\nSunday, March 29, 2009\n\nIn Matt 12:40 Jesus said, he will be dead for 3 days and 3 nights, like Jonah was in the whale's belly. ", "So if he resurrected on Sat(Sabbath) night, then he would have died on Wednesday evening.", "\n\nBut in John 19:30-42 it is stating as, he died on a Friday, being the day of preparation before the Sabbath. ", "Luke 23:54, Mark 15:42 and Matt 27:62 stating the same.", "\n\nThat doesn't come to 3 days and 3 nights. ", "Please enlighten.", "\n\nI believe the best explanation is to realize that the Passover begins and ends with a Sabbath, even if that starting and ending date do not fall on the seventh day of the week.", "\n\nDuring the week of the crucifixion, the Sabbath referred to, following the day of preparation, was a \"high Sabbath\" (John 19:31). ", "I like the way the Holman Christian Standard Bible renders this verse:\n\nSince it was the preparation day, the Jews did not want the bodies to remain on the cross on the Sabbath (for that Sabbath was a special day)....\n\nIn other words, this was not an ordinary seventh-day-of-the-week Sabbath, but it was the Sabbath that began Passover. ", "That week had two Sabbaths, one beginning Wednesday night at sundown, and a regular Sabbath beginning on Friday evening at sundown.", "\n\nDying on Wednesday at 3pm (when the shofar was blown and the daily sacrifice was offered in the Temple, by the way), Jesus was in the heart of the earth by dark that night. ", "He was in the ground Wednesday night, Thursday night, and Friday night (three nights) and Thursday day, Friday day, and Saturday day (three days), raising after the Sabbaths ended, on the first day of the week, after dark on Saturday. ", "Within hours, while it was still dark, the Mary's came and found the tomb empty.", "\n\nThursday, March 26, 2009\n\nThe following was written by Ed (heb12347 on the gmail.com email system) on the Church_of_Christ Yahoo! ", "Group.----------------------------\n\nI remember the first time I heard about Uzzah, I sorta felt sorry for him. ", "After all, all he did was try to steady the Ark of the Covenant and keep it from smashing into a thousand pieces, it seemed to me. ", "David was bringing the Ark to Jerusalem on a new cart pulled by oxen. ", "It was a big affair with over 30,000 escorts and music. ", "All of a sudden the oxen stumbled, the Ark teetered, and Uzzah reached out to steady it. ", "God struck him dead! ", "The story is recorded in 2 Samuel 6.", "\n\nAs I learned more, I came to understand what was going on and I no longer feel sorry for Uzzah. ", "Familiarity breeds contempt and Uzzah had grown up with the Ark kept in his house. ", "He knew all about the ark, including that is was to be moved by the Kohathites carrying it (Numbers 4:15) and that no one was to touch it (Num 4:15). ", "He had heard stories about the men of Bethshemesh (1 Sam 6:19); how 70 had died as a result of looking into the Ark. He knew better than to treat something sacred as if it was common! ", "We should know this same lesson - Heb 12:28! ", "Reverence should characterize every disciple!", "\n\nBut there is more to this than Uzzah's irreverence. ", "David learned a lesson as well. ", "David left the ark where Uzzah was struck dead to study what went wrong. ", "Apparently David didn't know the Ark was to be carried by Kohathites. ", "Uzzah didn't tell him. ", "So in 1 Chronicles 15:1 David announces, \"No one but the Levites may carry the Ark because the Lord chose them.\" ", "In verse 13 David explained why things went wrong the first time and Uzzah died: \"We did not inquire of the Lord about how to do it in the prescribed way.\" ", "So when they went on to Jerusalem Levites carried the Ark \"in accordance with the word of the Lord\".", "\n\nWhen it comes to doing the things of God, we need to inquire of the Lord that we might do it the right way! ", "Jesus teaches us that \"the true worshipers of God worship Him in spirit and truth for the Lord seeks such to worship Him.\" ", "We are not free to do as we please. ", "The Lord seeks \"such\" people who will look to Him to find what pleases Him and not go beyond it. ", "Those who choose to act as if they are free to do as they please are very much like Uzzah. ", "He knowingly substituted a cart and oxen when it would have been just as easy to do God's prescribed will. ", "May we learn to act reverently before the Lord.", "\n\nMonday, March 23, 2009\n\nA couple or three years ago I had something happen in my life which made me realize that my self-concept was wrong. ", "All my life I had been a good kid, and I perceived myself as basically Godly, with just occasional lapses into sin.", "\n\nThen this event happened, and I became aware that deep in the darkest parts of my being was a dark spot, full of sin and evil. ", "I had no idea I had evil living within my body, but there it was. ", "It was crushing.", "\n\nOver the next few days/weeks, I learned to deal with it; I realized that the apostle Paul spoke of the same darkness within him (Romans 7). ", "And I concluded that I must approach it the same way he did: hating the fact that sin was within me, but rejoicing in the fact that Yahshua would one day free me from that sin.", "\n\nLast night I was reading Matthew 12, when I came across this passage:\n\nEither make the tree good and its fruit good, or make the tree bad and its fruit bad; for a tree is known by its fruit. ", "Brood of vipers! ", "How can you speak good things when you are evil? ", "For the mouth speaks from the overflow of the heart. ", "A good man produces good things from his storeroom of good, and an evil man produces evil things from his storeroom of evil. ", "I tell you that on the day of judgment people will have to account for every careless word they speak. ", "For by your words you will be acquitted, and by your words you will be condemned.", "\n\nAnd it struck me: I may have a darkness deep in my soul (which I was unaware of most of my life), but it doesn't matter what I have in me; what matters is what comes out of me. ", "What matters is from which storeroom I pull produce. ", "What matters is which room produces the overflow.", "When I realized that, it was like a fresh wave of peace washing over me. ", "It gave me confidence to realize that every person has two storerooms; the existence of a storeroom of evil does not make the person evil; the harvesting of that storeroom is what makes a person evil.", "\n\nBy the grace of God, I want to harvest from my storeroom of good! ", "Sure, I'm not perfect; I have sin deep within the corpuscles of my body. ", "But what I am, is not what I have within me; it's what I produce from what I have within me.", "\n\nI want to be a good man. ", "And by the grace of God, I can be. ", "Not \"good\" as in \"only God is Good\" good, but you understand what I'm saying.", "\n\nIt was very nice to realize this.", "\n\nI'm sure it doesn't mean that much to you, the reader; you probably don't fully comprehend it; but it means something to me. ", "And I bless God for the gift He gave me last night through his Spirit's enlightening of my understanding of His word.", "\n\nJesus clearly taught then when doing right, it's okay to avoid the enemy by flying \"under the radar\". ", "I noticed this recently when reading Matthew 10, in which Jesus sends out his disciples to preach the Kingdom to the nation of Israel.", "\n\nLook, I'm sending you out like sheep among wolves. ", "Therefore be as shrewd as serpents and as harmless as doves. ", "Because people will hand you over to sanhedrins and flog you in their synagogues, beware of them. ", "You will even be brought before governors and kings because of Me, to bear witness to them and to the nations. ", "But when they hand you over, don't worry about how or what you should speak. ", "For you will be given what to say at that hour, because you are not speaking, but the Spirit of your Father is speaking through you. ", "Brother will betray brother to death, and a father his child. ", "Children will even rise up against their parents and have them put to death. ", "You will be hated by everyone because of My name. ", "But the one who endures to the end will be delivered. ", "When they persecute you in one town, escape to another.", "\n\nSo stand up for what's right, but don't hesitate to give the enemy \"the slip\" whenever possible, or to run away.", "\n\nThursday, March 19, 2009\n\nThe article says that five new 95-million year old fossils, representing three new species of octopuses, have been found. (", "I don't buy the 95 million year old number, but, meh.) ", "The article says:\n\nWhat is truly astonishing to the scientists is how similar these ancient creatures are to their modern-day counterparts. ", "Dirk Fuchs, lead author on the study stated, \"These things are 95 million years old, yet one of the fossils is almost indistinguishable from living species.\"", "\n\nIn other words, the very first time that an octopus shows up in the fossil record, it is a fully-formed octopus, and has remained virtually unchanged since it first appeared. ", "This is consistent with a literal creationist interpretation of history, and is inconsistent with a gradual evolutionary interpretation.", "\n\nIf you pay attention, you'll likely discover that more and more fossils (coelecanth, ginkgo plant, opossums, etc) are showing up fully-formed earlier and earlier in the fossil record, and then persisting virtually unchanged throughout their lifespans.", "\n\nSunday, March 15, 2009\n\nOver the past couple of weeks I've been in an online discussion about first-century denominations. ", "All my life I've been assured, and persuaded, that there were no denominations in the first century church; 1 Cor. ", "1:10ff was the proof-text that denominationalism was wrong.", "\n\nBut when the text is approached with an open mind and common sense, one may come to a different conclusion. ", "In the past few weeks, I have come to that different conclusion.", "\n\nAs part of the discussion, the term \"denomination\" was defined in various ways:\n\n1. ", "a sub-group within a larger group.", "\n\n2. ", "having distinctive names.", "\n\n3. ", "having a distinctive name, distinctive doctrine, and separating from others of similar faith.", "\n\nThere were some other definitions also, including textbook dictionary definitions.", "\n\nBut after all has been said and done, it seems to me that what we would refer to as a \"denomination\" in the 21st century is what we can see in the first-century church. ", "The result is that I now understand that there were at least two \"denominations\" within the first-century church (both of which I've discussed previously):\n\nBut it's not their distinctive names that denominate them so much as it is their distinctive doctrines. ", "The first group was saying, \"Unless you are circumcised according to the custom prescribed by Moses, you cannot be saved!\" (", "Acts 15:1). ", "And this first group was separating themselves off from the second group (Gal. ", "2:12), a practice condemned by Paul.", "\n\nIt was this issue which spurred the Jerusalem Conference, discussed in Acts 15. ", "The result was that the Holy Spirit itself revealed that there was no problem with having two groups, going by two different names, having two different doctrines concerning salvation; the problem was when one group insisted that the other group do things the same way as the first group, and/or when one group ceased fellowshiping with the other group.", "\n\nIn other words, the Holy Spirit gave approval to \"denominationalism\" within the first-century church, but within limits.", "\n\nOn a related note, the Internet discussion morphed from there into the topic of names for the church, and the general consensus seems to be that most of us have concluded that there is no such thing as a Biblical name for the church; there are only descriptions. ", "And when we elevate one \"name\" over another as THE name of the church, we have gone beyond what is written, and have contributed to the denominationalism so many of us have railed against all our lives.", "\n\nIt's been a very challenging discussion. ", "And hard. ", "It's hard to challenge your life-long-held beliefs.", "\n\nTuesday, March 10, 2009\n\nYHWH of Hosts says this: \"Render true justice. ", "Show faithful love and compassion to one another. ", "10 Do not oppress the widow or the fatherless, the stranger or the poor, and do not plot evil in your hearts against one another.\"", "\n\nZechariah 8:\n\n\"These are the things you must do: Speak truth to one another; render honest and peaceful judgments in your gates. ", "17 Do not plot evil in your hearts against your neighbor, and do not love perjury, for I hate all this\"— YHWH's declaration.", "\n\nSunday, March 08, 2009\n\nAlso I look at a covenant like a will. ", "If someone had written six wills only the last will would be valid because that last will canceled out all 5 of those previous wills. ", "Is this wrong thinking when looking at the different covenants? ", "I would like your view.", "\n\nIf a covenant is designed to replace an earlier covenant, this woman is correct. ", "This is the case with wills, as is the case with the \"old covenant\" vs the \"new covenant\". (", "The \"old covenant\" is defined in Jeremiah 31 as the Mosaic Law, given at Mt. Sinai, but has nothing to do with earlier covenants, such as the Noahic covenant, and/or later, different covenants, such as the one God made with David to keep a descendant of David's on the throne forever - Jeremiah 33:20-22 - a covenant fulfilled in Jesus, a descendant of David.)", "\n\nBut just because you enter into a new covenant, that does not necessarily mean any previous covenants you had become null. ", "For example, if you get a new credit card and run up a balance, you now have a new covenant to pay that bill; this does not in any way nullify other credit card balances you had previously; you are still bound by those earlier covenants.", "\n\nGod made a covenant with all of humanity in the Adamic covenant (be fruitful; multiply; steward the earth; live a vegetarian lifestyle; etc).", "\n\nHe made another covenant with all of humanity in the Edenic covenant. ", "The new conditions of the Edenic covenant (toil; labor; pain in childbirth; death; a promised messiah) did not nullify the conditions of the Adamic covenant (be fruitful; multiply; steward the earth; etc).", "\n\nHe made another covenant with all the earth and all the animals and with all of humanity in the Noahic covenant (no more global flooding; seasons; rainbows; capital punishment for murderers; skittishness of humans in animals; etc). ", "This covenant did not nullify the conditions of the earlier two covenants: humanity was still to multiply and take care of the earth, and was still subject to hard work and pain and death, and still had the right to look forward to a messiah. ", "Note however that this new covenant did include one condition that was the same as in a previous covenant: \"be fruitful and multiply\". ", "It also gave a new permission which over-rides one of the stipulations of an earlier covenant: we now could eat meat. ", "This might be analogous to a house-owner entering into a contract with you to rent to you a house with a stipulation that you could only paint the house green, and then sometime later writing up a new contract with you for renting to you a car also, and which also has a clause within it giving you the right to paint your house red in addition to the green of the first contract.", "\n\nHe made another covenant with Abram, and this covenant is actually referred to in Gal 3:8 as \"the gospel\". ", "This covenant was originally only for Abram's descendants (a subset of humanity), but hinted at including all of humanity somewhere down the road. ", "Paul finishes up Galatians chapter 3 by claiming that all Christians, even if they're not physical descendants of Abram, are spiritual descendants of him, and have thus inherited this covenant. ", "This covenant did not nullify the conditions of the earlier covenants: humanity was still to multiply and take care of the earth, and was still subject to hard work and pain and death, and still had the right to look forward to a messiah, and still enjoyed freedom from global floods, and still was comforted by the rainbow's promise, and still had a hard time catching animals because of their instinctual skittishness of humans.", "\n\nThen he made a covenant only with the Israelites (a subset of Abram's descendants), not with all of humanity, which we refer to as the Law of Moses. ", "It is this covenant, and only this covenant, which Jeremiah 31 says God will replace with a new covenant. ", "This covenant did not nullify the conditions of earlier covenants: Paul says this expressly in Gal. ", "3:17 - \"And I say this: the law, which came 430 years later, does not revoke a covenant that was previously ratified by God, so as to cancel the promise.\"", "\n\nThen he made a covenant with King David (a subset of the Israelites), that there would always be a descendant of David on the throne. ", "This covenant is still in effect, with the role of throne-sitter being held by Jesus. ", "This covenant did not nullify the conditions of any of the earlier covenants.", "\n\nThen he made a new covenant with all of humanity, with Jesus as the mediator. ", "This covenant did not nullify most of the earlier covenants, but it did nullify one: the Mosaic Covenant, the one which had been expressly singled out by Jeremiah as being earmarked for replacement. ", "But notice that even at that, it's not so much a replacement as a spiritualizing: rather than the law being written down in regulations on a stone tablet, it's written down in family relationships in our hearts.", "\n\nJust like a teenager might need a written rule to mow the lawn every week, a grown adult will take it upon himself to make sure his older parents' lawn gets mown, because that \"rule\" is now in his heart, not on the fridge-side \"to do\" list.", "\n\nSo hopefully you can see that some covenants do replace earlier covenants, such as wills, whereas some covenants do not replace earlier covenants.", "\n\nMonday, March 02, 2009\n\nIn Yahshua's day, Jericho was a city of priests, the home of many Sadducees. ", "These Sadducee priests had to remain ceremonially clean for their Temple duties; they had many restrictions to prevent becoming unclean, such as being forbidden from touching a dead (or nearly-dead) body (which explains the priest's behavior in the parable of the Good Samaritan), and being forbidden from touching Roman money since it had images on it.", "\n\nNevertheless, needing to deal with Roman money but being unable to handle it personally, these priests hired money-handlers who would collect Roman money from the tax payers and then convert it to Jewish money which the Sadducees could handle.", "\n\nThese tax-collectors, constantly handling Roman coinage, were therefore constantly unclean, and therefore could not attend Temple, or Synagogue, or hug friends/family, or shake hands with people they met on the street, or be with their wives (unless she too were unclean). ", "They inherited the nickname of \"Sinner\", or \"publican\". ", "They were looked down on, because they were always \"unclean\". ", "They may have been decent, honest, God-fearing people, but because of their role in society, they were social outcasts.", "\n\nIn Jericho, there was one of these guys, named Zakkai (meaning \"clean\" or \"pure\" in Hebrew, short for Zachariah, and rendered in English via the Greek and Latin intermediates as \"Zacchaeus\"). ", "We read of his story in Luke 19.", "\n\nZakkai apparently dealt honestly in his business affairs, as his later statement, \"If I have defrauded anyone...\", indicates. ", "He apparently had a generous heart, as his later pledge to give half of his possessions to the poor indicates. ", "He was a man of short stature, which was one reason he climbed a tree to see Yahshua as Yahshua passed by.", "\n\nBut why climb a tree? ", "Why couldn't Zakkai just get in front of the crowd in order to see the passing Yahshua? ", "Simply because if he got too close to the average Jew, that person would recoil in horror and scream at him, \"Don't touch me! ", "You're unclean! ", "Get away!\" ", "Climbing a tree thus served a two-fold purpose; it got him above the crowd where his view would be unobstructed, and it got him out of the crowd where he would not defile anyone.", "\n\nAs Yahshua passed by, he looked up into the tree and saw Zakkai, and told him to come down to be a host to Yahshua's retinue.", "\n\nThis was social anathema. ", "The great rabbi is going to the house of a sinner, an unclean person; the great rabbi is defiling himself. ", "What kind of rabbi is this, to associate with the scum of society?", "\n\nBut Yahshua, perceiving the whispering behind his back, answered:\n\n\"Today salvation has come to this house,\" Jesus told him, \"because he too is a son of Abraham. ", "10 For the Son of Man has come to seek and to save the lost.\"", "\n\nThis must have made the Sadducean priests livid with rage. ", "We, as non-Jews, miss the significance of what Yahshua said. ", "If we knew the text of the Tanakh (\"Old Testament\"), we too would have understood what an offensive thing Yahshua had just said to the priests.", "\n\nFirst, there's the play on words. ", "Jesus' name, Yahshua, means \"Yah saves\"; he is God's salvation, and today, God's salvation has come to the house of the unclean Zacchaeus. ", "Secondly, Yahshua's reference to the Son of Man and seeking and saving the lost is a reference to Ezekiel 34, and the priests would have heard the message clearly (although it's very vague to us Westerners).", "\n\nI encourage you to read Ezekiel 34 for yourself, but in paraphrase it says this:\n\n\"Son of man, prophesy against the shepherds of Israel: Woe to you shepherds who only take care of yourselves. ", "You have not strengthened the weak or healed the sick or bound up the injured. ", "You have not brought back the strays or searched for the lost. ", "You have ruled them harshly and brutally. ", "You trample the grass of the pasture so that my sheep can not eat. ", "You muddy the water so that my sheep can not drink. ", "You leave my sheep unattended on the hills to be eaten by the wolves. ", "I am against you shepherds and will hold you accountable for my flock. ", "I will remove you shepherds, and you will no longer be able to feed yourselves by using my flock as your food. ", "I, YHWH, I myself will seek and save the lost.", "\n\nSo in this simple statement:\n\nYahshua has declared himself as God, in two different ways (Yah's salvation has come to the house; YHWH will seek and save the lost, which Yahshua is claiming as his role).", "\n\nYahshua has declared Zakkai as being a sheep beloved by God, not a sinner to be cast out of society, which probably was the most validation Zakkai had gotten as a valuable person in years.", "\n\nYahshua has declared the priests to be evil, by oppressing the sheep in order to satisfy their own appetites, and condemned them to losing their position.", "\n\nSunday, March 01, 2009\n\nIt was not a vision I had this morning, nor even a dream, as I was in that stage in which I had awoken from sleep but had not yet become fully conscious. ", "I dare not call it a prophecy. ", "What I would call it is an Imagining. ", "I imagined YHWH declaring:" ]

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[ "Just after 3 p.m. yesterday, the Miami-Dade Police Department's media bureau sent out a news release trumpeting the success of something called \"Operation Bad Batch,\" a four-month drug sting that began in August. ", "MDPD teamed up with the federal program High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas to ostensibly hunt down high-intensity drug traffickers. ", "Despite the fact that the operation took one-third of a year, MDPD seized a hilariously small amount of drugs: 54.3 grams of cocaine, 10 grams of weed, 5 grams of heroin, 3.8 grams of methamphetamine, 3.4 grams of fentanyl, three Xanax pills, four oxycodone pills, two guns, and $358 in cash.", "\n\nThose are not high-intensity drug-trafficking types of numbers. ", "And they seem a lot less impressive when you take into account that 1.7 grams of fentanyl, a half-gram of cocaine, and $251 of the aforementioned $358 were recovered because police responded to a home where someone had overdosed and died.", "\n\nAccording to a police report, one of the so-called drug busts occurred in Coral Gables after someone had fatally OD'ed. ", "After an unknown person alerted Coral Gables cops that someone had died at a home on Ponce de Leon Boulevard, officers pronounced the man dead and then called the Miami-Dade homicide bureau. ", "MDPD agents arrived and declared the death a possible overdose. ", "The man, listed as an \"unknown Hispanic male,\" had no ID and has not been named.", "\n\nBut cops apparently found drugs inside the home. ", "The officers say they began searching the home and saw a phone outlet plate hanging open on a wall, inside which they discovered 1.7 grams of fentanyl and 0.5 grams of cocaine. ", "The cops say they also found syringes and $251 laid out on a bed \"in multiple denominations, which is consistent with street-level narcotics sales.\"", "\n\nDespite the fact that police did not say they witnessed anyone selling or using drugs, they arrested a man who lives in the home and charged him with two felonies: possession with intent to sell cocaine and possession with intent to sell fentanyl.", "\n\nMDPD yesterday then somehow bragged that the aforementioned \"arrest\" and \"bust\" came as part of Operation Bad Batch. ", "The home's resident was one of nine people nabbed as part of the so-called sting. ", "Other people arrested included a man carrying 1.7 grams of fentanyl who was pulled over for driving erratically, and five people arrested for active warrants. ", "Only one man was arrested as part of an undercover narcotics purchase, and another was caught because of a search warrant.", "\n\nIn an email, New Times asked MDPD why recovering drugs from an overdose death counted as part of the operation. ", "The bureau said it could not explain anything further about the unidentified man's death.", "\n\n\"We are not at liberty to divulge information on an open death investigation,\" police told New Times. \"", "As far as Mr. Campbell, he was charged with possession of fentanyl with intent to distribute and also possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. ", "Operation Bad Batch is composed of long term investigations and was initiated to combat the sale of narcotics, which have been identified as causing near death overdoses and overdoses resulting in death throughout Miami-Dade County. ", "Fentanyl was identified as one of those drugs. ", "Fentanyl has also been discovered 'cut' or 'laced' with cocaine and vice versa. ", "Mr. Campbell’s charges fell within the guidelines mentioned above, set for Operation Bad Batch.”" ]

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[ "Cinefamily’s weekend-long celebration of all things Goosebumps continues tonight with an all-night pajama party. ", "Last night they hosted a screening of the upcoming Goosebumps film with a Q&A with director Rob Letterman and the film’s star Jack Black and the party based on everyone’s favorite childhood horror anthology continues tonight at the Cinefamily Silent Movie Theater with the pajama party that will features a special message from series creator R.L. Stine himself fallowed by a marathon of all your favorite episodes of Goosebumps. ", "There will also be tons of snacks, including pizza, ice cream and worms (because Goosebumps). ", "Tickets are first come first serve so if this sounds like something you want to do better get a jump on it. ", "You can learn more and pre-order your tickets HERE.", "\n\nGoosebumps the film comes out October 16th" ]

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[ "NIKE AIR VAPORMAX RUN UTILITY - AQ8810-001\n\nNike\n\nThe Nike Air VaporMax Run Utility Men's Shoe features a synthetic and textile construction for comfortable containment while VaporMax cushioning provides a lightweight, bouncy ride. ", "A toggle lacing system allows you to easily adjust your fit in inclement conditions.", "\n\n-All sales are final. ", "No Returns or Exchanges-Continental US shipping $15+ for 2-5 day delivery. (", "Excludes Weekends)-Confirmed orders usually ship the next business day.-Orders are only confirmed after the tracking information has been established.", "\n-We reserve the right to cancel any orders without advanced notice." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nServe up Static Image Koa.js\n\nI'm returning a value in JSON for example in one of my endpoints:\n{\n \"image\":\"http//devservername/assets/someimage.jpg\"\n}\n\nI'm trying to figure out how to statically serve this through Koa.js and not sure if that's going to be in a route or what...\n\nA:\n\nUse koa-static.", "\nnpm install --save koa-static\n\n// index.js or whatever\nvar KoaStatic = require('koa-static');\napp.use(KoaStatic('assets'));\n\nThis will serve a request for foo.txt from assets/foo.txt. ", "If you want to serve assets/foo.txt in response to a request for assets/foo.txt, then call KoaStatic('.'). ", "That is probably not a good idea, since it will serve anything from the root. ", "Better to create a public directory, put an assets directory under it, and use KoaStatic('public').", "\n\nA:\n\nremove http://devservername and it will link, ofcourse you should use middleware to serve folders.", "\nuse koa-static-folder\nimport serve from 'koa-static-folder';\n\nserve(__dirname + '/public/');\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nLinked server infinite load/wait after server name change\n\nI have been stumped on this for this whole day now. ", "I use MS SQL Server 2008. ", "I have alinked server pointing to a DB2 database using an ODBC connection that has been running fine for years. ", "Today I decided to change the name of the server and now whenever I run an openquery, run a job that connects to this linked server or when I try to see the tables of this linked server the query/job will run permanently and the tables forever say [Expanding...] but they never actually show. ", "When I try to cancel a query that is stuck, it will never finish canceling. ", "The only way I have found to actually stop queries is to log my account out and end my session forcefully (MS SQL server will tell me it cannot shut down but I can log my Windows account out get past it).", "\nWe already tried to recreate this exact linked server by scripting it and using a different linked server name but this gave the same result. ", "I also tried recreating this linked server on another actual server and that worked fine. ", "The server where the linked server is \"stuck\" on, works perfectly fine as long as I don't try to connect/communicate to these broken linked servers.", "\nMy question is basically, what in the world happened when I just changed the name of this server and does anyone have any suggestions on resolving this? ", "I have pondered about a complete server restart, but since this concerns a production server this would be my absolute last resort. ", "I however see no other options right now.", "\n\nA:\n\nSolution was to do a complete server restart and to back up to an earlier date. ", "We have done the exact same thing after that and everything worked fine, so it seemed like it was a one time critical anomaly.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#s0005}\n===============\n\nPancreatitis is a prevalent inflammatory disorder of the pancreas that is associated with high mortality and is a source of significant global socioeconomic burden. ([", "@bb0085], [@bb0195]) The annual incidence of acute pancreatitis (AP) ranges from 13 to 45 per 100,000 population ([@bb0085]), mainly based on studies from high-income countries. ", "Among patients treated in US hospitals in 2009, AP was the most frequent discharge diagnosis in gastrointestinal disease and hepatology, the second highest cause of all hospital stays, the largest contributor to aggregate costs, and the fifth leading cause of in-hospital deaths ([@bb0085], [@bb0155]). ", "Chronic pancreatitis (CP) leads to progressive replacement of pancreatic parenchyma with fibrotic tissue ([@bb0005]). ", "CP is less prevalent than AP, with annual prevalence rates ranging between 5 and 12 per 100,000 ([@bb0195], [@bb0005]). ", "CP is associated with a spectrum of chronic endocrine and exocrine pancreatic insufficiencies, manifesting in malnutrition, diabetes mellitus, disability, medical costs, and quality of life loss ([@bb0195], [@bb0005]).", "\n\nAlcohol consumption is considered one of the major causative agents for pancreatitis ([@bb0085], [@bb0070]); after gallstones, alcohol is the second major leading cause of AP and the most common cause of CP ([@bb0195], [@bb0190]). ", "In 2009, a systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between alcohol consumption and pancreatitis ([@bb0070]), based on data from six studies, found a monotonically increasing dose--response relationship between average alcohol consumption and pancreatitis. ", "Since then, a number of original studies were published ([@bb0075], [@bb0045], [@bb0200], [@bb0080], [@bb0095], [@bb0100]) which have led to recent summaries on etiological and pathobiological aspects of different subtypes of pancreatitis ([@bb0085], [@bb0195]), which allow for more in-depth analyses of the risk relationships. ", "In particular, these new studies allow for differentiation of dose--response relationships by type of pancreatitis (acute vs. chronic) and by sex. ", "This differentiation is important, as the biological mechanisms underlying are different --- gallstones are the primary cause of AP, along with factors associated with biliary disease and choledocholithiasis, such as obesity and hypertriglyceridemia, whereas they play a negligible role in CP, except in cases where AP progresses into CP ([@bb0195]). ", "On the other hand, CP is associated primarily with the impact of chronic toxic influences that makes alcohol use the most common causative agent for CP ([@bb0195]). ", "Consequently, while AP and CP are still seen on a continuum of clinical manifestations of one inflammatory disease ([@bb0180], [@bb0110]), the progression and outcomes of CP and AP significantly differ ([@bb0085], [@bb0195]).", "\n\nThe dose--response relationships between alcohol and chronic disease typically vary by sex, with women experiencing higher risks at comparatively lower levels of intake ([@bb0175]) due to different absorption and metabolism of alcohol ([@bb0130]). ", "New studies will also allow for determining a threshold for alcohol consumption associated with the risk of pancreatitis.", "\n\nThus, the goal of the present systematic review and series of meta-analyses was to examine the association between alcohol consumption and risk of different types of pancreatitis (acute and chronic) by sex, including but not limited to analyses of potential threshold effects.", "\n\n2. ", "Methods {#s0010}\n==========\n\n2.1. ", "Literature Search Strategy {#s0015}\n-------------------------------\n\nFollowing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines ([@bb0115]), we performed a search of OVID Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases to identify epidemiological studies that contained information on the association between alcohol consumption and pancreatitis. ", "The search was conducted using a combination of alcohol consumption related terms (\"ethanol\\*\", \"alcohol\\*\", \"drink\\*\") and the term \"pancreat\\*\" as subject terms (descriptors). ", "As our previous search ended in early 2009, the timeframe of this search was set between January 2009 and May 2015. ", "In addition, we manually searched the content pages of the major epidemiological journals in the field, reference lists of relevant articles and recent reviews. ", "No language restrictions were applied.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Study Eligibility Criteria {#s0020}\n-------------------------------\n\nTo be included into the meta-analyses, primary studies had to: 1) be of cohort or case--control study design; 2) have a control group of abstainers; 3) report relative risks (RR), odds ratios (OR), hazard ratios (HR), or contain data sufficient for their calculation; 4) have acute or chronic pancreatitis as an endpoint; and 5) include two or more categories of level of alcohol consumption in comparison to abstainers. ", "We excluded studies if they: 1) were of cross-sectional design; 2) did not have enough information to calculate a risk estimate; 3) reported only on alcoholic pancreatitis (alcohol-induced acute or chronic pancreatitis, K85.2 or K86.0); and 4) were not published as full reports (e.g. conference abstracts) or contained partial or incomplete data.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Pancreatitis Ascertainment {#s0025}\n-------------------------------\n\nDiagnoses of acute (AP) or chronic pancreatitis (CP) were defined using the International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes reported in the studies. ", "Based on the study timeframe, we used the ICD-10 codes (K85.x for acute pancreatitis of various etiologies, K86.x for chronic pancreatitis). ", "For earlier studies, the corresponding ICD-8 and ICD-9 codes were used (577.0 and 577.1 for AP and CP).", "\n\n2.4. ", "Data Extraction {#s0030}\n--------------------\n\nData extracted from each study included name of the first author, date of publication, timeframe of the study, design of the study, duration of follow-up for cohort studies, exposure measures, number of observed pancreatitis cases among participants by drinking group, number of total participants by drinking group, study endpoints, measures of association (RR, HR, OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for each category of alcohol consumption, while adjusting for potential confounders. ", "We converted alcohol intake into average grams of pure alcohol per day (g/day) using the midpoints (mean) of reported drinking group categories. ", "The midpoint for open-ended categories was calculated by adding 75% of the preceding category\\'s range to the lower bound of the open-ended category. ", "We used reported conversion factors when standard drinks were the unit of measurement. ", "Depending on the country, one standard drink is approximately 8--14 g of pure alcohol ([@bb0135]). ", "Assessments of full-text articles with uncertain eligibility and data abstraction were conducted independently by AVS and MR. ", "Two authors discussed differences until consensus was reached.", "\n\n2.5. ", "Data Analysis {#s0035}\n------------------\n\nWe gave priority to estimates where 1) lifetime abstainers were the risk reference group; 2) data were adjusted for potential confounders; and 3) data were sex-specific. ", "If necessary, risk estimates within studies were re-calculated based on the method described by [@bb0055] or combined using fixed-effect models to derive one estimate for each analysis per study. ", "Each case of pancreatitis was used only once in each of the analyses conducted.", "\n\nUsing studies that reported data for two or more drinking groups with current alcohol intake (midpoints of categories) in relation to abstainers, we conducted the two-stage restricted cubic spline regression (three knots) in multivariable meta-regression models, taking into account the variance--covariance matrix for multiple risk estimates derived from one reference group to calculate non-linear dose--response curves for average alcohol consumption (g/day) using the two-step approach described by Orsini and colleagues ([@bb0140], [@bb0145]). ", "Evidence for non-linearity was determined by the significance level of the second meta-regression coefficient. ", "When no evidence for non-linearity was found, we conducted linear two-stage meta-regressions ([@bb0055], [@bb0140]).", "\n\nTo determine potential threshold effects, we conducted categorical meta-analyses on the relationship between alcohol consumption (cut-points defined by 20 g/day intervals). ", "Risk estimates were pooled with inverse-variance weighting using DerSimonian--Laird random-effect models to allow for between-study heterogeneity ([@bb0020]). ", "Variation in the effect size because of heterogeneity between studies was quantified using the Q- and I-statistics ([@bb0195]; [@bb0065]). ", "Publication bias were examined using Egger\\'s regression-based test ([@bb0030]). ", "All meta-analytical procedures were conducted on the log scale in Stata statistical software, version 13.1; p \\< 0.05 (two-sided) was considered statistically significant.", "\n\nMost quality scores are tailored for meta-analyses of randomized trials of interventions ([@bb0120], [@bb0015], [@bb0025], [@bb0050]) and many criteria do not apply to epidemiological studies examined in this study. ", "Additionally, quality score used in meta-analyses remains controversial ([@bb0050], [@bb0060]). ", "As a result, quality assessment was incorporated by including quality components, such as measurement of alcohol consumption and ascertainment of pancreatitis, in the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and further by investigating potential heterogeneity in several subgroup analyses outlined above.", "\n\n2.6. ", "Ethics {#s0040}\n-----------\n\nData were derived from published articles with anonymized data. ", "No ethics board review and approval were required.", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#s0045}\n==========\n\n3.1. ", "Search Results {#s0050}\n-------------------\n\nThe search identified 1823 unique articles (excluding duplicates), six additional articles were taken from the previous meta-analysis, and five more were identified manually. ", "Of these, 1757 were excluded based on title or abstract. ", "77 articles were retrieved in full text for further review. ", "Out of these, 55 did not meet our inclusion criteria. ", "In total, seven studies met the inclusion criteria: two each in the United States and Japan; and one each from the UK, Sweden, and Denmark. ", "Detailed descriptions of the studies included are presented in [Table 1](#t0005){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "These studies included 157,026 participants with 3618 cases of pancreatitis --- 2490 cases of first episode or recurrent AP and 1128 cases of CP. ", "Five studies had datasets specific to AP, four studies had datasets specific for CP. ", "Five studies had a case--control design and two were cohort studies ([Fig. ", "1](#f0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n3.2. ", "Dose--Response Relationship {#s0055}\n--------------------------------\n\n[Fig. ", "2](#f0010){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Fig. ", "3](#f0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Fig. ", "4](#f0020){ref-type=\"fig\"} (see also [Table 2](#t0010){ref-type=\"table\"}) show the dose--response relationship between average alcohol consumption and CP (n = 4 studies, [Fig. ", "2](#f0010){ref-type=\"fig\"}), AP among men (n = 3 studies, [Fig. ", "3](#f0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and women (n = 3 studies, [Fig. ", "4](#f0020){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For CP, the relationship was monotonically increasing with no evidence for non-linearity (p = 0.091) (RRs at 25 g/day = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.32--1.90; 50 g/day = 2.51, 95%CI: 1.74--3.61; 75 g/day = 3.97, 95%CI: 2.30--6.85; 100 g/day = 6.29; 95%CI: 3.04--13.02) ([Fig. ", "3](#f0015){ref-type=\"fig\"}, linear model). ", "There were not enough data to systematically investigate sex-specific relationships for CP. ", "There was no evidence for non-linearity for AP among men (p = 0.396, [Table 2](#t0010){ref-type=\"table\"}) (RRs \\[linear model\\] at 25 g/day = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.12--1.69; 50 g/day = 1.89, 95%CI 1.25--2.86; 75 g/day = 2.60, 95%CI: 1.40--4.83; 100 g/day = 3.58, 95%CI: 1.57--8.16). ", "Among women, there was strong evidence for a non-linear association both for any type of pancreatitis (p \\< 0.001) and AP (p = 0.008), with a potential beneficial effect of up to 40 g/day and a steep increase in risk beyond this threshold ([Fig. ", "4](#f0020){ref-type=\"fig\"}), higher than among men.", "\n\nAnalyses of the dose--response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of CP conducted separately using the data from different geographical areas -- Asia and Europe or US -- showed that the risk of CP in Asia (n = 2) is increasing in a linear fashion with a higher slope than in Europe or US (n = 2) (Suppl. ", "Figs. ", "S1--S2). ", "Only one study from Asia reported the risk for AP ([@bb0075]) showing a similar relationship compared to all other studies.", "\n\nCategorical meta-analyses supported these findings (Suppl. ", "Figs. ", "S3--S5). ", "The difference between men and women is highlighted by a comparison of \\< 40 g/day alcohol intake compared to abstention ([Fig. ", "5](#f0025){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "While there was no difference among men (RR = 1.10, 95%CI: 0.69--1.74), women showed a significantly lower risk (RR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.60--0.97). ", "Analyses for any pancreatitis ([Table 2](#t0010){ref-type=\"table\"}, Figs. ", "S6--S7) confirmed evidence for a non-linear relationship among women and a linear relationship among men.", "\n\n3.3. ", "Heterogeneity and Publication Bias {#s0060}\n---------------------------------------\n\nBetween-study heterogeneity was low to moderate in analyses on AP among women, and moderate to high for CP and AP among men. ", "Using all studies available, there was no evidence for publication bias (Egger\\'s test, Figs. ", "S8--S9) or single influential studies (Figs. ", "S10--S11) for estimates up to 40 g/day.", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#s0065}\n=============\n\nThere were differential dose--response relationships between men and women with respect to alcohol consumption, as well as type of pancreatitis. ", "The dose--response relationship between the level of alcohol consumption and CP was linear, and monotonically increasing with no identifiable threshold. ", "On the contrary, the relation between average alcohol consumption and AP was non-linear (J-shaped) among women, and monotonically increasing among men. ", "High alcohol consumption was consistently associated with an increased risk for pancreatitis at the alcohol consumption level above 40 g/day (higher than previously reported) ([@bb0070]).", "\n\nThere are two plausible explanations for a J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and AP as it appeared in women. ", "First, the beneficial effect may be explained by contamination of the reference group that included ex-drinkers who quit drinking due to health problems and were at increased risk of developing pancreatitis. ", "Two studies reported on the risk of pancreatitis in former drinkers ([@bb0105], [@bb0125]). ", "In comparison to lifetime abstainers, former drinkers showed an elevated risk for any pancreatitis (RR = 2.20, 95%CI: 1.45--3.34), and there was no beneficial association (RR = 1.01, 95%CI: 0.82--1.24) of moderate alcohol consumption (\\< 40 g/day). ", "There were not enough data to stratify this relationship by pancreatitis diagnosis or sex.", "\n\nThe second explanation is related to the distribution of etiological factors for different types of pancreatitis in men and women, and accordingly, the pathogenesis and natural history of the disease. ", "Specifically, alcohol consumption is the predominant cause of CP in Western countries, with the proportion of cases of alcoholic pancreatitis reaching 80% and sometimes even 95% ([@bb0005], [@bb0160]). ", "The pathophysiology of CP is based on damage to acinar cells of the pancreas (mediated by sustained elevation of the cytosolic Ca^2 +^ levels) ([@bb0035]), which start releasing synthesized pancreatic enzymes into interstitium (pancreastasis), thus triggering inflammation ([@bb0005]). ", "While a number of agents and factors can trigger pancreastasis, it was indicated that alcohol metabolism plays a significant role in it as it is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via acetaldehyde pathway ([@bb0040]) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) via non-oxidative route ([@bb0150], [@bb0185]) which in turn cause injury to acinar cells and activate stellate cells ([@bb0005]). ", "Since the quantities of alcohol metabolites and their impact directly correlate with the amounts of alcohol consumed, the relationship between alcohol consumption level and the risk of CP is monotonic.", "\n\nThe interaction between alcohol and other etiological factors in AP is quite similar to CP from pathobiological standpoint --- a cascade of intra- and extracellular reactions leads to FAEE-induced increase of the Ca^2 +^ release that in turn leads to necrosis of pancreatic acinar cells ([@bb0035]). ", "At the same time a more complex interplay between variety of etiological factors is observed --- alcohol is the second leading cause of AP after gallstones and biliary problems leading to them ([@bb0085]). ", "It was shown that low alcohol consumption is reducing the risk of symptomatic choledocholithiasis, and thus lowering the risk of biliary AP ([@bb0090]).", "\n\nThis hypothesis also provides some insight into more pronounced beneficial effects of low alcohol consumption on the risk of AP in women compared to men. ", "Specifically, women are more likely to develop biliary problems and gallstones ([@bb0170], [@bb0165]) and therefore constitute a larger proportion of the cases of biliary AP, whereas men are more likely to consume larger amounts of alcohol on daily basis and to binge drink, and therefore represent the majority of cases of alcoholic AP. ", "Thus, the proportion of women consuming alcohol at the levels of less than 40 g per day, which reduces their risk of biliary AP, is higher compared to men, and the beneficial effect of low levels of alcohol consumption is therefore more pronounced. ", "This can be illustrated by data from the study by [@bb0125]. ", "The subset of cases of alcoholic pancreatitis demonstrated an exponential increase of the risk of pancreatitis with the increase of the daily alcohol consumption. ", "At the same time, in the subset of gallstone pancreatitis cases, the risk of pancreatitis was lower in subjects consuming low amounts of alcohol, and increased with higher alcohol consumption.", "\n\nWhile both sick-quitter and biliary effect hypotheses appear to be plausible explanations, there are no data available to test and to determine their relative contribution. ", "Further research is required here, with specific focus on comparisons between ex-drinkers and lifetime abstainers, and the distribution of different types of pancreatitis depending on the alcohol consumption levels, preferably separated by sex.", "\n\nThe data on the risk of pancreatitis in different populations are scarce. ", "While the data on AP were not sufficient to draw any conclusions regarding the impact of ethnicity on the risk of pancreatitis we were able to conduct separate analyses for CP based on geographical area of the study and there are indications that the risk of CP in predominantly Asian populations is linear and higher than in non-Asians or mixed populations of Europe and US. ", "These variations may be related to genetic factors (e.g. [@bb0010]), different drinking patterns as well as dietary variations.", "\n\n4.1. ", "Strengths and Limitations {#s0070}\n------------------------------\n\nA major strength of our study was the testing of alcohol consumption as a non-linear risk factor for pancreatitis as a continuum of inflammatory diseases of the pancreas, as well as subanalyses for specific types (acute and chronic) of pancreatitis and for men and women. ", "At the same time, it must be noted that certain subgroup analyses were subject to low power due to a limited number of studies included, and we were not able to conduct separate analyses for men and women having CP as well as for the studies conducted in ethnically different populations or geographical areas. ", "Also, there were not enough data to separate recurrent AP from other forms of AP, but from studies which were able to do this separation, it seems to be justified to combine them. ", "Also, further research is needed to explore the impact of alcohol on the risk of pancreatitis in specific populations such as former drinkers; the interplay of alcohol, diet and biliary problems in men and women; as well as the role of alcohol in development of pancreatitis of non-alcoholic etiology.", "\n\nAnother potential limitation is related to the fact that alcohol consumption was self-reported in all of the studies, which adds variability to alcohol consumption estimates in that they are subject to recall bias and other biases. ", "Finally, our analyses are based on the data from published studies, and thus are a subject to potential publication bias. ", "Though we did not find evidence for such bias, we cannot completely exclude such a possibility.", "\n\n4.2. ", "Implications {#s0075}\n-----------------\n\nWe have collected and systematized all the data available on the relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of pancreatitis. ", "Our analyses allowed us to describe this relationship differentially for the major types of pancreatitis in men and women. ", "These differences might be due to several factors, but primarily, they highlight the high risk of heavy alcohol consumption, as well as the potentially beneficial effects of moderate intake (\\< 40 g/day), especially among women. ", "These findings can be used for development of recommendations for pancreatitis prevention. ", "Also, we have identified several gaps in knowledge that can guide further research.", "\n\n5. ", "Conclusions {#s0080}\n==============\n\nThere are differential dose--response relationships between average volume of alcohol consumption and risk of different types of pancreatitis in men and women. ", "The relationship was linear for CP and AP in men, but non-linear for AP in women. ", "There was strong evidence supporting a threshold effect for AP in women at the level of alcohol consumption of up to 40 g/day. ", "Beyond 40 g of pure alcohol/day, the risk of pancreatitis, both acute and chronic, regardless of sex, was higher than previously thought.", "\n\nRole of the Funding Source {#s0085}\n==========================\n\nThe sponsor of the study (NIAAA) had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. ", "The authors collected the data, and had full access to all of the data in the study. ", "The authors also had final responsibility for the decision to submit the study results for publication.", "\n\nContributors {#s0090}\n============\n\nAVS, MR and JR shared responsibility to design the study. ", "AVS was responsible for the literature review, and data extraction. ", "MR conducted the statistical analyses. ", "AVS and MR were responsible for data interpretation, and article preparation. ", "JR contributed to design and data interpretation, article preparation, and article review. ", "All authors contributed to the article and approved the final version.", "\n\nFunding {#s0095}\n=======\n\nThe work was financially supported by a grant from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R21AA023521) to MR.", "\n\nDeclaration of Conflict of Interest {#s0100}\n===================================\n\nMR and JR report grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA, R21AA023521), during the conduct of the study. ", "AVS has no conflict of interest.", "\n\nAppendix A. Supplementary Data {#s0105}\n==============================\n\nSupplementary figuresSupplementary material\n\nWe would like to thank Mr. Kyle Runeckles, MSc for proofreading.", "\n\nSupplementary data to this article can be found online at [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.11.023](10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.11.023){#ir0005}.", "\n\n{#f0005}\n\n{#f0010}\n\n{#f0015}\n\n{#f0020}\n\n{#f0025}\n\n###### \n\nCharacteristics of the 7 articles included in the meta-analysis.", "\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Reference Design, sex, place, timeframe Setting, follow-up, participants Eligibility criteria Alcohol consumption categories Endpoint Adjustment\n ----------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n [@bb9005] Case--control, M/F, Sweden, 1995--1998 Population-based. ", "462 cases; 1781 controls Age 20--95, both sexes; excluded those who didn\\'t have access to telephone or were not able to speak Swedish, had history of malignancies, previous AP/CP, or those hospitalized for ≥ 30 days Non-drinkers; \\> 0--\\<20 g/week; 20--\\<120 g/week; 120--220 g/week; 220--\\<320 g/week; 320--\\<420 g/week; 420 g/week and more. ", " AP Unadjusted data used for analyses\n\n [@bb0105] Case--control, M, Japan, 1997--1998 Hospital-based. ", "91 cases, 175 controls Excluded those who failed to return the study questionnaire. ", " Ex-Drinkers; Non-drinkers; \\< 50 g/day; 50--99 g/day; 100 + g/day. ", " CP BMI, education level, cigarette smoking.", "\n\n [@bb0125] Cohort, M/F, US, 1978--1998 Population-based. ", "439 cases; 128,495 controls Prepaid health plan members able to complete research questionnaire. ", "Data must be sufficient to diagnose pancreatitis. ", " Ex-drinkers; never drinkers; \\< 1 drink/month; 1 drink/month--\\<1 drink/day; 1--2 drinks per day; 3 + drinks per day. ", " Any pancreatitis Age, sex, race, education, marital status, BMI, smoking.", "\n\n [@bb9010] Cohort, M/F, Denmark, 1976--2007 Population-based. ", "268 cases; 17,670 controls Participants of the Copenhagen City Heart Study. ", "Excluded people with previously diagnosed pancreatitis. ", " Non-drinkers; 1--6 drinks/week; 7--13 drinks/week; 14--20 drinks/week; 21--34 drinks/week; 35--48 drinks/week; 48 + drinks/week Both AP and CP Age, sex, smoking, education, BMI\n\n [@bb9000] Case--control, M/F, US, 2000--2006 Hospital-based, 985 cases (CP, n = 536 and recurrent AP, n = 449), 663 controls. ", " North American Pancreatitis Study 2 (NAPS 2). ", "Exclusion criteria not reported. ", " \\< 20 drinks in a lifetime; ≤ 0.5 drinks per day or ≤ 3 drinks per week; 0.5--1 drinks per day, or 4--7 drinks per week for women, 0.5--2 drinks per day or 4--14 drinks per week for men; 1--5 drinks per day or 8--34 drinks per week for women and 2--5 drinks per day or 15--34 drinks per week for men; 5 or more drinks per day or 35 or more drinks per week. ", " Recurrent AP and CP Unadjusted data used for analyses\n\n [@bb0045] Case--control, M/F, UK, 1996--2006 Population-based. ", "419 cases and 5000 controls 20--79 years of age, both sexes, who were enrolled at least 2 years with their GP, first prescription \\> 1 year before entering the study and at least 1 health contact in the last 2 years. ", "Excluded if history cancer other than non-melanoma skin cancer or pancreatic disease; people who were 70 + years of age with a FU over 1 year and less than 2 health contacts. ", " Non-drinkers; 1--7 drinks/week; 8--29 drinks per week; 30 + drinks per week AP Age, sex, calendar year, BMI, Townsend deprivation index, smoking status, alcohol intake, general comorbidities, and several medication groups (antidiabetic drugs, antibiotics, antidepressants, corticosteroids, acid-suppressing drugs, NSAIDs, antihypertensives, lipid-lowering drugs and HRT).", "\n\n [@bb0075] Case--control, M/F, Japan, 2005--2010 Hospital-based. ", "982 cases, (574 cases of AP and 574 cases of CP), 1015 controls. ", " Non-drinkers; \\< 20 g/day; 20--40 g/day; 40--60 g/day; 60--80 g/day; 80--100 g/day;\\ Both AP and CP Age, sex, hospital, time to first hospital visit.", "\n 100 + g/day \n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n###### \n\nPooled restricted cubic spline and linear regression coefficients for dose--response relationships.", "\n\n Diagnosis/sex Model Number of studies Number of cases Coefficient 1 Coefficient 2 \n ------------------ -------- ------------------- ----------------- --------------- --------------- ---------- ------- ------- ----------\n Any pancreatitis \n  Men Spline 3 1451 − 0.003 0.017 0.863 0.028 0.021 0.186\n  Men Linear 3 1451 0.017 0.003 \\< 0.001 NA NA NA\n  Women Spline 3 978 − 0.033 0.011 0.002 0.077 0.016 \\< 0.001\n CP \n  Both sexes Spline 4 1128 0.007 0.009 0.427 0.014 0.008 0.091\n  Both sexes Linear 4 1128 0.018 0.004 \\< 0.001 NA NA NA\n AP \n  Both sexes Spline 6 2490 0.003 0.009 0.771 0.017 0.013 0.201\n  Both sexes Linear 6 2490 0.011 0.002 \\< 0.001 NA NA NA\n  Men Spline 3 847 0.0002 0.015 0.988 0.015 0.018 0.396\n  Men Linear 3 847 0.013 0.004 0.002 NA NA NA\n  Women Spline 3 638 − 0.028 0.010 0.007 0.059 0.022 0.008\n\nSE, standard error.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Caution: Treacherous Handwriting Ahead!", "\n\nAs a pharmacy technician, there is a lot of complex information you are expected to understand and complicated procedures you need to master. ", "With all of these new skills to learn, who knew that reading a physician’s handwriting would be one of the most challenging? ", "Sharpening your deciphering skills will come with repeated practice; however, acquiring some additional knowledge will help you interpret the prescription correctly and avoid potentially dangerous errors.", "\n\nThe Pharmacy Technician program includes a link to the Institute for Safe Medication Practices website. ", "On this website, you can find ISMP’s list of look-alike and sound-alike drug names that are often confused with one another. ", "Confusion with these drugs can further complicate the already difficult task of reading a handwritten prescription. ", "For example, a poorly written prescription for Zyprexa could easily be mistaken for Zyrtec if a pharmacy technician is working quickly. ", "If this medication error is dispensed, a patient in need of a drug to treat psychosis will instead receive a medication intended to treat allergies!", "\n\nSomething you can do to ensure accuracy and maintain an efficient work speed is to memorize the drug names that are commonly mistaken for others. ", "The list of these look-alike drugs on ISMP’s website is long and thorough, but not all of those drugs are commonly dispensed, and attempting to memorize the complete list can be intimidating. ", "So, here is a shortened version with some of the most commonly confused drug names. ", "These drugs are also included on the Joint Commission’s list of potential problematic drug names.", "\n\nThe drugs in the first column are often confused with the drugs in the second column and vice versa.", "\n\nActonel\n\nActos\n\nAdvair\n\nAdvicor\n\namiodarone\n\namantadine\n\nAvandia\n\nCoumadin\n\nCelebrex\n\nCelexa\n\nclonidine\n\nclonazepam\n\nclonidine\n\nKlonopin\n\nHumalog\n\nHumulin\n\nhydralazine\n\nhyrdroxyzine\n\nhydromorphone\n\nmorphine\n\nlorazepam\n\nalprazolam\n\nmetformin\n\nmetronidazole\n\nNovolog\n\nNovolin\n\noxycodone\n\nOxyContin\n\nTopamax\n\nToprol-XL\n\nvincristine\n\nvinblastine\n\nZyrtec\n\nZyprexa\n\nOnce you have mastered this list, visit ISMP’s website (www.ismp.org) and start memorizing other look-alike and sound-alike drugs.", "\n\nRemember, type with caution because a patient’s safety is in your hands!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Erigeron cascadensis\n\nErigeron cascadensis is a North American species of flowering plants in the daisy family known by the common name Cascade fleabane. ", "It has been found only in the state of Oregon in the northwestern United States, primarily in subalpine meadows in the Cascades mountain range.", "\n\nErigeron cascadensis is a perennial herb up to 15 cm (6 inches) tall, producing a taproot. ", "One plant can produce several flower heads, sometimes one per branch, sometimes in groups of 2 or 3. ", "Each head has 30–50 white or purple ray florets plus numerous yellow disc florets.", "\n\nReferences\n\ncascadensis\nCategory:Flora of Oregon\nCategory:Plants described in 1900" ]

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[ "Navigating Tensions of Efficiency and Caring in Clerkship: A Qualitative Study.", "\nPhenomenon: Clerkship is a challenging transition during which medical students must learn to navigate the responsibilities of medical school and clinical medicine. ", "We explored how clerks understand their roles as both medical learners and developing professionals and some of the tensionss that arise therein. ", "Understanding how the clinical learning environment shapes the clerkship role can help educators foster compassionate care. ", "Approach: We conducted 5 focus groups and 1 interview with 3rd-year medical students (n = 14) at University of Toronto between January and June 2016 regarding the perceived role of the clerk, compassionate care, assessment and feedback. ", "Data were analyzed thematically. ", "Findings: In addition to transitioning to a new learning environment, clerkship students assume different roles in response to complex and often competing expectations from preceptors. ", "We identified three main themes: learning to impress preceptors with varying expectations, providing compassionate care-sometimes supported by preceptors, other times being secondary to efficiency-and passing assessments that required a different skill set than simply being a \"good clerk.\" ", "Insights: Clerks perceive their role as providing compassionate care to patients and balance this with fulfilling the (sometimes) competing roles of being a student and developing medical professional. ", "In a system where efficiency is often prioritized, medical students are afforded an opportunity to help satisfy the demand for greater compassion in patient-centered care." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to find the threadID of a Azure Pull Request?", "\n\nI'm trying to post a comment on a PR using the Azure API in Powershell. ", "\nI've found this resource: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/azure/devops/git/pull%20request%20thread%20comments/create?view=azure-devops-rest-5.0\nAnd I've implemented it:\n$postURL = \"https://dev.azure.com/$organization/$project/_apis/git/repositories/$repositoryId/pullRequests/$pullRequestId/threads/$threadId/comments?api-version=5.0\"\n$prComment = Invoke-RestMethod -Uri $postURL -Headers @{Authorization = $pat} -Body $body\n\nWhen I run this with $threadId = 1 I get:\n\nInvoke-RestMethod : {\"$id\":\"1\",\"innerException\":null,\"message\":\"The requested> pull request comment thread '1' cannot be found.", "\n\nWhen I run it with $threadId = 0 I get:\n\nInvoke-RestMethod : {\"$id\":\"1\",\"innerException\":null,\"message\":\"The value 0 is outside of the allowed range\n\nThis is a image of the comment section of the pull request with id 1:\n\nSo what is the thread id of a PR?", "\n\nA:\n\nI figured out by using the API: \nhttps://dev.azure.com/$organization/$project/_apis/git/repositories/$repositoryId/pullRequests/$pullRequestId/threads?api-version=5.0 \nYou can get a list of threads for that PR. ", "Each line in the comment section represents a thread. ", "And where I thought that thread id is linked to the PR (ie. ", "created by PB is thread id 1 inside that PR), it is not. ", "Each new thread increments the thread id. So if I add a thread in a different PR it could have thread id 231. ", "If I add another thread in a different PR it will have id 232. ", "Which is quite annoying. ", "I can't understand why Azure would implement it this way.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "I just opened my awesome secret Santa present to find everything I need to survive the zombie apocalypse!!", "\n\nThere is a knife and Kevlar cord to kill any I may run into, a blanket and fire stick so I can keep warm, and a sunflower to keep me company as I work my way through hordes of zombies!!", "\n\nThanks for keeping me safe Santa, your the best!!" ]

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[ "Language is Powerful\n\nWith the election of Donald Trump in November came a torrent of think pieces, op-eds, podcasts, Facebook posts, and tweets. ", "Everyone had something to say and someone to blame. ", "It was Hillary’s fault, it was the Left’s fault, it was Putin’s fault, it was the media’s fault. ", "In trying to understand the election, I was left feeling a bit lost.", "\n\nHow could this happen? ", "How could the American people elect someone like Trump? ", "His policiesmakeno sense, he bragged about sexual assault, he has no political experience. ", "Every day was a new scandal, and yet – he is now the President. ", "I still struggle to understand, but I think some of the most interesting Trump pieces I saw over the past year both came from Evan Puschak (aka the Nerdwriter) and they both analyzed the way Trump uses language.", "\n\nWord choice matters. ", "Language is powerful.", "\n\nThis isn’t a new idea – George Orwell knew it when he wrote Politics and the English Language – but Puschak’s videos got me thinking: what does science have to say about the influence of language on thought?", "\n\nSo I did a bit of digging and this is what I came up with.", "\n\nThere was a popular theory in the 1940s called Whorfianism (proposed by Benjamin Lee Whorf) that the vocabulary available to people shaped their thoughts. ", "This was supported by ‘facts’ like the oft-quoted (but false) statement that the Inuit have hundreds of words for snow.", "\n\nThe strong form of Whorfianism, that you can only think about things that you have words for, has been refuted. ", "You can think about individual colours, smells, and feelings without having specific words for them. ", "If it were true that thoughts had to have words, we would have a hard time coming up with new words (like glam-ma and YouTuber, two of December 2016’s Oxford English Dictionary additions).", "\n\nBecause of the total academic discrediting of Whorfianism, it became difficult to get funding to do any research linking languages with cognitive processes. ", "In the last couple of decades, however, a weaker form of Whorfianism has arisen and gained some traction.", "\n\nWhile language doesn’t determine thinking, it seems to be able to influence it. ", "I’ll leave some links to studies and articles with plenty of examples below, but my favourite is an Australian aboriginal language called Guugu Yimithirr.", "\n\nIn this language, directions like right and left are always replaced by cardinal directions (North/East/South/West), even on small scales. ", "Facing north, a Guugu Yimithirr-speaking woman might lift her eastern hand to pick up an object north of her, before turning to the southwest to switch it to her southeast hand. ", "People who grow up speaking this language must always and instantly be aware of the cardinal directions. ", "The language has created a training regimen that results in an almost supernatural ability to determine direction.", "\n\nSo while language doesn’t necessarily limit thought, it (along with culture and a dozen other factors), does shape it.", "\n\nWith this weaker form of Whorfianism in mind, I wonder whether the emotive language that Trump has been using to such great effect might alter political discourse. ", "If everyone starts playing his game, will language slowly shift be more emotional? ", "Will we become more tuned to the emotional context of language as a result?" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDatamodel sample for google app engine using JDO\n\nI have been trying to learn and creating a sample project using GWT/GAE/GoogleDatastore.", "\nAm just trying to figure out what would be the best way to design the data model for a learning management system. ", "Let's say in the traditional way the following are the entities..... \nUser\nRole\nUserCourses\nCourses\nSubjects\nMaterials\nUser is one to one to Role\nCourses is one to many with Subjects\nSubjects is one to many with Materials\nUsers is Many to Many with Courses using UserCourses\nCan someone guide me what would be the best possible way to represent this in JDO ?", "\n---> Extension of the question. ", "\nThank You Shifty, but am completely stuck with unowned relationship model... trying/struggling to come out of the traditional relational model.", "\nLet me take the simple Subjects vs Materials\nAm trying out the following model,\n@PersistenceCapable(identityType = IdentityType.", "APPLICATION)\npublic class Subjects {\n@PrimaryKey\n@Persistent(valueStrategy = IdGeneratorStrategy.", "IDENTITY)\n@Extension(vendorName = \"datanucleus\", key = \"gae.encoded-pk\", value = \"true\")\nprivate String id;\n@Persistent\nprivate List<Materials> materials;\n\n}\npublic class Materials{\n@PrimaryKey\n@Persistent(valueStrategy = IdGeneratorStrategy.", "IDENTITY)\n@Extension(vendorName = \"datanucleus\", key = \"gae.encoded-pk\", value = \"true\")\nprivate String id;\n@Persistent\nprivate String materialName;\n@Persistent\nprivate String author;\n@Persistent\nprivate String materialType;\n@Persistent\nprivate String url;\n\n}\n\nWhen i try to save the materials first and then assigning that object into subjects is having issues. ", "As i read, you cannot assign the child to a parent which is already persisted without parent.", "\n\nSometimes it is possible to add materials without assigned to the Subjects, but can get assigned later on.", "\n\nA:\n\nif you want to make a many-to-many relationship with GAE and JDO you have to store a list of the keys in the models.", "\nUser Model\nimport java.util.", "Set;\nimport com.google.appengine.api.datastore.", "Key;\n\n@PersistenceCapable\npublic class User {\n @PrimaryKey\n @Persistent(valueStrategy = IdGeneratorStrategy.", "IDENTITY)\n private Key key;\n @Persistent\n private Set<Key> courses;\n}\n\nCourses Model\n import java.util.", "Set;\n import com.google.appengine.api.datastore.", "Key;\n\n @PersistenceCapable\n public class Courses {\n @PrimaryKey\n @Persistent(valueStrategy = IdGeneratorStrategy.", "IDENTITY)\n private Key key;\n @Persistent\n private Set<Key> users;\n }\n\nthis way you don't need the UserCourses class.", "\nEDIT:\nIf you use\n@Persistent\nprivate List<Materials> materials;\n\nyou work with a owned relationship model.", "\nthis way you can not persist the model first and then add this to the subject model and the persist the subject model.", "\nJust add the not persistent material to the materials list of the subject model and persist the subject model. ", "this will also save the materials. ", "\nmaybe I could the question wrong but I hope this helps.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Biblical and Systematic Theology According to the Scriptures\n\nA Biblical Case for Eternal Generation\n\nIn a previous post I argued that biblically rooted and informed doctrine begins with exegesis, pays attention to patterns of biblical language, and is narratively shaped. ", "The question that surrounds that post and peeks through the white spaces in between the words is whether or not the traditional doctrine of the Trinity is biblical. ", "And the context of that question is of course the question of Eternal Functional Subordination (EFS), alternatively called Eternal Submission of the Son (ESS) and Eternal Relations of Authority and Submission (ERAS). (", "Even though EFS was the original terminology, I will stick with ERAS and ESS in this post given some of the recent arguments for moving away from “subordination” language among proponents of this view.) ", "While some proponents of ERAS, including Wayne Grudem, would cast serious doubt upon the traditional doctrines of eternal generation (EG) and eternal procession (EP), and thus replace it with ERAS, others affirm the traditional relations of origin while also affirming ERAS.", "\n\nDavid Yeago and “Patterns of Biblical Language”\n\nThe Nicene Creed. ", "Image from Wikimedia\n\nGiven these two camps of ERAS proponents, I have one goal in this post with two different applications, one per ERAS view. ", "My aim here is to articulate a biblical argument for the traditional doctrine of the Trinity, with particular focus on the doctrines of eternal generation and eternal procession. ", "I hope to thereby, and in the first place, answer objections that EG/EP are not “biblical” through making a biblical argument for EG/EP. ", "This argument will rely particularly on David Yeago’s argument in “The New Testament and the Nicene Dogma,” that the Nicene Trinitarian formulations were “biblical” in the sense that they used appropriate conceptual terms (e.g. “homoousios”) to render accurate judgments about patterns of biblical language in Scripture. ", "So, while “homoousios” is not found in Scripture, it does accurately judge the patterns of Scripture’s language that speak about Father, Son, and Spirit as God and as one God. ", "Given this biblical defense of EG/EP, there is therefore no need for ERAS as a replacement doctrine that explains how God can be one God who exists in three persons. ", "EG/EP can do and always has done that work in Trinitarian formulations. ", "The second aim is perhaps more ambitious; I want to show that, in Yeago-ian terms, the patterns of biblical language point us away from ERAS, not toward it.", "\n\nIn other words, I want to use Yeago’s model to argue not only for our continued confession that that the Son is eternally begotten of the Father and the Spirit eternally processed from Father and Son (yes, I’m Western), but also that ERAS is not a biblically warranted addition to an affirmation of EG/EP. ", "I should also note that neither of these aims is accomplished through exegeting individual texts in an isolated fashion. ", "Neither EG/EP nor ERAS have proof-texts, texts that we can undoubtedly point to as proof positives for those doctrines. ", "So, contra Owen Strachan, 1 Cor. ", "11:3 is not a supporting text for ERAS; there is no textual warrant in that particular text for saying that “Christ” has no temporal marker and then from there concluding that the Son’s submissive relation to the Father is eternal. ", "Rather, we must read particular texts in light of the narrative shape of Scripture and the patterns of language used throughout that economy. ", "One final introductory matter is in order: I will have to do just a bit of Trinitarian legwork to begin, in order to demonstrate what I mean by “patterns” and “economy” and so forth. ", "But most of my time will be spent on EG/EP and ERAS.", "\n\nA Brief Overview of Trinitarian Formulation in the Early Church\n\nWe begin where the early church theologians began: how do we make sense of the fact that, in Scripture, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are all spoken of in one sense or another as “God,” “Lord,” etc.? ", "Further, how do we make sense of it in light of Israel’s foundational claim that “the LORD our God, the LORD is one” (Deut. ", "6:4)? ", "The early church asked these questions because they noticed patterns of language that forced them to wrestle with them. ", "For instance, as Matthew Bates has argued in his recent The Birth of the Trinity (Oxford, 2015), the early church interpreters, as part of the ancient world and its pedagogical milieu, were accustomed to utilizing prosopological exegesis. ", "This approach sought to identify the various voices in particular texts. ", "When the early church theologians came to such texts as Psalm 110 or Psalm 39 (LXX) and saw different persons, both identified as God either in the text or elsewhere in Scripture via intertextual links, speaking to one another as God, they had to wrestle with the fact that multiple (namely three) persons were all identified as God and speaking to one another in an intra-divine dialogue. ", "Another important pattern is identified by Wesley Hill in his recent Paul and the Trinity (Eerdmans, 2015); he argues that early Trinitarian formulations were spurred on in large part by the relational way in which Paul talks about Father, Son, and Spirit. ", "In Paul’s letters, and particularly in Phil. ", "2:5–11; 1 Cor. ", "8:6; and 1 Cor. ", "15:24–28, Hill notes that the Father is Father precisely because he has the Son, and both have this relation to one another because of the Spirit. ", "In other words, each exists as God because of their relations to one another.", "\n\nThere are other patterns we could note here: Father, Son, and Spirit are each called by the same names and referred to with the same titles in Scripture (e.g. “Lord,” “Creator,” etc.; ", "see, for instance, Basil, “On the Holy Spirit,” 8.17; Nyssan, “Ad Ablabius” and “On the Holy Trinity”); they each are described as acting in ways only God acts (see on this Richard Bauckham, “God Crucified”); and they are all three referenced in divine action in Christian worship, particularly in baptism (e.g. Athanasius, “Against the Arians,” 18.41). ", "Further, the early church saw that there was a vast chasm between Creator and creature, and so, contra the Arians etc., ", "there could be no space for a mediatorial demigod (see e.g. Nazianzen, “Third Theological Oration,” 4).", "\n\nThe Cappadocians. ", "Image from bktheologian.wordpress.com.", "\n\nThe Son and the Spirit were either God or a creature, and, because of those other patterns of language, it was clear to the Fathers that biblically speaking, the Son and the Spirit, along with the Father, are God. ", "One final piece is necessary here before moving on to EG/EP. ", "The Arians, Eunomians, etc., ", "posited that the Son was not God because he was spoken of as subordinate to the Father in texts such as John 4:24 (“My food,” said Jesus, “is to do the will of him who sent me.”) ", "The pro-Nicenes, however, argued that these texts spoke of the Son within the economy of redemption. ", "Scripture has a particular shape to it, a shape that centers on the incarnation of God in the person of the Son, and when it speaks of the Son as subordinate to the Father it does so only in an economic sense, i.e. only with reference to his taking on human flesh. ", "For the pro-Nicenes, they saw the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit unified because they shared the same essence, an essence that included one will. ", "For the anti-Nicenes, they saw Father, Son, and Holy Spirit unified via relations of authority and unity of wills. ", "They posited three distinct wills and subordination of the Son to the Father from eternity (see on this point Khaled Anatolios, Retrieving Nicaea).", "\n\nThe Place of Eternal Generation and Its Biblical Warrant\n\nThe Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, then, are one God subsisting in three persons. ", "They share one essence (and, by implication, one will). ", "How then do we retain both of these biblically based affirmations? ", "The pro-Nicenes’ answer was EG/EP. ", "The distinction between Father and Son is not in authority or being, as the anti-Nicenes posited, but in the manner in which they subsist in the divine essence. ", "The Father, unbegotten, begets the Son eternally (without time; it doesn’t stop and it doesn’t start). ", "They saw that Scripture speaks of the Son being generated from the Father and the Spirit processing from the Father and the Son. ", "Since this is running long and will run longer I’ll focus on EG here; texts such as Proverbs 8 and John 5:26 were key. ", "Proverbs 8 has come under fire in recent scholarship as a text that does not teach EG, and, because EG is in many ways dependent upon Proverbs 8, therefore many reject EG based on this understanding of Proverbs 8. ", "I hope to have an essay out soon in an edited monograph on EG regarding precisely this text; in the meantime, I will simply say that the pro-Nicenes had much more compelling exegesis than we often given them credit. ", "For instance, they argued that the Son is God’s Wisdom, according to Paul in 1 Corinthians, and so it makes no sense for there to be another personified wisdom in Proverbs 8 that creates with the Father. ", "Proverbs 8, and particularly vv. ", "22 and 25, must be speaking of the Son (on this particular point, see Athanasius, “Against the Arians,” 2.5). ", "How do we account for Proverbs 8 and its language about the Son, then? ", "Well, for the pro-Nicenes, via EG on the one hand and the economy on the other. (", "This is admittedly a complicated issue; the early church disagreed on how exactly to interpret Proverbs 8. ", "They tended to agree, however, that some of it spoke to incarnation and some to eternal generation. ", "See, for instance, Athanasius, “Against the Arians,” 20-22; Nazianzen, “Third Theological Oration,” 13; Nyssan, “Against Eunomius,” I.22).", "\n\nFurther, even beyond these particular texts, they saw that the scriptural pattern of speaking about the relations of the first and second persons of the Trinity are inherently related to generation. “", "Father” and “Son” are relational terms. ", "If it means anything to be a son, it means to come from one’s father. ", "This pattern of biblical language informed the pro-Nicenes not only about the Son’s divine nature but also about the manner of his divinity. ", "Because he is the Father’s Son, his subsistence in the divine nature is communicated from the Father to the Son (Nazianzen, “Fifth Theological Oration,” 9). ", "This is a thoroughly biblical affirmation, not only in that it exegetes particular texts but also in that it pays attention to patterns of biblical language. ", "While this is not a thorough going defense of EG, I think it is enough to suggest that, rather than casting doubt upon EG, the biblical data actually provides us reason to affirm it, or at least pursue further understanding with a hermeneutic of trust rather than one of suspicion.", "\n\nAgainst Eternal Submission\n\nNow to my second aim: how does Yeago’s schema help us not just with defending EG but with defeating ERAS? ", "Here I would posit three lines of argument. ", "First, I’d say that many defenses of ERAS rely on a number of individual texts, exegeted individually. ", "So, the argument goes, John 6:38 says the Father sent the Son, 1 Cor. ", "11:3 says that God is the head of Christ, and 1 Cor. ", "15:28 says that the Son will submit his kingdom to the Father. ", "But a handful of texts does not a theological method make. ", "How are these texts speaking of the Son? ", "Is it in his humanity or his divinity? ", "This decision is not and cannot be made via the most rigorous exegetical method, if that method excludes canonical, narrative, and dogmatic considerations.", "\n\nParticularly important here is the pro-Nicenes’ economic understanding of Scripture; when a text speaks about the Son’s submission, it is talking about his incarnation. ", "The pattern they saw in this regard is made explicit in Phil. ", "2:5–11. ", "The Son, being in the form of God, did not count equality with God something to be clutched, and so took the form of a servant. ", "He became a servant in the incarnation, not before it (see Nazianzen, “Fourth Theological Oration,” 6). ", "In other words, the pattern of Scripture is to speak of the Son’s submission only with reference to his incarnation, and this pattern is made explicit in the narrative of Phil. ", "2:5-11. ", "Notice that Phil. ", "2 is not a prooftext for this notion of the economy of Scripture; rather, the whole of Scripture centers on the incarnation, and the life of the Son is spoken of in different terms with respect prior to and during or after the incarnation. ", "Phil. ", "2 provides the explicit verse for that pattern, but the pattern is noticeable in abundant other places in Scripture. ", "Thus to conclude that the texts cited in defense of ERAS – 1 Cor. ", "11:3; 1 Cor. ", "15:28, etc. – ", "are about anything other than the Son’s incarnation would be to go against this pattern. ", "Grudem concludes his less-than-two-page appendix, in which he casts doubt upon EG, the lynchpin of Nicene orthodoxy, by stating that while there is no biblical evidence to deny EG, there is also not much to support it either. ", "The shoe is actually on the other foot. ", "There is much biblical evidence to support EG, and very little, if any, to support ERAS.", "\n\nSecond, when we come to texts that seem to affirm ERAS, given, at the very least, the ambiguity surrounding those texts and whether they do in fact teach ERAS, we need to ask about the implications of such a view. ", "I’ve already written about this in a previous post so I’ll make this brief: ERAS seems to require three wills in the Godhead, for how can one person submit to another without two distinct wills? ", "This in turn questions the unity of God and his actions. ", "And so on and so forth. (", "Luke has also already addressed the will issue.) ", "Third, one must again ask about the patterns of biblical language. ", "Some ERAS proponents point toward Father/Son language as necessarily entailing submission. ", "But, as the pro-Nicenes noted, authority and submission is not always true of a Father/Son relationship. ", "The only aspect of that kind of relation that remains constant is generation. ", "Given the ambiguity surrounding a few select texts used to support ERAS, the implications of such a view, and the fact that the patterns of language do not support ERAS, it is hard to conclude that this view has biblical support. ", "I should add, as a final point, there are those who would argue for ERAS based not necessarily on any particular text but on the relationship between the ad extra and ad intra. ", "This post is already much too lengthy so I will have to articulate my argument about that in another post. ", "Suffice it to say that I think the statement “the missions follow but are not equal to the processions” answers this objection, effectively tying together ad extra and ad intra without conflating the two. ", "I will have more to say on this, and on what the pro-Nicenes had to say about the taxis, or ordering, among the persons of the Trinity in a later post.", "\n\nPost navigation\n\n24 thoughts on “A Biblical Case for Eternal Generation”\n\nWhat do you think of Swain and Allen’s treatment of John 5 in their article on the obedience of the eternal Son? ", "In particular, I would be curious as to what you think of their section in response to Calvin on the passage.", "\n\nWould an irreversible taxis that is expressed in the fittingness of the Son becoming incarnate be sufficient for the points complementarians want to make? ", "The Son eternally proceeds from the Father and not vice versa; the Son is sent from the Father and not vice versa. ", "Do complementarians need more than this? ", "I intend this as a genuine question.", "\n\nSorry, I was unclear. ", "I intended to wonder out loud whether complementarians could still appeal to the Trinity in some way with only ad intra processions and ad extra missions.", "\n\nIncidentally, on the will thing, I believe Swain and Allen suggest that just as the Son eternally proceeds from the Father so the manner in which the Son holds the one indivisible will with the Father (i.e. from the Father).", "\n\nFair enough, I have often wondered why complementarians need the immanent relations point to use 1 Cor 11:3. ", "It has seemed to me they could concede that God is the head of Christ is the consequence of incarnation but still make the point about complementarianism.", "\n\nThough if procession makes it fitting that it was the Son who was sent ( not vice versa) into an incarnate state where God is head, it seems to me that it can’t be completely a matter of economic vs. immanent. ", "In other words, even if God as head of Christ is not immanent, it is fitting–and that does say something about the immanent. ", "God as head of Christ is an incarnate expression of an immanent taxis, even if the two shouldn’t be identified strictly.", "\n\nMatt, again, I fear that you are presenting “Nicene Orthodoxy” as if it is monolithic. ", "I understand a blog is not a dissertation, and for the sake of brevity we are sometimes forced to be functionally-reductionistic. ", "However, as you are well-aware, the language of “cause” and “greater” was abandoned by post-Nicaean fathers because it wreaked of Subordinationism , and led to many instances of it after (e.g. Barth’s commentary on the Nicene Creed in Church Dogmatics). ", "Those, like Calvin, who struggled with the patristic proof texts utilized for the formulation of EG, did so on the grounds of fast and loose exegesis, and a host of “exegetical fallacies.” ", "Of course, Calvin was not alone in his reticence to affirm the patristic formula “God from God” (See Charles Hodge, A.A. Hodge, Warfield, Murray, Frame, Helm, and Oliphint). ", "If one wants to argue, as Basil did, that the doctrine of eternal generation is based on “reflections” on the biblical datum, then that is a seperate issue.", "\n\nMy pushback on EG, isn’t against the doctrine—as I find it most necessary and biblical—but on what one means when he or she affirms it. ", "And in my estimation, EG/P as a communication of essence is certainly unbiblical (even according to the biblical pattern). ", "Beza was wrong when he assumed that conferral of Personhood = communication of essence; and the majority of the Reformed followed suit. ", "If you ask me, as Ellis and Oliohint have consistently argued, many in the tradition who are concurrently arguing for autotheos and communication of essence want to have their cake and eat it to. ", "Hence all the confusion on Swain and Allen’s position in their essay on John 5. ", "They try to keep all the plates spinning by means of verbal fiat, but in my estimation, their position is wholly inconsistent.", "\n\nI am happy to substantiate my claims when I get to my computer if you would like (currently writing from my phone). ", "But I realize that the comment section of your blog isn’t exactly the best medium for a conversation like this; I just didn’t want to blowup your Twitter feed again 🙂 Blessings, brother.", "\n\nDave, you’re right – it is a blog. ", "That’s 2300 words on why EG is biblical, and I had to stop there. ", "There are almost innumerable related issues which I could have covered, among those being the issues you raise. ", "But as you noted, it’s a blog, not a dissertation.", "\n\nLet me clarify a bit further – my intention for this post was clearly stated – to use Yeago’s model and patristic sources to provide biblical justification for EG. ", "Your questions concern *how* EG happens and the implications for decisions made about the answer to that issue. ", "These are important questions, but not ones I intended to deal with in this particular post.", "\n\nIncidentally, Calvin, 1000 years later, is not the first to ask that question; the Fathers do as well, and provide what I consider satisfying answers. ", "But that’s for another post.", "\n\nMatt, I’m not sure that those who support eternal submission have constructed that idea based on a handful of proof-texts but instead would see those proof-texts as expressing a deeper underlying concept. ", "A concept that comes from the way the Father and the Son relate to each other.", "\n\nWhich then raises an interesting question, if we’re being strict about not having three seperate divine wills, having three seperate anything (persons, substances, relations etc) could be construed as problematic, so is there anything robust to distinguish Father from Son?", "\n\nHi Luke – I think the simplest way to put this is that the three persons of the one God are just that one God. ", "They share equally in the one divine essence by different modes of subsistence (persons). ", "Multiples of anything else would imply multiple essences. ", "So, say, three wills would imply three natures because wills pertain to natures. ", "Even if you don’t agree with that last bit, separate wills would still imply divided and multiplied action, rather than inseparable operation.", "\n\nLuke and I have both written a couple of posts this week if you scroll down on the main page.", "\n\nSo it seems to me that when father/son terminology is used in an analogical or metaphorical way that the generative aspect of that relationship is the first thing to go. ", "For example Joseph was “father to Pharaoh” (a relational rather than generative term). ", "Angels are called sons of God not because God created them (which is certainly true) but because they resemble God in specific ways. ", "The Davidic King was the son of God because he represented God as God’s King on earth. ", "The language in all of these cases is filial but other aspects of filiation are in view than generation (relationship, resemblance, representation). ", "So generation is actually not intrinsic to father/son language when that language is being used metaphorically or analogically." ]

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