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[
"Subscribe to this blog\n\nFollow by Email\n\nSearch This Blog\n\nSTRONY\n\nVionnet - part III\n\nMadeleine Vionnet worked for several Parisian couture houses before establishing her own in 1912. ",
"She closed her fashion house 2 years later and reopened it in 1918. ",
"In 1923, with the help of investor Theophile Bader (the owner of Galeries Lafayette), Vionnet opened a new, larger atelier, called \"Temple of Fashion\". ",
"A grande dame of 20th century couture was not only exceptional designer, but also a very smart businesswoman. ",
"At one point in time she had 1200 people working for her. ",
"Her fashion house was the first French couture house to open a subsidiary in New York in 1925. ",
"The same year British Vogue described Madeleine Vionnet as \"perhaps the greatest geometrician among all French couturiers\". \"",
"The architect among dressmakers\" paid a great attention to copyright laws that protected designers, she founded the first antipiracy organization. ",
"Since 1922 Vionnet's dresses had special order number, copy of her signature and facsimile of her fingerprint. ",
"Artist Ernesto Michahelles (known as Thayaht) was responsible for brand's logo and jewelry line.",
"\n\nMadeleine Vionnet was the first one to create a one-seam dress (Cristobal Balenciaga, who described her as his master and Azzedine Alaia, followed in her footsteps).",
"\n\n\"This was a designer who toiled endlessly to liberate women from buttons, zips, corsetry and show-off embellishment. ",
"Hers was the language of extreme sophistication, where decorative elements such as rose motifs and fringes, drapes and twists formed the structure of her much-coveted dresses rather than being mere appendages\". (",
"Harriet Quick)\n\nVionnet did not sketch or draw and instead draped fabric on 80 cm mannequin. \"",
"The final aim of our metier is to create dresses that make a harmonious body and a pleasing silhouette. ",
"It's about making beauty. ",
"That's what it's all about\", designer once said.",
"\n\nVionnet will go down in fashion history for being one of the first to adapt haute couture to ready-to-wear and introducing the bias cut. ",
"Even though many sources describe her as the inventor of the bias cut, it is not really true. ",
"But she was definitely the one, who made it popular. ",
"Vionnet would often cut the fabric diagonally in order to give the gowns stretchability and create figure-hugging silhouette, she made popular dresses that could be put over the head. ",
"Her understanding of fabric draping was excellent. ",
"Being a master of cut and proportion, she would create exquisitely cut feminine dresses that exuded easy glamour: \"I am more of a sculptor than a painter-more sensitive to form than color\".",
"\n\nA former costume designer, Betty Kirke, devoted 30 years to examine Vionnet's techniques and recreate patterns of several dresses. ",
"Kirke's fascination with Madeleine Vionnet started when she was working on an exhibition, where some of Vionnet's pieces were displayed: \"Upon examining more of her work, I saw clothing construction completely different from that of the other designers in the exhibition, all members of the French haute couture, and different from anything I had experienced as a garment designer and manufacturer. ",
"In each piece I discovered another way in which a garment could be put together, whether it was the shape of the pattern parts, the manipulation of the fabric for decoration and shaping, or the complete adherence to the principles of dressmaking. ",
"Everything was thought through to the smallest detail. ",
"Everything was precise\". ",
"Kirke wrote a great book about Vionnet.",
"\n\nMy name is Magdalena. ",
"I'm a personal shopper, stylist and fashion blogger. ",
"I love classics and elegance, timeless forms and cutting. ",
"My biggest inspiration are Audrey Hepburn, Grace Kelly and Jackie Onassis . ",
"I'm a huge fan of fifties in fashion. ",
"My blog is a place where you can find my inspirations, beautiful places which I visited and all these things which I loved . ",
"This is a small window of my lifestyle."
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[
"Occurrence of t(8;22)(q24.1;q11.2) involving the MYC locus in a case of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a precursor B cell immunophenotype.",
"\nThe authors describe a child with clinical presentation of acute leukemia and an immunophenotype consistent with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ",
"However, the lymphoblasts had atypical L3 features and the chromosome rearrangement t(8;22)(q24.1;q11.2) involving the MYC locus. ",
"The cytogenetic features in this patient were characteristic of mature B/Burkitt leukemia and led to modulation of therapy. ",
"This case highlights the need for timely cytogenetic and molecular studies in the diagnosis of acute leukemia."
] | {
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[
"/*******************************************************************************\n * Copyright (c) 2017, 2020 Eurotech and/or its affiliates and others\n *\n * All rights reserved. ",
"This program and the accompanying materials\n * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0\n * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at\n * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html\n *\n * Contributors:\n * Eurotech - initial API and implementation\n *******************************************************************************/\npackage org.eclipse.kapua.service.device.management.request.internal.message.request;\n\nimport org.eclipse.kapua.service.device.management.commons.message.request.",
"KapuaRequestChannelImpl;\nimport org.eclipse.kapua.service.device.management.request.message.request.",
"GenericRequestChannel;\n\npublic class GenericRequestChannelImpl extends KapuaRequestChannelImpl implements GenericRequestChannel {\n\n private String[] resources;\n\n @Override\n public String[] getResources() {\n return resources;\n }\n\n @Override\n public void setResources(String[] resources) {\n this.resources = resources;\n }\n}\n"
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[
"The closely-followed U.S. Senate race in Massachusetts between consumer advocate Elizabeth Warren and Republican Senator Scott Brown has been tight this year.",
"\n\nNow, Warren is seen as the clear favorite to win, according to the latest senate forecast from the New York Times' FiveThirtyEight blog.",
"\n\nFiveThirtyEight blogger Nate Silver's latest senate forecast shows that Warren has a 64% chance of winning versus the 36% chance for Republican Senator Scott Brown.",
"\n\nCheck it out below.",
"\n\nOf course, this is bad news for Wall Streeters who want Brown to pull off a win. ",
"Unlike Warren, Brown is seen as much more friendly toward Wall Street.",
"\n\nWarren, on the other hand, is a huge advocate for financial reform. ",
"She's the former head of the Congressional Oversight Panel for TARP and she also established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau."
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[
"// Copyright 2015 The Go Authors. ",
"All rights reserved.",
"\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.",
"\n\npackage google\n\nimport (\n\t\"crypto/rsa\"\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"time\"\n\n\t\"golang.org/x/oauth2\"\n\t\"golang.org/x/oauth2/internal\"\n\t\"golang.org/x/oauth2/jws\"\n)\n\n// JWTAccessTokenSourceFromJSON uses a Google Developers service account JSON\n// key file to read the credentials that authorize and authenticate the\n// requests, and returns a TokenSource that does not use any OAuth2 flow but\n// instead creates a JWT and sends that as the access token.",
"\n// The audience is typically a URL that specifies the scope of the credentials.",
"\n//\n// Note that this is not a standard OAuth flow, but rather an\n// optimization supported by a few Google services.",
"\n// Unless you know otherwise, you should use JWTConfigFromJSON instead.",
"\nfunc JWTAccessTokenSourceFromJSON(jsonKey []byte, audience string) (oauth2.TokenSource, error) {\n\tcfg, err := JWTConfigFromJSON(jsonKey)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"google: could not parse JSON key: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\tpk, err := internal.",
"ParseKey(cfg.",
"PrivateKey)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"google: could not parse key: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\tts := &jwtAccessTokenSource{\n\t\temail: cfg.",
"Email,\n\t\taudience: audience,\n\t\tpk: pk,\n\t\tpkID: cfg.",
"PrivateKeyID,\n\t}\n\ttok, err := ts.",
"Token()\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, err\n\t}\n\treturn oauth2.ReuseTokenSource(tok, ts), nil\n}\n\ntype jwtAccessTokenSource struct {\n\temail, audience string\n\tpk *rsa.",
"PrivateKey\n\tpkID string\n}\n\nfunc (ts *jwtAccessTokenSource) Token() (*oauth2.Token, error) {\n\tiat := time.",
"Now()\n\texp := iat.",
"Add(time.",
"Hour)\n\tcs := &jws.",
"ClaimSet{\n\t\tIss: ts.email,\n\t\tSub: ts.email,\n\t\tAud: ts.audience,\n\t\tIat: iat.",
"Unix(),\n\t\tExp: exp.",
"Unix(),\n\t}\n\thdr := &jws.",
"Header{\n\t\tAlgorithm: \"RS256\",\n\t\tTyp: \"JWT\",\n\t\tKeyID: string(ts.pkID),\n\t}\n\tmsg, err := jws.",
"Encode(hdr, cs, ts.pk)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"google: could not encode JWT: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn &oauth2.Token{AccessToken: msg, TokenType: \"Bearer\", Expiry: exp}, nil\n}\n"
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[
"I helgen passerte vi den magiske grensen på utrolige 50.000 medlemmer! ",
"Vi teller nå nøyaktig 50.075 betalende medlemmer. ",
"De siste 12 månedene har gitt en økning på 21,8%. ",
"Aldri før har en supporterklubb i Norge hatt så mange medlemmer!",
"\n\n\n\n12% av dem er kvinner.",
"\n\n\n\nDen eldste er en bestemor på 93 år. ",
"Den yngste er bare noen få dager gammel. ",
"Her til lands økte supporterklubbene for britisk fotball totalt med 12.085 medlemmer i fjor, viser en oversikt fra supporterunionen for britisk fotball. ",
"Hele 8.781 av disse meldte seg inn hos oss. ",
"Størst i Norge\n\nFor ett år siden hadde vi 93 færre medlemmer enn Manchester United. ",
"Nå har vi gått forbi vår rival med god margin og er for lengst den største supporterklubben i Norge. ",
"Kr 50.000 til An Hour For Others og 23 Foundation\n\nCHAMPIONS LEAGUE: Det har vært mye å juble for det siste året - ikke minst triumfen i Madrid for noen uker siden.",
"\n\nStolt og ydmyk\n\nFormann, Pål Chr Møller, sier i en kommentar at han er både stolt og ydmyk over den rekordstore interessen. – ",
"Det er mange faktorer som har slått til samtidig. ",
"Vi har hatt et ekstremt lojalt grunnfjell i Norge i mange tiår. ",
"Nå er troen på Liverpool tilbake for fullt etter den jobben karismatiske Jürgen Klopp har gjort på Anfield siden høsten 2015.",
"\n\n\n\n- Klopp, sportslig suksess, sterke profiler, en klubb som har funnet litt tilbake til seg selv, og også utvikling av supporterklubben og supporterkulturen, tror jeg er hovedfaktorene til suksessen. - ",
"Et historisk dykk i medlemstallene våre viser at høsten 2010, da Roy Hodgson var manager, klubben nesten konkurs og vi lå bare noen poeng over nedrykk, så økte medlemstallet vårt med ca 1000 medlemmer fra 1. ",
"august til 1. ",
"oktober. ",
"Vi lå da på drøyt 39.000 medlemmer. ",
"Grunnfjellet i medlemsmassen er med andre ord bunnsolid.",
"\n\n\n\nDe som ble fans på 1960-, 70- og 80-tallet, har vært flinke til å rekruttere kommende generasjoner inn i Liverpool-familien, avslutter Pål.",
"\n\nMEDLEMSBLAD: The Kopite trykkes i 25.000 ex åtte ganger i året og dyrker mer reportasjer, bakgrunnstoff og kulturen rundt klubben enn hjemmesiden Liverpool.no.",
"\n\n- Kan ikke få nok av Liverpool Daglig leder, Tore Hansen, bekrefter den store interessen for alt rundt klubben.",
"\n\n- I sesongen vi har lagt bak oss eksploderte egentlig alt. ",
"Folk kan egentlig ikke få nok av godt Liverpoolstoff! ",
"Vi ser av flere og flere leser det vi skriver om klubben digitalt eller på print. ",
"Vi satser også som aldri før på journalistikken, og har fra denne høsten gitt de som er medlemmer mer eksklusivt innhold også på nett - noe som også har bidratt til en gledelig medlemsvekst.",
"\n\n\n\n- Veksten gjør selvsagt at vi kan satse enda mer på å gi et enda bedre tilbud. ",
"Men jeg tror også at Liverpool nå vekker til live de følelsene vi som er litt eldre fikk for klubben som barn, og man ser nå stadig flere unger med Liverpool-drakt på fotballtrening eller på skolen, og det er selvsagt veldig gledelig for et rødt Liverpoolhjerte.",
"\n\n\n\n- På denne tiden i fjor satt vi å diskuterte om vi skulle starte opp egen podcast. ",
"På første sesong har vi hatt over 3 millioner avspillinger og har allerede utvidet med to ukentlige sendinger. ",
"Vår samarbeidspartner på reiser, Ving, solgte ut siste hjemmekamp på under fem minutter da terminlista kom for få dager siden.",
"\n\nPODCAST: Første sesong av podcasten har gitt over 3 millioner avspillinger. ",
"Det kan nesten ikke bli produsert nok Liverpoolstoff!"
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[
"Q:\n\nasp.net：正しい使い方\n\n最近asp.netプロジェクトに中途参加したのですが\nどうも基本的な処理でいろいろと問題が発生しています。",
"\nフレームワークを正しく使っていないのか、さもなくばMSが相変わらずクソなのか\n真実を知りたく達人のお知恵を授かりたいと思います。",
"\n以下現在自分が気になっている点です。",
"\n\nMVC\n\n現行MVCモデルになっておらず、各々別個のページ（.aspx）にアクセスしている。",
"\nそもそも.NETによるアプリケーションの基本構造のトレンドはMVCではないのか？",
"\n\nページ遷移\n\n現行ページ遷移はServer.",
"Transferで行っている。",
"\n従ってブラウザが認識するのは”前ページ”であるため（か）\nいろいろ”不都合”が生じ妙なパッチを当ててしのぐ必要がある。",
"\nそもそも.NETでは”ページ遷移”はどうするのが正しいのか？",
"\n\nログイン管理あるいはマルチセッション（？）",
"\n\nログインをASPのセッションで管理しているため、\n複数のウインドウで異なるログインでの使用はアプリケーション側ではできない。",
"\n「すでにログインしているサービスに、別なウインドウから別なアカウントで同時にログインして使いたい」\nというのはごくありふれたニーズだが、\nセッションでシンプルに管理していうとストレートに対応できない。",
"\nそもそも.NETでは”ログイン管理”はどうするのが正しいのか？",
"\n\nちなみに本プロジェクトは規模も歴史も長大なので、今更基本構造をどうこうはできませんが\n後学と好奇心のため、お手すきの達人がおられましたらご教授いただければ幸いです。",
"\nあるいはそこらへんを簡潔明快にまとめた記事があればご紹介ください。",
"\n\nA:\n\n現行MVCモデルになっておらず、各々別個のページ（.aspx）にアクセスしている。",
"\n そもそも.NETによるアプリケーションの基本構造のトレンドはMVCではないのか？",
"\n\n現在使用されているのはASP.NET Web Formsというフレームワークでこれは10年近く前の技術になります。現在の主力はASP.NET MVCで、クロスプラットフォームに再設計されたASP.NET Core MVCが開発段階にあります。",
"\n\n現行ページ遷移はServer.",
"Transferで行っている。",
"\n 従ってブラウザが認識するのは”前ページ”であるため（か）\n いろいろ”不都合”が生じ妙なパッチを当ててしのぐ必要がある。",
"\n そもそも.NETでは”ページ遷移”はどうするのが正しいのか？",
"\n\nこれはResponse.",
"Redirectを使用すべきです。",
"\n\nログインをASPのセッションで管理しているため、\n 複数のウインドウで異なるログインでの使用はアプリケーション側ではできない。",
"\n\nCookieの仕様に基づいたWebアプリケーションではごく一般的な動作だと思います。複数の状態を管理したいのであればクエリー文字列などでパラメーターを明示的に渡してやる必要があるかと思います。",
"\n\nA:\n\n「すでにログインしているサービスに、別なウインドウから別なアカウントで同時にログインして使いたい」 というのはごくありふれたニーズだが、\n セッションでシンプルに管理していうとストレートに対応できない。",
"\n\n質問とズレるのでオフトピですが…\n1つのブラウザでセッションが1つきりと言うのは一般的ですので、別アカウントで開きたいというニーズには、Chromeのユーザプロファイルを使い分けることで対応してもらってます。",
"\n\n"
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[
"If this is your first visit, you may have to register\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ",
"To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.",
"\n\ncamera settings\n\nHi,\nI have just received my NN3MKII, for setting I was going thru list of Camera Settings for Nodal Ninja on select Nikon Cameras I have found Nikon D-300 with some lenses, But the lens which I going to use is not in the list. ",
"I am have Nikon D-300 with Nikkor 12-24mm wide zoom, and Nikkor 24-120mm Hence pl. ",
"let me know which lens setting I should follow from the list or I have to find out my self.",
"\nThank & regards\nRMPANDIT\nPune, India"
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[
"If this is your first visit, be sure to\ncheck out the FAQ by clicking the\nlink above. ",
"You may have to register\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ",
"To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.",
"\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nThis whole deal is not at all surprising to me. ",
"Obama, in a single move, facilitated the release of 6 Muslims. ",
"Tell me again he's not a Muslim, working almost completely for the enemy of this country. ",
"Obama will continually show his true colors as he is more emboldened by time and hubrous.",
"\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nImpeach-Obama movement surges on Bergdahl deal\n\n'This is aiding and abetting the enemy'\n\nbyBob UnruhEmail | Archive Bob Unruh joined WND in 2006 after nearly three decades with the Associated Press, as well as several Upper Midwest newspapers, where he covered everything from legislative battles and sports to tornadoes and homicidal survivalists. ",
"He is also a photographer whose scenic work has been used commercially. ",
"The charge that President Obama has committed “high crimes and misdemeanors” and should be impeached because of the deal he arranged to set free five top Taliban leaders in exchange for an American soldier whose behavior is under investigation is gaining traction.",
"\nLots of traction.",
"\nIncluding a request from a former member of Congress, Allen West, to current House Speaker John Boehner and others “to draft articles of impeachment as no one is above the law in America.”",
"\n“I call upon the leadership of the U.S. House of Representatives; Speaker John Boehner, Majority Leader Eric Cantor, Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi to draft articles of impeachment,” West wrote Tuesday.",
"\nWest argues Obama signed into law only months ago the National Defense Authorization Act, which makes it a crime against the nation to offer or provide any material support to terror groups.",
"\nThe problem was explained by Fox News judicial analyst Andrew Napolitano, who supported West’s opinion.",
"\n“We have a federal statute which makes it a felony to provide material assistance to any terrorist organization. ",
"It could be money, maps, professional services, any asset whatsoever, include human assets,” he said.",
"\nNapolitano argues it is likely the five terrorist leaders will rejoin the campaign against the United States, which constitutes material support.",
"Just a day ago, Andrew McCarthy, the former federal prosecutor who brought the evidence that convicted perpetrators of the first Islamic terror bombing of New York’s World Trade Center, said Obama likely broke the federal law against supporting terror.",
"The definitive case for removing Barack Obama from office is presented in “Impeachable Offenses” by Aaron Klein and Brenda J. Elliott.",
"\nTransferring the five terrorists to Qatar in exchange for the release of Bergdahl “violates the law against material support to terrorism,” Andrew McCarthy told the the Daily Mail of London.",
"\nMcCarthy was assistant U.S. attorney in New York. ",
"He led the 1995 prosecution of Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman and nearly a dozen others charged with the bombing, which failed to bring down the towers but killed six and injured more than a thousand.",
"West wrote Tuesday that Obama used an Article 2 signing statement to deem unconstitutional a measure he had signed into law contained in the National Defense Authorization Act.",
"\n“The law stated that he must advise Congress within 30 days about any plans to transfer detainees from Gitmo,” West wrote. “",
"Obama basically stated that this was ‘unconstitutional’ and that his unilateral action fell within his purview. ",
"Once again Obama used selective discretion as to what law he feels he must adhere to — in this case it has severe ramifications for our national security.”",
"\nHe said the five Guantanamo Bay detainees “were senior Taliban officials, basically members of Mullah Omar’s inner circle.”",
"\n“This is aiding and abetting the enemy, which goes along with the collusion of this administration with Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated organizations and supplying weapons and arms to Islamists,” West wrote. “",
"Obama just released the leadership of a terrorist organization, and what did we get in return? ",
"A deserter, who by his own self-proclamation harbors anti-American sentiments – which it seems that Susan Rice, our esteemed national security adviser, didn’t even realize his heinous actions – or maybe as usual she just lied about it again.",
"\n“Ladies and gentlemen, I submit that Barack Hussein Obama’s unilateral negotiations with terrorists and the ensuing release of their key leadership without consult – mandated by law – with the U.S. Congress represents high crimes and misdemeanors, an impeachable offense.”",
"\n\nNapolitano said it’s clear Obama did “the very thing that government is prohibited from doing under federal law.”",
"\nThe action, Napolitano said, “defies” Obama’s oath of office, which is to “faithfully” enforce federal law.",
"\n“He may very have committed a federal crime by giving material assistance to a terror organization,” he said.",
"\nImpeachment, he said, is “a very, very valid argument.",
"”Roll Call reported the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee also joined the conversation.",
"\n“My perception is he broke the law by not informing Congress 30 days before,” Rep. Howard “Buck” McKeon, R-Calif., said in an appearance on MSNBC.",
"\nMcKeon was referring to a 2013 law that requires the administration to notify Congress before detainees from the detention camp are released.",
"\n“We will be holding hearings. ",
"I’m sorry that this is being portrayed as a Republican issue. ",
"Democrats also voted for this law. ",
"It was important for our national security,” he said.",
"\nMcKeon noted the law passed overwhelmingly in both chambers of Congress and the president signed it.",
"\n“And although he said now he had a disclaimer along with it that he apparently didn’t support the law, he did sign it,” the congressman said.",
"WND’s report Monday explained that McCarthy differed slightly. ",
"He said Obama’s actions in releasing the five terrorists were not impeachable based on not notifying Congress, because he said that law itself was flawed.",
"\nBut the law, he said, specifically forbids any “material support to terrorism.” ",
"And he said the president actions likely violated that provision.",
"\n“And because high crimes and misdemeanors (the offenses cited in the Constitution as reason for impeachment) are not statutory offenses but political wrongs that endanger the United States, the return of senior terrorists to the Taliban while we still have soldiers in harm’s way is, in my view, a ‘high crime and misdemeanor,’” McCarthy told the Mail.",
"\nA book also has made a case for impeaching Obama. “",
"Impeachable Offenses,” by Aaron Klein and Brenda J. Elliott, has been called a blueprint for impeaching Obama, outlining the high crimes, misdemeanors, bribery and other offenses committed against the U.S. Constitution.",
"The Daily Mail itself called “Impeachable Offenses” “explosive,” saying the book contains a “systematic connect-the-dots exercise that the president’s defenders will find troublesome.”",
"\nAmong the offenses enumerated in the book before the Bergdahl deal erupted:\n\nObamacare not only is unconstitutional but illegally bypasses Congress, infringes on states’ rights and marking an unprecedented and unauthorized expansion of IRS power.",
"\n\nThe Obama administration recklessly endangered the public by releasing from prison criminal illegal aliens at a rate far beyond what is publicly known.",
"\n\nThe president’s personal role in the Sept. 11, 2012, Benghazi attack, with new evidence regarding what was transpiring at the U.S. mission prior to the assault – arguably impeachable activities in and of themselves.",
"\n\nIllicit edicts on gun control in addition to the deadly “Fast and Furious” gun-running operation intended, the book shows, to collect fraudulent gun data.",
"\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nA celebration in Bowe Bergdahl's hometown of Hailey, Idaho, planned for later this month has been cancelled in the wake of a firestorm of controversy over how the Army sergeant wound up as a Taliban captive.",
"\n\nThe event on June 28 was already planned as the second annual \"Bring Back Bowe\" rally even before the news broke on Saturday that Bergdahl had been released in a prisoner swap for five Taliban commanders. ",
"The event was changed to a \"Welcome Home, Bowe\" rally — Bergdahl wasn't expected to attend since he will likely still be recovering.",
"\n\nA release from the City of Hailey on Wednesday said the \"community members who worked during March and April of this year to organize their annual Bring Bowe Back event in Hailey have asked to cancel the event.\"",
"\n\nTown officials on Tuesday told NBC News that they had been deluged with hateful calls from people who don't think Bergdahl should be celebrated as a hero.",
"\n\nIn the Wednesday statement, the town said they had received about \"100 correspondences\" per day on the issue, both positive and negative.",
"\n\nHailey officials say they aren't cancelling because of any threat, but because of the numbers of people that might have turned up.",
"\n\n\"The organizers and Hailey expect a significant increase in attendance to this event, by people who both want to support or protest against it,\" they said. \"",
"In the interest of public safety, the event will be cancelled. ",
"Hailey, a town of 8,000, does not have the infrastructure to support an event of the size this could become.\"",
"\n\nLee Ann Ferris, a next-door neighbor of the Bergdahls, said she wasn't surprised by the cancellation, but noted the community still supports the family and wants to hear Bowe’s story when he’s ready.",
"\n\n\"He deserves his say, there’s a lot to come out on his side — we can’t judge him and lynch him in one day,” Ferris told NBC News. \"",
"It’s been very shocking, I think, how vicious the attacks have been. ",
"We knew there would be a little bit but I was shocked at just how much.",
"\n\n\"They’re really good people,\" she said of the Bergdahls. \"",
"They have good hearts, Bowe has a good heart, and something’s going to come out to exonerate him I believe.\"",
"\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nThe president and Ms. Rice seem to think that the crime of desertion in wartime is kind of like skipping class.",
"\n\nJune 3, 2014\nBy Col. ",
"Ralph Peters\n\nCongratulations, Mr. President! ",
"And identical congrats to your sorcerer’s apprentice, National Security Adviser Susan Rice. ",
"By trying to sell him as an American hero, you’ve turned a deserter already despised by soldiers in the know into quite possibly the most-hated individual soldier in the history of our military.",
"\n\nI have never witnessed such outrage from our troops.",
"\n\nExhibit A: Ms. Rice. ",
"In one of the most tone-deaf statements in White House history (we’re making a lot of history here), the national-security advisor, on a Sunday talk show, described Bergdahl as having served “with honor and distinction.” ",
"Those serving in uniform and those of us who served previously were already stirred up, but that jaw-dropper drove us into jihad mode.",
"\n\nBut pity Ms. Rice. ",
"Like the president she serves, she’s a victim of her class. ",
"Nobody in the inner circle of Team Obama has served in uniform. ",
"It shows. ",
"That bit about serving with “honor and distinction” is the sort of perfunctory catch-phrase politicians briefly don as electoral armor. (“",
"At this point in your speech, ma’am, devote one sentence to how much you honor the troops.”)",
"\n\nI actually believe that Ms. Rice was kind of sincere, in her spectacularly oblivious way. ",
"In the best Manchurian Candidate manner, she said what she had been programmed to say by her political culture, then she was blindsided by the firestorm she ignited by scratching two flinty words together. ",
"At least she didn’t blame Bergdahl’s desertion on a video.",
"\n\nThe president, too, appears stunned. ",
"He has so little understanding of (or interest in) the values and traditions of our troops that he and his advisers really believed that those in uniform would erupt into public joy at the news of Bergdahl’s release — as D.C. frat kids did when Osama bin Laden’s death was trumpeted.",
"\n\nBoth President Obama and Ms. Rice seem to think that the crime of desertion in wartime is kind of like skipping class. ",
"They have no idea of how great a sin desertion in the face of the enemy is to those in our military. ",
"The only worse sin is to side actively with the enemy and kill your brothers in arms. ",
"This is not sleeping in on Monday morning and ducking Gender Studies 101.",
"\n\nBut compassion, please! ",
"The president and all the president’s men and women are not alone. ",
"Our media elite — where it’s a rare bird who bothered to serve in uniform — instantly became experts on military justice. ",
"Of earnest mien and blithe assumption, one talking head after another announced that “we always try to rescue our troops, even deserters.”",
"\n\nUh, no. “",
"Save the deserter” is a recent battle cry of the politically indoctrinated brass. ",
"For much of our history, we did make some efforts to track down deserters in wartime. ",
"Then we shot or hanged them. ",
"Or, if we were in good spirits, we merely used a branding iron to burn a large D into their cheeks or foreheads. ",
"Even as we grew more enlightened, desertion brought serious time in a military prison. ",
"At hard labor.",
"\n\nThis is a fundamental culture clash. ",
"Team Obama and its base cannot comprehend the values still cherished by those young Americans “so dumb” they joined the Army instead of going to prep school and then to Harvard. ",
"Values such as duty, honor, country, physical courage, and loyalty to your brothers and sisters in arms have no place in Obama World. (",
"Military people don’t necessarily all like each other, but they know they can depend on each other in battle — the sacred trust Bergdahl violated.)",
"\n\nPresident Obama did this to himself (and to Bergdahl). ",
"This beautifully educated man, who never tires of letting us know how much smarter he is than the rest of us, never stopped to consider that our troops and their families might have been offended by their commander-in-chief staging a love-fest at the White House to celebrate trading five top terrorists for one deserter and featuring not the families of those soldiers (at least six of them) who died in the efforts to find and free Bergdahl, but, instead, giving a starring role on the international stage to Pa Taliban, parent of a deserter and a creature of dubious sympathies (that beard on pops ain’t a tribute to ZZ Top). ",
"How do you say “outrageous insult to our vets” in Pashto?",
"\n\nNor, during the recent VA scandal, had the president troubled himself to host the families of survivors of those vets who died awaiting care. ",
"No, the warmest attention our president has ever paid to a “military family” was to Mr. and Mrs. Bergdahl.",
"\n\n(I will refrain from criticism of the bumptious attempts to cool the flames of this political conflagration by Secretary Hagel: I never pick on the weak.)",
"\n\nWhat is to be done? ",
"Behind the outrage triggered by Team Obama’s combination of cynicism and obliviousness (Bergdahl was so ill we had to set those terrorists free immediately, without notifying Congress, but now he’s chugging power shakes in a military hospital . . . ",
"and all this just happened to come at the peak of the VA scandal . . . ), ",
"military members don’t really want to lynch Bergdahl. ",
"But they want justice.",
"\n\nOur military leaders need to rediscover their moral courage and honor our traditions, our regulations, and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. ",
"We need a fresh, unprejudiced 15-6 investigation (the military equivalent of a grand jury). ",
"We already know, as the military has known since the first 24 hours after Bergdahl abandoned his post, that sufficient evidence exists for a court-martial, but it’s important to do this by the numbers.",
"\n\nIt’s hard to believe that the resulting court-martial would not find Bergdahl guilty of desertion (although there will be heavy White House pressure to reduce the charge to Absent Without Leave, or AWOL, status, a lesser offense). ",
"If he is convicted, I for one do not want him to go to prison. ",
"I’m sure he’s paid and paid for betraying his comrades, quite possibly suffering brutal sexual violence. ",
"But if he is found guilty, he needs to be formally reduced to the rank of private, stripped of all privileges and entitlements (the taxpayer should not pay for a deserter’s lifelong health care — Bergdahl’s book and film deals can cover that), and he should be given the appropriate prison sentence, which would then be commuted by the president. ",
"Thereafter, let Mr. Bergdahl go home and live with himself.",
"\n\nAs for President Obama, how about just one word of thanks to the families of those fallen soldiers you sent out to find Bowe Bergdahl?",
"\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nIn an appearance on Fox & Friends on Wednesday, retired Army Spc. ",
"Josh Fuller, a soldier who served with Sgt. ",
"Bowe Bergdahl since 2008, said that the military informed him and other soldiers that the “narrative” they should maintain is that Bergdahl was captured by the Taliban rather than that he intentionally left his base. ",
"When asked if he believed he was told not to “tell the truth” about Bergdahl by military authorities, Fuller said that he did.",
"\n\n“The sentiment that everybody knew was that he walked off the base in the middle of the night, left all his gear there, and went – just walked off the post,” Fuller said. “",
"So, we had all known that it was — that he had deserted his post, and there was never anything about him getting captured or POW until a little while later whenever it came down from the chain of command that we needed to keep quiet and not say anything.”",
"\n\n“We’re going with the narrative that he was captured,” Fuller said of the military’s position on Bergdahl’s alleged desertion.",
"\n\n“So, they basically told you not to tell the truth,” Fox host Brian Kilmeade said.",
"\n\n“Yes, sir,” Fuller replied.",
"\n\nFuller concluded by corroborating the claims of Bergdahl’s former team leader, Sgt. ",
"Evan Buetow, who told CNN on Tuesday that the Taliban’s attacks became more directed after Bergdahl was captured.",
"\n\n“The ambushes we use, the certain tactics we use, the Taliban was picking up on those things,” Fuller said. “",
"You could tell it was from somebody on the inside that had that info.”",
"\n\nA few weeks after his so-called “capture” in late June 2009, three conflicting accounts had surfaced: U.S. officials told the Associated Press Bergdahl had “walked off” the base with three Afghans; the Taliban claimed on its website that “a drunken American soldier had come out of his garrison” and into their arms; and Bergdahl claimed in his Taliban “hostage video” that he had “lagged behind a patrol” before being captured.",
"\n\nI asked on my blog: Were the AP’s sources mistaken? ",
"Or is the disturbing first account the right one? ",
"What about the “three Afghans” who Pfc. ",
"Bergdahl reportedly “just walked off” with after his shift? ",
"Who are they? ",
"What’s going on?",
"\n\nFive years ago, one of the brave soldiers who risked his life to search for Bergdahl answered my questions and I published his statement on July 20, 2009:\n\n“I know the story and the accounts that he was drunk or that he was lagging behind on patrol are not true– this soldier planned this move for a long time. ",
"He walked off the post with a day’s supply of water and had written down before that he wanted to live in the mountains…he is an embarrassment to everyone who has worn the uniform.”",
"\n\nAfter news broke this weekend of President Obama’s trade of 5 high-level Taliban commanders at Gitmo for Bergdahl’s “freedom,” I heard from another soldier who served on the search team.",
"\n\n“Many of my brothers died because of PFC Bergdahl’s actions, and this has been a very hard day for all Geronimos,” he told me after documenting his proof of service. ",
"Other journalists ignored his attempts to get the truth out.",
"\n\nMy source still holds a highly sensitive position, so you won’t see him all over the cable news shows. ",
"But he wants all of you to know the hell he and his comrades have been reliving:\n\n“I was assigned to 1st Platoon of Blackfoot Company,” based out of Forward Operating Base (FOB) Salerno in Khost, Afghanistan, he said. “",
"Bowe’s platoon was assigned to conduct security and stability operations out of FOB Sharana and other locations in Paktika. ",
"The untold background that led to Bowe’s situation involves an article and pictures published by Guardian reporter Sean Smith.” ",
"One of the battalion leaders punished soldiers, including Bergdahl (who had been photographed snoozing in his armored vehicle), with extra guard duty assignments for conducting operations in an unprofessional manner at Outpost MEST (OP MEST).",
"\n\n“PFC Bergdahl was already disenchanted with the war effort,” my source said, “and I think the extra duty was the last straw for him.” ",
"On the morning of June 30, 2009, “PFC Bergdahl completed a guard shift, removed his equipment, weapon and sensitive items, and left OP MEST with several Afghan security forces personnel. ",
"He took a compass, a couple bottles of water and two knives and his journal. ",
"His exact intentions may never be known, but he willingly walked off OP MEST and was secured by enemy forces not long after.”",
"\n\nMy source, who had been up the previous night on a separate raid, was “shaken awake” on the afternoon Bergdahl disappeared. “",
"We were told there was a DUSTWUN (Duty Status Whereabouts Unknown), and to pack for a 3 hour assault. ",
"We received a brief that PFC Bergdahl was missing, and we were going to get him…Sometime after dark we boarded CH-47′s to assault an objective thought to contain PFC Bergdahl. ",
"We never made it to the landing zone as the helicopters took very heavy fire on approach to the objective and had to divert.”",
"\n\nThe soldier’s Focused Targeting Force (FTF) platoon was not told that it was being diverted to OP MEST. ",
"When they landed, he said, “We thought we were in enemy territory, so I recall my friends and I screaming ‘Vehicles’ and preparing to engage with the LAW and SMAW-D rockets we carried. ",
"We soon realized the lights were from RG-31 and Maxpro MRAPs, friendly vehicles, and de-escalated the situation. ",
"The CH-47′s had dropped us off at OP MEST and did not relay that information.”",
"\n\nWith that near-disaster over, the soldier recounted: “We averaged 18-22 kilometers a day on foot, clearing house to house, room to room looking for PFC Bergdahl…We even went as far as rappelling down wells and crawling through tunnels to look for him.” ",
"The standard procedure for re-capturing PFC Bergdahl was not “normal,” the soldier noted. “",
"He was very good with knives, and trained to throw and fight hand-to-hand with knives. ",
"We did not know the mental state of PFC Bergdahl at the time. ",
"All we knew was he left on his own, he caused us lots of hardship, and if we entered a room and saw him we would put him down because he could attack us.”",
"\n\nOn the morning of July 4th, 2009, the soldier recalled, “we assaulted several objectives looking for PFC Bergdahl…We executed the mission without incident, and were waiting to be exfiltrated. ",
"Our aircraft were in sight when they turned and flew in the opposite direction. ",
"At the time we did not know why, but we were stranded. ",
"The enemy took advantage of PFC Bergdahl’s capture and attacked numerous outposts that morning.”",
"\n\n“Combat Outpost Zerok was almost overrun, multiple soldiers were wounded and PFCs Justin Casillas and Aaron Fairbairn lost their lives fighting that day,” the soldier told me. (",
"I wrote about their deaths in my July 8, 2009 column, not knowing they were related to the Bergdahl mess.) ",
"My source continued: “We learned later that our exfiltration aircraft were diverted to support COP Zerok, and that the situation there was so dire that at one point there were two Apache gunships on station that went winchester, meaning they expended all ordinance and ammunition, but they would not abandon the soldiers still fighting so they resorted to low level unarmed passes to distract the enemy. ",
"PFC Bergdahl’s actions undoubtedly caused these events. ",
"We spent the remainder of Independence Day walking in the desert…waiting for aircraft that did not come for many, many hours.”",
"\n\nHe added that PFCs Casillas and Fairbairn were part of his “sister battalion, 3rd Battalion 509th Infantry (Airborne). ",
"That is an Independence Day I will never forget for sure. ",
"It is certain that enemy forces took full advantage of our vulnerabilities caused by DUSTWUN recovery operations. ",
"Combat Outpost Zerok was just one of several small outposts attacked that day while 4-25(A) was spread very thin searching for PFC Bergdahl. ",
"There is no doubt his actions led to these coordinated attacks, and without his desertion PFCs Casillas and Fairbairn would not have given their lives that day.”",
"\n\nThe soldier continued: “A few days later we (FTF) conducted a daylight raid on some tents looking for PFC Bergdahl. ",
"We took heavy small arms and RPG fire on approach and ran off the CH-47s in contact. ",
"Our entire element engaged the enemy, who turned out to be a Taliban shadow governor and his bodyguards…Multiple people died that day…All of this happened because PFC Bergdahl got tired of playing soldier. ",
"The remainder of that deployment was focused on recovery efforts. ",
"Countless members of the brigade were wounded and we lost good friends, among them PFC Matthew Martinek and 2LT Darryn Andrews. ",
"I have no doubt these great men would be alive if PFC Bergdahl did not leave.”",
"\n\nMy source did not mince words: “The fact that our government negotiated with terrorists and our enemy is incomprehensible. ",
"The fact that they exchanged five war criminals for a traitor is sickening. ",
"The worst part for those of us that suffered through that time is that PFC Bergdahl is being hailed as some kind of hero. ",
"He was automatically promoted to Specialist and Sergeant, ranks he does not deserve and did not earn. ",
"I have no doubt he will receive back pay for these past five years, a substantial sum. ",
"There will be book deals, and his family are celebrities. ",
"I am glad he is safe, and happy for his family, but he should return home to face a court martial.”",
"\n\nAre you listening, Capitol Hill and America? ",
"The Bowe Bergdahl mess isn’t just a story about one deserter, but two. ",
"There’s the muddle-headed lowlife who left his post and brothers behind. ",
"And there’s the corrupt commander-in-chief who has jeopardized more American soldiers’ lives to “rescue” Bergdahl by bowing to the Taliban, while snubbing the surviving heroes and at least 8 dead American soldiers who lost their lives because of him.",
"\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nThis morning on WMALs “Morning on the Mall” radio show with hosts Brian and Larry I was asked a simple question relating to the Taliban prisoner release and impeachment of the president. ",
"I responded yes that in this current case, the U.S. House of Representatives should file articles of impeachment against Barack Hussein Obama.",
"\n\nNow before all the detractors go apoplectic here, let me tell you about Article 2 signing statements, their intent, purpose, history, and usage, and the implications for the president’s impeachment.",
"\n\nPresident Obama used an Article 2 signing statement to deem unconstitutional a measure HE had signed into law contained in the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). ",
"The law stated that he must advise Congress within 30 days about any plans to transfer detainees from GITMO. ",
"Obama basically stated that this was “unconstitutional” and that his unilateral action fell within his purview. ",
"Once again Obama used selective discretion as to what law he feels he must adhere to — in this case it has severe ramifications for our national security.",
"\n\nWhy would the United States acquiesce to the demands of a non-state, non-uniform terrorist organization — the Taliban? ",
"The Taliban is our enemy and it is not a nation-state with whom we should enter into negotiations. ",
"There are some 141 detainees at GITMO. ",
"The five released were senior Taliban officials, basically members of Mullah Omar’s inner circle. ",
"If we wanted to release detainees in exchange for Bergdahl, there were many others to choose from. ",
"Why these?",
"\n\nThe rate of recidivism for GITMO released detainees has gone from 1 in 6 to 1 in 3 — and why would we think a one-year travel ban out of Qatar will be respected, or even make a difference with today’s modern communications technology? ",
"Even Obama has now stated they may just return to terrorist activity.",
"\n\nObama’s breaking of the law in this case presents serious national security concerns — for all Americans. ",
"This is aiding and abetting the enemy, which goes along with the collusion of this administration with Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated organizations and supplying weapons and arms to Islamists.",
"\n\nObama just released the leadership of a terrorist organization, and what did we get in return? ",
"A deserter, who by his own self-proclamation harbors anti-American sentiments — which it seems that Susan Rice, our esteemed National Security Advisor, didn’t even realize his heinous actions — or maybe as usual she just lied about it again. ",
"Bergdahl served the United States with honor and distinction? ",
"Let’s not send Susan Rice out ever again.",
"\n\nTo hear Obama state that “no American should be left behind” — has he forgotten about Benghazi and Marine SGT Tahmooressi? ",
"How about leaving behind American veterans to die?",
"\n\nLadies and gentlemen, I submit that Barack Hussein Obama’s unilateral negotiations with terrorists and the ensuing release of their key leadership without consult — mandated by law — with the U.S. Congress represents high crimes and misdemeanors, an impeachable offense.",
"\n\nSo I call upon the leadership of the U.S. House of Representatives; Speaker John Boehner, Majority Leader Eric Cantor, Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi to draft articles of impeachment as no one is above the law in America. ",
"The failure to do so speaks volumes.",
"\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nWhite House aides have accused members of Army Sgt. ",
"Bowe Bergdahl's unit of “swift-boating” the 28-year-old Idahoan for claiming that he deserted his post in Afghanistan nearly five years ago, MSNBC's Chuck Todd reported.",
"\n\n\"I've had a few aides describe it to me as 'we didn't know that they were going to swift-boat Bergdahl,'\" Todd said Wednesday.",
"\n\nThe term \"swift-boating\" comes from 2004 when members of then-Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry's Swift Boat unit came forward during the election to accuse him of misleading American voters about his service in Vietnam.",
"\n\nMembers of the press and Democratic operatives claimed at the time that the effort to discredit Kerry’s military service was nothing more than a shadowy conspiracy and later dubbed the effort “swift-boating.”",
"\n\n“So there’s some fighting words there,” Todd said.",
"\n\nTodd later confirmed on Twitter that White House aides did indeed use the term “swift boat:\"\n\nNational security adviser Susan Rice and other White House officials have praised Bergdahl's service since Saturday's announcement of his release from captivity, but the Army is investigating the circumstances and he may yet face charges stemming from his actions.",
"\n\n1) To what end would they be \"Swift-Boating\" Begdhal? ",
"He's not running for office or anything...\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nOliver North: I Know A Ransom Of Five To Six Million Was Paid To Free Bergdahi\n\nShare This: Print\n\non Breitbart TV 3 Jun 2014 post a comment\nTuesday on NewsMax TV, former U.S. Marine Corps Lt. ",
"Col. ",
"Oliver North said U.S. Army Sgt. ",
"Bowe Bergdahl was not a prisoner of war because he was actually being held \"hostage\" by the Haqqanis, a terrorist group separate from the Taliban and associated heavily with al Qaeda.",
"\n\nNorth said he knew there was at least a $1 million dollar ransom being demanded for Bergdahl some time ago so he estimated the price paid to release the hostage must be close to $5-6 million now.",
"\n\n\"Someone paid a ransom,\" North said. \"",
"Whether the Qataries paid it, or some big oil sheik, or somebody used our petrodollars, but there was a ransom paid in cash for each one of them, my guess somewhere in the round numbers of $5 or 6 million to get Bergdahl freed. ",
"I know that the offer that was on the table before was close to a million.\"",
"\n\nTo view links or images in signatures your post count must be 15 or greater. ",
"You currently have 0 posts.",
"\n\nNikita Khrushchev:\"We will bury you\"\n\"Your grandchildren will live under communism.\"",
"\n“You Americans are so gullible.",
"\nNo, you won’t accept To view links or images in signatures your post count must be 15 or greater. ",
"You currently have 0 posts. ",
"outright, but we’ll keep feeding you small doses of To view links or images in signatures your post count must be 15 or greater. ",
"You currently have 0 posts. ",
"until you’ll finally wake up and find you already have communism.",
"\n\nTo view links or images in signatures your post count must be 15 or greater. ",
"You currently have 0 posts..\"\nWe’ll so weaken your To view links or images in signatures your post count must be 15 or greater. ",
"You currently have 0 posts. ",
"until you’ll To view links or images in signatures your post count must be 15 or greater. ",
"You currently have 0 posts.like overripe fruit into our hands.\"",
"\n\nSgt. ",
"Bowe Bergdahl, sits in a vehicle guarded by the Taliban in eastern Afghanistan. ",
"Bergdahl was freed by the Taliban on May 31, in exchange for five Afghan detainees held in the US prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. ",
"Two American values, never leave a man behind and never negotiate with terrorists, collided in the Bergdahl calamity with each ethos running deep in the American conscience.",
"\nVoice Of Jihad Website via AP\n\nThe Obama administration only finalized the exchange of the last remaining U.S. prisoner of war in Afghanistan for five Taliban detainees at Guantanamo a day before the June 1 swap, a top Democratic lawmaker said Tuesday. ",
"He said American officials didn't learn the pickup location Sgt. ",
"Bowe Bergdahl until an hour ahead of time.",
"\nRelated stories\n\nSubscribe Today to the MonitorClick Here for your FREE 30 DAYS of\nThe Christian Science Monitor\nWeekly Digital Edition\n\nSen. Dick Durbin of Illinois, the No. ",
"2-ranked Democrat, presented the timeline as an explanation for why President Barack Obama didn't inform Congress 30 days before the deal. ",
"Republicans and some Democrats have sharply criticized the president for failing to notify them and claim he broke the law. ",
"Obama says he acted legally.",
"\n\"They knew a day ahead of time the transfer was going to take place,\" Durbin told reporters in the Capitol, where military officials briefed the Senate Armed Services Committee behind closed doors. \"",
"They knew an hour ahead of time where it was going to take place.\"",
"\nRECOMMENDED: Quiz: How much do you know about terrorism?",
"\n\nHis remarks came as a House panel overwhelmingly backed a measure barring U.S. funds for the transfer of detainees from the prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, amid the congressional outcry over the swap.",
"\nOn a bipartisan 33-13 vote, the Appropriations Committee added the provision to a $570 billion defense spending bill that blocks money if the administration fails to notify Congress within 30 days of a transfer from Guantanamo as required by law.",
"\nThe administration exchanged Bergdahl, who had been held captive by the Taliban for five years, for five Taliban officials who had been at Guantanamo for more than a decade. ",
"The five were sent to Qatar where they are to remain for a year.",
"\n\"The violation of trust between the department and Congress to use funds in violation of current law cannot be easily overlooked,\" Rep. Rodney Frelinghuysen, R-N.J., chairman of the defense subcommittee, said in a description of the amendment.",
"\nThe measure also bars 85 percent of the money in the account for overseas conflicts until the defense secretary reassures Congress that no money will be spent to violate current law requiring congressional notification.",
"\nThe measure captured the congressional anger among Republicans and many Democrats over Obama's failure to notify lawmakers in advance about the exchange. ",
"Particularly galling for lawmakers was one detail that emerged in the closed-door briefing Monday night with administration officials — 80-90 members of the government knew of the swap in advance but not a single member of Congress.",
"\nRECOMMENDED: Quiz: How much do you know about terrorism?",
"\n\nRep. Hal Rogers, R-Ky., chairman of the Appropriations panel, said the administration went ahead with no respect for the law and the Congress \"and now sort of waving a thumb at us.\"",
"\nThe full House is expected to debate the defense bill next week.",
"\n\nLibertatem Prius!",
"\n\nTo view links or images in signatures your post count must be 15 or greater. ",
"You currently have 0 posts.",
"\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nAs the Army continues to investigate whether Sgt. ",
"Bowe Bergdahl is guilty of deserting his unit, this afternoon they said there is no reason to believe that Bergdahl engaged in any misconduct during his five years in captivity.",
"\n\nIn fact, that's all that the Army said:\n\nWe have no reason to believe that he engaged in any misconduct.\"",
"\n\nBergdahl electrified the national discourse last month after he was freed in a prisoner swap involving five members of the Taliban held at Guantanamo Bay. ",
"As charges against his character emerged, the narrative quickly shifted from Bergdahl as POW to Bergdahl as despicable deserter, unworthy bargaining chip, unwitting endangerer of America, and worse.",
"\n\nHere's what else we're learning about Bergdahl:\n\n-- For now, he's on full Army pay, including $200,000 during his time in captivity, all of which he may ultimately have to return.",
"\n\nHe is currently in an outpatient facility in Texas. ",
"The Army investigation is expected to conclude in mid-August. ",
"If charged with desertion, Bergdahl could face court-martial, prison, and even the death penalty.",
"\n\nSo possibly training jihadis in tactics and vulnerabilities and, going on patrol with them armed with an AK is no big deal.",
"\n\nDoubting anything becomes of the desertion \"investigation\".",
"\n\nWe can't have Dear Leader appearing in a negative light because of the swap.",
"\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nhehehehe Most people have had their eyes and ears closed MMCO. ",
"No one is paying attention to this, unless they have a family member in the military or were military. ",
"Government officials? \"",
"Who's Bergdahl?\"",
"\n\nLibertatem Prius!",
"\n\nTo view links or images in signatures your post count must be 15 or greater. ",
"You currently have 0 posts.",
"\n\nU.S. soldier Bowe Bergdahl, who was held captive by the Taliban for five years, appeared smiling alongside a commander from the militant Haqqani network in a photo posted on a Twitter account by a supporter of the Afghan Taliban.",
"\n\nOn Friday, the Taliban confirmed the photo had been taken with them while Bergdahl was in captivity.",
"\n\n\"You would have noticed in the photo with Badruddin Haqqani, Bergdahl is looking physically very weak as it was the beginning when he was kidnapped by our lions,\" said a Taliban commander, who asked not to be named.",
"\n\nTaliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid said the account that posted the photo was operated by a Taliban sympathizer who works in a university in Afghanistan.",
"\n\n\"Its not our official Twitter but is operated by someone who seemed to be our supporter and sympathizer. ",
"We know he is teaching in a university in Afghanistan and is often using our photos on his Twitter,\" Mujahid said by telephone.",
"\n\nThe account posted the photo late on Wednesday along with others of Bergdahl, as well as gruesome images of a decapitation. ",
"It said Bergdahl had been treated with kindness in captivity.",
"\n\n\"Bowe #Bergdahl was really impressed when he saw the hospitality of #Taliban He first thought that he will be tortured But he was wrong,\" the Twitter post said. \"",
"He was not shackled in Chains neither was he Tortured, Rather He was Free.\"",
"\n\nAnother photo of him with a Taliban commander showed him looking haggard and worried. ",
"The account also said Bergdahl had attempted to escape when the Taliban took him to a market but had been recaptured.",
"\n\nBergdahl was captured on June 30, 2009, in unclear circumstances. ",
"He was released on May 31 in a prisoner swap that freed five Taliban leaders held at Guantanamo prison in Cuba.",
"\n\nHe has not spoken to the media since his release and the Twitter account's description of his time in captivity and the circumstances of the photographs could not be confirmed.",
"\n\nThe Twitter account identified the man in the first photo with Bergdahl as Badruddin Haqqani, head of operations and financial chief for the Haqqani network. ",
"The group is blamed for some of the deadliest and most spectacular attacks on NATO and Afghan troops in Afghanistan.",
"\n\nThe picture with Haqqani is tagged with the words \"Jundul Haqqani\", or Haqqani group.",
"\n\nBergdahl's release sparked an initial wave of euphoria in the United States that quickly became overwhelmed by a bitter political debate over whether he had abandoned his post and whether the prisoner swap should have gone ahead.",
"\n\nSome of his former colleagues have called for him to be court-martialed for allegedly deserting his post.",
"\n\nU.S. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel said the army was investigating the circumstances of Bergdahl's disappearance. ",
"He was the only U.S. soldier to be captured and held hostage during the war in Afghanistan.",
"\n\nBergdahl was initially flown to a U.S. hospital in Germany. ",
"He arrived back on U.S. soil last month and has been housed at a military hospital in San Antonio, Texas, to help him readjust.",
"\n\nThe hospital, formally known as the San Antonio Military Medical Center, has teams of specialists and has been helping returning prisoners of war for decades.",
"\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nThe Army completed its investigation last week into Sgt. ",
"Bowe Bergdahl's disappearance from a base in Afghanistan five years ago, but the Pentagon said Tuesday that it doesn't know when the report will be released.",
"\n\n'The investigating officer has done his work, but now that work is moving through the Army system, and at each stop ... there will ... be questions, requirements for clarification,' Army Colonel Steve Warren told reporters.",
"\n\n'So it's working its way through the system as would any other investigation.'",
"\n\nThe results of the Army's probe into whether Bergdahl deserted his post will most certainly be withheld from the public until after November's elections, if it discloses its findings at all.",
"\n\nThe Pentagon's announcement has Republicans and former platoon mates of Bergdahl's wondering what's taking so long, as the facts of the case appear fairly cut and dried on the surface.",
"\n\nAccording to soldiers who served with Bergdahl, the 28-year-old willingly abandoned his base several days before he was kidnapped by the Taliban and taken hostage in June of 2009.",
"\n\nFor nearly five years he was held captive by the terrorist organization until President Barack Obama and the Pentagon negotiated his release last May.\n\nActing on his own authority, Obama traded five Taliban commanders who were being held in detention at Guantanamo Bay for the release of Bergdahl, who is now living and working at a base in San Antonio, Texas.",
"\n\nBergdahl has not spoken out publicly since his return to the U.S. and has reportedly refused to meet with his family in person.",
"\n\nIn June the Army announced that Maj. ",
"Gen. Kenneth Dahl, a veteran of two tours in Afghanistan, would lead it's official review of Bergdahl's conduct. ",
"The two-star general, who also serves as the deputy commanding general of 1st Corps at Joint Base Lewis McChord in Washington state, interviewed Bergdahl in August.",
"\n\nIf cleared of wrong doing, Sgt. ",
"Bergdahl stands to receive $200,000 in back pay and $150,000 compensation for his troubles.",
"\n\nThe Army said on Friday that it had received Dahl's report and its 'reviewing it,' but it has no timeline for the completion of its audit.",
"\n\n'As we stressed at on the onset, this will be a lengthy process conducted in accordance with applicable laws, regulation and policy,' Army officials said in a statement.",
"\n\n'We recognize the importance of the media and the public understanding of our investigative process, and look forward to future discussions on this issue.",
"\n\nThe statement went on to say that 'the Army's priority is ensuring that our process is thorough, factually accurate, impartial, and legally correct.'",
"\n\n'Consequently, at this time, it would be inappropriate to speculate on the potential results or the amount of time the review process will take to complete.'",
"\n\nReuters says that Colonel Warren, the Pentagon's spokesperson, denied on Tuesday that the military was postponing the release of the report until after Election Day in order to give the president and his his political party cover from the potentially damning details of the probe.",
"\n\nBut members of Bergdahl's unit say they don't understand why the Army's assessment is taking so long.",
"\n\nBergdahl's former platoon leader, Sgt. ",
"Evan Buetow, has said on numerous occasions that after Bergdahl, then a private in the army, went missing, soldiers in his unit learned from locals they were observing over the radio that an American was wandering around town, looking for someone who spoke English so that he could communicate with the Taliban.",
"\n\n'We've come out when he first got released, and we explained exactly what happened. ",
"He deserted his post, all on his own, and we're now still sitting here waiting for answers,' Buetow told Fox News host Sean Hannity on Tuesday evening.",
"\n\nBuetow said he was interviewed Gen. Dahl and had a 'lengthy' conversation with him about the details of Bergdahl's disappearance, including the chatter the platoon heard over the radio.",
"\n\n'I have a list of the people that the general spoke to during this investigation,' Buetow told Hannity. '",
"It's everyone from the platoon, and I know exactly what they said.",
"\n\n'There's no way that they can conclude this investigation without the truth.'",
"\n\nThe truth, Buetow said, is that Bergdahl deserted.",
"\n\n'There's not one person [from his platoon] who disagrees,' Buetow said.",
"\n\nAnother former platoon mate of Bergdahl's, Sgt. ",
"Jordan Vaughn, said Wednesday on Fox and Friends that he's also suspicious of delay, given that the military had 'five years to investigate this, talk to everyone who was there, who was involved, talk to the family, check the emails, look at the facts.'",
"\n\n'The only thing that was missing here, the only piece, is Bergdahl himself talking to him,' he said.",
"\n\nVaughn suggested that part of the problem is that Dahl is not qualified to conduct the probe.",
"\n\n'I really want to see the line of questioning presented by Major General Dahl given that he is not an army investigator,' Vaughn said.",
"\n\nHe later referred to Dahl as a 'general that has no experience' leading 'a line of questioning in a criminal investigation.'",
"\n\n'What are Gen. Dahl's credentials?' ",
"he asked.",
"\n\nVaughn said if the Army doesn't release its finished review to the public, he and other members of Bergdahl's platoon would 'look into filing a Freedom of Information Act' to obtain the report.",
"\n\nFox's Kimberly Guilfoyle, who was filling in this morning for regular Fox and Friends host Elisabeth Hasselbeck, commented that it seemed 'very politically expedient' that the Army is delaying the release of its report until after the election.",
"\n\nOn Tuesday night, Hannity noted that 'the Army says politics has nothing to do with' the protracted wait.",
"\n\n'I'm not sold,' he said.",
"\n\nArmy Lieutenant Colonel Ralph Peters, a frequent Fox guest, told Hannity later in the show that he, too, believes the Obama administration may have asked the Army to sit on the verdict of its investigation until after Nov. 4.",
"\n\n'When it comes to why it's being withheld, it's obvious. ",
"It's gotta be withheld until after the election because no matter which way the report goes, Obama loses,' he said.",
"\n\n'If the White House was able to exert sufficient pressure on the chain of command in the Pentagon to whitewash Bergdahl's actions, then there's gonna be this huge outcry from those serving in uniform, from veterans from conservatives,' he noted.",
"\n\nOn the other hand, he said, 'if it turns out that the Army got some backbone and really looked at what Bergdahl did, listened to people like Sgt. ",
"Buetow and his platoon mates, and finds that, yes, he should be charged with desertion, well then the Rose Garden ceremony looks like an even greater debacle.'",
"\n\n'So Obama has dug himself into a very deep hole, and he can't stop digging,' he said, referring to a news conference the president held at the White House on the day of Bergdahl's release with the sergeant's parents.",
"\n\nPeters claimed that he has 'nothing personal' against Sgt. ",
"Bergdahl and that he's never met him.",
"\n\n'This is about a much greater issue than one individual who appears to have deserted from his post and left his comrades behind in war time,' he explained.",
"\n\n'The principle is this: the Obama administration really despises our military, in my view. ",
"And they understand why Bergdahl would desert, they just don't understand why anybody would join the military.",
"\n\nReturning back to the topic at hand, Peters said that 'if there's a whitewash, and Bergdahl walks with all his back pay and stuff, the travesty, the precedent it sets for all future wars is that, \"Hey dude, it's OK, man. ",
"You don't like what's going on, walk away, we'll cover for you.\"",
"\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nHmm, I can't imagine which direction this one would go that democrats are going out of their way to delay a decision? ",
"Exonerate and the veteran base is enraged so delay the decision?",
"\n\n\"Far better it is to dare mighty things, to win glorious triumphs even though checkered by failure, than to rank with those poor spirits who neither enjoy nor suffer much because they live in the gray twilight that knows neither victory nor defeat.\"",
"\n-- Theodore Roosevelt\n\nRe: Taliban Prisoner Swap Frees U.S. Soldier Held Nearly 5 Years\n\nLt. ",
"Colonel Tony Shaffer, author of The Last Line, and Ret. ",
"Col. ",
"David Hunt joined Bill O’Reilly to give an update on the Bowe Bergdahl prisoner swap. ",
"Lt. ",
"Colonel Shaffer told Bill the Obama administration paid $5 billion and released five top Taliban Gitmo detainees in exchange for deserter Bowe Bergdahl.",
"\n\nLt. ",
"Col. ",
"Tony Shaffer, who was part of the negotiations, told Bill O’Reilly the US paid out $5 billion and traded five top Taliban detainees for Bergdahl.",
"\n\nBill O’Reilly: Let me just stop you. ",
"There were three trade scenarios, there were three things they could have done. ",
"You were involved to try to work that out to some extent?",
"\n\nLt. ",
"Col. ",
"Tony Shaffer: Not all of them involved trade. ",
"One of them essentially was a direct action. ",
"One of them involved my aspect, which was not again a trade. ",
"It was something working the issue. ",
"And, obviously the one the president went with was the $5 billion to Qatar and the trade of the five Taliban.",
"\n\nO’Reilly: Are you surprised this report… Why hasn’t been released? ",
"The Pentagon, they’re not supposed to be political.",
"\n\nLt. ",
"Col. ",
"Shaffer: Bill, I understand General Dahl, the investigating officer did an incredible job… I understand he confirmed what was in previous report… Effectively, he deserted."
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[
"Comparison of alternative nucleophiles for Sortase A-mediated bioconjugation and application in neuronal cell labelling.",
"\nThe Sortase A (SrtA) enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus catalyses covalent attachment of protein substrates to pentaglycine cross-bridges in the Gram positive bacterial cell wall. ",
"In vitro SrtA-mediated protein ligation is now an important protein engineering tool for conjugation of substrates containing the LPXTGX peptide recognition sequence to oligo-glycine nucleophiles. ",
"In order to explore the use of alternative nucleophiles in this system, five different rhodamine-labelled compounds, with N-terminal nucleophilic amino acids, triglycine, glycine, and lysine, or N-terminal non-amino acid nucleophiles ethylenediamine and cadaverine, were synthesized. ",
"These compounds were tested for their relative abilities to function as nucleophiles in SrtA-mediated bioconjugation reactions. ",
"N-Terminal triglycine, glycine and ethylenediamine were all efficient in labelling a range of LPETGG containing recombinant antibody and scaffold proteins and peptides, while reduced activity was observed for the other nucleophiles across the range of proteins and peptides studied. ",
"Expansion of the range of available nucleophiles which can be utilised in SrtA-mediated bioconjugation expands the range of potential applications for this technology. ",
"As a demonstration of the utility of this system, SrtA coupling was used to conjugate the triglycine rhodamine-labelled nucleophile to the C-terminus of an Im7 scaffold protein displaying Aβ, a neurologically important peptide implicated in Alzheimer's disease. ",
"Purified, labelled protein showed Aβ-specific targeting to mammalian neuronal cells. ",
"Demonstration of targeting neuronal cells with a chimeric protein illustrates the power of this system, and suggests that SrtA-mediated direct cell-surface labelling and visualisation is an achievable goal."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
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] | 0.0007 | 10 |
[
"Q:\n\nClass Design with Polymorphism and Inheritance\n\nI currently have the following:\npublic abstract class CharacterClass\n {\n\n public abstract Attribute FirstAttributeBonus { get; }\n public abstract Attribute SecondAttributeBonus { get; }\n\n protected Attribute[] attributeBonuses; //2 attribute bonuses, which add 10 to the attributes stored in the array.",
"\n protected SKill[] majorSkills; //Major skills for class begin at 30.",
"\n protected Skill[] minorSkills; //Minor skills for class begin at 15.",
"\n\n protected IDictionary<int, Character> characterList; //List of characters who apply to this class specifically.",
"\n\n public CharacterClass()\n {\n\n }\n\n }\n\nWith the idea in mind that whichever class I create will inherit from this base, and also inherit the classes fields as well. ",
"For example, one class could be Warrior; the other could be Battlemage, etc. ",
"\nIs this the right way to perform such a design, while having the derivative constructors initialize the fields? ",
"Or is it better to write the classes out without them inheriting these fields?",
"\nEdit:\nI forgot to mention that all derivatives will be singletons, and I'm changing the name of Class to \"CharacterClass\", to avoid confusion.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou absolutely need to get a hold of the book called Head Start Design Pattern. ",
"You don't need to read the entire book: its first chapter describes the design pattern you are looking to implement.",
"\nBasically, you want your Character class to have interfaces that call classes that hold your implementation code such as the skill classes, attribute classes and all the other ones you'll add later. ",
"That way, you can add new types of skills and attributes and you'll also be able to modify those at runtime. ",
"You DON'T want the character class to hold all the possible implementations. ",
"For what you're trying to do, you want to favor object composition instead of inheritance.",
"\nTake 20 minutes to read the first chapter: http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596007126/preview\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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[
"Postoperative venous thrombotic events in Asian elderly patients with surgically treated hip fractures with and without chemoprophylaxis.",
"\nChemothromboprophylaxis for hip fracture surgery has been under-practiced in Asia. ",
"We investigate the postoperative incidence of venous thrombotic events (VTE) in elderly Asian patients with hip fractures. ",
"Patients over 60 years old with surgically treated hip fractures were reviewed. ",
"All patients followed a hip fracture protocol, which included a post-operative ultrasound Doppler venous scan of both lower limbs five days after injury to detect any deep vein thrombosis (DVT). ",
"All patients were given mechanical prophylaxis. ",
"Patients who had additional chemoprophylaxis were included. ",
"From 2010 to 2012, 454 patients were reviewed. ",
"The overall incidence of DVT was 6.4% (29 patients). ",
"The incidence of PE was 1.3% (six patients). ",
"There was no significant correlation between DVT and age, gender, race, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, end stage renal failure, type of fracture and operation, preoperative haemoglobin, platelet count or urea and creatinine levels. ",
"Sixteen DVTs (55.2%) were on the ipsilateral side as the fracture, eight (27.6%) were on the contralateral side and five (17.2%) were bilateral. ",
"Chemoprophylaxis was not given to 399 patients, of which 27 (6.8%) developed DVT. ",
"Ten (2.5%) were proximal DVTs in which four (1%) developed PE. ",
"One (0.25%) patient developed PE without DVT. ",
"Fifty-five patients were on chemoprophylaxis, of which two (3.6%) developed DVT. ",
"Both were proximal DVTs with one subsequently developing PE. ",
"The incidence of VTE in Asian patients may be lower compared to Western populations when mechanical prophylaxis is used. ",
"Chemoprophylaxis may assist in reducing the rates of DVT but not PE. ",
"The low incidence may not justify the use of routine chemoprophylaxis."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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] | 0.00649 | 20 |
[
"The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. ",
"All relevant data are within the paper.",
"\n\nIntroduction {#s1}\n============\n\nNeutrophils are terminally differentiated cells that, in homeostatic conditions, constitutively undergo apoptosis *in vivo* and *in vitro* [@pone.0109256-Maianski1]. ",
"Circulating neutrophils can be considered as resting cells that remain in the blood a few hours only [@pone.0109256-Galli1]. ",
"This short circulatory lifespan can greatly increase during infection and inflammation in response to secretion of cytokines and growth factors. ",
"These situations delay apoptosis of neutrophils, the lifespan of which can then be extended to a few days. ",
"Prolonged survival of neutrophils allows them to efficiently perform their functions of defence. ",
"Neutrophil apoptosis is also delayed *in vitro* by various cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-4 or IL-6 [@pone.0109256-Brach1], [@pone.0109256-Colotta1], [@pone.0109256-Girard1], [@pone.0109256-Lee1]. ",
"Retardation of neutrophil apoptosis by cytokines, inflammatory mediators or microorganisms could, however, lead to persistent inflammation and tissue damage induced by secretion of cytotoxic molecules such as reactive oxidants and proteases [@pone.0109256-Koedel1], [@pone.0109256-Segel1], [@pone.0109256-Wright1].",
"\n\nSince neutrophils are constitutively programmed for rapid cellular apoptosis, the earliest modification of neutrophils involved in host reactions to extracellular stimuli corresponds to the delay of their spontaneous apoptosis. ",
"However, the large *spectrum* of neutrophil functions that can lead to inflammation requires tight control of neutrophil survival and apoptosis [@pone.0109256-Gabelloni1], [@pone.0109256-Luo1]. ",
"This complex control uses extrinsic and intrinsic pathways [@pone.0109256-Luo1]. ",
"Among the extrinsic pathways are anti-apoptotic factors such as cytokines/growth factors and pro-apoptotic factors such as FasL/TRAIL. ",
"On the other hand, caspases and Bcl-2 family member proteins are the main intrinsic pathways [@pone.0109256-Gabelloni1]. ",
"However, most of these pathways are differentially regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation states in which phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are mostly involved [@pone.0109256-AlvaradoKristensson1], [@pone.0109256-Hofman1], [@pone.0109256-Petrin1], [@pone.0109256-Salamone1].",
"\n\nNeutrophils express most of the pro-apoptotic caspases that are subdivided into initiator and effector caspases (respectively caspases 8, 9, 10, and 3, 6, 7) [@pone.0109256-Gabelloni1], [@pone.0109256-Chang1]. ",
"In addition, caspase 3, which is highly expressed in neutrophils, represents a critical enzymatic step to induce neutrophil apoptosis by cleaving cellular proteins, nuclear DNA and NFκ-B [@pone.0109256-Daigle1], [@pone.0109256-Fischer1], [@pone.0109256-Krajewska1]. ",
"Besides caspases, members of the Bcl-2 protein family also tightly regulate neutrophil apoptosis [@pone.0109256-Akgul1]. ",
"Regarding this protein family, human neutrophils express the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Bid, Bak, and Bad that remain stable with long half-lives, and the anti-apoptotic proteins MCL-1 (myeloid cell leukemia 1), A1 and Bcl-X that are unstable and short-lived [@pone.0109256-Moulding1]. ",
"However, human neutrophils do not express Bcl-2 or Bcl-X at the protein level [@pone.0109256-Moulding1], [@pone.0109256-Moulding2]. ",
"To date, MCL-1 is undoubtedly the most studied survival protein of neutrophils present in different *in vitro* and *in vivo* stimulatory conditions, since MCL-1 is a regulatory protein influenced by many pro- and anti-apoptotic signals [@pone.0109256-Moulding2], [@pone.0109256-Dzhagalov1], [@pone.0109256-Milot1]. ",
"More specifically, cytokine-activated survival of neutrophils has been shown to critically depend on cellular levels of MCL-1 [@pone.0109256-Colotta1], [@pone.0109256-Moulding2]. ",
"This major anti-apoptotic factor for neutrophils is very rapidly transcribed [@pone.0109256-Cowburn1], [@pone.0109256-Francois1]. ",
"However, cytokine-induced increases in MCL-1 seem to be regulated more at the protein level than at the mRNA level [@pone.0109256-Milot1]. ",
"For instance, GM-CSF up-regulates MCL-1 mainly by stabilizing its expression at the protein level [@pone.0109256-Derouet1]. ",
"In addition, mature MCL-1 has a very short (\\<5 hr) half-life, and MCL-1 amounts have been inversely correlated to neutrophil apoptosis [@pone.0109256-Craig1], [@pone.0109256-Leuenroth1]. ",
"The protein MCL-1 is characterized by several phosphorylation sites that allow tight up- and down-regulation of neutrophil survival [@pone.0109256-Thomas1]. ",
"Thus, experiments with highly purified human neutrophils suggested that at early timepoints MCL-1 decreases before caspase 3 activation, and at later timepoints reduction of MCL-1 amounts depends on caspase activity [@pone.0109256-Wardle1].",
"\n\nInterleukin-32 (IL-32), originally reported as natural killer (NK) transcript 4, is a newly described multifunctional cytokine mainly produced by activated cells like T lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes and epithelial cells [@pone.0109256-Dahl1], [@pone.0109256-Kim1], [@pone.0109256-Netea1]. ",
"IL-32 presents pro-inflammatory properties and influences innate as well as adaptive immune responses [@pone.0109256-Felaco1], [@pone.0109256-Jung1], [@pone.0109256-Nakayama1]. ",
"There are six splice variants of IL-32 (IL-32α, IL-32β, IL-32γ, IL-32δ, IL-32ε, and IL-32ζ), among which the γ isoform has the longest sequence associated to a protein with the most efficient biological activity [@pone.0109256-Choi1], [@pone.0109256-Goda1]. ",
"Overexpression of IL-32γ has been associated with cell death in T lymphocytes and HeLa cells [@pone.0109256-Goda1]. ",
"In addition, IL-32γ inhibited tumor development by interfering, at least in part, with the expression of anti-apoptotic genes [@pone.0109256-Oh1]. ",
"This interleukin induces a variety of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 or IL-8 [@pone.0109256-Kim1], [@pone.0109256-Nold1]. ",
"Moreover, IL-32 has been shown to be associated with various inflammatory and auto-immune pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases and certain cancers [@pone.0109256-Heinhuis1], [@pone.0109256-Joosten1], [@pone.0109256-Nishida1], [@pone.0109256-Sakitani1], [@pone.0109256-Shioya1], [@pone.0109256-Sorrentino1]. ",
"Also, neutrophils are recognized as major players in immune diseases and cancers [@pone.0109256-Galdiero1], [@pone.0109256-Mantovani1], [@pone.0109256-Mocsai1], [@pone.0109256-Nathan1]. ",
"Thus, IL-32 appears to be a critical proinflammatory cytokine that impacts immune responses, but whether or not neutrophils can be affected by IL-32 remains unknown.",
"\n\nIn the present investigation, we aimed to determine whether IL-32γ affects survival of human neutrophils. ",
"We demonstrated that IL-32γ significantly delays the spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils. ",
"Studies with pharmacological inhibitors suggested the involvement of p38 MAPK and PI3-K in IL-32γ anti-apoptotic signals resulting in MCL-1 stabilization and caspase-3 inhibition. ",
"These data indicate that IL-32γ, by increasing the lifespan of mature neutrophils, could be responsible for persistent inflammation and tissue damage associated with chronic inflammatory diseases.",
"\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s2}\n=====================\n\nReagents and antibodies {#s2a}\n-----------------------\n\nThe incubation medium RPMI 1640, FBS, penicillin/streptomycin and Ficoll were obtained from Wisent (St-Bruno, QC, Canada). ",
"Dextran was from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA). ",
"Recombinant human IL-32γ, ApoStat detection kit and TACS annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). ",
"The inhibitors of PI3K/Akt (LY294002) and MEK-1 (U0126) were obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA). ",
"The JNK inhibitor (SP600125) was from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA), p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB202190) was obtained from Invivogen (San Diego, CA, USA), and MAPK inhibitor negative control (SB202474) was from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). ",
"The fluorescein active caspase-3 staining kit was purchased from BioVision (Milpitas, CA, USA) and the caspase-3 (active form) apoptosis kit was from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). ",
"Antibodies were from different sources as follows: anti-human CD66b-FITC and control isotype were from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, USA), anti-human MCL-1 and anti-human PCNA (PC-10) were from Santa Cruz Biotechnologies (Dallas, TX, USA), anti-human phopho-p38 and anti-human p38 MAPK were from Cell Signaling Technologies (Danvers, MA, USA), and anti-human β-actin was from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA).",
"\n\nIsolation and incubation of neutrophils {#s2b}\n---------------------------------------\n\nThe institutional review board of the Université Laval (Québec, QC, Canada) approved this study and healthy adult volunteers signed a consent form. ",
"Peripheral blood neutrophils were prepared in sterile conditions at room temperature, as previously described [@pone.0109256-Roberge1]. ",
"Briefly, human venous blood collected on citrate phosphate dextrose adenine anticoagulant solution was centrifuged (250×*g*, 10 min) to remove the platelet-rich plasma. ",
"After dextran sedimentation of the erythrocytes, neutrophils were purified by centrifugation over a Ficoll-Paque cushion (450×*g*, 20 min). ",
"Neutrophils were collected at the bottom and contaminating erythrocytes were eliminated by hypotonic lysis. ",
"Neutrophils were counted and suspended in the appropriate medium: RPMI 1640+10% FBS for long-term incubation (≥2 hrs) or HBSS for short-term incubation (≤1 hr). ",
"In order to exclude potential monocyte contamination, cell purity was routinely assessed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using an anti-CD66b antibody [@pone.0109256-Torsteinsdottir1] and was \\>99.5%. ",
"Neutrophils (10^7^ cells/ml) were incubated (37°C, 5% CO~2~) with IL-32γ, pharmacological inhibitors or their vehicle for the indicated times.",
"\n\nAnnexin V-FITC binding evaluation {#s2c}\n---------------------------------\n\nNon-apoptotic and non-necrotic neutrophils were referred to as viable cells. ",
"Neutrophil apoptosis was evaluated with the TACS annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit, as suggested by the manufacturer. ",
"Neutrophils were simultaneously stained with FITC-labeled annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) to discriminate between early and late apoptosis and necrosis. ",
"Briefly, 5×10^5^ neutrophils were incubated 15 min on ice in 100 µL of binding buffer containing Annexin V-FITC and PI, in the dark. ",
"Ten thousand cells were then counted and analyzed by FACS using the FACScalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA).",
"\n\nMeasurement of pan-caspase activity {#s2d}\n-----------------------------------\n\nCells undergoing apoptosis were irreversibly labeled with a cell permeable, FITC-conjugated pan-caspase inhibitor (ApoStat assay FITC-VD-FMK). ",
"Cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry for the presence of bound reagent. ",
"The test was performed as specified by the manufacturer. ",
"Briefly, 10^6^ neutrophils were incubated with or without IL-32γ for 48 hrs, Apostat-FITC was added directly to the cells for the last 30 min of incubation (37°C, 5% CO~2~), in the dark. ",
"Cells were then washed in PBS and analyzed by FACS. ",
"Fluorescence intensity was proportional to cells undergoing apoptosis.",
"\n\nActive caspase-3 measurement {#s2e}\n----------------------------\n\nThe fluorescein active caspase-3 staining kit was used to detect activated caspase-3 in living cells. ",
"The caspase-3 inhibitor, DEVD-FMK conjugated to FITC (DEVD-FMK-FITC), is used as a marker and irreversibly binds to activated caspase-3 in apoptotic cells. ",
"The test was performed as specified by the manufacturer. ",
"Briefly, 10^6^ neutrophils were incubated with or without IL-32γ for 48 hrs, DEVD-FMK-FITC was added directly to the cells for the last 30 min of culture (37°C, 5% CO~2~), in the dark. ",
"Cells were then washed twice in wash buffer and analyzed by FACS. ",
"Fluorescence intensity was proportional to cells with activated caspase-3.",
"\n\nThe caspase-3 (active form) apoptosis kit was also used to detect apoptotic cells. ",
"The test was performed as specified by the manufacturer. ",
"Briefly, 10^6^ neutrophils were incubated with or without IL-32γ for 48 hrs. ",
"After fixation and permeabilisation steps, cells were incubated 30 min in the dark with an antibody that specifically recognizes the active form of caspase-3. ",
"Cells were then washed and analyzed by FACS. ",
"Fluorescence intensity was proportional to cells undergoing apoptosis.",
"\n\nRNA isolation and RT-PCR {#s2f}\n------------------------\n\nTotal RNA of neutrophils was isolated using trizol (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). ",
"Briefly, 10^7^ cells stimulated or not with IL-32γ (500 ng/ml) were homogenized in 1 ml Trizol. ",
"Total RNA was then extracted, according to the manufacturer\\'s protocol. ",
"Reverse-transcription and PCR were then performed. ",
"Firststrand cDNA synthesis was performed using 1 µg of total RNA and Superscript III (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) under recommended conditions, with 50 ng of random hexamers (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). ",
"The cDNAs for β-actin and MCL-1 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using gene-specific primer pairs designed with Primer 3 software (Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA) for β-actin: 5′-CGT GAC ATT AAG GAG AAG CTG TGC- 3′ (forward), 3′- CTC AGG AGG AGC AAT GAT CTT GAT - 5′ (reverse) and MCL-1: 5′-TGC TGG AGT AGG AGC TGG TT - 3′ (forward), 3′-CCT CTT GCC ACT TGC TTT TC - 5′ (reverse). ",
"Each PCR was performed using Taq DNA polymerase from Bio Basic (Markham, ON, Canada) and the number of cycles corresponding to the linear phase of amplification and the annealing temperature were optimized for each primer set. ",
"Amplification conditions were as follows: 95°C (20 sec), 60°C (20 sec), 72°C (30 sec); 25 cycles for actin and 26 cycles for MCL-1.",
"\n\nImmunoblot analysis {#s2g}\n-------------------\n\nNeutrophils (5×10^6^ cells) were treated with IL-32γ in the presence or absence of kinase inhibitors, and cells were harvested, washed with PBS and then directly lysed in Laemmli buffer. ",
"Samples were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to PVDF membranes (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Mississauga, ON, Canada). ",
"Equal protein loading and transfer efficiency were visualized by β-actin detection. ",
"Membranes were saturated for 40 min at room temperature in Tris-buffered saline (TBS: 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 0.2 M NaCl) with 0.5% Tween 20, containing 5% (w/v) dried milk and subsequently incubated overnight at 4°C with anti-MCL-1, anti-phospho-p38, anti-p38 or 1 hr at room temperature with the anti-β-actin antibody, followed by incubation with secondary antibodies. ",
"Bound antibodies were revealed with Western Lightning Plus ECL, as specified by the manufacturer\\'s protocol (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA).",
"\n\nDensitometric analysis {#s2h}\n----------------------\n\nImmunoblots and cDNA amplifications were analyzed using Image Lab software and band intensity was quantified by densitometry. ",
"Results are presented as mean values of arbitrary densitometric units normalized to the expression of β-actin.",
"\n\nStatistical analysis {#s2i}\n--------------------\n\nResults are expressed as mean ± SEM. ",
"Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Instat 3.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). ",
"Two groups were analyzed using paired *t* tests. ",
"For three groups or more, statistical analyses were performed by using the one-way ANOVA Bonferroni multiple comparison test or the repeated measures ANOVA. ",
"Significance was set at P\\<0.05.",
"\n\nResults and Discussion {#s3}\n======================\n\nIL-32γ delays spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils {#s3a}\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nSeveral cytokines/growth factors, such as TNF-α or GM-CSF associated with the inflammatory process delay neutrophil apoptosis [@pone.0109256-Moulding2], [@pone.0109256-Cross1], [@pone.0109256-Kobayashi1]. ",
"Knowing that IL-32 contributes to inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and cancer [@pone.0109256-Joosten1], [@pone.0109256-Shioya1], [@pone.0109256-Sorrentino1], chronic diseases in which neutrophils are implicated, we investigated the effect of IL-32γ, the longest and the most active isoform, on neutrophil apoptosis. ",
"Evaluation of apoptosis was performed using two techniques that assess different markers of apoptosis: 1/the binding of annexin V to phosphatidylserine on the outer surface of neutrophils, a well-recognized method for flow cytometric detection of early apoptotic cells [@pone.0109256-Koopman1], and 2/the binding of a labeled pan-caspase inhibitor to the active caspase enzymes. ",
"In addition to the evaluation of annexin V, membrane-permeable late-apoptotic and necrotic cells were evaluated by PI, a fluorescent dye which stains DNA by intercalating between bases and which is excluded from viable cells. ",
"Apoptosis was studied using healthy human blood neutrophils incubated in the presence or absence of graded concentrations of IL-32γ ([Figure 1](#pone-0109256-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n{#pone-0109256-g001}\n\nViable neutrophils are non-apoptotic cells that are not stained by annexin V or PI. ",
"After 24 hrs of incubation with vehicle, the normal neutrophil population can be arranged into four categories characterized by different percentages that vary with experimental conditions: 23.9±3.5% non-apoptotic (annexin V and PI negative), 53.0±2.1% early apoptotic (annexin V positive and PI negative), 20.4±4.3% late apoptotic (annexin V positive and PI positive) and 2.7±1.0% necrotic (annexin V negative and PI positive) cells ([Figure 1A](#pone-0109256-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"In contrast to vehicle, IL-32γ increased the percentage of non-apoptotic neutrophils while reducing percentages of early and late apoptotic cells without significant modification of necrotic cells, in a dose-dependent manner. ",
"Remarkably, after 24 hrs of incubation IL-32γ maintained at least twice as many neutrophils in a non-apoptotic state compared to vehicle: percentages of annexin V negative/PI negative cells decreased from 54.9±8.7% in the presence of 300 ng/ml IL-32γ and from 67.6±6.9% with 1000 ng/ml IL-32γ to 23.9±3.5% in control conditions ([Figure 1B](#pone-0109256-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"This effect was more pronounced at 48 hrs ([Figure 1C](#pone-0109256-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}), since IL-32γ maintained neutrophils in a non-apoptotic state at least 4 times more efficiently than did vehicle: percentages of annexin V negative/PI negative cells decreased from 28.5±5.9% (incubation with 300 ng/ml IL-32γ) and from 42.5±7.9% (with 1000 ng/ml IL-32γ) to 7.2±1.2% (incubation with vehicle). ",
"A representative FACS analysis of neutrophils incubated with vehicle or IL-32γ is shown in [Figure 1A](#pone-0109256-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"In addition, IL-32γ reduced the levels of active pan-caspase in a dose-dependent manner, which indicated an inhibitory effect of IL-32γ on neutrophil apoptosis ([Figure 1D](#pone-0109256-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"In fact, kinetics and amplitude of the inhibitory effect of IL-32γ on neutrophil apoptosis were similar to those of other cytokines which delay neutrophil apoptosis, such as GM-CSF, IL-8 or TNF-α [@pone.0109256-Moulding2], [@pone.0109256-Cross1], [@pone.0109256-Kobayashi1], [@pone.0109256-EplingBurnette1], [@pone.0109256-Klein1], [@pone.0109256-Suzuki1]. ",
"It is also useful to stress that, in addition to pancreatic cancer cells in which IL-32 reduces cellular apoptosis [@pone.0109256-Nishida1], neutrophils are the second cell type reported to show an increase in survival in the presence of IL-32.",
"\n\nIL-32γ-delayed apoptosis depends on p38 MAP Kinase and PI3-Kinase {#s3b}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSpontaneous (or constitutive) neutrophil apoptosis, as well as neutrophil apoptosis retarded by extracellular stimuli produced during the inflammatory process, are tightly regulated for maintaining cell homeostasis [@pone.0109256-Luo1], [@pone.0109256-Akgul1]. ",
"Mechanisms that regulate the effects of anti-apoptotic factors involve various kinase cascades like PI3-kinases/Akt, MAP kinases, PKCδ, JNK and STAT [@pone.0109256-Luo1], [@pone.0109256-Klein1], [@pone.0109256-AlvaradoKristensson2]. ",
"Therefore, to investigate kinase pathways that could be involved in the regulation of IL-32γ-delayed apoptosis of neutrophils, pharmacological inhibitors at optimal concentrations were used to study the role of PI3-K, p38 MAPK, ERK and JNK activation in this anti-apoptotic effect.",
"\n\nLY294002, an inhibitor of class I PI3-K [@pone.0109256-Vlahos1], inhibited the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-32γ by 51% ([Table 1](#pone-0109256-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"U0126, a selective MEK inhibitor targeting ERK1/2 MAPK [@pone.0109256-Duncia1], [@pone.0109256-Favata1], inhibited the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-32γ by 29%. ",
"Preincubation with SP600125, an inhibitor of JNK [@pone.0109256-Bennett1], did not affect the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-32γ. ",
"Inhibition of p38β MAPK by pretreating neutrophils with SB202190 [@pone.0109256-Nemoto1] reduced IL-32γ effects on neutrophil survival by 68%. ",
"It is useful to point out that the major function of the β isoform of p38 MAPK relates to survival [@pone.0109256-Kim2], and that SB202190 abrogated p38 MAPK without inhibiting ERK and JNK activity [@pone.0109256-Hao1], [@pone.0109256-Manthey1]. ",
"As a control for SB202190 effectiveness, pretreating neutrophils with SB202474, the inactive analog of SB202190, did not influence IL-32γ effects on neutrophil survival (dat not shown).",
"\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0109256.t001\n\n###### Effects of signaling inhibitors on IL-32γ delayed apoptosis.",
"\n\n![](",
"pone.0109256.t001){#pone-0109256-t001-1}\n\n Delayed apoptosis (%) p (n)\n ------------------ ----------------------- ----------------\n IL-32γ 100 \n IL-32γ+LY 294002 49.1±7.2 p = 0.0001 (9)\n IL-32γ+U 0126 70.8±3.2 p\\<0.0001 (9)\n IL-32γ+SB 202190 32.1±9.9 p = 0.001 (6)\n IL-32γ+SP 600125 106.7±6.1 NS (5)\n\nIL-32γ-delayed apoptosis is dependent on kinase activation. ",
"Neutrophils were pre-incubated 30 min with an inhibitor of PI-3 kinase (LY249002 at 20 µM), an inhibitor of MEK (U0126 at 10 µM), an inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase (SB202190 at 25 µM), and an inhibitor of JN Kinase (SP600125 at 10 µM) or their vehicle (DMSO). ",
"Neutrophils were then stimulated with IL-32γ (300 ng.ml^−1^) for 20 h and further analyzed by FACS to evaluate their annexin V-FITC binding in conjunction with propidium iodide staining. ",
"The effects of signaling inhibitors were compared to the experimental condition in which neutrophils were incubated with IL-32γ + inhibitor vehicle (DMSO); this condition corresponds to 100% of delayed apoptosis. ",
"Results are expressed as percentage of IL-32γ inhibitory effect. ",
"Results are means ± s.e.m. ",
"of 5--9 different donors. ",
"Statistics: paired Student *t* test, p values are indicated in the table. ",
"NS = non-significant.",
"\n\nThese pharmacological results suggested that p38β MAPK could be a major kinase pathway in IL-32γ-delayed apoptosis of neutrophils. ",
"Thus, the next step was to verify whether IL-32γ could phosphorylate p38 leading to MAPK activation. ",
"As expected, IL-32γ stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK ([Figure 2](#pone-0109256-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Kinetics of this p38 phosphorylation took the shape of a bell curve with the onset at 10 min followed by a peak at 20--30 min and with the end at 60 min.",
"\n\n{#pone-0109256-g002}\n\nInterestingly, IL-32 was initially shown to increase phospho-p38 MAPK expression within 5 min followed by a decrease from 15 to 30 min and a second increase at 45 min that thereafter diminished slowly [@pone.0109256-Kim1]. ",
"Regarding our results, the p38 MAPK pattern of human neutrophil response to IL-32γ with one peak only is similar to that seen in RAW cells, a mouse leukaemic monocyte-macrophage cell line used in the first report. ",
"Although the initial findings were obtained with IL-32α in murine immortalized myeloid cells, the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK stimulated by IL-32 appears to be a major activation pathway of this new cytokine. ",
"This rapid increase in phospho-p38 MAPK is also a hallmark of cell activation by other cytokines known to reduce apoptosis, such as GM-CSF and TNF-α [@pone.0109256-Suzuki1]. ",
"In addition, the absence of involvement of the JNK MAPK pathway in IL-32γ-stimulated neutrophils could be related to the well-documented interplay between the p38 MAPK and JNK pathways in which p38 MAPK negatively regulates JNK activity [@pone.0109256-Cuadrado1].",
"\n\nIL-32γ induces sustained amounts of neutrophil MCL-1 protein {#s3c}\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family are currently recognized as major regulators of neutrophil death and survival. ",
"For example, the stable pro-apoptotic protein Bax in its serine phosphorylated form heterodimerizes with the labile anti-apoptotic protein MCL-1, a condition that maintains Bax in the cytoplasm and lengthens the survival of neutrophils by reducing Bax translocation to the mitochondria [@pone.0109256-Moulding1], [@pone.0109256-Gardai1]. ",
"Moreover, MCL-1 is reported as the predominant anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member in neutrophils [@pone.0109256-Edwards1], [@pone.0109256-Geering1]. ",
"Cytokines that induce a delay of neutrophil apoptosis most often depend on synthesis of new proteins by neutrophils, in particular of MCL-1 [@pone.0109256-Moulding2], [@pone.0109256-Dzhagalov1], [@pone.0109256-Leuenroth1], [@pone.0109256-Chao1]. ",
"Therefore, we investigated the effects of IL-32γ on MCL-1 expression by neutrophils at the mRNA and protein levels.",
"\n\nNeutrophils in the presence of IL-32γ did not modify their expression of *MCL-1* mRNA when compared to neutrophils incubated with vehicle for 2 hrs ([Figure 3](#pone-0109256-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}) or up to 20 hrs (data not shown). ",
"However, the addition of IL-32γ to neutrophils was associated with a sustained level of MCL-1 protein in comparison to the major decrease in MCL-1 protein levels after 20 hrs of incubation of neutrophils with vehicle ([Figure 4](#pone-0109256-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"MCL-1 protein levels in neutrophils incubated with IL-32γ for 20 hrs were twice as high as those of neutrophils incubated with vehicle, and this effect persisted at 30 hrs of incubation ([Figure 4B](#pone-0109256-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"On the other hand, Bcl-2 expression was under the detection limit in neutrophils incubated with vehicle or with IL-32γ (data not shown), as previously reported with other anti-apoptotic factors [@pone.0109256-Moulding1].",
"\n\n{#pone-0109256-g003}\n\n{#pone-0109256-g004}\n\nAs PI3-K, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK inhibitors modulated IL-32γ-delayed apoptosis of neutrophils ([Table 1](#pone-0109256-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}), their effects on MCL-1 expression were then investigated. ",
"All three inhibitors studied affected the basal levels of MCL-1 expression in neutrophils incubated with vehicle. ",
"However, pretreating neutrophils with the p38β MAPK inhibitor SB202190 was the sole condition that abrogated the increase of MCL-1 expression induced by IL-32γ ([Figure 5](#pone-0109256-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"In contrast, the effects of LY294002 and U0126 were slight and non-significant. ",
"Therefore, IL-32γ delays constitutive neutrophil apoptosis by modulating MCL-1 protein amounts without affecting *MCL-1* mRNA. ",
"It is likely that IL-32γ induced an increase in steady state levels of MCL-1 by preventing its degradation. ",
"In addition, the modulation of MCL-1 amounts in neutrophils is mainly controlled by the p38 MAPK pathway, and both PI3-kinases and ERK1/2 MAPK pathways could be implicated in the regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins other than MCL-1.",
"\n\n{#pone-0109256-g005}\n\nTo date, no report has mentioned an effect of IL-32 on MCL-1 at the protein level. ",
"The only condition in which IL-32 has been shown to affect MCL-1 was in pancreatic cancer cells that constitutively expressed IL-32α, where knockdown of IL-32α was shown to decrease *MCL-1* mRNA with no data at the protein level [@pone.0109256-Nishida1]. ",
"Interestingly, the effect of IL-32γ on neutrophil MCL-1 protein without any effect on *MCL-1* mRNA differs from that of other anti-apoptotic factors such as GM-CSF, TNF-α or LTB~4~ which were shown to upregulate the transcription of MCL-1 in neutrophils [@pone.0109256-Petrin1], [@pone.0109256-Moulding2], [@pone.0109256-Milot1], [@pone.0109256-Derouet1], [@pone.0109256-Chao1]. ",
"However, several reports suggest that neutrophil survival stimulated by cytokines is not mainly regulated at the transcriptional level [@pone.0109256-Milot1]. ",
"In addition, the absence of IL-32γ effects on MCL-1 transcription in neutrophils eliminates certain activation pathways involved in survival such as NF-κB. Although IL-32 has been shown to activate the NF-κB pathway, the presence of NF-κB binding sites described in the promoter region of MCL-1 has not been demonstrated in neutrophils [@pone.0109256-Thomas1], [@pone.0109256-Akgul2], [@pone.0109256-TurnerBrannen1], [@pone.0109256-Ward1]. ",
"Therefore, the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-32γ on neutrophils implicates a post-transcriptional modulation in which the p38 MAPK cascade appears to be the main regulator of MCL-1 protein levels. ",
"Although the role of p38 MAPK in neutrophils apoptosis seems contradictory, with pro- and anti-apoptotic effects depending on the stimulus used [@pone.0109256-AlvaradoKristensson1], [@pone.0109256-Akgul1], [@pone.0109256-AlvaradoKristensson2], [@pone.0109256-Aoshiba1], [@pone.0109256-Dyugovskaya1], one of the mechanisms associated with these opposing effects corresponds to the activation intensity of MAPK, and a strong p38 MAPK activity leads to apoptosis whereas a low p38 MAPK activity favors cell survival [@pone.0109256-Cuadrado1], [@pone.0109256-Dolado1]. ",
"Thus, our results indicate that in human neutrophils the main pathway involved in the increase in survival induced by IL-32γ depends on a rapid phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, which remains low enough to lead to post-transcriptional modulation of MCL-1. ",
"Additionally, since inhibition of PI3-K and ERK1/2 pathways did not significantly alter MCL-1 protein up-regulation but modulated the effect of IL-32γ on neutrophil apoptosis, PI3K and ERK1/2 activation could be associated with the regulation of other survival genes of Bcl-2 family members. ",
"It is useful to note that, for instance, GM-CSF can decrease the rate of MCL-1 turnover by inhibiting the proteasome, an effect regulated by PI3K and ERK signals [@pone.0109256-Derouet1]. ",
"Thus, it remains possible that IL-32γ could inhibit the proteasome leading to MCL-1 stability. ",
"However, the downregulation of neutrophil apoptosis by IL-32γ appears different from that of other cytokines such as GM-CSF or TNF-α in which PI3K and ERK pathways are strongly involved [@pone.0109256-EplingBurnette1], [@pone.0109256-Klein1], [@pone.0109256-Fujita1]. ",
"On the other hand, neutrophil apoptosis reduced by G-CSF has been associated with the increase in a new factor named proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) [@pone.0109256-WitkoSarsat1]. ",
"Unlike G-CSF, IL-32γ did not induce any change in PCNA as evaluated by immunoblot analysis of human neutrophils incubated *in vitro* (data not shown; n = 3).",
"\n\nIL-32γ decreases caspase-3 activity in neutrophils {#s3d}\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nCaspase 3 has been shown to be a major effector caspase in neutrophil death [@pone.0109256-Daigle1]. ",
"Interestingly, MCL-1 has recently been shown to downregulate caspase activation before being reduced by caspases themselves [@pone.0109256-Wardle1]. ",
"Thus, the increase in MCL-1 protein without mRNA change observed in neutrophils incubated with IL-32γ could be related to a reduction in caspase activity. ",
"To investigate whether IL-32γ is able to delay neutrophil apoptosis through a reduction in caspase activity, we compared the levels of active caspase-3 in neutrophils incubated with IL-32γ or with its vehicle for 48 hrs ([Figure 6](#pone-0109256-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The addition of IL-32γ to neutrophils reduced by 30% the number of caspase-3-positive cells from 42.9±3.7% with vehicle to 30.7±3.1% with IL-32γ, as assessed by a caspase-3 inhibitor which binds to the active enzyme ([Figure 6A](#pone-0109256-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Similarly, an antibody specific to the active form of caspase-3 showed a significant reduction in this pro-apoptotic enzyme in neutrophils incubated with IL-32γ ([Figure 6B](#pone-0109256-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n{#pone-0109256-g006}\n\nIt is noteworthy that in human neutrophils p38 MAPK directly phosphorylates caspases 3 and 8 leading to decrease neutrophil apoptosis [@pone.0109256-AlvaradoKristensson1]. ",
"Since the major signaling pathway activated during IL-32γ-induced reduction of apoptosis and IL-32γ-stimulated increase in MCL-1 in human neutrophils is p38 MAPK ([Figures 2](#pone-0109256-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [5](#pone-0109256-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [6](#pone-0109256-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}), it is very likely that the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-32γ on neutrophils implicates a reduction of caspase 3 activity through its phosphorylation by IL-32γ-activated p38MAPK.",
"\n\nConclusion {#s4}\n==========\n\nTo perform their functions during the inflammatory process associated with auto-immune diseases and cancers [@pone.0109256-Galdiero1], [@pone.0109256-Mantovani1], [@pone.0109256-Mocsai1], [@pone.0109256-Nathan1], neutrophils have to persist in tissues and their survival becomes a key event of their functional condition. ",
"The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-32γ shows a strong inhibitory effect on neutrophil apoptosis mediated through a decrease of the protein MCL-1 degradation. ",
"The present data support the fact that this sustained MCL-1 level induced by IL-32γ in neutrophils may be directly related to the effect of p38 MAPK that reduces caspase 3 activity, and thereby increases neutrophil survival. ",
"In addition, IL-32γ through PI3-K and ERK1/2 pathways could modulate anti-apoptotic proteins other than MCL-1. ",
"An important finding of the present study relates to a new mechanism through which IL-32γ could induce and perpetuate inflammation. ",
"Our data are the first demonstration that human neutrophils can respond to IL-32γ and increase their survival. ",
"Regarding the unique role of neutrophils in inflammation, the effects of IL-32γ on this cell type could be associated with tissue damage seen in various pathologies.",
"\n\nWe are greatly indebted to Mrs Lynn Davis who carefully reviewed the english language.",
"\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.",
"\n\n[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: IA IG CCJ PEP. ",
"Performed the experiments: IA IG CCJ. ",
"Analyzed the data: IA IG CCJ PEP. ",
"Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PEP. ",
"Wrote the paper: IA PEP. ",
"Criticized objectively the text and approved the final manuscript: IA IG CCJ.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"4 F.3d 985\nNOTICE: Fourth Circuit I.O.P. 36.6 states that citation of unpublished dispositions is disfavored except for establishing res judicata, estoppel, or the law of the case and requires service of copies of cited unpublished dispositions of the Fourth Circuit.",
"Kenneth L. HENDERSON, Plaintiff-Appellant,v.Thomas R. CORCORAN; Ariane Swann; Ruth J. Vogal; Lloyd L.Waters, Defendants-Appellees.",
"\nNo. ",
"92-6807.",
"\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Fourth Circuit.",
"\nSubmitted: December 8, 1992.Decided: August 24, 1993.",
"\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. ",
" Benson E. Legg, District Judge. ",
" (CA-91-3437-L)\nKenneth L. Henderson, Appellant Pro Se.",
"\nJohn Joseph Curran, Jr., Attorney General, Amy Beth Kushner, Office of the Attorney General of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellees.",
"\nD.Md.",
"\nAFFIRMED.",
"\nBefore WILKINSON, NIEMEYER, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.",
"\nOPINION\nPER CURIAM:\n\n\n1\nKenneth L. Henderson appeals from the district court's order denying relief under 42 U.S.C. Sec. ",
"1983 (1988). ",
" Our review of the record and the district court's opinion discloses that this appeal is without merit. ",
" Accordingly, we affirm on the reasoning of the district court. ",
" Henderson v. Corcoran, No. ",
"CA-91-3437-L (D. Md. July 1, 1992). ",
" We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the Court and argument would not aid the decisional process.",
"\n\nAFFIRMED\n"
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[
"Irish Americans were slaves once too — or so a historically inaccurate and dangerously misleading internet meme would have you believe.",
"\n\nThe meme comes in many varieties but the basic formula is this: old photos, paintings and engravings from all over the world are combined with text suggesting they are historic images of forgotten “Irish slaves.”",
"\n\nThe myth underlying the meme holds that the Irish — not Africans — were the first American slaves. ",
"It rests on the idea that 17th century American indentured servitude was essentially an extension of the transatlantic slave trade.",
"\n\nPopular among racists, white supremacists, neo-Nazis, white nationalists and neo-confederate groups, the “Irish slave” trope is often accompanied by statements to the effect of, “Our ancestors suffered and we got over it, why can’t you?” ",
"According to Liam Hogan — a librarian and scholar who has tracked the myth — references to these “Irish slaves” are used to derail conversations about racism and inequity.",
"\n\n“The principle aim of this propaganda, which aligns with that of the international far-right, is to empty the history of the transatlantic slave trade of its racial element,” says Hogan.",
"\n\nThe meme has become increasingly visible since 2013. ",
"Its trajectory has paralleled the rise of Black Lives Matter and has even used that movement’s language with graphics, t-shirts and Facebook groups that proclaim, “Irish Lives Matter.”",
"\n\nIn a six-part series on Medium, Hogan deconstructs the images and claims that have fueled the meme. ",
"That picture of “Irish slave” children? ",
"That’s actually a photo of young coal mine workers in Pennsylvania in 1911. ",
"The one of the “Irish” man being beaten to death in front of a crowd in the 1800s? ",
"That’s really a black man tied to a whipping post and being tortured in the 1920s.",
"\n\nMemes about so-called “Irish slavery” in America began to gain traction in 2013, alongside the growth of the Black Lives Matter movement. ",
"Some of the imagery used in these campaigns were not actually what people on social media said they were. ",
"On the left, the image is actually young coal mine workers in Pennsylvania in 1911 and on the right, despite the text, the image is of a black man being tortured in the 1920s. ",
"Credit: Screenshots from social media, collected by scholar Liam Hogan\n\nWhile there is a growing awareness that these arguments are based on misinformation, the fiction is now seen by many as fact thanks to a strange web of mutually reinforcing lies. ",
"The lies have also taken on a life beyond the internet.",
"\n\nAt a Confederate flag rally in Mississippi in July 2015 one protester told a reporter, “There were more white Irish slaves then there were blacks. ",
"And the Irish slaves were treated a lot worse than the black slaves.”",
"\n\nThose who traffic in this lie minimize and ignore the realities that made slavery distinct from other forms of servitude in the British colonies. ",
"African slaves were considered property; Irish indentured servants were not. ",
"And though they faced inhumane working conditions, Irish indentured servants could typically decide if they wanted to enter into their labor contracts. ",
"Unlike the Africans forced to come to the US as slaves, the servitude of Irish people in the US did not span their entire lifetimes, and did not bind their children to a life of servitude.",
"\n\nThe Irish-as-slaves meme has a curious anatomy that Hogan has traced back to self-published books, family genealogy blogs and white supremacist news sites. ",
"He attributes much of the misinformation behind the meme to an article published by the Centre for Research on Globalization, a Canadian-based organization that touts its focus on education and humanitarianism. ",
"Hogan says that their frequently referenced 2008 article, “The Irish Slave Trade — The Forgotten ‘White’ Slaves,” has an outsized impact but “does not contain a single historically accurate claim or sentence.”",
"\n\nEven so, the article has been cited by mainstream news sites like Scientific American, Irish Examiner and Irish Central. ",
"In response, more than 80 scholars and supporters have signed an open letter debunking the Global Research article and asking the media to stop their practice of uncritically citing it and related sources. ",
"Scientific American responded by heavily revising their story on the topic and the Irish Examiner removed theirs altogether. ",
"But Irish Central has made no such revisions and did not respond to a request to comment for this story.",
"\n\nScreenshots of an article on GlobalResearch.ca, as archived by the Internet Archive on January 31, 2017 and March 3, 2017, after PRI reached out to them for comment on the article.",
"\n\nThe editor of Global Research, Michel Chossudovsky, defends their decision to keep the story on their website. ",
"He wrote in an email that it was, “originally published by OpEd News, we do not necessarily endorse it, we have also published critiques of that article by several historians with a view to promoting debate.”",
"\n\nShortly after he replied to PRI’s questions, the article was updated with a lengthy editorial note and links to the articles that “promote debate” on the basis of long-since discredited claims.",
"\n\nThe Global Research article is illustrated by the cover of a book, “White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain’s White Slaves in America,” which was published by NYU Press in 2008. ",
"The book’s cover, dramatically illustrated with two white fists bound by rope manacles, often appears alongside articles that perpetuate the “Irish slave” myth.",
"\n\nThe authors of the book are British filmmakers Don Jordan and Michael Walsh, who argue that slavery is more a feeling than a system. “",
"Slavery,” they claim, “is not defined by time but by the experience of the subject.”",
"\n\nScholars discredit this assessment. ",
"In a review in “The Historian,” Dr. Dixie Ray Haggard says the book uses sound primary sources to draw conclusions that are plagued by “fatal flaws.” ",
"The most egregious, he writes, is that it “deliberately conflates indentured servitude with slavery. ... ",
"Rather than explore the complexity of labor and social relations in colonial America and increase our understanding of these institutions, these authors chose to oversimplify and confuse.”",
"\n\nStill, the book was reviewed favorably in mainstream news outlets including The New York Times, Publishers Weekly and The New York Review of Books. ",
"Co-author Walsh qualified his claims in an interview with NPR that “We’re not saying the Whites ever suffered quite as much as the worst treated Blacks.” ",
"Yet the book helped popularize the idea that Irish indentured servants had it just as bad, if not worse, than African slaves.",
"\n\nThis “Irish slave” narrative is the latest in a long history of Irish Americans affirming their own group identity at the expense of black people. ",
"In his book, “How the Irish Became White,” Noel Ignatiev shows how in 19th century America, when racial identities had as much to do with national origin as skin color, Irish immigrants strove to be socially classed as white. ",
"In order to achieve this status and the privileges that came with it, they routinely and deliberately differentiated themselves from black people by — at times violently — forcing them into an even lower ranking in the American social order.",
"\n\nThey sought to minimize the horrors of slavery then too. ",
"Irish workers in antebellum America self-identified as “wage slaves,” claiming they had it far worse than actual slaves because they weren’t entitled to “benefits” like the material comfort and the assurance of work they said slaves enjoyed.",
"\n\nDecades later in 1921, W.E.B. Du Bois wrote that Irish anti-blackness has been expressed so “continuously and emphatically” that “there can be no doubt of the hostility of a large proportion of Irish Americans toward Negroes.”",
"\n\nNow, as the “Irish slave” myth festers online and beyond, there is no visibly Irish American movement to answer it. ",
"There is no Irish American equivalent to Asians for Black Lives. ",
"Irish Americans participate in movements for the rights of African Americans, but they do not announce their heritage as loudly as do proponents of the “Irish slave” myth.",
"\n\nLeaders within the Catholic church, which has historically served as the moral compass for many Irish Americans, are beginning to grapple with this legacy of anti-blackness. ",
"Dr. Kevin Considine, professor of theology at Calumet College of St. Joseph, called for direct responses to “implicit, insidious racism” in an essay for US Catholic last summer.",
"\n\n“Do black lives matter to white Catholics? ",
"If so, we need to do more than say the right words,” he wrote."
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[
"Treyford\n\nTreyford is a hamlet and Anglican parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. ",
"It lies within the civil parish of Elsted and Treyford. ",
"The hamlet sits on the Elsted to Bepton Road southwest of Midhurst.",
"\n\nHistory\nTreyford (Treverde) was listed in the Domesday Book (1086) in the ancient hundred of Dumpford as having 21 households: eight villagers, eight smallholders and five slaves; with ploughing land, woodland, meadows and a mill, it had a value to the lord of the manor of £5.4. ",
"The lord of the manor was Robert, son of Theobald.",
"\n\nIn 1861, the population was 123, and the area of the parish was .",
"\n\nParish church\nThe old parish church of St Mary, according to Kelly's Directory of 1867 \n\nKelly's continues: \n\nThe ruins of the old church are a listed building.",
"\n\nSee also\nDevil's Jumps, Treyford\nTreyford to Bepton Down\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nFurther historical information and sources on GENUKI\n\nCategory:Villages in West Sussex"
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[
"As my newborn son lay on my bare chest just moments after he entered the world, I was overwhelmed by a combination of emotions I didn’t know was possible. ",
"The bond was instant. ",
"I had been warned that it would be a love like no other, but nothing could have prepared me for the way I felt. ",
"It was all consuming, and I knew in an instant that I would move mountains to keep him safe.",
"\n\n[[{“type”:”media”,”view_mode”:”media_original”,”fid”:”602463″,”attributes”:{“alt”:””,”class”:”media-image”,”height”:”903″,”style”:”width: 600px; height: 900px;”,”typeof”:”foaf:Image”,”width”:”602″}}]]\n\nHis instincts were primal. ",
"Before his eyes even opened, he miraculously made his way to my breast and latched on for the first time. ",
"My body provided him with everything he needed in that moment, and as I looked down at his sweet face, I realized that he was all I needed, too.",
"\n\nThe love of a mother and child transcends every species, and although I have been vegan for six years, my resolve to provide my family with a compassionate plant-based lifestyle was greater than ever before. ",
"As I nursed my son, I thought of all the mothers who are denied the opportunity to perform this most basic act. ",
"This is why my heart breaks for cows used for milk.",
"\n\n[[{“type”:”media”,”view_mode”:”media_original”,”fid”:”602464″,”attributes”:{“alt”:””,”class”:”media-image”,”height”:”388″,”style”:”width: 600px; height: 387px;”,”typeof”:”foaf:Image”,”width”:”602″}}]]\n\nMost people don’t realize that cows produce milk for the same reason that humans (and all other mammals) do: to feed their young. ",
"But because of the demand for dairy foods like cheese, ice cream, and yogurt, female cows are artificially impregnated over and over again. ",
"They experience the extreme physical and emotional demands of delivering their child. ",
"But unlike me, a mother cow doesn’t get to nurse her baby, whom she loves. ",
"Instead, her calf is taken away from her, sometimes mere minutes after birth. ",
"Male calves are often sold as veal, while females are usually destined to endure the same fate as their mothers. ",
"All of this is done in order to trigger lactation so that the milk nature intended for baby calves can be sold to humans instead. ",
"This happens to an estimated 9 million cows in the U.S. every year.",
"\n\nFemale cows are deeply maternal, much like human mothers, and have been known to spend days searching for their calves after they’ve been separated. ",
"In more than one instance, people who live near dairy farms have called local authorities to report hearing horrific moans and cries, only to find out that the sounds were coming from a nonhuman animal, as cows often bellow as they mourn the loss of their babies.",
"\n\nJust recently, a mother cow—who had previously endured the trauma of having a baby born to her in years past and then callously taken away from her—hid her calf in tall grass in the hope of finally being able to raise her child. ",
"Luckily, she is now living at a sanctuary and will finally be able to raise one of her children.",
"\n\nBreastfeeding is hard, especially in the beginning. ",
"And whether you get the perfect latch on the first try, use a nipple shield, turn to exclusive pumping and bottle feeding, or supplement with soy formula, there is an undeniable pride that comes with providing your child with his or her primary source of nutrition. ",
"I can’t imagine what it would feel like to have my milk stolen from me — from my child — in order to give it to someone else.",
"\n\nAccording to Margie Deutsch Lash, an international board-certified lactation consultant with a master’s degree in education:\n\nMammal milk is species specific. ",
"Cow’s milk is for calves. ",
"Human milk is for human babies. ",
"Each mother makes the perfect food for her baby. ",
"The breast milk composition changes as the child grows so that the milk of a mother with a three month old is totally different than the milk this same mother produced when that baby was a newborn. ",
"These changes are specifically designed by nature to meet the continuing developmental needs of the child.",
"\n\n[[{“type”:”media”,”view_mode”:”media_original”,”fid”:”602465″,”attributes”:{“alt”:””,”class”:”media-image”,”height”:”672″,”style”:”width: 600px; height: 403px;”,”typeof”:”foaf:Image”,”width”:”1000″}}]]\n\nMother cow licking her newborn calf (image: Joseph Sohm/Shutterstock.com)\n\nWhether you’re a “lactivist,” a feminist, or just a kind person, I urge you to leave dairy foods out of your shopping cart the next time you’re at the grocery store. ",
"If you respect the bond between a mother and her child and support the right to breastfeed, please do not support the cyclical abuse of the dairy industry.",
"\n\nRELATED STORIES\n\nCecil Lives On: Connecting the Dots Between One Lion and Billions of Suffering Animals\n\nJon Stewart and His Wife Bought a Farm to Rescue Farm Animals\n\n'Avatar' Director James Cameron Opening Up a Vegan School\n\nWhy I am a Pegan—or Paleo-Vegan—and Why You Should Be Too\n\nEvery Day, U.S. Factory Farms Produce Enough Waste to Fill the Empire State Building\n\nThe Fake Meat Market Is Surging"
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[
"\"The world is a book…\"https://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com\nMy travel adventuresSat, 10 Dec 2016 03:02:57 +0000enhourly1http://wordpress.com/https://s2.wp.com/i/buttonw-com.png\"The world is a book…\"https://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com\nTaj Mahal adventureshttps://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/12/22/taj-mahal-adventures/\nhttps://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/12/22/taj-mahal-adventures/#respondThu, 22 Dec 2011 21:09:35 +0000http://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/?p=431]]>“Everything will work out” –Amanda and I’s Indian motto\n\nWhen Amanda and I first went to the travel agent to find a cheap hotel, he also told us about tours to Agra. ",
"We hadn’t really thought much about getting a tour but it was only about $12 and would get us there and back while showing us a few things along the way. ",
"So we decided to sign up and our second day in Delhi, that is what we did. ",
"The travel agent told us we would have a full two hours at the Taj Mahal and be back to Delhi by 10:30. ",
"Our flight to Rome was at 5:10am the next morning so we thought we would have plenty of time. ",
"I guess that’s what we get for forgetting about Indian time before we were out of India. ",
"The morning started out with a rickshaw driver or friend of a rickshaw driver coming onto the bus and singling the two of us out of the crowd and trying to get us to go with him, telling us we would be dropped back off at the bus before it left. ",
"We told him no because we wanted the tour we paid for, and didn’t want to have to pay someone else in addition.",
"\n\nIn the Agra fort\n\nOur first stop was the Agra fort. ",
"Pretty cool but also very similar to the Red Fort in Old Delhi. ",
"Amanda and I knew we could probably get the Indian price (Rs 10 instead of Rs 300) with our Christ student IDs like we had in Delhi but the bus guide was not very helpful and we ended paying the full price. ",
"Then our guide for the fort also singled Amanda and I out and treated us like little kids because he wouldn’t let us wander any distance away to take pictures. ",
"The problems with blonde hair.",
"\n\nWe spent too much time at the fort and then too much time at a souvenir shop, stopped for lunch and when we finally went to the Taj Mahal we had only one hour to be there. ",
"Amanda and I’s plan of action was to go in,\n\nNo words to describe the beauty\n\ntake pictures, touch it, and maybe walk quickly through. ",
"Well, turns out you can’t take laptops in with you and both of us had ours in our purses. ",
"We hadn’t wanted to leave them in the hotel room, on the bus, or in the security lockers because they said not to leave valuables. ",
"So we had to go to the South Gate (we were at the East Gate) where they had more lockers. ",
"It was about 10 minutes’ walk. ",
"We finally got in and of course it was worth all the hassle because the Taj Mahal was absolutely breathtaking. ",
"I could have probably just sat and looked at it for hours. ",
"But we didn’t have hours. ",
"So we took pictures and went up to touch it. ",
"We didn’t have time to go inside but I guess that just leaves something to do next time, right?",
"\n\nLast day in India\n\nAfter the Taj, Amanda and I just wanted to get back to pack and relax before leaving for our flight. ",
"Well, that didn’t happen. ",
"We still had two stops, Lord Krishna’s birthplace and his house, which would have been much more enjoyable if we weren’t stressed about getting back to the hotel on time.",
"\n\nWhen we stopped for dinner at 10:30pm and the bus driver told us we still had 2.5 hours until we returned to Delhi, the two of us were really getting worried since we had to catch a taxi at 2am in order to get to the airport on time.",
"\n\nA guy at the restaurant heard us asking if there were any taxis we could call to take us back sooner (there weren’t) and came over to talk to us. ",
"He said he was a driver and could talk to his customers to see if they wouldn’t mind having us ride with them. ",
"He did and the three guys were very understanding and said we could leave right away. ",
"It was actually an enjoyable ride back. ",
"The three of them had all studied in Ukraine for 6 years and we all had lots to talk about. ",
"They even got the driver to give us a good deal on waiting for us to pack and take us to the airport after dropping of the guys at their hotel. ",
"We got back to our hotel at 1pm, packed in an hour and headed to the airport. ",
"We would have missed our flight if it wasn’t for those three guys and the driver.",
"\n\nAnd it was lucky we got to the airport early because Turkish Airlines requested Amanda to show the credit card she made the purchase with to confirm the card number but that card had been hacked in Sri Lanka so she had a new card. ",
"They had to call Headquarters but in the end Amanda remembered she had a photocopy of the old card and they accepted that. ",
"It felt good to finally relax and sleep on the plane. ",
"For the extent of our stay in India, Amanda and I’s motto has been “Everything will work out” and it always has, even the times when we really think there’s no hope.",
"\n\nAfter we boarded, we were delayed for an hour due to fog but then lifted off and headed to Istanbul, Turkey.",
"\n\n]]>https://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/12/22/taj-mahal-adventures/feed/0kdawn2011IMG_7206IMG_7234IMG_7249Indian Travelshttps://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/12/21/indian-travels/\nhttps://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/12/21/indian-travels/#respondWed, 21 Dec 2011 20:35:22 +0000http://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/?p=421]]>“Travel is more than the seeing of sights; it is a change that goes on, deep and permanent, in the ideas of living.” – ",
"Miriam Beard\n\nSo I have pretty much failed at posting blogs since October, but since I’m now on the move quite a bit I decided it would probably be a good idea to update at least a little bit\n\nTea!",
"\n\nSchool ended on Dec. 9 and we left for Kerala that evening with 8 others, two of whom were Brian, our professor and Jacob our program director. ",
"I am going to super summarize that week by saying that it was a much needed relaxing vacation after the semester. ",
"We had all paid for the trip back in February so Jacob bought all of our food and we already had the hotels. ",
"We didn’t have to think at all and all we had to do was enjoy ourselves. ",
"Which wasn’t hard at all.",
"\n\nMy favorite part of Kerala was definite absolutely gorgeous and I think I took 300+ pictures that day. ",
"All of it was fantastic but one of the best parts was when 5 or 6 of us did the Cotton Eyed Joe line dance to a Bollywood song from Bodyguard. ",
"Pretty awesome =)\n\nComplimentary coconuts\n\nHouseboat traffic jam!",
"\n\nAfter Kerala, Amanda and I had a quick morning/early afternoon in Bangalore to finish packing which we did barely. ",
"We took a 23 hour train up to Mumbai. ",
"The majority of our coach belonged to a wedding party. ",
"Definitely the way to\n\nLaundry business\n\ntravel on a train. ",
"They were super nice to us and gave us snacks and played music and dance. ",
"Mumbai was really fun. ",
"Definitely different from Bangalore, but still cool. ",
"We saw a couple of film shootings, actually went to the cinema to watch a movie, wandered around, took a private tour for $20, spent a morning reading on the beach and overall had a good time.",
"\n\nFrom Mumbai, we traveled up to New Delhi. ",
"Our train was supposed to be 16 hours but arrived in Delhi 6 hours late due to very heavy fog. ",
"So on that day, I\n\nIn front of the Red Fort\n\nguess it would have been 20 Dec. (I’ve kind of lost track of days at this point), we basically just found a hotel for $20 a night by walking into a tourist office. ",
"Our first full day in Delhi we spent seeing the Parliament, President’s House, and the Government offices in the morning and then Old Delhi in the evening. ",
"We actually finally found a rickshaw driver that knew where the Iron Pillar was. ",
"The Iron Pillar is a very old pillar that doesn’t rust and has baffled scientists for years. ",
"The same rickshaw driver offered to drive us to Old Delhi as well so we agreed and I finally got my picture of a rickshaw driver holding my WSU flag =)\n\nI think the Taj Mahal and the adventures we had afterwards deserve their own blog so I’ll end this one here.",
"\n\nBasically, I could have done nothing special for my birthday and it still would have been amazing because not many people can say they spent their 21st birthday in India (apart from the 1.2 billion Indians).",
"\n\nPhoto courtesy of mapsofindia.com\n\nHowever, a group of us went on a trip to Pondicherry, a Union Territory. ",
"Pondicherry was a French territory and still has a significant amount of French influence. ",
"INSERT MAP. ",
"What an adventure! ",
"We hired a 12-seater bus so that we would have transportation while in Pondicherry. ",
"On Friday night, we went over to Jensen’s apartment (a guy from Seattle living here for a year that we randomly met) and watched Bollywood’s version of The Hangover, called Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara. ",
"It is quite a bit less crazy than Hollywood’s but one of the main guys did look like Bradley Cooper. ",
"Anyways, because Bollywood films are crazy long, we didn’t get back to our flat until after midnight and left on the bus at 3:00am. ",
"Thank goodness for semi being able to sleep on a bus. ",
"We were lucky enough to have a TV and did player so we watched a few movies. ",
"I mostly just saw parts as I was in and out of sleep.",
"\n\nThe road to Pondicherry is one of the worse paved roads I’ve ever been on. ",
"It doesn’t help that our bus driver drove fast in between the potholes, but that’s just typical Indian driving. ",
"Regardless, I didn’t ever feel unsafe, but it did make it a tad more difficult to stay asleep for extended periods of times.",
"\n\nEven with our two Indian friends, there was a bit of miscommunication with the\n\nRoadside Poori Sagu for breakfast\n\ndriver and we did not stop at two places on the way, including some cave temples. ",
"Disappointing but out of our control once we realized we were in Pondicherry and hadn’t stopped. ",
"One of the first places we went was a Hindu temple with an elephant in front! ",
"The elephant, Lakshmi, had painted designs and blessed people by touching their heads with his trunk. ",
"I took a picture with my WSU flag and it turns out there were four people from Washington State (in addition to Marielle, Amanda, and I) at the temple also. ",
"They came up and talked to us after seeing my flag. ",
"One man was originally from Spokane and was just basically traveling the world. ",
"The other three were a family and the daughter’s cousin goes to WSU and is an RA whom Amanda knows. ",
"So at one moment, seven people from Washington were standing in Pondicherry, India together. ",
"Makes me wonder about coincidences.",
"\n\nRosaries\n\nLakshmi =)\n\nGo Cougs!",
"\n\nNext item on the agenda was to find a place to stay that was cheap but clean. ",
"We looked at some cool tree house style huts but decided against them due to the abundance of mosquitoes that would be able to get in. ",
"In the end, we settled on a hotel that was Rs. ",
"1300 for a double room but we cut the cost by fitting three and four people per room, paying about Rs. ",
"400 each, which is approx. ",
"eight dollars. ",
"Not a bad price.",
"\n\nSince we were all pretty, we split up and some people slept, while a few of us went in search of a paper making factory. ",
"We didn’t end up finding it, so instead we wandered around souvenir shopping.",
"\n\nSteak!",
"\n\nFor my (1st) birthday dinner, we went to a French restaurant called “Rendezvous.” ",
"Although French, the menu didn’t actually have much French food. ",
"I ordered a steak and pasta. ",
"Two of my favorite foods I don’t get to eat too often here (or in the case of the steak, at all). ",
"It was a fantastic night spent in good company and delicious food =)\n\nBecause we wanted to watch the sunrise over the Bay of Bengal in the morning, most of us just headed back to the hotel and went to sleep.",
"\n\nBright and early the next morning we were up and ready to head to the beach. ",
"I guess “bright” isn’t really the right term considering it was still completely dark outside. ",
"The beach was only about a 15-20 minute walk away so we arrived with plenty of time before the sun rose. ",
"Something about sitting on rocks, watching the sun and listening to the waves crashing on the rocks is unbeatable.",
"\n\nSunrise\n\nI love my camera\n\nFishermen\n\nAfter the sun was up, we attempted to get breakfast at a place called Le Café that had been recommended to us by our friend Keerthi. ",
"Although open 24/7, we weren’t really able to order anything we wanted because they were cleaning. ",
"There was also some miscommunication with the servers telling us whether something was available or not, which resulted in us waiting a long time for things we didn’t get. ",
"But oh well. ",
"We weren’t in any hurry. ",
"Our only agenda for the day was the beach.",
"\n\nOne of the Indian guys, Naveed, knew someone in Pondicherry who took us to a place with boats out to an island with a sandy beach. ",
"Because he had connections, we didn’t even have to pay for the ride =) It’s all about who you know. ",
"Basically, the beach was amazing! ",
"Sandy, warm, beautiful.",
"\n\nAt one point, we noticed there was a darker “cloud” in the water a little way out that stretched the whole length of the beach. ",
"Jack and I decided to check it out. ",
"Turns out it was a huge school of fish!!! ",
"They were small but it was still pretty cool to swim with them as the waves crashed =)\n\nWe did have one not-so-pleasant incident on the beach in the afternoon, however. ",
"When we were getting food, a few guys were trying to pose for pictures with some of the girls in their bathing suits in the background. ",
"When the girls asked them to stop and moved away, they just followed. ",
"Later, when\n\nBay of Bengal\n\nwe went back in the water, a group of guys kept getting closer to where we were so we moved further down, but they followed us, even when we told them not too. ",
"A group of guys from the other side started moving towards us as well. ",
"Finally, when it got to the point of 25 guys literally surrounding us, we decided it was time to get out of the water and leave. ",
"So the afternoon in the water definitely wasn’t the best, but at least nothing bad happened. ",
"Our Indian friends that were sitting back in the hut we ate in offered to go talk to the guys, but everyone was just ready to leave.",
"\n\nView from dinner\n\nAfter getting back to the bus, we headed to dinner at a place called the Seagull, by the recommendation of Shiva, Naveed’s friend from Pondi. ",
"It was a good recommendation. ",
"Delicious Indian food, overlooking the beach and the sunset through the palm trees. ",
"We stopped for ice cream on our way out of town and ended up meeting a guy from L.A. who was in India for an internship. ",
"A couple of us were just chilling eating our ice cream when he came over and said “I have to ask, why are you guys in India.” ",
"Since it’s not as big of a tourist destination as Europe, I am also always curious why other Westerners are in India.",
"\n\nThe rest of the trip was uneventful. ",
"We rode home and watched movies, but once again I was unable to stay awake. ",
"I tried really hard for Lagaan. ",
"Turns out the actor I have really enjoyed watching since coming here, Aamir Khan, is the lead actor in that movie. ",
"I can tell why my sister loves that movie now even without having watched it =)\n\nToday, we had the whole day in Kandy with only three things on our agenda. ",
"First, we went on another walk along the streets, this one a bit longer, but we\n\nColorful Tuk Tuks!",
"\n\nthen opted for a bus back towards the heart of Kandy. ",
"I’ll be posting a Sri Lankan Observations blog about some of the differences between India and Sri Lanka that I noticed. ",
"We went to the market where I swear they literally sell everything. ",
"We intended to buy a pineapple for later, but sadly forgot. ",
"I did buy some souvenirs and gifts though. ",
"Not quite sure how I’m going to fit everything in my bag back to India, but somehow it will work.",
"\n\nThere was one part of the market that was on the roof and was a bunch of western clothing vendors. ",
"They had Hollister and Aeropostle shirts for very cheap. ",
"Makes me wonder how the vendors got the products in the first place…\n\n=)\n\nLizard and a turtle\n\nPicture perfect day\n\nWe had sent a text to Aashish, saying we were planning on going to the Temple of the Tooth around 3 so we had some time to kill. ",
"We decided to go on a walk around the lake. ",
"It was absolutely gorgeous!!! ",
"We saw monkeys and Shan bought us a fresh mango from a street vendor. ",
"So delicious! ",
"I am really sad we missed mango season in India but excited I could experience it in Sri Lanka. ",
"Just enough further south, I guess. ",
"We also saw lots of monkeys, monitor lizards, turtles, and birds on our walk. ",
"About halfway around the lake, Shan asked us if we wanted to go see a cemetery. ",
"I personally love cemeteries, which I know may be a bit weird, but there are just so many stories in one place!",
"\n\nThe cemetery we went to was from when the British ruled Sri Lanka, so all the graves were very old. ",
"We also only saw one or two gravestones for people over the age of thirty. ",
"Many were for infants or people in their twenties. ",
"One man was killed by a herd of wild elephants. ",
"The wife of the caretaker showed us some articles about the restoration of the cemetery, including a letter from Prince Charles (at least I think it was Charles not William) expressing his apologies for not being able to make the reopening due to a bombing. ",
"We didn’t find out until later that the bombing was at the Temple of the Tooth.",
"\n\nFor lunch we decided to keep it simple and just had samosas and ice cream from a bakery. ",
"Shan took us to another gem place. ",
"He said this place was more expensive but we could go look at where they were cutting and polishing the stones. ",
"It turned out to be a very successful stop because we also got to watch a documentary on mining in Sri Lanka. ",
"So interesting! ",
"Very few machines used at all. ",
"Mostly just hand tools and manual labor.",
"\n\nTemple of the Tooth\n\nWe killed a bit more time and then went to the Temple of the Tooth. ",
"Absolutely amazing. ",
"Buddhist temples truly are extremely peaceful places. ",
"We walked around for about two hours. ",
"We sat and listened to some chanting, went to the museum and just wandered around the grounds. ",
"When we were in the museum, one of the guys who worked there took us through a door that led to a tiny little balcony. ",
"It was the highest part of the temple\n\nThe balcony =)\n\nyou could go outside at. ",
"From there, we had a great view and he explained what a lot of the buildings in the surrounding area used to be and if we peered around the corner of the building we could see the golden roof. ",
"It was so cool! ",
"He offered to take our picture and we hesitated at first because often when that happens the person wants money, but he saw our hesitation and assured us it would be for free. ",
"Sometimes people are just being nice and it’s good to be reminded of that every once in a while.",
"\n\nAnd our day wasn’t over yet. ",
"Shan had told us about a cultural dance performance at the Kandy Culture Center that started at 5:30. ",
"We also knew Aashish and Samee were going to be there so when we arrived we found them and all sat together. ",
"It was really cool to see all the colorful and elaborate costumes. ",
"At the end, they also had people walking on coals and rubbing fire on their bodies. ",
"Pretty sweet to watch. ",
"Afterwards, we made plans to meet at the guesthouse where the two of them were staying after we had checked into ours.",
"\n\nFinding our guesthouse was a bit of an adventure but so worth it. ",
"We had to call twice to get directions and drove up a narrow, windy road to get there but the hospitality of the couple that owned the place was fantastic. ",
"And there was a\n\nOur room\n\nphenomenal lightning storm with one flash about every five seconds. ",
"The guesthouse was run by a British man and his Sri Lankan wife. ",
"Both were so nice! ",
"We told them of our plans to meet up with our friends and they called a tuk tuk for us since Shan had left to go stay somewhere else. ",
"They arranged to have the tuk tuk wait for us so we had a way to get home as well. ",
"While they were calling, Amanda and I were unsure if it was going to be worth all the trouble. ",
"We knew talking with Aashish and Samee would be great, but it was just proving more complicated than we had anticipated.",
"\n\nIn the end, I’m glad we went through the hassle. ",
"We sat and talked with the two of them for two hours and only left because that’s what time we told the tuk tuk driver. ",
"Nothing beats good conversation.",
"\n\nAashish, Amanda, me, and Samee\n\nOne of the best things I’ve learned since coming to India is there are some incredible people in the world. ",
"I know that’s not something specific to India and it’s not that I didn’t think there were before coming here, but everyone I’ve met here knows so much about the world and has such fascinating views. ",
"Americans are rather narrow-minded (myself included) because we have everything we need in our own country, including diverse culture. ",
"I am glad I have the opportunity and will to travel.",
"\n\n]]>https://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/10/06/sri-lanka-day-2/feed/0kdawn2011IMG_2739IMG_2776IMG_2853IMG_2777IMG_2799IMG_2889IMG_2985IMG_2991IMG_3074IMG_3071Sri Lanka Day 1https://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/10/05/sri-lanka-day-1/\nhttps://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/10/05/sri-lanka-day-1/#respondThu, 06 Oct 2011 05:39:46 +0000http://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/?p=370]]>“A king who always cares for the elephants like his own sons is always victorious & will enjoy the friendship of the celestial world after death.” –",
"Kautiliya, scholar of Buddhism in India\n\nMy favorite animal =)\n\nThe beginning of this post slightly overlaps with yesterdays because it was 2:00am and I hadn’t slept…\n\nApparently there is no official exchange market between Sri Lanka and India. ",
"This means that it is not possible to exchange Indian rupees to Sri Lankan rupees at the airport and we had to use a sketchy looking ATM instead. ",
"While we were at the ATM, two security guards came up to us and asked us if we needed help. ",
"We asked if there was anywhere in the airport to exchange Indian rupees. ",
"He said no but offered us 1200 Sri Lankan rupees for 1000 Indian rupees. ",
"Good thing we had looked up the exchange rate, because he was trying to scam us big time! ",
"1000 Indian rupees should have been at least 2000 Sri Lankan rupees.",
"\n\nAt 5:00, we found Amanda’s name among the many being held up by drivers and met the head of SL Driver Tours. ",
"He went with us to the car and introduced us to our driver, Shan. ",
"As much as I wanted to watch out the window, I was asleep within five minutes of sitting down in the car. ",
"Our first stop was Pinnawela Elephant Orphanage. ",
"I woke up periodically during the drive (about 1.5 hours) and remember thinking about how green everything was!!!",
"\n\nWhen we arrived at Pinnawela, it was only 7:30 so Shan showed us a hotel where we could get breakfast overlooking the river. ",
"He said the orphanage cost about 2000 SLR ($20) each or could wait until 10:00am and watch the elephants bathe at the river. ",
"Amanda and I just wanted to see the elephants so we opted to wait the couple hours. ",
"We had the first of many very American (or British) breakfasts of eggs, toast, and tea. ",
"We then walked around the area looking at all the touristy stores. ",
"So different from Bangalore, where it is much harder to find souvenirs and gifts. ",
"The down side to Sri Lanka being very touristy is the prices are much higher. ",
"I bought a couple things for myself and a few gifts as well. ",
"In the end, we didn’t have to wait until 10:00 because at 9:00 a smallish group of elephants walked by. ",
"So Amanda and I headed back to the river and took lots of pictures! ",
"I still think elephants pose for the pictures. ",
"I could have taken pictures for hours.",
"\n\nTea!",
"\n\nAfter the elephants, Shan took us to tea plantation where a man showed us all the different machines used in the process of drying and sorting the tea leaves and how the different sizes and parts of the plants end up as multiple varieties of tea. ",
"Of course, after we saw all of that we had to go taste and buy some. ",
"I loved it! ",
"And yes, I bought some. ",
"Tea is just not something I can resist.",
"\n\nAfter tea, we headed onwards to Kandy in Hill Country. ",
"Sri Lanka is known for its gems, particularly sapphires, and one of the first places we went was a gem factory (not sure if that is the correct terminology). ",
"We got to see where they cut and polish the gems and make the settings for the jewelry. ",
"I’m a sucker for tourist traps I guess because when we headed across the street to see some of the finished products, I already knew I really wanted to buy something small with amethyst.",
"\n\nLong story short, I ended up falling in love with an amethyst and white sapphire\n\nOur purchases\n\nring and amethyst earrings. ",
"The man helping us originally said the ring was $330, but ended up reducing it to $100. ",
"The earrings I bought for $70. ",
"I am probably going to have them priced at a store in the US just to see if I got a good deal, but even if I didn’t, I’m still happy with my purchase since the gems are all from Sri Lanka.",
"\n\nFrom spending money, we went to lunch at a buffet style restaurant. ",
"I had rice and curry along with a couple items I’m not sure what they were other than delicious. ",
"The view from the balcony we were sitting on was amazing!",
"\n\nShan also ate at the restaurant but sat inside by himself. ",
"Amanda and I are really not used to being high class enough to have a driver because if we had known that’s what he was going to do, we definitely would have invited him to eat with us! ",
"Something to remember for next time…\n\nSince we are spending all of tomorrow in Kandy as well, we decided to just walk around downtown. ",
"Shan took us to a jewelry store that had a currency exchange in the back. ",
"I know that sounds a little sketch, but we received the right rate for Indian rupees. ",
"After walking around for a while, we headed to our hostel, Nature Walk. ",
"Although Amanda and I feel like pros when it comes to booking hostels since we did so for Europe already, neither of us had actually stayed in one. ",
"We are having a good first experience. ",
"The room and bathroom are clean with towels and linens all for $15 a night. ",
"And the place is gorgeous!",
"\n\nThe two of us were pretty tired and intended on taking a short nap which turned into a four hour nap. ",
"We woke up about 10pm, ate a mango, blogged and are heading back to bed shortly. ",
"I guess that’s what we get for staying up all night on the flights!",
"\n\nThe outside of our hostel\n\n]]>https://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/10/05/sri-lanka-day-1/feed/0kdawn2011IMG_2545DSCN2355IMG_2587IMG_2681IMG_2686IMG_2715DSCN2574Airport Adventures!https://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/10/04/airport-adventures/\nhttps://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/10/04/airport-adventures/#respondWed, 05 Oct 2011 05:53:19 +0000http://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/?p=361]]>“Don’t let school get in the way of your education.” –",
"Jessica’s grandpa and Mark Twain\n\nAs per normal, I procrastinated packing until the morning of. ",
"My excuse is I couldn’t pack last night because I had to wash my clothes, but if I had done laundry on Sunday night I wouldn’t of had that excuse. ",
"Oh well, we ended up with some extra time after packing so we Skyped Kathrine and Martha in Pullman. ",
"Great to talk to them! ",
"=)\n\nWe still had left over cake from Amanda’s birthday, so we decided to take it to school to give to the other students. ",
"Well, we hadn’t even made it out of the NGV gate when four little boys asked if they could have some. ",
"The smiles on their faces were priceless when we said yes. ",
"At one of the bus stops on the way to University, there is a man who lives there so we stopped and gave him a piece also. ",
"A little bit further on we saw a mother with a child asking for food so we gave her a piece as well. ",
"Not the healthiest food, but at least it was something. ",
"By that time, we only had one piece left which Amanda and I ended up splitting because we didn’t see anyone else asking for food on our walk. ",
"I’m glad we were able to help the people we did, even if just for a couple hours.",
"\n\nQuite a few students left before classes were done for the day (groups going to Sri Lanka and New Delhi over the break), so we didn’t end up doing much in any of my classes. ",
"In my last class, Women’s Issues, we didn’t do any official work but did have a fantastic conversation about various aspects of Indian culture with our professor. ",
"I feel like those types of conversations I learn the most from.",
"\n\nAt 4:00, Amanda and I caught our cab in front of Christ. ",
"The ride to the airport\n\nReady to travel!",
"\n\ntook about an hour (which we expected and planned for) and we saw parts of the city we have been meaning to visit. ",
"Our cab driver was fantastic because anytime he heard Amanda and I questioning what something was, he would tell us. ",
"The ride only cost Rs. ",
"640, about $14. ",
"I don’t think I will ever get used to things being so cheap here. ",
"I’m used to having rupees now, but whenever I convert rupees to dollars I am still astonished at how cheap things are.",
"\n\nSecurity to get into the airport\n\nWe arrived at the airport with plenty of time, went to check in, and……..found out our second connecting flight was cancelled. ",
"So we spent the next hour waiting while they found us another flight that arrived in Colombo three hours earlier, booked it and printed tickets. ",
"A bit of a hassle but mostly just sitting around and waiting. ",
"As we discovered later, being on the flight we were turned out to be way more fun.",
"\n\nWe made it through security with no issues (the frisk everyone and have separate lines for women and men) and ended up eating dinner with Brian, the visiting professor from University of Idaho who teaches Social Stratification. ",
"Turns out we were switched on to his flight (he was also going to Sri Lanka) so we had someone else to talk with until the flight left.",
"\n\nFirst flight to a town in the far south of India went smooth and I attempted to sleep, which didn’t work too well but luckily it was a short flight. ",
"When we\n\nKingfisher taxi\n\nlanded, the flight attendants told anyone who was traveling on to Colombo to talk to the ground staff after exiting. ",
"Considering one of our flights had already been canceled, we were a bit worried. ",
"In addition to Brian, Amanda, and I there was one Indian guy (mid-twenties), Aashish, continuing on. ",
"Turns out, the International Terminal was completely separate from the rest of the airport and the airline staff arranged a taxi to take us there. ",
"On the way we passed by the coast and saw the Indian Ocean!",
"\n\nTalking with Aashish, we found out he lives in the same part of Bangalore as us! ",
"He was headed to Sri Lanka to meet a friend of his from Pakistan who he met at\n\nEmpty flight!",
"\n\nschool in London. ",
"We had a great time talking and our conversation continued through the next flight as well. ",
"There were only nine people on the plane! ",
"A bit like a private jet, just not as comfortable =) We made plans to meet up with Aashish and his friend in Sri Lanka because our itineraries overlapped a couple of times. ",
"I am really looking forward to it! ",
"Definitely think we made a new friend.",
"\n\nWe arrived in Colombo around 2:00am and all parted ways. ",
"I will probably regret not sleeping on the flight only because our driver isn’t coming until 5:00 and its never easy (or smart?) ",
"to sleep in an airport. ",
"Oh well! ",
"At least I have my computer.",
"\n\nAmanda turned 21 today!!! ",
"Ironically, it is a dry day in India because Oct. 2 is also Mahatma Gandhi’s birthday. ",
"We were awake at 12:00am so I had the privilege of being the first to wish her happy birthday =)\n\nAt the track\n\nAbout a month ago, one of the first times we both hung out with Sandy, he told us about go-karting in Bangalore so we decided to go for Amanda’s birthday. ",
"We arranged to have a 12-seater bus take us since it was a bit away from town. ",
"It ended up working out perfectly because exactly 12 people wanted to go. ",
"I had never been go-karting so I didn’t really know what to expect, but whatever my expectations were, they were met\n\nReady to go!",
"\n\nbecause it was a blast. ",
"They had three different horsepower carts and most of us started with the middle, which was 10 hp. ",
"Extremely fun and I went twice, but I had no idea what I was missing. ",
"After hearing a couple of the guys talk about the 12 hp carts, Marielle and I decided to try them. ",
"What a difference 2 hp makes! ",
"The great thing about go-karts is they sit so low to the ground that you don’t have to worry about tipping over while going around the corners. ",
"The trick is to still not go to fast or else you’ll slide and the people behind will have a chance to pass you. ",
"Total adrenaline rush. ",
"I loved it.",
"\n\nWhohoo!!",
"\n\nWe had the bus drop us off at Forum Mall to get a snack since we got back around 3:00pm. ",
"After a quick fruit shake, Amanda and I headed back to NGV\n\nMonsoon rains\n\nbut stopped outside Forum to get birthday henna! ",
"The thing about henna is it needs to dry after its applied. ",
"Normally, that’s not a problem except when a monsoon comes while walking home! ",
"We were drenched within 30 seconds and I swear 4 inches of water appeared out of nowhere. ",
"Surprisingly, the henna didn’t turn out too badly, just a couple of smears.",
"\n\nAmanda and I walked back to the flat from there and relaxed a bit until 6:00 when we headed out for dinner. ",
"Amanda knew we were going to dinner but she had no\n\nGot cake?",
"\n\nidea where. ",
"A group of us walked from NGV and before turning the corner to see the restaurant, we made her close her eyes. ",
"A little bit childish, but still fun =) Dinner was fantastic, as the food and restaurant are amazing (as explained in the post from 9-17), but the two best parts were when Amanda first saw her cake(three layers) and when Sandy smeared cake on her face, as per Indian tradition. ",
"Overall, it was a great night. ",
"After dinner, Sandy, Marielle, Sandy’s\n\nThe dinner group\n\nsister Supritha, and a few others came over to our flat to just chill and Supritha taught me how to actually measure to make chai tea since the way Jacob taught us was to just throw in ingredients. ",
"It was fabulous. ",
"We had a great time just talking and hanging out and sort of working on a group project on domestic violence for Women’s Issues.",
"\n\n]]>https://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/10/02/amanda-and-gandhis-birthdays/feed/0kdawn2011IMG_2290IMG_2296IMG_2351IMG_2400IMG_2426IMG_2458Village Visithttps://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/10/01/village-visit/\nhttps://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/10/01/village-visit/#respondSat, 01 Oct 2011 14:11:48 +0000http://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/?p=332]]>“Be the change you wish to see in the world.” –",
"Ghandi\n\nThey love looking at pictures\n\nIndia is a land of extremes and today we saw an end of the spectrum we do not normally come across in the city. ",
"We visited two villages about an hour or so outside Bangalore as part of our Service Learning class. ",
"We first\n\nwent to a school where we ended up playing with the children for over an hour. ",
"We listened to a couple of\n\nsongs they knew and also “taught” them a couple we knew such as “Head, Shoulders, Knees and Toes” and the “Hokey Pokey.” ",
"All the children were so eager for us to take pictures of them and then see the photos. ",
"I don’t really know how else to describe the experience. ",
"It was absolutely wonderful. ",
"We were all sad when it was time to leave the school for the next village.",
"\n\nIn the second village, we went to a Cluster Level Association\n\n(CLA) group meeting. ",
"It is comprised of women that belong to Self-help groups from four different villages. ",
"The groups are to help empower women by allowing them to save money, open bank accounts and have ID cards. ",
"Multiple self-help groups form a CLA and multiple CLAs form larger groups. ",
"One example we were told about was when the village we visited did not have electricity. ",
"Some people from the village had tried to get it but the government did not even recognize the existence of the village. ",
"After forming the group, a large number of the women went to the government offices and locked one of the officials in his office until he agreed to send someone that day since he had promised “tomorrow” for many days. ",
"And that is the power of a group, because the village now has electricity.",
"\n\nAfter the CLA meeting, we had the chance to go into the homes of two families. ",
"Although very close to each other, both of the house were very different. ",
"The first house was larger and had fifteen people living in it. ",
"The second house was much, much smaller and just one house away.",
"\n\nWhen it was time for us to leave the second village, the village children all followed us out to the main road where the bus was parked. ",
"It was a big tour bus and had to turn around on the narrow road. ",
"When the driver began backing up, one of the boys stood behind the bus, spotting for the driver to make sure he wouldn’t hit the lamp post. ",
"Super adorable and very helpful. ",
"We all waved goodbye to the children as we left.",
"\n\nBoth Amanda and I were fairly tired when we got back to the flat. ",
"Actually, everyone was because our entire apartment fell asleep. ",
"I tried to resist and studied for my Buddhism exam on Monday while eating pizza (leaving a greasy spot of evidence in my notes. ",
"Guilty conscience for eating pizza? ",
"Maybe a little.), ",
"but eventually I had to take a break and sleep as well.",
"\n\nFor the evening, Lianne, Jessica, Amanda and I had tickets for a cultural show at the Governor’s Palace that Keerthi gave us yesterday. ",
"We thought a rickshaw driver would know where it was, but, as we found out an hour and a half later, not all of them do. ",
"Eventually we got there and even though we were a bit late it was still really cool. ",
"It was a story about Lord Krishna and a girl. ",
"The costumes were very extravagant and colorful. ",
"Quite the experience =)\n\nWhen we got back to the flat, Lianne came over and her and I talked through what we thought might be on our exam tomorrow. ",
"I feel much better about the exam after a discussion.",
"\n\nTomorrow: Go-Karting for Amanda’s 21st and a surprise dinner!",
"\n\n]]>https://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/10/01/village-visit/feed/0kdawn2011camera 2IMG_2133IMG_2148IMG_2184IMG_2269DSCN2114Just another Friday =)https://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/09/30/just-another-friday/\nhttps://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/09/30/just-another-friday/#respondFri, 30 Sep 2011 15:41:43 +0000http://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/?p=324]]>“Your life is yours alone. ",
"Rise up and live it.” ",
"Richard Rahl, from Faith of the Fallen-Terry Goodkind\n\nFridays I’m always not quite sure what to do with myself. ",
"I don’t have class but so far, I’ve gone to campus with Amanda anyways. ",
"I figure walking to campus is good exercise and I probably wouldn’t be productive at the apartment by myself anyways, so I went to be unproductive in the USAC computer lab instead. ",
"Amanda and Marielle both are in Population and Poverty, but neither were responding at one when their class was supposed to be over so I met up with Sandy and we went to the cafeteria to get food because both of us were extremely hungry. ",
"I really enjoy eating on campus because the food is so cheap. ",
"The Indian students think of it a lot like American students think of our campus food, but I still think it tastes delicious because its Indian =)\n\nI swear there are four of us in the rickshaw\n\nAmanda and Marielle joined about 10 min later and we all hung out talking until 2:00pm when Sandy had to go back to class. ",
"Amanda and I headed back to NGV to drop off our school stuff and head to Commercial Street to meet Jessica, Lianne, and Keerthi at 4:00. ",
"Keerthi found our group on Facebook before we arrived and Jessica and Lianne have met up with her a few times since. ",
"They only have had nice things to say about her and rightly so because she is an absolute sweetheart! ",
"From Commercial Street, the five of us took a rickshaw to her favorite ashram. ",
"We went in and sat for a while and then went to buy insence from the little store inside.",
"\n\nAmanda and Lianne in front of the ashram\n\nKeerthi and I at the Taj\n\nThe fancy bathroom!",
"\n\nAfter the Ashram, Keerthi took us to The Taj West End hotel for cheesecake! ",
"The hotel is way out of our price range but they have Rs 60 pieces of the best cheesecake I’ve ever had. ",
"And the bathroom is really pretty!",
"\n\nWhen we got back to the apartment, we changed into Western clothes and Lianne, Jessica, Marielle, Amanda, and I took a rickshaw to a dance club called Ice. ",
"Bangalore is a bit of an interesting city because they have laws that say bars and restaurants have to close by 11:30 and there can’t be dancing at places that serve alcohol unless it is a 5-star hotel. ",
"Ice is, so we got to dance =) It was also ladies night, so we got in free and had two free drink vouchers. ",
"Because there were quite a few girls in our group and only three guys and one person had a connection, we all got in for free which meant the guys didn’t have to pay the Rs. ",
"1000 cover charge. ",
"Lianne had been there before and had made friends with the bartender, so we didn’t have to use our drink vouchers and could give them to the guys. ",
"It’s all about who you know, I guess. ",
"Ice is pretty cool because there are tables outside and it rained so a couple of us danced in the rain =) Overall, it was a fantastic night and a great start to Amanda’s 21st birthday weekend!",
"\n\nDancing in the rain!",
"\n\n]]>https://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/09/30/just-another-friday/feed/0kdawn2011IMG_2038IMG_2045IMG_2080IMG_2083DSCN1929Candle-light studyinghttps://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/09/28/candle-light-studying/\nhttps://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/2011/09/28/candle-light-studying/#commentsWed, 28 Sep 2011 17:35:34 +0000http://kayleedawn2011.wordpress.com/?p=319]]>“A great many people think they are thinking when they are merely rearranging their prejudices.” –",
"William James\n\nThis morning we started off the day with Service Learning where we talked about stigmas and discrimination towards people with HIV/AIDS in India. ",
"While the class was fairly interesting (people in India are not well educated about how the virus is spread and therefore people with HIV/AIDS are viewed very negatively in society), the conversation I had with Jessica afterwards was fantastic. ",
"We didn’t have yoga today, so our dance instructor wanted to add a class since we had a festival yesterday. ",
"Well, yesterday we received an email telling us we had all incorrectly submitted our Indian Social Structure papers and our professor would be giving us a lesson on the online system (more on that later). ",
"Jessica and I said we would run downstairs to tell our dance instructor so he wouldn’t be there and have no one show up. ",
"While we were walking, we talked about how some of the students in class had said that people infected with HIV/AIDS in U.S. are never discriminated towards and laws protect their rights. ",
"Yes, laws exist in the United States against discrimination, but Jessica and I discussed how there are still people who avoid others with the virus. ",
"While everyone in our classroom is educated and knows HIV/AIDS is an STD, not everyone in America treats infected people fairly. ",
"During our conversation, I also realized that my first interaction (that I’m aware of) with people infected with HIV/AIDS was our visit to Snehadaan. ",
"Before coming to India, I knew America was/is not a perfect country. ",
"I love America and love the freedom and rights we have, but since being here I have come to realize just how recent the freedoms I enjoy really are. ",
"I am all for classroom learning, but I think some of the best education are discussions held outside of school about pertinent topics.",
"\n\nFor our Social Structure papers, we had all emailed them to our professor instead of turning them in online because no one could find the drop box. ",
"We were all a bit nervous we had missed it (the professor for this class is a Father and looks very important in his white robes), but luckily it turned out we had access to the wrong site and couldn’t have turned the paper in properly if we tried. *",
"Big sigh of relief*\n\nOne surprise our professor did have for us, was the names of the people presenting their state reports tomorrow. ",
"My name wasn’t on the list (not until Oct. 20), but Amanda’s was. ",
"In the professor’s defense, the presentation dates were on the syllabus, he just hadn’t announced who was which days. ",
"Anyways, we decided not to volunteer after classes ended at 4:00 and instead walked straight home so Amanda could get started on hers. ",
"Plus side to the report: all that he wanted is a poster with a drawing of the state and a 5-10 min presentation about the state. ",
"Not too bad. ",
"And a posterboard, pencil, and colored pencils only cost Amanda Rs 40 (less than $1) at the campus store.",
"\n\nWe ended up having quite the adventurous night for just sitting around the kitchen table. ",
"Lianne came over for moral and coloring support. ",
"Everything was all fine and dandy until the power went out. ",
"This has been happening quite frequently due to a coal shortage. ",
"I wish I had thought to take a picture of us during the next couple of hours. ",
"You would think we would be more prepared for power outages at this point but Kelsey was the only one with a large candle. ",
"My flashlight decided to stop working but Amanda’s still turned on and Jessica has two headlamps. ",
"So I sat writing with Amanda’s flashlight, Jessica had one headlight, and Amanda the other. ",
"The image of Amanda concentrating on drawing her state with the headlamp on will forever be engrained in my head, even if I don’t have a digital copy. ",
"Overall, it was a really good flatmate + Lianne bonding evening by candle (and artificial) light.",
"\n\nTechnically created yesterday, but you're never to old to make a living room fort =)"
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[
"Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nRheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are the most common forms of the inflammatory rheumatic diseases characterised by synovitis and progressive destruction of articular cartilage and bone [@pone.0024048-Combe1], [@pone.0024048-Gabriel1]. ",
"Angiogenesis is a primary crucial step in disease pathogenesis which facilitates the recruitment and migration of inflammatory cell types into the inflamed joint cavity [@pone.0024048-Veale1]. ",
"Subsequently, the synovial lining layer thickens and the sublining is infiltrated with T cells, B cells, mast cells, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages which secrete a wide range of mediators which further exacerbate the inflammatory response [@pone.0024048-Brennan1], [@pone.0024048-Iwamoto1], however little is known about the role of mast cells in driving the inflammatory response.",
"\n\nMast cells have been implicated in IgE-mediated immune responses in the context of allergic disease and defence against helminths [@pone.0024048-Gurish1], [@pone.0024048-Eklund1]. ",
"Recent studies in the K/BxN mouse model however, have firmly established mast cells as having a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis [@pone.0024048-Lee1], [@pone.0024048-Corr1]. ",
"These findings have renewed interest in previous histological studies demonstrating a marked increase in mast cell expression in the human RA synovial sublining, in particular at sites of cartilage erosion, and their relationship to increased joint inflammation [@pone.0024048-Eklund1], [@pone.0024048-Nigrovic1]. ",
"Furthermore, mast cell derived mediators such as tryptase have been implicated in the activation of synovial fibroblasts and proteoglycan depletion [@pone.0024048-Shin1].",
"\n\nTargeted biologic agents in particular TNF inhibitors (TNFi) have advanced the treatment of both RA and PsA, although some patients do not respond highlighting the need for alternative therapies. ",
"The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17A is one such potential target. ",
"IL-17A is the first identified member of the IL-17 family (A--F), it is most closely related to IL-17F with 50% sequence homology [@pone.0024048-Kolls1]. ",
"IL-17A has been localized to T-cell rich areas in the RA synovium and overexpression of IL-17A has been detected in serum and SF samples from inflammatory arthritis patients compared to OA and healthy control subjects [@pone.0024048-Moran1], [@pone.0024048-Joosten1], [@pone.0024048-Zrioual1], [@pone.0024048-Chabaud1]. ",
"Furthermore, expression of IL-17A correlates with disease activity and clinical response that can be modulated by both DMARD and TNFi therapy [@pone.0024048-Moran1], [@pone.0024048-Yue1]. ",
"In humans Th17 cells are a key source of IL-17A when activated by a number of key cytokines required for their development including TGF-β, IL-6, IL-21, IL-1 and IL-23 [@pone.0024048-Miossec1]. ",
"In addition to Th17 cells, γδT, NK, NKT and innate immune cells such as mast cells and neutrophils have been identified as sources of IL-17A in murine studies [@pone.0024048-Mills1] and more recently in humans [@pone.0024048-Hueber1]. ",
"IL-17A, alone and in combination with other proinflammatory cytokines, drives ECM remodelling and cartilage destruction through the induction of MMPs [@pone.0024048-Moran1].",
"\n\nHypoxia has been implicated in RA pathogenesis, previous studies have demonstrated that the level of oxygen in SF from patients with RA is reduced compared to healthy controls. ",
"Low oxygen levels have been reported in tenosynovium from RA patients with tendon rupture [@pone.0024048-Distler1]. ",
"More recently we have demonstrated profound hypoxia in inflamed ST using an oxygen sensing probe *in vivo,* levels of which were inversely associated with synovial inflammation and blood vessel morphology [@pone.0024048-Kennedy1], [@pone.0024048-Ng1] Several studies using synovial cells, have shown that hypoxia may induce key angiogenic growth factors (VEGF and Angiopoietins), chemokines (MCP-1, IL-8, MIP-3α) and MMPs −1, −3 and −9 while downregulating IL-10 [@pone.0024048-Ng1], [@pone.0024048-Sivakumar1]. ",
"Furthermore sustained hypoxia activates NF-κB dependent gene expression, which is a key regulator of inflammation genes [@pone.0024048-Oliver1]. ",
"Together this data highlights the ability of hypoxia to regulate diverse signalling pathways that are involved in the pro-inflammatory response.",
"\n\nIn this study we demonstrate that IL-17A is expressed by important immune cells including mast cells within the inflamed synovium. ",
"Furthermore, we demonstrate a relationship between *in vivo* measures of hypoxia and IL-17A producing cells in the inflamed joint; however it is unclear whether this effect is direct or indirect.",
"\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s2}\n=====================\n\nPatient recruitment {#s2a}\n-------------------\n\nPatients with active inflammatory arthritis, RA and PsA, were recruited from outpatient clinics at Department of Rheumatology, St. Vincent\\'s University Hospital (SVUH). ",
"All patients fulfilled diagnostic criteria for RA or PsA [@pone.0024048-Arnett1], [@pone.0024048-Veale2]. ",
"This study was approved by St. Vincent\\'s University Hospital institutional ethics committee, and all patients gave their fully informed written consent prior to inclusion in the study. ",
"All patients had active disease despite being on disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), had at least one inflamed knee joint and were commencing on biologic therapy. ",
"Clinical and laboratory assessment included tender and swollen joint count, rheumatoid factor, anti-CCP antibody (ACPA), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and global health visual analogue scale (VAS) obtained on the same day as the arthroscopy.",
"\n\nArthroscopy, oxygen measurements and sample collection {#s2b}\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nArthroscopy of the inflamed knee was performed under local anaesthetic using a Wolf 2.7 mm needle arthroscope, biopsies were obtained from inflamed synovial membrane and oxygen partial pressure was measured under direct visualization as previously described [@pone.0024048-Ng1]. ",
"For future immunohistochemical analysis synovial biopsies were embedded in OCT (Tissue Tek, The Netherlands) and stored at −80°C or paraffin embedded. ",
"Serum (n = 28) and matched synovial fluid (n = 19) were collected immediately before arthroscopy and stored at −80°C.",
"\n\nIL-17A Immunohistochemistry {#s2c}\n---------------------------\n\nIL-17A immunohistochemistry was performed using 3 µm paraffin ST sections. ",
"The sections were deparaffinised in xylene and rehydrated in alcohol and deionised water. ",
"Antigen retrieval was performed by heating sections in solution (10mM citrate buffer, pH 6.0) in a pressure cooker. ",
"Slides were washed with TBS-Triton 3 times and one time with TBS for 5 minutes. ",
"Non-specific binding was blocked using Dako Protein Block (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) for 5 minutes. ",
"The blocking buffer was then removed and sections were incubated with a polyclonal anti-IL-17A antibody (R&D Systems, Wiesbaden-Nordenstadt, Germany). ",
"Control experiments were performed with (i) an isotype control; and (ii) an anti-IL-17A antibody block using recombinant IL-17A (R&D Systems). ",
"After incubation overnight at 4°C and washing, the sections were incubated with biotinylated rabbit anti-goat IgG antibody diluted in Dako Real Antibody Diluent (Dako) for 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by strepavidin-peroxidase complex (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) for 30 minutes at room temperature. ",
"Following washing the slides were visualised by reacting for 10--15 minutes with Fast Red Substrate-Chromagen System (Dako). ",
"Nuclear counterstaining was performed using Mayer\\'s haematoxylin; the sections were then dehydrated, and mounted in glycerol gelatine. ",
"For the quantification of IL-17A expressing cells in the RA and PsA synovium, 10 high power fields (HPFs) of one section were analysed per patient and the absolute number was divided by 10 to obtain the average number of those cells per HPF. ",
"Cell specific markers for CD68 and CD3 cells were previously quantified in this cohort [@pone.0024048-Ng1]. ",
"In brief sections were incubated with primary antibodies against mouse-monoclonal anti-CD68, anti-CD3, (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) at room temperature for 1 hour. ",
"A routine three-stage immunoperoxidase labelling technique incorporating avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase complex (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) was used. ",
"Colour was developed in solution containing diaminobenzadine-tetrahydrochloride, counterstained with haematoxylin and mounted. ",
"Slides were analysed using a well established semi-quantitative scoring method ranging from 0--4 (0 = no staining, 1 = \\<25%, 2 = 25--50%, 3 = 50--75%, 4 = \\>75% staining)[@pone.0024048-Ng1] .",
"\n\nIL-17A Co-localisation to Synovial cells {#s2d}\n----------------------------------------\n\nImmunohistochemistry of paraffin embedded ST was performed to detect tryptase+ mast cells with a monoclonal anti-human antibody (clone AA-1) and CD15+neutrophils with an anti-CD15 antibody (clone MMA, Acris, Herfordt, Germany). ",
"Dual immunofluorescent staining was performed to identify IL-17A expressing cells using a polyclonal anti-IL-17A antibody. ",
"Sections were prepared as above then incubated overnight with primary antibodies to (1) goat polyclonal anti-IL-17/rabbit polyclonal Myeloperoxidase (Thermo/Lab Vision), (2) goat polyclonal anti-IL-17/mouse monoclonal anti-Mast cell-Tryptase (DAKO, UK) and (3) goat polyclonal anti-IL-17/mouse monoclonal CD4. ",
"Sections were then washed and incubated with secondary antibodies against, Donkey anti-rabbit AlexaFluor 488 (invitrogen) or donkey anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 (Invitrogen) and Donkey anti-goat Nothern Light 577 (RnDsystems, UK). ",
"Slides were counterstained with Dapi nuclear stain and mounted with antifade fluorescent mounting media. ",
"The scoring was initially performed by microscope analysis at high power and then dual immunoflourescent staining was performed for validation. ",
"IL-17A, CD4, CD15 and MPO quantification was assessed in ten random high-powered fields (HPF) of one section per patient. ",
"Specificity of the IL-17A antibody was further tested by pre-incubation of this antibody with recombinant human IL-17A in blocking experiments, as well as by obtaining the expected pattern of IL-17, CD4, CD15 and MPO-staining in the positive control tissues, tonsil and lymph node. ",
"All the immunofluor- doublestains were performed in the positive control tissues. ",
"Furthermore isotype-matched control antibodies for IL-17, CD4, CD15 and MPO, were performed as negative controls.",
"\n\nCytokine measurement by Multiplex Assay {#s2e}\n---------------------------------------\n\nThe MSD multiplex assay was used to quantify IL-17A in synovial fluids and culture supernatants. ",
"IL-6 in synovial fluids and culture supernatants was quantified by MSD multiplex or ELISA (R&D systems, Cambridge, UK). ",
"The samples and standards were prepared on multiplex assay plates or ELISA plates in accordance with the manufacturer\\'s instructions. ",
"The Sector Imager 2400 instrument and software were used to read the multiplex plate, and absorbance was measured at 450nm in a microtiter plate spectrophotometer (Dynatech MR4000, Alexandria, VA) for ELISA.",
"\n\n### Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and Neutrophils {#s2e1}\n\nPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors were isolated by Ficoll-Metrizoate density gradient centrifugation (Lymphoprep; Nycomed, UK). ",
"Human neutrophils were purified from healthy donors by dextran sedimentation and Ficoll gradient centrifugation followed by hypotonic lysis of contaminating erthryocytes. ",
"Neutrophils were resuspended in 1% EGM medium prior to experiments. ",
"Cells were seeded in 98-well plates, at a cell density of approximately 500,000 cells/ml in full RPMI 1640 medium, and cultured under 3% hypoxic or normoxic conditions for 24hrs. ",
"Supernatants were harvested and IL-17 and IL-6 were quantified by MSD assays and ELISA.",
"\n\nStatistical Analysis {#s2f}\n--------------------\n\nSPSS12 system for windows was used for statistical analysis. ",
"Non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used for analysis of non-parametric data. ",
"p\\<0.05 was determined as statistically significant.",
"\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nLocalized production of IL-17A within the inflammatory joint {#s3a}\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSerum and SF samples (n = 22) were analyzed by IL-17A MSD assay. ",
"Serum IL-17 levels were \\[1.5pg/ml (0.8--2.8)\\]. ",
"When we compared matched serum and SF levels, we demonstrated that SF IL-17A levels \\[6.9pg/ml (0.9--156)\\] were significantly higher than serum IL-17A levels \\[1.5pg/ml (0.8--2.8)\\] (p\\<0.001) ([Figure 1A](#pone-0024048-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Immunohistochemical analysis of IL-17A in ST sections detects IL-17A positive cells in the sublining layer of all patients; no lining layer expression was observed ([Figure 1B and C](#pone-0024048-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"IL-17A immunostaining was observed in both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells ([Figure 1C](#pone-0024048-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The number of IL-17A positive cells in each patient were quantified ([Figure 1B](#pone-0024048-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The number of IL-17A positive mononuclear cells tended to be higher compared to PMN cells \\[2.9 cells/HPF (0.7--11.4) vs. 0.8cells/HPF (0--18.10)\\]. ",
"IL-17A positive cells were then categorized by patient diagnosis -- RA or PsA .RA patients (n = 11) had more IL-17A positive mononuclear than PMN cells \\[2.7cells/HPF (0.7--11.4) vs. 1.3 cells/HPF (0--7.2)\\]. ",
"A similar trend was also observed for PsA patients (n = 8) \\[2.9 cells/HPF (0.7--6.30) vs. 0.7 cells/HPF (0--18.1)\\]. ",
"Furthermore no significant differences were observed in IL-17A positive cell numbers between RA and PsA cohorts. ",
"Representative images of IL-17A positive cells in RA (i) vs. PsA (ii) and high power images of IL-17A on MNCs (iii) and PMN (iv) are shown in [Figure 1C](#pone-0024048-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\n{#pone-0024048-g001}\n\nProduction of IL-17A by the innate immune cells -- mast cells and neutrophils {#s3b}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nDual-immunofluorescence staining was performed to identify the precise phenotype of the IL-17A positive PMN cells identified within the inflamed synovium. ",
"Using dual immunofluorescence staining we demonstrate IL-17A positive cells co-localised with tryptase identifying IL-17A positive mast cells ([Figure 2A](#pone-0024048-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and CD15 neutrophils ([Figure 2B](#pone-0024048-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Consistent with previous work we also show IL-17A positive cells co-localised with CD4+ T cells ([Figure 2C](#pone-0024048-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). [",
"Table 1](#pone-0024048-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the % IL-17A positivity on the different cell types. ",
"Percentage was quantified by (i) % double staining positivity of whole IL-17A cell count or (ii) % double staining of tryptase +, CD15+ or CD4+ cells. [",
"Table 1](#pone-0024048-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} shows that using both quantifications, IL-17A+ expression was highest on neutrophils, mast cells and CD4 T cells respectively.",
"\n\n{#pone-0024048-g002}\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0024048.t001\n\n###### Results are expressed as mean (standard deviation) percentage.",
"\n\n![](",
"pone.0024048.t001){#pone-0024048-t001-1}\n\n Percentage of cell subtypes expressing IL-17+/ total IL-17+ cells Percentage of IL-17+ expressing cells/ cell subtype\n ----------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------\n Tryptase+/analysis (n = 10) 27.36 (29.09) 78.91 (12)\n CD15+/analysis (n = 10) 81.08 (29.8) 78.91(29.9)\n CD4+/analysis (n = 10) 1.28 (4.86) 1.65 (2.54)\n\nIntra-articular pO2 levels and IL-17A production {#s3c}\n------------------------------------------------\n\nSynovial tissue pO~2~ was quantified using a Licox probe and demonstrated profound levels of hypoxia within the joint as recently described [@pone.0024048-Kennedy1], [@pone.0024048-Ng1], [@pone.0024048-Biniecka1], [@pone.0024048-Kennedy2]. ",
"When patients were grouped into those with low pO~2~ (\\<20mmHg) or those with high pO~2~ (\\>20mmHg) as previously described (23), higher levels of IL-17A positive mononuclear and PMN cells were associated with lower tpO2, no difference was observed in SF levels of IL-17A ([Figure 3A,B](#pone-0024048-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Patients with tpO~2~ \\<20mmHg had significantly more IL-17A positive mononuclear cells than those with tpO~2~\\>20mmHg \\[3.9 cells/HPF (0.7--6.3) vs. 1.7 cells/HPF (0.7--11.4)\\] (p\\<0.05) ([Figure 3B](#pone-0024048-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Patients with tpO~2~ \\<20mmHg also had a higher number of IL-17A positive PMN cells than those with tpO~2~ levels \\>20mmHg \\[1.3 cells/HPF (0--18.1) vs. 0.15 cells/HPF (0--5.10), however this did not reach significance. ",
"IL-17A positive mononuclear cells were significant higher than IL-17A positive PMN cells in patients with tpO~2~ levels \\>20mmHg (p\\<0.05) ([Figure 3C](#pone-0024048-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"When PMNs were examined separately for CD15+IL-17A+ and Tryptase+IL-17A+ cells, higher levels of CD15+IL-17A+ were demonstrated in patients with tpO2 \\<20mmHg, however no significant difference was observed for mast cells.",
"\n\n{#pone-0024048-g003}\n\nIL-17A and IL-6 expression and inflammatory infiltrate {#s3d}\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe relationship of IL-17A expression within the inflammatory joint with markers of inflammation and cellular infiltrate was assessed. ",
"Levels of IL-17A correlated with SF IL-6 levels (r = 0.675, p\\<0.01). ",
"SF IL-17A levels also correlate with the CD3+ T cell infiltration in the ST lining layer (r = 0.545, p\\<0.05). ",
"The relationship between IL-17A positive cells and inflammatory cellular infiltrate was also assessed. ",
"Neither cell type correlated with CD3+ T cell expression however the expression of IL-17A PMN cells correlated with the sublining expression of CD68+ macrophages (r = 0.618, p\\<0.01).",
"\n\nThe effect of hypoxia on IL-17A production in PBMC and neutrophil cultures {#s3e}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIL-17A was measured in mononuclear cell and neutrophils following exposure to 3% hypoxia. ",
"No significant difference in IL-17A levels under normoxic or hypoxic conditions was observed ([Figure 4 A, C](#pone-0024048-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"In contrast IL-6 levels were significantly induced in mononuclear cells ([Figure 4B](#pone-0024048-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}) (p\\<0.05) with no significant difference observed in neutrophils ([Figure 4D](#pone-0024048-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n![",
"The effect of 3% hypoxia on IL-17A and IL-6 *in vitro*.\\\nPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (n = 12) and neutrophils (n = 6) were cultured for 24hrs under 3% hypoxic conditions and normoxia. ",
"Hypoxia had no effect on IL-17A expression (A), but significantly induced IL-6 expression in mononuclear cells (B). ",
"Hypoxia had no effect on IL-17A(C) or IL-6 (D) in neutrophils. ",
"Data expressed as the mean [±]{.ul} SEM. ",
"P\\<0.05 significantly different from normoxic conditions.](pone.0024048.g004){#pone-0024048-g004}\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nIn this study we demonstrate *in vivo* the presence of IL-17A expressing -neutrophils, mast cells and T--cells within the inflamed synovium. ",
"Percentage positivity of IL-17A was highest on neutrophils, followed by mast cells and then CD4+T cells. ",
"We demonstrate that IL-17A is highly expressed in the inflamed joint and is associated with the expression of IL-6 and inflammatory cell infiltrate. ",
"Furthermore, we demonstrate tissue mononuclear cell expression of IL-17A is significantly higher in patients with low *in vivo* tissue pO~2~ levels. ",
"Finally no difference in IL-17A levels was observed following exposure to hypoxia *in vitro*. ",
"Expression of IL-17A on CD15+neutrophils and tryptase+ mast cells in addition to CD4+T-cells further supports the concept that IL-17A plays a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. ",
"This association with hypoxia, is most likely an indirect effect due to induced infiltration of inflammatory immune cells into the synovial pannus [@pone.0024048-Kennedy1], [@pone.0024048-Biniecka1].",
"\n\nIL-17A expression is significantly higher in inflammatory arthritis SF compared to serum levels, suggesting IL-17A production is predominantly localized within the joint consistent with our previous findings [@pone.0024048-Moran1]. ",
"Furthermore, IL-17A expression within the joint has been shown to strongly correlate with disease activity and inflammation [@pone.0024048-Moran1], [@pone.0024048-Gullick1]. ",
"Immunohistochemical analysis of ST from inflammatory arthritis patients demonstrated sublining expression of IL-17A, particularly in areas of lymphoid infiltration. ",
"In previous reports these cells were mainly mononuclear [@pone.0024048-Chabaud1] although we now demonstrate, IL-17A+ synovial PMN cells co-localizing IL-17A with tryptase+ mast cells and CD15+ neutrophils. ",
"Murine mast cells and neutrophils have been previously shown to express IL-17A following specific stimulation; however, it has not been well established in human tissue [@pone.0024048-Gullick1], [@pone.0024048-Sandler1]. ",
"Furthermore, these cells have are known to be a key source of proinflammatory cytokines in human RA ST [@pone.0024048-Sandler1], and interact with RA synovial fibroblast cells *via* the production of soluble mediators to enhance IL-6 secretion [@pone.0024048-Mu1]. ",
"Here we demonstrate mast cells and neutrophils expressing IL-17A within the inflamed synovium. ",
"Both cell types have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CIA and other models of experimental arthritis [@pone.0024048-Fantone1], [@pone.0024048-Xu1], [@pone.0024048-Eyles1].",
"\n\nOur data supports Hueber et al [@pone.0024048-Hueber1], who demonstrated the majority of IL-17A expressing cells in RA synovial tissue were co-localised to mast cell [@pone.0024048-Hueber1]. ",
"Furthermore they showed that pro-inflammatory stimuli such as TNFα,C5 and LPS alone and in combination induce RORC-dependant IL-17A production from mast cells *in vitro*. ",
"This data suggests that mast cells are a major source of IL-17A in the inflamed synovium, which can be induced by the pro-inflammatory microenvironment of the joint. ",
"In our study we showed that IL-17A expression was localized to tryptase+ mast cells, CD15+ neutrophils and CD4+T cells, with highest expression observed on CD15+ neutrophils. ",
"The expression of IL-17A on several cell subtypes within the synovium, suggest it plays an important immune-modulatory role. ",
"Our data is consistent with recent reports in psoriasis skin biopsies showing similar IL-17A expression patterns [@pone.0024048-Lin1], [@pone.0024048-Res1].",
"\n\nFurthermore, IL-17A^+^ PMN cells correlated with sublining CD68 expression which again supports previous studies that demonstrate mast cells can activate resident synovial macrophages *via* the production of various proinflammatory mediators and recruit both neutrophils and monocytes into the joint. ",
"Mast cells and neutrophils have both been implicated in the initiation and progression of arthritis [@pone.0024048-Nigrovic1], [@pone.0024048-Wipke1]. ",
"IL-17A is a well established mediator of angiogenesis and inflammatory cell influx *via* the production of cytokines and chemokines [@pone.0024048-Pickens1], [@pone.0024048-Shahrara1], [@pone.0024048-Moran2]. ",
"The expression of IL-17A by these cells further implicates the pivotal role IL-17A plays in the pathogenesis of RA.",
"\n\nIn addition we demonstrated that *in vivo* measures of hypoxia were associated with synovial mononuclear IL-17A expression. ",
"This is supported by previous studies demonstrating the effect of hypoxia on immune cells. ",
"Studies in both human and murine tissue have shown T cell accumulation in hypoxic tissue [@pone.0024048-Makino1], [@pone.0024048-Rausch1], and its expression has been previously shown to be associated with hypoxia. ",
"Exposure of murine CD3+ T cells to hypoxia enhances T cell expression, proliferation and activation in a HIF-1α dependent manner. ",
"We have previously shown that low hypoxia is inversely associated with synovial mononuclear cell infiltrates [@pone.0024048-Ng1], vascularity [@pone.0024048-Kennedy1] and others have shown that HIF1α is co-localised to synovial mononuclear cells in the joint [@pone.0024048-Hollander1], and with potent chemotactic factors macrophage inflammatory protein CCL20 (MIP3α) and Stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and angiogenesis [@pone.0024048-Paleolog1]. ",
"Hypoxia enhances amyloid beta peptide induced IL-17A production and T~H~-17 differentiation in PBMC cultures [@pone.0024048-Yin1]. ",
"Normally neutrophils have a short half-life and rapidly undergo apoptosis; however following exposure to hypoxia neutrophil apoptosis can be suppressed [@pone.0024048-Derouet1], [@pone.0024048-Hannah1], [@pone.0024048-Cross1].",
"\n\nWhile we found no increase in the number of IL-17A+ mast cells in patients with low tpO2 levels, previous studies suggest mast cells respond early to hypoxic insult in rat models of cerebral ischemia [@pone.0024048-Jin1], [@pone.0024048-Strbian1]. ",
"Exposure to hypoxia has increased production of MMPs and tryptase by mast cells leading to tissue degradation [@pone.0024048-Maxova1]. ",
"The expression of IL-17A and its receptor are upregulated in both murine and human ischemic tissue compared to non ischemic tissue [@pone.0024048-Wang1]. ",
"Murine mast cells have been shown to produce IL-17A in response to stimulation with TLR2 ligands [@pone.0024048-MrabetDahbi1]. ",
"Furthermore, human mast cells have been shown to stimulate activated T cells suggesting a potential role in T~H~-17 differentiation. ",
"Mast cells have been shown to be early responders to a hypoxic insult and degranulation of mast cells can be detected histologically 1--2 hours after the initiation of arthritis in the K/BxN model [@pone.0024048-Lee1], [@pone.0024048-Jin1], [@pone.0024048-Strbian1], [@pone.0024048-Maxova1].",
"\n\nIn this study while IL-17A expression was associated with low pO2 levels and hypoxia induced IL-6 expression *in vitro*, no effect on IL-17A expression *in vitro* was observed. ",
"This suggests that the association between hypoxia and IL-17 is indirect and possibly due to the effect of hypoxia on several pro-inflammatory pathways and influx of inflammatory immune cells into inflamed joint. ",
"Hypoxia did induce IL-6 levels in monocyte, suggesting that hypoxia induces differential cytokine signaling pathways which may depend on cell-type. ",
"This is consistent with our previous work in which we demonstrated that patients with low *in vivo* measures of tpO~2~ were significantly associated with high CD3+T cells and CD68 macrophages infiltrates and increased expression of TNFα, IL-1β, IFN-γ and MIP-3α [@pone.0024048-Ng1]. ",
"The effect of hypoxia on pro-inflammatory mediators has been demonstrated by several *in vitro* studies [@pone.0024048-Sivakumar2], [@pone.0024048-Berse1], [@pone.0024048-Hitchon1] showing induction of TNFα, IL-1β, VEGF. ",
"Induction of macrophage inflammatory protein CCL20 (MIP-3α) in SF monocytes and ICAM in lymphocytes following exposure to hypoxia has also been demonstrated [@pone.0024048-Ng1], [@pone.0024048-Jin1], [@pone.0024048-Theoharides1]. ",
"Whether hypoxia is driving the increase of IL-17A expression in the joint or whether it is due to increased inflammation is unclear. ",
"The association of hypoxia with inflammatory cells and MIP-3α induction would support a role for a hypoxia-induced influx of inflammatory immune cells as MIP-3α is involved in attracting IL-17A positive cells to the joint. ",
"However, several studies have suggested that T~H~-17 cells do not acquire a fully activated phenotype until they are resident within the inflammatory joint [@pone.0024048-Page1], [@pone.0024048-Egan1] where the presence of soluble mediators and cell-cell interactions influence their differentiation [@pone.0024048-Miossec1], [@pone.0024048-Brennan2], [@pone.0024048-Lundy1], [@pone.0024048-Evans1].",
"\n\nIn conclusion we have localised IL-17A expression to neutrophils and mast cells in inflamed human synovium, with highest positivity demonstrated on neutrophils. ",
"The expression of IL-17A in the serum, SF and tissue of inflammatory arthritis patients was associated with inflammation and cellular infiltrate. ",
"While no direct relationship between hypoxia and IL-17A production was established, hypoxia may influence IL-17A expression by upregulating production of various soluble mediators [@pone.0024048-Ng1], in addition to induction of leukocyte influx into the synovium inflammatory processes.",
"\n\n**Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.",
"\n\n**Funding:**Health Research Board Ireland ([www.hrb.ie](http://www.hrb.ie)). ",
"The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.",
"\n\n[^1]: Conceived and designed the experiments: EMM JS HA UF DJV. ",
"Performed the experiments: EMM CTN RH JM. ",
"Analyzed the data: EMM JS HA UF DJV. ",
"Wrote the paper: EMM JS HA UF DJV. ",
"Performed arthroscopies: TPS.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"Apple fans breathed a sigh of relief this past summer when Nikkei, typically a reliable source of accurate early information on unreleased Apple devices, issued a report stating that the white plastic strips we had seen on countless iPhone 6 mockups would not be part of the final design. ",
"Those strips, which many people found to be quite an eyesore, reportedly stemmed from a misunderstanding of some iPhone 6 schematics that had previously leaked. ",
"Instead, the Nikkei claimed that those areas would actually be covered by glass panels similar to the ones on the back of the iPhone 5 and iPhone 5s.",
"\n\nUnfortunately for people who think those plastic strips ruin the sleek look of the phone, they were still present when Apple’s next-generation handsets were unveiled last month.",
"\n\nOf course, had Apple found another way to give the antennas inside the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus some breathing room that was feasible technically and financially in such a slim phone, the company might have opted to ditch the plastic in favor of glass or another solution. ",
"And thanks to a new issue that seems to have arisen in recent weeks, we know of at least a few people who wish Apple had indeed found another solution.",
"\n\nFROM EARLIER: The 10 best iPhone apps with iOS 8 Notification Center widgets\n\nBGR has spoken with several iPhone 6 owners over the past couple of weeks who have encountered a very annoying issue with Apple’s new iPhones. ",
"The issue involves pockets on men’s jeans, but this time it’s not a matter of Apple’s gigantic iPhone phablet fitting into pockets. ",
"In fact, these particular iPhone users might wish their smartphones didn’t fit in their pockets.",
"\n\nSome iPhone owners who don’t cover their phones with a protective case are finding that after sliding an iPhone in and out of the pockets on their jeans for a period of time, some of the dye from the denim is rubbing off onto the plastic strips on the back of the phone.",
"\n\nThe result is an unsightly discoloration that makes the iPhone look dirty and old. ",
"Conventional soaps and other cleaning products one might use in an effort to remove the darkening on the plastic strips apparently have not worked.",
"\n\nOne BGR reader jokingly referred to the problem as “Dyegate.”",
"\n\nThe photos below (click to enlarge) were sent to us via email by a BGR reader who asked not to be identified, and they show an iPhone 6 impacted by this issue.",
"\n\nEach of the people in contact with BGR who had iPhones impacted by this issue said they received similar responses when they contacted Apple for assistance. ",
"According to accounts relayed to BGR, Apple support staff instructed users to carefully scrub their iPhones with various common cleaning products. ",
"When those products failed to remove the dye from the iPhones, no further assistance was provided.",
"\n\nThis is not the first time we’ve seen an issue like this. ",
"Last year’s HTC One smartphone featured white plastic strips over some internal antennas long before the iPhone 6 was unveiled, and it too suffered from issues involving dye from denim jeans transferring onto the plastic.",
"\n\nOne of BGR’s own HTC One review units suffered from the issue, though a careful cleaning with a Mr. Clean Magic Eraser removed all of the dye from the plastic on the back of the phone. ",
"It is unclear at this time if a Magic Eraser will work on the iPhone 6, however.",
"\n\nAn Apple spokesperson did not immediately respond to a request for comment."
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[
"{\n \"name\" : \"DiscreteGaussianImageFilter\",\n \"template_code_filename\" : \"ImageFilter\",\n \"template_test_filename\" : \"ImageFilter\",\n \"doc\" : \"\",\n \"number_of_inputs\" : 1,\n \"pixel_types\" : \"BasicPixelIDTypeList\",\n \"members\" : [\n {\n \"name\" : \"Variance\",\n \"type\" : \"double\",\n \"default\" : \"std::vector<double>(3,1.0)\",\n \"dim_vec\" : 1,\n \"set_as_scalar\" : 1,\n \"itk_type\" : \"typename FilterType::ArrayType\",\n \"briefdescriptionSet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionSet\" : \"\",\n \"briefdescriptionGet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionGet\" : \"The variance for the discrete Gaussian kernel. ",
"Sets the variance independently for each dimension, but see also SetVariance(const double v) . ",
"The default is 0.0 in each dimension. ",
"If UseImageSpacing is true, the units are the physical units of your image. ",
"If UseImageSpacing is false then the units are pixels.\"",
"\n },\n {\n \"name\" : \"MaximumKernelWidth\",\n \"type\" : \"unsigned int\",\n \"default\" : \"32u\",\n \"briefdescriptionSet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionSet\" : \"Set the kernel to be no wider than MaximumKernelWidth pixels, even if MaximumError demands it. ",
"The default is 32 pixels.\",",
"\n \"briefdescriptionGet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionGet\" : \"Set the kernel to be no wider than MaximumKernelWidth pixels, even if MaximumError demands it. ",
"The default is 32 pixels.\"",
"\n },\n {\n \"name\" : \"MaximumError\",\n \"type\" : \"double\",\n \"default\" : \"std::vector<double>(3, 0.01)\",\n \"dim_vec\" : 1,\n \"set_as_scalar\" : 1,\n \"itk_type\" : \"typename FilterType::ArrayType\",\n \"briefdescriptionSet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionSet\" : \"\",\n \"briefdescriptionGet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionGet\" : \"The algorithm will size the discrete kernel so that the error resulting from truncation of the kernel is no greater than MaximumError. ",
"The default is 0.01 in each dimension.\"",
"\n },\n {\n \"name\" : \"UseImageSpacing\",\n \"type\" : \"bool\",\n \"default\" : \"true\",\n \"briefdescriptionSet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionSet\" : \"Set/Get whether or not the filter will use the spacing of the input image in its calculations\",\n \"briefdescriptionGet\" : \"\",\n \"detaileddescriptionGet\" : \"Set/Get whether or not the filter will use the spacing of the input image in its calculations\"\n }\n ],\n \"tests\" : [\n {\n \"tag\" : \"float\",\n \"description\" : \"Simply run with default settings\",\n \"settings\" : [],\n \"tolerance\" : 0.0001,\n \"inputs\" : [\n \"Input/RA-Float.nrrd\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"tag\" : \"short\",\n \"description\" : \"Simply run with a short image with default settings\",\n \"settings\" : [],\n \"tolerance\" : \"0.6\",\n \"inputs\" : [\n \"Input/RA-Slice-Short.nrrd\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"tag\" : \"bigG\",\n \"description\" : \"use a big gaussian\",\n \"settings\" : [\n {\n \"parameter\" : \"Variance\",\n \"value\" : [\n 100.0,\n 100.0,\n 100.0\n ],\n \"type\" : \"double\",\n \"dim_vec\" : 1\n },\n {\n \"parameter\" : \"MaximumKernelWidth\",\n \"cxx_value\" : \"64u\",\n \"value\" : \"64\"\n }\n ],\n \"md5hash\" : \"f2f002ec76313284a4cff24c3e5eb577\",\n \"inputs\" : [\n \"Input/WhiteDots.png\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"briefdescription\" : \"Blurs an image by separable convolution with discrete gaussian kernels. ",
"This filter performs Gaussian blurring by separable convolution of an image and a discrete Gaussian operator (kernel).\",",
"\n \"detaileddescription\" : \"The Gaussian operator used here was described by Tony Lindeberg (Discrete Scale-Space Theory and the Scale-Space Primal Sketch. ",
"Dissertation. ",
"Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. ",
"May 1991.) ",
"The Gaussian kernel used here was designed so that smoothing and derivative operations commute after discretization.\\n\\nThe variance or standard deviation (sigma) will be evaluated as pixel units if SetUseImageSpacing is off (false) or as physical units if SetUseImageSpacing is on (true, default). ",
"The variance can be set independently in each dimension.\\n\\nWhen the Gaussian kernel is small, this filter tends to run faster than itk::RecursiveGaussianImageFilter .\\n\\n\\\\see GaussianOperator \\n\\n\\n\\\\see Image \\n\\n\\n\\\\see Neighborhood \\n\\n\\n\\\\see NeighborhoodOperator \\n\\n\\n\\\\see RecursiveGaussianImageFilter\",\n \"itk_module\" : \"ITKSmoothing\",\n \"itk_group\" : \"Smoothing\",\n \"in_place\" : false\n}\n"
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[
"Related:\n\nSaakashvili supporters and opponents clash again\n\nYouth activists who want Saakashvili back in power clashed with his opponents Thursday. (",
"Interpressnews.)",
"\n\nTBILISI, DFWatch–Opponents and supporters of former President Saakashvili clashed again in Tbilisi on Thursday, two days after their first showdown.",
"\n\nThe two rival political youth groups stood against each other on Pekini Street, cursing opponents and throwing bottles, eggs, condoms and even a broom.",
"\n\nThe showdown started when dozens of activists from the conservative youth group Tavisupali Taoba (Free Generation) gathered outside the office of Tavisupali Zona (Free Zone), to protest against their beating of a Asaval-Dasavali journalist on Tuesday.",
"\n\nOne activist from Tavisupali Zona, a group known for fiercely agitating for a return to power of Mikheil Saakashvili’s National Movement, has been arrested in connection with the beating, but Taoba insists that there were more then ten perpetrators, and demands their arrest too.",
"\n\nZona and UNM members, several MPs among them, stood at the entrance of the office, defending it.",
"\n\nSoon, the number of people on both sides swelled to several hundreds, blocking the traffic on Pekini, one of Tbilisi’s main streets.",
"\n\nThe police made a line between the two groups, and this prevented them from clashing together, but the two groups pummeled various things at each other: water bottles, condoms filled with water, eggs and some other objects. ",
"One member of Tavisupali Taoba hurled a broom at the other side and was detained by the police.",
"\n\nAfterward, Zurab Bigvava, the young man who threw the broom, said that it was a symbol of the National Movement, referring to the infamous videos which emerged in September, 2012, depicting, among other things, brutal mistreatment of an inmate by prison guards using a broom.",
"\n\nThe videos were released just before the 2012 parliamentary elections and are thought to have made a singificant impact on the outcome, boosting Georgian Dream support. ",
"Afterward, opponents of the Saakashvili government often used brooms during demonstrations to heckle the UNM and their supporters.",
"\n\nZaza Davitaia, a journalist for the conservative and sometimes homophobic weekly Asaval-Dasavali, was present at the rally too.",
"\n\nWhile Tavisupali Zona is openly pro-UNM, its opponents have not shown overt support for the Georgian Dream coalition, although Zona and UNM members accuse it for being pro-Georgian Dream."
] | {
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"create-topic:\n description: Create a new Kafka topic\n params:\n topic:\n type: string\n description: Topic name\n partitions:\n type: integer\n description: Number of partitions for the topic being created\n replication:\n type: integer\n description: Replication factor for each partition in the topic\n required: [topic, partitions, replication]\n additionalProperties: false\nlist-topics:\n description: List all Kafka topics\nlist-zks:\n description: List ip:port info for connected Zookeeper servers\nread-topic:\n description: Consume an existing kafka topic\n params:\n topic:\n type: string\n description: Topic name\n partition:\n type: integer\n description: Partition to consume\n required: [topic, partition]\n additionalProperties: false\nsmoke-test:\n description: >\n Verify that Kafka is working as expected by listing zookeepers, then\n creating/listing/deleting a topic\nwrite-topic:\n description: Write to a kafka topic\n params:\n topic:\n type: string\n description: Topic name\n data:\n type: string\n description: Data to write to topic\n required: [topic, data]\n additionalProperties: false\n"
] | {
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[
" UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT\n FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA\n\n\n MUSARRAT ROOHI HUSAIN,\n\n Plaintiff,\n\n v.\n Civil Action No. ",
"15-708 (RDM)\n GAYLE E. SMITH, 1\n Administrator, United States Agency for\n International Development,\n et al.,",
"\n\n Defendants.",
"\n\n\n MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER\n\n This is action against the United States Agency for International Development\n\n(“USAID”) and the United States brought by a former USAID employee, Musarrat Roohi\n\nHusain. ",
"During her tenure at USAID, Husain filed six administrative complaints against the\n\nagency alleging unlawful discrimination, Dkt. ",
"14 at 20–30 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶¶ ",
"46–80), and two\n\nrelated claims against the United States under the Federal Torts Claims Act (“FTCA”), id. at\n\n30–34 (¶¶ 81–99). ",
"These administrative complaints alleged various forms of workplace\n\ndiscrimination and other mistreatment under a host of federal and local statutes. ",
"Husain\n\nsubsequently filed this action, asserting twenty-four claims against USAID and the United States,\n\nincluding, among other things, claims for violations of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of\n\nthe U.S. Constitution, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), the Rehabilitation\n\n\n\n\n1\n Rajiv Shah, the defendant named in Husain’s original complaint, is no longer the Acting\nAdministrator of USAID. ",
"Gayle E. Smith, USAID’s current Administrator, is accordingly\nsubstituted as the defendant. ",
"See Fed. ",
"R. Civ. ",
"P. 25(d).",
"\n\n\n 1\n\fAct, the District of Columbia Whistleblower Protection Act (“DCWPA”), the federal\n\nWhistleblower Protection Act (“WPA”), and the FTCA. ",
"See id. at 37–49 (¶¶ 106–37). ",
"USAID\n\nand the United States have now moved to dismiss many—but not all—of those claims, Dkt. ",
"23,\n\nand Husain has cross-moved for summary judgment, Dkt. ",
"28. ",
"For the reasons discussed below,\n\nthe defendants’ partial motion to dismiss is GRANTED, and Husain’s cross-motion for summary\n\njudgment is DENIED.",
"\n\n I. BACKGROUND\n\n When, as here, a plaintiff is proceeding pro se, her complaint must “be liberally\n\nconstrued” and held to “less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.”",
"\n\nEstelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976). ",
"To this end, courts will often consider all of a pro se\n\nplaintiff’s filings—and not merely her complaint—in evaluating a motion to dismiss. ",
"See Brown\n\nv. Whole Foods Mkt. ",
"Grp., ",
"Inc., 789 F.3d 146, 152 (D.C. Cir. ",
"2015). ",
"There are limits to this\n\nforbearance, however, and even when a plaintiff is proceeding pro se, a district court is not\n\n“obliged to sift through hundreds of pages . . . ",
"to make [its] own analysis and determination of\n\nwhat may[ ] or may not” support the plaintiff’s claims. ",
"Twist v. Meese, 854 F.2d 1421, 1425\n\n(D.C. Cir. ",
"1988). ",
"This is such a case. ",
"Husain has filed more than 500 pages of attachments. ",
"See\n\nDkts. ",
"2–8. ",
"The complaint often refers generally to “the exhibits,” see, e.g., Dkt. ",
"14 at 4, 24, 29\n\n(Am. ",
"Compl. ¶¶ ",
"9, 59, 78), without specifying where in the lengthy series of exhibits the\n\nsupporting documents can be found. ",
"As a result, where the Court can reasonably discern the\n\nnature of Husain’s claims, the Court will address the legal sufficiency of those claims. ",
"But,\n\nwhere it can only speculate as to what Husain intends to allege, the Court will not, in effect,\n\n“assume the role of advocate” and fill in the gaps left in Husain’s complaint. ",
"Miller v. Kemp,\n\nNo. ",
"11-cv-0530, 2012 WL 1592537, at *3 (N.D. Okla. May 4, 2012).",
"\n\n\n\n 2\n\f The substance of Husain’s claims in this action is perhaps discerned best by looking to\n\nthe eight administrative complaints that she unsuccessfully pursued before USAID, which form\n\nthe gravamen of her current claims. ",
"They are as follows:\n\n (1) Husain filed an Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) complaint with\n\nUSAID’s Office of Civil Rights and Diversity on May 16, 2013, alleging that the agency had\n\nviolated the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) and the Privacy\n\nAct. ",
"Dkt. ",
"14 at 21 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶ ",
"48). ",
"This complaint asserted that an agency director\n\nunlawfully shared “confidential medical information” with other USAID employees. ",
"Id. (¶ 47);\n\nsee also Dkt. ",
"3 at 63–65. ",
"Five days after filing this complaint, Husain was suspended for three\n\ndays. ",
"Dkt. ",
"14 at 21 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶ ",
"49).",
"\n\n (2) Husain filed a “Reasonable Accommodation” request on May 14, 2014, to compel\n\nUSAID to accommodate her medical conditions, particularly her alleged brain surgery, along\n\nwith her extreme stress and her need to take certain medication. ",
"Id. at 5–6 (¶¶ 11–16); see also\n\nDkt. ",
"5 at 60–67. ",
"The agency allegedly failed to respond. ",
"Dkt. ",
"14 at 22 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶ ",
"52). ",
"In\n\nan EEO complaint filed June 7, 2014, Husain maintained that the agency had failed to move her\n\nout of a “very unsafe, threatening, hostile work environment.” ",
"Id. (¶¶ 52–54).",
"\n\n (3) USAID issued Husain a “Notice of Proposed Termination” on July 8, 2014, for\n\n“Failure to Carry out Assignments,” “Failure to Maintain a Regular Work Schedule,” and\n\n“Insubordination.” ",
"Id. at 23 (¶ 55); see also Dkt. ",
"4 at 48. ",
"After receiving this “Notice of\n\nProposed Termination” and an administrative suspension, Husain filed her third EEO complaint\n\non July 10, 2014, asserting that USAID issued the termination letter in retaliation for her prior\n\nprotected EEO activity. ",
"Dkt. ",
"14 at 24 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶ ",
"59).",
"\n\n\n\n\n 3\n\f (4) Husain sent an email on August 12, 2014, challenging her termination on the\n\nground that it was “based on false accusations, pretexts and retaliation because of her prior EEO\n\nactivity,” id. at 23 (¶ 56), but USAID never responded, id. (¶ 57). ",
"She then filed her fourth EEO\n\ncomplaint on August 14, 2014, arguing that the USAID retaliated against her for her earlier EEO\n\nfilings. ",
"Id. at 24 (¶ 60). ",
"USAID issued its final decision to terminate Husain on September 4,\n\n2014, and Husain received a letter describing this termination a week later. ",
"Id. (¶¶ 61–62).",
"\n\nHusain alleges in this action that she was denied due process because USAID did not conduct an\n\ninvestigation into her termination, and because she was denied a fair opportunity to defend\n\nherself before the termination decision was made. ",
"Id. at 25 (¶¶ 63–64). ",
"USAID, however,\n\nwithdrew Husain’s termination on October 17, 2014. ",
"See Dkt. ",
"5 at 23. ",
"It then reissued a notice\n\nof final removal in a letter dated November 25, 2014, with an effective date of January 11, 2015.",
"\n\nDkt. ",
"14 at 28 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶¶ ",
"73–74); see also Dkt. ",
"23 at 4 (Defs.’ ",
"Mem. ",
"at 2).",
"\n\n (5) After the USAID terminated her, Husain filed a fifth EEO complaint on or around\n\nFebruary 3, 2015, see Dkt. ",
"14 at 26 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶ ",
"67), claiming that the USAID discriminated\n\nand retaliated against her on the basis of her “prior EEO activities, race, color, national origin,\n\nand religion” when it failed to provide her with personnel documents necessary for her\n\napplication for unemployment benefits, id. at 25–26 (¶¶ 65–71). ",
"The crux of this claim was that\n\nUSAID’s refusal to provide her with her personnel file was intended to punish her for past EEO\n\nactivity. ",
"Id. at 27 (¶ 69).",
"\n\n (6) Husain’s sixth and final EEO complaint, filed on February 4 or 5, 2015, claimed\n\nthat the USAID wrongfully reissued its termination on November 25, 2014, in a discriminatory\n\nfashion, violating her “fundamental constitutional right[] to due process.” ",
"Id. at 28–29 (¶¶ 75,\n\n77).",
"\n\n\n\n 4\n\f (7) Husain filed her first FTCA claim with the USAID’s Office of General Counsel\n\non June 10, 2014, alleging that her termination was the result of the USAID’s “negligence,\n\nwrongful act[s], omissions, violation[s] of mandatory laws, unlawful retaliation, discrimination\n\nand harassment.” ",
"Id. at 30–31 (¶ 84); see also Dkt. ",
"23 at 18–19 (Defs.’ ",
"Mot. ",
"to Dismiss Ex. ",
"A).",
"\n\n (8) Husain filed her second FTCA claim with USAID’s Office of General Counsel on\n\nSeptember 30, 2014. ",
"Dkt. ",
"14 at 33 (¶ 94). ",
"This claim alleged widespread negligence by the\n\nUSAID against Husain, specifically in its failure to undertake any investigation into her prior\n\nEEO complaints. ",
"Id. at 34 (¶¶ 97–98).",
"\n\n Husain did not receive administrative relief with respect to these complaints, and she\n\nsubsequently brought suit before this Court. ",
"Her amended complaint includes twenty-four\n\ncounts. ",
"See Dkt. ",
"14. ",
"The USAID has moved to dismiss all but five of these counts. ",
"See Dkt. ",
"23.",
"\n\n II. ",
" STANDARD OF REVIEW\n\n A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) challenges the Court’s jurisdiction to consider a\n\nclaim. ",
"Fed. ",
"R. Civ. ",
"P. 12(b)(1). ",
"The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that the court has\n\nsubject-matter jurisdiction over each claim asserted. ",
"Thompson v. Capitol Police Bd., ",
"120 F.\n\nSupp. ",
"2d 78, 81 (D.D.C. 2000). ",
"The Court “must accept as true all the factual allegations in the\n\ncomplaint,” Leatherman v. Tarrant Cty. ",
"Narcotics Intelligence & Coordination Unit, 507 U.S.\n\n163, 164 (1993), and must accord the movant “the benefit of all inferences that can be derived\n\nfrom the facts alleged,” Barr v. Clinton, 370 F.3d 1196, 1199 (D.C. Cir. ",
"2004). ",
"A 12(b)(1)\n\nmotion may take one of two forms. ",
"First, the motion may challenge the adequacy of the\n\njurisdictional averments of the complaint; if the complaint “fails facially to plead facts sufficient\n\nto establish” subject-matter jurisdiction, the Court must dismiss the complaint. ",
"Achagzai v.\n\nBroad. ",
"Bd. ",
"of Governors, No. ",
"14-cv-768, 2016 WL 1089214, at *4 (D.D.C. Mar. 8, 2016).",
"\n\n\n\n 5\n\fSecond, the motion may rely on facts beyond those alleged in the complaint, and, where those\n\nfacts are in dispute, the Court may resolve those factual questions necessary to determine its\n\njurisdiction. ",
"See Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. ",
"of Scis., ",
"974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir. ",
"1992).",
"\n\n A Rule 12(b)(6) motion follows a single procedure. ",
"To withstand a 12(b)(6) motion, “a\n\ncomplaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is\n\nplausible on its face.’” ",
"Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. ",
"Corp. v.\n\nTwombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “",
"A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads\n\nfactual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable\n\nfor the misconduct alleged.” ",
"Id. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). ",
"The Court need not,\n\nhowever, “accept inferences” that “are unsupported by the facts set out in the complaint[,] [n]or\n\nmust the court accept legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations.” ",
"Kowal v. MCI\n\nCommc’ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. ",
"1994). ",
"Thus, a movant may prevail on a\n\n12(b)(6) motion only by “demonstrating that the facts alleged in the complaint, and accepted as\n\ntrue for purposes of resolving the motion, do not warrant relief.” ",
"Achagzai, 2016 WL 1089214,\n\nat *4 (citing Harris v. Ladner, 127 F.3d 1121, 1123 (D.C. Cir. ",
"1997)). ",
"Although district courts\n\ndo not hold pro se litigants to the same pleading standards that apply to represented parties,\n\n“[e]ven under a liberal pro se standard, dismissal is appropriate where the plaintiff’s complaint\n\nprovides no factual or legal basis for the requested relief.” ",
"Strunk v. Obama, 880 F. Supp. ",
"2d 1,\n\n3 (D.D.C. 2011).",
"\n\n\n\n\n 6\n\f III. ",
" DISCUSSION\n\n Husain’s amended complaint includes twenty-four counts. ",
"2 Count 1 alleges a violation\n\nof due process under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. ",
"Dkt. ",
"14 at 37 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶ ",
"106).",
"\n\nCounts 2 and 3 allege violations of Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. ",
"Id. at 37–38 (¶¶ 107–09).",
"\n\nCount 4 alleges that the USAID engaged in a “conspiracy” to prevent Husain from receiving a\n\nfair hearing and appropriate remedies. ",
"Id. at 39 (¶ 110). ",
"Counts 5, 6, 7, 8, and 11 allege various\n\ntypes of workplace discrimination or retaliation under Title VII. ",
"Id. at 39–41, 42 (¶¶ 111–15,\n\n118). ",
"Counts 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 allege common law tort claims. ",
"Id. at 41–44 (¶¶ 116,\n\n119–26). ",
"Counts 17 and 18 allege violations of the DCWPA and the WPA. ",
"Id. at 45–46\n\n(¶¶ 127–29). ",
"Counts 10 and 19 allege violations of the Rehabilitation Act. ",
"Id. at 41, 46 (¶¶ 117,\n\n130). ",
"Count 20 alleges a violation of the District of Columbia’s Human Rights Act. ",
"Id. at 47\n\n(¶ 131). ",
"Count 21 alleges a violation of the FTCA. ",
"Id. at 47 (¶ 132). ",
"Counts 22 and 23 allege\n\nconstitutional claims against the USAID under the First Amendment and against its employees\n\nunder Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388\n\n(1971). ",
"Id. at 48–49 (¶¶ 135–36). ",
"Finally, Count 24 alleges a violation of HIPAA and the\n\nPrivacy Act. ",
"Id. at 49 (¶ 137). ",
"The USAID has moved to dismiss all Counts except Counts 5, 6,\n\n7, 8, 11, 19, and 20, which allege claims under Title VII and the Rehabilitation Act. ",
"See Dkt. ",
"23\n\nat 15 (Defs.’ ",
"Proposed Order).",
"\n\n\n\n\n2\n The first twelve counts of the complete are numbered sequentially. ",
"The remaining twelve,\nhowever, start at “Count 9” and repeat numbers 9–12. ",
"To avoid confusion, the Court will\nrenumber the final twelve counts as Counts 13–24.",
"\n 7\n\fA. Husain’s Duplicative or Improper Discrimination, Retaliation, and Disabilities\n Claims (Counts 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12 and 21)\n\n Title VII provides the exclusive judicial remedy for federal employees who allege that\n\nthey are victims of workplace discrimination based on their race, color, religion, sex, or national\n\norigin, see Brown v. Gen. Servs. ",
"Admin., ",
"425 U.S. 820, 835 (1976), and the Rehabilitation Act\n\nprovides the exclusive judicial remedy for federal employees who allege that they are victims of\n\nworkplace discrimination based on disabilities, see Richardson v. Yellen, No. ",
"14-cv-1673, 2016\n\nWL 890570, at *9 (D.D.C. Mar. 8, 2016) (“It is well known that ‘the Rehabilitation Act is the\n\nexclusive remedy for federal employees alleging disability discrimination.’” (",
"quoting Welsh v.\n\nHagler, 83 F. Supp. ",
"3d 212, 222 (D.D.C. 2015)); see also, e.g., Humm v. Crowell, 172 F.3d 48\n\n(6th Cir. ",
"1998); Spence v. Straw, 54 F.3d 196, 202 (3d Cir. ",
"1995); Gomez v. U.S. Postal Serv., ",
"32\n\nFed. ",
"App’x 889, 893 (9th Cir. ",
"2002); cf. ",
"Shirey v. Devine, 670 F.2d 1188, 1191 n.7 (D.C. Cir.",
"\n\n1982) (dicta). ",
"Defendants do not seek dismissal of Counts 5 (retaliation), 6 (race\n\ndiscrimination), 7 (national origin discrimination), 8 (disparate treatment), 11 (harassment), or 19\n\n(disability discrimination), all of which allege claims under Title VII or the Rehabilitation Act.",
"\n\nThey do, however, seek dismissal of duplicative clams and claims that fail to invoke the\n\nexclusive remedies available to federal employee seeking to recover for allege workplace\n\ndiscrimination.",
"\n\n The Court agrees that Husain’s duplicative claims and her discrimination claims that rely\n\non causes of action other than Title VII and the Rehabilitation Act should be dismissed. ",
"The\n\nCourt will, therefore, dismiss Count 2 as duplicative of Counts 5, 6, 7 and 8. ",
"To the extent Count\n\n3 alleges a Title VII claim, it is also dismissed as duplicative, and, to the extent it alleges a claim\n\nunder 42 U.S.C. § 1983, that claim is dismissed because § 1983 does not provide a cause of\n\naction for discrimination in the federal workplace. ",
"Count 4 alleges that Husain was the victim of\n\n 8\n\fan “illegal conspiracy,” but relies on only “the facts” alleged “above” in the complaint. ",
"To the\n\nextent this claim incorporates Husain’s allegations that she was the victim of workplace\n\ndiscrimination and was incorrectly denied administrative relief for that discrimination, it is\n\nduplicative of Husain’s Title VII and Rehabilitation Act claims, and, to the extent it is premised\n\non other alleged misconduct, it lacks sufficient clarity to satisfy the pleading requirements of\n\nFederal Rule of Civil Procedure 8. ",
"See, e.g., Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (explaining that Rule 8\n\ndemands more than “labels and conclusions” or “naked” factual assertions). ",
"Count 9, which\n\nalleges intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress, suffers from a similar flaw. ",
"To\n\nthe extent Husain seeks to recover for emotion distress she suffered based on USAID’s allegedly\n\ndiscriminatory conduct, her exclusive remedies lie in Title VII and the Rehabilitation Act, and, to\n\nthe extent she is alleging that she suffered emotional distress based on other misconduct, Count 9\n\nlacks the clarity required by Rule 8.",
"\n\n Count 10 alleges that USAID discriminated against Husain based on her alleged\n\ndisability. ",
"Although Husain does not expressly invoke the Rehabilitation Act in this claim, that\n\nstatute provides the sole remedy for alleged discrimination in the federal workplace based on a\n\ndisability, and, so construed, the claim is duplicative of Count 19. ",
"Count 12 alleges that Husain\n\nwas the “victim of [an] unlawful and continuing pattern[ ] of lies, misrepresentations and\n\nomission of material facts . . . ",
"in documents related to her wrongful discharge in retaliation [for]\n\nher EEO complaint.” ",
"Dkt. ",
"14 at 42 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶ ",
"119). ",
"Again, this claim fails for one of two\n\nreasons. ",
"To the extent the claim alleged that Husain was discharged in retaliation for protected\n\nEEO activity, her exclusive remedy lies in Title VII and the retaliation claim (Count 5) which the\n\ndefendants have not sought to dismiss, and, to the extent Count 12 is based on other alleged\n\nmisconduct, it lacks sufficient clarity under Rule 8. ",
"Finally, Count 21 purports to invoke the\n\n\n\n 9\n\fFTCA, but relies on the defendants’ alleged “violation[s] of federal EEO laws, [the]\n\nRehabilitation Act of 1973,” and a host of unspecified “laws, polic[ies], rules, regulations,\n\njurisprudence, directives and . . . ",
"rights.” ",
"Id. at 47 (¶ 132). ",
"Thus, to the extent the Court can\n\ndiscern the basis of this claim, it too seems to turn on Husain’s underlying discrimination claims\n\nand is, as a result, either duplicative or beyond the scope of the exclusive remedies provided by\n\nCongress.",
"\n\n The Court will accordingly dismiss Counts 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12 and 21 of the complaint.",
"\n\nB. Sovereign Immunity (Counts 1, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, and 23)\n\n The United States enjoys sovereign immunity and thus may be sued only if it has waived\n\nthat immunity. ",
"FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 475 (1994). ",
"Moreover, although sovereign\n\nimmunity does not bar suits for constitutional torts brought against federal officials in their\n\npersonal capacities, see Bivens, 403 U.S. at 390–98, it does bar suits against federal officials\n\nsued in their official capacities, see Clark v. Library of Cong., ",
"750 F.2d 89, 103 (D.C. Cir. ",
"1984)\n\n(holding that sovereign immunity “bar[s] suits for money damages against officials in their\n\nofficial capacity absent a specific waiver by the government”). “",
"Sovereign immunity is\n\njurisdictional in nature,” so the Court must ask if the United States has consented to suit before\n\nconsidering a claim against the federal government. ",
"Meyer, 510 U.S. at 475; see also United\n\nStates v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 212 (1983) (“It is axiomatic that the United States may not be\n\nsued without its consent and that the existence of consent is a prerequisite for jurisdiction.”).",
"\n\n Count 16 of the complaint alleges “negligent hiring, negligent supervision [and] negligent\n\nretention” under D.C. law and federal laws. ",
"Dkt. ",
"14 at 44–45 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶¶ ",
"124–26). ",
"The\n\nCourt will assume that Husain intends to bring this claim under the FTCA because it asserts a\n\nright to recover from a federal agency for various common law torts. ",
"In particular, Count 16\n\n\n\n 10\n\falleges that USAID “failed to provide appropriate and effective management” and that USAID\n\nmanagement lacked the “skills, training, experience and competence” necessary to comply with\n\n“federal and District of Columbia laws . . . ",
"against discrimination, retaliation and other principles\n\nof management.” ",
"Id. (¶¶ 124–25). ",
"To the extent this claim seeks to recover for alleged acts of\n\ndiscrimination, it fails for the reasons discussed above. ",
"But, to the extent it seeks to recover for\n\ninadequate training and supervision, it fails for another reason: the FTCA’s waiver of sovereign\n\nimmunity does not apply to “an act or omission” of a federal employee “based upon\n\nthe . . . ",
"performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the\n\npart of a federal agency or an employee of the Government, whether or not the discretion\n\ninvolved be abused.” ",
"28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). ",
"More specifically, the D.C. Circuit has recognized\n\nthat “decisions concerning the hiring, training, and supervising of [a sovereign entity’s]\n\nemployees” constitute “discretionary” governmental functions. ",
"Beebe v. Wash. Metro. ",
"Area\n\nTransit Auth., ",
"129 F.3d 1283, 1287 (D.C. Cir. ",
"1997); see also Gustave-Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F.\n\nSupp. ",
"2d 191, 197 (D.D.C. 2002). ",
"As a result, the United States has not waived its immunity for\n\nclaims, like those asserted in Count 16, alleging negligent hiring, supervision, or retention.",
"\n\n Count 13 alleges misrepresentation and fraud, Count 14 alleges intentional interference\n\nwith economic relations, and Count 15 asserts a claim for defamation. ",
"Dkt. ",
"14 at 42–44 (¶¶ 119–\n\n23). ",
"The Court will again assume that these common law tort claims are brought under the\n\nFTCA. ",
"Under the “intentional torts” exception to the FTCA, however, a plaintiff may not sue\n\nthe United States for claims that “aris[e] out of . . . ",
"libel, slander, misrepresentation, [or] deceit,\n\nor interference with contract rights.” ",
"28 U.S.C. § 2680(h); see also Gardner v. United States,\n\n213 F.3d 735, 737 n.1 (D.C. Cir. ",
"2000) (“[S]uits for label or slander are prohibited under the\n\n\n\n\n 11\n\f[FTCA].”). ",
"Because Counts 13, 14, and 15 all fall within the “intentional torts” exception to the\n\nFTCA, the Court will also dismiss those claims.",
"\n\n Counts 1 and 22 allege violations of the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the\n\nConstitution. ",
"Dkt. ",
"14 at 37, 48 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶¶ ",
"106, 135). ",
"Count 23 asserts a constitutional\n\nclaim under the FTCA against the United States and under Bivens against unnamed individuals,\n\nbut it fails to specify which individuals allegedly violated Husain’s constitutional rights. ",
"Id. at\n\n49 (¶ 136). ",
"The Supreme Court has held that a “constitutional tort claim is not ‘cognizable’”\n\nunder the FTCA. ",
"Meyer, 510 U.S. at 475–79; see also Clark, 750 F.2d at 102–04 (holding\n\nsovereign immunity bars plaintiff’s monetary claims for allegations of constitutional torts).",
"\n\nThus, to the extent Counts 1, 22 and 23 arise under the FTCA, they are, accordingly, dismissed.",
"\n\nTo the extent Husain seeks to bring any of these claims against any individuals under Bivens, she\n\nhas a separate problem: “Bivens remedies do not exist against officials sued in their official\n\ncapacities,” Kim v. United States, 632 F.3d 713, 715 (D.C. Cir. ",
"2011) (emphasis added), but\n\nagainst only “federal officers in their individual capacity,” Simpkins v. District of Columbia\n\nGov’t, 108 F.3d 366, 368 (D.C. Cir. ",
"1997) (emphasis added). ",
"To state an individual capacity\n\nclaim a plaintiff “must . . . ",
"allege that the defendant federal official was personally involved in\n\nthe illegal conduct.” ",
"Simpkins, 108 F.3d at 369 (emphasis added). ",
"Here, Husain has sued only\n\nthe Administrator of USAID and the United States, and she has not identified a single act that\n\ncould allow the Court to infer that the Administrator personally violated any of her constitutional\n\nrights. ",
"The only references in the complaint to Rajiv Shah, the former USAID Administrator, are\n\nallegations that he “act[ed] illegally and negligently in the scope of [his] federal employment,”\n\nDkt. ",
"14 at 31 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶ ",
"85), and that he was generally aware of her complaints. ",
"Because\n\nthe complaint lacks any allegation that the USAID Administrator played a personal role in the\n\n\n\n 12\n\factions giving rise to Husain’s claims, the Court must conclude that she has sued the\n\nAdministrator only in his official capacity. ",
"3 Accordingly, the Court will also dismiss Counts 1,\n\n22, and 23 of the complaint.",
"\n\nC. Federal and Local Whistleblower Protection Act (Counts 17 and 18)\n\n USAID moves to dismiss Count 17, a DCWPA claim, on the grounds that Husain was\n\nnot an “employee” within the meaning of the D.C. Code. ",
"Dkt. ",
"23 at 12 (Defs.’ ",
"Mem. ",
"at 10).",
"\n\nThe DCWPA provides that “[a] supervisor shall not . . . ",
"retaliate against an employee because of\n\nthe employee’s protected disclosure.” ",
"D.C. Code § 1-615.53(a). ",
"The D.C. Code defines\n\n“employee” as “any person who is a former or current District employee, or an applicant for\n\nemployment by the District government.” ",
"Id. § 1-615.52(a)(3). ",
"Husain worked for the USAID,\n\na federal agency, at all times relevant to the complaint, and she has not alleged that she ever\n\nworked for the District of Columbia. ",
"Because the complaint does not allege that Husain was\n\never an employee of the District of Columbia, the DCWPA is inapplicable. ",
"The Court will,\n\ntherefore, also dismiss Count 17.",
"\n\n Count 18 alleges a violation of the federal WPA. ",
"Dkt. ",
"14 at 46 (Am. ",
"Compl. ¶¶ ",
"128–29);\n\nsee 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8). ",
"USAID moves to dismiss this count, arguing that Husain failed to\n\nexhaust her administrative remedies because she failed to raise her claim before the United States\n\nOffice of Special Counsel. ",
"Dkt. ",
"23 at 11–12 (Defs.’ ",
"Mem. ",
"at 9–10). ",
"The federal WPA protects\n\nmost federal agency employees “against agency reprisals for whistleblowing activity.” ",
"Stella v.\n\n\n\n\n3\n If Husain intended to sue Administrator Shah in his personal capacity, she has not alleged facts\nsufficient to support a Bivens claim because she has not alleged any conduct by Shah that could\nallow the Court plausibly to infer that Shah violated Husain’s constitutional rights. ",
"The Court\nwould therefore dismiss these counts under Rule 12(b)(6). ",
"See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; Twombly,\n550 U.S. at 570.",
"\n\n\n 13\n\fMineta, 284 F.3d 135, 142 (D.C. Cir. ",
"2002). ",
"An employee seeking recovery for an alleged\n\nunlawful reprisal under the federal WPA must first bring her claim to the Office of Special\n\nCounsel. ",
"5 U.S.C. § 1214. ",
"If the Special Counsel finds through an investigation that a\n\nprohibited action occurred, it will report its findings to the Merit Systems Protection Board\n\n(“MSPB”). ",
"Weber v. United States, 209 F.3d 756, 758 (D.C. Cir. ",
"2000). ",
"If the Special Counsel\n\ndoes not find evidence of any prohibited action, the employee may bring an action before the\n\nMSPB. ",
"5 U.S.C. §§ 1221, 1214(a)(3). ",
"The MSPB’s decision is typically appealable to the\n\nFederal Circuit. ",
"Id. § 7703. ",
"But in a “mixed case,” where the plaintiff alleges both WPA claims\n\nand discrimination claims, she has the choice to bring all her claims either to the MSPB or to the\n\nagency’s EEO office. ",
"Butler v. West, 164 F.3d 634, 638 (D.C. Cir. ",
"1999). ",
"She may not,\n\nhowever, skip exhaustion altogether and bring her claims directly to district court. ",
"See Hamilton\n\nv. Geithner, 666 F.3d 1344, 1349–51 (D.C. Cir. ",
"2012). ",
"Here, there is no indication that Husain\n\nraised her WPA claim with either the Special Counsel or the EEO. ",
"The Court will, therefore,\n\ndismiss Count 18 for failure to exhaust administrative remedies.",
"\n\nD. HIPAA and Privacy Act (Count 24)\n\n Count 24 alleges violations of HIPAA and the Privacy Act, see Dkt. ",
"14 at 49 (Am.",
"\n\nCompl. ¶ ",
"137), which the Court will treat as two separate claims.",
"\n\n Husain alleges USAID’s Human Resources Director violated these statutes when she\n\n“maliciously . . . ",
"shared [Husain’s] confidential medical information with several [o]ffices and\n\nindividuals within USAID and others.” ",
"Id. USAID moves to dismiss Husain’s HIPAA claim on\n\nthe ground that only the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human\n\nServices, and not a private individual, may bring a HIPAA claim. ",
"Dkt. ",
"23 at 12–13 (Defs.’",
"\n\nMem. ",
"at 10–11). ",
"The Court agrees. ",
"As courts have consistently recognized, HIPPA provides no\n\n\n\n 14\n\fprivate right of action. ",
"See, e.g., Runkle v. Gonzales, 391 F. Supp. ",
"2d 210, 237 (D.D.C. 2005)\n\n(concluding “there is no private right of action under HIPAA of which the plaintiff can avail\n\nhimself”); Hudes v. Aetna Life Ins. ",
"Co., 806 F. Supp. ",
"2d 180, 196 (D.D.C. 2011) (“In light of the\n\nstatutory language of § 1320d-5 and the apparent consensus among the courts that have\n\nconsidered the question, this Court finds that Plaintiff has no private HIPAA right of action.”),",
"\n\naff’d, 493 Fed. ",
"App’x 107 (D.C. Cir. ",
"2012); Brown v. Hill, No. ",
"14-cv-0140, 2016 WL 1225773,\n\nat *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 28, 2016). ",
"Instead, an individual's “only redress for an alleged HIPPA\n\nviolation is to lodge a written complaint with the Secretary of Health and Human Services,\n\nthrough the Office for Civil Rights.” ",
"Brown, 2016 WL 1225773, at *3 (citing 45 C.F.R. §\n\n160.306). ",
"Husain, accordingly, has failed to allege a justiciable HIPPA claim.",
"\n\n “The Privacy Act regulates the ‘collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of\n\ninformation’” about individuals by federal agencies. ",
"Wilson v. Libby, 535 F.3d 697, 707 (D.C.\n\nCir. ",
"2008) (quoting Doe v. Chao, 540 U.S. 614, 618 (2004)). ",
"Section 552a(b) provides that an\n\nagency shall not disclose any record “by any means of communication to any person . . . ",
"except\n\npursuant to a written request by, or with the prior written consent of, the individual to whom the\n\nrecord pertains.” ",
"5 U.S.C. § 552a(b). ",
"A claim for improper disclosure under the Privacy Act\n\nrequires the plaintiff prove that “(1) the information in question is a ‘record’ contained within ‘a\n\nsystem of records;’ (2) the agency improperly ‘disclosed’ the information; (3) an adverse impact\n\nresulted from the disclosure; and (4) the agency’s disclosure was willful or intentional.” ",
"Krieger\n\nv. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 529 F. Supp. ",
"2d 29, 41 (D.D.C. 2008); see also Doe v. U.S. Dep’t of\n\nTreasury, 706 F. Supp. ",
"2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2009).",
"\n\n USAID argues that Husain’s Privacy Act claim should be dismissed because she “does\n\nnot explain what ‘confidential medical information’ was shared, when it was shared, or with\n\n\n\n 15\n\fwhom it was shared, nor does she state that such information was a record entitled to protection\n\nunder the Privacy Act.” ",
"Dkt. ",
"23 at 13 (Defs.’ ",
"Mem. ",
"at 11.) ",
"Although a complaint need not\n\ncontain “detailed factual allegations,” the Court agrees that Count 24 lacks sufficient detail to\n\ngive USAID “fair notice of what the . . . ",
"claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.”",
"\n\nTwombly, 550 U.S. at 555. ",
"Husain has not identified or described the documents that she alleges\n\nwere illegally disclosed. ",
"Nor has she identified where in her attachments these documents are\n\nlocated, if they are there at all. ",
"It is not the Court’s role to scour a 500-page record to identify\n\nthe particular documents that support Husain’s contentions. ",
"She has also failed to allege that the\n\ninformation was part of a record contained within a system of records, that the alleged disclosure\n\nhad an adverse impact on her, or that the disclosure was willful or intentional. ",
"Husain has thus\n\nfailed, by any measure, to allege a claim “that is plausible on its face.” ",
"Id. at 570.",
"\n\n Accordingly, the Court will dismiss Count 24 of the complaint.",
"\n\nE. Summary Judgment\n\n Husain has also moved for summary judgment on all of her claims. ",
"See Dkt. ",
"28. ",
"For\n\npurposes of summary judgment, the movant bears the burden of presenting evidence that “shows\n\nthat there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact,” Fed. ",
"R. Civ. ",
"P. 56(a), which would allow\n\n“a reasonable jury [to] return a verdict for the nonmoving party,” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,\n\nInc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). ",
"Local Rule 7(h) further requires that “[e]ach motion for\n\nsummary judgment shall be accompanied by a statement of material facts as to which the moving\n\nparty contends there is no genuine issue, which shall include references to the parts of the record\n\nrelied on to support the statement.” ",
"When a movant fails to provide this statement, the Court is\n\nnot obligated to do the legwork for the moving party, even if she is proceeding pro se. ",
"See Twist\n\nv. Meese, 854 F.2d 1421, 1425 (D.C. Cir. ",
"1988). ",
"Here, Husain’s motion consists of a single\n\n\n\n 16\n\fsentence claiming that she is entitled to summary judgment. ",
"See Dkt. ",
"28 at 1. ",
"She has not\n\nincluded a statement of undisputed material facts, nor has she identified any undisputed evidence\n\ndemonstrating that she is entitled to prevail as a matter of law. ",
"She has thus plainly failed to\n\ncarry her burden on summary judgment. ",
"The Court will, therefore, deny Husain’s motion for\n\nsummary judgment.",
"\n\n CONCLUSION\n\n In conclusion, Counts 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12 and 21 are DISMISSED as duplicative or beyond\n\nthe scope of the exclusive remedies provided by Congress. ",
"Counts 1, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, and 23\n\nare DISMISSED for want of subject-matter jurisdiction. ",
"Counts 17, 18, and 24 are\n\nDISMISSED for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. ",
"Defendants have not\n\nmoved to dismissed Counts 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, and 19. ",
"Those counts therefore remain. ",
"Finally,\n\nHusain’s motion for summary judgment is DENIED.",
"\n\n SO ORDERED.",
"\n\n /s/ Randolph D. Moss\n RANDOLPH D. MOSS\n United States District Judge\n\n\nDate: August 19, 2016\n\n\n\n\n 17\n\f"
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to the storage of digital data. ",
"More particularly, the invention concerns a method and apparatus for allocating storage space to accommodate a data storage request, where the amount of storage space to be allocated is determined adaptively in consideration of past data storage requests.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nThe electronic management of data is central in this information era. ",
"Scientists and engineers have provided the necessary infrastructure for widespread public availability of an incredible volume of information. ",
"The internet is one chief example. ",
"In addition, the high-tech industry is continually achieving faster and more diverse methods for transmitting and receiving data. ",
"Some examples include satellite communications and the ever-increasing baud rates of commercially available computer modems.",
"\nWith this information explosion, it is increasingly important for users to have some means for storing and conveniently managing their data. ",
"In this respect, the development of electronic data storage systems is more important than ever. ",
"And, engineers have squarely met the persistent challenge of customer demand by providing speedier and more reliable storage systems.",
"\nAs an example, engineers at INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES.RTM. (",
"IBM.RTM.) ",
"have developed various flexible systems called \"storage management servers\", designed to store and manage data for remotely located clients. ",
"One particular system is called the ADSTAR.TM. ",
"Distributed Storage Manager (ADSM.TM.) ",
"product. ",
"With the ADSM product, a central server is coupled to multiple client platforms and one or more administrators. ",
"The server provides archival, backup, retrieval, and other management functions for the server's clients.",
"\nAlthough the ADSM product includes some significant advances and also enjoys significant commercial success today, IBM has continually sought to improve the performance and efficiency of this and other data storage systems. ",
"One area of particular focus is the \"allocation\" of storage space for data to be stored by the server. ",
"Space \"allocation\" involves reserving storage space for an expected storage event, to the exclusion of other data received by the server.",
"\nAccurate space allocation is important because over-allocation may frustrate or delay other, unrelated data storage operations. ",
"Namely, the allocated storage space is not available for other processes until it is relinquished by the originally allocating process. ",
"Furthermore, under-allocation is dangerous because it may result in the failed storage of the incoming data. ",
"In this case, efficiency is lost since the time originally spent allocating and attempting storage is wasted, and the operation must be performed again in a different manner. ",
"Both under and over-allocation are also undesirable because they make it difficult to place data in the most appropriate device type of a multi-level storage hierarchy.",
"\nAccurate space allocation, then, is extremely important. ",
"However, space allocation is especially challenging when the data does not have any prespecified size. ",
"This condition may arise under many circumstances. ",
"For example, the incoming data may comprise a stream of data with an unpredictable size. ",
"As another example, data may be grouped for storage according to a \"commit transaction\", establishing a data group of unknown size. ",
"Still another example is the grouping of data for purposes of aggregation, as discussed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. ",
"No. ",
"08/960,423, entitled \"STORAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH FILE AGGREGATION\", assigned to IBM and filed together with the present application in the names of Cannon et al.",
"\nAccurate space allocation, then, is especially difficult when data received for storage does not have any prespecified size. ",
"In this case, a speculative allocation of storage space could vary wildly from the actual size of the data, giving rise to various predicaments, such as those explained above."
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[
"Chuck Grassley, the octogenarian GOP Senator from Iowa, taught a young whipper-snapper to be careful what you wish for when the senior from the high school he visited Monday challenged him to a push-up contest.",
"\n\nWATCH:\n\nGrassley, who in his youth worked on farms and in sheet metal factories, can be seen ratcheting off at least thirteen push-ups locked face to face with his female challenger. “",
"He wins,” another student can be heard saying with amused air of resignation over the laughter of her classmates.",
"\n\nBret Baier reported the humorous, and possibly a bit embarrassing, incident for Fox News. “",
"You’re a teenager, you want to challenge a senior senator,” he said. “…",
"A senior senator who’s in pretty good shape,” he added approvingly.",
"\n\nAs Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Grassley will need all the energy he demonstrated in his victory over youth on Monday for the contentious days to come as his party seeks to bring its agenda into fruition.",
"\n\n(DAILY CALLER)\n\nContent created by The Daily Caller News Foundation is available without charge to any eligible news publisher that can provide a large audience. ",
"For licensing opportunities of our original content, please contact [email protected]."
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[
"List of equipment of the Indian Army\n\nThis is a list of some of the modern and historical equipment used by the Indian Army. ",
"Most of the army equipment is of foreign design and produced under licence in India but efforts are on to progressively design and manufacture equipment locally. ",
"The 41 Indian Ordnance Factories under control of Ordnance Factories Board manufacture most of the Army equipment like small arms, ammunition, combat vehicles, artillery, tanks etc.",
"\n\nInfantry weapons\n\nSmall Arms\n\nExplosives, Rockets, and Mortars\n\nVehicles\n\nUtility and miscellaneous\n\nEngineering and support\n\nMine protected, Mine clearing and Mine laying\n\nArmoured combat vehicles\n\nArtillery\n\nMissile systems\n\nAnti-tank guided missiles\n\nBallistic, Cruise and Anti-Ballistic Missiles\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"width:90%;\"\n|-\n! ",
"style=\"width:15%;\"| Name \n!",
"Image\n! ",
"style=\"width:15%;\"| Type \n! ",
"style=\"width:5%;\"| Numbers \n! ",
"style=\"width:15%;\"| Origin \n! ",
"Range\n|-\n| Brahmos \n|||Cruise missile || 60-90 TELs\n|| || Status: Inducted. ",
"300 km range, will be updated to 600 km range in future.",
"\n|-\n|Nirbhay \n|||Cruise missile || || || Status: Under Development/Testing(Ready By 2019-20). ",
" 3 Test was held in 2016. ",
"First test was held in April/May 2016. ",
"Nirbhay with BrahMos seeker was planned to be launched in December. ",
"1,000 –1500 km range.",
"\n|-\n| Prahaar \n|||Tactical ballistic missile || || || Status: Inducted .150 km range. ",
"\n|-\n| Prithvi-I \n|\n|Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM)\n|\n|||Status: Phased Out\n|-\n|Prithvi-II\n|\n|Medium-range ballistic missile (SRBM)\n\n|\n|\n|Status: Inducted. ",
"700–1900 km range.",
"\n|-\n| Prithvi-III\n| rowspan=\"2\" |\n| rowspan=\"2\" |Short-range ballistic missile\n| rowspan=\"2\" |\n| rowspan=\"2\" |\n|-\n|Shaurya\n|\n|-\n| | Agni-I \n|||Medium-range ballistic missile || || || Status: Inducted. ",
"700 – 1250 km range.",
"\n|-\n| Agni-II \n|||Intermediate-range ballistic missile || || || Status: Inducted. ",
"2000 – 3500 km range.",
"\n|-\n| Agni-III \n|||Intermediate-range ballistic missile || || || Status: Inducted. ",
"3500 – 5000 km range.",
"\n|-\n| Agni-IV \n|||Intermediate-range ballistic missile || || || Status: Inducted. ",
"4000 – 6000 km range.",
"\n|-\n| Agni-V \n|||Intercontinental ballistic missile || || || Status: Inducted in 2014.(Tested in April 2012 and September 2013. ",
"All successful launches)\n|-\n| Agni-VI \n| ||Intercontinental ballistic missile || || || Status: Under Development(Ready By 2018). ",
"8,000 – 10,000 km range.",
"\n|}\n\nAir Defence\n\nAircraft\n\nHelicopters\n\nUAVs\n\nRadar\n\nFuture procurements\n\nVehicles\n BMP-2 based AKASH SAM carrier production started at Ordnance Factory Medak.",
"\n BMP-2 based NBC protected recon vehicle to be manufactured at Ordnance Factory Medak.",
"\n Light Specialist Vehicle – LSV with mounting provision for MMG to be purchased by Infantry division.",
"\n Indian Army has shown interest in TATA LAMV(Light Armoured Multipurpose Vehicle) with mounting provision of MMG, BFSR, HHTI to be purchased by Mechanized Forces. ",
"It is slated to be future ready for Battlefield Management System (BMS).",
"\n Future Infantry Combat Vehicle - 2600 FICV to be procured to replace old BMP-2s. ",
"Initially, GoI asked different private and public sector companies to delevelop FICV. ",
"But, it seems that the plan to develop new vehicle is put on hold due to budgetary cuts. ",
"Instead, upgradation of old BMP-2s with new powerful engines, transmission and new Kliver turret with 30mm gun and four Kornet-M ATGM launchers in being tried.",
"\n Armoured Personnel Carrier - 100 APC to be procured for United Nations peace keeping missions.",
"\n 1586 vehicles to be procured to mount ATGMs on these.",
"\n 1770 Future Ready Combat Vehicle to replace the T-72 MBT's. ",
"The tanks would have 120/125mm smooth bore gun, be in medium weight class (50 tonnes) with a crew of 3/4 personnel.",
"\n\nArtillery and missile systems\nUnder the Field Artillery Rationalization Plan, Indian Army plans to procure 3000 to 4000 155 mm towed, wheeled and tracked artillery systems. ",
"The requirement for artillery guns to be met with indigenous development and production. ",
"Production of crucial bi-modular charge system will be started soon at Nalanda ordnance factory. ",
"HEMRL, a DRDO lab has developed the technology indigenously.",
"\n State-run Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) will deliver two types of indigenously developed 155mm howitzers to the Indian Army based on the FH77B howitzer purchased way back in 1986. ",
"One version will be 155/39 calibre while the other will be 155/45 calibre. ",
"Trials are to be completed by June 2013\n Government is also evaluating 155mm/52 self-propelled howitzers wherein three Indian vendors, including two private sector companies, have been selected for trials of their equipment. ",
"\nAgni-V – Intercontinental version of the Agni missile system. ",
"The missile was test fired for the first time on 19 April 2012 and was inducted in 2014.",
"\nBharat Dynamics Limited has tested Second Generation Amogha anti-tank missiles with a range of 2.8 km(Tested).This anti-tank missile will be handed to the Indian Army after some trials.",
"\nDRDO will start working on Man portable Nag anti tank missile.",
"\n\nInfantry equipment\n\nAK-203 - 750,000 rifles to be manufactured locally by OFB. ",
"It will be the standard weapon of Indian Army replacing INSAS, expected follow on orders from paramilitary and state police.",
"\nCaracal International CAR 816 - Order placed for 94,000 units of CAR 816 carbine.",
"\nModern Sub Machine Carbine - to replace the Indian Sterling submachine gun.",
"\nIndian Army has requirement for 300,000 modular body armour and ballistic helmets primarily for their Infantry regiments. ",
"RFI's have been issued.",
"\n1000 Anti materiel rifles are to acquired for which global RFI's have been issued by the MOD.",
"\n Sniper Rifles - 5000 new sniper rifles in .338 Lapua Magnum to be procured to replace old Dragunov SVDs.",
"\nBallistic helmet-Indian army has ordered about 158,000 (1.58 Lakh) ballistic helmets from Kanpur-based defence firm MKU. ",
"The Indian Government has approved procurement of 328,000 (3.28 Lakh) ballistic helmets.",
"\nBulletproof vest-The Ministry of Defence ordered 186,138 (1.86 Lakh) bulletproof vests on April 9, 2018. ",
"These will be manufactured in India by SMPP Pvt Ltd. This is in addition to the 50,000 vests ordered in 2016 under emergency procurement.",
"\n\nAviation\n Light Utility Helicopter: The Indian army has projected a requirement for up to 197 light helicopters to replace its ageing fleet of Chetaks and Cheetahs. ",
"The Indian Army chose Eurocopter AS 550 under a US$550 million contract in summer of 2007. ",
"Under this contract 60 helicopters were to be supplied from Eurocopter in fly-away condition and the rest were to be assembled by HAL in India. ",
"This order was later scrapped due to allegations of unfair field trials from one of the competing company, Bell Helicopters.",
"Eurocopter wins big Indian Army deal A fresh tender process was initiated later in which Eurocopter Fennec and Kamov Ka-226 were shortlisted for user trials. ",
"Trials were completed and Kamov Ka-226 was declared winner and about 200 helicopters are to be made in India under the \"Make in India\" initiative, Indian Army have planned to replace obsolete Chetaks and Cheetahs with it, until the arrival of HAL LUH, as the later would be ready for its first flight only by 2017.",
"\n HAL Light Combat Helicopter - HAL has obtained a firm order to deliver 114 HAL Light Combat Helicopters to the Indian Army.",
"\n Boeing AH-64 Apache''' - The Government of India approved the purchase of 6 helicopters in August 2017.",
"\n\nGallery\n\nSee also\nCurrently active military equipment by country\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Indian Army\nCategory:Military equipment of India"
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[
"/*\n * cynapses libc functions\n *\n * Copyright (c) 2008-2013 by Andreas Schneider <asn@cryptomilk.org>\n *\n * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public\n * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either\n * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.",
"\n *\n * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the GNU\n * Lesser General Public License for more details.",
"\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public\n * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software\n * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA\n */\n\n#include <stdlib.h> // NOLINT this is sometimes compiled in C mode\n#include <string.h> // NOLINT this is sometimes compiled in C mode\n\n#include \"c_macro.h\"\n#include \"c_alloc.h\"\n#include \"c_string.h\"\n#include \"c_time.h\"\n#include \"c_private.h\"\n"
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[
"Here is a listing of your club delegates for the 2017 racing season. ",
"Communicate with your club delegate on your PHRF-related interests, concerns, suggestions, etc. ",
"Unaffiliated members can contact your regional VP as your representative."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
"\r\n\r\nYourdon v Curtis (2018 NY Slip Op 04491)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n\nYourdon v Curtis\n\n\n2018 NY Slip Op 04491\n\n\nDecided on June 15, 2018\n\n\nAppellate Division, Fourth Department\n\n\nPublished by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431.",
"\n\n\nThis opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports.",
"\n\n\n\r\nDecided on June 15, 2018\r\nSUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK\r\nAppellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department\r\n\r\nPRESENT: SMITH, J.P., CENTRA, LINDLEY, CURRAN, AND WINSLOW, JJ.",
"\r\n\r\n\n792 CA 17-02013\r\n\r\n[*1]LOUIS YOURDON, JAMES R. BELTER, PLAINTIFFS-RESPONDENTS, ET AL., ",
"PLAINTIFFS,\r\nvJUDY CURTIS, CERTIFIED REGISTERED COUNSELOR MID-ERIE COUNSELING TREATMENT CENTER, MID-ERIE COUNSELING TREATMENT CENTER, DR. ",
"ARVIND SAMANT, M.D., DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS, ET AL., ",
"DEFENDANTS. ",
"\r\n\n\nBARCLAY DAMON LLP, BUFFALO (ARIANNA KWIATKOWSKI OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS JUDY CURTIS, CERTIFIED REGISTERED COUNSELOR\n\n\n\n\tAppeals from an order of the Supreme Court, Erie County (Tracey A. Bannister, J.), entered July 6, 2017. ",
"The order denied the motions of defendants Judy Curtis, Mid-Erie Counseling Treatment Center and Dr. Arvind Samant, M.D., to dismiss the complaint of plaintiffs Louis Yourdon and James R. Belter. ",
"\nIt is hereby ORDERED that said appeals are unanimously dismissed without costs.",
"\nMemorandum: Plaintiffs-respondents (plaintiffs) commenced this negligence and malpractice action seeking compensatory and punitive damages arising from mental health services they received from defendants-appellants (defendants). ",
"Defendants appeal from an order that, inter alia, denied their motions pursuant to CPLR 3211 to dismiss the complaint against them. ",
"Subsequently, Supreme Court granted defendants' motions pursuant to CPLR 3126 to dismiss plaintiffs' complaint against them, and plaintiffs failed to appeal from that order or to move for leave to reargue with respect to that order, and the time to do so has expired. ",
"These appeals are therefore moot, and the exception to the mootness doctrine does not apply (see generally Matter of Hearst Corp. v Clyne , 50 NY2d 707, 714-715\n[1980]).",
"\nEntered: June 15, 2018\nMark W. Bennett\nClerk of the Court\n\n\n"
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[
"Dario Edoardo Viganò\n\nDario Edoardo Viganò (born 27 June 1962) is an Italian Catholic priest, writer and university teacher. ",
"He was named Director of Vatican Television Center in 2013. ",
"He served as the first Prefect of the newly established Secretariat for Communications from 27 June 2015 to 21 March 2018, resigning \"a week after his mishandling of a letter from retired Pope Benedict XVI provoked a global outcry\".",
"\n\nCareer \nViganò was born 27 June 1962 in Rio de Janeiro to Italian parents. ",
"Following studies in philosophy and theology at the University of Milan, he was ordained a Roman Catholic priest on 13 June 1987 by Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini, Archbishop of Milan.",
"\n\nIn 1997, he completed his doctorate at ISCOS, the communication institute of the Salesian Pontifical University in Rome (now the Faculty of the Sciences of Social Communication) on the theme: Chiesa e cinema. ",
"L'emblematico caso della diocesi di Milano (1894-1979). ",
"During and after his doctoral studies, he worked at the Office for Social Communications of the Milan archdiocese. ",
"He was involved primarily in the cinema and community cinema halls.",
"\n\nIn 1998, he became a member of the Italian Episcopal Conference.",
"\n\nIn the second half of the 1990s he taught Ethics and the Deontology of the Media at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan. ",
"In 1998 he began teaching Semiology of Cinema and Audio-visual Technology in Rome and Semiotics and Business Communications at the faculty of Communication Studies at LUMSA University.",
"\n\nFrom 2000 on, he taught at the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome where he was made professor of Communication Theory and dean of the Redemptor hominis Institute. ",
"He is also Director of the Centro Interdisciplinare Lateranense.",
"\n\nSince 2005 he has been a lecturer in Semiology of Cinema and Audiovisual Technology and Cinema Theory and Techniques at the faculty of Political Science and Communication Studies at the LUISS Guido Carli University in Rome.",
"\n\nHe was made a member of the Pontifical Academy of Theology and of the scientific board of the Centre for Media and Communication Studies (CMCS) \"Massimo Baldini\". ",
"He is also a member of the scientific board of the CMCS-LUISS Working Papers Series.",
"\n\nOn 22 January 2013 he was named director of the Vatican Television Center and secretary of its board of administration.",
"\n\nOn 29 September 2016, Pope Francis named him a member of the Congregation for the Clergy and the Congregation for Catholic Education.",
"\n\nHe holds the title of Knight Commander in the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, a papal order of chivalry.",
"\n\nProfessional \nIn 2004 Dario Edoardo Viganò was asked to assume the role of President of the Ente dello Spettacolo (EdS) a cinema organization which was founded in 1946 and which, in 2006, became the (FEdS).",
"\n\nHe was editor-in-chief of the magazine , the longest-running Italian magazine covering cinema, founded in Milan in 1928 and edited by the Fondazione Ente dello Spettacolo.",
"\n\nIn the same period, he was nominated as a member of the Subcommittee for the recognition of Cultural Interests by the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities with a focus on feature films.",
"\n\nIn 2008 he participated in the Administrative Council of the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia with responsibilities covering the Italian National Film Archives and publishing.",
"\n\nIn the early 2000s Viganò was President of the Italian National Commission for Film Evaluation, an agency sponsored by the Italian Episcopal Conference (CEI). ",
"In the past ten years he has been a research assistant for the cinema division of the Office for Social Communication of the CEI, directed by .",
"\n\nTogether with Francesco Casetti of the Catholic University of Milan, Viganò is the science co-director of an advanced e-learning program for the promotion of communication and culture known as ANICEC. ",
"It was established in 2000 by the Inter-disciplinary Centre of the Lateran Pontifical University, the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, and the Communication and Culture Foundation of the CEI.",
"\n\nOn 27 June 2015, Pope Francis named him the Prefect of the newly established Secretariat for Communications. ",
"He was expected to give greater prominence to new media and decrease the significance of the Vatican's radio and print operations. ",
"He predicted the reorganization of existing departments would be \"tear-inducing\" for some of the 650 employees affected as duplicate processes were eliminated and greater coordination introduced. ",
"He also encountered institutional rivalries both within his departments and in other parts of the Roman Curia. ",
"In mid-March 2018, Viganò inaccurately represented a letter authored by Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI and provided journalists with a photograph later shown to be altered. ",
"After extensive media discussion of these misrepresentations, he resigned as prefect on 21 March 2018 and Pope Francis named him assessor of the Secretariat, its third-highest post.",
"\n\nBooks \n• POP FILM ART. ",
"Visual culture, moda e design nel cinema italiano anni '60 e '70, (con Steve Della Casa), Edizioni Sabinae, Roma 2012.",
"\n\n• Cari Maestri. ",
"Da Susanne Bier a Gianni Amelio i registi si interrogano sull'importanza dell'educazione, Cittadella editrice, Assisi 2011.",
"\n\n• Chiesa, denaro, pubblicità. ",
"Storia e analisi degli spot dell'8x1000, Rubbettino, Soveria Mannelli (CZ), to be published in 2010.",
"\n\n• Il prete di celluloide. ",
"Nove sguardi d'autore, Cittadella Editrice, Assisi 2010.",
"\n\n• La musa impara a digitare. ",
"Uomo, media e società, Lateran University Press, Roma 2009.",
"\n\n• La Chiesa nel tempo dei media, Edizioni OCD, Roma 2008.",
"\n\n• L'adesso del domani. ",
"Raffigurazioni della speranza nel cinema moderno e contemporaneo, Effatà Editrice, Cantalupa (TO) 2007 (con G. Scarafile).",
"\n\n• Gesù e la macchina da presa. ",
"Dizionario ragionato del cinema cristologico, Lateran University Press, Roma 2005.",
"\n\n• I sentieri della comunicazione: storia e teorie, Rubbettino, Soveria Mannelli (CZ) 2003.",
"\n\n• Cinema e Chiesa. ",
"I documenti del Magistero, Effatà Editrice, Cantalupa (TO) 2002.",
"\n\n• Essere. ",
"Parola. ",
"Immagine. ",
"Percorsi del cinema biblico, Effatà Editrice, Torino 2000 (con D. Iannotta).",
"\n\n• La settima stanza. ",
"Un film di Márta Mészáros, Centro Ambrosiano, Milano 1997 (con C. Bettinelli).",
"\n\n• I mondi della comunicazione, Centro Ambrosiano, Milano 1997 (con M. L. Bionda, A. Bourlot).",
"\n\n• I figli e la televisione, In dialogo, Milano 1996 (con M. L. Bionda, G. Michelone).",
"\n\n• I preti del cinema. ",
"Tra vocazione e provocazione, Istituto di Propaganda Libraria, Milano 1995 (con E. Alberione).",
"\n\n• Cinema, cinema, cinema. ",
"Dalle origini ai nostri giorni, Edizioni Paoline, Milano 1995 (con G. Michelone).",
"\n\n• La televisione in famiglia. ",
"Trasmissioni a confronto, Edizioni Paoline, Milano 1995 (con G. Michelone).",
"\n\n• Il teleforum. ",
"Domande e risposte sul piccolo schermo, Edizioni Paoline, Milano 1994 (con G. Michelone).",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Personal Page\n Dario Edoardo Viganò at 67th \"Mostra Internazionale D’Arte Cinematografica di Venezia\"\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia\nCategory:1962 births\nCategory:20th-century Roman Catholic priests\nCategory:21st-century Roman Catholic priests\nCategory:People from Rio de Janeiro (city)\nCategory:Media theorists\nCategory:Italian Roman Catholic priests\nCategory:University of Milan alumni\nCategory:Dicastery for Communication"
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[
"357 F.3d 1000\nSharon CHILDRESS; Dwayne Springer; Mike Frisbie; Stuart Ingraham; Rick Buchanan; Scott Rotering; Phillip Cook; David Hall; Tari Conroy; Lyle Goracke; Robert Hackel; Gerald Behling; Brandon Zeiler; Ray Luchi; Randy Rennaker; Dan Wiseman, Jr.; Dan Wiseman, Sr.; ",
"Greg Holt; Steven Mossbrucker; and Dave Osborn, Plaintiffs-Appellees,v.DARBY LUMBER, INC. ",
"a Montana corporation; and Bob Russell Construction Inc. an Idaho corporation, Defendants-Appellants.",
"\nNo. ",
"01-35764.",
"\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.",
"\nArgued and Submitted April 9, 2003.",
"\nFiled February 6, 2004.",
"\n\n1\nCOPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED Richard A. Reep and Robert T. Bell of Reep, Spoon & Gordon P.C., Missoula, MT, for the defendants/appellants.",
"\n\n\n2\nLon J. Dale and G. Patrick HagEstad of Milodragovich, Dale, Steinbrenner & Binney, P.C. of Missoula, MT, for the plaintiffs/appellees.",
"\n\n\n3\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the District of Montana; Donald W. Molloy, District Judge, Presiding. ",
"D.C. No. ",
"CV-99-16-M-DWM.",
"\n\n\n4\nBefore D.W. NELSON, THOMAS, Circuit Judges, and ILLSTON, District Judge.*",
"\n\nOPINION\nILLSTON, District Judge:\n\n5\nDarby Lumber and Bob Russell Construction, Inc. appeal the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Sharon Childress and other former employees in their action alleging violations of the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2101-09. ",
"At issue is whether the district court erred in: 1) concluding that Darby Lumber and Bob Russell Construction constituted a single employer for purposes of the WARN Act; 2) concluding that the companies were not exempt from the WARN Act's sixty-day notice requirement for mass layoffs; 3) deciding various discovery disputes; and 4) awarding attorney's fees. ",
"We conclude that the district court was not in error, and therefore affirm its ruling in full.",
"\n\nBACKGROUND\n\n6\nThis case arises under the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act. ",
"Id. Bob Russell Construction (BRC) was incorporated in the State of Idaho by Robert E. Russell (Russell) in 1976. ",
"In 1984, Darby Lumber, Inc. (DLI) was incorporated in the State of Montana. ",
"In January of 1996, DLI acquired 100% of the shares of BRC. ",
"At all times relevant to these proceedings, the stock of DLI was owned by Russell (approximately 49%) and the DLI Employees' Stock Ownership Trust (approximately 51%).",
"\n\n\n7\nDLI operated as a lumber mill and manufactured, marketed, and sold finished lumber. ",
"BRC operated as a construction company, building log roads, hauling timber, and managing the log yard for DLI. ",
"During the period from September 17, 1997 to September 18, 1998, DLI employed 88 employees each with more than 1,000 hours of employment with the company. ",
"During the period from September 17, 1997 to September 18, 1998, BRC employed 18 employees each with more than 1,000 hours of employment with the company.",
"\n\n\n8\nOn September 24, 1998, Larry Guerrero, the general manager of the DLI mill, placed a written statement in the paychecks of all DLI employees, advising them of the financial difficulties of the company, and informing them that there would be a \"major layoff.\" ",
"On September 25, 1998, DLI shut down the mill, and all mill employees were laid off. ",
"The planer operation at the mill continued to operate for several weeks thereafter, but was then shut down, and all of those employees were laid off. ",
"All of the employees of BRC were laid off over the next several months.",
"\n\n\n9\nOn February 8, 1999 this suit was filed by former DLI employees, alleging violations of the WARN Act, which requires a sixty-day notice of layoffs in certain situations. ",
"The WARN Act requires employers of 100 or more full-time employees to give at least sixty days advance notice of a plant closing if the shutdown results in an employment loss at a single employment site during any thirty-day period for fifty or more employees (excluding any part-time employees). ",
"Id. Appellants DLI and BRC asserted that the Act did not apply to them because each company had fewer than 100 full-time employees. ",
"Appellants further claimed that even if the WARN Act did apply, the affirmative defenses of \"faltering company,\" \"unforeseeable business circumstances,\" and/or \"good faith\" applied and would preclude application of the WARN Act. ",
"Appellees maintained that the two companies qualified as a \"single employer\" under the WARN Act, that the exceptions did not apply here, and that even if they did apply, WARN sanctions were warranted because the notice of termination was insufficient.",
"\n\n\n10\nOn cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court found, based on an analysis of the Labor Management Relations Act and WARN Act factors for determining single employer status, that \"BRC and Darby Lumber are a single employer for the purposes of the WARN Act.\" ",
"Childress v. Darby Lumber, Inc., 126 F.Supp.2d 1310 (D.Mont. ",
"Jan.4, 2001)(order granting summary judgment). ",
"The district court went on to find that neither the good faith, business circumstances, nor faltering company exceptions applied. ",
"The district court then found that Darby Lumber would still be liable even if some of the exceptions applied, because its notice was inadequate. ",
"In subsequent orders, the Court granted plaintiffs' motion for attorney's fees in the amount of $123,033.44 and ordered defendants to pay damages to plaintiffs in the amount of $60,345.45, which was sixty work days of wages/benefits lost to the individual plaintiffs from the layoff date of September 25, 1998, minus any days worked.",
"\n\nANALYSIS\nI. Application of the WARN Act\n\n11\nA district court's grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. ",
"T.W. Elec. ",
"Serv., ",
"Inc. v. Pacific Elec. ",
"Contractors Ass'n, 809 F.2d 626, 629 (9th Cir.1987). \"",
"A grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo to determine whether, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, there are any genuine issues of material fact and whether the district court applied the relevant substantive law.\" ",
"Tzung v. State Farm Fire and Cas. ",
"Co., 873 F.2d 1338, 1339-40 (9th Cir.1989).",
"\n\nA. WARN Act Overview\nThe purpose of the WARN Act is to provide:\n\n12\nprotection to workers, their families and communities by requiring employers to provide notification 60 calendar days in advance of plant closings and mass layoffs. ",
"Advance notice provides workers and their families some transition time to adjust to the prospective loss of employment, to seek and obtain alternative jobs and, if necessary, to enter skill training or retraining that will allow these workers to successfully compete in the job market.",
"\n\n\n13\n20 C.F.R. § 639.1. ",
"Employers with 100 or more full-time employees are barred from ordering a plant closing or mass layoff \"until the end of a 60-day period after the employer serves written notice of such an order to each representative of the affected employees as of the time of the notice or, if there is no such representative at that time, to each affected employee.\" ",
"29 U.S.C. § 2101(a), 2102(a)(1).",
"\n\n\n14\nUnder the WARN Act, the term \"mass layoff\" means a reduction in force which:\n\n\n15\n(A) is not the result of a plant closing; and\n\n\n16\n(B) results in an employment loss at the single site of employment during any 30 day period for —\n\n\n17\n(I) (I) at least 33 percent of the employees (excluding any part-time employees); and (II) at least 50 employees (excluding any part-time employees); or\n\n\n18\n(ii) at least 500 employees (excluding any part-time employees)\n\n\n19\nId. § 2101(a)(3). ",
"These figures are calculated from the \"snap-shot\" date of the last date upon which the notice would be required to be given, in this case, July 27, 1998, sixty days before September 25, 1998, the date of the layoff. ",
"See 20 C.F.R. § 639.5(a)(2). ",
"On July 27, 1998, DLI and BRC had more than 100 employees combined, while alone, each company had fewer than 100 employees.",
"\n\n\n20\nB. \"Single employer\" analysis of DLI and BRC\n\n\n21\nAppellants contend that there was significant evidence to establish that DLI and BRC were separate companies, neither of which independently employed 100 employees. ",
"Int'l Bhd. ",
"of Teamsters v. American Delivery Serv. ",
"Co., 50 F.3d 770 (9th Cir.1995) analyzed the single employer test for the WARN Act and the Labor Management Relations Act together:\n\n\n22\nTo determine \"single employer\" status under the LMRA, we consider these four factors: (1) common ownership; (2) common management; (3) centralized control of labor relations; and (4) interrelation of operations.",
"\n\n\n23\nCommon ownership is the least important factor, and the remaining three factors are guideposts only. ",
"Single employer status ultimately depends on all the circumstances of the case and is characterized as an absence of an arms length relationship found among unintegrated companies.",
"\n\n\n24\n. . .",
"\n\n\n25\nThe relevant regulations under WARN provide that Under existing legal rules, independent contractors and subsidiaries which are wholly or partially owned by a parent company are treated as separate employers or as a part of the parent or contracting company depending on the degree of their independence from the parent. ",
"Some of the factors to be considered in making this determination are (i) common ownership, (ii) common directors and/or officers, (iii) de facto exercise of control, (iv) unity of personnel policies emanating from a common source, and (v) the dependency of operations.",
"\n\n\n26\nId. at 775 (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 639.3(a)(2), internal citations omitted). ",
"The five WARN factors are analyzed as follows.",
"\n\n\n27\ni. Common ownership\n\n\n28\nBRC is the wholly owned subsidiary of DLI. ",
"While appellants deny common ownership, they admit that DLI owns 100% of the shares of BRC, and that Russell owns 49% of the shares of DLI and is the trustee for the other 51% of the shares. ",
"While technical common ownership is avoided by corporate formalities, this actual commonality of ownership satisfies this \"least important factor.\" ",
"Id.\n\n\n29\nIt is undisputed that BRC and DLI share common directors and officers, as appellants admitted in their responses to plaintiffs' discovery requests.",
"\n\n\n30\nii. ",
"Common directors and/or officers\n\n\n31\niii. ",
"De facto exercise of control\n\n\n32\nThe parties contest the extent of DLI's de facto control over BRC. ",
"Appellants assert that the companies maintained separate employment policies, had separate managers, and had separate workforces with separate pay scales, payrolls, workers compensation, employee health benefits, and separate middle management. ",
"Appellees rejoin that DLI's manager was given daily reports on the activities of both DLI and BRC, and at times directed the activities of BRC. ",
"DLI's manager made the decision to move employees from the payroll of DLI to that of BRC, and to have employees on the BRC payroll work in the DLI log yard. ",
"Russell admitted in his deposition that he directed both the DLI manager and the BRC manager to shut down the respective companies when the time came. ",
"Finally, appellants admitted in discovery responses that management of BRC \"would ultimately answer to higher management at Darby Lumber, Inc.\"\n\n\n33\nThis Court agrees with the district court that these factors, on balance, demonstrate de facto exercise of control by DLI over BRC.",
"\n\n\n34\niv. ",
"Unity of personnel policies emanating from a common source\n\n\n35\nAppellees do not seriously dispute appellants' showing of significant differences in personnel policies between DLI and BRC, including differences in overtime, breaks, methods of pay, and health insurance premiums.",
"\n\n\n36\nv. Dependency of operations\n\n\n37\nAppellees maintain that BRC's operation was overwhelmingly dependent on DLI. ",
"Citing deposition testimony that over ninety percent of BRC's activities and revenues were derived from DLI in 1998, appellees argue that BRC's main purpose was to provide support services for the DLI mill. ",
"In addition, BRC maintained its financial records at DLI's facilities, and, as previously noted, some BRC employees worked in the DLI log yard.",
"\n\n\n38\nAppellants counter that Russell, in his affidavit, declared that BRC was not dependent:\n\n\n39\nBRC was not dependent upon DLI for its operational existence. ",
"BRC existed as a viable operating company for many years before DLI even came in to being. ",
"The services BRC provided such as road building, hauling, trucking and delivery could easily have been provided to entities other than DLI. ",
"In fact, they were provided to others for many years before DLI existed and continued after DLI closed.",
"\n\n\n40\nHowever, although Russell states that BRC \"could easily have\" provided these services to others, the facts demonstrate that while DLI and BRC were both in existence, BRC regularly provided these services almost exclusively to DLI. ",
"Further, BRC shut down operations just months after the DLI mill closed, suggesting that BRC was dependent upon DLI for business.",
"\n\n\n41\nAccordingly, the evidence demonstrates dependency of operations between DLI and BRC.",
"\n\n\n42\nThe relevant factors, taken as a whole, support the district court's finding that BRC and DLI operated as a single employer for the purposes of the WARN Act, and that the WARN Act applies to their conduct.",
"\n\n\n43\nII. ",
"Exceptions to the WARN Act's sixty-day notice requirement\n\n\n44\nAppellants contend that they were exempt from the WARN Act's sixty-day notice requirement for layoffs under either the \"good faith\" exception, the \"business circumstances\" exception or the \"faltering company\" exception, and that the district court erred in not allowing these defenses to go to a jury.",
"\n\nA. Good faith exception\nThe WARN Act provides:\n\n45\nIf an employer which has violated this Act proves to the satisfaction of the court that the act or omission that violated this chapter was in good faith and that the employer had reasonable grounds for believing that the act or omission was not a violation of this chapter the court may, in its discretion, reduce the amount of the liability or penalty provided for in this section.",
"\n\n\n46\n29 U.S.C. § 2104(a)(4). ",
"Appellants claim that this defense should have gone to a jury, and that the district court's decision to dismiss it at the summary judgment stage was reversible error.",
"\n\n\n47\nHowever, as the district court recognized, good faith is an affirmative defense as to which defendants have the burden of proof, and in this case they failed to raise triable issues as to several elements of the defense. ",
"As the district court stated:\n\n\n48\nThe good faith defense requires a showing by the employer of a subjective intent to comply with the Act as well as evidence of objective reasonableness by the employer in applying the Act. ",
"In re Jamesway Corp., 235 B.R. 329, 345 (S.D.N.Y.1999). ",
"If there is not a material fact issue concerning one or both of these factors, good faith can be a matter appropriate for summary judgment. ",
"Id. Under the good faith exception, the employer must establish that it had \"an honest intention to ascertain and follow the dictates of the [statute]\" and that it had \"reasonable grounds for believing that [its] conduct complie[d] with the [statute].\" ",
"Local 246 Utility Workers Union of America v. Southern California Edison Company, 83 F.3d 292, 298 (9th Cir.1996). ",
"Childress, 126 F.Supp.2d at 1315 (D.Mont.2001)(order granting summary judgment)(alterations in original).",
"\n\n\n49\nAppellants failed to provide facts to establish that they had an honest intention to ascertain and follow the dictates of the WARN Act or that they had reasonable grounds for believing that their conduct complied with it. ",
"Appellants did provide evidence that they had little or no knowledge of the Act and that Russell did not want to close the DLI mill. ",
"That information tends to show that defendants were ignorant of the WARN Act; it does not, however, show that they had an honest intention to follow it, or that they had grounds for believing that they were in compliance with it. ",
"Mere ignorance of the WARN Act is not enough to establish the good faith exception. ",
"The district court was correct in finding that the good faith exception to the WARN Act did not apply.",
"\n\nB. Business circumstances exception\n\n50\nThe WARN Act's sixty-day notice requirements do not apply \"if the closing or mass layoff is caused by business circumstances that were not reasonably foreseeable as of the time that notice would have been required.\" ",
"29 U.S.C. § 2102(b)(2)(A). ",
"The Code of Federal Regulations gives guidance on what types of business circumstances will be considered \"not reasonably foreseeable\":\n\n\n51\n(1) An important indicator of a business circumstance that is not reasonably foreseeable is that the circumstance is caused by some sudden, dramatic, and unexpected action or condition outside the employer's control. ",
"A principal client's sudden and unexpected termination of a major contract with the employer, a strike at a major supplier of the employer, and an unanticipated and dramatic major economic downturn might each be considered a business circumstance that is not reasonably foreseeable. ",
"A government ordered closing of an employment site that occurs without prior notice also may be an unforeseeable business circumstance.",
"\n\n\n52\n(2) The test for determining when business circumstances are not reasonably foreseeable focuses on an employer's business judgment. ",
"The employer must exercise such commercially reasonable business judgment as would a similarly situated employer in predicting the demands of its particular market. ",
"The employer is not required, however, to accurately predict general economic conditions that also may affect demand for its products or services.",
"\n\n\n53\n20 C.F.R. § 639.9(b)(1)-(2).",
"\n\n\n54\nAppellants point to the decision by U.S. Bank on September 7, 1998, refusing to rewrite DLI's credit, as the sudden and unforeseeable event that caused the shutdown of the mill. ",
"However, appellants' own response to a discovery request stated:\n\n\n55\nThe closure of the plant and layoffs in September 1998 was occasioned by losses to the company which could not be sustained any longer. ",
"These losses were a function of the depressed lumber market, increased cost of raw materials, operational difficulty in the startup of a new planer, and factors effected by the price of raw materials and finished goods beyond the control of Darby Lumber, Inc. In turn, raw materials and finished goods markets and prices were effected by the general economic downturn in Pacific rim countries, influences by NAFTA, and significantly influenced by environmental pressure to halt sales of forest service timber.",
"\n\n\n56\nThis statement makes it evident that the plant closure was not caused solely by the decision of U.S. Bank, but was caused by a variety of factors which accumulated over time, making the closure foreseeable. ",
"Indeed, as the district court noted, while U.S. Bank decided not to rewrite DLI's loans on September 7, 1998, the company did not actually lose its credit with the bank until November 1998, a month following the mass layoff.",
"\n\n\n57\nAppellants failed to meet their burden of showing that the business circumstances exception applies in this case. ",
"Accordingly, we affirm the district court's finding that the business circumstances exception did not apply.",
"\n\nC. Faltering company exception\n\n58\nThe Code of Federal Regulations, at 20 C.F.R. § 639.9(a), outlines the requirements for the faltering company exception. ",
"It first notes that the exception \"applies to plant closings but not to mass layoffs and should be narrowly construed.\" ",
"Id. It goes on to provide that the exception generally allows for reduced notice to employees where (1) the employer was actively seeking capital at the time that sixty-day notice would have been required; (2) there was a realistic opportunity to obtain the financing sought; (3) the financing would have been sufficient, if obtained, to enable the employer to keep the facility open for a reasonable period of time; and — most critically here:\n\n\n59\n(4) The employer reasonably and in good faith ... believed that giving the required notice would have precluded the employer from obtaining the needed capital or business. ",
"The employer must be able to objectively demonstrate that it reasonably thought that a potential customer or source of financing would have been unwilling to provide the new business or capital if notice were given, that is, if the employees, customers, or the public were aware that the facility, operating unit, or site might have to close. ",
"This condition may be satisfied if the employer can show that the financing or business source would not choose to do business with a troubled company or with a company whose workforce would be looking for other jobs.",
"\n\n\n60\nId. § 639.9(a)(4).",
"\n\n\n61\nAppellants seek to qualify for this \"faltering company\" exception because they were in the process of seeking a line of credit from U.S. Bank. ",
"However, even assuming that there was a realistic opportunity to obtain such financing, and that the financing, if obtained, would have enabled them to avoid or postpone the closure of the mill, appellants provided no evidence that they reasonably and in good faith believed that giving the sixty-day notice to their employees during the negotiations with U.S. Bank would have precluded them from obtaining the credit from the bank. ",
"The district court's ruling that the faltering company exception does not apply in this case was not in error, and is hereby affirmed.",
"\n\nIII. ",
"Discovery disputes\n\n62\nDecisions on discovery issues are reviewed for abuse of discretion. ",
"U.S. v. Bourgeois, 964 F.2d 935, 937 (9th Cir. ",
"1992).",
"\n\n\n63\nA. Denial of protective order regarding scheduling of depositions\n\n\n64\nAppellants sought a protective order from the district court that would require the rescheduling of the depositions of two witnesses aligned with appellants to a time which would not impose undue hardship on the witnesses. ",
"The district court denied the requested order, after appellees demonstrated that substantial efforts had been made to accommodate the witnesses' schedules and that neither the witnesses nor defense counsel had timely responded to the scheduling efforts.",
"\n\n\n65\nThe district court did not abuse its discretion.",
"\n\nB. Discovery sanctions\n\n66\nAppellants maintain that the district court abused its discretion by sanctioning them for failing to provide documents in response to a subpoena duces tecum served upon DLI's former in-house accountant. ",
"The documents sought by the subpoena, financial records of BRC and DLI, were not produced at the ex-employee's deposition. ",
"Appellants maintain that because the witness was no longer an employee of DLI, she no longer had lawful access to those documents, and that it was an abuse of discretion for the district court to sanction defendants for the failure to bring those documents to the deposition.",
"\n\n\n67\nThe witness left DLI, however, only three weeks before her deposition, and she had worked with or authored many of the documents sought. ",
"The district court was informed that in advance of her deposition, she contacted one of the officers of DLI and asked whether she should bring those documents to her deposition. ",
"The officer told the witness that she did not have authorization from DLI to bring the documents. ",
"Under these circumstances, it was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to order defendants to pay costs, expenses, and reasonable attorney's fees incurred by plaintiffs in deposing the witness without the subpoenaed documents.",
"\n\n\n68\nAppellants also assert that the district court erred in the amount of attorney's fees awarded to appellees for their work on various discovery motions, citing Chalmers v. City of Los Angeles, 796 F.2d 1205 (9th Cir.1986). ",
"District courts may reduce attorney's fees if the court finds that they are duplicative or unreasonable. ",
"Sorenson v. Mink, 239 F.3d 1140, 1146 (9th Cir.2001). ",
"In this instance the district court found all the awarded fees to be warranted. ",
"Appellants have not demonstrated that it was an abuse of discretion by the district court to award $10,770.20 in costs, expenses, and attorney's fees.",
"\n\n\n69\nC. Denial of motion to compel discovery responses\n\n\n70\nThe district court denied defendants' motion to compel discovery responses on the ground that there had been no good faith conference. ",
"Defendants object that a Certification of Good Faith Conference was filed with the court. ",
"However, the district court stated in the order denying defendants' motion to compel that \"the good faith requirement of Local Rule 200-5-(e)(2)... mandates that the parties confer on all disputed issues before the motion is filed,\" and obviously found that this had not been done. ",
"Defendants provide no record of what issues the parties discussed at their good faith conference, and there is no basis to find that the district court abused its discretion.",
"\n\nD. Refusal to exclude expert opinions\n\n71\nAppellants assert that the district court should have excluded the opinions of appellees' expert, Dr. Vinso, because appellees failed to comply with the disclosure requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2)(B). ",
"However, appellees did file a disclosure statement for Dr. Vinso, which lacked detail and specificity only because appellants had failed to provide documents during discovery. ",
"Dr. Vinso's report was made available to appellants shortly after plaintiffs received the relevant information from appellants. ",
"Appellants have provided no evidence demonstrating that the district court's denial of their motion to exclude expert opinions was an abuse of discretion.",
"\n\nIV. ",
"Attorney's Fees Award\n\n72\nThe WARN Act provides that in suits under the act \"the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party a reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs.\" ",
"29 U.S.C. § 2104(a)(6). ",
"The district court awarded $123,033.44 in attorney's fees to the appellees, as the prevailing parties, and denied any fees to appellants, even though they prevailed as to two individual plaintiffs. ",
"Appellants contend that both decisions were erroneous.",
"\n\n\n73\nThe legal analysis underlying a fee decision is reviewed de novo, Webb v. Ada County, Idaho, 195 F.3d 524, 526 (9th Cir.1999), but a district court's grant or denial of fees is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. ",
"See Shaw v. City of Sacramento, 250 F.3d 1289, 1293-94 (9th Cir.2001); Native Vill. ",
"of Venetie IRA Council v. Alaska, 155 F.3d 1150, 1151 (9th Cir.1998).",
"\n\nA. Denial of fees to defendants' counsel\n\n74\nAppellants claim that they were entitled to fees under WARN, since defendants prevailed on claims of two individual plaintiffs and on plaintiffs' motion for class certification. ",
"These victories do not, however, make appellants the \"prevailing party\":\n\n\n75\nUnder the test articulated in Farrar v. Hobby, 506 U.S. 103, 111-12, 113 S.Ct. ",
"566, 121 L.Ed.2d 494 (1992), \"a plaintiff `prevails' when actual relief on the merits of his claim materially alters the legal relationship between the parties by modifying the defendant's behavior in a way that directly benefits the plaintiff.\" ",
"The Court explained that a \"material alteration of the legal relationship occurs [when] the plaintiff becomes entitled to enforce a judgment, consent decree, or settlement against the defendant.\" ",
"Id. at 113, 113 S.Ct. ",
"566. ",
"In these situations, the legal relationship is altered because the plaintiff can force the defendant to do something he other-wise would not have to do.",
"\n\n\n76\nFischer v. SJB P.D. Inc., 214 F.3d 1115, 1118 (9th Cir.2000) (alteration in original). ",
"As appellees obtained a $60,345.45 judgment against appellants, appellees clearly prevailed under this definition. ",
"The attorney's fees standards from cases such as Christiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC, 434 U.S. 412, 98 S.Ct. ",
"694, 54 L.Ed.2d 648 (1978), Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 101 S.Ct. ",
"173, 66 L.Ed.2d 163 (1980), and Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 103 S.Ct. ",
"1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983), provide that prevailing defendants are awarded attorney's fees only when the plaintiffs' claims were frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation. ",
"See, e.g., Christiansburg, 434 U.S. at 421, 98 S.Ct. ",
"694.",
"\n\n\n77\nB. Amount of fee award to plaintiffs' counsel\n\n\n78\nAppellants argue that the district court awarded excessive attorney's fees to plaintiffs, since plaintiffs' total recovery was $60,345.45 but the court awarded $123,033.44 in attorney's fees, using the lodestar method. ",
"The district court did not err in calculating the fees based on the lodestar method, in reliance on Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. ",
"1933 (stating that a good starting point is the number of hours reasonably expended multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate) and City of Burlington v. Dague, 505 U.S. 557, 562-67, 112 S.Ct. ",
"2638, 120 L.Ed.2d 449 (1992) (holding both that there is a strong presumption that the lodestar represents a reasonable fee, and that whether a fee is fixed or contingent should have no bearing on the lodestar calculation). ",
"Extensive case authority supports the district court's use of the lodestar in this case.",
"\n\nCONCLUSION\n\n79\nThis Court AFFIRMS the rulings of the district court in full.",
"\n\n\n\nNotes:\n\n\n*\n The Honorable Susan Illston, United States District Judge for the Northern District of California, sitting by designation\n\n\n"
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[
"Nylon Moon\n\nNylon Moon was an Italian dream house production team, formed by Daniele Maffei (aka Daniele Gas) and Michele Generale. ",
"Their biggest hit was \"Sky Plus\", a piano-driven track which was one of the dream house hits during the mid-1990s, reaching #43 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1996. ",
"Other singles followed after this, although none reached the same degree of popularity. ",
"In October 1996, an album was released entitled, Heartage. ",
"Soon after, dream house music lost its popular appeal and Nylon Moon disbanded.",
"\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\n\nSingles\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nDiscogs Nylon Moon at Discogs.com\n\nCategory:Italian musical duos\nCategory:Musical groups from Milan"
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[
"Q:\n\nHow can I implement an ordered array with mongodb without race-conditions?",
"\n\nI'm new to mongodb, maybe this is a trivial question. ",
" I have two mongodb collections: user and post. ",
" A user can create and follow multiple posts, and posts are listed sorted by last modification date. ",
" There may be a very large number of users following a specific post, so I don't want to keep the list of followers in each post document. ",
" On the other hand, one user will probably not follow more than a few thousand posts, so I decided to keep the list of followed posts' objectids in each user document.",
"\nIn order to be able to quickly list the 50 most recently modified posts for a given user, I chose to keep the last_updated_at field along with the post objectid.",
"\nThe post document is fairly basic:\n{\n \"_id\" : ObjectId(\"5163deebe4d809d55d27e847\"),\n \"title\" : \"All about music\"\n \"comments\": [...]\n ...\n}\n\nThe user document looks like this:\n{\n \"_id\": ObjectId(\"5163deebe4d809d55d27e846\"),\n \"posts\": [{\n \"post\": ObjectId(\"5163deebe4d809d55d27e847\"),\n \"last_updated_at\": ISODate(\"2013-04-09T11:27:07.184Z\")\n }, {\n \"post\": ObjectId(\"5163deebe4d809d55d27e847\"),\n \"last_updated_at\": ISODate(\"2013-04-09T11:27:07.187Z\")\n }]\n ...\n}\n\nWhen a user creates or follows a post, I can simply $push the post's ObjectId and last_updated_at to the end of the posts list in the user's document. ",
" When a post is modified (for example when a comment is added to the post), I update the last_updated_at field for that post in all the follower's user documents. ",
" That's pretty heavy, but I don't know how to avoid it.",
"\nWhen I want to get the list of 50 most recently updated posts for a user, I unfortunately need to get the whole list of followed posts, then sort by last_updated_at in memory, then keep only the first 50 posts.",
"\nSo I tried to change the implementation to reorder the list when a post is modified: I $push it to the end of the list, and $pull it from wherever it is. ",
" Since this is a two step procedure, there's a race condition where I might get twice the same post in the list. ",
" Is there no better way to maintain a sorted array in mongodb?",
"\n\nA:\n\nData model adjustment\nSince you may have frequent updates to the latest posts for a given user, you probably want to avoid the overhead of rewriting data unnecessarily to maintain a sorted array.",
"\nA better approach to consider would be to flatten the data model and use a separate collection instead of an ordered array:\n\ncreate a separate collection with the updated post stream: (userID, postID, lastUpdated)\nwhen a post is updated, you can then do a simple update() with the multi:true and upsert:true options and $set the last_updated_at to the new value.",
"\nto retrieve the last 50 updated posts for a given userID you can do a normal find() with sort and limit options.",
"\nto automatically clean up the \"old\" documents you could even set a TTL expiry for this collection so the updates are removed from the activity stream after a certain number of days\n\nPushing to fixed-size & sorted arrays in MongoDB 2.4\nIf you do want to maintain ordered arrays, MongoDB 2.4 added two helpful features related to this use case:\n\nAbility to push to fixed-sized arrays\nAbility to push to arrays sorted by embedded document fields\n\nSo you can achieve your outcome of pushing to a fixed-sized array of 50 items sorted by last updated date descending:\ndb.user.update(\n // Criteria\n { _id: ObjectId(\"5163deebe4d809d55d27e846\") },\n\n // Update\n { $push: {\n posts: {\n // Push one or more updates onto the posts array\n $each: [\n {\n \"post\": ObjectId(\"5163deebe4d809d55d27e847\"),\n \"last_updated_at\": ISODate()\n }\n ],\n\n // Slice to max of 50 items\n $slice:-50,\n\n // Sorted by last_updated_at desc\n $sort: {'last_updated_at': -1}\n }\n }}\n)\n\nThe $push will update the list in sorted order, with the $slice trimming the list to the first 50 items. ",
" Since the posts aren't unique you'll still need to $pull the original from the list first, eg:\ndb.user.update(\n // Criteria\n { _id: ObjectId(\"5163deebe4d809d55d27e846\") },\n\n // Update\n { \n $pull: {\n posts: { post: ObjectId(\"5163deebe4d809d55d27e847\") }\n }\n }\n)\n\nA benefit of this approach is that array manipulation is being done on the server, but as with sorting the array in your application you may still be updating the document more than is required.",
"\n\n"
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[
"Paul Tobin Goes on the Hunt with \"The Witcher\"\n\nOn March 19, \"The Witcher\" franchise will officially add comic books to its media franchise. ",
"Written by Paul Tobin -- no stranger to horror -- and featuring art by Joe Querio, the first chapter of a five-issue miniseries from Dark Horse Comics follows television and gaming adaptations of the original novels by Polish writer Andrzej Sapkowski.",
"\n\nTobin's miniseries finds monster hunter Geralt traveling the Black Forest when a chance meeting with a widowed fisherman brings the semi-human protagonist to the mysterious House of Glass -- the writer's riff on a haunted, labyrinthine house. ",
"The series, which Tobin hopes will be just first of many outings with Geralt, is largely focused on character, exploring the line between the human and inhuman that Geralt represents.",
"\n\nComic Book Resources spoke with Tobin about his plans for \"The Witcher,\" Querio's spine-tingling artwork, haunted houses and finding the human in every beast.",
"\n\nCBR News: First off, what's the story you're telling in \"The Witcher?\"",
"\n\nPaul Tobin adapts \"The Witcher\" novels for comics at Dark Horse in March 2014\n\nPaul Tobin: We wanted a simple intro to the character, so we decided to focus entirely on Geralt. ",
"In our story he befriends who he at first believes is a simple hunter: a mountain man of sorts, but soon finds out that the man, Jakob, has a dead wife -- one who is still around, having been transformed into a bruxa, a vampire of sorts. ",
"Trying to escape this haunting, and needing a new life, Jakob accompanies Geralt on his travels, but they almost immediately become trapped in a strange house: the House of Glass. ",
"Other monsters abound, as well as clues to what is really happening. ",
"Between cemetery hags, leshen, a succubus, and a few other surprises, Geralt really has his hands full. ",
"That said, \"The Witcher\" stories, to me, are far more about character, so it's the nature of the people and monsters that Geralt is encountering that are the real story.",
"\n\nThe \"House of Glass\" sounds like a take on a haunted house or labyrinth -- what is compelling about that trope, and how does one make it fresh again?",
"\n\nI find the tense atmosphere compelling. ",
"The feeling that there might be something right behind the door, anything behind the door -- and there are so many doors. ",
"The secret of our House of Glass is a main part of the story, as is the surrounding forest.",
"\n\nHow much of a connection does your story have with the \"Witcher\" game franchise or the original novels?",
"\n\nWe keep that focus entirely on Geralt for this story, staying away from the great wash of the politics in the \"Witcher\" world. ",
"He definitely is in that world, but we'd like that world to expand organically in the hopeful upcoming projects. ",
"It would have been too overwhelming to introduce the entire world at once to the new readers, so it's a foundation we're focused on, here.",
"\n\nWhat are the challenges, or, conversely, benefits, of writing within an already established world -- as in this project -- versus writing within a world of your own design?",
"\n\nWell, obviously there are boundaries that I can't break through, mostly having to do with consistency with the world in the novels and games, but both novelist Andrzej Sapkowski and game-makers ProjektRed have done a amazing job of having Geralt be a character in a world, rather than the far less satisfying \"character with a world around them.\" ",
"When a character lives in a whole world, rather than just having a set of circumstances revolve around them, the toy box is so vast that there is plenty of breathing room for other stories. ",
"So, really, it hasn't been that much of a different experience for me, writing wise, than working on creator-owned material, and certainly no different than writing Spider-Man or the like.",
"\n\nWhat's your take on the lead protagonist, Geralt? ",
"What's driving him?",
"\n\nWitchers go through a process that basically strips them of a lot of their human emotions, but Geralt is different. ",
"The process didn't take. ",
"There's still a lot of humanity left within him. ",
"Despite that, he knows he's not human, not really, not anymore, and so he's aware that he doesn't really fit anywhere. ",
"He's unique. ",
"I think that grates on him, darkens his days. ",
"He can feel love, desire, pride, all that -- but he can't really grasp them. ",
"The things he wants are also visible to him, but somehow out of reach, nonetheless. ",
"So he just does what he can to make the world right: a few less monsters, human or otherwise. ",
"He's seen enough death that he understands the value of life, the value of one more drink of wine, one more smile from one more pretty girl, one less corpse on the battlefield -- or at least, one less of the wrong corpses on the battlefield.",
"\n\n\"The Witcher\" miniseries focuses in on monster hunter Geralt as he himself straddles the line between man and monster\n\nHow would you describe Jakob and his relationship with Geralt? ",
"Does Geralt feel sympathy for his new companion?",
"\n\nI think Geralt sees Jakob as a friend and has sympathy for him, but at the same time Geralt feels reservations. ",
"Being who he is, Geralt always feels reservations. ",
"Witchers aren't generally trusted, but rather used as necessary tools, and that lack of trust has become a two-way street. ",
"Probably doesn't bother most witchers, but Geralt is our exception. ",
"He wants to trust, to believe in a friend, but -- well, he knows a bit too much about the world, too.",
"\n\nGeralt straddles a line between being human and inhuman -- are the monsters he hunts completely devoid of humanity? ",
"Where is that line where a person ceases being human and becomes a monster?",
"\n\nThis, to me, is one of the fascinating aspects of Geralt's character, in that he doesn't make snap judgments of that type, not if he can help it. ",
"The general feel, for most people, is that a monster is a monster, and a human is a human, but Geralt believes that a monster is someone who acts like a monster, no matter what they might look like. ",
"Part of that is that he knows others see him as a monster, sometimes, as something alien and inhuman, but he believes (however grudgingly, at times) in himself. ",
"He knows he's not a monster, and is more open to \"monsters\" that behave as human. ",
"So, while Geralt is always willing to lop the head off a drowner, for instance, he's more apt to think first, and make a decision on the \"humanity\" of creatures like berserkers, werewolves, the stray succubus, and a few other supposed \"monsters.\"",
"\n\nYou're working with artist Joe Querio on the project -- what are you seeing him bring to the page?",
"\n\nAtmosphere. ",
"Atmosphere. ",
"Atmosphere. ",
"Joe's images perfectly control the mood. ",
"He depicts Geralt's world as a place with beauty, with desolation, with warmth, cold, the natural and the unnatural -- everything's there -- but there's also a pervasive sense of weight to his drawings: that moment when the forest goes quiet, when the back of your neck has a chill, and you know that something -- something -- is going to happen.",
"\n\nEXCLUSIVE: \"The Witcher\" #2 and #3 covers by Joe Querio\n\n\"The Witcher\" #1 features a cover by Dan Panosian & Dave Johnson and goes on sale March 19, 2014."
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[
"Welcome to CareNotes. ",
"In this\nspecial section we will feature a reader's letter and provide an opportunity\nfor an interactive exchange that will help find some answers and possible\nsolutions to concerns. ",
"If you wish to respond to this letter, simple\nfollow the link provided at the end of the letter and add your comments\nand thoughts to our CareNotes Board.",
"\n\nThis Week's Carenote - 07/17/09\n\nMy mother is in the\nbeginning stages of\nAlzheimer's and will\neventually have to live with\neither my sister or myself.",
"\nIt is more convenient for\nher to live with my sister\nwho has agreed to this.",
"\nThe problem is that my\nmother would rather live\nwith me. ",
"She is\npetrified that she will not\nbe able to do so, but my\nsister would be hurt if she\nfinds out that my mother\ndoes not want to live with\nher.",
"\n\nComments\n\nIs it possible to approach your mother with the idea of a shared living arrangement--that is, a month or two with your sister and a month or two with you? ",
"If she knows she has an option, she may be more willing to go to your sister's first. ",
"Hopefully, by the time she is settled there (and with frequent visits from you) she will realize it isn't so bad. ",
"Depending on the progression of her Alzheimer's, you will have to assess how difficult several moves will be for her. ",
"After the first month or two at your sister's, you can approach the plan again and see if she is adamant about moving with you or willing to stay longer with your sister. ",
"Then revisit the plan maybe every few weeks to be sure your mom is okay with the plan. ",
"Sometimes giving options up front lessens the threat of taking away the independence that the elderly so cherish. ",
"Good luck!"
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[
"Vooral jonge Belgen en wie een definitieve straf uitzit, is in de cel vatbaar voor drugs. ",
"De zorg en begeleiding moeten beter, beseft minister De Block.",
"\n\n‘Het is hier een jungle: gedetineerden moeten sterk in de schoenen staan om geen drugs te gebruiken.’ ",
"Dat getuigde Paul Dauwe, gevangenisdirecteur van Hasselt, eerder in deze krant (DS 2 juni). ",
"Een gevangenis zonder drugs, ‘daar zitten wij heel ver van af’.",
"\n\nVolgens onderzoek gebruikt een op de drie gedetineerden drugs. ",
"Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd door Louis Favril van de vakgroep Criminologie van de Universiteit Gent. ",
"Hij bevroeg duizend gedetineerden in vijftien Vlaamse gevangenissen. ",
"Volgens deze resultaten is België geen uitzondering, ze sluiten nauw aan bij onderzoeken in het buitenland.",
"\n\nEr blijken geen grote verschillen te bestaan tussen mannelijke en vrouwelijke gedetineerden. ",
"Jongeren en wie een definitieve straf uitzit, zijn wel extra kwetsbaar. ",
"Tachtig procent van wie in de gevangenis drugs gebruikt, deed dat ook al buiten de muren. ",
"Daarom, zegt Favril, is een grondige screening van wie de gevangenis binnenkomt cruciaal.",
"\n\n‘Gevangenissen moeten zicht hebben op de lichamelijke en mentale gezondheid van hun gedetineerden, op hun verleden met onder meer drugs. ",
"Alleen op basis van zo’n inventarisatie is het mogelijk om de verdere hulpverlening efficiënt te laten verlopen.’",
"\n\nExtra zorgpersoneel\n\nMaar screening op zich zal niet tot een drugsgebruiker minder leiden. ",
"De volgende stap, de verdere hulpverlening voor wie die nodig heeft, is noodzakelijk. ‘",
"Zonder een uitgebouwd zorgaanbod is screening een maat voor niets.’",
"\n\nSinds december vorig jaar zijn in de gevangenissen van Sint-Gillis/Berkendael, Hasselt en Lantin proefprojecten opgestart met begeleiding op maat voor de gedetineerden met een drugsproblematiek. ",
"Volgens Favril was de nood daaraan hoog. ‘",
"Het aanbod is voorlopig veeleer beperkt.’",
"\n\nIn de drie gevangenissen werd extra zorgpersoneel aangeworven. ",
"Het aanwezige personeel kreeg ook extra vorming om met het drugsgebruik om te gaan en om de gedetineerden een begeleiding op maat te kunnen bieden. ",
"Drie vzw’s gespecialiseerd in de drugshulpverlening staan in voor begeleiding op het terrein.",
"\n\n‘De zorg voor de gedetineerden met een drugsprobleem moet beter’, erkent minister van Volksgezondheid Maggie De Block (Open VLD). ",
"Dat kan ook de druk op het gevangenispersoneel verlichten – want gedetineerden die drugs innemen, zijn vaak agressiever.",
"\n\nDrugsvrije afdelingen\n\nFavril juicht de proefprojecten toe. ‘",
"Ze tonen dat er inspanningen gebeuren op het terrein’, zegt hij. ‘",
"Maar van gespecialiseerd aanbod voor drugsgebruikers is in onze gevangenissen nog weinig sprake. ",
"Drugsvrije afdelingen zoals die in Brugge en Hasselt zijn goede initiatieven, maar ze dekken de lading niet.’",
"\n\nEn dat is jammer: ‘Veel personen die in aanraking komen met justitie, hebben nooit eerder hulp gekregen bij hun drugsprobleem. ",
"Hun detentie biedt de uitgelezen kans om dat aan te pakken, wat de maatschappij in haar geheel ten goede komt.’ ",
"Onderzoek toont immers dat drugsgebruik de kans op recidive fors verhoogt.",
"\n\nDe drie proefprojecten moeten helpen een breed hulpverleningsmodel te ontwikkelen dat op termijn in alle gevangenissen uitgerold kan worden."
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[
"INTRODUCTION\n============\n\nThe *t*arget *o*f *r*apamycin (TOR) signaling network plays an important role in the adaptation of cells to their changing environment by linking extracellular and cell-intrinsic cues to the major cellular processes that regulate growth. ",
"For example, TOR controls cell growth by regulating gene transcription, translation, ribosome biogenesis, autophagy, lipid synthesis, and actin polarization ([@B34]). ",
"In yeast, there are two *TOR* genes, *TOR1* and *TOR2*, whereas in higher eukaryotes there is only one. ",
"TOR kinases are found in two functionally and structurally distinct multiprotein complexes named TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 (TORC2). ",
"Rapamycin, an antifungal and immunosuppressant macrolide, inhibits TORC1 but not TORC2. ",
"When applied in low millimolar concentrations, caffeine also specifically inhibits TORC1 ([@B30]; [@B45]; [@B54]; [@B34]). ",
"Pharmacological inhibition of TORC2 in yeast was achieved only recently with the characterization of an imidazoquinoline called NVP-BHS345 (BHS), an ATP-competitive inhibitor of TOR that inhibits both complexes ([@B49]; [@B46]).",
"\n\nIn yeast, as well as in higher eukaryotes, arguably the best-characterized substrates of TOR are members of the AGC family of kinases. ",
"These include S6 kinases (S6Ks) and Sch9, which are phosphorylated by mammalian TORC1 (mTORC1) and yeast TORC1, respectively; and Akt/protein kinase B and Sgk1, and Ypk1 and Ypk2, which are phosphorylated by mTORC2 and TORC2, respectively ([@B43]; [@B34]). ",
"Phosphorylation of AGC kinases by TOR complexes occurs in distinct, carboxyl-terminal sequences known as the turn motif and hydrophobic motif and increases their activity ([@B43]).",
"\n\nRibosomal protein S6 (Rps6) was one of the first ribosomal proteins found to undergo phosphorylation ([@B26]; [@B17]). ",
"Rps6 phosphorylation is conserved from yeast to mammalian cells. ",
"In higher eukaryotes, there are five phosphorylation sites on its carboxyl terminus, whereas only two of these sites (Ser-232 and Ser-233), corresponding to Ser-235 and Ser-236 in higher eukaryotes, are conserved in yeast (Supplemental Figure S1A). ",
"Rps6 phosphorylation is sensitive to nutrients, hormones, growth factors, and a variety of stress conditions ([@B36]). ",
"In higher eukaryotes, S6 kinases 1 and 2 (S6K1 and S6K2) are the major kinases phosphorylating Rps6 on several sites (S235/S236/S240/S244) in response to mTORC1 activity ([@B44]). ",
"Rps6 is additionally phosphorylated by RSKs (90-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinases) on S235/S236 downstream of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling ([@B47]). ",
"Members of casein kinase I kinase family were found to phosphorylate Rps6 on Ser-247 in response to mitogenic stimuli ([@B22]). ",
"Intriguingly, both TORC1 and TORC2 regulate Rps6 phosphorylation in fission yeast, via Psk1 and Gad8, respectively ([@B12]; [@B39]). ",
"Rps6 dephosphorylation is less well studied but, at least in mammals, appears to require the type 1 protein phosphatase (PP1) ([@B4]; [@B22]).",
"\n\nThe major regulators of Rps6 phosphorylation in budding yeast remain unknown. ",
"Considering its role in translation and its ability to phosphorylate Rps6 in vitro, Sch9 was proposed to be the functional orthologue of S6 kinase in higher eukaryotes ([@B52]). ",
"However, phylogenetic analyses of the TOR signaling network has suggested that Ypk3, rather than Sch9, is more likely to be the S6 kinase orthologue in *S. cerevisiae* ([@B53]). ",
"Consistently, *YPK3* is orthologous to *Schizosaccharomyces pombe PSK1*. ",
"In addition, a recent study proposed that Ypk3 activity, but not Sch9 activity, is required for Rps6 phosphorylation in vivo in budding yeast ([@B16]).",
"\n\nDespite years of research, the physiological role of Rps6 phosphorylation remains mysterious. ",
"Knock-in mice expressing only the alanine-substituted nonphosphorylatable version of Rps6 exhibited severe phenotypes, including a reduced size, glucose intolerance, and muscle weakness ([@B48]). ",
"Studies in yeast, however, suggested that Rps6 phosphorylation had no observable effect on the growth of cells under different conditions ([@B29]; [@B25]). ",
"Rps6 phosphorylation was once believed to specifically couple mTORC1 signals to the translation of so-called 5′-TOP mRNAs ([@B14]), which predominantly encode proteins required for protein synthesis ([@B32]; [@B23]). ",
"However, another mTORC1 effector, 4E-BP1, is now believed to serve in this capacity ([@B20]; [@B50]). ",
"More recently, Rps6 phosphorylation has again been linked to the translation machinery via regulation of the transcription of genes encoding ribosome biogenesis factors ([@B7]).",
"\n\nHere we revisited Rps6 phosphorylation in the model eukaryote *S. cerevisiae*. ",
"We found that Rps6 phosphorylation is differentially regulated downstream of TORC1 via Ypk3 and TORC2 via Ypk1 and Ypk2. ",
"TORC1 additionally appears to regulate Rps6 dephosphorylation via Glc7/Shp1. ",
"Cells expressing nonphosphorylatable variants of Rps6 presented phenotypes associated with 40S ribosome biogenesis defects, but these phenotypes were not recapitulated under conditions in which wild-type (wt) Rps6 protein is hypophosphorylated. ",
"Cells expressing nonphosphorylatable variants of Rps6 were partially resistant to the loss of Glc7 activity, suggesting that Rps6 hyperphosphorylation is toxic. ",
"Curiously, ribosome-footprinting analyses revealed that neither Rps6 phosphorylation nor Ypk1--3 activities are overtly involved in the regulation of gene expression at the level of transcription or translation and thus challenge the present models on the function of Rps6 phosphorylation derived from studies in higher eukaryotes.",
"\n\nRESULTS\n=======\n\nRps6 is differentially phosphorylated on Ser-232 and Ser-233 in a TORC1- and TORC2-dependent manner\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nRps6 is encoded by two paralogues, *RPS6A* and *RPS6B*, in *S. cerevisiae*, which encode for identical proteins, Rps6A and Rps6B. Both proteins are phosphorylated on Ser-232 and -233, and knock-ins targeting these phosphorylation sites were made in both *RPS6A* and *RPS6B* genes.",
"\n\nTo functionally characterize Rps6 phosphorylation, we initially generated antisera that recognize Rps6 proteins regardless of their phosphorylation status ([Figure 1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"We also screened a number of commercially available antisera and found one (which we refer to as Rps6-PP) that cross-reacts with Rps6 when doubly phosphorylated on Ser-232 and -233 ([Figure 1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Immunoreactivity with this antiserum is lost if either or both of these serines are replaced with an alanine (Rps6^AA^, Rps6^SA^, or Rps6^AS^; [Figure 1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"We additionally investigated immunoreactivity of Rps6 variants with antiserum recognizing phospho-RXXS\\*/T\\* motifs. ",
"Rps6^SS^ and Rps6^SA^ but not the Rps6^AS^ variant are recognized by this antiserum ([Figure 1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"This result implies that either the antiserum cannot recognize Rps6 phosphorylated on Ser-233 alone or that Ser-233 can only be phosphorylated after prior Ser-232 phosphorylation. ",
"We believe that the first hypothesis is correct, as we observe a slower SDS--PAGE migration of the Rps6^AS^ variant compared with the Rps6^AA^ variant (Supplemental Figure S1, B and C).",
"\n\n![",
"Rps6 phosphorylation is differentially regulated on Ser-232 and -233. (",
"A) Western blot of denaturing total protein extracts prepared from yeast cells with the indicated genetic modifications. ",
"Membranes were probed with the following antibodies: rabbit anti--phospho-S6 ribosomal protein (S235/S236; Rps6-PP) or rabbit anti--phospho-Akt substrate (RXXS\\*/T\\*), together with guinea pig anti-Rps6. ",
"Binding of phosphospecific antibodies was revealed with IRDye 680CW--conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG; red signal). ",
"Binding of anti-Rps6 antibody was revealed with IRDye 800CW--conjugated anti-guinea pig IgG (green signal). (",
"B, C) Exponentially growing wild-type cells were treated with 200 nM rapamycin or 100 μM BHS. ",
"After treatment, the cells were collected at the indicated time points. ",
"and protein extracts were processed as described. (",
"D) Rps6 phosphorylation status over time after a shift from glucose-containing medium (SDGlc) to galactose-containing medium (SDGal). ",
"Glucose was added 60 min after the carbon downshift, and Rps6 rephosphorylation was followed over the subsequent 20 min. (",
"E) Rps6 phosphorylation status over time after TORC2 inhibition (in cells expressing an Avo1-AID fusion protein treated with 100 μM indole-3-acetic acid \\[IAA\\]) and/or TORC1 inhibition with rapamycin. ",
"Sch9 and Ypk1 phosphorylations were additionally assessed as readouts of TORC1 and TORC2 activities, respectively.](397fig1){#F1}\n\nUsing these antisera, we examined how Rps6 phosphorylation responds to TORC1 and TORC2 inhibition. ",
"Inhibition of TORC1 with either rapamycin ([Figure 1B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) or caffeine (Supplemental Figure S1D) triggered rapid dephosphorylation of Ser-233 but not Ser-232. ",
"In contrast, inhibition of both TORC1 and TORC2 with BHS triggered rapid dephosphorylation of both serines ([Figure 1C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"TORC1 ([@B52]) and TORC2 (Y. Bouza, M. Piccolis, and R. Loewith, unpublished data) are sensitive to carbon quality, and consistent with the BHS result, downshift in carbon quality also triggered rapid dephosphorylation of both serines ([Figure 1D](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Nitrogen depletion also triggered dephosphorylation of both serines, with slower but otherwise parallel kinetics (Supplemental Figure S1E). ",
"Collectively these observations suggested that TORC1 regulates phosphorylation of Ser-233, whereas TORC1 and/or TORC2 regulate phosphorylation of Ser-232.",
"\n\nTo distinguish between the two possibilities, we constructed a strain in which TORC2 activity could be inhibited upon addition of the plant hormone auxin, which triggered proteolysis of the essential TORC2 subunit Avo1 fused to an auxin-activated degron ([@B41]; Supplemental Figure S1F). ",
"Before this experiment, we first confirmed that TORC1 and TORC2 activities in wild-type cells were not affected by auxin treatment per se (Supplemental Figure S1G). ",
"Subsequently, we found that inhibition of TORC2 resulted in Ser-232 dephosphorylation only when TORC1 was additionally inhibited ([Figure 1E](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Thus we conclude that TORC1 signals promote phosphorylation of both Ser-232 and Ser-233, whereas TORC2 signals promote phosphorylation of Ser-232 ([Figure 4D](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nTORC1 regulates Rps6 phosphorylation on Ser-233 via Ypk3\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe screened a panel of kinase deletion mutants ([@B6]) to identify the TORC1-effector kinase that phosphorylates Rps6. ",
"This screen demonstrated that Rps6 is hypophosphorylated on Ser-233 in *ypk3Δ* cells ([Figure 2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Supplemental Figure S2A). ",
"Using an analogue-sensitive, Ypk3-expressing strain, we also found that Ypk3 activity is required for phosphorylation of Rps6 on Ser-233 upon glucose repletion ([Figure 2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"In contrast, inhibition of analogue-sensitive protein kinase A (*tpk1^as^ tpk2^as^ tpk3^as^* cells) did not trigger dephosphorylation of Rps6 (Supplemental Figure S2B), arguing against a role for this related AGC-family kinase in Rps6 phosphorylation.",
"\n\n{#F2}\n\nBecause Ypk3 is an AGC-family kinase, we predicted that it could be a direct substrate of TORC1. ",
"Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that Ypk3 is hypophosphorylated upon TORC1 inhibition with rapamycin ([Figure 2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), carbon downshift (Supplemental Figure S2C), or nitrogen starvation (Supplemental Figure S2D) and that Ypk3 coprecipitates TORC1 in a rapamycin-sensitive manner ([Figure 2D](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Ypk3 phosphorylation was not obviously affected upon TORC2 inhibition (Supplemental Figure S2E) but was decreased upon direct inhibition of analogue-sensitive Ypk3 with 1NM-PP1 ([Figure 2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), suggesting that it autophosphorylates, which was confirmed by in vitro kinase assays ([Figure 2E](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Addition of TORC1 in the absence but not the presence of wortmannin further increased Ypk3 phosphorylation in vitro. ",
"Together, these observations strongly suggest that Ypk3 is a direct target of TORC1.",
"\n\nTOR targets a highly conserved hydrophobic motif at the C-terminal end of AGC kinases. ",
"Based on the homology among Ypk1, Ypk2, and Ypk3, we predicted Ser-513 to be the residue phosphorylated within the hydrophobic motif of Ypk3 (Supplemental Figure S2F). ",
"Conversion of Ser-513 to Ala altered the SDS--PAGE mobility of Ypk3 but did not affect its catalytic activity (Supplemental Figure S2G). ",
"Substitution of this residue with glutamic acid and aspartic acid did not suppress the rapamycin-induced hypophosphorylation of Rps6 (unpublished data), suggesting that either these substitutions do not adequately mimic phospho--Ser-513 or that TORC1 regulates Ypk3 and/or Rps6 phosphorylation through additional mechanisms. ",
"To map other rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites on Ypk3, we decided to immunoprecipitate Flag-tagged Ypk3 from untreated and rapamycin-treated cells and analyze the phosphorylation patterns by mass spectrometry. ",
"This analysis revealed three rapamycin-sensitive sites in the N-terminus (S86, S92, S94) and three in the C-terminus of the protein (S505, S517, S519; Supplemental Figure S2F). ",
"Alanine substitution of the N-terminal residues S86, S92, and S94 did not visibly alter the SDS--PAGE migration pattern or the activity of Ypk3 (Supplemental Figure S2G), and thus we decided to focus on the C-terminal phosphorylation sites. ",
"Intriguingly, alanine substitution of S505, S517, and S519 residues in combination with that of S513 (Ypk3^4A^) greatly diminished the phosphorylation level of Rps6 nearly to the level observed in *ypk3* cells (Supplemental Figure S2H). ",
"We substituted these four serines with aspartic acid to see whether the phosphomimetic Ypk3 could suppress Rps6 dephosphorylation induced by rapamycin. ",
"However, this was not the case (Supplemental Figure S2H), leading us to believe that Ypk3 is not the only factor through which TORC1 regulates Rps6 phosphorylation (see *Discussion*).",
"\n\nTOR complexes 1 and 2 regulate Rps6 phosphorylation on Ser-232 via Ypk1/2/3\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nUnlike Ser-233, we could still detect phosphorylation of Ser-232 in the absence of *YPK3* ([Figure 3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Ypk1 and Ypk2 are bona fide substrates of TORC2 ([@B27]; [@B40]) and are also closely related to Ypk3, suggesting that all three kinases could redundantly mediate Rps6 phosphorylation on Ser-232. ",
"Loss of Ypk1 and/or Ypk2 function did not affect the phosphorylation levels of Rps6 ([Figure 3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Supplemental Figure S3A). ",
"However, inhibition of Ypk1 and Ypk2 in combination with rapamycin treatment induced hypophosphorylation of Ser-232 (Supplemental Figure S3B). ",
"Next we combined the deletion of *YPK3* with the deletion of *YPK2* and an analogue-sensitive allele of *YPK1*. ",
"In the absence of the activities of all three kinases, both Ser-232 and Ser-233 were hypophosphorylated ([Figure 3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Rephosphorylation of Rps6 on both Ser-232 and Ser-233 upon refeeding of glucose also appeared to require the activity of all three Ypk kinases ([Figure 3C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), although we note that the contribution of Ypk2 to Rps6 phosphorylation appears to be minimal.",
"\n\n{#F3}\n\nWild-type Ypk3 but not inactive variants phosphorylated Rps6 in vitro, strongly suggesting that Rps6 is a direct target of Ypk3 ([Figure 3D](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Purified ribosomes were used as the source of Rps6 in this assay, as recombinant Rps6 was extremely unstable in our hands. ",
"Curiously, we failed to observe phosphorylation of Rps6 by Ypk1 in a similar assay (Supplemental Figure S3C). ",
"This negative result prevents us from concluding that Ypk1 directly phosphorylates Rps6. ",
"We did, however, observe synthetic lethality in *ypk1* and *ypk3* double mutants (Supplemental Figure S3D). ",
"This observation provides genetic support to the idea that Ypk1 and Ypk3 share common targets.",
"\n\nGlc7/Shp1 mediates TORC1/2-dependent phosphorylation of Rps6\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nProtein phosphatase 1 was recently proposed to mediate dephosphorylation of Ser-247 in Rps6 in mammalian cells ([@B22]). ",
"Thus we investigated the role of PP1 in Rps6 dephosphorylation in yeast, using a loss-of-function mutant of Glc7, the catalytic subunit of yeast PP1 ([@B2]). ",
"Expression of the *glc7-127* allele, which contains two point mutations, K110A and K112A, displays defects in glycogen accumulation and elevated levels of phosphorylation of histone H3 ([@B2]), blocked the dephosphorylation of Rps6 in response to rapamycin and BHS treatments, and led to higher basal phosphorylation levels under normal conditions ([Figure 4A](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"In yeast, calyculin A is a known inhibitor of PP1 and to a lesser extent PP2A ([@B19]). ",
"Intriguingly, we found that strains expressing *RPS6^AA^* exhibited slight resistance to calyculin A treatment compared with the wild-type strains ([Figure 4B](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Calyculin A sensitivity of these cells could be partially rescued by the overexpression of *GLC7*, supporting the notion that Glc7 is the target of this drug (Supplemental Figure S4A). ",
"This observation linked Glc7 activity and Rps6 phosphorylation and suggested that constitutive hyperphosphorylation of Rps6 is toxic, although other, indirect mechanisms could explain the observed growth rescue.",
"\n\n{#F4}\n\nGlc7 activity is regulated by numerous regulatory subunits. ",
"To identify the regulatory subunit involved in Rps6 dephosphorylation, we screened deletion mutants of genes encoding all known nonessential Glc7-interacting proteins for effects on Rps6 phosphorylation. ",
"This approach identified Shp1 as a protein required for the dephosphorylation of Rps6 upon rapamycin treatment (Supplemental Figure S4B). ",
"Deletion of *SHP1* suppressed the effect of rapamycin and BHS on Rps6 phosphorylation to an extent comparable to that of the *glc7-127* allele ([Figure 4C](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"These results functionally link Shp1 and Glc7 in the regulation of Rps6 dephosphorylation downstream of TORC1 and TORC2. ",
"The kinase and phosphatase pathways governing Rps6 phosphorylation described here are summarized in [Figure 4D](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\nPhysiological characterization of Rps6 phosphomutants\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nTo identify the physiological significance of Rps6 phosphorylation, we first compared the growth rates of cells expressing either wild-type Rps6 protein or the nonphosphorylatable variant Rps6^AA^. In our hands, expression of the *RPS6^AA^* alleles resulted in an almost 30% decrease in the proliferation rate ([Figure 5A](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Supplemental Figure S5A). ",
"The *RPS6^AA^* cells also had lower protein content than the wild-type cells as assessed by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis ([Figure 5B](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Supplemental Figure S5B).",
"\n\n{#F5}\n\nTo explore the effect of Rps6 phosphorylation on global translation, we monitored the abundance of free 40S and 60S subunits, 80S monosomes, and actively translating ribosomes (polysomes) in wild-type and *RPS6^AA^* cells using sucrose gradient centrifugation. ",
"The ratios of polysomes to 80S monosomes were the same in these two strains ([Figure 5C](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"However, the mutant cells exhibited an elevated 60S peak, indicating an imbalance between the free subunits. ",
"Next we analyzed the polysome profiles of wild-type and *RPS6^AA^* cells upon glucose starvation and refeeding with glucose. ",
"Although the *RPS6^AA^* cells displayed an increase in the 60S peak in all of the conditions we tested, we did not detect other overt changes in the profiles compared with the wild-type cells under these conditions ([Figure 5C](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Supplemental Figure S5C).",
"\n\nTo further investigate whether the elevated 60S peak is due to a defect in the production of the small subunit, we dissociated the monosomes and polysomes into free subunits in the presence of high salt. ",
"We observed that the level of 40S subunits was indeed lower in the mutant strain than in the wild type strain ([Figure 5D](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Quantitative Western blots confirmed that the ratio of Rps6 to a large-subunit protein, Rpl3, is reduced in *RPS6^AA^* cells ([Figure 5E](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Supplemental Figure S5D). ",
"Furthermore, by Northern blot, we observed a delay in rRNA maturation in *RPS6^AA^* cells (Supplemental Figure 5E). ",
"In summary, *RPS6^AA^* cells display a 40S biogenesis defect but no obvious defect in global translation. ",
"These phenotypes are similar to what is observed in the absence of one of the two copies of the *RPS6* genes ([@B42]), and thus it is unclear whether the 40S biogenesis defect results from Rps6 hypophosphorylation or instead is due to reduced levels of Rps6^AA^ protein (see *Discussion*).",
"\n\nTo probe for a role of Ypk kinases in translation, we compared polysome profiles generated from *wt* cells to those generated from cells lacking Ypk1--3 activities. ",
"Because chronic inhibition of these kinases was not an option (the cells die), we chose to use an experimental setup in which we acutely activate translation in the presence or absence of Ypk1--3 activity. ",
"Specifically, *ypk1^as^, ypk2Δ, ypk3^as^* cells were starved of glucose for 1 h and then refed with glucose with or without the analogue (1NM-PP1). ",
"Analysis of the abundance of the free subunits (40S and 60S), the monosomes (80S), and the polysomes collected after refeeding with or without 1NM-PP1 revealed that acute inhibition of Ypks had no significant effect on the profiles under any of the conditions tested despite the expectant hypophosphorylation of Rps6 ([Figure 5F](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Supplemental Figure S5, F and G). ",
"These results are in accordance with a recently published study, which showed that the polysome profiles from wild-type and S6K1;S6K2^−*/*−^ liver cells exhibited no significant differences under starvation or refeeding conditions ([@B7]). ",
"Unlike *RPS6^AA^* cells, *ypk3* cells displayed no defects in proliferation, protein accumulation, or 40S biogenesis (Supplemental Figure 5E; unpublished data).",
"\n\nOur polysome profiling results thus far demonstrate that Rps6 phosphorylation plays no role in global translation but do not query for a potential role in the translation of individual messages. ",
"To probe for such a role, we performed ribosome profiling on *ypk1^as^ ypk2 ypk3^as^ RPS6^wt^* and *ypk1^as^ ypk2 ypk3^as^ RPS6^AA^* cells with or without 1NM-PP1 (protocol in Supplemental Figure S6A). ",
"Specifically, we compared the profiles of these cells after 20 and 40 min of refeeding with glucose. ",
"Under these conditions, we observed expected patterns of Rps6, Ypk1, and Ypk3 phosphorylation (Supplemental Figure S6B). ",
"The majority of ribosome footprints were 28--32 nucleotides (nt) long, and metagene analysis showed the expected triplet periodicity within coding regions (Supplemental Figure S6, C and D). ",
"For both RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and ribo-seq reads, the ribosome profiling data exhibited good correlations for coverage between the replicas (Supplemental Figure S6E). ",
"We observed no strain-dependent differences in global mRNA levels (RNA-seq) or global translational efficiencies (TEs; [Figure 6A](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}), demonstrating that, under these conditions, Rps6 phosphorylation does not strongly affect gene regulation at the level of either transcription or translation. ",
"To identify potential differential gene expression, we used *Z*-score transformation as described earlier ([@B1]). ",
"Only five (*SED1*, *YCR007C*, *RPS21A*, *UIP5*, *Q0050*) of 6692 transcripts displayed TE levels with absolute *Z*-scores ≥3 relative to the wild type in both Rps6^AA^ and Ypk-inhibited cells ([Figure 6B](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"} and Supplemental Figure S7). ",
"We note that five is close to the expected number of transcripts to be selected by chance with this *Z*-score cutoff. ",
"Indeed, the profiles of *SED1* and *UIP5* when assessed manually did not display obvious differences between conditions ([Figure 7A](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"We also assessed in detail the transcript profiles of a number of known housekeeping genes (e.g., *ACT1*), as well as ribosomal protein genes (e.g., *RPS6B*) and Ribi genes (e.g., *TEF4*) whose expressions are known to be strongly dependent on TORC1 activity ([@B33]; [@B21]). ",
"None of the selected transcripts exhibited a striking change in profile across the different conditions ([Figure 7A](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Neither Rps6^AA^ mutation nor Ypk activity affected translational efficiency of transcripts possessing introns (e.g., *ACT1*, *RPS6B*, *TEF4;* [Figure 7A](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and/or transcripts whose translation is regulated by upstream open reading frames (ORFs; e.g., *GCN4*). ",
"These observations do not support a role of Rps6 phosphorylation in the pioneer round of translation and/or in reinitiation.",
"\n\n{#F6}\n\n{#F7}\n\nNext we compared ribosome occupancy of 5′ leaders and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) across the different conditions. ",
"The number of footprints mapping to 3′ UTRs remained constantly low regardless of the phosphorylation status of Rps6 ([Figure 7B](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"At 20 min, the number of footprints mapping to 5′ leaders was lower in *RPS6^AA^* cells in both replicas; however, the difference was not higher than replicate variation. ",
"We hypothesized that the changes in 5′ leader densities may occur in specific mRNAs and analyzed the changes in the relative density between 5′ leaders and coding regions. ",
"The observed changes between different conditions did not exceed those observed for the replicas obtained for the same conditions (Supplemental Figure S7B). ",
"A similar, less robust trend was observed in Ypk-inhibited cells.",
"\n\nFinally, we explored a possible role for Rps6 phosphorylation in frameshifting. ",
"During ribosomal frameshifting, a proportion of ribosomes shift their reading frame to produce a protein product that is encoded by two ORFs. ",
"The ribosome density profiles for such mRNAs are normally characterized by a drop of density downstream of ORF1 and a change in the phase of the triplet periodicity between nonoverlapping regions of ORF1 and ORF2, which is consistent with the direction of frameshifting ([@B37]). ",
"The drop of density should correlate with frameshifting efficiency and thus could be used to assess differences in frameshifting efficiencies between samples.",
"\n\nTo obtain information on *S. cerevisiae* genes that require programmed ribosomal frameshifting for their expression (*ABP140*, *EST3*, *OAZ1*, and TY1 transposable element), we used the Recode-2 database ([@B3]). ",
"The *EST3* mRNA had insufficient coverage for the analysis. ",
"Profiles of ribosome density for *ABP140*, *OAZ1*, and two arbitrary chosen copies of *TY1* element are shown in [Figure 7C](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"Because the ambiguous alignments were used for frameshifting analysis (see *Materials and Methods*), profiles for *TY1* elements represent mRNA translation of several *TY1* copies that share strong sequence similarity.",
"\n\nWe observed a change of triplet periodicity consistent with the known directionality of frameshifting in all cases; however, the observed variation in the drop of ribosome density was insignificant among various samples in comparison to the variation observed between replicas ([Figure 7C](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nIn summary, consistent with previous work ([@B7]), we found that Rps6 phosphorylation plays no role in global protein synthesis upon refeeding as assessed by polysome profiling. ",
"To probe for potential affects on the translation of individual transcripts, we exploited a recent technological advance in the translation field---ribosome profiling. ",
"Specifically, using ribosome profiling, we assessed changes in RNA levels and translation efficiencies of individual mRNAs at the scale of the whole transcriptome (Supplemental Figure S7) under conditions in which Rps6 was or was not phosphorylated. ",
"We used a relaxed threshold of statistical significance to call for differential expression (\\|*Z*\\|-score ≥ 3), for which 0.25% of analyzed genes are expected to be classified as differentially expressed by chance under the assumption that changes in coverage due to technical factors follow a normal distribution. ",
"Even under these relaxed thresholds, we failed to identify differentially expressed genes that would be shared between Rps6 mutants and Ypk-inhibited cells at all time points ([Figure 6B](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nDISCUSSION\n==========\n\nThe pathways regulating Rps6 phosphorylation in budding yeast have remained ambiguous and, in higher eukaryotes, surprisingly complex. ",
"Furthermore, the physiological role of Rps6 phosphorylation has remained mysterious for the past four decades. ",
"Rps6 is a constitutive component of the 40S small subunit of the ribosome, and, since its phosphorylation is promoted downstream of anabolic stimuli, this modification has long been assumed to promote protein synthesis. ",
"However, experimental evidence supporting such a role has not been forthcoming. ",
"In this study, we defined the signaling cascades that regulate Rps6 phosphorylation in budding yeast. ",
"We demonstrated that nonphosphorylatable Rps6 knock-ins do not accurately mimic the function of hypophosphorylated protein. ",
"Finally, using ribosome profiling, we found little evidence to support a role for Rps6 phosphorylation in the regulation of translation per se. ",
"We are thus compelled to conclude that whatever role Rps6 phosphorylation plays, this role is not directly related to mRNA translation.",
"\n\nBoth TORC1 and TORC2 influence Rps6 phosphorylation\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nIn the present work, we demonstrate for the first time that the two phosphorylation sites on the C-terminus of Rps6 are differentially regulated in yeast and that this regulation is dependent on both TORC1 and TORC2. ",
"Specifically, we show that TORC1, via Ypk3, regulates Ser-232 and Ser-233 phosphorylation, whereas TORC2, via Ypk1 and, to a lesser extent, Ypk2, regulates Ser-232 phosphorylation. ",
"Rps6 phosphorylation thus appears to be similarly regulated in budding and fission yeast ([@B12]; [@B39]). ",
"This conservation across the distantly related yeasts *S. cerevisiae* and *S. pombe* predicts that TORC2 will similarly be important for S6 phosphorylation in higher eukaryotes. ",
"Curiously, although we observed direct phosphorylation of Rps6 by Ypk3 in vitro, we failed to observe Rps6 phosphorylation by Ypk1 in the same assay. ",
"This was surprising, given the dependence of Rps6 phosphorylation on the activity of these kinases in vivo and the strong homology among all three Ypks and mammalian S6K1/2. ",
"Perhaps phosphorylation of Rps6 by Ypk1/2 occurs in a cellular context that is not recapitulated in the in vitro assay.",
"\n\nAlthough Ypk1 and 2 are well-established effectors of TORC2, direct phosphorylation of Ypk3 by TORC1 is novel and extends previous work ([@B16]). ",
"Specifically, we found that Ypk3 physically interacts with TORC1 in vivo in a rapamycin-sensitive manner. ",
"We mapped four rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites on the C-terminal end of Ypk3 and demonstrated that they are indispensable for its activity as an S6 kinase. ",
"However, expression of the phosphomimetic mutant of Ypk3 failed to suppress rapamycin-induced Rps6 dephosphorylation, leading us to hypothesize that TORC1 might regulate not only Rps6 phosphorylation, but also its dephosphorylation.",
"\n\nIn this vein, we found that Glc7/PP1 is the phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylation of both Ser-232 and Ser-233. ",
"We further demonstrated that the Glc7 regulator Shp1 is also necessary for Rps6 dephosphorylation. ",
"Shp1, in complex with the AAA-ATPase Cdc48, promotes the assembly of Glc7--Sds22--Ypi1 complexes ([@B8]). ",
"However, the mechanism by which TOR complexes interfere with Glc7 and/or Shp1 activities remains to be elucidated. ",
"Intriguingly, preliminary data show that Shp1 is phosphorylated in a rapamycin-sensitive manner (unpublished data).",
"\n\nPreviously we proposed that Sch9, another AGC kinase and TORC1 effector, could serve as the yeast S6K ([@B52]). ",
"Consistently, we found that expression of a rapamycin-insensitive variant of Sch9 delays rapamycin-induced Rps6 dephosphorylation (unpublished data). ",
"However, unlike *YPK3* deletion, *SCH9* deletion did not compromise Rps6 phosphorylation (unpublished data). ",
"Thus we no longer believe that Sch9 is truly an S6 kinase. ",
"At present, we favor the idea that Sch9 signals block Rps6 dephosphorylation. ",
"This could be direct, via Shp1 phosphorylation, or, indirect, via its influence on translation initiation ([@B52]).",
"\n\nWhat function does Rps6 phosphorylation serve?",
"\n----------------------------------------------\n\nPrevious attempts to identify the physiological importance of Rps6 phosphorylation in yeast led to the observation that Rps6 phosphorylation had no obvious effect on growth under a variety of stress conditions or during sporulation ([@B29]; [@B25]). ",
"Unexpectedly, in our yeast background (TB50a), we found that the *RPS6^AA^* mutations result in a lower proliferation rate and protein content than with the wild-type cells, which is likely due to reduced levels of Rps6^AA^ protein. ",
"Furthermore these cells present a 40S ribosome biogenesis defect evident at both the protein level and rRNA processing level. ",
"These phenotypes are not apparent under conditions in which wild-type Rps6 protein is hypophosphorylated. ",
"From these results, we conclude that one must be extremely cautious when assigning phenotypes obtained from cells expressing nonphosphorylatable variants of Rps6 to lack of Rps6 phosphorylation.",
"\n\nTo complement our biochemical efforts, we also used synthetic genetic array (SGA) technology ([@B51]) to probe for synthetic interactions in triple mutants containing *RPS6A^AA^*, *RPS6B^AA^*, and each nonessential gene deletion. ",
"The two validated hits that we obtained from this assay were *dom34* and *hbs1*, each of which displayed a synthetic sick phenotype in combination with *RPS6A^AA^*, *RPS6B^AA^* (unpublished data). ",
"Dom34 and Hbs1 function together in no-go mRNA decay ([@B11]; [@B18]), but *dom34* and *hbs1* display synthetic sick interactions with most deletion mutants of 40S ribosomal protein paralogues ([@B10]). ",
"This observation again suggests that it is the reduced levels of Rps6^AA^ protein and not the lack of Rps6 phosphorylation that underlies this synthetic interaction. ",
"There are now ample data to suggest that many ribosomal proteins perform non--ribosome-related tasks ([@B55]). ",
"If Rps6 phosphorylation were involved in such a function, one might hope that this could have been discovered through this SGA approach.",
"\n\nWe also made the interesting observation that *RPS6^AA^* mutation increases resistance to the PP1 inhibitor calyculin A. The simplest interpretation of this result is that hyperphosphorylation of Rps6 is toxic. ",
"Consistently, *RPS6^DD^* cells were found to be inviable, which, unfortunately, makes their further characterization an intriguing but challenging prospect.",
"\n\nRecent structural studies showed that Rps6 is located far from the decoding center, accessible from the solvent side of the 40S subunit ([@B5]; [@B28]). ",
"According to these structures, the C-terminal end of Rpl24 relocates and interacts with Rps6 during translocation. ",
"The functional significance of this interaction remains to be elucidated. ",
"Unfortunately, the C-terminus of Rps6 is missing from these structures, making it challenging to define a function for the phosphorylation of this domain from these structural studies.",
"\n\nPrevious studies addressing the physiological function of Rps6 phosphorylation in higher eukaryotes suggested that Rps6 phosphorylation slows translation elongation ([@B48]; [@B7]). ",
"These are elegant studies, but because they use deletion of the S6 kinases and knock-in alleles of Rps6, they cannot account for the likely cellular adaptation that occurs in response to these chronic deficiencies, as the authors acknowledge. ",
"Here we also queried whether Rps6 phosphorylation plays a role in translation in yeast. ",
"To this end, we generated both polysome profiles and ribosome profiles from *wt*, *RPS6^AA^*, and Ypk-inhibited cells after refeeding with glucose to stimulate translation. ",
"Of importance, our ability to acutely inactivate the kinases responsible for Rps6 phosphorylation avoids potential confounding effects arising from cellular adaptation. ",
"After extensive analyses, an overt role for Rps6 phosphorylation could be ascribed to neither global translation nor translational regulation of specific subsets of mRNAs. ",
"Specifically, we sought changes in global transcription that would have been apparent in the polysome profiling, whereas transcript-specific effects would have been observable in the ribosome profiling. ",
"We found no changes in the density of ribosome-protected fragments across conditions, implying that Rps6 phosphorylation does not affect the rate of protein synthesis of individual transcripts. ",
"In addition, alternative translational processes, including pausing, frameshifting of specific messages, reinitiation on *GCN4* transcripts, and global stop-codon readthrough, appeared to occur independently of the phosphorylation status of Rps6. ",
"Finally, and in contrast to previous studies, our experimental setup was chosen to potentially expose a role of Rps6 phosphorylation in the pioneering round of translation of individual transcripts. ",
"Specifically, we assumed that refeeding of cells after 1 h of glucose starvation would trigger inaugural translation of newly transcribed messages, which would be visualized at one of the two ribosome profiling time points. ",
"Thus, under the experimental conditions used, we find no evidence to support a role for Rps6 phosphorylation in any aspect of translation. ",
"One exception to this general conclusion is the reduction of ribosomes on 5' leaders in *RPS6^AA^* cells and, to a lesser extent, in cells lacking Ypk1--3 activities. ",
"Ribosomes accumulate on 5' leaders in starved cells ([@B24]), but the physiological role underlying this phenomenon is unknown. ",
"The observed reduction requires further study to assess its statistical significance under the tested conditions.",
"\n\nRecent work implicated S6 kinases and Rps6 phosphorylation in the ribosome biogenesis transcriptional program in mouse liver ([@B7]). ",
"Although such a function could potentially be conserved in yeast, after analysis of our mRNA-seq data used for the ribosome profiling, we failed to detect Rps6 phosphorylation--dependent transcriptional regulation of any mRNA subgroups. ",
"Thus, like translation elongation, the influence of Rps6 phosphorylation on transcription appears to be restricted to higher eukaryotes.",
"\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\n=====================\n\nYeast cultures and inhibitor concentrations\n-------------------------------------------\n\n*S. cerevisiae* strains and plasmids used in the study are listed in Supplemental Tables S1 and S2. ",
"Standard protocols were followed to obtain the strains. ",
"Cells were grown in YPD (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% glucose) at 30°C if not indicated otherwise.",
"\n\nRapamycin was used at 200 ng/ml, wortmannin at 10 μg/ml, and cycloheximide at 25 μg/ml.",
"\n\nCells for carbon starvation experiments were grown in complete synthetic medium with glutamine (Gln) as the nitrogen source at 30°C, filtered, and resuspended in the same medium lacking a carbon source or with galactose instead of glucose (Glc). ",
"At the indicated times after the medium change, either 2% Glc or an equal amount of water was added into the cultures. ",
"After further incubation for the indicated times, aliquots of cells were collected for protein extraction.",
"\n\nCells for nitrogen starvation experiments were grown in yeast nitrogen base (YNB) (-N) + 2% Glc, 0.2% Gln, filtered, and resuspended in YNB (-N) + 2% Glc. ",
"At 20 min later, either 0.2% Gln or an equal amount of water was added to the cell cultures.",
"\n\nFor spot assays, cells grown overnight were diluted to OD~600\\ nM~ = 0.1 and grown to exponential phase. ",
"Serial dilutions at 1:10 were spotted after normalization of cell numbers. ",
"The plates were incubated for 2--3 d at 30°C.",
"\n\nFor growth assays, exponentially growing cells were diluted to OD~600\\ nM~ = 0.005 in the indicated media. ",
"A 200-μl amount of cells along with 2 μl of drug solution or drug vehicle alone per well was dispensed in 96-well plates, and the OD~600\\ nM~ of the wells was recorded every 15 min for 16--24 h at 30°C. ",
"The average and SD values were obtained from at least three independent experiments.",
"\n\nAntibodies\n----------\n\nFor total Rps6 antibody, guinea pig polyclonal antiserum was raised against the peptides RVFFDKRIGQEVDGE and QRALKVRNAQAQREA, and affinity purified (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium). ",
"Supplemental Figure S1b shows the specificity of the antibodies. ",
"Other antibodies used in this study were rabbit anti--phospho-S6 ribosomal protein (S235/S236) at 1:2000 (Rps6-PP; 4858S; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), rabbit anti--phospho-Akt substrate (RXXS\\*/T\\*) at 1:5000 (9614S; Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-Hog1 at 1:1000 (y-215; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX), mouse anti-Rpl3 at 1:5000 (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, Iowa City, IA), mouse anti-Flag at 1:1000 (F1804; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), rabbit anti--Ypk1 pT662 at 1:500, rabbit anti--Sch9 pT737 at 1:500, goat anti-Ypk1 at 1:1000 (yl-15; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and the corresponding IRDye infrared dye--labeled secondary antibodies at 1:10,000 (Li-Cor Biosciences, Lincoln, NE). ",
"The signals were detected by Odyssey Imaging Systems.",
"\n\nDenaturing protein extraction\n-----------------------------\n\nProtein extraction was performed based on the trichloroacetic acid--urea extraction method as previously described ([@B52]). ",
"PPi: 10 mM NaF, 10 mM *p*-nitrophenylphosphate, 10 mM Na~2~P2O~4~, and 10 mM β-glycerophosphate. ",
"PI: 1× Roche protease inhibitor cocktail and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride.",
"\n\nExtraction of ribosomes\n-----------------------\n\nExponentially growing cells were treated with 0.1 mg/ml cycloheximide (CHX). ",
"After 10 min of incubation, cells were harvested, washed, and lysed with ribosome lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 30 mM MgCl~2~, 100 μg/ml CHX, 200 μg/ml heparin). ",
"The extract was centrifuged for 10 min at 13,000 rpm at 4°C. ",
"The OD~260~ of 1:100 dilutions of the supernatant was measured. ",
"After the addition of glycerol with the final concentration of 10%, the samples were stored at −70°C.",
"\n\nPreparation of recombinant proteins and kinase assays\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nPurification of TORC1 from RL170-2c cells was performed as described previously for TORC2 ([@B15]). ",
"Glutathione *S*-transferase (GST)--Ypk3 was expressed under a galactose-inducible promoter in yeast from a 2-μ plasmid. ",
"After a 4-h galactose induction, yeast extract was prepared, and the fusion protein was purified using Glutathione Sepharose 4B from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Little Chalfont, United Kingdom) according to the manufacturer's instructions. ",
"The eluted protein was dialyzed, aliquotted, and frozen at −70°C. ",
"TORC1 kinase reactions were performed in kinase buffer (2.5 mM 3-\\[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio\\]-1-propanesulfonate \\[CHAPS\\], 25 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid \\[HEPES\\], 150 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl~2~, and 1 mM dithiothreitol \\[DTT\\]) in a final volume of 30 μl. ",
"Reactions were started with the addition of 300 μM ATP, 125 mM MgCl~2~, and 10 μCi of \\[γ-32P\\]ATP and then shaken for 20 min at 30°C. ",
"After the addition of 6 μl of 6× SDS--PAGE sample buffer, samples were heated to 65°C for 10 min. ",
"Samples run in SDS--PAGE gels were stained with SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel Stain (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and analyzed using a Bio-Rad Molecular Imager.",
"\n\nFor Ypk3 and Ypk1 kinase assays, ribosomes were used as substrates. ",
"The ribosomal extract prepared as described was loaded on top of a 10% sucrose cushion prepared in ribosome lysis buffer and ultracentrifuged for 3.5 h at 35,000 rpm. ",
"The pellet was resuspended in the corresponding kinase buffer.",
"\n\nA yeast lysate with Ypk3-FLAG fusion protein was prepared, and the fusion protein was affinity purified using anti-Flag antibody--coupled magnetic beads (Dynabeads M-280 Sheep Anti-Mouse IgG; Thermo Fisher Scientific). ",
"The fusion protein was eluted in 1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with 100 μg/ml of 3xFLAG Peptide (F4799; Sigma-Aldrich). ",
"Ypk3 kinase reactions were performed in kinase buffer (1× PBS, 20% glycerol, 0.5% Tween-20, 4 mM MgCl~2~, 10 mM DTT, and 600 μM ATP) in a final volume of 30 μl for 20 min at 30°C.",
"\n\nGST-Ypk1 was purified according to the cited protocol for GST-Ypk3 and eluted in the following buffer: 2.5 mM CHAPS, 25 mM HEPES, 150 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl~2~, and 1 mM DTT. ",
"Ypk1 kinase reactions were performed in kinase buffer (2.5 mM CHAPS, 25 mM HEPES, 150 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl~2~, 1 mM DTT, and 600μM ATP) in a final volume of 30 μl for 20 min at 30°C.",
"\n\nSucrose density gradient centrifugation--polysome profiling\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nRibosomal extracts were prepared as described. ",
"Volumes of supernatant containing 10 OD~260~ units were loaded on top of a 7--50% sucrose gradient prepared in gradient buffer (50 mM Tris-AcO, pH 7.0, 50 mM NH~4~Cl, 12 mM MgCl~2~, 1 mM DTT). ",
"Gradients were ultracentrifuged for 3.5 h at 35,000 rpm, and the ultraviolet profile was recorded using an IG gradient fractionator.",
"\n\nRibosome profiling\n------------------\n\nThe *ypk1^as^ ypk2 ypk3^as^ RPS6^wt^* and *ypk1^as^ ypk2 ypk3^as^ RPS6^AA^* cells were grown in minimal synthetic medium with 2% Glc and 0.2% Gln at 30°C. ",
"Once they reached exponential growth, the cells were filtered and resuspended in minimal synthetic medium with 0.2% Gln without any carbon source. ",
"After a 1-h incubation at 30°C, cells were treated with 500 nM 1N-PP1 or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). ",
"After a 5-min incubation with the drug/vehicle, the cells were refed with 2% glucose. ",
"After 20 or 40 min, cells were collected by filtration, resuspended in polysome buffer, and frozen rapidly in liquid nitrogen.",
"\n\nRibosome footprint and total RNA libraries were prepared using the ARTseq Ribosome Profiling Kit (Yeast, RPYSC12116; Epicentre, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer's protocol with slight changes. ",
"For the preparation of ribosome-protected RNA fragments, 20 μg of nuclease-digested RNA samples were run on a 12% urea-polyacrylamide gel before rRNA depletion. ",
"The gel slices corresponding to fragment sizes of 28--30 nt were excised, and samples purified from these slices were further used for rRNA depletion and library preparation. ",
"The libraries were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq2500 machine on the Genomics Platform (Geneva, Switzerland).",
"\n\nInitial processing and alignment of sequence reads\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nAdapter sequence (5′-AGATCGGAAGAGCACACGTCT-3′) was trimmed from raw reads using Cutadapt ([@B35]). ",
"To reduce contamination from noncoding RNAs (such as rRNAs, tRNAs, small nuclear RNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs), trimmed reads were aligned to relevant sequences downloaded from the *Saccharomyces* Genome Database ([@B9]; (downloads .yeastgenome.org/sequence/S288C_reference/rna/rna_coding .fasta.gz), using the Bowtie short read alignment program ([@B31]), and no more than three mismatches were allowed for these alignments (-v 3). ",
"Reads aligning to these sequences were removed from the data set for further analysis. ",
"Read-length distributions were analyzed to determine the most prevalent read lengths among the samples. ",
"Reads of \\<20 or \\>80 nt were discarded from further analyses.",
"\n\nThe *S. cerevisiae* genome was obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (GCA_000146055.2, dated December 2013; [@B13]), to which reads were aligned using Bowtie ([@B31]). ",
"Parameters used for Bowtie alignments were -m 1 -v 3, that is, no more than three mismatches were allowed, and nonunique mappings were discarded. ",
"To evaluate the number of reads mapped on each gene, gene annotations were procured from the *Saccharomyces* Genome Database ([@B9]). ",
"Reproducibility of the data from all the replicates was evaluated by calculating Pearson's *r*. ",
"Specifically, the number of raw reads mapped on each gene for ribosomal profiling (two replicates) and total RNA-seq (three replicates) were used for calculating a Pearson's *r*.",
"\n\nMetagene analysis\n-----------------\n\nGenes with at least 100 mapped alignments were used for the production of metagene profiles at the location of translation initiation and termination. ",
"To analyze the read density around the initiation and termination sites, 30 nt upstream and downstream of the start and stop codons were used, respectively.",
"\n\nDifferential gene expression analysis\n-------------------------------------\n\nNormalization of mapped reads was performed by dividing the total number of reads mapped in a sample by the total number of the reads mapped for the sample containing the lowest number of mapped reads. ",
"This was performed separately for ribo-seq and RNA-seq samples. ",
"Ribosomal profiling reads were assigned to gene coordinates based on the inferred location of the A-site. ",
"The A-site codon of the elongating ribosome was assigned at 15 nt downstream of the 5′ end of reads of length 28--32.",
"\n\nAverage read counts for each gene for ribosomal profiling data (two replicates) and RNA-seq data (three replicates) were used for differential gene expression calculation. ",
"The read counts were compared in a pairwise manner between mutants and wild type and between different time points for the same treatments. ",
"The *Z*-score transformation of change fold log ratios was carried out as described previously ([@B1]). ",
"In brief, genes were grouped into bins of 300 based on the lowest expression signal (ribo-seq or RNA-seq or both across compared conditions). ",
"Variation in the distribution of change fold ratios was used to calculate the *Z*-score. ",
"Profiles for differentially regulated genes were constructed by calculating the average of normalized reads mapped on each position of the gene based on the inferred location of the A-site.",
"\n\nAssigning mapped reads to 5′ leaders, 3′ UTRs, and coding sequence regions\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nGenomic alignments were used to assign reads to 5′ leaders, 3′ UTRs, and coding sequence (CDS) regions. ",
"The 5′ leaders and 3′ UTR annotations were obtained from [@B38]). ",
"Reads were assigned to 2755 genes that have both 5′ leaders and 3′ UTRs annotated, and genes with overlapping features were discarded for this analysis. ",
"End positions of 5′ leaders were modified to 17 nt upstream of the first base of the CDS, and start positions of 3′ UTRs were modified to 13 nt upstream of the last base of the CDS. ",
"Upstream ORFs were analyzed for differential expression using the same procedure as for CDS regions.",
"\n\nFrameshift analysis\n-------------------\n\nRibo-seq reads aligning to no more than 100 locations were used for generating ribosome density profiles for *S. cerevisiae* genes (ABP140, EST3, OAZ1) and the TY1 transposable element, which are known to use +1 frameshifting in their expression ([@B3]). ",
"For analysis of triplet periodicity, only 29-nt-long reads were used. ",
"The fraction of reads aligning to each subcodon position of the A-site (using 15-nt offset from its 5′ end) from all conditions was calculated to assess triplet periodicity.",
"\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\n###### Supplemental Materials\n\nThis article was published online ahead of print in MBoC in Press (<http://www.molbiolcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1091/mbc.E15-08-0594>) on November 18, 2015.",
"\n\nWe thank Peggy Janich at the University of Lausanne for assistance in setting up the ribosome profiling protocol, Patrick O'Connor for valuable advice on ribosome profiling data analysis, and Kelly Tatchell for kindly providing plasmid DNA. ",
"We are very grateful to the Loewith laboratory members for providing us with plasmids, strains, and purified proteins and also for discussions. ",
"R.L. acknowledges support by the European Research Council, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the Canton of Geneva. ",
"This work was partially supported by Science Foundation Ireland Grant 12/IA/1335 to P.V.B.\n\nBHS\n\n: NVP-BHS345\n\nRps6\n\n: ribosomal protein S6\n\nTE\n\n: translational efficiency\n\nTOR\n\n: target of rapamycin.",
"\n\n[^1]: \\*These authors contributed equally to this work.",
"\n"
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"Dynamics of attention in depth: evidence from multi-element tracking.",
"\nWe examined the allocation of attention in depth using a multi-element tracking paradigm. ",
"Observers were required to track a predefined subset of from two to eight elements in displays containing up to sixteen identical moving elements. ",
"We first show that depth cues, such as binocular disparity and occlusion through T-junctions, improve performance in a multi-element tracking task in the case where element boundaries are allowed to intersect in the depiction of motion in a single frontoparallel plane. ",
"We also show that the allocation of attention across two perceptually distinguishable planar surfaces, either frontoparallel or receding at a slanting angle and defined by coplanar elements, is easier than allocation of attention within a single surface. ",
"The same result was not found when attention was required to be deployed across items of two-color populations rather than across items of a single color. ",
"Our results suggest that, when surface information does not suffice to distinguish between targets and distractors that are embedded in these surfaces, division of attention across two surfaces aids in tracking moving targets. ",
"A final experiment with populations of elements moving within distinct volumes produced similar results, suggesting that spatial separation in three dimensions, rather than confinement to surfaces as such, may explain the improved performance for the two-surface case."
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"Monday, September 30, 2013\n\nRolling Meadows, IL -- (SBWIRE) -- 09/30/2013 -- When one is away from home or on travel, one of the most expensive expense is incurred when one has to make an international call. ",
"The high cost may prevent people from making that call no matter how…"
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[
"Tag Archives: slapped cheek disease\n\nPost navigation\n\nHave you heard of Fifth’s Disease? ",
"It sounds scary, doesn’t it?! ",
"Throw “disease” into any sentence, and it has an uncanny way of stirring up immense fear, especially when it’s your child’s pediatrician, diagnosing your sweet angel with it! ",
"That’s exactly what happened to us last month.",
"\n\nIt started after dance class one day, when I noticed Bella had what looked like a heat rash on her legs and arms. ",
"She had just spent several hours dancing in a warm studio with tights and a leotard on, I brushed it off pretty quickly. ",
"The next day, however, it looked worse and covered even more of her skin. ",
"She said it was mildly itchy, but had no other aches or pains or any signs of illness at all. ",
"I decided to keep an eye on it, but wasn’t worried it would be anything at all.",
"\n\nThe next morning, she complained of an upset tummy, and her rash looked angry. ",
"I kept her home from school and made a pediatrician’s appointment. ",
"I was expecting strep throat, as she has gotten the rash, fever and upset tummy before with no sign of sore throat but a positive strep test. ",
"The nurses at the office agreed with me and we had her diagnosed before the doctor ever came in. ",
"They did a rapid strep test just in case, but when the pediatrician came in, she seemed completely confident that she knew exactly what it was, and it wasn’t strep. ",
"Fifth’s Disease.",
"\n\nI tried not to look terrified, as she continued to explain that it is a super common virus with kids that is very mild and by the time the rash shows up, they are no longer contagious. ",
"She mentioned that it seemed to be going around a lot right now, but assured me it was no big deal. ",
"That didn’t keep me from Googling it the minute we got home, but it did in fact look pretty non scary.",
"\n\nFifth’s Disease is a human parvo virus, not related to the parvo virus in dogs. ",
"It was the fifth illness related to fever and rashes in children, which is how it got it’s not so clever name. ",
"It is also known as slapped cheek disease, because a common symptom is the appearance of what looks like freshly slapped cheeks on children. ",
"There is no treatment, other than possible pain meds if the child isn’t feeling well, and as I said before, Bella never acted ill in any way, so it truly was a no big deal illness. ",
"For her.",
"\n\nFast forward a few weeks. ",
"Fifth’s Disease can incubate and remain unnoticed for several weeks before any symptoms show up. ",
"It is at this time when you are contagious, but are not showing any symptoms, so you have no clue what is coming. ",
"Remember when I said Fifth’s Disease is easy peasy and no big deal for kids? ",
"Well, if you are an adult, it’s a whole other story.",
"\n\nMost people have had fifths at some point in their childhood and so their bodies build up immunity to further infection from it. ",
"It is not very common for adults to get it, but when they do, the symptoms are far more severe.",
"\n\nIt started on a Saturday evening, when I starting feeling yucky. ",
"Kind of nauseated, slight headache, and I could not get warm. ",
"I did not sleep well at all that night, so when I felt fatigued and icky the next day, I attributed it to my poor night’s sleep. ",
"The next night, I went to bed shivering, absolutely freezing, despite being under multiple layers of blankets, and having a very warm puppy snuggled up next to me. ",
"I tossed and turned, I put on extra layers, a thick fuzzy robe, socks!! ",
"This, from a person that leaves her ceiling fan on 365 days a year! ",
"I was miserable, my muscles sore from the shivers! ",
"It wasn’t until I started feeling itchy, and noticed that lacy rash show up that I realized I had Fifth’s Disease.",
"\n\nToday, I am almost 2 weeks in and I still have such horrible joint pain, I can barely move in the morning. ",
"I’m suffering severe carpal tunnel symptoms from the swelling, and even had to start wearing braces on my wrists at night to attempt to lessen the intense pain I feel in the morning. ",
"It is frightening how badly it affects the joints! ",
"I have woken up completely unable to even close my hands, making a fist an impossible task. ",
"Taking NSAIDS helps, as does heat therapy, but my goodness, is it miserable! ",
"I haven’t been able to do any fancy hairstyles on Bella in the mornings for school, I can’t even make my hands work to manage a ponytail until the meds kick in and dull the pain.",
"\n\nI *think* I am slowly improving as the days go by, but in severe cases, the symptoms have been known to last months, years or even lead to permanent arthritis, fibromyalgia, lupus, MS, the list goes on. ",
"I am hopeful that I am not a severe case, the pain has truly brought me to tears more than once. ",
"It’s scary, it really is.",
"\n\nSo how can Fifth’s Disease be prevented? ",
"We are pretty diligent about hand washing here, and covering sneezes, keeping surfaces wiped down and disinfected. ",
"During the contagious stage of Fifth’s, there are no symptoms! ",
"Despite our diligence, it happened. ",
"There is no treatment, no cure, it just is. ",
"It’s a very common illness in children, and to repeat, Bella suffered no joint pain, no prolonged illness, and is 100% well to this day. ",
"Most people have had it as a child and don’t even know it, making them immune. ",
"For other, poor unfortunate souls, (yes, I am totally singing Ursula’s song in my head right now and I am not even sorry) you get it and you deal because there is nothing else that can be done. ",
"NSAIDS for pain, but other than that, grin and bear it."
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[
"Sunday, August 29, 2010\n\nRunning in the U.S. Senate race for OH, Lt. ",
"Governor Lee Fisher recently attended an exclusive \"meet & greet\" with proponents of amnesty for illegal immigrants. ",
"At this little breakfast bash Fisher fielded questions from the audience and boasted how he fully supports the efforts of the groups in attendance.",
"The OH representative of Reform Immigration for America, Ruben Castilla Herrera, posted the following at Ohio Action Circle -- (emphasis added)\n\nColumbus, Ohio – This morning I was at a breakfast meet and greet with Ohio Senate candidate Lee Fisher and twelve Columbus area Latino leaders. ",
"Fisher spoke briefly, then is was time for the guests to ask questions. ",
"I was the first to ask him a question and of course it was about the Dream Act and immigration reform..... Do you support the Dream Act and immigration reform?To this, he gave a solid YES. ",
"He is on record indicating he supports a pathway to citizenship but to my knowledge has never been asked specifically about the Dream Act. ",
"This was good....!",
"\n\nThe questions continued; Would you support the Dream Act as a stand along bill? ",
"He responding by saying that he prefers Dream to be a part of comprehensive immigration reform but if elected \"I will support it either way.",
"\"I then asked; Can you go on record at a public event stating this support? ",
"He quickly commented, \"I feel like I'm on Meet the Press\", then gave another \"yes\" to this request. ",
"I told him that I will be following up very soon on this!",
"\n\nOh...one more question Lt. ",
"Governor... When you are elected our new Ohio Senator, will you take Comprehensive Immigration Reform as priority in the first few months of 2011? ",
"There was some hesitation but again he gave a YES!",
"\n\nFirst, in correcting Herrera.... Fisher is a candidate for U.S. Senate and NOT the OH Senate. ",
"It is pretty sad when the person arguing for amnesty of illegal immigrants doesn't even know the difference between a U.S. Senator and State Senator. ",
"But more importantly, if Lee Fisher is a man of his word and if he is elected U.S. Senator, Fisher has pledged to not only support the DREAM Act, but supports a comprehensive immigration reform -- which are political code words for granting amnesty to illegal immigrants.",
"\n\nWhat is the DREAM Act & what does it do?",
"\n\nThe DREAM Act (S. 774) is a nightmare. ",
"It is a massive amnesty that extends to the millions of illegal aliens who entered the United States before the age of 16. ",
"The illegal alien who applies for this amnesty is immediately rewarded with \"conditional\" lawful permanent resident (green card) status, which can be converted to a non-conditional green card in short order. ",
"The alien can then use his newly acquired status to seek green cards for the parents who brought him in illegally in the first place. ",
"In this way, it is also a backdoor amnesty for the millions of illegal aliens who brought their children with them to the United States.",
"What is less well known about the DREAM Act is that it also allows illegal aliens to receive in-state tuition rates at public universities, discriminating against U.S. citizens from out of state and law-abiding foreign students. ",
"It repeals a 1996 federal law that prohibits any state from offering in-state tuition rates to illegal aliens unless the state also offers in-state tuition rates to all U.S. citizens. ",
"More....\n\nMore disturbing than Herrera not knowing the difference between a U.S. Senator and a State Senator is that, Lee Fisher, from his statements, is unaware that the United States ALREADY has a \"path to citizenship\" for immigrants wanting to become U.S. citizens. ",
"Can we afford electing a Senator that supports giving preferential treatment, financial support & special perks to non-citizens over U.S. citizens when it comes to higher education or anything else for that matter? ",
"Can we afford electing a person Senator that supports back door amnesty for illegal immigrants? ",
"At the point and time we are at in our country, where our U.S. Constitution is slowly being turned into confetti -- it is important, now more than ever, that anyone elected to the Senate be knowledgeable & respectful of the document they will swear an oath to uphold. ",
"It appears from his statements, Lee Fisher does neither!",
"\n\nSaturday, August 28, 2010\n\nThe Administration’s rate of spending is irresponsible and unsustainable. ",
"It limits our economic growth and our ability to create new jobs. ",
"If we allow our elected officials to continue their spend first, pay later habits, we will continue to face higher taxes, a higher cost of living, and a stagnant economy. ",
"And our children may never know the American dream.",
"\n\nJoin a Spending Revolt bus tour stop this Tuesday, August 31st in Toledo or Strongsville.",
"\n\nIn Toledo, the Spending Revolt bus with be at 1370 WSPD’s studio, and we will be talking on air with Fred LeFebvre about big government’s out-of-control spending. ",
"The Strongsville bus tour stop will have several great speakers and others to talk about the effects of the United States’ massive spending crisis.",
"\n\nThanks to Congresswoman Betty Sutton (OH-13) & Congressman Dennis Kucinich (OH -10) supporting the over-reaching and restrictive financial reform bill it looks as if Free Checking at your local bank may go the way of the free toasters banks used to give away.",
"FromNational Association of Federal Credit Unions --\n\nAug. 27, 2010 – A new study indicates that the number of U.S. banks and credit unions that offer free checking declined by 11 percent from one year ago, with the new Wall Street reform law cited as one reason.",
"\n\nMoebs Services, an economic research firm in Lake Bluff, Ill., reported Wednesday that 72.5 percent of the institutions it surveyed offer free checking accounts to consumers compared with 83.5 percent from last year. ",
"The company said that the data reflect the realities of the economic downturn, the shift away from free checking among Wall Street banks and concerns about new regulations under the Wall Street reform law.",
"\n\nOf the three types of financial institutions surveyed – Wall Street banks, community banks and credit unions, Moebs Services found that credit unions rank first among institutions that offer free checking: 73.4 percent of credit unions indicated that they offer it (down from 89.3 percent in 2009). ",
"That compares with just 63.6 percent of Wall Street banks (down from 92.6 percent in 2009) and 71.7 percent of community banks (down from 78.3 percent.)",
"\n\nIn announcing the data, Mike Moebs, economist and CEO of Moebs Services, said that free checking offers have generally risen over the past 10 years, with just an occasional drop. “",
"We saw a slight fall in 2002 and again right before the mortgage bubble burst in 2006,” Moebs noted. “",
"Some depositories have stopped offering free checking as a way to reduce costs in light of overdraft and financial regulatory reforms. ",
"Others face low earnings and a shortage of capital, so lower expense and higher revenue are needed to rebuild their capital position, especially at Main Streetinstitutions.”",
"\n\nTuesday, August 24, 2010\n\nRemember the DISCLOSE Act? ",
"Or, as we like to call it, the DISGRACE Act; the one in which the Reid-Pelosi-Obama team attempted to silence small, grassroots groups during elections, including the ones this November. ",
"Though it failed to pass in the Senate last month, Harry Reid has decided that he is going to try again. ",
"The only thing that stopped it before were the three usual suspects: Senators' Snowe, Collins, and Brown. ",
"Reid and Obama are pressuring them hard to change their votes to Yes. ",
"We must pressure them harder to continue voting NO.",
"\n\nHere is a refresher course on the DISCLOSE Act:\n\nFrom our friends at Freedom Action about this speech violating bill --Even if somehow the speech restrictions in this bill were constitutional, their uneven application would be a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection under the law. ",
"Even the left-leaning Sierra Club has labeled the DISCLOSE Act a two-tiered system that is \"unfair and undemocratic\" and that smaller grass-roots organizations would be disadvantaged because they lack the resources to cope with \"the additional disclosure burdens.\" ",
"The unions and the big non-profit groups get to keep their free speech given to them in the January Supreme Court decision, but the corporations and small non-profits lose theirs under DISCLOSE.Also, President Obama and some Democrats are dishonestly stating that the Court's decision would \"open the floodgates for special interest, including foreign corporations, to spend without limit in our elections.\" ",
"However, current federal law and Federal Election Commission regulations already ban foreign corporations from participating directly or indirectly in American elections. (",
"see 2 U.S.C. § 441e and 2 U.S.C. 437g).An example of how this bill could affect grass root Tea Party & 9.12 groups:Exampleville, Ohio has two people running for U.S. Congress-Mr. A and Mr. B-in what promises to be a close race. ",
"Exampleville's local Tea Party believes in Mr. B. The Tea Party wants to run ads highlighting Mr. B's stance on cap and trade, federal spending, increased taxation, etc, but they don't have enough money to fulfill the new highly complex reporting requirements from DISCLOSE. ",
"And DISCLOSE would force them to list their top donors, even if they are not necessarily the specific donors to the ads, in their ads. ",
"Besides, the disclaimers required could take up to 14 of a 30 second ad. ",
"The Tea Party gives up trying to run ads to support Mr. Republican.",
"In contrast, Mr. A has some well-funded unions who want to see Exampleville's factories unionized, so the unions run ads against Mr. B and ads for Mr. A. Also, the Sierra Club and the ACLU (groups actually opposed to DISCLOSE) want Mr. A to support their issues, so they also run ads for Mr. A. None of these ads are subject to DISCLOSE's requirements.",
"Guess who wins?(For those interested, here's a good link with information on the actual language and problems with the DISCLOSE bill, click here: www.gop.gov/bill/111/2/hr5175)\n\nRemind them that the DISCLOSE Act exempts unions and very large special interest groups!! ",
"And the little guy is left without a voice.",
"\n\nWe must start putting pressure on these three Senators, and tell them to vote NO. ",
"This is SO important as the Left is running scared and are trying to minimize our efforts and impact this November. ",
"Please call the following Senators:Scott Brown (R-MA)http://scottbrown.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/contactmeWashington DC: (T) (202) 224-4543, (F) (202) 228-2646\n\nSaturday, August 21, 2010\n\nIf we do not all speak out against this blatant abuse of government power now -- you can bet it will only be a matter of time before you will have Goose-Stepping Garbage Goons in your city too! ",
"From thePlain Dealer --\n\nIt would be a stretch to say that Big Brother will hang out in Clevelanders' trash cans, but the city plans to sort through curbside trash to make sure residents are recycling -- and fine them $100 if they don't. ",
"The move is part of a high-tech collection system the city will roll out next year with new trash and recycling carts embedded with radio frequency identification chips and bar codes.",
"\n\nThe chips will allow city workers to monitor how often residents roll carts to the curb for collection. ",
"If a chip show a recyclable cart hasn't been brought to the curb in weeks, a trash supervisor will sort through the trash for recyclables. ",
"Trash carts containing more than 10 percent recyclable material could lead to a $100 fine, according to Waste Collection Commissioner Ronnie Owens. ",
"Recyclables include glass, metal cans, plastic bottles, paper and cardboard.",
"\n\nCity Council on Wednesday approved spending $2.5 million on high-tech carts for 25,000 households across the city, Read More....\n\nCity of Cleveland Mayor Jackson and his Garbage Czar Ronnie Owens can be reached at (216)664-2000.",
"\n\nThe Cleveland Conservative Networkwill be hosting a debate for the Republican candidates for Cuyahoga County Executive. ",
"Confirmed attendees are Victor Voinovich & Paul Casey. ",
"Matt Dolan has yet to respond but is hopefully expected to be present.",
"Date: Monday August 23, 2010Time: 7pm - 9pmLocation: Calvary Chapel Address: 6770 Brookpark Rd Cleveland, OH (Between Denny's Restaurant and Kane's Auto Exchange)It's a free event, be there and bring a friend or two!",
"\n\nWith the new Cuyahoga County Reform taking the power away from the people and putting it in the hands of one person -- the County Executive (County Czar) -- it is of the utmost importance a competent and trustworthy person be elevated to this office. ",
"It should be noted that the Democrat candidates for County Executive were also invited -- they said they were too busy to attend.",
"\n\nWASHINGTON D.C. — A growing chorus of experts agree that the FCC's broadband \"Third Way\" efforts stand on shaky legal ground. ",
"The most contentious of these proposals — the reclassification of broadband Internet access into a telephone-like service — has, for obvious reasons, drawn the lion's share of focus and headlines. ",
"But, as Larry Downes notes in his new paper, \"The Seven Deadly Sins of Title II Reclassification (NOI Remix),\" proposals hidden deep within the \"Third Way\" proposal create a ticking time bomb, one which should be approached cautiously, if at all.",
"\n\nDownes, the author of several best-selling books on innovation, writes: \"Beyond the hubris of reclassification, there are seven surprises buried in the 116 paragraphs of the NOI—its seven deadly sins,\" states the author. \"",
"In many cases the Commission is merely asking questions,\" Downes adds, \"[b]ut the questions hint at a much broader—indeed, overwhelming—regulatory agenda that goes beyond Net Neutrality and the FCC's attempt at reversal by fiat of the Comcast decision through reclassification.\"",
"\n\nWhat are these seven deadly sins?",
"\n\nPride: As the FCC attempts to define what services would be subjected to reclassification, the agency runs the risk of both under- and over-inclusion, which could harm consumers, network operators, and content and applications providers.",
"\n\nLust: The agency is reaching out for additional powers beyond its reclassification proposals — including an effort to wrest privacy enforcement powers from the Federal Trade Commission and putting itself in charge of cybersecurity for homeland security.",
"\n\nAnger: The \"Third Way\" may dramatically expand the scope of federal wiretapping laws, requiring law enforcement \"back doors\" for a wide range of products and services.",
"\n\nGluttony: Reclassifying broadband opens the door to state and local government regulation, which would overwhelm Internet access with a deluge of conflicting, and innovation-killing, laws, rules and new consumer taxes.",
"\n\nSloth: As the FCC looks for a legal basis to defend reclassification, basic activities — such as caching, searching, and browsing — may for the first time be included in the category of services subject to \"common carrier\" regulation.",
"\n\nGreed: Reclassification of broadband services could vastly expand the contribution base for the Universal Service Fund, adding new consumer fees while supersizing this important, but exceedingly wasteful, program.",
"\n\n\"Reclassifying broadband Internet to apply common carrier rules designed for a telephone monopoly that has long since disappeared seems foolish enough on its own,\" concludes Downes. \"",
"Add these additional seven deadly sins to the mix, however, and the FCC has proposed perhaps the most dangerous expansion of federal power since the end of the Civil War.\"",
"\n\nThe paper may be viewed here. ",
"Larry Downes is available for comment. ",
"Please contact Mike Wendy at mwendy@pff.org for more information.",
"\n\nWednesday, August 18, 2010\n\nJohn Kasich’s top priority is to revive Ohio’s economy and create jobs. ",
"With almost 400,000 Ohioans out of work on Ted Strickland’s watch, we know that Ohio’s current strategies aren’t working.",
"Though once a cutting-edge organization, the Ohio Department of Development has become bogged down with bureaucracy and programs that are not related to economic development. ",
"A change is needed.",
"Ohio’s economic development efforts must be re-aligned to make job creation and economic development a priority and must be rooted in the belief that economic health comes from a strong innovative, flexible private sector, not from government.",
"A New, Private Sector Economic Development CorporationAs governor, John Kasich will replace Ohio’s government-run economic development functions with JobsOhio, a new not-for-profit corporation which will report to the governor and oversee the state’s efforts to revive the state’s economy and create jobs. ",
"A private-sector approach to economic development will be more responsive to the needs of business.",
"\n\nA board of directors comprised of CEOs will be an important asset for selling the state at the highest levels;\n\nAn expert staff focused solely on economic development will give businesses confidence that their needs will be met and help rebuild Ohio’s reputation as a good place for business;\n\nThe increased accountability of a private corporation will produce better results.",
"\n\nFreeing Ohio’s economic development efforts from their current bureaucratic mindset and shifting them to a new private sector corporation will allow Ohio to more aggressively help existing businesses grow and expand and attract new businesses to Ohio as well.",
"To read the complete Jobs Ohio Plan click here.",
"\n\nDisclaimer: This posting should not in anyway be taken as our endorsement or implied support for John Kasich. ",
"This posting is only meant to serve educational purposes for our members and the general voting public.",
"\n\nDisclaimer: This posting should not in anyway be taken as our endorsement or implied support for John Kasich. ",
"This posting is only meant to serve educational purposes for our members and the general voting public.",
"\n\nSunday, August 15, 2010\n\nThe 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that a district court judge made a mistake by slapping an injunction on a congressional order to stop the flow of federal funds to Obama's nuts at ACORN. ",
"The original and misguided judicial decision interfered with the 2009 Protect Taxpayers from ACORN Act & congressional authority to control how government revenues are raised and spent.",
"\n\nNebraska Sen. Mike Johanns, sponsor of the Protect Taxpayers from ACORN Act, said the appeals court ruling affirms that access to federal funds is \"a privilege, not a right.\" ",
"Johanns points out in his press releasethat ACORN has been under investigation for voter fraud in several states, more than 70 ACORN officials have already been convicted of fraud and since 1994, ACORN has received $53 million in federal funding according to a report by the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform.",
"\n\nNow we need to defund the Ohio Commission on Hispanic Latino Affairs (OCHLA). ",
"OCHLA is an Ohio state agency created in 1977 to advise the Governor, General Assembly and other state agencies on the needs of Spanish-speaking citizens. ",
"OCHLA, receiving in excess of $500,000 from the State of OH, has routinely operated as an ACORN type group by actively lobbying the state legislature to provide favorable treatment for illegal aliens in Ohio.",
"\n\nAcomplaint against OCHLA has been filedwith Ohio Inspector General Tom Charles, but Charles is doing his best to ignore the complaint in attempts to shield Gov. Strickland in the upcoming 2010 elections.",
"\n\nIt would also be a safe bet that OCHLA has most likely played a hand in the Justice Dept. ",
"singling out Cuyahoga County and demanding they print bilingual ballots at an extra cost of $500,00 for the upcoming 2010 elections.",
"\n\nFacing a projected $8 billion hole in our state budget, Gov. Strickland should be ashamed for his continued support & funding of this ACORN for Illegal Immigrants group.",
"\n\nSaturday, August 14, 2010\n\nThe Socialist Party of America announced in their October 2009 newsletter that 70 Congressional democrats currently belong to their caucus. ",
"This admission was recently posted on Scribd.com:\n\nAmerican Socialist Voter–\n\nQ: How many members of the U.S. Congress are also members of the DSA?A: Seventy\n\nQ: How many of the DSA members sit on the Judiciary Committee?A: Eleven: John Conyers [Chairman of the Judiciary Committee], Tammy Baldwin, Jerrold Nadler, Luis Gutierrez, Melvin Watt, Maxine Waters, Hank Johnson, Steve Cohen, Barbara Lee, Robert Wexler, Linda Sanchez. [",
"there are 23 Democrats on the Judiciary Committee of which eleven, almost half, are now members of the DSA].",
"\n\nYes, this would be the same Dennis Kucinich that recently stated he is a profession liberal and President Obama hasn't gone far enough to the leftwith his progressive policies! ",
"Even with this declaration, Kucinich, in a tough race against challenger Peter J. Corrigan, has also stated he will not run (err -- \"stumble\") for President again.",
"\n\nIt should also be noted, fearing backlash from the seniors & other voters in District 10 over his support for President Obama's Health Care Reform Bill, Kucinich has refused to host any Town Hall meetings during this recess.",
"\n\nThe other socialist snakes rounding out the Cadre of Ohio Komrades is Marcia L. Fudge (OH-11) & Marcy Kaptur (OH-09). ",
"Reports are also stating that the darling of the OH Democrats, Mary Jo Kilroy (OH-15) is also a secret socialist. ",
"Kilroy is facing former State Senator Steve Stivers.",
"\n\nFriday, August 13, 2010\n\nAfter a public slapping by the White House in which WH Press Secretary Robert Bob Gibbs stated --\n\n\"....the \"professional left\" would only be happy \"when we have Canadian healthcare and we've eliminated the Pentagon.\" ",
"He added, \"They wouldn't be satisfied if Dennis Kucinich was president.\"",
"\n\n-- Dennis Kucinich, the out of touch with his constituents & up for reelection Congressman, takes issue with Gibbs attacking the professional liberals in this country and claims that though they, the professional liberals, DO support President Obama's progressive agenda and shredding of the Constitution, they want him to move even more to the left....\n\nKucinich responded, \"I think that Mr. Gibbs and the White House need to realize that liberals support the president, but the criticism is really a measure of hopes that have not been realized.\"",
"\n\nThe main issue at hand is the nation's persistently high unemployment levels, Kucinich said. \"",
"Until the administration effectively addresses that, those of us who call ourselves liberals are going to continue to insist we should be talking about a full employment economy,\" he said.",
"\n\nKucinich said that the government can still play a transformational role during a tough economic period, as it did under President Franklin Roosevelt -- if President Obama provides the leadership to make it happen.",
"\n\nLiberals' dissatisfaction with Mr. Obama stems from \"the intention to make sure [their goals] get realized while we have a president we do want to support,\" Kucinich said.",
"Boston.",
"Com\n\nPledging his support for President Obama, and still thankful for his souvenir bag of Presidential Peanuts on his Air Force One ride in exchange for his support of the health care bill, Kucinich will not challenge PBO for the party nomination in 2012.",
"\n\nAs we can see, Dennis Kucinich is still out of touch with the people he is supposed to represent -- the voters in District 10 -- and is more concerned in representing his professional liberal friends in Hollywood.",
"\n\nCorrigan faces an uphill funding battle and the question in this race is will District 10 voters allow their vote to be bought by the big money professional liberals in Hollywood that routinely fund Kucinich's campaign coffers?",
"\n\nOn Thursday, the chamber approved a $600 million border-security bill in 31 minutes, from opening gavel to final passage. ",
"While their colleagues were enjoying a summer recess, Sen. Chuck Schumer flew in from New York and Sen. Ben Cardin drove his Pontiac from Baltimore to represent the entire Senate in its cavernous chamber.",
"\n\n\"I urge my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to join in this important task,\" he added, looking around at 99 empty seats.",
"The New York Democrat proposed passing the bill by \"unanimous consent,\" meaning it would become law as long as no one objected. ",
"Mr. Cardin asked the empty room if anyone did, and, not surprisingly, response came there none. ",
"Just like that, the bill was on its way to the president's desk. ",
"More....\n\nI believe this may be the first piece of legislation the Administration has passed with no opposition. ",
"Congratulations -- on their first bi-partisan bill!",
"\n\nThursday, August 12, 2010\n\nThe U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service is providing what they call \"humanitarian services\" for immigrants & OTM's illegally trying to cross the U.S./Mexico border through the Buenos Aires NWR through the use of watering stations....From U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service --\n\nHumanitarian organizations will be allowed to continue to provide humane water stations on Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge in southern Arizona. ",
"After a review of the proposed activity by refuge staff it has been determined that placement of water for use by those in need in the desert will help save lives and is compatible with the purpose of the refuge, which is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.",
"\n\nIn order to minimize environmental impacts, sites throughout the 118,000-acre refuge will be allowed for placement of stationary, 55-gallon water drums adjacent to roadsides and in already disturbed areas. ",
"Since 2001, three such sites have beenallowed on the refuge.",
"\n\n“Our decision to allow water stations on Buenos Aires was based on a thorough review of different approaches to provide water for humanitarian needs and minimize environmental impacts from each of those approaches,” said Benjamin Tuggle, Southwest Regional Director for the Service. “",
"Placement of these water stations is yet another tool being used by the refuge to provide life-saving aid to those in need in a manner consistent with our conservation mission.”",
"\n\nThe refuge’s location along the international border with Mexico within the Altar Valley of southern Arizona provides a unique opportunity to protect remnants of a fragile desert ecosystem and to provide refuge for some of the region’s most imperiled species of plants and wildlife. ",
"However, in the past eight years, 25 people are known to have died on refuge lands while trying to cross the desert. ",
"Read more...\n\nIt looks like plants, wildlife and people illegally entering our country are more important than protecting the imperiled residents of AZ!",
"\n\nThe report, a third in a series, highlights questionable stimulus projects that are wasteful, mismanaged, and overall unsuccessful in creating jobs. ",
"The projects featured in the report cannot be considered as an investment in long-term priorities to create and sustain economic growth that the Stimulus was designed to do.",
"\n\nPresident Obama's puppet from Ohio, Senator Sherrod Brown, feels all those who opposed the recently passed health care reform are racist. ",
"And then typical of the double speak dipweeds in D.C., \"clarifies\" his statements....\n\nDuring a bipartisan education seminar for congressional interns last week, Ohio Democratic Sen. Sherrod Brown told a crowd of young people that those who opposed the Democrats’ health-care reform plan were on the wrong side of history, much like segregationists who opposed the Civil Rights movement.",
"\n\nWhile most speakers who participate in the summer lecture series discuss what it’s like working in Washington or use the time to motivate the internship class, some who were present during the Tuesday meeting said Brown took the opportunity to launch what they considered to be “a partisan attack.”",
"\n\n“He said that people who were opposed to health-care reform were similar to the bigots and racists that were against desegregation reform,” a Republican congressional intern who attended the lecture told The Daily Caller. ",
"The intern requested not to be named. “",
"It was ridiculous,” he added.",
"A spokeswoman for Brown’s office confirmed that the senator discussed how Republicans use the filibuster, but clarified that he did not intend to compare opponents of the recent health-care law passed in May to supporters of segregation. (",
"Daily Caller)\n\nSo Brown feels people who opposed the Constitution shredding health care reform that will in effect through cuts to Medicaid & Medicare wheel seniors into a corner and let them die are racist but remains silent about groups openly calling for the destruction of the United States and killing of U.S. citizens.",
"Would you expect anything less from a person such as Sherrod Brown who has long pushed an anti-American agenda?"
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[
"{\n \"meta:license\": [\n \"Copyright 2018 Adobe Systems Incorporated. ",
"All rights reserved.\",",
"\n \"This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license\",\n \"you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. ",
"You may obtain a copy\",\n \"of the License at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"\n ],\n \"$id\": \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/experienceevent-all\",\n \"$schema\": \"http://json-schema.org/draft-06/schema#\",\n \"title\": \"Adobe Campaign ExperienceEvent Full Extension\",\n \"type\": \"object\",\n \"meta:extensible\": true,\n \"meta:abstract\": true,\n \"meta:intendedToExtend\": [\n \"https://ns.adobe.com/xdm/context/experienceevent\"\n ],\n \"description\": \"Adobe Campaign ExperienceEvent full extension. ",
"Contains all Solution added fields.\",",
"\n \"definitions\": {\n \"campaign-experienceevent-all\": {\n \"properties\": {\n \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/message\": {\n \"title\": \"A single message sent to a recipient.\",",
"\n \"$ref\": \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/message\"\n },\n \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/delivery\": {\n \"title\": \"The campaign activity originating a message to a recipient.\",",
"\n \"type\": \"object\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"xdm:id\": {\n \"title\": \"Delivery ID\",\n \"type\": \"integer\",\n \"description\": \"The campaign activity originating this message.\"",
"\n },\n \"xdm:from\": {\n \"title\": \"From\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"Address used as a from/sender/caller address. ",
"Depending on the communication channel, the `address` has a different format.\\n\\n * `email`: an email address.\\n * `textMessage` or `phone`: a shortcode or phone number.\"",
"\n },\n \"xdm:testEnabled\": {\n \"title\": \"Test Enabled\",\n \"type\": \"boolean\",\n \"description\": \"Specify whether campaign activity is of type A/B testing.\",",
"\n \"default\": false\n },\n \"xdm:messageClass\": {\n \"title\": \"Message Class\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"meta:enum\": {\n \"one_time\": \"Marketing (One Time)\",\n \"continuous\": \"Recurring\",\n \"event_based\": \"Transactional (Event-based)\"\n },\n \"description\": \"Mode of delivery for the messages sent.\\n\",\n \"default\": \"one_time\"\n },\n \"xdm:templateName\": {\n \"title\": \"Delivery Template's Internal Name\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"A human-friendly identifier of the the parent entity (in case of event_based or continuous message Class) of the campaign activity originating this message.\"",
"\n },\n \"xdm:templateID\": {\n \"title\": \"Identifier of the Template\",\n \"type\": \"integer\",\n \"description\": \"The delivery template's ID used to initialize this delivery.\\n\\nThe type the template used in Adobe Campaign can be identified using the `messageClass`.\\n\\n* `messageClass` = `oneTime`: the template is standard delivery template.\\n* `messageClass` = `continuous`: the template is a recurring delivery.\\n* `messageClass` = `transactional`: the template is a transactional message template.\\n\"\n },\n \"xdm:deliveryLabel\": {\n \"title\": \"Delivery Label\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"A human-friendly name of the campaign activity which is originating this message.\"",
"\n },\n \"xdm:deliveryName\": {\n \"title\": \"Delivery Internal Name\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"A human-friendly identifier of the campaign activity which is originating this message.\"",
"\n }\n }\n },\n \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/marketingCampaign\": {\n \"title\": \"The campaign activity originating a message to a recipient.\",",
"\n \"type\": \"object\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"xdm:id\": {\n \"title\": \"Campaign ID\",\n \"type\": \"integer\",\n \"description\": \"Identifier of the marketing campaign to which activity originating this message belongs to.\"",
"\n },\n \"xdm:campaignName\": {\n \"title\": \"Campaign Internal Name\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"A human-friendly identifier of the marketing campaign which is originating this message.\"",
"\n }\n }\n },\n \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/link\": {\n \"title\": \"The campaign activity originating a message to a recipient.\",",
"\n \"type\": \"object\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"xdm:id\": {\n \"title\": \"Tracking URL ID\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"Unique Identifier of the Link\"\n },\n \"xdm:description\": {\n \"title\": \"Tracking URL Description\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"A human-friendly description of the link.\"",
"\n },\n \"xdm:url\": {\n \"title\": \"URL\",\n \"format\": \"uri\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"URL of the Link.\"",
"\n },\n \"xdm:occurrence\": {\n \"title\": \"Occurrence\",\n \"type\": \"integer\",\n \"description\": \"URL occurrence index in the content (first is 1). ",
"When the same URL is available several times in the same content, its is necessary to track which occurrence of the URL has been clicked on.\",",
"\n \"default\": 1,\n \"minimum\": 1,\n \"maximum\": 32767\n },\n \"xdm:label\": {\n \"title\": \"URL Label\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"The user-friendly label clicking on which the link opens.\"",
"\n },\n \"xdm:category\": {\n \"title\": \"URL Category\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"The category of the link. ",
"It may be `subscription`, or a user-defined category.\"",
"\n },\n \"xdm:inAppMessageAction\": {\n \"title\": \"In-App Message Action\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"meta:enum\": {\n \"primary\": \"Primary action\",\n \"secondary\": \"Secondary action\",\n \"dismiss\": \"Dismiss action\"\n },\n \"description\": \"Actions on the In-App message delivered, e.g. action on primary button, secondary button or close button.\"",
"\n },\n \"xdm:inAppMessageButtonText\": {\n \"title\": \"In-App Message Button Text\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"The user-friendly text on the button.\"",
"\n }\n }\n },\n \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/orchestration\": {\n \"title\": \"Campaign Orchestration for creating user journey.\",",
"\n \"$ref\": \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/orchestration\"\n },\n \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/containerID\": {\n \"title\": \"Container Identifier\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"The identifier denoting the container with which Campaign ExperienceEvent is associated.\"",
"\n },\n \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/eventSource\": {\n \"title\": \"Event Source\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"meta:enum\": {\n \"replay-pipelined-mta\": \"This event was generated via Replay Utility tool generated from Pipelined\",\n \"replay-pipelined-inMail\": \"This event was generated via Replay Utility tool generated from Pipelined\",\n \"replay-pipelined-trackinglogd\": \"This event was generated via Replay Utility tool generated from Pipelined\",\n \"replay-pipelined-pipelined\": \"This event was generated via Replay Utility tool generated from Pipelined\",\n \"pipelined-mta\": \"This event was generated via Pipelined generated from mta\",\n \"pipelined-inMail\": \"This event was generated via Pipelined generated from inMail\",\n \"pipelined-trackinglogd\": \"This event was generated via Pipelined generated from trackinglogd\",\n \"pipelined-pipelined\": \"This event was generated via Pipelined generated from Pipelined\",\n \"replay\": \"This event was generated via Replay Utility tool which did not have any event source\",\n \"pipelined-tracker\": \"This event was generated via Pipelined generated from TrackeR\"\n },\n \"description\": \"A human-friendly name of the campaign activity which is originating this message.\"",
"\n },\n \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/offerOpened\": {\n \"title\": \"Offer Opened\",\n \"description\": \"The offer in the message for an 'offer opened' event.\",",
"\n \"$ref\": \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/offer-response-detail\"\n },\n \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/offersProposed\": {\n \"title\": \"Offer Propositions\",\n \"description\": \"The offers in the message of a 'email-send' event.\",",
"\n \"type\": \"array\",\n \"items\": {\n \"$ref\": \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/offer-proposition-detail\"\n }\n },\n \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/medium\": {\n \"title\": \"Medium\",\n \"type\": \"string\",\n \"description\": \"The medium is a combination of the source of the event (message, web, ...) and its format if applicable.\",",
"\n \"meta:enum\": {\n \"message_text\": \"The source of the event is message in a text format.\",",
"\n \"message_html\": \"The source of the event is message in a html format.\",",
"\n \"message_line\": \"The source of the event is a line message.\",",
"\n \"web\": \"The source of the event is web tracking tag in a web page.\",",
"\n \"offer\": \"The source of the event is an offer.\"",
"\n }\n }\n }\n },\n \"mutation\": {\n \"properties\": {\n \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/mutation\": {\n \"title\": \"Mutated Fields from Previous ExperienceEvent.\",",
"\n \"description\": \"Information of the fields that have changed since the previous ExperienceEvent to keep track of the state changes across events. ",
"For e.g. if when an email gets sent, an ExperienceEvent with metric `sends` will be sent. ",
"This may get bounced and an ExperienceEvent with metric `bounces` will be sent then. ",
"It may be important for a downstream application to know that the previous ExperienceEvent with metric `sends` is now to be invalidated. ",
"This field will contain the values from the previous ExperienceEvent that have a different value in the current ExperienceEvent.\",",
"\n \"$ref\": \"https://ns.adobe.com/experience/campaign/mutationevent\"\n }\n }\n }\n },\n \"allOf\": [\n {\n \"$ref\": \"#/definitions/campaign-experienceevent-all\"\n },\n {\n \"$ref\": \"#/definitions/mutation\"\n }\n ],\n \"meta:status\": \"stable\"\n}"
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[
"in One Chance Fancy\n(32 photos)\n\n“\"Well, Mama washed and combed and curled my hair And she painted my eyes and lips then I stepped into a satin Dancin' dress that had a split on the side clean up to my hip\nIt was red velvet trim and it fit me good\nAnd standin' back from the lookin' glass\nThere stood a woman where a half grown kid had stood\nShe said \"Here's your one chance Fancy, don't let me down.",
"\nHere's your one chance Fancy, don't let me down.\" ”",
"\n\nMailing List\n\nSitemap\n\nSocial\n\nSign Up & Support This Artist\n\nNew Card\n\nCredit CardPaypal\n\n$\n\nBuy votes to support this artist on Zivity. ",
"Votes are $1 each, and when you vote\non a set you like, 55% goes to the model and 30% to the photographer. ",
"You can vote\nin the next step after registering and purchasing votes."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
"Enlarge Image Carl Court/Getty Images\n\nIf you become involved in a situation with Uber that might warrant suing, you may have waived your right to sue in favor of arbitration, according to an update to Uber's terms and conditions.",
"\n\nUber updated its terms and conditions on Monday, adding in a very large wall of text regarding arbitration: \"By agreeing to the Terms, you agree that you are required to resolve any claim that you may have against Uber on an individual basis in arbitration, as set forth in this Arbitration Agreement.\"",
"\n\nIt continues: \"This will preclude you from bringing any class, collective, or representative action against Uber, and also preclude you from participating in or recovering relief under any current or future class, collective, consolidated, or representative action brought against Uber by someone else.\" ",
"This includes not only passengers of Uber's traditional services, but also users of UberEats and other offshoots.",
"\n\nThe terms weren't announced prior to the day they were released. ",
"If somebody doesn't read the new terms today, tough tomatoes, he or she is still bound to the words therein. ",
"A quick, unscientific poll of CNET editors found that none received an email regarding the updated terms and conditions prior to November 21.",
"\n\nThe timing makes this somewhat shady. ",
"Uber is currently the defendant in multiple class action and individual lawsuits. ",
"Some involve the classification of drivers as either independent contractors, and others involve sexual assault. ",
"Adding an arbitration clause could keep future similar issues from making it to court.",
"\n\nArbitration is a type of dispute resolution that takes place outside the traditional court system. ",
"A group -- in this case, the American Arbitration Association -- fields a group of arbitrators who review evidence and subsequently impose decisions. ",
"Arbitration does not always require a hearing where both parties are present. ",
"Some decisions are made based on the evidence alone.",
"\n\n\"The arbitration agreement is not new -- previous versions of the rider Terms have always had some form of class waiver,\" Uber said in an email. \"",
"We expanded the arbitration provision overall to make it more clear and easy to read.\"",
"\n\nWaiving your right to sue in favor of arbitration is a totally legal thing to do, so long as users agree to those terms, which in the case of Uber means simply using the service. ",
"The Electronic Frontier Foundation doesn't like forced arbitration, as there isn't really room for negotiation.",
"\n\nFirst published Nov. 21, 4.56 p.m. ET.",
"\n\nUpdate, 6:17 p.m. ET: Added Uber's comment."
] | {
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[
"The wrestling industry with an integration of pop culture\n\nTag Archives: halestorm\n\nBelieve it or not a big role in any promotion is music. ",
"Whether it’s a of a talent, show or big pay-per view event’s theme song, we all respond to it. ",
"Music can hold a lot of mysterious power in humans psychologically and at the same time stimulate more parts of the brain than any other human function. ",
"Around the world music is not only art but sends a message and to provoke any kind of human emotion at any time and place.",
"\n\nThese are some of the top tracks of 2016 that have set the tone for an event, cemented a talent’s contagious yet lovable gimmick (Bayley…but she’s not going to be on this list – 2016 themes only) and was just overall a good jam! ",
"Let’s also look back on some of the matches that took place this year."
] | {
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[
"Q:\n\n\"Child actions are not allowed to perform redirect actions\"\n\nI have this error:\n\nError executing child request for handler 'System.",
"Web.",
"Mvc.",
"HttpHandlerUtil+ServerExecuteHttpHandlerAsyncWrapper'.",
"\n\nwith inner exception:\n\nChild actions are not allowed to perform redirect actions.",
"\n\nAny idea why this happening?",
"\nIncidentally, the error is happening on this line:\n@Html.",
"Action(\"Menu\", \"Navigation\")\n\nThe Menu Action in the Navigation Controller looks like this:\npublic ActionResult Menu()\n{\n return PartialView();\n}\n\nA:\n\nThis happened to me because I had [RequireHttps] on the Controller, and a child action was called from a different controller. ",
" The RequireHttps attribute caused the redirect\n\nA:\n\nThis is not allowed because MVC has already started Rendering the View to the browser (client).",
"\nSo the MVC Frameworks blocks this, because the client already receives data (html). ",
"As long as the rendering is in progress you not able to redirect in your child view.",
"\nYou can return RedirectToAction instead.",
"\n\nA:\n\nInstead of\n@Html.",
"Action(\"Menu\", \"Navigation\")\n\nUse\n@Url.",
"Action(\"Menu\", \"Navigation\")\n\nWorked for me :)\n\n"
] | {
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[
"### FILE=\"Main.annotation\"\n## Copyright: Public domain.",
"\n## Filename: P51-P53.agc\n## Purpose: A section of Luminary revision 210.",
"\n## It is part of the source code for the Lunar Module's (LM)\n## Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) for Apollo 15-17.",
"\n## This file is intended to be a faithful transcription, except\n## that the code format has been changed to conform to the\n## requirements of the yaYUL assembler rather than the\n## original YUL assembler.",
"\n## Reference: pp. ",
"923-981\n## Assembler: yaYUL\n## Contact: Ron Burkey <info@sandroid.org>.",
"\n## Website: www.ibiblio.org/apollo/index.html\n## Mod history: 2016-11-17 JL Created from Luminary131 version.",
"\n## 2016-12-07 MAS Began transcription.",
"\n## 2016-12-08 MAS Finished updates for Luminary 210.",
"\n## 2016-12-11 HG Fix operand FLT69FLG -> FLT59FLG\n## Operator TCF GOTOPOOH -> TC GOTOPOOH \n## TC\t CHKOUT -> TCF CHKOUT \n##\t\t2016-12-26 RSB\tComment-text proofed using ProoferComments\n##\t\t\t\tand corrected errors found.",
"\n##\t\t2017-03-16 RSB\tComment-text fixes identified in 5-way\n##\t\t\t\tside-by-side diff of Luminary 69/99/116/131/210.",
"\n\n## Page 923\n# PROGRAM NAME- PROG52 DATE- JAN 9, 1967\n# MOD NO- 0 LOG SECTION- P51-P53\n# MODIFICATION BY- LONSKE ASSEMBLY- SUNDANCE REV 46\n\n# FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION-\n\n# ALIGNS THE IMU TO ONE OF THREE ORIENTATIONS SELECTED BY THE ASTRONAUT. ",
"THE PRESENT IMU ORIENTATION IS KNOWN\n# AND IS STORED IN REFSMMAT. ",
"THE THREE POSSIBLE ORIENTATIONS MAY BE_\n\n# (A) PREFERRED ORIENTATION\n\n# AN OPTIMUM ORIENTATION FOR A PREVIOUSLY CALCULATED MANUEVER. ",
"THIS ORIENTATION MUST BE CALCULATED AND\n# STORED BY A PREVIOUSLY SELECTED PROGRAM.",
"\n\n# (B) NOMINAL ORIENTATION\n#\n# X = UNIT ( R )\n# -SM\n\n# Y = UNIT (V X R)\n# SM\n\n# Z = UNIT (X X Y )\n# SM SM SM\n\n# WHERE_\n# R = THE GEOCENTRIC RADIUS VECTOR AT TIME T(ALIGN) SELECTED BY THE ASTRONAUT\n# -\n\n# V = THE INERTIAL VELOCITY VECTOR AT TIME T(ALIGN) SELECTED BY THE ASTRONAUT\n# -\n\n# (C) REFSMMAT ORIENTATION\n\n# (D) LANDING SITE - THIS IS NOT AVAILIBLE IN SUNDANCE\n\n# THIS SELECTION CORRECTS THE PRESENT IMU ORIENTATION. ",
"THE PRESENT ORIENTATION DIFFERS FROM THAT TO WHICH IT\n# WAS LAST ALIGNED ONLY DUE TO GYRO DRIFT(I.E. NEITHER GIMBAL LOCK NOR IMU POWER INTERRUPTION HAS OCCURED\n# SINCE THE LAST ALIGNMENT).",
"\n#\n# AFTER A IMU ORIENTATION HAS BEEN SELECTED ROUTINE S52.2 IS OPERATED TO COMPUTE THE GIMBAL ANGLES USING THE\n# NEW ORIENTATION AND THE PRESENT VEHICLE ATTITUDE. ",
"CAL52A THEN USES THESE ANGLES, STORED IN THETAD,+1,+2, TO\n# COARSE ALIGN THE IMU. ",
"THE STAR SELECTION ROUTINE, R56, IS THEN OPERATED. ",
"IF 2 STARS ARE NOT AVAILABLE AN ALARM\n# IS FLASHED TO NOTIFY THE ASTRONAUT. ",
"AT THIS POINT THE ASTRONAUT WILL MANUEVER THE VEHICLE AND SELECT 2 STARS\n# EITHER MANUALLY OR AUTOMATICALLY. ",
"AFTER 2 STARS HAVE BEEN SELECTED THE IMU IS FINE ALIGNED USING ROUTINE R51. ",
"IF\n# THE RENDEZVOUS NAVIGATION PROCESS IS OPERATING(INDICATED BY RNDVZFLG) P20 IS DISPLAYED. ",
"OTHERWISE P00 IS\n# REQUESTED.",
"\n\n# CALLING SEQUENCE-\n## Page 924\n# THE PROGRAM IS CALLED BY THE ASTRONAUT BY DSKY ENTRY.",
"\n\n# SUBROUTINES CALLED-\n\n# 1. ",
"FLAGDOWN 7. ",
"S52.2 13. ",
"NEWMODEX\n# 2. ",
"R02BOTH 8. ",
"CAL53A 14. ",
"PRIOLARM\n# 3. ",
"GOPERF4 9. ",
"FLAGUP\n# 4. ",
"MATMOVE 10. ",
"R56\n# 5. ",
"GOFLASH 11. ",
"R51\n# 6. ",
"S52.3 12. ",
"GOPERF3\n\n# NORMAL EXIT MODES-\n\n# EXITS TO ENDOFJOB\n\n# ALARM OR ABORT EXIT MODES-\n\n# NONE\n\n# OUTPUT-\n\n# THE FOLLOWING MAY BE FLASHED ON THE DSKY\n# 1. ",
"IMU ORIENTATION CODE\n# 2. ",
"ALARM CODE 215 -PREFERRED IMU ORIENTATION NOT SPECIFIED\n# 3. ",
"TIME OF NEXT IGNITION\n# 4. ",
"GIMBAL ANGLES\n# 5. ",
"ALARM CODE 405 -TWO STARS NOT AVAILABLE\n# 6. ",
"PLEASE PERFORM P00\n# THE MODE DISPLAY MAY BE CHANGED TO 20\n\n# ERASABLE INITIALIZATION REQUIRED-\n\n# PFRATFLG SHOULD BE SET IF A PREFERRED ORIENTATION HAS BEEN COMPUTED.IF IT HAS BEEN COMPUTED IT IS STORED IN\n# XSMD,YSMD,ZSMD.",
"\n# RNDVZFLG INDICATES WHETHER THE RENDEZVOUS NAVIGATION PROCESS IS OPERATING.",
"\n\n# DEBRIS-\n\n# WORK AREA\n\t\tSETLOC\tP50S\n\t\tBANK\n\n\t\tEBANK=\tBESTI\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/P52\nPROG52\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tR02BOTH\t\t# IMU STATUS CHECK\n\t\tCAF\tPFRATBIT\n\t\tMASK\tFLAGWRD2\t# IS PFRATFLG SET?",
"\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTC\tP52A\t\t# YES\n## Page 925\n\t\tCAF\tTHREE\t\t# DISPLAY REFSMMAT OPTION 3\n\t\tTC\tP52A +1\nP52A\t\tCAF\tBIT1\n\t\tTS\tOPTION2\nP52B\t\tCAF\tBIT1\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\t# FLASH OPTION CODE AND ORIENTATION CODE\n\t\tCADR\tGOPERF4R\t# FLASH V04N06\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\n\t\tTCF\t+5\t\t# V33-PROCEED\n\t\tTC\tP52B\t\t# NEW CODE - NEW ORIENTATION CODE INPUT\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\t# DISPLAY RETURN\n\t\tOCT\t00014\n\t\tTC\tENDOFJOB\n\n\t\tCA\tOPTION2\n\t\tMASK\tTHREE\n\t\tINDEX\tA\n\t\tTC\t+1\n\t\tTCF\tOPT4\t\t# OPTION 4 LANDING SITE\n\t\tTCF\tP52H\t\t# OPTION 1 PREFERRED\n\t\tTCF\tP52T\t\t# OPTION 2 NOMINAL\nP52E\t\tTC\tINTPRET\t\t# OPTION 3 REFSMMAT\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tP52F\t\t# GO DO R51\n\nOPT4\t\tCAF\tEBANK4\t\t# SET EBANK TO USE TLAND\n\t\tTS\tEBANK\n\t\tEBANK=\tTLAND\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tDCA\tTLAND\t\t# IF OPTION 4 DISPLAY TLAND\n\t\tTCF\tP52T +2\n\nP52T\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tDCA\tNEG0\n\t\tDXCH\tDSPTEM1\n\t\tCAF\tEBANK5\t\t# RESTORE EBANK AFTER USE OF TLAND\n\t\tTS\tEBANK\n\t\tEBANK=\tTALIGN\n\t\tCAF\tV06N34*\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\n\t\tTC\t+2\n\t\tTC\t-5\n\t\tDXCH\tDSPTEM1\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tBZMF\t+2\t\t# IF TIME ZERO OR NEG USE TIME2\n\t\tTCF\t+3\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tDCA\tTIME2\n## Page 926\n\t\tDXCH\tTALIGN\nP52V\t\tCA\tOPTION2\n\t\tMASK\tBIT2\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTC\tP52W\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\t\t# OPTION 4 - GET LS ORIENTATION\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tP52LS\n\n## Page 927\n# START ALIGNMENT \n\nP52W\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tDLOAD\tCALL\t\t# PICK UP ALIGN TIME\n\t\t\tTALIGN\t\t# COMPUTE NOMINAL IMU\n\t\t\tS52.3\t\t# ORIENTATION\nP52D\t\tCALL\t\t\t# READ VEHICLE ATTITUDE AND\n\t\t\tS52.2\t\t# COMPUTE GIMBAL ANGLES\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tCAF\tV06N22\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\t# DISPLAY GIMBAL ANGLES\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\n\t\tTCF\tCOARSTYP\t# V33-PROCEED, SEE IF GYRO TORQUE COARSE\nP52H\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tP52D\nREGCOARS\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tCALL\t\t\t# DO COARSE ALIGN\n\t\t\tCAL53A\t\t# ROUTINE\nCOARSRET\tSET\tCLEAR\n\t\t\tREFSMFLG\n\t\t\tPFRATFLG\nP52F\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tR51\nP52OUT\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\nVB05N09\t\t=\tV05N09\nV06N34*\t\tVN\t634\n\n## Page 928\n# CHECK FOR GRRO TORQUE COARSE ALIGNMENT\nCOARSTYP\tCAF\tOCT13\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\t# DISPLAY V 50N25 WITH COARSE ALIGN OPTION\n\t\tCADR\tGOPERF1\n\t\tTCF\tGOTOPOOH\t# V34-TERMIN&OE\n\t\tTCF\tREGCOARS\t# V33-NORMAL COARSE\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\t\t# V32-GYRO TORQUE COARSE\n\t\tVLOAD\tMXV\n\t\t\tXSMD\t\t# GET SM(DESIRED) WRT SM(PRESENT)\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\tUNIT\n\t\tSTOVL\tXDC\n\t\t\tYSMD\n\t\tMXV\tUNIT\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\tSTOVL\tYDC\n\t\t\tZSMD\n\t\tMXV\tUNIT\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\tSTCALL\tZDC\n\t\t\tGYCOARS\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tP52OUT\nOCT13\t\tOCT\t13\n\n## Page 929\n# COMPUTE LANDING ORIENTATION FOR OPTION 4\nP52LS\t\tSET\tCLEAR\t\t# GET LANDING SITE ORIENTATION\n\t\t\tLUNAFLAG\n\t\t\tERADFLAG\t# TO PICK UP RLS\n\t\tSETPD\tVLOAD\n\t\t\t0\n\t\t\tRLS\t\t# PICK UP LANDING SITE VEC IN MF\n\t\tPDDL\tPUSH\t\t# RLS PD 0-5\n\t\t\tTALIGN\n\t\tSTCALL\tTLAND\t\t# JAM ALIGN TIME IN TLAND FOR OPTION 4\n\n\t\t\tRP-TO-R\t\t# TRANS RLS TO REF\n\t\tVSR2\n\t\tSTODL\tALPHAV\t\t# INPUT TO LAT-LONG\n\t\t\tTALIGN\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tN89DISP\n\t\tVLOAD\tUNIT\t\t# COMPUTE LANDING SITE ORIENT (XSMD)\n\t\t\tALPHAV\n\t\tSTCALL\tXSMD\n\t\t\tLSORIENT\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tP52D\t\t# NOW GO COMPUTE GIMBAL ANGLES\n\n\t\tSETLOC\tP50S2\n\t\tBANK\n\nMATMOVE\t\tVLOAD*\n\t\t\t0,1\n\t\tSTORE\t0,2\n\t\tVLOAD*\n\t\t\t6D,1\n\t\tSTORE\t6D,2\n\t\tVLOAD*\n\t\t\t12D,1\n\t\tSTORE\t12D,2\n\t\tRVQ\n\n## Page 930\n# SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE AND DISPLAY THE LUNAR LANDING SITE\n\n\t\tSETLOC\tP50S1\n\t\tBANK\n\t\tEBANK=\tXSM\n\nN89DISP\t\tSTQ\n\t\t\tQMAJ\n\t\tSTCALL\tSITIME\t\t# STORE TIME\n\t\t\tLAT-LONG\n\t\tDLOAD\tSR1\n\t\t\tLONG\n\t\tSTODL\tLANDLONG\n\t\t\tALT\n\t\tSTODL\tLANDALT\n\t\t\tLAT\n\t\tSTORE\tLANDLAT\n\t\tEXIT\n\nLSDISP\t\tCAF\tV06N89*\t\t# DISPLAY LAT,LONG/2,ALT\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTCF\tGOTOPOOH\t# V34-TERMINATE-EXIT P57\n\t\tTCF\t+2\t\t# V33-PROCEED- ACCEPT LS DATA\n\t\tTCF\tLSDISP\t\t# V32 OR E- LOOK AGAIN AND/OR LOAD NEW LS\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tDLOAD\tSL1\n\t\t\tLANDLONG\n\t\tSTODL\tLONG\n\t\t\tLANDALT\n\t\tSTODL\tALT\n\t\t\tLANDLAT\n\t\tSTODL\tLAT\n\t\t\tSITIME\t\t# PICK UP TIME\n\t\tCALL\t\t\t# GET RLS BACK FROM LAT,LONG, ALT\n\t\t\tLALOTORV\t# RLS B-29 IN MPAC AND ALPHAV\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tQMAJ\nV06N89*\t\tVN\t689\n\n## Page 931\n# NAME -S50 ALIAS LOCSAM\n# BY\n# VINCENT\n# FUNCTION - COMPUTE INPUTS FOR PICAPAR AND PLANET\n\n# DEFINE\n\n#\n# U = UNIT( SUN WRT EARTH)\n# ES\n\n# U =UNIT( MOON WRT EARTH)\n# EM\n\n# R =POSITION VECTOR OF LEM\n# L\n\n# R =MEAN DISTANCE (384402KM) BETWEEN EARTH AND MOON\n# EM\n\n# P =RATIO R /(DISTANCE SUN TO EARTH) >.00257125\n# EM\n\n# R =EQUATORIAL RADIUSS (6378.166KM) OF EARTH\n# E\n\n# LOCSAM COMPUTES IN EARTH INFLUENCE\n\n# VSUN = U\n# ES\n\n# VEARTH = -UNIT( R )\n# L\n\n# VMOON = UNIT(R .U - R )\n# EM EM L\n\n# CSUN = COS 90\n\n# CEARTH = COS(5 + ARCSIN(R /MAG(R )))\n# E L\n\n# CMOON = COS 5\n\n#\n# INPUT - TIME IN MPAC\n# OUTPUT - LISTED ABOVE\n# SUBROUTINES -LSPOS,LEMPREC\n# DEBRIS - VAC AREA ,TSIGHT\n\n## Page 932\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/LOSAM\n\nS50\t\t= \tLOCSAM\nLOCSAM\t\tSTQ\n\t\t\tQMIN\n\t\tSTCALL\tTSIGHT\n\t\t\tLSPOS\n\t\tDLOAD\n\t\t\tTSIGHT\n\t\tSTCALL\tTDEC1\n\t\t\tLEMPREC\n\t\tSSP\tTIX,2\n\t\t\tS2\n\t\t\t0\n\t\t\tMOONCNTR\nEARTCNTR\tVLOAD\tVXSC\n\t\t\tVMOON\n\t\t\tRSUBEM\n\t\tVSL1\tVSU\n\t\t\tRATT\n\t\tUNIT\n\t\tSTOVL\tVMOON\n\t\t\tRATT\n\t\tUNIT\tVCOMP\n\t\tSTODL\tVEARTH\n\t\t\tRSUBE\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tOCCOS\n\t\tSTODL\tCEARTH\n\t\t\tCSS5\n\t\tSTCALL\tCMOON\n\t\t\tENDSAM\nMOONCNTR\tVLOAD\tVXSC\n\t\t\tVMOON\n\t\t\tROE\n\t\tBVSU\tUNIT\n\t\t\tVSUN\n\t\tSTOVL\tVSUN\n\t\t\tVMOON\n\t\tVXSC\tVAD\n\t\t\tRSUBEM\n\t\t\tRATT\n\t\tUNIT\tVCOMP\n\t\tSTOVL\tVEARTH\n\t\t\tRATT\n\t\tUNIT\tVCOMP\n\t\tSTODL\tVMOON\n\t\t\tRSUBM\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tOCCOS\n## Page 933\n\t\tSTODL\tCMOON\n\t\t\tCSS5\n\t\tSTORE\tCEARTH\nENDSAM\t\tDLOAD\n\t\t\tCSSUN\n\t\tSTORE\tCSUN\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tQMIN\nOCCOS\t\tDDV\tSR1\n\t\t\t36D\n\t\tASIN\tDAD\n\t\t\t5DEGREES\n\t\tCOS\tSR1\n\t\tRVQ\nCEARTH\t\t=\t14D\nCSUN\t\t=\t16D\nCMOON\t\t=\t18D\nCSS5\t\t2DEC\t.2490475\t# (COS 5)/4\n\nCSSUN\t\t2DEC\t.125\t\t# (COS60)/4\n\n5DEGREES\t2DEC\t.013888889\t# SCALED IN REVS\n\n## Page 934\n# PROGRAM NAME - R56 DATE DEC 20 66\n# MOD 1 LOG SECTION P51-P53\n# ASSEMBLY SUNDISK REV40\n# BY KEN VINCENT\n#\n# FUNCTION\n# THIS PROGRAM READ THE IMU-CDUS AND COMPUTES THE VEHICLE ORIENTATION\n# WITH RESPECT TO INERTIAL SPACE. ",
"IT THEN COMPUTES THE SHAFT AXIS (SAX)\n# WITH RESPECT TO REFERENCE INERTIAL. ",
"EACH STAR IN THE CATALOG IS TESTED\n# TO DETERMINE IF IT IS OCCULTED BY EITHER THE EARTH,SUN OR MOON. ",
"IF A\n# STAR IS NOT OCCULTED THEN IT IS PAIRED WITH ALL STAR OF LOWER INDEX.",
"\n# THE PAIRED STAR IS TESTED FOR OCCULTATION. ",
"PAIRS OF STARS THAT PASS\n# THE OCCULTATION TESTS ARE TESTED FOR GOOD SEPARATION.A PAIR OF STARS\n# HAVE GOOD SEPERATION IF THE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM IS LESS THAN 100 DEGREES\n# AND MORE THAN 50 DEGREES. ",
"THOSE PAIRS WITH GOOD SEPARATION\n# ARE THEN TESTED TO SEE IF THEY LIE IN CURRENT FIELD OF VIEW.(WITHIN\n# 50 DEGREESOF SAX).THE PAIR WITH MAX SEPARATION IS CHOSEN FROM\n# THOSE WITH GOOD SEPARATION,AND IN FIELD OF VIEW.",
"\n#\n# CALLING SEQUENCE\n# L TC BANKCALL\n# L+1 CADR R56\n# L+2 ERROR RETURN - NO STARS IN FIELD OF VIEW\n# L+3 NORMAL RETURN\n#\n# OUTPUT\n# BESTI,BESTJ -SINGLE PREC,INTEGERS,STAR NUMBERS TIMES 6\n# VFLAG - FLAG BIT SET IMPLIES NO STARS IN FIELD OF VIEW\n#\n# INITIALIZATION\n# 1)A CALL TO LOCSAM MUST BE MADE\n#\n# DEBRIS\n# WORK AREA\n# X,Y,ZNB\n# SINCDU,COSCDU\n# STARAD - STAR +5\n\nR56\t\t=\tPICAPAR\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/R56\nPICAPAR\t\tTC\tMAKECADR\n\t\tTS\tQMIN\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tSET\tCALL\n\t\t\tVFLAG\n\t\t\tCDUTRIG\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCALCSMSC\n\t\tSETPD\tDLOAD\n\t\t\t0\n\t\t\tDPZERO\n## Page 935\n\t\tSTOVL\tBESTI\n\t\t\tXNB\n\t\tVXSC\tPDVL\n\t\t\tHALFDP\n\t\t\tZNB\n\t\tAXT,1\tVXSC\n\t\t\t228D\t\t# X1 = 37 X 6 +6\n\t\t\tHALFDP\n\t\tVAD\n\t\tVXM\tUNIT\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\tSTORE\tSAX\t\t# SAX = SHAFT AXIS\n\t\tSSP\tSSP\t\t# S1=S2=6\n\t\t\tS1\n\t\t\t6\n\t\t\tS2\n\t\t\t6\nPIC1\t\tTIX,1\tGOTO\t\t# MAJOR STAR\n\t\t\tPIC2\n\t\t\tPICEND\nPIC2\t\tVLOAD*\tDOT\n\t\t\tCATLOG,1\n\t\t\tSAX\n\t\tDSU\tBMN\n\t\t\tCSS33\n\t\t\tPIC1\n\t\tLXA,2\n\t\t\tX1\nPIC3\t\tTIX,2\tGOTO\n\t\t\tPIC4\n\t\t\tPIC1\nPIC4\t\tVLOAD*\tDOT\n\t\t\tCATLOG,2\n\t\t\tSAX\n\t\tDSU\tBMN\n\t\t\tCSS33\n\t\t\tPIC3\n\t\tVLOAD*\tDOT*\n\t\t\tCATLOG,1\n\t\t\tCATLOG,2\n\t\tDSU\tBPL\n\t\t\tCSS40\n\t\t\tPIC3\n\t\tVLOAD*\tCALL\n\t\t\tCATLOG,1\n\t\t\tOCCULT\n\t\tBON\n\t\t\tCULTFLAG\n\t\t\tPIC1\n\t\tVLOAD*\tCALL\n## Page 936\n\t\t\tCATLOG,2\n\t\t\tOCCULT\n\t\tBON\n\t\t\tCULTFLAG\n\t\t\tPIC3\nSTRATGY\t\tBONCLR\n\t\t\tVFLAG\n\t\t\tNEWPAR\n\t\tXCHX,1\tXCHX,2\n\t\t\tBESTI\n\t\t\tBESTJ\nSTRAT\t\tVLOAD*\tDOT*\n\t\t\tCATLOG,1\n\t\t\tCATLOG,2\n\t\tPUSH\tBOFINV\n\t\t\tVFLAG\n\t\t\tSTRAT -3\n\t\tDLOAD\tDSU\n\t\tBPL\n\t\t\tPIC3\nNEWPAR\t\tSXA,1\tSXA,2\n\t\t\tBESTI\n\t\t\tBESTJ\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tPIC3\nOCCULT\t\tMXV\tBVSU\n\t\t\tCULTRIX\n\t\t\tCSS\n\t\tBZE\n\t\t\tCULTED\n\t\tBMN\tSIGN\n\t\t\tCULTED\n\t\t\tMPAC +3\n\t\tBMN\tSIGN\n\t\t\tCULTED\n\t\t\tMPAC +5\n\t\tBMN\tCLRGO\n\t\t\tCULTED\n\t\t\tCULTFLAG\n\t\t\tQPRET\nCULTED\t\tSETGO\n\t\t\tCULTFLAG\n\t\t\tQPRET\nCSS\t\t= \tCEARTH\nCSS40\t\t2DEC\t.16070\t\t# COS 50 /4\n\nCSS33\t\t2DEC\t.16070\t\t# COS 50 /4\n\nPICEND\t\tBOFF\tEXIT\n\t\t\tVFLAG\n## Page 937\n\t\t\tPICGXT\n\t\tTC\tPICBXT\nPICGXT\t\tLXA,1\tLXA,2\n\t\t\tBESTI\n\t\t\tBESTJ\n\t\tVLOAD\tDOT*\n\t\t\tSAX\n\t\t\tCATLOG,1\n\t\tPDVL\tDOT*\n\t\t\tSAX\n\t\t\tCATLOG,2\n\t\tDSU\n\t\tBPL\tSXA,1\n\t\t\tPICNSWP\n\t\t\tBESTJ\n\t\tSXA,2\n\t\t\tBESTI\nPICNSWP\t\tEXIT\n\t\tINCR\tQMIN\nPICBXT\t\tCA\tQMIN\n\t\tTC\tSWCALL\nVPD\t\t= \t0D\nV0\t\t=\t6D\nV1\t\t= \t12D\nV2\t\t=\t18D\nV3\t\t=\t24D\nDP0\t\t=\t30D\nDP1\t\t=\t32D\n\n## Page 938\n# NAME-R51 FINE ALIGN\n# FUNCTION-TO ALIGN THE STABLE MEMBER TO REFSMMAT\n# CALLING SEQ- CALL R51\n# INPUT - REFSMMAT\n# OUTPUT- GYRO TORQUE PULSES\n# SUBROUTINES -LOCSAM,PICAPAR,R52,R53,R54,R55\n\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/R51\nR51\t\tSTQ\n\t\t\tQMAJ\nR51.1\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\nR51C\t\tTC\tDOWNFLAG\n\t\tADRES\tFLT59FLG\n\t\t\n\t\tCAF\tOCT15\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOPERF1\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\n\t\tTC\tDOSAM\n\t\tCS\tBIT6\n\t\tMASK\tMPAC\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTCF\tR51E\t\t# ENTER\n\t\tTC\tUPFLAG\t\t# V32-SET FLT59FLG\n\t\tADRES\tFLT59FLG\n\t\tTCF\tR51E\n\nDOSAM\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tRTB\tDAD\n\t\t\tLOADTIME\n\t\t\tTSIGHT1\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tLOCSAM\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tR56\n\t\tTC\tR51I\nR51F\t\tTC\tR51E\nR51I\t\tTC\tALARM\n\t\tOCT\t405\n\t\tCAF\tVB05N09\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\n\t\tTC\tR51E\n\t\tTC\tR51C\nR51E\t\tCAF\tZERO\n\t\tTS\tSTARIND\n## Page 939\nR51.2\t\tTC\tINTPRET\nR51.3\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tR52\t\t# AOP WILL MAKE CALLS TO SIGHTING\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tAOTMARK\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tOPTSTALL\n\t\tTC\tCURTAINS\n\t\tCCS\tSTARIND\n\t\tTCF\t+2\n\t\tTC\tR51.4\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tDLOAD\tCALL\n\t\t\tTSIGHT\n\t\t\tPLANET\n\t\tMXV\tUNIT\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\tSTOVL\tSTARAD +6\n\t\t\tPLANVEC\n\t\tMXV\tUNIT\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\tSTOVL\tSTARAD\n\t\t\tSTARSAV1\n\t\tSTOVL\t6D\n\t\t\tSTARSAV2\n\t\tSTCALL\t12D\n\t\t\tR54\t\t# STAR DATA TEST\n\t\tBOFF\tCALL\n\t\t\tFREEFLAG\n\t\t\tR51K\n\t\t\tAXISGEN\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tR55\t\t# GYRO TORQUE\n\t\tCLEAR\n\t\t\tPFRATFLG\nR51K\t\tEXIT\nR51P63\t\tCAF\tOCT14\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOPERF1\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\n\t\tTC\tR51C\n## Page 940\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tQMAJ\nR51.4\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tVLOAD\n\t\t\tSTARSAV2\n\t\tSTORE\tSTARSAV1\n\t\tDLOAD\tCALL\n\t\t\tTSIGHT\n\t\t\tPLANET\n\t\tSTORE\tPLANVEC\n\t\tSSP\tGOTO\n\t\t\tSTARIND\n\t\t\t1\n\t\t\tR51.3\n\nTSIGHT1\t\t2DEC\t36000\t\t# 6 MIN TO MARKING\n\n## Page 941\n# GYRO TORQUE COARSE ALIGNMENT\nGYCOARS\t\tSTQ\tCALL\n\t\t\tQMAJ\n\t\t\tCALCGTA\n## The first CLEAR and DRIFTFLG below are circled.",
"\n\t\tCLEAR\tCLEAR\n\t\t\tDRIFTFLG\n\t\t\tREFSMFLG\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tCAF\tV16N20\t\t# MONITOR GIMBALS\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGODSPR\n\t\tCA\tR55CDR\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tIMUPULSE\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tIMUSTALL\n\t\tTC\tCURTAINS\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tAXC,1\tAXC,2\n\t\t\tXSMD\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\tCALL\t\t\t# STORE DESIRED REFSMMAT\n\t\t\tMATMOVE\n\t\tCLEAR\tSET\n\t\t\tPFRATFLG\n\t\t\tREFSMFLG\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tNCOARSE\t\t# SET DRIFT AND INITIALIZE 1/PIPADT\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tR51K\nV16N20\t\tVN\t1620\n\n## Page 942\n# R55 GYRO TORQUE\n# FUNCTION-COMPUTE AND SEND GYRO PULSES\n# CALLING SEQ- CALL R55\n# INPUT- X,Y,ZDC- REFSMMAT WRT PRESENT STABLE MEMBER\n# OUTPUT- GYRO PULSES\n# SUBROUTINES- CALCGTA,GOFLASH,GODSPR,IMUFINE,IMUPULSE,GOPERF1\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/R55\nR55\t\tSTQ\tCALL\n\t\t\tQMIN\n\t\t\tCALCGTA\nPULSEM\t\tEXIT\nR55.1\t\tCAF\tV06N93\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\n\t\tTC\tR55.2\n\t\tTC\tR55RET\nR55.2\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t00214\n\t\tCA\tR55CDR\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tIMUPULSE\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tIMUSTALL\n\t\tTC\tCURTAINS\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\nR55RET\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tQMIN\nV06N93\t\tVN\t0693\nR55CDR\t\tECADR\tOGC\nR54\t\t=\tCHKSDATA\n\n## Page 943\n# CHKSDATA DATE- JAN 9, 1967\n# THE ANGULAR DIFFERENCE IS DISPLAYED FOR ASTRONAUT ACCEPTENCE\n# EXIT MODE 1. ",
"FREEFLAG SET IMPLIES ASTRONAUT WANTS TO PROCEED\n# 2. ",
"FREEFLAG RESET IMPLIES ASTRONAUT WANTS TO RECYCLE ERANCE)\n# OUTPUT - 1.VERB 6,NOUN 3- DISPLAYS ANGULAR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 2 SETS OF STARS.",
"\n# 2.STAR VECTORS FROM STAR CATALOG ARE LEFT IN 6D AND 12D.\n\n# ERASABLE INITIALIZATION REQUIRED -\n# 1.MARK VECTORS ARE STORED IN STARAD AND STARAD +6.",
"\n# 2.CATALOG VECTORS ARE STORED IN 6D AND 12D.\n# DEBRIS -\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/R54\nCHKSDATA\tVLOAD\tDOT\n\t\t\tSTARAD\t\t# 1ST CATALOG STAR\n\t\t\tSTARAD +6\t# 2ND CATALOG STAR\n\t\tSL1\tACOS\n\t\tSTOVL\tTHETA\n\t\t\t6\t\t# 1ST OBSERVED STAR\n\t\tDOT\tSL1\n\t\t\t12D\t\t# 2ND OBSERVED STAR\n\t\tACOS\tDSU\n\t\t\tTHETA\n\t\tRTB\n\t\t\tSGNAGREE\n\t\tSTORE\tNORMTEM1\t# OBSERVED DIF - CATALOG DIF\n\t\tSET\tEXIT\n\t\t\tFREEFLAG\n\t\tCAF\tVB6N5\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\t# V34\n\t\tTCF\tCHKOUT\t\t# V33-PROCEED\n\t\tTC\tDOWNFLAG\t# V32-REJECT DATA-CLEAR FLAG\n\t\tADRES\tFREEFLAG\nCHKOUT\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tRVQ\n\nVB6N5\t\tVN\t605\n\n## Page 944\n# CAL53A\n# FUNCTION -COMPUTE DESIRED GIMBAL ANGLES AND COARSE ALIGN IF NECESSARY\n# CALLING SEQUENCE - CALL CAL53A\n# INPUT - X,Y,ZSMD ,CDUX,Y,Z\n# DESIRED GIMBAL ANGLES - THETAD,+1,+2\n# OUTPUT - THE IMU COORDINATES ARE STORED IN REFSMMAT\n# SUBROUTINES - S52.2, IMUCOARSE , IMUFINE\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/R50\nCAL53A\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tS52.2\t\t# MAKE ONE FINAL COMP OF GIMBALE ANGLES\n\t\tRTB\tSSP\n\t\t\tRDCDUS\t\t# READ CDUS\n\t\t\tS1\n\t\t\t1\n\t\tAXT,1\tSETPD\n\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t4\nCALOOP\t\tDLOAD*\tSR1\n\t\t\tTHETAD +3D,1\n\t\tPDDL*\tSR1\n\t\t\t4,1\n\t\tDSU\tABS\n\t\tPUSH\tDSU\n\t\t\tDEGREE1\n\t\tBMN\tDLOAD\n\t\t\tCALOOP1\n\t\tDSU\tBPL\n\t\t\tDEG359\n\t\t\tCALOOP1\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\nCOARFINE\tCALL\n\t\t\tCOARSE\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tNCOARSE\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tFINEONLY\nCALOOP1\t\tTIX,1\n\t\t\tCALOOP\nFINEONLY\tAXC,1\tAXC,2\n\t\t\tXSM\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tMATMOVE\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tCOARSRET\nDEGREE1\t\tDEC\t46\t\t# 1 DEG SCALED CDU/2\n## Page 945\nDEG359\t\tDEC\t16338\t\t# 359 DEG SCALED CDU/2\nRDCDUS\t\tINHINT\t\t\t# READ CDUS\n\t\tCA\tCDUX\n\t\tINDEX\tFIXLOC\n\t\tTS\t1\n\t\tCA\tCDUY\n\t\tINDEX\tFIXLOC\n\t\tTS\t2\n\t\tCA\tCDUZ\n\t\tINDEX\tFIXLOC\n\t\tTS\t3\n\t\tRELINT\n\t\tTC\tDANZIG\t\t#\t\t\t\t+\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/INFLT\n\n## Page 946\n# NAME - P51 - IMU ORIENTATION DETERMINATION\n# MOD.NO.1 23 JAN 67 LOG SECTION - P51-P53\n# MOD BY STURLAUGSON ASSEMBLY SUNDANCE REV56\n\n# FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION\n\n# DETERMINES THE INERTIAL ORIENTATION OF THE IMU. ",
"THE PROGRAM IS SELECTED BY DSKY ENTRY. ",
"THE SIGHTING\n# (AOTMARK)ROUTINE IS CALLED TO COLLECT AND PROCESS MARKED-STAR DATA. ",
"AOTMARK(R53) RETURNS THE STAR NUMBER AND THE\n# STAR LOS VECTOR IN STARAD+6. ",
"TWO STARS ARE THUS SIGHTED. ",
"THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE TWO STARS IS THEN CHECKED AT\n# CHKSDATA(R54). ",
"REFSMMAT IS THEN COMPUTED AT AXISGEN.",
"\n\n# CALLING SEQUENCE\n\n# THE PROGRAM IS CALLED BY THE ASTRONAUT BY DSKY ENTRY.",
"\n\n# SUBROUTINES CALLED.",
"\n\n# GOPERF3\n# GOPERF1\n# GODSPR\n# IMUCOARS\n# IMUFIN20\n# AOTMARK(R53)\n# CHKSDATA(R54)\n# MKRELEAS\n# AXISGEN\n# MATMOVE\n\n# ALARMS\n\n# NONE.",
"\n\n# ERASABLE INITIALIZATION\n\n# IMU ZERO FLAG SHOULD BE SET.",
"\n\n# OUTPUT\n\n# REFSMMAT\n# REFSMFLG\n\n# DEBRIS\n\n# WORK AREA\n# STARAD\n# STARIND\n# BESTI\n# BESTJ\n\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/P51\n## Page 947\nP51\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\t# IS ISS ON - IF NOT, IMUCHK WILL SEND\n\t\tCADR\tIMUCHK\t\t# ALARM CODE 210 AND EXIT VIA GOTOPOOH.",
"\n\n\t\tCAF\tOCT15\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOPERF1\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\t# TERM.",
"\n\t\tTCF\tP51B\t\t# V33\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tCAF\tZERO\n\t\tTS\tTHETAD\t\t# ZERO THE GIMBALS\n\t\tTS\tTHETAD +1\n\t\tTS\tTHETAD +2\n\t\tCAF\tV06N22\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGODSPRET\n\t\tCAF\tV41K\t\t# NOW DISPLAY COARSE ALIGN VERB 41\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGODSPRET\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCOARSE\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\t\tTCF\tP51 +2\n\nP51B\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t00014\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tNCOARSE\n\t\tSSP\tSETPD\n\t\t\tSTARIND\t\t# INDEX-STAR 1 OR 2\n\t\t\t0\n\t\t\t0\nP51C\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tAOTMARK\t\t# R53\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tAOTSTALL\n\t\tTC\tCURTAINS\n\t\tCCS\tSTARIND\n\t\tTCF\tP51D +1\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n## Page 948\n\t\tVLOAD\n\t\t\tSTARSAV2\n\t\tSTORE\tSTARSAV1\nP51D\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tCCS\tSTARIND\n\t\tTCF\tP51E\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tDLOAD\tCALL\n\t\t\tTSIGHT\n\t\t\tPLANET\n\t\tSTORE\tPLANVEC\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tCAF\tBIT1\n\t\tTS\tSTARIND\n\t\tTCF\tP51C +1\t\t# DO SECOND STAR\nP51E\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tDLOAD\tCALL\n\t\t\tTSIGHT\n\t\t\tPLANET\n\t\tSTOVL\t12D\n\t\t\tPLANVEC\n\t\tSTOVL\t6D\n\t\t\tSTARSAV1\n\t\tSTOVL\tSTARAD\n\t\t\tSTARSAV2\n\t\tSTCALL\tSTARAD +6\n\t\t\tCHKSDATA\t# CHECK STAR ANGLES IN STARAD AND\n\t\tBON\tEXIT\n\t\t\tFREEFLAG\n\t\t\tP51G\n\t\tTC\tP51 +2\nP51G\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tAXISGEN\t\t# COME BACK WITH REFSMMAT IN XDC\n\t\tAXC,1\tAXC,2\n\t\t\tXDC\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tMATMOVE\n\t\tSET\tEXIT\n\t\t\tREFSMFLG\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\t# FINIS\n## Page 949\nV41K\t\tVN\t4100\nCOARSE\t\tEXIT\n +1\t\tCA\tMODECADR\t# SEE IF IMU DEVICE IS IN USE.",
"\n \t\tEXTEND\n\t\tBZF\tDOCORS\t\t# NOT IN USE, DO COARSE ALIGN\n\t\tCAF\t1SEC\t\t# IN USE, DELAY ONE SEC\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tDELAYJOB\n\t\tTCF\tCOARSE +1\nDOCORS\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tIMUCOARS\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tIMUSTALL\n\t\tTC\tCURTAINS\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tIMUFINE\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tIMUSTALL\n\t\tTC\tCURTAINS\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tRVQ\nNCOARSE\t\tEXIT\n\t\tCA\tTIME1\n\t\tTS\t1/PIPADT\n\t\tCS\tZERO\n\t\tTS\tPIPAX\n\t\tTS\tPIPAY\n\t\tTS\tPIPAZ\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tVLOAD\n\t\t\tZEROVEC\n\t\tSTORE\tGCOMP\n## SET and DRIFTFLG below are circled.",
"\n\t\tSET\tRVQ\n\t\t\tDRIFTFLG\n\n## Page 950\n# NAME-S52.2\n# FUNCTION-COMPUTE GIMBAL ANGLES FOR DESIRED SM AND PRESENT VEHICLE\n# CALL- CALL S52.2\n# INPUT- X,Y,ZSMD\n# OUTPUT- OGC,IGC,MGC,THETAD,+1,+2\n# SUBROUTINES-CDUTRIG,CALCSMSC,MATMOVE,CALCGA\n\t\tSETLOC\tP50S3\n\t\tBANK\n\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/S52.1\nS52.2\t\tSTQ\tCALL\n\t\t\tQMAJ\n\t\t\tCDUTRIG\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCALCSMSC\n\t\tAXT,1\tSSP\n\t\t\t18D\n\t\t\tS1\n\t\t\t6D\nS52.2A\t\tVLOAD*\tVXM\n\t\t\tXNB +18D,1\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\tUNIT\n\t\tSTORE\tXNB +18D,1\n\t\tTIX,1\n\t\t\tS52.2A\nS52.2.1\t\tAXC,1\tAXC,2\n\t\t\tXSMD\n\t\t\tXSM\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tMATMOVE\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCALCGA\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tQMAJ\n\n## Page 951\n# NAME-S52.3\n# FUNCTION XSMD= UNIT R\n# YSMD= UNIT(V X R)\n# ZSMD= UNIT(XSMD X YSMD)\n# CALL DLOAD CALL\n# TALIGN\n# S52.3\n# INPUT- TIME OF ALIGNMENT IN MPAC\n# OUTPUT- X,Y,ZSMD\n# SUBROUTINES- CSMCONIC\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/S52.3\nS52.3\t\tSTQ\n\t\t\tQMAJ\n\t\tSTCALL\tTDEC1\n\t\t\tLEMCONIC\n\t\tVLOAD\tUNIT\n\t\t\tRATT\n\t\tSTOVL\tXSMD\n\t\t\tVATT\n\t\tVXV\tUNIT\n\t\t\tRATT\n\t\tSTOVL\tYSMD\n\t\t\tXSMD\n\t\tVXV\tUNIT\n\t\t\tYSMD\n\t\tSTCALL\tZSMD\n\t\t\tQMAJ\n\n## Page 952\n# NAME -R52 (AUTOMATIC OPTICS POSITIONING ROUTINE)\n\n# FUNCTION-POINT THE AOT OPTIC AXIS BY MANEUVERING THE LEM TO A NAVIGATION\n# STAR SELECTED BY ALIGNMENT PROGRAMS OR DSKY INPUT\n\n# CALLING -CALL R52\n\n# INPUT -BESTI AND BESTJ (STAR CODES TIMES 6)\n# OUTPUT -STAR CODE IN BITS1-6, DETENT CODE IN BITS 7-9\n# (NO CHECK IS MADE TO INSURE THE DETENT CODE TO BE VALID)\n# POINTVSM-1/2 UNIT NAV STAR VEC IN SM\n# SCAXIS-AOT OPTIC AXIS VEC IN NB X-Z PLANE\n\n# SUBROUT -R60LEM\n\n\t\tSETLOC\tP50S1\n\t\tBANK\n\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/R52\nR52\t\tSTQ\tEXIT\n\t\t\tSAVQR52\n\t\tCAF\tBIT4\n\t\tMASK\tFLAGWRD9\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tBZF\tDOR52\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tR59\n\nDOR52\t\tINDEX\tSTARIND\n\t\tCA\tBESTI\t\t# PICK UP STARCODE DETERMINED BY R56\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tMP\t1/6TH\n\t\tAD\tBIT8\t\t# SET DETENT POSITION 2\n\t\tTS\tSTARCODE\t# SCALE AND STORE IN STARCODE\n\nR52A\t\tCAF\tV01N70\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\t\t# DISPLAY STARCODE AND WAIT FOR RESPONSE\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\t# V34-TERMINATE\n\t\tTCF\tR52B\t\t# V33-PROCEED TO ORIENT LEM\n\t\tTCF\tR52A\t\t# ENTER-SELECT NEW STARCODE-RECYCLE\n\nR52B\t\tTC\tDOWNFLAG\n\t\tADRES\t3AXISFLG\t# BIT6 OF FLAGWRD5 ZERO TO ALLOW VECPOINT\n\t\tCA\tSTARCODE\t# GRAB DETENT CODE\n\t\tMASK\tHIGH9\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tMP\tBIT9\n\t\tTS\tL\t\t# TEMP STORE DETENT\n\n## Page 953\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tBZMF\tGETAZEL\t\t# CODE 0, COAS CALIBRATION\n\n\t\tAD\tNEG7\n\t\tEXTEND \n\t\tBZF\tGETAZEL\t\t# CODE 7, COAS SIGHTING\n\n\t\tEBANK=\tXYMARK\n\t\tCA\tEBANK7\n\t\tTS\tEBANK\n\n\t\tINDEX\tL\n\t\tCA\tAOTAZ -1\t# PICK UP AZ CORRESPONDING TO DETENT\n\t\tTS\tL\n\t\tEBANK=\tXSM\n\t\tCA\tEBANK5\t\t# CHANGE TO EBANK5 BUT DONT DISTURB L\n\t\tTS\tEBANK\n\t\tCA\tBIT13\t\t# SET ELV TO 45 DEG\n\t\tXCH\tL\t\t# SET C(A)=AZ, C(L)=45 DEG\n\t\tTCF\tAZEL\t\t# GO COMP OPTIC AXIS\n\nGETAZEL\t\tCAF\tV06N87\t\t# CODE 0 OR 7, GET AZ AND EL KEY IN\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\t# V34-TERMINATE\n\t\tTCF\t+2\t\t# PROCEED-CALC OPTIC AXIS\n\t\tTCF\tGETAZEL\t\t# ENTER-RECYCLE\n\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tDCA\tAZ\t\t# PICK UP AZ AND EL IN SP 2S COMP\nAZEL\t\tINDEX\tFIXLOC\t\t# JAM AZ AND EL IN 8 AND 9 OF VAC\n\t\tDXCH\t8D\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tCALL\t\t\t# GO COMPUTE OPTIC AXIS AND STORE IN\n\t\t\tOANB\t\t# SCAXIS IN NB COORDS\n\t\tRTB\tCALL\n\t\t\tLOADTIME\n\t\t\tPLANET\n\t\tMXV\tUNIT\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\tSTORE\tPOINTVSM\t# STORE FOR VECPOINT\n\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tR60LEM\t\t# GO TORQUE LEM OPTIC AXIS TO STAR LOS\n\n\t\tCAF\tHIGH9\t\t# IF COAS CALIBRATION CODE 0, RECYCLE\n\t\tMASK\tSTARCODE\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tBZF\tR52A\n\n## Page 954\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\t\t# RETURN FROM KALCMANU\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tSAVQR52\t\t# RETURN TO CALLER\n\n1/6TH\t\tDEC\t.1666667\nV01N70\t\tVN\t0170\nV06N87\t\tVN\t687\n\n## Page 955\n# LUNAR SURFACE STAR AQUISITION\n\n\t\tSETLOC\tP50S\n\t\tBANK\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/R59\n\nR59 \t\tCS\tFLAGWRD3\n\t\tMASK\tREFSMBIT\t# IF REFSMMAT FLAG CLEAR BYPASS STAR AQUIR\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTCF\tR59OUT\t\t# NO REFSMMAT GO TO AOTMARK\n\n\t\tCAF\tV01N70*\t\t# SELECT STAR CODE FOR ACQUISITION\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\t# V34-TERMINATE\n\t\tTCF\tR59A\t\t# V33-PROCEED\n\t\tTCF\tR59\t\t# V32-RECYCLE\n\nR59A\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tRTB\tCALL\n\t\t\tLOADTIME\n\t\t\tPLANET\t\t# GO GET CELESTRIAL BODY IN REF COORDS.",
"\n\t\tMXV\tUNIT\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\t# TRANSFORM TO NB COORDS.",
"\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCDU*SMNB\n\t\tSTORE\tSTAR\t\t# TEMP STORE STAR VEC(NB)\n\t\tEXIT\n\n\t\tCAF\tBIT1\t\t# INITIALIZE AZ POSITION CODE TO 1 (-60)\n\t\tTS\tPOSCODE\n\n\t\tEBANK=\tXYMARK\nINCAZ\t\tCA\tEBANK7\n\t\tTS\tEBANK\n\n\t\tINDEX\tPOSCODE\n\t\tCA\tAOTAZ -1\t# PICK UP AZ CORRESPONDING TO POSCODE\n\t\tTS\tL\n\n\t\tEBANK=\tXSM\n\t\tCA\tEBANK5\n\t\tTS\tEBANK\n\n\t\tCA\tBIT13\t\t# SET ELV TO 45 DEG\n\t\tXCH\tL\t\t# SET C(A)=AZ, C(L)=45 DEG\n\t\tTS\tQMIN\t\t# STORE QMIN=AZ FOR LATER\n\t\tINDEX\tFIXLOC\n\t\tDXCH\t8D\t\t# JAM AZ IN 8D, 45 DEG IN 9D FOR OANB\n\n## Page 956\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tOANB\t\t# GO CALC OPTIC AXIS WRT NB\n\t\tVLOAD\tDOT\n\t\t\tSTAR\t\t# DOT STAR WITH OA\n\t\t\tSCAXIS\n\t\tSL1\tARCCOS\n\t\tSTORE\t24D\t\t# TEMP STORE ARCCOS(STAR.OPTAXIS)\n\n\t\tDSU\tBPL\n\t\t\tDEG30\t\t# SEE IF STAR IN AOT FIELD-OF-VIEW\n\t\t\tNXAX\t\t# NOT IN FIELD - TRY NEXT POSITION\n\t\tDLOAD\tDSU\t\t# SEE IF STAR AT FIELD CENTER\n\t\t\t24D\n\t\t\tDEG.5\n\t\tBMN\tDLOAD\t\t# CALC SPIRAL AND CURSOR\n\t\t\tZSPCR\t\t# GO ZERO CURSOR AND SPIRAL\n\t\t\t24D\t\t# GET SPIRAL\n\t\tDMP\tSL4\n\t\t\t3/4\t\t# 12 SCALED AT 16\n\t\tSTOVL\t24D\t\t# 12(ARCCOS(AO.STAR)) SCALED IN REVS\n\n\t\t\tSCAXIS\t\t# OA\n\t\tVXV\tUNIT\n\t\t\tXUNIT\n\t\tPUSH\tVXV\t\t# OA X UNITX PD 0-5\n\t\t\tSCAXIS\n\t\tVCOMP\n\t\tUNIT\tPDVL\t\t# UNIT(OA X(OA X UNITX)) PD 6-11\n\t\t\tSCAXIS\n\t\tVXV\tUNIT\n\t\t\tSTAR\n\t\tPUSH\tDOT\t\t# 1/2(OA X STAR) PD 12-17\n\t\t\t0\t\t# DOT WITH 1/2(OA X UNITX) FOR YROT\n\t\tSL1\tARCCOS\n\t\tSTOVL\t26D\t\t# STORE THET SCALED IN REVS\n\n\t\tDOT\t\t\t# UP 12-17, UP 6-11 FOR C2\n\t\tBPL\tDLOAD\t\t# IF THET NEG-GET 360-THET\n\t\t\tR59D\n\t\t\tABOUTONE\n\t\tDSU\n\t\t\t26D\n\t\tSTORE\t26D\t\t# 360-THET SCALED IN REVS\n\nR59D\t\tSLOAD\tSR1\n\t\t\tQMIN\t\t# RESCALE AZ(N) TO REVS\n\t\tDAD\tPUSH\t\t# PUSH YROT + AZ(N) REVS\n\t\t\t26D\n\t\tRTB\n## Page 957\n\t\t\t1STO2S\n\t\tSTODL\tCURSOR\t\t# YROT IN 1/2 REVS\n\t\t\t24D\t\t# LOAD SROT IN REVS\n\t\tDAD\t\t\t# 12(SEP) + YROT\n\t\tRTB\n\t\t\t1STO2S\n\t\tSTORE\tSPIRAL\t\t# SROT IN 1/2 REVS\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTCF\t79DISP\t\t# GO DISPLAY CURSOR-SPIRAL-POS CODE\n\nNXAX\t\tEXIT\n\t\tINCR\tPOSCODE\n\t\tCS\tPOSCODE\n\t\tAD\tSEVEN\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tBZMF\tR59ALM\t\t# THIS STAR NOT AT ANY POSITION\n\t\tTCF\tINCAZ\n\nR59ALM\t\tTC\tALARM\t\t# THIS STAR CANT BE LOCATED IN AOT FIELD\n\t\tOCT\t404\n\t\tCAF\tVB05N09\t\t# DISPLAY ALARM\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTCF\tGOTOPOOH\t# VB34-TERMINATE\n\t\tTCF\tR59OUT\t\t# VB33-PROCEED, GO WITHOUT AQUIRE\n\t\tTCF\tR59\t\t# VB32-RECYCLE AND TRY ANOTHER STAR\n\nZSPCR\t\tEXIT\n\t\tCAF\tZERO\n\t\tTS\tCURSOR\n\t\tTS\tSPIRAL\n\n79DISP\t\tCAF\tV06N79\t\t# DISPLAY CURSOR, SPIRAL AND POS CODE\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTCF\tGOTOPOOH\t# V34-TERMINATE\n\t\tTCF\tR59E\t\t# V33-PROCEED TO MARK ROUTINE\n\t\tTCF\tR59\t\t# V32-RECYCLE TO TOP OF R59 AGAIN\n\nR59E\t\tCAF\tSEVEN\t\t# GET DETENT CODE CORRESPONDING TO POSCODE\n\t\tMASK\tPOSCODE\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tMP\tBIT7\t\t# DETENT CODE NOW IN L\n\t\tCS\tHIGH9\n\t\tMASK\tAOTCODE\t\t# ISOLATE STAR NO IN BIT 1-6\n\t\tAD\tL\n\t\tTS\tAOTCODE\t\t# STORE DETENT 7-9\n\nR59OUT\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tBON\tEXIT\n## Page 958\n\t\t\tFLT59FLG\t# IF FLT59FLG SET GO BACK TO R51 TO\n\t\t\tSAVQR52\t\t# DO AOTMARK\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tAOTMARK\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tAOTSTALL\t# SLEEP TILL SIGHTING DONE\n\t\tTC\tCURTAINS\t# BADEND RETURN FROM AOTMARK\n\t\tTCF\tR59RET\t\t# RETURN TO 1 STAR OR 2STAR\n\nV01N70*\t\tVN \t170\nV06N79\t\tVN\t679\nDEG30\t\t2DEC\t.083333333\t# 30 DEGRESS\n\nDEG.5\t\t2DEC\t.00138888\t# .5 DEGRESS SCALED IN REVS\n\nDEG60\t\tOCT\t12525\t\t# 60 DEG CDU SCALING\n\n## Page 959\n# NAME - PLANET\n# FUNCTION -TO PROVIDE THE REFERENCE VECTOR FOR THE SIGHTED CELESTIAL\n# BODY. ",
"STARS ARE FETCHED FROM THE CATALOG,SUN,EARTH AND\n# MOON ARE COMPUTED BY LOCSAM,PLANET VECTORS ARE ENTERED\n# BY DSDY INPUT\n# CALL - CALL\n# PLANET\n# INPUT - TIME IN MPAC\n# OUTPUT - VECTOR IN MPAC\n# SUBROUTINES - LOCSAM\n# DEBRIS - VAC ,STARAD - STARAD +17\n\n\t\tSETLOC\tAOTMARK1\n\t\tBANK\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/R58\n\nPLANET\t\tSTORE\tTSIGHT\n\t\tSTQ\tEXIT\n\t\t\tGCTR\n\t\tCS\tHIGH9\n\t\tMASK\tAOTCODE\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tMP\tREVCNT\n\t\tXCH\tL\n\t\tINDEX\tSTARIND\n\t\tTS\tBESTI\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTCF\tNOTPLAN\n\t\tCAF\tVNPLANV\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTC\t-3\n\t\tTC\t+2\n\t\tTC\t-5\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tVLOAD\tVXSC\n\t\t\tSTARAD\n\t\t\t1/SQR3\n\t\tUNIT\tGOTO\n\t\t\tGCTR\n\nNOTPLAN\t\tCS\tA\n\t\tAD\tDEC227\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tBZMF\tCALSAM1\n\t\tINDEX\tSTARIND\n\t\tCA\tBESTI\n\t\tINDEX\tFIXLOC\n\t\tTS\tX1\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n## Page 960\n\t\tVLOAD*\tGOTO\n\t\t\tCATLOG,1\n\t\t\tGCTR\nCALSAM1\t\tTC\tINTPRET\nCALSAM\t\tDLOAD\tCALL\n\t\t\tTSIGHT\n\t\t\tLOCSAM\n\t\tLXC,1\tVLOAD\n\t\t\tSTARIND\n\t\t\tVEARTH\n\t\tSTOVL\t0D\n\t\t\tVSUN\n\t\tSTOVL\tVEARTH\n\t\t\t0D\n\t\tSTORE\tVSUN\n\t\tDLOAD*\tLXC,1\n\t\t\tBESTI,1\n\t\t\tMPAC\n\t\tVLOAD*\tGOTO\n\t\t\tSTARAD -228D,1\n\t\t\tGCTR\nDEC227\t\tDEC\t227\nVNPLANV\t\tVN\t0688\nPIPSRINE\t=\tPIPASR +3\t# EBANK NOT 4 SO DONT LOAD PIPTIME1\n1/SQR3\t\t2DEC\t.57735021\n\n## Page 961\n# GRAVITY VECTOR DETERMINATION ROUTINE\n# BY KEN VINCENT\n# FOR DETAILED DESCRIPTION SEE 504GSOP 5.6.3.2.5\n# THIS PROGRAM FINDS THE DIRECTION OF THE MOONS GRAVITY\n# WHILE THE LM IS ON THE MOONS SURFACE. ",
"IT WILL BE USED\n# FOR LUNAR SURFACE ALIGNMENT. ",
"THE GRAVITY VECTOR IS\n# DETERMINED BY READING THE PIPAS WITH THE IMU AT TWO\n# PARTICULAR ORIONTATIONS. ",
"THE TWO READINGS ARE AVERAGED\n# AND UNITIZED AND TRANSFORMED TO NB COORDINATES. ",
"THE TWO\n# ORIENTATION WERE CHOSEN TO REDUCE BIAS ERRORS IN THE\n# READINGS.",
"\n#\n# CALL-\n# TC BANKCALL\n# CADR GVDETER\n# INPUTS-\n# PIPAS,CDUS\n# OUTPUTS-\n# STARSAV1 = UNIT GRAVITY\n# GSAV = DITTO\n# GRAVBIT = 1\n# SUBROUTINES-\n# PIPASR,IMUCOARS,IMUFINE,IMUSTALL,1/PIPA,DELAYJOB,CDUTRIG,\n# *NBSM* ,*SNMB*, CALCGA,FOFLASH\n# DEBRIS-\n# VAC,SAC,STARAD,XSM,XNB,THETAD,DELV,COSCDU,SINCDU\n\t\tSETLOC\tP50S\n\t\tBANK\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/P57\n\nGVDETER\t\tCAF\t42DEG\n\t\tTS\tTHETAD\n\t\tCOM\n\t\tTS\tTHETAD \t+1\n\t\tCAF\t35DEG\n\t\tTS\tTHETAD\t+2\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tCLEAR\tCALL\n\t\t\tREFSMFLG\n\t\t\tLUNG\n# FIND GIMBAL ANGLES WHICH ROTATE SM 180DEG ABOUT G VEC\n#\n# DEFINE G COOR SYS\n# -\n# X UNIT G \n# * - -\n# M= Y = UNITEZSM * X )\n# - - -\n# Z UNIT(X * Y )\n# THEN ROTATED SM WRT PRESENT IS\n## Page 962\n# 1, 0 , 0 \n# * *T * * *\n# XSM = M 0, -1 , 0 M = 2 (X X ) - 1/2 I *\n# I J\n# 0, 0 ,-1\n#\n# ALSO NB WRT PRES SM IS\n#\n# * * *\n# XNB = NBSM I\n# * *\n# GIMBAL ANGLES = CALCGA( XSM , XNB )\n\n\t\tSETLOC\tP50S\n\t\tBANK\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/P57\n\t\tAXT,1\tSSP\t\t# X1=18\n\t\t\t18D\t\t# S1= 6\n\t\t\tS1\t\t# X2, -2\n\t\t\t6D\n\t\tLXC,2\n\t\t\tS1\nGRAVEL\t\tVLOAD*\tCALL\n\t\t\tXUNIT -6,2\n\t\t\t*NBSM*\t\t# SIN AND COS COMPUTED IN LUNG\n\t\tSTORE\tXNB +18D,1\n\t\tVLOAD\n\t\t\tSTAR\n\t\tLXC,2\tVXSC*\t\t# COMPLEMENT- UNITX ARE BACKWARD -\n\t\t\tX2\n\t\t\tSTAR +6,2\t# OUTER PRODUCT\n\t\tVSL2\tLXC,2\n\t\t\tX2\n\t\tVSU*\tINCR,2\n\t\t\tXUNIT -6,2\n\t\t\t2D\n\t\tSTORE\tXSM +18D,1\n\t\tTIX,1\tCALL\n\t\t\tGRAVEL\n\t\t\tCALCGA\n\t\tVLOAD\tVSR1\n\t\t\tGOUT\n\t\tSTCALL\tSTARAD +12D\n\t\t\tLUNG\n\t\tVLOAD\tVSR1\n\t\t\tGOUT\n\t\tVAD\tUNIT\n\t\t\tSTARAD +12D\n## Page 963\n\t\tSTORE\tSTARSAV1\n\t\tDOT\n\t\t\tGSAV\n\t\tSL1\tACOS\n\t\tSTORE\tDSPTEM1\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tDOWNFLAG\t# CLEAR FREEFLAG IN CASE OF RECYCLE\n\t\tADRES\tFREEFLAG\n\n\t\tCA\tDISGRVER\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\n\t\tTCF\tPROGRAV\t\t# VB33-PROCEED\n\t\tTC\tUPFLAG\t\t# VB32-RECYCLE-STORE GRAV AND DO IT AGAIN\n\t\tADRES\tFREEFLAG\t# AND SET FREEFLAG TO SHOW RECYCLE\n\nPROGRAV\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tVLOAD\n\t\t\tSTARSAV1\n\t\tSTORE\tGSAV\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tCAF\tFREEFBIT\t# IF FREEFLAG SET, RE-COMPUTE GRAVITY.",
"\n\t\tMASK\tFLAGWRD0\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTCF\tGVDETER\t\t# SET\n\t\tTCF\tATTCHK\t\t# EXIT FROM GVDETER\n\nLUNG\t\tSTQ\tVLOAD\n\t\t\tQMIN\n\t\t\tZEROVEC\n\t\tSTORE\tGACC\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCOARSE\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tCA\tT/2SEC\n\t\tTS\tGCTR\n\t\tCA\tPRIO31\n\t\tTS\t1/PIPADT\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGCOMPZER\t# INITIALIZE COMPENSATION\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n## Page 964\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\t# DONT NEED TO INHINY THIS USED TO\n\t\tCADR\tPIPSRINE\t# INITIALIZE PIPAS DONT USE DATA\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\nGREED\t\tEXIT\t\t\t# = MASK 7776 IN BASIC SO DONT CARE\n\t\tCAF\t2SECS\n\t\tTC\tTWIDDLE\t\t# SET UP 2 SEC TASK TO READ PIPAS\n\t\tADRES\tGRABGRAV\n\n\t\tTC\tENDOFJOB\n\nGRABGRAV\tTC\tIBNKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tPIPSRINE\n\t\tCAF\tPRIO13\t\t# RE-ESTABLISH MAINLINE JOB\n\t\tTC\tFINDVAC\n\t\tEBANK=\tSTARAD\n\t\t2CADR\tADDGRAV\n\n\n\t\tTC\tTASKOVER\n\nADDGRAV\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\t1/PIPA\n\t\tINCR\tGCTR\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tVLOAD\tVAD\n\t\t\tDELV\n\t\t\tGACC\n\t\tSTORE\tGACC\t\t# ACCUMULATE G VECTOR\n\t\tSLOAD\tBMN\n\t\t\tGCTR\n\t\t\tGREED\n\t\tVLOAD\tUNIT\n\t\t\tGACC\n\t\tSTCALL\tSTAR\n\t\t\tCDUTRIG\t\t# TRANSFORM IN NB COOR AND STORE\n\t\tCALL\t\t\t# IN OUTPUT\n\t\t\t*SMNB*\n\t\tSTORE\tGOUT\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\nQMINEXIT\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tQMIN\nT/2SEC\t\tDEC\t-20\nDISGRVER\tVN\t0604\n42DEG\t\tOCT\t07357\n## Page 965\n35DEG\t\tOCT\t06211\n\n## Page 966\n# NAME GYROTRIM\n#\n# THIS PROGRAM COMPUTES AND SENDS GYRO COMMANDS WHICH CAUSE THE CDUS\n# TO ATTAIN A PRESCRIBED SET OF ANGLES. ",
"THIS ROUTINE ASSUMES THE\n# VEHICLES ATTITUDE REMAINS STATIONARY DURING ITS OPERATION.",
"\n#\n# CALL CALL\n# GYROTRIM\n#\n# INPUT THETAD,+1,+2 = DESIRED CDU ANGLES\n# CDUX,CDUY,CDUZ\n#\n# OUTPUT - GYRO TORQUE PULSES\n#\n# SUBROUTINES- TRG*NBSM,*NBSM*,CDUTRIG,AXISGEN,CALCGTA,IMUFINE\n# IMPULSE,IMUSTALL\n# - - - * * -\n# DEBRIS - CDUSPOT ,SINCDU ,COSCDU , STARAD ,VAC , XDC , OGC\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/P57\nGYROTRIM\tSTQ\tDLOAD\n\t\t\tQMIN\n\t\t\tTHETAD\n\t\tPDDL\tPDDL\n\t\t\tTHETAD +2\n\t\t\tTHETAD +1\n\t\tVDEF\n\t\tSTOVL\tCDUSPOT\n\t\t\tXUNIT\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tTRG*NBSM\n\t\tSTOVL\tSTARAD\n\t\t\tYUNIT\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\t*NBSM*\n\t\tSTCALL\tSTARAD +6\n\t\t\tCDUTRIG\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCALCSMSC\n\t\tVLOAD\n\t\t\tXNB\n\t\tSTOVL\t6D\n\t\t\tYNB\n\t\tSTCALL\t12D\n\t\t\tAXISGEN\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCALCGTA\nJUSTTRIM\tEXIT\n\t\tCA\tGYRCDR\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tIMUPULSE\n## Page 967\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tIMUSTALL\n\t\tTC\tCURTAINS\n\t\tTCF\tQMINEXIT\n\nGYRCDR\t\tECADR\tOGC\n\n## Page 968\n# PERFORM STAR AQUISITION AND STAR SIGHTINGS\n\n2STARS\t\tCAF\tZERO\t\t# INITALIZE STARIND\n\t\tTCF\t+2\t\t# ZERO FOR 1ST STAR, ONE FOR 2ND STAR\n1STAR\t\tCAF\tBIT1\n\t\tTS\tSTARIND\n\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTCF\tR59\t\t# GO DO STAR AQUIRE AND AOTMARK\n\nR59RET\t\tCA\tSTARIND\t\t# BACK FROM SURFACE MARKING\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tBZF\tASTAR\t\t# 1ST STAR MARKED\n\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT \t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tDLOAD\tCALL\n\t\t\tTSIGHT\t\t# TIME OF 2ND MARK\n\t\t\tPLANET\n\t\tSTCALL\tVEC2\t\t# STORE 2ND CATALOG VEC (REF)\n\t\t\tSURFLINE\n\nASTAR\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tVLOAD\n\t\t\tSTARSAV2\n\t\tSTORE\tSTARSAV1\t# 1ST OBSERVED STAR (SM)\n\t\tDLOAD\tCALL\n\t\t\tTSIGHT\t\t# TIME OF 1ST MARK\n\t\t\tPLANET\n\t\tSTORE\tVEC1\t\t# STORE 1ST CATALOG VEC (REF)\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTCF\t1STAR\t\t# GO GET 2ND STAR SIGHTING\n\n## Page 969\n# DO FINE OR COARSE ALIGNMENT OF IMU\n\nSURFLINE\tSSP\tAXT,2\n\t\t\tS2\n\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t12D\nWRTDESIR\tVLOAD*\tMXV\n\t\t\tVEC1 +12D,2\t# PICK UP VEC IN REF, TRANS TO DESIRED SH\n\t\t\tXSMD\n\t\tUNIT\n\t\tSTORE\tSTARAD +12D,2\t# VEC IN SM\n\t\tVLOAD*\n\t\t\tSTARSAV1 +12D,2\t# PICK UP VEC IN PRESENT SM\n\t\tSTORE\t18D,2\n\t\tTIX,2\tBON\n\t\t\tWRTDESIR\n\t\t\tINITALGN\t# IF INITIAL PASS (OPTION 0) BYPASS R54\n\t\t\tINITBY\nDOALIGN\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tR54\t\t# DO CHKSDATA\n\t\tBOFF\n\t\t\tFREEFLAG\n\t\t\tP57POST\t\t# ASTRO DOES NOT LIKE DATA TEST RESULTS\nINITBY\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tAXISGEN\t\t# GET DESIRED ORIENT WRT PRES.XDC,YDC,ZDC\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCALCGTA\t\t# GET GYRO TORQ ANGLES, OGC,IGC,MGC\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tCAF\tINITABIT\t# IF INITIAL PASS BYPASS NOUN 93 DISPLAY\n\t\tMASK\tFLAGWRD8\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTCF\t5DEGTEST\n\t\tCAF\tDISPGYRO\t# DISPLAY GYRO TORQ ANGLES V 06N93\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\t# V34-TERMINATE\n\t\tTCF\t5DEGTEST\t# VB33-PROCEED TO COARSE OR FINE\n\t\tTCF\tP57POST +1\t# VB32-RECYCLE, MAYBE RE-ALIGN\n\n5DEGTEST\tTC\tINTPRET\t\t# IF ANGLES GREATER THAN 5 DEGS, DO COARSE\n\t\tVLOAD\tBOV\n\t\t\tOGC\n\t\t\tSURFSUP\nSURFSUP\t\tSTORE\tOGCT\n\t\tV/SC\tBOV\n\t\t\t5DEGREES\n\t\t\tCOATRIM\n\t\tSSP\tGOTO\n\t\t\tQMIN\n\t\t\tSURFDISP\n## Page 970\n\t\t\tJUSTTRIM\t# ANGLES LESS THAN 5DEG, DO GYRO TORQ\n\nSURFDISP\tEXIT\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tAXC,1\tAXC,2\n\t\t\tXSMD\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\tSET\tCALL\n\t\t\tREFSMFLG\n\t\t\tMATMOVE\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tCCS\tOPTION2\t\t# IF OPTION ZERO DO FINISH\n\t\tTCF\tB2F8\n\t\tTCF\tP57POST +1\n\nB2F8\t\tCAF\tINITABIT\t# IF INITIAL FLAG SET, RE-CYCLE.",
"\n\t\tMASK\tFLAGWRD8\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTCF\tP57JUMP\t\t# ITS SET\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tREFMF\t\t# GO GET ATTITUDE VEC IN MF(YNBSAV,XNBSAV)\nP57POST\t\tEXIT\n\t\tCAF\tOCT14\t\t# DISPLAY V50N25 CHK CODE 14\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOPERF1\n\t\tTCF\tGOTOPOOH\t# VB34-TERMINATE\n\t\tTCF\tP57JUMP\t\t# VB33-PROCEED TO RE-ALIGN\n\t\tCS\tBIT2\t\t# TEST TO SE IF ALIGNED BY OPTION 2\n\t\tAD \tOPTION2\n\t\tEXTEND\n\t\tBZF\t+2\t\t# YES-GO CALCULATE LANDING SITE\n\t\tTCF\tGOTOPOOH\t# NO-EXIT P57\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\t# RESTART PLACE\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tVLOAD\tCALL\t\t# USE GNB\n\t\t\tGSAV\n\t\t\tCDU*NBSM\t# GO TO SM COORDS\n\t\tVXM\tSET\t\t# ON MOON SO SET LUNAFLAG\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\t# G(REF) = (REFSMMAT)T (NBSM)GNB\n\t\t\tLUNAFLAG\n\t\tPDVL\tABVAL\n\t\t\tRLS\n\t\tVXSC\tSTADR\n\t\tSTORE\tALPHAV\t\t# ALPHAV = RLSMAG * G(REF)\n\t\tCLEAR\tRTB\n## Page 971\n\t\t\tERADFLAG\n\t\t\tLOADTIME\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tN89DISP\t\t# SUBROUTINE TO CALC LS AND GIVE RLS BACK\n\t\tSTORE\tRN\t\t# RN=RLS B-29 = LM POSITION\n\t\tVSL2\tPDDL\t\t# R-TO-RP GETS RLS B-27 AT 0-5D IN PDLIST\n\t\t\tSITIME\t\t# TIME STORED IN N89DISP\n\t\tPUSH\t\t\t# TIME AT 6-7 IN PDLIST\n\t\tSTCALL\tPIPTIME\t\t# PIPTIME = LM STATE TIME\n\t\t\tR-TO-RP\n\t\tSTORE\tRLS\t\t# RLS IN MOON-FIXED COORDS\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTCF\tGOTOPOOH\t# EXIT P57\n\n## Page 972\n# COARSE AND FINE ALIGN IMU\n\t\tSETLOC\tP50S1\n\t\tBANK\n\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/P57\n\nCOATRIM\t\tAXC,1\tAXC,2\n\t\t\tXDC\n\t\t\tXSM\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tMATMOVE\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCDUTRIG\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCALCSMSC\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCALCGA\n\t\tBOFF\tEXIT\n\t\t\tINITALGN\t# IF INITIAL ALGNMENT DISPLAY FINAL\n\t\t\tCORSIT\t\t# GIMBAL ANGLES IF COARSE ANGLES GREATER\n\t\tCAF\tV06N22\t\t# THAN 5 DEGREES\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\n\t\tTCF\t+2\n\t\tTCF\t-5\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\nCORSIT\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCOARSE\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tNCOARSE\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tGYROTRIM\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tSURFDISP\n\t\tSETLOC\tP50S\n\t\tBANK\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/P57\n\nDISPGYRO\tVN\t0693\n\n## Page 973\n# LUNAR SURFACE IMU ALIGNMENT PROGRAM\n\nP57\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\t# IS ISS ON - IF NOT, IMUCHK WILL SEND\n\t\tCADR\tIMUCHK\t\t# ALARM CODE 210 AND EXIT VIA GOTOPOOH\n\n\t\tTC\tDOWNFLAG\n\t\tADRES\tFLT59FLG\n\n\t\tCAF\tTHREE\t\t# JAM REFSMMAT OPTION 3 FOR INITIAL DISP.",
"\n\t\tTS\tOPTION2\nP57OPT\t\tCAF\tBIT1\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOPERF4R\t# FLASH V04N06 FOR ALIGNMENT CODE\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\t# V34 TERMINATE\n\t\tTCF\tALIGNOPT\t# V33 PROCEED\n\t\tTCF\tP57OPT\t\t# V32 RECYCLE\n\n\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t00014\n\t\tTC\tENDOFJOB\n\nALIGNOPT\tCA\tOPTION2\n\t\tMASK\tTHREE\n\t\tINDEX\tA\n\t\tTCF\t+1\n\t\tTCF\tTDISP\t\t# OPTION 4 LS ORIENTATION\n\t\tTCF\tPACKOPTN\t# OPTION 1 PREFERRED\n\t\tTCF\tP57OPT\t\t# OPTION 2 INVALID IN P57, RECYCLE\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\t\t# OPTION 3 REFSMMAT\n\t\tAXC,1\tAXC,2\t\t# JAM REFSMMAT IN XSMD LOC\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\n\t\t\tXSMD\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tMATMOVE\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tPACKOPTN -1\n\nTDISP\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tDLOAD\n\t\t\tTIG\t\t# LOAD ASCENT TIME FOR DISPLAY\nP57A\t\tSTORE\tDSPTEM1\n\t\tEXIT\nP57AA\t\tCAF\tV06N34*\t\t# DISPLAY TALIGN, TALIGN : DSPTEM1\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTCF\tGOTOPOOH\t# V34-TERMINATE\n\t\tTCF \t+2\n\t\tTCF\tP57AA\t\t# VB32-RECYCLE\n\n\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n## Page 974\n\t\tRTB\tPDDL\n\t\t\tLOADTIME\t# PUSH CURRENT TIME AND PICK UP KEY IN\n\t\t\tDSPTEM1\n\t\tBZE\tPDDL\n\t\t\tP57C\t\t# IF KEY IN TIME ZERO-TALIGN=CURRENT TIME\n\t\tDSU\tBPL\t\t# NOT ZERO SO EXCHANGE PD WITH DSPTEM1\n\t\t\tDSPTEM1\n\t\t\tP57C\n\t\tDLOAD\tSTADR\t\t# IF KEYIN TIME GREATER THAN CURRENT TIME\n\t\tSTORE\tTIG\t\t# STORE IT IN TIG\n\t\tSTCALL\tTALIGN\n\t\t\tP57D\nP57C\t\tDLOAD\tSTADR\n\t\tSTORE\tTALIGN\nP57D\t\tSTCALL\tTDEC1\n\t\t\tLEMPREC\t\t# COMPUTE DESIRED IMU ORIENTATION STORE\n\t\tVLOAD\tUNIT\t\t# IN X,Y,ZSMD\n\t\t\tRATT\n\t\tSTCALL\tXSMD\n\t\t\tLSORIENT\n\t\tEXIT\nPACKOPTN\tCAF\tZERO\t\t# PACK FLAG BITS FOR OPTION DISPLAY\n\t\tTS\tOPTION1 +1\t# JAM ZERO IN ALIGNMENT OPTION\n\t\tTS\tOPTION1 +2\t# INITIALIZE FLAG BIT CONFIGURATION\n\t\tCAF\tREFSMBIT\n\t\tMASK\tFLAGWRD3\t# REFSMFLG\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tCAF\tBIT7\t\t# SET\n\t\tADS\tOPTION1 +2\t# CLEAR-JUST ZERO\n\t\tCAF\tATTFLBIT\n\t\tMASK\tFLAGWRD6\t# ATTFLG\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tCAF\tBIT4\t\t# SET\n\t\tADS\tOPTION1 +2\t# CLEAR-ZERO IN A\n\t\tCAF\tBIT4\n\t\tTS\tOPTION1\t\t# JAM 00010 IN OPTION1 FOR CHECK LIST\n\nDSPOPTN\t\tCAF\tVB05N06\t\t# DISPLAY OPTION CODE AND FLAG BITS\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTCF\tGOTOPOOH\t# VB34-TERMINATE\n\t\tTCF\t+2\t\t# V33-PROCEED\n\t\tTCF\tDSPOPTN\t\t# V32-RECYCLE\n\n\t\tCAF\tREFSMBIT\n\t\tMASK\tFLAGWRD3\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTCF\tGETLMATT\t# SET, GO COMPUTE LM ATTITUDE\n\t\tCAF\tATTFLBIT\t# CLEAR-CHECK ATTFLAG FOR STORED ATTITUDE.",
"\n\t\tMASK\tFLAGWRD6\n## Page 975\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTCF\tBYLMATT\t\t# ALLFLG SET, CHK OPTION FOR GRAVITY COMP\n\t\tCAF\tBIT2\t\t# SEE IF OPTION 2 OR 3\n\t\tMASK\tOPTION2\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTCF\tBYLMATT\t\t# OPTION 2 OR 3 BUT DONT HAVE ATTITUDE\n\t\tTC\tALARM\t\t# OPTION INCONSISTANT WITH FLAGS-ALARM 701\n\t\tOCT\t701\n\t\tCAF\tVB05N09\t\t# DISPLAY ALARM FOR ACTION\n\t\tTC\tBANKCALL\n\t\tCADR\tGOFLASH\n\t\tTCF\tGOTOPOOH\t# VB34-TERMINATE\n\t\tTCF\tDSPOPTN\t\t# V33-PROCEED ********TEMPORARY\n\t\tTCF\tDSPOPTN\t\t# VB32-RECYCLE TO OPTION DISPLAY V 05N06\n\n## Page 976\n# TRANSFORM VEC1,2 FROM MOON FIXED TO REF AND JAM BACK IN VEC1,2\n\nMFREF\t\tSTQ\tSETPD\n\t\t\tQMAJ\n\t\t\t0\n\t\tRTB\n\t\t\tLOADTIME\n\t\tSTOVL\tTSIGHT\n\t\t\tVEC1\n\t\tPDDL\tPUSH\n\t\t\tTSIGHT\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tRP-TO-R\n\t\tSTOVL\tVEC1\n\t\t\tVEC2\n\t\tSETPD\tPDDL\n\t\t\t0\n\t\t\tTSIGHT\n\t\tPUSH\tCALL\n\t\t\tRP-TO-R\n\t\tSTCALL\tVEC2\n\t\t\tQMAJ\n\n## Page 977\n# COMPUTE LM ATTITUDE IN MOON FIXED COORDINATES USING REFSMMAT AND\n# STORE IN YNBSAV AND ZNBSAV\n\nREFMF\t\tSTQ\tCALL\n\t\t\tQMAJ\n\t\t\tCDUTRIG\t\t# GET SIN AND COS OF CDUS\n\t\tRTB\tSETPD\n\t\t\tLOADTIME\n\t\t\t0\n\t\tSTCALL\tTSIGHT\n\t\t\tCALCSMSC\t# GET YNB IN SM\n\t\tVLOAD\tVXM\n\t\t\tYNB\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\t# YNB TO REF\n\t\tUNIT\tPDDL\n\t\t\tTSIGHT\n\t\tPUSH\tCALL\n\t\t\tR-TO-RP\n\t\tSTOVL\tYNBSAV\t\t# YNB TO MF\n\t\t\tZNB\n\t\tVXM\tUNIT\n\t\t\tREFSMMAT\t# ZNB TO REF\n\t\tPDDL\tPUSH\n\t\t\tTSIGHT\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tR-TO-RP\t\t# ZNB TO MF\n\t\tSTORE\tZNBSAV\n\t\tSETGO\n\t\t\tATTFLAG\n\t\t\tQMAJ\n\n## Page 978\n# BRANCH TO ALIGNMENT OPTION\n\nGETLMATT\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tREFMF\t\t# GO TRANSFORM TO MF IN YNBSAV,ZNBSAV\n\t\tEXIT\n\nBYLMATT\t\tTC\tUPFLAG\t\t# SET INITIAL ALIGN FLAG\n\t\tADRES\tINITALGN\n\t\tCAF\tBIT1\n\t\tMASK\tOPTION2\t\t# SEE IF OPTION 1 OR 3\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTCF\tGVDETER\t\t# OPTION 1 OR 2, GET GRAVITY\n\nATTCHK\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tCAF\tATTFLBIT\t# NOT 1 OR 3, CHECK ATTFLAG\n\t\tMASK\tFLAGWRD6\n\t\tCCS\tA\n\t\tTCF\tP57OPT0\t\t# GET ALIGNMENT VECS FOR OPTION 0\nP57JUMP\t\tTC\tPHASCHNG\n\t\tOCT\t04024\n\n\t\tTC\tDOWNFLAG\t# ATTFLG CLEAR-RESET INTALIGN FLAG\n\t\tADRES\tINITALGN\n\t\tCAF\tTHREE\n\t\tMASK\tOPTION2\t\t# BRANCH ON OPTION CODE\n\t\tINDEX\tA\n\t\tTCF\t+1\n\t\tTCF\tP57OPT0\t\t# OPTION IS 0\n\t\tTCF\tP57OPT1\t\t# OPTION IS 1\n\t\tTCF\tP57OPT2\t\t# OPTION IS 2\n\t\tTCF\tP57OPT3\t\t# OPTION IS 3\n\n## Page 979\n# OPTION 0, GET TWO ATTITUDE VECS\n\nP57OPT0\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tVLOAD\n\t\t\tYNBSAV\t\t# Y AND Z ATTITUDE WILL BE PUT IN REF\n\t\tSTOVL\tVEC1\n\t\t\tZNBSAV\n\t\tSTCALL\tVEC2\n\t\t\tCDUTRIG\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCALCSMSC\t# COMPUTE SC AXIS WRT PRESENT SM\n\t\tVLOAD\n\t\t\tYNB\nSAMETYP\t\tSTOVL\tSTARSAV1\t# Y SC AXIS WRT PRESENT SM\n\t\t\tZNB\n\t\tSTCALL\tSTARSAV2\t# Z SC AXIS WRT PRESENT SM\n\t\t\tMFREF\t\t# TRANSFORM VEC1,2 FROM MF TO REF\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tSURFLINE\n\n# OPTION 1, GET LANDING SITE AND Z-ATTITUDE VEC\n\nP57OPT1\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tVLOAD\tUNIT\n\t\t\tRLS\t\t# LANDING SITE VEC\n\t\tSTOVL\tVEC1\n\t\t\tZNBSAV\t\t# Z ATTITUDE VEC\n\t\tSTCALL\tVEC2\n\t\t\tCDUTRIG\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCALCSMSC\t# GET ZNB AXIS WRT PRES SM FOR STARSAV2\n\t\tVLOAD\tCALL\n\t\t\tGSAV\t\t# TRANS GSAV FROM NB TO SM FOR STARSAV1\n\t\t\tCDU*NBSM\n\t\tGOTO\n\t\t\tSAMETYP\t\t# NOW DO SAME AS OPTION 0\n\n## Page 980\n# OPTION 2, GET TWO STAR SIGHTINGS\n\nP57OPT2\t\tTCF\t2STARS\t\t# DO SIGHTING ON 2 STARS\n\n# OPTION 3, GET LANDING SITE VEC AND ONE STAR SIGHTING\n\nP57OPT3\t\tTC\tINTPRET\n\t\tVLOAD\tUNIT\n\t\t\tRLS\t\t# LANDING SITE VEC\n\t\tSTORE\tVEC1\n\t\tSTOVL\tVEC2\t\t# DUMMY VEC2 FOR 2ND CATALOG STAR\n\t\t\tGSAV\t\t# GRAVITY VEC NB\n\t\tCALL\n\t\t\tCDU*NBSM\t# TRANS GSAV FROM NB TO SM FOR STARSAV1\n\t\tSTCALL\tSTARSAV1\n\t\t\tMFREF\t\t# STARSAV2 IS STORED AS 2ND OBSERVED STAR\n\t\tEXIT\n\t\tTCF\t1STAR\t\t# 1STAR GET VEC2,STARSAV2,GOES TO SURFLINE\n\nVB05N06\t\tVN\t506\n\n## Page 981\n# CHECK IMODES30 TO VARIFY IMU IS ON\n\nIMUCHK\t\tCS\tIMODES30\n\t\tMASK\tBIT9\n\t\tCCS\tA\t\t# IS IMU ON\n\t\tTCF\t+4\t\t# YES\n\n\t\tTC\tALARM\t\t# NO, SEND ALARM AND EXIT\n\t\tOCT\t210\n\t\tTC\tGOTOPOOH\n\n\t\tTC\tUPFLAG\n\t\tADRES\tIMUSE\t\t# SET IMUSE FLAG\n\n\t\tTC\tSWRETURN\n\n\t\tSETLOC\tAOTMARK2\n\t\tBANK\n\t\tCOUNT*\t$$/P57\n\nLSORIENT\tSTQ\tVLOAD\n\t\t\tQMAJ\n\t\t\tRRECTCSM\n\t\tVXV\tVXV\n\t\t\tVRECTCSM\n\t\t\tXSMD\n\t\tUNIT\n\t\tSTORE\tZSMD\n\t\tVXV\tUNIT\n\t\t\tXSMD\n\t\tSTCALL\tYSMD\n\t\t\tQMAJ\n"
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[
"White House Piano\n\nThe custom Steinway piano at Christmas, 2002\n\nMaestro-in-Chief\n\nPianos have been popular musical instruments almost since their invention over two centuries ago, and quickly found their way into the White House. ",
"And several presidents have been adept piano players. ",
"President Truman and his daughter Margaret played regularly and preferred traditional black Baldwin grand pianos. ",
"Margaret's piano leg poking through the floor of her second-floor sitting room was one of the things that prompted a full structural evaluation of the White House and led to the Truman reconstruction. ",
"President Nixon also played piano and even accompanied singer Pearl Bailey in a performance in the East Room.",
"\n\nThe Eagle-Leg Piano\n\nThe most famous piano in the White House is the Steinway grand piano with gilt American eagle supports. ",
"It was designed by Eric Gugler (with help from Franklin Roosevelt) and was given to the White House in 1938 by the manufacturer. ",
"It is decorated with gilt stenciling by Dunbar Beck. ",
"It replaced an earlier custom piano from the 19th century that featured a similar eagle motif. ",
"It is normally kept in the East Room, but sometimes used in the Entrance Hall.",
"\n\nOther Pianos\n\nThe White House has other pianos, generally kept in the upstairs residence rooms, such as the Central Hall. ",
"These are more traditional black grand pianos, most by Baldwin (which President Truman preferred)."
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[
"Seed giant Syngenta is asking federal regulators in the United States to raise the allowable levels of a certain pesticide used on select crops despite warnings from critics.",
"\n\nAccording to a Sept. 5 document published on the Federal Register, the agri-business corporation wants the US Environmental Protection Agency to increase the amount of thiamethoxam that can legally be used on certain crops, raising concerns among pesticide opponents who say a surge in chemical use could cause widespread problems. ",
"Syngenta developed the chemical, and the compound was first approved for use in the US in 1999.",
"\n\nAmong the requests made by Syngenta earlier this month are that EPA increase the amount of thiamethoxam that can be used on sweet corn crops from 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to 5.0ppm — a 50-fold increase — and raising the allowable amount on hay from wheat by 400 times over. ",
"The company is also asking that the EPA make changes to the thiamethoxam tolerance levels concerning alfalfa and barley.",
"\n\nAnn Bryan, a spokeswoman for the company, told E&E News that Syngenta is seeking the changes because it would allow the chemical to be used as a leaf spray and not just a seed treatment, in turn letting farmers douse crops with thiamethoxam in an effort to treat late- to midseason insects.",
"\n\nBut as Tiffany Stecker reported for E&E, the chemical in question is part of a family of insecticides that has previously come under attack for being linked to adverse effects on ecosystems of all sorts.",
"\n\n“Neonicotinoid pesticides are one of many factors that scientists say have caused a dramatic decline in pollinators, insects and animals that help crop production by carrying pollen from one plant to another,” Stecker wrote, adding that more than half of the managed honeybee colonies in the US have vanished during the last decade, according to the Pollinator Partnership nonprofit group.",
"\n\n“Scientists say neonicotinoids can suppress bees' immune systems, making them more vulnerable to viruses and bacteria. ",
"The Fish and Wildlife Service agreed to phase out neonicotinoids on wildlife refuges nationwide starting in January 2016,” she added.",
"\n\nAs RT reported previously, the European Union has banned neonicotinoids for two years after studies there suggest similarly. ",
"A 2012 report found that “sub-lethal exposure to neonicotinoids is likely the main culprit for the occurrence of CCD,” or Colony Collapse Disorder — a phenomenon in which workers bees suddenly disappear — and the Ontario Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs came to similar conclusions last year.",
"\n\n“The information evaluated suggests that planting of corn seeds treated with the nitro-guanidine insecticides clothianidin and/or thiamethoxam contributed to the majority of the bee mortalities that occurred in corn growing regions of Ontario and Quebec inspring 2012,” the Canadian agencies found.",
"\n\nNow as Syngenta petitions for an increase in tolerance levels, advocates say the company should reconsider.",
"\n\n“Syngenta claims that foliar applications will be more likely to stick to the leaves of crops, and thus are less risky to pollinators,” the Beyond Pesticides group wrote in a recent press release. “[",
"B]ut the fact remains that these chemicals are systemic and persistent, and any amount applied will contaminate soil, and has potential the be expressed in the crop’s pollen, nectar and guttation (dew) droplets on which pollinators forage and drink.”",
"\n\nAdding to that statement during a recent interview with E&E’s Stecker, Aimee Simpson, the police director and staff attorney for Beyond Pesticides, suggested that Syngenta is taking the opposite approach amidst growing concerns surrounding CCD and other issues linked to neonicotinoids like thiamethoxam.",
"\n\n\"Instead of figuring ways to stop or reduce the use, it's significantly increasing the amount on forage materials and other crops,\" Simpson said.",
"\n\n\"Growers depend on neonicotinoids and other crop protection products to increase crop productivity,\" Syngenta’s Bryan countered Simpson’s remark. “",
"And the scientific evidence clearly shows that bees and other pollinators can coexist safely with modern agricultural technologies like neonicotinoids when product labels are followed.”",
"\n\n\n\n“Syngenta is committed to biodiversity, including thriving pollinators,” Bryan said.",
"\n\nThe EPA is accepting comments concerning changes to thiamethoxam tolerance through October 6, 2014."
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"Laornis\n\n__NOTOC__\n\nLaornis is a genus of a prehistoric neornithine birds, known only from Specimen YPM 820, a single tibiotarsus leg bone discovered in the late 19th century. ",
"Consequently, the genus is monotypic, containing only the species Laornis edvardsianus. ",
"Regarding its scientific name, Laornis means \"stone bird\", from Ancient Greek lao \"stone\" + ornis \"bird\". ",
"edvardsianus honors Alphonse Milne-Edwards, to compliment the French paleontologist on his landmark study Recherches Anatomiques et Paleontologiques pour servir a l'Histoire des Oiseaux Fossiles de la France, the second part of which was nearing completion at that time.",
"\n\nIt was found in Late Cretaceous or Early Paleocene sediments of the Hornerstown Formation at the Birmingham Marl Pits, Pemberton Township, New Jersey, United States (39°59'N, 74°43'W). ",
"The deposits were laid down at about 66–63 Ma (million years ago).",
"\n\nThe bone is rather distinct but not very diagnostic. ",
"Its general shape suggests that Laornis was a semi-aquatic bird with longish legs and a body at least the size of a large goose. ",
"It may have been a wading bird, in which case it stood probably around one meter (3–4 ft) tall in life, depending on how long its legs and neck were exactly, which of course cannot be told from the one known bone. ",
"On the other hand, it might have been a larger seabird with proportionally shorter legs.",
"\n\nIt has variously been allied with the Charadriiformes and the Gruiformes, and is tentatively placed in a family of its own (Laornithidae). ",
"It may be considered some kind of basal gruiform, or more probably part of an ancestral lineage related to the common ancestor of gruiform, charadriiform, and/or any or all other modern \"wading\" bird families. ",
"It might have been one of the extinct stilt-legged waterfowl of the Presbyornithidae, and it cannot even be excluded that it was an ancient pseudotooth bird, seabirds of unclear affiliation that evolved to immense proportions in the Neogene but by the time of Laornis probably were mostly the size of a large petrel.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Topographic map of the type locality from TopoQuest\n\nCategory:Basal Neoaves\nCategory:Prehistoric bird genera\nCategory:Late Cretaceous birds of North America\nCategory:Paleogene birds of North America\nCategory:Fossil taxa described in 1870"
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"From the Michael Lee reel-to-reel mixtape archives.",
"\n\nRecorded live at Bones in San Francisco.",
"\n\nThis track was tagged with the following keywords: Disco.",
"\n\n\n\nThese are the meta information of this upload:\n\n\n\n127 bpm\n\n127 bpm Key: Bbm\n\n19 liked it. ",
"2 reposted it. ",
"119 played it. ",
"49 downloaded it.",
"\n\nListen to all music and sounds of SFDPS and follow this user by signing in for free."
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".- In his latest prayer video Pope Francis dedicates the month of October to praying for journalists – specifically that their work would always be motivated by strong ethics and respect for the truth.",
"\n\nThe video, released Oct. 4, opens showing scenes of a television studio, recording studio, writing desks and satellites, which flash across the screen as the Pope speaks.",
"\n\nAddressing viewers in his native Spanish, the Pope says he often wonders, “How can media be put to the service of a culture of encounter?”",
"\n\n“We need information leading to a commitment for the common good of humanity and the planet,” he said, and, as the faces of different journalists around the Vatican flashed across the screen, asked if viewers would join him in praying for those who work in the field of communication.",
"\n\nSpecifically, he prayed “that journalists, in carrying out their work, may always be motivated by respect for the truth and a strong sense of ethics.”",
"\n\nThe video closes with the Pope asking viewers if they can help him with the request, a question to which the journalists featured each respond one by one saying, “yes.”",
"\n\nAmong the journalists featured in the video is Alvaro de Juana, a Rome correspondent for CNA’s sister-agency ACI Prensa. ",
"Originally from Spain, he has been working as a journalist for 12 years.",
"\n\nIn comments to CNA, de Juana said having strong ethics and a high respect for the truth are always important, but moreover carry special weight in today’s society.",
"\n\n“For years there has been talk of an economic crisis, but the Church and concretely Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI and Pope Francis have said on many occasions that there is also a crisis of values,” he noted.",
"\n\nWithin this crisis, “ethics and morality have been forgotten and have been discarded in many environments and in important questions,” de Juana said, explaining that because of this, a journalist “has the duty to respect ethics and morality.”",
"\n\n“There is no journalism without ethics,” he said, explaining that if ethics were removed from the equation, “it would be to dirty and undermine this profession that has the truth as its foundation.”",
"\n\nCommunication also plays a fundamental role in evangelization, he said, noting that “the Church is universal and we could say that communication is, too.”",
"\n\nChrist used words and actions to make God’s love known to the people, and in doing so communicated, de Juana said, adding that communication is “a very important instrument” that can be used to reach those far from the Church.",
"\n\nWhen asked how journalists themselves can collaborate with the Pope in helping to ensure his prayer is answered, de Juana said the answer is simply “being faithful to this principle of the truth” and by carrying out one’s work with the conviction that “not everything goes.”",
"\n\n“The Pope asks that all journalists and people who work in communication to be faithful to these principles,” regardless of whether or not they are Catholic.",
"\n\nThe theme Pope Francis chose for 2017's World Day of Communications was released late last month, and is titled “'Fear not, for I am with you' (Is 43:5): Communicating hope and trust in our time.”",
"\n\nIn the communique published alongside the theme, the Vatican's Secretariat for Communications said the theme was “an invitation to tell the history of the world and the histories of men and women in accordance with the logic of the 'good news.'”",
"\n\nShortly before the announcement of the theme, Pope Francis had a Sept. 22 audience with journalists, during which he reflected on the importance of respect for human dignity, telling them that their profession can never be used as a destructive weapon, nor should it be used to nourish fear.",
"\n\n“Certainly criticism is legitimate, and, I would add, necessary, just as is the denunciation of evil, but this must always be done respecting the other, his life and his affect. ",
"Journalism cannot become a 'weapon of destruction' of persons or even nations,” the Pope said at the Vatican's Clementine Hall.",
"\n\n“Neither must it nourish fear in front of changes or phenomena such as migration forced by war or by hunger,” he said.",
"\n\nAn initiative of the Jesuit-run global prayer network Apostleship of Prayer, the Pope’s prayer videos are filmed in collaboration with the Vatican Television Center and mark the first time the Roman Pontiff’s monthly prayer intentions have been featured on video.",
"\n\nThe Apostleship of Prayer, which produces the monthly videos on the Pope’s intentions, was founded by Jesuit seminarians in France in 1884 to encourage Christians to serve God and others through prayer, particularly for the needs of the Church.",
"\n\nSince the late 1800s, the organization has received a monthly, “universal” intention from the Pope. ",
"In 1929, an additional missionary intention was added by the Holy Father, aimed at the faithful in particular.",
"\n\nWhile there are two intentions, the prayer videos are centered on the first, universal intention.",
"\n\nHis intentions this year have so far focused on themes he speaks out about frequently, such as interreligious dialogue, care for creation, families in hardship, the elderly and marginalized, and respect for women.",
"\n\nFrancis’ prayer intentions for the rest of the year are listed on the organization’s website and center on other themes close to Francis’ heart, such as prayers for countries receiving migrants and refugees, and an end to child-soldiers."
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"Gordon Sondland, the American ambassador to the E.U., delivered explosive testimony in the House impeachment inquiry into President Donald Trump on Wednesday. ",
"Here are some of his best lines:\n\n1. \"",
"I know that members of this committee have frequently framed these complicated issues in the form of a simple question: Was there a 'quid pro quo'? ",
"With regard to the requested White House call and White House meeting, the answer is yes.\"",
"\n\n2. \"",
"We followed the president's orders.”",
"\n\n\"Secretary Perry, Ambassador Volker and I worked with Mr. Rudy Giuliani on Ukraine matters at the express direction of the president of the United States. ",
"We did not want to work with Mr. Giuliani. ",
"Simply put, we were playing the hand we were dealt.\"",
"\n\n3. \"",
"Everyone was in the loop. ",
"It was no secret\" — on how Pence, Pompeo, Bolton and others were aware of his efforts in Ukraine.",
"\n\n4. \"",
"That's how the president and I communicate, a lot of four-letter words. ",
"In this case, three letter.\" — ",
"recalling telling Trump that Zelenskiy \"loves your ass,\" Sondland said that sounded like something he would say.",
"\n\n5. \"",
"I know exactly what it means ... I didn't know at the time.\" — ",
"that investigating Burisma also meant probing the Biden family.",
"\n\n6. \"",
"He didn't actually have to do them, as I understood it.\" — ",
"on whether Zelenskiy needed to follow through on carrying out the investigations into the Bidens and the 2016 election after publicly announcing them.",
"\n\n7. \"",
"Mr. Giuliani’s requests were a quid pro quo for arranging a White House visit for President Zelenskiy. ",
"Mr. Giuliani demanded that Ukraine make a public statement announcing investigations of the 2016 election/DNC server and Burisma. ",
"Mr. Giuliani was expressing the desires of the President of the United States, and we knew that these investigations were important to the President.\""
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"The present invention relates to a data transfer control device, electronic equipment, and a data transfer control method.",
"\nThe universal serial bus (USB) standard 2.0 that supports high-speed (HS) mode is expanding well in the marketplace, but an interface standard called the USB On-The-Go (OTG) has been settled upon by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). ",
"The OTG standard (OTG 1.0) that has been derived as an extension of USB 2.0 holds out the possibility of bringing new additional value to the USB interface, and it is expected that applications that make use of these characteristics will appear.",
"\nThis OTG makes it possible to impart a host function to a peripheral (peripheral device) connected to a host (such as a personal computer) by existing USB. ",
"This makes it possible to transfer data between peripherals connected by USB, enabling direct connection between a digital camera and a printer, by way of example, so that an image from the digital camera can be printed. ",
"It is also possible to connect a digital camera or digital video camera to a storage device, to save data therein.",
"\nHowever, it is usual for a peripheral that is given the host function by OTG to have a limited-capability CPU (processing section) incorporated therein. ",
"The addition of the host function therefore places a heavy processing load on the CPU (firmware) of the peripheral, making processing complicated and raising further problems such as impeding other processes and lengthening the design period of the device.",
"\nIf the possession of the host function due to OTG were to increase the size of the data transfer control device, this would lead to an increase in the cost of the data transfer control device and also an increase in the cost of the appliance (electronic equipment) containing such a data transfer control device.",
"\nThe thus-configured data transfer control device is provided with a packet buffer in which is stored transfer data, but the scale of this packet buffer is generally relatively large. ",
"An important technical challenge is therefore how to utilize the resources of that packet buffer efficiently."
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"Q:\n\nFitting a function to a sequence of datapoints (quadratic)\n\nI'm looking for a formula for the next term in a sequence (example from an RPG game).",
"\n$\\begin{matrix}\nn & f(n)\\\\\\hline\n1 & 29 \\\\\n2 & 33 \\\\\n3 & 37 \\\\\n4 & 41 \\\\\n5 & 46 \\\\\n6 & 50 \\\\\n7 & 55 \\\\\n8 & 60 \\\\\n9 & 65 \\\\\n10 & 70 \\\\\n11 & 75 \\\\\n12 & 81 \\\\\n13 & 86 \\\\\n14 & 92 \\\\\n15 & 98 \\\\\n16 & 104 \\\\\n17 & 111 \\\\\n18 & 117 \\\\\n19 & 124 \\\\\n20 & 131 \\\\\n21 & 137 \\\\\n22 & 145 \\\\\n23 & 152 \\\\\n24 & 159 \\\\\n25 & 167 \\\\\n26 & 175 \\\\\n27 & 183 \\\\\n28 & 191 \\\\\n29 & 199 \n\\end{matrix}$\nWho knows value for $f(30)$, $f(31)$, $f(32)$ etc? ",
"What is the formula?",
"\n\nStrictly speaking, there's no reason to assume this pattern repeats, although this certainly looks like it's quadratic. ",
"It looks like the values in this sequence are just the result of $0.0814n^2+3.6298n+25.44$, rounded.",
"\nJack Crawford\n\nwhy not line graph you can see on image below\ntrendline why not - click to view\n\nA:\n\nStrictly speaking, there's no reason to assume this pattern repeats, although this certainly looks like it's quadratic.",
"\nI used Excel to run a quick regression and give me the closest quadratic, and I get this: $f(n) \\approx 0.0814n^2 + 3.6298n + 25.44$. It looks like the values in this sequence are just the result of this quadratic, rounded.",
"\nHere are the values you had, and here is the value generated by this quadratic for comparison:\n$\\begin{bmatrix}\nn & \\textrm{data}& f(n)\\\\\\hline\n1 & 29 & 29.1512 \\\\\n2 & 33 & 33.0252 \\\\\n3 & 37 & 37.062 \\\\\n4 & 41 & 41.2616 \\\\\n5 & 46 & 45.624 \\\\\n6 & 50 & 50.1492 \\\\\n7 & 55 & 54.8372 \\\\\n8 & 60 & 59.688 \\\\\n9 & 65 & 64.7016 \\\\\n10 & 70 & 69.878 \\\\\n11 & 75 & 75.2172 \\\\\n12 & 81 & 80.7192 \\\\\n13 & 86 & 86.384 \\\\\n14 & 92 & 92.2116 \\\\\n15 & 98 & 98.202 \\\\\n16 & 104 & 104.3552 \\\\\n17 & 111 & 110.6712 \\\\\n18 & 117 & 117.15 \\\\\n19 & 124 & 123.7916 \\\\\n20 & 131 & 130.596 \\\\\n21 & 137 & 137.5632 \\\\\n22 & 145 & 144.6932 \\\\\n23 & 152 & 151.986 \\\\\n24 & 159 & 159.4416 \\\\\n25 & 167 & 167.06 \\\\\n26 & 175 & 174.8412 \\\\\n27 & 183 & 182.7852 \\\\\n28 & 191 & 190.892 \\\\\n29 & 199 & 199.1616 \n\\end{bmatrix}$\nI think that's what you're after.",
"\nThey just round the result at the end.",
"\nIf you ever want to do this yourself (it's a very useful little trick, and can fit other kinds of functions to your data, too!), ",
"just line the columns of data up next to each other in Excel, select them, make a line graph, and then right click on the line and choose the \"add trendline\" option. ",
"From the trend-line menu, you can play around with the different kinds of functions and see if you can find the one that fits your data the best (as you noted in one of your comments above, there are a few properties about this that should point us in the direction of this being quadratic; a degree-2 polynomial), and then select \"display equation on chart\" and they will give you the equation for the best-fitting trendline. ",
"Good luck with your game!",
"\n\n"
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[
"“Andre, you’re incredible! ",
"Look at these outfits!” ",
"I praised his work while looking at the outfits he prepared for me. “",
"I’d be lucky to wear any of them to the Celestial Ball!”",
"\n\n“But you can only choose one of them, so start trying them on!” ",
"He replied. “",
"And hurry! ",
"I didn’t tell McGonagall I was moving ‘style headquarters’ into the Great Hall.”",
"\n\nThere is not much time until the ball starts. ",
"In just a few hours, the Great Hall will be filled with students eager to dance and have a good time. ",
"I checked all of the outfits Andre prepared for me and started trying them out. ",
"To be fair, all of those were good. ",
"Their fabric felt really nice and they were not just stylish, but also comfortable. ",
"In the end, I settled for the classic outfit. ",
"I am almost sure Merula will like it.",
"\n\n“This is the one! ",
"I’ll wear this outfit to the ball!” ",
"I said to my friend once I’ve made up my mind. “",
"Thank you again for everything, Andre.”",
"\n\n“You look smashing, Dylan! ",
"I’m glad I was able to help,” he replied. “",
"It’s wild! ",
"One day I was just a wizard giving my Quidditch teammate a hard time for wearing mismatched socks…”\n\n“Now you’re Andre Egwu: Style Wizard and it’s all my fault!” ",
"I said while chuckling slightly. ",
"To be fair, I’m sure he can consider a career in fashion should he decide to do so.",
"\n\n“Now I have to quickly shut down style operations and get ready myself! ",
"The ball will begin soon!” ",
"He reminded me.",
"\n\n“Thanks again, Andre! ",
"See you at the ball!” ",
"I replied to him before leaving the Great Hall.",
"\n\n***\n\nIt didn’t take me too long to get myself ready for tonight’s occasion. ",
"While I was leaving my Common Room, I noticed that everyone is happy and cheerful. ",
"Most of the students were on their way to the Great Hall, eager to have some fun time with their friends. ",
"The corridors were, perhaps, the merriest I’ve ever seen so far. ",
"There was so much laughter, chat, and happiness around. ",
"Once I entered the Great Hall, I noticed Dumbledore near the entrance, greeting students as they arrive. ",
"Everything looked so lively.",
"\n\n“Wotcher, Dylan! ",
"Smashing outfit!” ",
"Tonks approached to greet me. ",
"I have to admit, she looks quite different than her usual self, and in a good way!",
"\n\n“You look great too! ",
"And thank you, this outfit is all thanks to Andre!” ",
"I commented.",
"\n\n“Very nice!” ",
"She replied. “",
"You know, rumor is, you’re only one of the few among our friends here who has a date to the ball! ",
"Likely because you’re the only one brave enough to ask someone.”",
"\n\n“Choosing an outfit at the last minute has made me ‘fashionably late!’ ",
"I should go find my date now!” ",
"I said.",
"\n\nI slowly started making my way through the Great Hall, still stunned by all of its magnificence. ",
"The decorations sure made it look spectacular. ",
"I noticed Ben and Rowan standing near one of the tables.",
"\n\n“Hello!” ",
"I greeted them. “",
"So, aren’t you both glad you decided to come to the Celestial Ball?”",
"\n\n“Yes! ",
"And I’ve gotten so many compliments,” Rowan answered excitedly.",
"\n\n“Double yes! ",
"Everyone wants my hat,” Ben replied with a smile. ",
"This was one of the rare occasions I saw him smiling. ",
"And honestly, I’m glad both of them are having a nice time.",
"\n\n“Apologies, I need to steal Dylan for a moment!” ",
"Penny said as she arrived to greet us.",
"\n\nI followed her to the dance podium. ",
"We stopped there and she smiled at me.",
"\n\n“It may sound soppy, but I feel like you’ve been part of my Celestial Ball journey from the start!” ",
"She thanked me.",
"\n\n“And I feel the same way about our ‘Celestial Ball’ journey! ",
"The whole decoration committee situation has caused such drama! ",
"Has your name been announced yet?” ",
"I asked.",
"\n\n“Oh look, I think it’s about to happen now!” ",
"She replied.",
"\n\nJust as she said that The Headmaster started his speech. “",
"Students, may I have your attention, please? ",
"I’d like to take a moment to recognize Penny Haywood, head of the Celestial Ball decorating committee.”",
"\n\nI could notice Penny jumping with excitement when she heard the praises.",
"\n\n“The Great Hall has never looked as stellar!” ",
"He continued. “",
"Congratulations on a job well done. ",
"Enjoy the ball, everyone!”",
"\n\n“AAAAAAAH! ",
"I may explode with joy right now!” ",
"I could notice her grinning from ear to ear.",
"\n\nShortly after, Bill arrived and joined us.",
"\n\n“Bill, you stopped by after all!” ",
"I greeted him.",
"\n\n“I promised Rowan I would. ",
"You look fantastic, by the way!” ",
"He replied.",
"\n\n“Thank you so much!” ",
"I was quite happy with his compliment. ",
"Hopefully, Merula will like it too.",
"\n\n“I was just complimenting Dylan, too!” ",
"Penny added.",
"\n\n“And did things work out for you with bringing a date, Dylan?” ",
"He asked.",
"\n\n“They certainly did! ",
"I’m here with-” I was about to answer that question, but I got interrupted before I could finish my sentence.",
"\n\n“Hello, everyone,” a familiar voice interrupted me. ",
"We turned around and noticed Emily Tyler approaching us.",
"\n\n“Emily, what are you even doing here?” ",
"Penny asked, completely surprised by her appearance.",
"\n\n“I came to see if your decoration theme turned out better then mine would have. ",
"It didn’t,” she answered arrogantly. “",
"But mostly, I was looking for Bill and saw him walk in here.”",
"\n\n“Looking for me? ",
"Why?” ",
"Bill was caught surprised.",
"\n\n“To rescue you from these kids so we can spend some time together,” she started smirking.",
"\n\n“Kids? ",
"We’re not that much younger than you, Emily,” I replied. ",
"Now that was way too rude, even for someone like her.",
"\n\n“You want to spend time with me, Emily?” ",
"Bill curiously asked.",
"\n\n“Yes, I made a mistake rejecting you, Bill. ",
"And I don’t make mistakes often,” she admitted. “",
"So let’s get away from this Celestial Ball nonsense you’ve gotten involved in. ",
"We can go to Three Broomsticks for a Butterbeer. ",
"What do you say?”",
"\n\nI noticed my friend standing there, thinking. ",
"He isn’t really considering accepting her offer?",
"\n\n“I say…” He started talking after a while. “",
"Not if you were the last witch on the planet, Emily. ",
"You’ve been too rude to my friends and to me. ",
"If you’ll excuse me, I see Rowan.”",
"\n\nThat said, he went to meet Rowan who was apparently, very excited about it.",
"\n\n“Bill would rather spend time with Rowan Khanna than me? ",
"Even if I were the last witch on the planet?” ",
"She was definitely not expecting that kind of reaction from him.",
"\n\n“Wasn’t ‘Planets’ your decorating theme? ",
"I much prefer Penny’s stars,” I replied.",
"\n\n“I’ll walk you out, Emily. ",
"And by the way, nice hair,” Penny said while grinning at her.",
"\n\n“Now I can’t tell if you mean that sincerely or not?” ",
"Emily was shocked by Penny’s compliment.",
"\n\nThe two of them then left towards the entrance. ",
"Penny was really serious about escorting Emily out. ",
"Now to find Merula in all this crowd. ",
"I can’t wait to see her…\n\n“Edwards! ",
"I was about to give up on you. ",
"I thought maybe you changed your mind,” I heard her voice and immediately turned around. ",
"She looked absolutely stunning. ",
"Her hair was neatly styled, which made her look really cute. ",
"She also wore an elegant black dress paired with black long gloves. ",
"She also had a nice looking green ribbon tied below her chest. ",
"It perfectly matched with her necklace and shoes. ",
"In one word, she looked – gorgeous.",
"\n\n“Merula! ",
"That’s quite a dress! ",
"You look beautiful!” ",
"I praised her, completely mesmerized by her beauty.",
"\n\n“Well, I made an effort,” she couldn’t hide the smile of satisfaction while saying that.",
"\n\n“You did, too. ",
"I mean, you look nice. ",
"Very nice. ",
"Now let’s check out this dance together.”",
"\n\nWe slowly moved to the dance floor. ",
"I was holding her hand along the way. ",
"She seemed to like it, I could notice that she was smiling slightly and blushing on the way there. ",
"I couldn’t help but notice some of the other students staring at us. ",
"I am quite sure that none of them knew about our relationship. ",
"Many of them were whispering each other while pointing at us, but honestly, I didn’t mind it at all. ",
"She wasn’t as comfortable with all that like me, but I could say she wasn’t bothered too much.",
"\n\nThe dance floor looked marvelous. ",
"While standing on it, I felt like I was among the stars. ",
"It really felt magical.",
"\n\n“I didn’t know what to expect tonight! ",
"All the planning and prepping and fretting… But the Celestial Ball has been quite special. ",
"And I think Tonks is right. ",
"Of our friends, we’re the only ones here who decided to go with a guest!” ",
"I said with a cheeky smile.",
"\n\n“I don’t know if I’m more surprised that I’m your date, or that you just lumped me in with your group of friends,” she pointed out.",
"\n\n“Well, we certainly gave them something to talk about. ",
"But I don’t regret it! ",
"I am happy that you agreed to come with me to the ball.” ",
"I replied.",
"\n\n“And I’m glad you’re my Celestial Ball date,” she added.",
"\n\n“Look, Flitwick is dancing! ",
"Hagrid has some moves, too!” ",
"Both of them were on the dance floor, having a great time.",
"\n\n“C’mon! ",
"Let’s go and dance the rest of the night away!” ",
"I suggested and she quickly nodded.",
"\n\nThe two of us then started dancing to the music. ",
"I was surprised at her dancing skills. ",
"She had such elegant moves. ",
"I had just let myself go with the flow, so to say. ",
"This is the first time I ever danced with someone, so I was completely clueless, to be honest. ",
"Still, that didn’t prevent me from having a good time. ",
"Quite opposite, in fact. ",
"I was having a time of my life with the person very dear to me. ",
"And it wasn’t just us. ",
"Everyone was having a blast. ",
"This is perhaps one of the happiest times I’ve had at Hogwarts.",
"\n\nWe danced like that for quite a while, until we both got tired and decided to rest a bit. ",
"We sat on one of the tables near the fireplace. ",
"There was plenty of food neatly decorated and placed there. ",
"Everything was… perfect. ",
"I couldn’t keep my eyes off Merula. ",
"I was so happy that I decided to ask her out. ",
"Snape was definitely right when he advised me. ",
"I am sure I would regret not asking her to be my date.",
"\n\n“That was a nice dance, I have to admit. ",
"You really have some moves.” ",
"I praised her.",
"\n\n“Well, I like to dance, I find it very enjoyable. ",
"Even more enjoyable than hitting you with the Knockback Jinx,” she grinned at me.",
"\n\n“Look, it seems that Sickleworth is having a lovely time too,” I pointed out. ",
"The Niffler was dancing surrounded by Penny, Tonks, and Tulip. ",
"It looked hilarious, but rather heartwarming nonetheless.",
"\n\nWe spent the next few hours talking about all sorts of things. ",
"We discussed our past adventures and the moments we shared together, and before we knew it, the ball was nearing its end.",
"\n\n“I guess that’s it, Edwards. ",
"I had a nice time tonight, but it’s time to go back to my Common Room…” She said once everyone started leaving.",
"\n\n“Wait…” I said just as she was preparing to go.",
"\n\n“Yes?” ",
"She turned to me with a curious look.",
"\n\n“Let’s go to the Courtyard first. ",
"I want to watch the night sky with you…” I suggested.",
"\n\n“…Okay,” she agreed.",
"\n\nI grabbed her hand and we went outside. ",
"The night was very peaceful. ",
"Thousands of stars were decorating the night sky.",
"\n\n“It’s… beautiful…” She said while gazing at the sky.",
"\n\n“Often I would find myself coming here, observing the stars and thinking about you…” I turned toward her, gently holding her hands.",
"\n\n“Flatterer! ",
"You’re trying to make me blush,” she tried avoiding my gaze, but despite the night, I could see that she was all red.",
"\n\n“And it seems I am pretty successful at it,” I replied with a chuckle.",
"\n\n“Shut up Edwards!” ",
"She said with a grumpy voice.",
"\n\nI touched her cheek with my right hand and embraced her with left. ",
"She turned her gaze toward me. ",
"Her eyes were glittering with happiness. ",
"I could see the stars reflecting their light on her mesmerizing face. ",
"I gently patted her hair and slowly started approaching her lips with mine. ",
"Suddenly, she grabbed my head with both hands and kissed me passionately. ",
"Her lips were so tender, so sweet. ",
"I could feel all of the stars reflecting on us at that moment. ",
"Funny enough, the stars were a theme of the ball. ",
"My heart was pounding so fast. ",
"I felt as if the time had stopped and that all of my problems had vanished away. ",
"We remained like that for a while longer. ",
"I was so happy…\n\n“There!” ",
"She said after our lips separated.",
"\n\nI embraced her in my arms and held her tightly against me. “",
"I don’t ever want to let you go,” I said. “",
"I don’t know what would I do if I lose you…”\n\n“Well, since I am the most powerful witch at Hogwarts, you never will,” she replied.",
"\n\n“You know, it’s a funny thing…” I said.",
"\n\n“What?” ",
"She asked.",
"\n\n“Who knows what would’ve happened if Jacob never disappeared. ",
"I would probably never look for the Cursed Vaults and the two of us would likely never end up together… It’s a sweet irony of things…”\n\n“Well, I am glad things turned out the way they did. ",
"If it weren’t for you, there would be no one to challenge me. ",
"This way is much more interesting.” ",
"She added.",
"\n\n“Anyway, I am glad you’re by my side…” I said while gently stroking her hair.",
"\n\nShe then leaned against me and we sat near the fountain. ",
"We remained like that for some time, observing the stars and forgetting all of our troubles… at least for a while…\n\nPrevious Part"
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[
"D C Everest\n\n1883 – 1955 Inducted 1991\n\nA paper company executive in Wausau, David Clark Everest was a leader in reforestation efforts. ",
"As early as 1925 he was calling attention to the devastation and neglect of state woodlands and was promoting a statewide system of fire protection, state tree nurseries, and legislation creating the Forest Crop Law.",
"\n\nThrough his foresight and initiative, the Marathon Corporation, which he joined in 1909 as general manager, grew from a small firm to a leader in the industry. ",
"He was a charter member of Wisconsin Conservation Commission’s forestry advisory committee and played an important part in expanding and developing the state forest program."
] | {
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[
"Endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: the role of prophylactic postoperative chloramphenicol eye drops.",
"\nThe main aim of the study was to assess whether omitting prophylactic postoperative topical antibiotics (chloramphenicol) influenced the risk of developing endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. ",
"We conducted a retrospective study including all patients who had cataract surgery at our outpatient cataract unit between 2004 and 2011. ",
"Postoperative topical antibiotics (chloramphenicol) were omitted from 2007 onwards, as was the first postoperative day review. ",
"Patients with a diagnosis of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery were extracted, and the rate of postoperative endophthalmitis (PE) before and after changing these routines was compared. ",
"The diagnosis of PE was defined as severe intraocular inflammation requiring prompt vitreous sampling for culture. ",
"Seven thousand one hundred and twenty-three and 8131 cataract surgeries were performed in the following periods: January 2004 through December 2006 (period 1) and January 2007 through December 2010 (period 2), respectively. ",
"Five cases of PE were identified in period 1 (0.070%) and four patients in period 2 (0.049%). ",
"The median time between cataract surgery and onset of symptoms was 6 days in period 1 and 4.5 days in period 2. ",
"Median time for intervention was 7 and 5 days postsurgery, respectively. ",
"We found no difference in the frequency of PE following cataract surgery when changing the postoperative topical medication from a mixture of corticosteroids and antibiotics to only corticosteroids."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"Syringes are known for storing and transporting substances with fluid properties such as gases, liquids, pastes, slurries, and the like. ",
"A syringe may include a barrel defining a bore in communication with a port, and a piston disposed within the barrel. ",
"Translation of the piston away from the port may draw material into the barrel through the port. ",
"Alternatively, translation of the piston toward the port may expel material out of the barrel through the port.",
"\nA syringe barrel may be formed from a transparent or translucent material, such that a position of the piston within the bore is visible through the barrel. ",
"Further, the syringe barrel may include indicia disposed thereon, such that longitudinal alignment of the piston relative to the indicia may visually indicate a volume of material stored between the piston and the port.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,009,645 (hereinafter, “the '645 patent”) purports to describe a syringe for dispensing measured quantities of a material (e.g., a medicament). ",
"The syringe from the '645 patent includes a barrel, a plunger rod having a cruciform transverse cross section, and an infinitely adjustable stop member secured to the plunger rod for positively setting the length of travel of the plunger rod to thereby control the volume of material dispensed from the syringe. ",
"However, sequential delivery of multiple doses using the syringe from the '645 patent may be subject to dosage errors resulting from inaccurate displacement of the infinitely adjustable stop member between dose deliveries, undue time consumption to adjust the position of the infinitely adjustable stop member, or both.",
"\nU.S. Patent Publication No. ",
"2005/0137532 (hereinafter, “the '532 publication”) purports to describe a unit to administer medication having a plunger with non-reusable stroke stops sequentially arranged along the plunger. ",
"According to the '193 patent, the stroke stops are frangible about a weakening line, such that each broken stroke stop enables the forward movement of the impelling plunger and the administration of a corresponding dose. ",
"However, the stroke stops of the '532 publication may interfere with filling an empty syringe so configured, and therefore limit application to pre-filled syringes. ",
"Further, the stroke stops of the '532 patent are inherently non-reusable because of their frangible nature, and the stroke stops may be complex and expensive to manufacture.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,318,544 (hereinafter, “the '544 patent”) purports to describe a syringe for metering predetermined volumes of fluid therefrom. ",
"The syringe of the '544 patent includes a tube, a clip, and a metering plunger having stop surfaces disposed thereon, where the plunger is inserted through an opening in the clip and is slidably located within the syringe tube. ",
"However, the plunger stop surfaces of the '544 patent have complex shapes that could be difficult or expensive to manufacture. ",
"Further, the stop surfaces of the '544 patent may interfere with filling an empty syringe by requiring rotation of the plunger in addition to axial translation during a filling step.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"6,579,269 (hereinafter, “the '269 patent”) purports to describe a syringe with a structure that allows variation in sliding displacement of the plunger which may be accompanied by an audible sound. ",
"U.S. Patent Application Publication No. ",
"2009/0287161 (hereinafter, “the '161 publication”) purports to describe a syringe including physical stops or dosage administered indicators which can act to prevent hydraulic momentum from continuing to deliver fluid after thumb pressure is lifted off of the push rod. ",
"However, neither the '269 patent nor the '161 publication provides asymmetric ramps for tailoring differences in deceleration and acceleration resistance forces for movement of a plunger within a dose dividing syringe.",
"\nAccordingly, there is a need for apparatus and methods to address the above-identified shortcomings of conventional syringes, as well as other shortcomings in the art."
] | {
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] | 0.000821 | 29 |
[
"Chemically inducible expression of the PHB biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis.",
"\nArabidopsis plants were transformed with a multi-gene construct for expression of the polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthetic pathway containing a gene switch that can be activated by commercially available non-steroidal ecdysone analogs approved for use on some crops as pesticides. ",
"T(1) progeny of transgenic Arabidopsis plants were isolated and screened for PHB production in the presence of ecdysone analogs. ",
"T(2) progeny derived from selected T(1) lines were subjected to further analysis by comparing PHB production levels prior to treatment with inducing agent and 21 days after initiation of induction. ",
"Significant PHB production was delayed in many of the engineered plants until after induction. ",
"PHB levels of up to 14.3% PHB per unit dry weight were observed in young leaves harvested from engineered T(2) plants after applications of the commercial ecdysone analog Mimic. ",
"PHB in older leaves reached levels of up to 7% PHB per unit dry weight. ",
"This study represents a first step towards engineering a chemically inducible gene switch for PHB production in plants using inducing agents that are approved for field use."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"Health locus of control in Indonesian women with breast cancer: a comparison with healthy women.",
"\nThe aims of this study were to assess whether Indonesian women with breast cancer havea higher external health locus of control (HLC) than healthy women, and to explore the association between HLC and symptoms of anxiety and depression. ",
"In this study, 120 consecutive women with breast cancer were recruited at the outpatient surgical oncology clinic at the Hasan Sadikin Hospital in Bandung. ",
"One hundred and twenty two healthy women were recruited from the Bandung area as controls. ",
"A standard demographic form, Form C of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control, as well as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and patients' medical records were used. ",
"Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson's correlation, MANOVA and multiple linear regressions. ",
"Women with breast cancer had higher scores on all external HLC subscales, i.e. chance, doctor, powerful others and God, and lower internal HLC compared to healthy women. ",
"High God LHC scores were associated with a high level of anxiety (β=0.21, p<0.05), whereas none of the HLC subscales were associated with depression. ",
"Our results suggest that women with breast cancer tend to have high external HLC, while healthy women tend to have high internal HLC. ",
"A strong belief in an external source of control, i.e. God, might be negatively associated with patient emotional adjustment. ",
"Further research is needed to give an insight into the direction of this association."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"The present invention broadly relates to an article of athletic footwear and, more specifically, pertains to a new and improved construction of a ski boot.",
"\nGenerally speaking, the article of athletic footwear of the present invention comprises a shoe upper portion with regions having different bending characteristics.",
"\nSynthetic or plastic ski boots possess a relatively stiff or rigid shoe upper portion which greatly impedes or hinders walking therewith as well as bending of the lower leg in a forward and also in a rearward direction. ",
"Several proposals for the elimination of these disadvantages have therefore already been made. ",
"In this respect ski boots are known which have corrugations or undulations or wavy portions in the shin-instep region such as disclosed, for instance, in U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"3,988,842 and International patent publication WO 81/00,507. ",
"However, although this feature facilitates bending of the lower leg in the forward direction, such can not be considered as having sufficiently overcome the abovementioned disadvantages to the required extent. ",
"Furthermore, it should be noted that lower temperatures cause a decrease of the bending or flexural elasticity also of or wavy the corrugated regions of the shoe upper portion.",
"\nEuropean Patent Publication No. ",
"0,053,340 has further proposed ski boots in which material possessing rubber-like elastic properties is inserted into slits in the instep-shin region of the shoe upper portion. ",
"Although these inserts, which upon bending of the lower leg are not elastically deflected but instead are compressed, and also cause the forward movement of the shoe upper portion to be dampened and the resilience properties or characteristics of the shoe upper portion to be improved, nonetheless a considerable expenditure with respect to fabrication is necessary."
] | {
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[
"Report(s)\n\nReport N1 (added on September, 1, 2005)\n\nI had d one a search for known scammers but nothing came up under the name she was using \"Oksana Zueva\" I was about to send her flowers but had a bad feeling so I typed her given address into Google Search and the\nwww.stopscammers.com web site came up. ",
"I was shocked to read the exact letters she had written to me addressed to Don. ",
"I had actually written her about the Russian dating scam but she denied any knowlege of it. ",
"Thank God for Google Search and this web site!!!! ",
"Thankfully I had not sent her any money.",
"\n\nJay (Canada)\n\nReport N2 (added on February, 13, 2006)\n\nShe just started sending info. ",
"about herself. ",
"I sent info about me. ",
"I din't send any money or phone number."
] | {
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[
"Q:\n\nReplace a line of a file with a blank line in shell script?",
"\n\nI have a text file called catalog where each line has a name, a surname, a city and a phone number like this:\nJohn McJohn Detroit 0301234568\nDonald Duck Lake_City 1234567890\nDeez Nutz Oxford 2305985531\n\nand I want to write a script that will take a keyword as a parameter and will replace its line with the keyword with a blank line.",
"\nhere's where i got so far:\nt1=$(grep $2 catalog) #$2 is the keyword\necho the lines with that keyword are:\necho $t1\n\nt2=$(echo) #a blank line\n\nt3=$(tr '$t1' '$t2' < catalog) #replacing each line with the keyword with a space\n\necho The lines have been deleted #not really, they have been replaced with a space\n\ncat catalog\n\nThis doesn't change the file at all.",
"\nI've tried numerous expressions of sed, without any luck (I run the scripts on an old xubuntu version, so I don't know if the sed is supposed to work on this).",
"\nI've tried to replace the \"t2=$(echo)\" thing with '\\n' but if fails miserably.",
"\nHow can this be made?",
"\nIs replacing each line with a pattern to a blank line possible at all?",
"\n(possible and \"works-fine\" answer:\nt1=$(grep $2 catalog) \necho the lines with that keyword are:\necho $t1\nsed \"./*$t1.*/s///\" catalog\nsed \"./*$t1.*/s///\" catalog > catalogtemp\nmv catalogtemp catalog\n\n)\n\nA:\n\nWith sed:\n$ t1=\"Donald\";\n$ sed \"s/.*$t1.*//\" file\nJohn McJohn Detroit 0301234568\n\nDeez Nutz Oxford 2305985531\n\nTo edit the file in place, use the -i fag:\nsed -i \"s/.*$t1.*//\" file\n\nEdit:\nA more secured syntax to avoid unwanted parameter expansion:\nsed 's/.*'\"$t1\"'.*//' file\n\n"
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] | {
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} | [
0.19035135209560394
] | 0.190351 | 1 |
[
"Just before the weekend, Disney dropped some big news by confirming that Community and Atlanta star Donald Glover had landed the role of a young Lando Calrissian in the forthcoming Star Wars Story that will focus on the earlier career of the famous smuggler Han Solo, played by Alden Ehrenreich. ",
"Now one more detail has surfaced regarding the events we’ll see unfold.",
"\n\nFind out one of the new Han Solo spin-off story details after the jump.",
"\n\nPreviously the only information we knew about Han Solo’s Star Wars Story, besides the two aforementioned cast members, is that it will be directed by 21 Jump Street and The LEGO Movie filmmaking duo Phil Lord & Chris Miller with a script from The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi writer Lawrence Kasdan and his son Jon Kasdan. ",
"There have been a few assumptions about where the story might venture in Han Solo’s past, and one of them seems to have been confirmed.",
"\n\nThe Hollywood Reporter journalist Borys Kit revealed on Twitter that a couple sources have told him that the Han Solo spin-off will reveal how he won the Millennium Falcon from Lando Calrissian. ",
"That’s been something fans have presumed would be revealed, but this is the first we’ve heard that this detail will be included from sources behind the scenes.",
"\n\nIn the original Star Wars canon, now regarded as Legends, Han Solo won the Millennium Falcon from Lando Calrissian in a game of sabacc, a high stakes card game. ",
"Though the game is never mentioned in the movies, there is an exchange between Lando and Han in Empire Strikes Back indicating that the smuggler won it from Lando at some point. ",
"One would assume that an entirely new explanation will be given in the spin-off as to how that happened.",
"\n\nBut surely that can’t be the entire focus of the movie, right? ",
"I mean, I suppose if Han Solo’s goal is to get the Millennium Falcon from Lando Calrissian, the end of the movie could see him achieving that goal and leading into a sequel. ",
"After all, there was a rumor Alden Ehrenreich was signed on for a Han Solo trilogy. ",
"However, I think it would be better if he won the ship earlier on in the movie and then went in a different direction.",
"\n\nWhat I’d really love to see is a Cannonball Run or early Fast and Furious kind of movie in space where the spin-off focuses on some kind of galactic race, perhaps the Kessel Run that Han Solo famously completed in less than 12 parsecs. ",
"That would be unlike any other Star Wars movie we’ve seen before, and it would make for some great action sequences. ",
"Of course, maybe the Kessel Run isn’t just a race, but some kind of crowning achievement in the smuggling world."
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] | 0.000626 | 17 |
[
"Lesion segmentation from multimodal MRI using random forest following ischemic stroke.",
"\nUnderstanding structure-function relationships in the brain after stroke is reliant not only on the accurate anatomical delineation of the focal ischemic lesion, but also on previous infarcts, remote changes and the presence of white matter hyperintensities. ",
"The robust definition of primary stroke boundaries and secondary brain lesions will have significant impact on investigation of brain-behavior relationships and lesion volume correlations with clinical measures after stroke. ",
"Here we present an automated approach to identify chronic ischemic infarcts in addition to other white matter pathologies, that may be used to aid the development of post-stroke management strategies. ",
"Our approach uses Bayesian-Markov Random Field (MRF) classification to segment probable lesion volumes present on fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI. ",
"Thereafter, a random forest classification of the information from multimodal (T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)) MRI images and other context-aware features (within the probable lesion areas) was used to extract areas with high likelihood of being classified as lesions. ",
"The final segmentation of the lesion was obtained by thresholding the random forest probabilistic maps. ",
"The accuracy of the automated lesion delineation method was assessed in a total of 36 patients (24 male, 12 female, mean age: 64.57±14.23yrs) at 3months after stroke onset and compared with manually segmented lesion volumes by an expert. ",
"Accuracy assessment of the automated lesion identification method was performed using the commonly used evaluation metrics. ",
"The mean sensitivity of segmentation was measured to be 0.53±0.13 with a mean positive predictive value of 0.75±0.18. ",
"The mean lesion volume difference was observed to be 32.32%±21.643% with a high Pearson's correlation of r=0.76 (p<0.0001). ",
"The lesion overlap accuracy was measured in terms of Dice similarity coefficient with a mean of 0.60±0.12, while the contour accuracy was observed with a mean surface distance of 3.06mm±3.17mm. ",
"The results signify that our method was successful in identifying most of the lesion areas in FLAIR with a low false positive rate."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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0.0005836311029270291,
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0.0006695840274915099,
0.000672551803290844,
0.0006198510527610779,
0.0007466459646821022,
0.000633788644336164,
0.0012100477470085025
] | 0.00075 | 13 |
[
"This is another Asian style dish that I’ve remade to be a bit healthier and of course, gluten free. ",
"The only time consuming part of the dish is allowing the meat to marinade before cooking otherwise the rest is done fast. ",
"This is fairy mild but you can make it hotter by adding more Sriracha or adding a bit of crushed red pepper. ",
"The peas are crunchy, the meat is delicious, and it has a light sauce.",
"\n\nIn advance, mix together the soy sauce, rice vinegar, honey, Sriracha, ginger and corn starch and whisk well. ",
"Divide the sauce in half, and cut up the flank steak against the grain. ",
"Keep the pieces thin and up to 2 inches long. (",
"Cutting the steak against the grain will keep the meat from getting “chewy.”) ",
"Place the meat in 1 portion of the sauce, mixing well and getting all the pieces covered with the sauce. ",
"Place in the refrigerator for 15 minutes to an hour in advance.",
"\n\nIf any of your snow peas are large, cut them in half. ",
"Otherwise just trim off the ends. ",
"When it’s time to cook get a large skillet and place 1 tablespoon of the grapeseed oil in it. ",
"Turn the heat to high and let the pan get really hot. (",
"Olive oil doesn’t do well at high temps, can use safflower or sunflower as well!) ",
"Then place the snow peas in. ",
"Cook them for 2-3 minutes – stirring them every 10-20 seconds. ",
"We want them to stay crisp, but not burn. ",
"Remove them from the skillet and set aside.",
"\n\nPlace another tablespoon of the oil in the pan and bring it back up to a high heat. ",
"Add the meat. ",
"I had to do mine in two sessions. ",
"Cook the meat for 3-4 minutes, flipping as needed till it’s cooked through. ",
"Remove from heat and do the same for the second half of the meat. ",
"Once the meat is all cooked, add back the first portion of meat and the snow peas. ",
"Turn the heat down to medium low and pour in the reserved half of the sauce. ",
"Cook for 5 minutes."
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"486 F.2d 1405\nWoodyv.",
"Hinkle Contracting Corporation\n73-1695\nUNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Sixth Circuit\n11/9/73\n\n1\nE.D.Ky.",
"\n\nAFFIRMED\n"
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"Please briefly describe your background in ceramics so that ACerS can get a better idea of ways the Society can best use your skills. ",
"What are your areas of expertise? ",
"What are your areas of interest? ",
"Is your background in industry, academia, government labs or something else?"
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"State of Georgia\n\nThe last of the original 13 colonies in the United States, Georgia was also one of the seven original Confederate states (and the last state to be restored to the Union in 1870). ",
"Now the Peach State is recognized for its rapid growth as 14 of the state’s counties are ranked among the nation’s 100 fastest-growing. ",
"The state now has nearly 10 million residents, one of the nation’s top 10 in population. ",
"There is something about the state that inspires musicians. ",
"Great songs involving Georgia include Hoagie Carmichael’s “Georgia On My Mind,” Gladys Knight’s “Midnight Train To Georgia” and Brook Benton’s “Rainy Night In Georgia.” ",
"In 1979, the Carmichael classic won out, earning designation by the state legislature as the official state song. ",
"The man who made it famous — Georgia native Ray Charles — performed it before the legislature. ",
"The Georgia motto is “wisdom, justice and moderation,” and no one has personified it more than congressman John Lewis, who has been representing Georgia’s 5th district for 27 years. ",
"His dedication to protecting human rights is legendary and he is called “the most courageous person the Civil Rights Movement ever produced.”"
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"<?",
"php\n\n/*\n * This file is part of the Symfony package.",
"\n *\n * (c) Fabien Potencier <fabien@symfony.com>\n *\n * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE\n * file that was distributed with this source code.",
"\n */\n\nnamespace Symfony\\Component\\Config\\Resource;\n\n/**\n * ResourceInterface is the interface that must be implemented by all Resource classes.",
"\n *\n * @author Fabien Potencier <fabien@symfony.com>\n */\ninterface ResourceInterface\n{\n /**\n * Returns a string representation of the Resource.",
"\n *\n * @return string A string representation of the Resource\n */\n public function __toString();\n\n /**\n * Returns true if the resource has not been updated since the given timestamp.",
"\n *\n * @param integer $timestamp The last time the resource was loaded\n *\n * @return Boolean true if the resource has not been updated, false otherwise\n */\n public function isFresh($timestamp);\n\n /**\n * Returns the resource tied to this Resource.",
"\n *\n * @return mixed The resource\n */\n public function getResource();\n}\n"
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[
"How Do Pawn Shops Work? ",
"The service that most pawn shops specialize in, and the one that they prefer, is pawning, which is a collateral-based loan. ",
"You give an item to the shop, such as jewelry, and receive a cash loan in return. ",
"The average loan is around $100. ",
"You are usually given about 90-120 […] Read More\n\nGetting a Secured Money Loan From a Pawn Shop We offer secured money loans to qualified clients in and around Salt Lake City who are in need of money in a hurry — our staff can help you with the application and approval process for a secured money loan in no time at all! ",
"At […] Read More"
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"Spanish Inquisition (disambiguation)\n\nThe Spanish Inquisition was a Catholic ecclesiastical tribunal established in Spain in 1478.",
"\n\nSpanish Inquisition may also refer to:\n\"The Spanish Inquisition\" (Monty Python), a sketch by British comedy group Monty Python\nSpanish Inquisition Necklace, an emerald and diamond necklace owned by the Smithsonian Institution\nA weekly article in the metal music magazine Metal Hammer"
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[
"Respiratory movements are altered three months and one year following cardiac surgery.",
"\nPulmonary complications following cardiac surgery through sternotomy are well known, but little is known about the proposed alterations of the chest wall mechanism. ",
"The purpose of this study was to examine changes in chest wall motion and pulmonary function after cardiac surgery. ",
"The subjects were 20 cardiac surgery patients, 13 men and 7 women, mean age 65 years. ",
"Bilateral respiratory movements were measured using the Respiratory Movement Measuring Instrument before, 3 and 12 months after the operation. ",
"Vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume (FEV1) were measured with the Pulminet III (Gold Godart Ltd Vitalograph Alpha Ltd. Maids Morton, Buckingham, England) preoperatively, 3 and 12 months postoperatively, and radiographs were taken at the same points in time. ",
"Descriptive statistics, paired sample t-tests, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests were used for analyses, p < or = 0.05. ",
"Average abdominal movements 3 months postoperatively were significantly decreased and the difference between right and left side in upper thoracic and abdominal movements was significant. ",
"All pulmonary function measurements except the FEV1/FVC showed a significant decrease and a restrictive pattern compared with preoperative values. ",
"Twelve months after the operation the upper thoracic movements were significantly increased. ",
"Five patients had an abnormal chest x-ray before the operation, eight 3 months and three 12 months after the operation. ",
"The motor system of the respiratory organs suffers considerable injury from cardiac surgery, which in part at least can explain the restrictive breathing 3 months postoperatively."
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"Standard Bank Limited\n\nStandard Bank Limited is a private commercial bank in Bangladesh. ",
"Mamun-Ur-Rashid is the managing director of the bank as of 2 October 2016. ",
"Kazi Akram Uddin Ahmed is the Founder chairman of the bank and Mr.Kamal Mostafa Chowdhury is the Founder Vice-Chairman & Director Of the Bank\n\nHistory\nThe bank was founded on 3 June 1999, with an approved capital of 750 million taka. ",
"In 2016 it expanded outside Bangladesh by opening branches in Saudi Arabia.",
"\n\nFinancial Services\n SME Banking\n Retails Banking\n Card Service (Credit & Debit)\n Foreign Exchange & Related Services\n Probashi Banking\n Agent Banking\n Islami Banking\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Banks of Bangladesh\nCategory:Banks established in 1988"
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[
"Q:\n\nI want to count the number of presses of the button(switch) before it executes\n\nmy code only executes the case 1. ",
"i need if i press 3 times. ",
"it will execute my case 3. ",
"thank you so much\nint pushButton = 13;\n\nvoid setup() {\n Serial.begin(9600);\n pinMode(pushButton, INPUT);\nfor(int pin=10;pin<=12;pin++){\n pinMode(pin,OUTPUT);\n}\n}\n\nvoid loop() {\n int ctr=0;\n int buttonState = digitalRead(pushButton);\n\n if(buttonState ==1)\n {\n ctr+=1; \n Serial.println(ctr);\n\n }\n switch (ctr) {\n case 1:\n Serial.println(\"00000000000000000000\");\n blinking();\n break;\n case 2:\n Serial.println(\"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA\");\n running();\n\n break;\n case 3:\n incremental();\n default: \n Serial.println(\"push the button\");\n}\n\n}\n\nvoid blinking(){\n\n for(int z=0;z<=3;z++){\n for(int i=10;i<=12;i++){\n digitalWrite(i,HIGH);\n }delay(500);\n for(int i=10;i<=12;i++){\n digitalWrite(i,LOW);\n }delay(500);\n }\n\n}\n\nvoid running(){\n for(int z=0;z<=2;z++){ \n for(int i=10;i<=12;i++){\n digitalWrite(i,HIGH);\n delay(500);\n digitalWrite(i,LOW);\n } \n } \n\n}\n\nvoid incremental(){\n for(int z=0;z<=2;z++){\n int d=1500;\n for(int i=10;i<=12;i++){\n digitalWrite(i,HIGH);\n delay(d); d-=500;\n }\n for(int i=10;i<=12;i++){\n digitalWrite(i,LOW);\n }delay(500); \n } \n\n}\n\nmy code only executes the case 1. ",
"i need if i press 3 times. ",
"it will execute my case 3. ",
"thank you so much\n\nA:\n\nChange int ctr=0 to static int ctr=0\nIt is the same thing as declare ctr with global scope.",
"\nIt will not reset to 0 each time loop function is called.",
"\nButton debounce should be checked.",
"\n\n"
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[
"DeFRaG\n\nDeFRaG (also capitalised as defrag, abbreviated as df, and its name comes from « Défis Fragdome ») is a free software modification for id Software's first-person shooter computer game Quake III Arena (Q3A). ",
"The mod is dedicated to player movements and trickjumping. ",
"It aims at providing a platform for self-training, competition, online tricking, machinima making, and trickjumping. ",
"Hence it constitutes an exception among other Q3A mods.",
"\n\nThe mod includes a variety of features—timers and meters, ghost mode, cheat prevention and learning tools. ",
"Specially designed maps are provided that will rely on the player's movement abilities to be completed up to the finish line, while standard Q3A maps and Capture the Flag (CTF) fast captures are supported as well. ",
"Furthermore gamespace physics from both the original Q3A and the Challenge ProMode Arena (CPMA) mod are supported.",
"\n\nThe modification was released to the public in ca. ",
"September–October 2000. ",
"In 2002 DeFRaG was selected as \"Mod of the Week\" at Planet Quake.",
"\n\nOverview \n\nDeFRaG was initially designed for making possible a new kind of competition based on timed runs. ",
"Those competitions called \"DeFRaG runs\" differ from common speedruns in several ways. ",
"Unlike speedruns, DeFRaG runs are not done in maps from an out-of-the-box original game, but in specially designed and customed DeFRaG maps, and there are no opponents to be vanquished during the run. ",
"Because of their design many of these maps cannot be completed by normal player skills; rather trickjumping skills are indispensable. ",
"Furthermore start-, checkpoints-, and stop-triggers are built into the maps. ",
"As a proof of the accomplishment the mod automatically records a demo of every map completed successfully. ",
"Along with the demo, the precise time in which the map was completed is stored.",
"\n\nCompetition and community \nThe mod's competitive method is lent to it by an online infrastructure which has triggered the formation of a transnational community. ",
"Players download custom-designed maps (more than 6000 DeFRaG maps are available) and aim to complete the map's objectives in the shortest time possible. ",
"The best times can be submitted to online high score tables, which are keeping track of the fastest times for particular maps. ",
"These online scoreboards can be global or encompass certain regions only. ",
"During the mod's highest popularity, the DeFRaG development team periodically released new map packs, containing a number of officially sanctioned maps. ",
"These are generally the only maps on which times are accepted for the official website high score tables. ",
"In consequence the DeFraG community's individual members engage and specialize in one or more different practices: trickjumping itself, movie making, map making, coding, maintaining websites, portals (for interaction and as archives for maps and movies), and online scoreboards.",
"\n\nViolence \nThe DeFRaG modification completely removes violence from the otherwise visceral first-person shooter. ",
"The gameplay mode or discipline called \"deathmatch\" came of age with Doom and was also in Q3A, the latter being dedicated to multiplayer competition. ",
"From these games electronic sports, and particularly its professional variant emerged. ",
"The same games drove the computer games and violence controversy to unprecedented heights. ",
"While the Doom series was heavily criticized for its gory content, the problem with Q3A was seen to be its focus on deathmatch, because in this discipline the ultimate objective is to kill (\"frag\"), as many other players as possible. ",
"But in DeFRaG's gameplay modes killing opponents has no place whatsoever. ",
"DeFRaG gameplay is all about improving the skills to exploit the peculiarities of the Q3A physics in order to move faster, to navigate along courses through the map topographies formerly deemed to be impossible, or to perform moves as yet unseen. ",
"In consequence, the in-game weapons are no more regarded as instruments of destruction. ",
"Rather DeFRaG players use them as tools for moving around gamespace. ",
"This transformation of a first-person shooter into a vehicle for \"virtual gymnastics\" meanwhile has gradually been recognized by mainstream media. ",
"It is thrown into the public discourse as a counterweight to the stereotype of computer games fostering violent behaviour. ",
"The DeFRaG mod stars prominently in this.",
"\n\nMovie making \nThe high-skill requirement of the game, along with the fast pace, cause that game movies are often made using content created by playing DeFRaG game modes. ",
"Within the community's tradition, especially the fastest runs, difficult trickjumping techniques are included in sequence. ",
"The DeFRaG demo-playback system includes settings to view the primary player from various angles and perspectives. ",
"This is in line with the history of the machinima phenomenon which originates from the speedrun community of Quake, the first game in the series. ",
"By following the argumentation of Stanford historian of science and technology Henry Lowood, DeFRaG can be called an instance of transformative high-performance play.",
"\n\nSome of these movies won gaming industry awards. ",
"For instance the freestyle trickjumping movie Tricking iT2 by Jethro Brewin \"jrb\" won five Golden Llamas Awards in 2004. ",
"The categories were: Best Picture, Best Audio, Best Tech, Best Editing and Direction, and Best Quake Movie. ",
"In the following year the trick-stunt movie Reaching Aural Nirvana by \"mrks\" won a Golden Llamas Award in the category Best Audio. ",
"Also in 2005 the art-house short movie defragged directed by Margit Nobis, an instance of Q3A machinima (its name is borrowed from the DeFRaG mod) was shown at numerous prestigious festivals, including the Vienna Independent Shorts festival.",
"\n\nGameplay \n\nAll maps share the common objective of finishing in the fastest time possible, but there are variations on how this is achieved. ",
"Run mode is a flat-out race which the objective is to finish line. ",
"In accuracy mode, map is completed after a certain number of targets have been hit with the railgun (a Q3A sniper rifle). ",
"Level mode is similar to run, but map provide a number of alternative ways of reaching the finish line. ",
"In fast caps mode, the time is measured since the flag has been taken. ",
"Training mode usually requires the successful usage of a particular technique in order to complete the level. ",
"There also \"freestyle\" maps without primary objective, but where the player may practise particular techniques. ",
"The type of map can usually be seen in its name, although some do not follow this convention.",
"\n\nThere are two game physics and ruleset modes—Vanilla Quake 3 (VQ3) and Challenge ProMode (CPM). ",
"VQ3 is an original Q3A physics and game ruleset; CPM is an altered game physics delivered from Challenge ProMode Arena modification. ",
"It provides a gamemode which includes physics allowing for better air-control, rebalanced weapons, fast weapon switching and improvements of jumping techniques.",
"\n\nTechniques \nThe completion of a DeFRaG map requires the use of a variety of trickjumping techniques. ",
"Most Training maps involve only one or two methods, but some more complicated Run and Level maps can require any number. ",
"Various map sections can require quick timing, combination, and flawless execution of several techniques.",
"\n\nJumping techniques \nJumping techniques allows a player to move faster, farther and/or jump higher. ",
"The most common techniques included in Q3A and DeFRaG itself includes bunny hopping, air strafing, strafe-jumping, circle-jumping, ramp-jumping, etc.",
"\n\nBunny-hopping is the most basic method of fast movement in which player is jumping repeatedly instead of running in order to move faster. ",
"Strafe-jumping (SJ) is a technique necessary to complete the majority of DeFRaG maps, and is considered to be the most fundamental technique in trick jumping. ",
"It is only possible because of a specificity of the game's physics unintentionally allowing moving vectors to add up to greater acceleration. ",
"Basically, no matter if the player's character is moving on the ground (running) or is airborne (jumping), the game engine always strives to limit its speed. ",
"However, already in the original Quake it was discovered that by non-trivial timed sequences of striking the direction keys (involving moving sideways, \"strafing\" in gamer language) and movements of the mouse, this limitation of speed could be overcome. ",
"As the Quake engines are the basis of many games, the possibility of strafe jumping is existing within other games, too. ",
"But Q3A's trickjumping community developed several distinct sub-techniques including single-beat strafe-jumping, single-beat strafe-jumping with airchange, double-beat strafe-jumping, half-beat strafe-jumping, and inverted strafe-jumping. ",
"The DeFRaG mod includes a helping tool, the Camping Gaz Head-Up Display (CGazHUD), which provides conveniently graphically formatted real-time feedback on acceleration and angles involved.",
"\n\nCircle-jumping (CJ) is based on the same principles as strafe-jumping; circle-jumping more often than not is used as the starting technique for a strafe-jumping run. ",
"Another technique involves ramped surfaces and it's called ramp-jumping; jumping on a ramped surface gives a height boost.",
"\nAir strafing can be done when the player is in the air, simply keeping him-/herself aligned at the optimal angle in relation to where the player wants to go, making the player go farther and faster whilst airborne; one of the methods for reaching difficult places.",
"\n\nWeapon techniques \n\nWeapon-jumping techniques requires the player jumps off the ground and, by using the proper weapon, immediately afterwards fires a bullet (rocket, grenade, plasma or BFG plasma) onto the spot on the floor exactly or very near beneath her/him. ",
"The damage of the resulting blast delivers momentum to the player's character and propels her/him higher into the air than possible by regular jumping. ",
"The gain in momentum can be used for vertical, horizontal, and diagonal movement. ",
"In Q3A four weapons makes self-splash damage and can be combined with each other—rocket and grenade launcher, BFG10K and plasma gun.",
"\n\nRocket-jumping (RJ) is the only tricking technique using a weapon that can commonly be observed in Q3A professional deathmatch competition—in spite of the resulting cost in health with self-inflicting splash damage enabled in this game mode. ",
"Depending on the size and topography of the map and proper synchronisation, two or larger number of rockets can be timed to impact on the very same spot a fraction of a second or n-th after the player arrives there. ",
"Thus the player can capitalize on the added momentum furnished by the detonation of multiple projectiles, accelerate substantially and travel long distances airborne. ",
"When playing in DeFRaG's multiplayer mode, projectiles fired by other players can be used as well.",
"\n\nGrenade-jumping (GJ) is a technique which demands more exacting timing, because the grenade-launcher's projectile ricochets after it is launched, and its detonation is delayed. ",
"Combining more than one grenade in order to make GJ is also possible but may require more players due to detonation delay. ",
"BFG-jumping is a technique kin to rocket-jumping, and only insofar different as the BFG has a higher rate of fire and makes more splash damage. ",
"Plasma-jumping, also called plasma-hopping, is a technique in which plasma gives slight boost to the jump.",
"\n\nTeam tricking weapon-jumpings requires teamwork with minimum one additional player. ",
"In DeFRaG every weapon can be used in this technique; the other player's weapon may deliver additional momentum. ",
"Most common team techniques includes gauntlet-, rocket-, grenade- and rail-jumping.",
"\n\nThe plasma gun can be used to climb along walls (a technique called plasma-climbing). ",
"The vertical climb is the most basic variant. ",
"The successive recoil of the gun's rapid fire then lifts the player up the wall. ",
"By various combinations of direction-keys and mouselook horizontal and diagonal paths are possible as well. ",
"Expert performers can change the directions of travel en route, climb down and up again, climb along curved walls, and hit high walls from mid-air to plasma-climb in any direction.",
"\n\nTechniques exploiting bugs \nTechniques exploiting bugs capitalize on flaws in the game engine which in some maps lend special qualities to certain locations resulting in Q3A physics anomalies.",
"\n\nIf at particular spots the player falls from a certain height to the ground, they will be catapulted up again, although no jumppad is present (the technique is named overbounce). ",
"Overbounces can be combined with weapon techniques. ",
"The DeFRaG mod includes an \"overbounce detector\", a tool that helps the player to identify locations in maps where an overbounce is possible. ",
"A variety of overbounce opportunities has been discovered, made into techniques, and have been named accordingly: vertical, horizontal, sticky, diagonal (\"weird\"), zero-ups diagonal, and slippery diagonal overbounce.",
"\n\nAt certain locations when a player steps near a wall and jumps to it she/he will end up \"sticking\" to the wall in mid-air. ",
"Now the player can perform a speed-gaining technique like strafe-jumping without her/his character moving from the spot, but \"accelerating\" nevertheless. ",
"This is a real anomaly as the player character does not move in gamespace, but the game engine ascribes ever higher speed to it. ",
"The player then can \"unstick\" from the wall by firing a splash damage weapon into it, and subsequently will move with the speed gained \"on the spot\". ",
"This technique is called \"sticky wall\" or \"rebounce\".",
"\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nDeFRaG download\nQ3DF.ORG—Community\nFormer official website (cggdev.org) [2008-2011] at Internet Archive Wayback Machine\nFormer official website (defraggers.free.fr) [2003-2006] at Internet Archive Wayback Machine\nQuake 3 DeFRaG Center: Breakdown-HQ Former community website\nArenas Episode 5: DeFrag—A machinima movie about DeFRaG\n\nCategory:Esports games\nCategory:First-person shooters\nCategory:Open-source video games\nCategory:Linux games\nCategory:MacOS games\nCategory:Multiplayer online games\nCategory:Quake III Arena mods\nCategory:Windows games"
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"Extreme Metal – Reviews, Gigs, Interviews and more\n\nDoombringer – The Grand Sabbath\n\nNWN! ",
"Productions, 2014\n\n8.5/10 – Antti Mikonmäki\n\nPolish Doombringer (founded by members from Bestial Raids and Cultes Des Ghoules) plays that ancient doomish death metal made known most notably by bands like Necros Christos and Grave Miasma, but fortunately most of the bands in this genre still have those small differences which make them sound quite original, and Doombringer is no exception.",
"\n\nThe first long song gives a good vision of the album as a whole, but leaves you wanting for more. ",
"Although no more real surprises emerge, every song is a pleasure to hear.",
"\n\nThe riffs are quite typical to the genre, with sometimes thrashy vibes, and nice leads here and there. ",
"Fans of slow death metal will love the clanky massive bass with cool lines, and the drummer plays very good as well. ",
"The songs shift between slow or mid-tempo old school death metal rolling, with faster parts and randomly a bit more technical groovy jams keeping things interesting. ",
"The overall sound of the album is very warm and reverberating.",
"\n\nIf you would listen to this stuff without the vocals, it would sound like watching some tortured spirits hover above an ancient necropolis where rituals are being performed in candlelight under the ominous moon. ",
"However, the vocals which come from a more black metal oriented frame of mind (reminding of bands like Katharsis or Venenum to name a few), instead of being typical death metal growls, fit the music great. ",
"At times clear atmospheric shouting and ritual chanting bring the ceremony even more to life, and there is even a De Mysteriis Dom Attila -vibe going on at certain parts.",
"\n\nIt’s nice to notice the band (when it comes to song-structures) have skills to pull off a few awesome, dreamy, growing and peaking parts, among the more traditional death metal majesty. ",
"If you look at the album-cover while listening to the music, you start to notice similar (to the cover artwork) kind of 70’ies-vibe going on among the songs. ",
"Whether or not this is intentional or accidental makes no difference, as it works like a candle on an altar.",
"\n\nIf bands like Necros Christos, Grave Miasma, Drowned, Cruciamentum, Embrace Of Thorns, Vastum and similar do not completely satisfy your appetite for corpse-smelling visions of ritual chambers, this band offers you the same stuff with a personal touch. ",
"In fact, this band belongs among the great and old ones for sure!"
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[
"This month, for the first time, the Thames and the Mediterranean are connected by a direct train: Eurostar's new year-round link from London St Pancras to Marseille St-Charles. ",
"So, you can breakfast in the capital, then whizz along High Speed One (opened 2007) through Kent to the Channel Tunnel (opened 1994) before slotting into France's ever-expanding high-speed network (opened 1981).",
"\n\nRelax as almost the entire length of France blurs past at 186mph, and cross the \"classic\" line that once carried the Orient Express east from the Seine to the Bosphorus. ",
"Pause only in the fine cities of Lyon and Avignon, and arrive in the deep south within six-and-a-half hours of leaving London. ",
"Planes may be marginally quicker, but they will be more stressful. ",
"And with fares starting at £49.50, the train is regaining the edge from flying – no air passenger duty payable (Eurostar: 03432 186 186; eurostar.com).",
"\n\nOnce in Marseille, you could change to a ferry and continue across Corsica, or take one of the dramatic lines that snake along the coast, clinging to the cliffs east to Nice and Menton, or beside the gentler shores west to the Spanish frontier. ",
"Not that there is any need to stop at the border: France has easy links to all its neighbours: Spain, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany and Switzerland; Basel station even has a special terminus for French trains. ",
"From Basel, you could be back in Paris in three hours aboard a Train à Grande Vitesse, the high-speed backbone of French long-distance travel, or board a \"classic\" EuroCity train, the Vauban, beside the Rhine through Alsace and Lorraine to the city of Metz.",
"\n\nYou can also fly from the UK into France's leading airports and connect straight into the rail network – excellent news for people who do not live near the Eurostar terminals in London or Ashford. ",
"Paris Charles de Gaulle, the busiest airport in Continental Europe, has the widest range of links, while Lyon is the alternative plane-to-train gateway, with the airport astride the TGV \"bypass\" line built between Paris and the south.",
"\n\nFrom Marseille you can continue along the Côte d’Azur (Simon Calder)\n\nGranted, not everything is perfect about rail travel to, from and through France. ",
"When you return north from Marseille to London, everyone is herded off the train at Lille to complete security and frontier formalities. ",
"SNCF, the nationalised organisation that runs the trains, makes the business of buying tickets and reserving seats – online or at stations – unnecessarily complex. ",
"In Britain, you can buy an open ticket easily, but should you decide to travel on a whim from Perpignan to Nimes or Nantes to Paris, you could find all seats taken. ",
"And disruption, in my experience, is handled less effectively in France than in Britain.",
"\n\nYet this is a nation devoted to the railway. ",
"Recently a \"rail Ryanair\" was introduced, in the shape of the Ouigo proposition: high-speed, high-density trains that link cities such as Lyon and Marseille with Marne-la-Vallée, east of Paris, with fares from as little as €10 if you book in advance (ouigo.com).",
"\n\nOn other lines, the iDTGV proposition on conventional services allows dramatic savings. ",
"Booking just a day ahead for the 360-mile trip between Paris and Bordeaux can yield one-way fares as low as €29 in first class, a quarter of the normal fare. ",
"And the trains are impressively swift: on the newest high-speed line, from Paris to Strasbourg, services touch 200mph, covering the 300 miles in 2 hours 17 minutes.",
"\n\nThe real joy of French rail travel, though, is to be found away from high-speed lines. ",
"Even on the outskirts of Paris, the line curling around from the modestly impressive St-Lazare terminus to Versailles presents a fascinating fresh vision of the capital. ",
"In the Ardennes, Normandy or the Massif Central, you can rattle through la France profonde along branch lines linking market towns or soar into the Alps and Pyrenees. ",
"Whichever track you take, you will understand why France welcomes more tourists than any other country in the world.",
"\n\nGare de Lyon has embraced the TGV era with flair Slope off\n\nIf you like to save the best bit of a journey until last, then the seasonal Ski Train run by Eurostar to the heart of the French Alps should enthral you. ",
"The first hour is humdrum (with one-third of it spent beneath the Channel). ",
"The next three hours are impressively fast, skipping past Paris and across Burgundy. ",
"Once you reach the charmingly old-school station at Chambéry, the fun starts: carving through Alpine valleys, the mountains rising ever more ambitiously around you and the station names showing this is prime wintersport territory: Albertville, host city for the 1992 Winter Olympics; Moutiers; Aime-la-Plagne. ",
"The controls are set for the heart of Mont Blanc, but the train hits its terminus a little short of Europe's highest peak, at Bourg-St-Maurice – where a funicular whisks you straight to Les Arcs.",
"\n\nIsland line\n\nThere is much to be said for low-speed trains, as the four-hour journey across the spine of Corsica demonstrates. ",
"This five-a-day link (only twice on Sundays) hoists you from Napoleon's home town, Ajaccio, into the mountains, reaching areas excluded to anyone but rail passengers and hikers on the parallel GR20 long-distance trail.",
"\n\nMake time to pause in the ancient city of Corte, ideal for a lunch stop and for stretching your legs. ",
"At Ponte Leccia you can switch to the north-west line to L'ile Rousse and Calvi, where package tourism began in 1950, or continue to the charming harbour and enticing restaurants of Bastia.",
"\n\nA €49 ticket will give you the freedom of the island's railway network for a week, which for independent travellers is good news – since Corsica is the worst island for hitchhiking in the entire Mediterranean (cf-corse.fr).",
"\n\nEnjoy an open-top ride (Alamy) Due south\n\nIn the olden days, long-distance railways in France followed the nation's river system. ",
"One of the main lines south from Paris shadowed the Seine and the Yonne, then picked up the Saone and the Rhône. ",
"But the other traced a strict north-south course, picking up the Loire, its tributary the Allier and the Gardon. ",
"The southern part of this line still echoes with daily InterCité services.",
"\n\nFrom the capital of the Massif Central, Clermont-Ferrand, the train swerves through the Auvergne, heading up ever further alongside the fast, young Allier. ",
"Then the descent towards the Mediterranean begins, through the intriguing old town of Ales – where the discordant twin industries are mining and silk. ",
"Journey's end is Nimes, where ancient Rome and modern France converge so agreeably.",
"\n\nOpen-top ride\n\nThe 39-mile journey from the pleasant spa town of Villefranche, in Languedoc-Roussillon to the gritty station at Latour-de-Carol, in the High Pyrenees, comprises the most dramatic feat of engineering on the entire French network. ",
"Nineteen tunnels and two bridges – including a spectacular suspension effort – guide the metre-gauge trains into the mountains, reaching a high point almost one mile above the Mediterranean at Bolquère-Eyne.",
"\n\nThe line is only half the fun: this is the one service on the entire SNCF network which boasts an open carriage, offering 360-degree views of some of France's finest scenery. ",
"When you reach Latour-de-Carol, take note that this is the one station with three different gauges: standard, metre and Iberian – because trains from Barcelona and Toulouse also converge here. ",
"To continue: either take the splendid journey down to Toulouse, or take a bus back to Villefranche so you can admire the engineering from a different perspective.",
"\n\nGrands départs\n\nFrance's stations range from sleepy rural halts to grand termini. ",
"In Paris, the Gare de l'Est, where once the Orient Express arrived and departed, is the most impressive, both within its delicate roof and for its monumental façade. ",
"But Gare du Nord, used by Eurostar, is no slouch – take time to admire the fine architecture and constant sense of energy.",
"\n\nTake a train north for an hour, if you wish, to admire the prototype – Lille-Flandres, where the original Paris Gare du Nord was shipped and painstakingly rebuilt almost brick-by-brick. ",
"In provincial France, my favourite stations on the main lines are Metz (Imperial German architecture at its mightiest) and Limoges, where the breathtaking 1920s design is as lyrical as the station's name: Bénédictins.",
"\n\nBack in Paris, while Montparnasse is a modern monstrosity, Gare de Lyon has embraced the TGV era with flair – and Le Train Bleu brasserie remains the finest station catering spot in Europe. ",
"The best Parisian terminus is no longer open to passengers: it is now the Musée d'Orsay (musee-orsay.fr), the modern art museum, with trains consigned to the bleak RER lines beneath the surface.",
"\n\nHow to book\n\nYou might imagine that buying a train ticket in 21st-century France is easy. ",
"But queues can be long, and websites complex. ",
"If you prefer the human touch, Voyages-SNCF.com has a walk-in office at 193 Piccadilly in central London.",
"\n\nCommercial ventures are often easier than the official French Railways site, with capitainetrain.com one of the best. ",
"UK organisations such as loco2.com are also well connected to booking platforms. ",
"For finding times, the German site bahn.de is efficient.",
"\n\nThe most useful format for planning is the monthly European Rail Timetable (europeanrailtimetable.eu). ",
"You can pre-order the June edition for £15.99.",
"\n\nOnce in France, \"walk-up\" tickets are reasonably priced. ",
"Don't forget to compostez votre billet, i.e. stamp it in the yellow platform machine, or you will face an onboard fine.",
"\n\nPrint-at-home tickets are the only way to go if you are taking advantage of Ouigo or iDTGV fares."
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"SANFORD, Fla. – A series of witnesses testified Monday morning that George Zimmerman was the voice screaming in the background during a crucial 911 recording that contained the sound of the gunshot that killed Trayvon Martin.",
"\n\n“Yes, definitely, it’s Georgie… I hear him screaming,” testified Sondra Osterman, one of several witnesses called by the defense on Monday. ",
"Osterman worked with Zimmerman at a mortgage firm and said she was best friends with Zimmerman’s wife.",
"\n\nState prosecutor Bernie de la Rionda focused on a non-emergency phone call recording in which Zimmerman said “these f****** punks, they always get away,” playing it four times during Osterman’s testimony.",
"\n\nOsterman identified Zimmerman’s voice in that recording but said she didn’t believe he sounded angry. ",
"Zimmerman’s anger leading up to the shooting is a key component of the second-degree murder charge against him. ",
"In Florida, second-degree murder requires “ill-will, hatred, and spite.”",
"\n\nOsterman’s husband, Mark, said that the voice “just sounded like George.” ",
"He noted that he spoke on the phone to Zimmerman as often as he spoke to him in person. ",
"Mark Osterman testified last week as a state witness.",
"\n\nMark Osterman also taught Zimmerman how to shoot firearms. ",
"Asked if he thought he’d taught Zimmerman how to shoot properly, Osterman said “I hope so.”",
"\n\nOsterman also testified about the safety features of Zimmerman’s gun, a Kel-Tec 9 millimeter.",
"\n\n“It was chosen for the reason of, it didn’t have an exterior safety,” said Osterman, a federal air marshall. ",
"He said that no law enforcement agent he knew of carried a firearm with an exterior safety.",
"\n\nGeri Russo, who worked with Zimmerman at Digital Risk, a mortgage company, also testified, “I have no doubt in my mind that that’s his voice” heard screaming during the emergency call.",
"\n\nLeanne Benjamin is a Sanford-area real estate agent who became friends with Zimmerman. ",
"She identified Zimmerman’s voice as the scream and said “I know what his voice sounds like when he gets excited or loud.”",
"\n\nMonday was the second day that the subject of voice identification was considered during the trial.",
"\n\nOn Friday, Trayvon Martin’s mother, Sybrina Fulton testified that it was her son’s voice screaming on the recording.",
"\n\nLater that same day, Zimmerman’s mother and uncle were the defense’s first witnesses and identified Zimmerman as the screamer.",
"\n\nA spokesman for Zimmerman’s defense team tells The DC that they expect their case to end by Wednesday depending upon the length of the state’s cross-examinations."
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"Negotiation Parties\n\nMap of the Settlement Area\n\nOverview\n\nOn April 22, 1992, the Gwich’in Tribal Council, the GNWT, and the Government of Canada signed the Gwich'in Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement and the accompanying Implementation Plan. ",
"The Agreement took effect on December 22, 1992. ",
"Chapter 5 of the Gwich’in Agreement provides that Government and the Gwich’in can negotiate self-government agreements appropriate to the unique circumstances of the Gwich’in and in conformity with the Constitution of Canada. ",
"A self-government agreement would be brought into effect through federal or territorial legislation, or both. ",
"The Gwich'in, GNWT and Canada are currently negotiating a self-government agreement.",
"\n\nFrequently Asked Questions\n\n1.Who are the Gwich’in?",
"\nThe Gwich’in have traditionally used and occupied lands in the Northwest Territories and the Yukon from time immemorial. ",
"The Gwich’in Tribal Council represents Dene people indigenous to the Gwich’in Settlement Area, including the following designated Gwich’in organizations: Gwichya Gwich'in Council (Tsiigehtchic), Tetlit Gwich'in Council (Fort McPherson), Ehdiitat Gwich'in Council (Aklavik), and Nihtat Gwich'in Council (Inuvik).",
"\n\n2.Who are the parties involved in the negotiations?",
"\nThe Gwich'in Tribal Council, the Government of Canada, and the Government of the Northwest Territories are negotiating this agreement.",
"\n\n3.Why are the parties negotiating?",
"\nChapter 5 of the Gwich’in Agreement provides that Government and the Gwich’in can negotiate self-government agreements appropriate to the unique circumstances of the Gwich’in and in conformity with the Constitution of Canada. ",
"The parties are also negotiating to implement the Gwich’in inherent right to self-government.",
"\n\n4. ",
"What are the negotiations about?",
"\nSelf-government will provide the Gwich’in with the ability to make decisions at the regional level. ",
"The completed Final Self-Government Agreement is expected to implement the Gwich’in’s inherent right to self-government by describing the structure and powers of its government.",
"\n\n5. ",
"What stage are the negotiations at? ",
"What is the next step in the negotiation process?",
"\nNegotiators for the parties completed a first full draft of an AIP on April 8, 2016. ",
"The parties are in the process of reviewing the AIP internally."
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"Q:\n\nProhibit the acces to index.php on wamp\n\nWamp is installed on a local server.",
"\nHow can i prohibit the users from opening \n http://<server-ip>:<port-no>/index.php \n\nbut i should be able to log into the server and open the index.php \nbasically, i am trying to restrict the users to see the list of deployed apps on the wamp.",
"\n\nA:\n\nUse either a .htaccess file or modify your apache configuration to deny users access, only allowing your own IP address (probably 127.0.0.1).",
"\nSee this page for a good starting guide: http://www.htaccess-guide.com/deny-visitors-by-ip-address/\n\n"
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"For those of you who missed it last week, I posted about taking a Tolkien seminar, and offered to share some notes each week from the class. ",
"I do want to make a couple of disclaimers before I begin:\n\n1. ",
"I am, of course, not the expert here-- I am going to try and avoid giving basic objective information because I don't have sources other than my professor to cite, and while many of the facts/quotes I have here are from texts that we will be reading in the course, there are several we haven't read yet, and I don't want to post things that I haven't read (or read in a while) myself. ",
"So, instead, I am going to focus more on big ideas, themes in the course, and discussion topics. ",
"I haven't done something like this before, so bear with me until I figure out how to better organize this kind of thing! (",
"and feel free to give advice or ask questions or make requests about topics-- I'm cutting a lot of notes out in doing this, so the content of these posts is very much subjective, on my part)\n\n2. ",
"I am not reliable. ",
"Anybody who even remotely knows me knows this. ",
"I plan on having this be kind of weekly, but stuff comes up sometimes, I'm incredibly busy with classes and grad school/job applications, and it may happen that I miss a week here or there, and that'll just be me being me. ",
"I will try and let you know if I'll be gone for a week.",
"\n\nBasic Intro, Language\n\nSo, to start, we have reading the works of Tolkien through the lens of four threads of his life that shaped his works:\n\nBy \"asterisk worlds,\" what our professor described had to do with word origins being associated with world origins. ",
"In the dictionary, next to most words, there is a word with an asterisk next to it, which is the root or whichever word you're looking up-- she called that the \"asterisk\" word. ",
"Logically, there had to be a culture in which that asterisk word existed. ",
"For example, she took the word \"lunatic\"-- and pointed out that the origin of that word, luna is Latin for \"moon.\" ",
"In our culture, there is no association between the moon and being crazy, but that must have been the case at some point, based on that word. ",
"She called that the \"asterisk world\"-- a hypothetical world, based on languages and \"philology.\"",
"\n\nIt's also what Tolkien calls the \"secondary world,\" in On Fairy Stories.",
"\n\nI knew that language was important to Tolkien, but I hadn't looked at it in this way before. ",
"I guess if I want to make this a discussion, I would interject here with a question-- where in Tolkien's fiction work do you see worlds created by language? ",
"Do you have any thoughts on the role/usage of philology in TH, The Sil, or LOTR?",
"\n\nFlaws in The Hobbit\n\nThe first work we read in the course was The Hobbit, mainly because our professor saw it was Tolkien teaching himself how to create a mythology. ",
"She called TH a \"deeply flawed\" work, partly because it is practically negated at points by On Fairy Stories, but also because it doesn't end in the same way it begins. ",
"Some specific problems that we addressed:\n\n1. ",
"Lapses in narration-- there are several things that don't seem to quite \"fit\" in Middle Earth that are mentioned in The Hobbit. ",
"One of the dwarves mentions, during the scene with the stone giants, that he doesn't want to be punted over the mountains \"like a football.\" ",
"There is another mention of Bilbo carrying out an activity in with the same amount of ease that \"you or I would go to the post-office.\"",
"\n\n2. ",
"The Rivendell elves are cute/silly, and absolutely not something that we come across at any other point in the Middle Earth mythos. ",
"Our professor described them as \"Oscar Wilde characters.\" ",
"Elrond is depicted as more serious, but it doesn't even sound like he is actually an elf at all; the text describes him as an \"elf-friend.\"",
"\n\n3. ",
"The Mirkwood elves-- they're more serious than the Rivendell elves, but the problem our professor pointed out is that they basically seem like humans. ",
"They're greedy, they play tricks, they get drunk, they hunt, etc-- In some ways, they seem just like the people of Lake Town.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Animals that talk (in Beorn's house)-- this is Disney, which Tolkien detested. ",
"Tolkien never has another talking animal like this again.",
"\n\nSo, what do you think of these \"lapses\"? ",
"Do you prefer LOTR to TH because of this, or the other way around? ",
"Did you see these as lapses when you read them-- were they jarring to you? (",
"On that note, did you read TH before or after reading LOTR?) ",
"Personally, I always preferred the language of LOTR-- not because it was more serious, because it was more removed from this world, which is one of the reasons I've always loved fantasy.",
"\n\nNext week, I think I'm going to talk more about TH as it relates to Tolkien's theory of fantasy.",
"\n\n\"When we can take green from grass, blue from heaven, and red from blood, we have already an enchanter's power—upon one plane; and the desire to wield that power in the world external to our minds awakes.\" ",
"--J. R. R. Tolkien\n\nYou're getting a good, deep study of Tolkien! ",
"But, gracious, I would not consider The Hobbit to be \"deeply flawed\"...\n\n1. ",
"It does intersect with our reality in some places, but then, so does LotR, and these can be \"explained\" by assuming that both narrations are from the Red Book, and the \"translator\" has used current terms for descriptions we may not comprehend.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Tolkien did not realize when he was writing The Hobbit who Elrond would turn out to be. ",
"He is both Elf, and Elf-friend, being Halfelven, so Tolkien is actually correct! ",
"As to the silly elves - well, there are those of us who assume that Bilbo and the dwarves met up with a group of younger and more \"immature\" elves, and who knows what punishment was meted upon them by their elders for their disrespect of their guests! ",
"The more mature elves were there, just not in the narration.",
"\n\n3. ",
"The Mirkwood elves are \"dark elves\", who do indeed bear some \"mannish\" characteristics.",
"\n\n4. ",
"No animals talk in Beorn's house! ",
"They do various chores, but Beorn speaks to them \"in a queer language like animal noises turned into talk\". ",
"They do not speak in human languages. ",
"The avian characters, on the other hand, the eagles and ravens, do speak, and indeed Gwaihir speaks to Gandalf in LotR. I contend that theirs is not \"Disneyfied\" speech, rather it is a matter of: the Eagles being, in the legendarium, messengers of Manwe; and the ravens having learned the speech of the dwarves, which some birds in our own world also have the ability to do; perhaps not as intelligently, but studies have shown amazing intelligence in certain bird species.",
"\n\nWell! ",
"It appears that I would be a challenging student for your professor! ",
"Will you be able to share our responses with her? ",
"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\nIt was not a book by a person who took himself seriously as an author of fiction. ",
"The 10-yr-old son of an Stanley Unwin, a major publisher and friend of Tolkien, read it and liked it so much his father wanted to publish it. ",
"To make it more salable, Tolkien was asked to \"finish\" it, which he did. ",
"However, the last (added) bits have a much darker and more adult tone than the original parts.",
"\n\nAs dernwyn points out, Beorn's animals do not actually talk, although they are designed to appeal to young kids. ",
"And, although Tolkien had privately written a lot about the Elves of Middle Earth at that time, The Hobbit wasn't really intended to fit seamlessly into that universe, and doesn't.",
"\n\nTolkien's \"obsession\" with words was actually his profession: he was a philologist, which is a discipline concerned with the history of language, including derivations of words from other \"ancestor\" languages. ",
"He was particularly interested in the Nordic languages and their impact on early English. ",
"Here's an interesting article (the author posts here often as visualweasel) on Tolkien's ideosyncratic word for more than one dwarf.",
"\n\nI don't use the word \"obsession\" with a negative connotation; I suppose it comes across as inherently negative, but that, then, is a mistake on my part. ",
"I do understand Tolkien's background with languages, as his profession as a professor and philologist. ",
"My professor used the word \"obsession\"-- I can't speak for her, but I think what she meant by that is that he made it both his salary-earning job as well as his personal hobby. ",
"As you pointed out, he wrote TH as a book for his son, while bringing in Norse philological elements like \"Gandalf\" and \"Beorn.\" ",
"Writing literature wasn't something that he saw as a legitimate paying profession, but it is something that he loved to do, outside of his job. ",
"I think what my professor meant was along the lines of, \"this is what he is very much concerned with while writing these books/essays we're reading, so be sure to keep that in mind. ",
"This is where he is coming from.\"",
"\n\n(and btw, my professor's husband is also a college professor and a medieval/Old English linguist, so she clearly doesn't see an obsession with language as a bad thing, either)\n\nAs far as the children's book aspect of TH goes, I think he did, in part, want to include it in the same universe as LOTR; otherwise, he wouldn't have changed Riddles in the Dark. ",
"I agree that it doesn't fit seamlessly, and maybe it wasn't meant to, but I also think that there is certainly a tension there that isn't ideal. ",
"Even if The Hobbit is a children's book, one of the reasons he disliked Disney so much is that it made traditional fairy stories \"silly\"-- even though Disney movies *are* for children-- which seems to be exactly what TH does. ",
"Yes, it's a children's book, but I think it's significant that the part that Tolkien writes later to actually be published is darker, because it's what he wrote after becoming more aware of the kind of story he was creating for the public.",
"\n\nBtw, thank you for the article and the book recommendation!! ",
"I enjoyed the article, and I'm adding that book to my reading list!",
"\n\n\"When we can take green from grass, blue from heaven, and red from blood, we have already an enchanter's power—upon one plane; and the desire to wield that power in the world external to our minds awakes.\" ",
"--J. R. R. Tolkien\n\nWell, I do agree that there are a few anachronisms in TH. ",
"Gandalf, for instance, chides Bilbo for having opened the door \"like a pop-gun\". ",
"And I always wondered if Bilbo's clock was out of place in the Shire. ",
"So there are some seemingly out of place story elements. ",
"But as for such elements in the narration, I'm not sure it would be fair to call these flaws, as the narration ostensibly comes from a modern speaker. (",
"witness, for example, that the narrator tells us that \"hobbits need some description, nowadays\") Also, I'm not sure that the LotR is completely free from similar \"flaws\", although my impression is that the narration there has a more consistently antiqued tone.",
"\n\nI also don't think that the character of the Elves is a defect in TH. ",
"No doubt they are treated with more gravity in LotR, in general, but Tolkien does show us a more serious side to elves through Elrond in TH. ",
"And they are not without some frivolity in LotR - recall Legolas, for example, flitting about on the snow and teasing Aragorn and Boromir as they labor to clear a path (there are other examples also). ",
"Elves are a strange bunch. ",
"They are immortal, powerful, full of hope, and let's face it: it's nice to have an option to sail to Valinor when the mood takes you. ",
"So why shouldn't they be merry? ",
"Theirs is a different world-view than that of Men or Hobbits or Dwarves. ",
"I think it is a credit to Tolkien that he differentiates them from ourselves in both works.",
"\n\nAnd as for the speech between animals and people, it is present in both books to some degree, although moreso in TH. ",
"Gandalf speaks to Shadowfax and Gwaihir in LotR. I think the mechanism by which this happens is not that important. ",
"I think it generally serves to give each story an ancient feel, recalling an art lost to the ages.",
"\n\nOf course, I did read TH first. ",
"I think that could make a big difference in a reader's perception. ",
"But if LotR is a grander and much more complex tale, does that make it better? ",
"It may be that TH doesn't quite touch the ground in the same way that the sequel does, but is this necessarily a bad thing? ",
"I often find myself thinking that Tolkien's true masterpiece - the book he was truly born to write - is the flightier, and simply enchanting adventure of The Hobbit. \"",
"Good Morning!\"",
"\n\nI'm going to have to grow a thicker skin before posting again next week.",
"\n\nAs far as the Elrond thing goes, I think she meant that the fact that his identity is a little more ambiguous in TH is accented even more by the fact that he seems to be the most serious character in Rivendell. ",
"Similarly, the talking animals who are also setting the table and doing chores around the house do seem to be a bit cartoon-ish, even if they aren't speaking in any human language. (",
"I see the Eagles as being slightly different, simply because they aren't actually \"animals\") Whether or not it's a \"good\" thing, or a \"successful\" thing depends on how you're reading it, and how much you think Tolkien changed his own views between writing TH and writing LOTR (and how much he meant TH to coexist with LOTR).",
"\n\nWe talked about the origin of \"Mirkwood\" a bit, but more in terms of the actual location than the Elves themselves (\"dark wood\").",
"\n\nI think she meant \"flawed\" in that it didn't really fit in with his theory of fantasy, as he wrote it later on. ",
"After all, it was his first published fantasy book, written before he wrote on his theories of fantasy, and something he may still have been getting used to at this point. ",
"While he had bits and pieces of the Sil in mind, he hadn't really drawn the connection between that and TH. ",
"But, of course, it's all a matter of perspective.",
"\n\nWe're talking about Beowulf right now, but these issues will come up again when we read LOTR in the future, and I can bring your comments up then! ",
"We also have an essay due next week (topic of our choice), so I'm also sneakily coming through these comments for ideas.",
"\n\n\"When we can take green from grass, blue from heaven, and red from blood, we have already an enchanter's power—upon one plane; and the desire to wield that power in the world external to our minds awakes.\" ",
"--J. R. R. Tolkien\n\n...because the assignment was to write a sequel. ",
"The problem is, over the time it took to write that universe evolved significantly. ",
"There was some question as to how much of a retrofit TH should get... it turned out to be relatively minor.",
"\n\nWhat I was referring to was the Middle Earth of his history of the Elves in Beleriand, that was eventually published by Christopher as The Silmarillion. ",
"LotR grew closer and closer to that universe, and after it was done Tolkien tried to retrofit Beleriand's history, but that was never completed to his satisfaction.",
"\n\nWell, of course, Tolkien never really wanted TH to coexist with LotR, per se. ",
"He wrote the first book without thought to a sequel (and later resisted his publisher's plea to begin a sequel). ",
"And the tone of the two books is quite different. ",
"But I wonder why it is that readers find it easier to accept a talking tree in LotR than a walking dog in TH, for instance. ",
"Or why does a rope that unties itself not seem overly fanciful to readers of LotR? ",
"I don't really know. \"",
"Good Morning!\"",
"\n\nI guess I'm unsure what we were hoping Laerasea would do when we encouraged her to share the notes from her class?",
"\n\nAre we asking her to defend her professor? ",
"Why would she? ",
"She has a class load to attend to and she has work for this class so we shouldn't be making her do more work.",
"\n\nAnd I surely hope that no one reading this things that these are Laerasea's beliefs. ",
"That would be a misunderstanding about what she offered to do.",
"\n\nI think, if we want her to share, perhaps we can just let the points or questions posed prompt us to think about the subject matter... in the same way the professor is hoping the students will.",
"\n\nBut I don't think it expands our thinking any - nor does it put Laerasea in a good position - if we take this as an some kind of assault on Tolkien so that we rally to his defense.",
"\n\nTo be honest, I'm not sure I can attend properly to the points made because I can't really make myself read The Hobbit. ",
"I've tried and failed at least 4 different times. ",
"And I think some of the reasons I can't seem to bond with the story are covered in the points the professor is making. ",
"And, for me.. for my personal experience... I can't help but think that 'flaws' are perhaps a good way to describe them. ",
"The writing... the story... for me, seems flawed.",
"\n\nTolkien felt, with hindsight, that TH had the flaw of being written 'down' to accommodate children. ",
"He regretted that he did not come to challenge the young set more and write it with more of an adult centered theme and language.",
"\n\nI feel it is hard to categorize flaws due to the fact that what he wrote back then did not fit into any other category and was written in a completely different style. ",
"What was so special, or unique in the end, he opened up a whole different element to writing, that of faerie or fantasy. ",
"And as was said already, he was asked to change course mid-stream.",
"\n\nPerhaps flaws could be entertained if he intended to stay within the confines of classic writing styles. ",
"In another frame of comparison, if the mode of the day was just centered on quality of apple-ness, how would one judge a new element of orange-ness, in term of apple-ness. ",
"But that was what happened with the bulk of the critics of the day. ",
"They could not think in terms of outside of the apple box, partially when they thought orange-ness was just not worthy of consideration.",
"\n\nthat Tolkien himself would probably agree that TH was deeply flawed. ",
"In fact, after reading his letters, I came to the conclusion that he really didn't care for it all that much. ",
"I find it to be a charming little book, though not as good as LOTR or The Sil or even some of his short stories. ",
"Use Well the Days\n\nI hope you understand that it's your professor we're responding to, not you - that's why I referred to myself as a \"challenging student\"!",
"\n\nMagpie has a point: we should make it clear that we're taking your notes from the class and discussing those, as if we were a study group meeting after class. (",
"And I think many of us wish we were with you, so we could bring up our points during the class!)",
"\n\nIn the meantime, I like Al's comment: why would dogs which set tables in The Hobbit be a flaw, and yet a walking tree (huorn) or rope which unknots itself not be considered as such in LotR? ",
"Or - perhaps your professor does consider that they are!",
"\n\nYes, I think we'd all love to be in your class with you!",
"\n\nIn the meantime, I'm hoping that someone here with a better knowledge of On Fairy-stories can come by, and use it to support your professor's positions.",
"\n\nAnd I'll add to the mix a quote which refutes me, from Letter #131 to Milton Waldman - that very long letter which was written sometime in 1951: \"The generally different tone and style of The Hobbit is due, in point of genesis, to it being taken by me as a matter from the great cycle susceptible of treatment as a 'fairy-story', for children. ",
"Some of the details of tone and treatment are, I now think, even on that basis, mistaken. ",
"But I should not wish to change much.\" ",
"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\nI'm cutting a lot of notes out in doing this, so the content of these posts is very much subjective, on my partOf course! ",
"That's the only way to do it - and thank you for making the effort!Logically, there had to be a culture in which that asterisk word existed.",
"Have you ever read either of Shippey's books? ",
"He really loves this kind of speculation.",
"In our culture, there is no association between the moon and being crazy, but that must have been the case at some point, based on that word.???In less than three weeks, it will be fourty years since Pink Floyd's classic was released. ",
"There might not have been one when I was boirn, but there sure is now!where in Tolkien's fiction work do you see worlds created by language? ",
"Well, Tolkien claimed he wrote his stories for his languages. ",
"Perhaps this statement needs to be qualified, but it is.",
"And of course, \"In the beginning there was the Word\".",
"Do you have any thoughts on the role/usage of philology in TH, The Sil, or LOTR?Not at the moment.1. ",
"Lapses in narration-- there are several things that don't seem to quite \"fit\" in Middle Earth that are mentioned in The Hobbit. ",
"Yes. ",
"Did your professor present them as authorial lapses, or does she think Tolkien made them on purpose?One of the dwarves mentions, during the scene with the stone giants, that he doesn't want to be punted over the mountains \"like a football.\" ",
"There is another mention of Bilbo carrying out an activity in with the same amount of ease that \"you or I would go to the post-office.",
"\"Neither of these is critical: one might suppose that many cultures have some kind of football-game (after all, Tolkien meant what Americans call \"soccer\"); and the second one is an authorial interjection. ",
"But yes, anachronisms abound, many of which cannot be explained away like these two.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Our professor described them as \"Oscar Wilde characters.\" ",
"Ha!Elrond is depicted as more serious, but it doesn't even sound like he is actually an elf at all; the text describes him as an \"elf-friend.",
"\"Of mixed ancestry; but you're right.",
"\n\n3. ",
"The Mirkwood elves-- they're more serious than the Rivendell elves, but the problem our professor pointed out is that they basically seem like humans.",
"And not like the best of that spieces.",
"They're greedy, they play tricks, they get drunk, they hunt, etc-- In some ways, they seem just like the people of Lake Town.",
"Yes; but they improve later.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Animals that talk (in Beorn's house)-- this is Disney, which Tolkien detested. ",
"Tolkien never has another talking animal like this again.",
"I disagree. ",
"We never hear the animals speak - as we do Huan in the Sil; and even the fox in LotR thinks very humanly! ",
"To say nothing of Garm in Farmer Giles...But it is true that the concept of \"serving animals\" does not appear again.",
"\n\nDo you prefer LOTR to TH because of this, or the other way around? ",
"I like both books; in general I prefer LotR - but I don't consider this the dominant reason.",
"Did you see these as lapses when you read them-- were they jarring to you? ",
"Yes. ",
"No.",
"On that note, did you read TH before or after reading LOTR?Began before, discarded it, finally did after.",
"\n\nPersonally, I always preferred the language of LOTR-- not because it was more serious, because it was more removed from this world, which is one of the reasons I've always loved fantasy.",
"Well, but I'm not a fantasy fan.",
"\n\n1. ",
"The football reference doesn't bother me any more than the one made earlier in the book to golf. ",
"Indeed, it is not hard at all to imagine Middle-earth children playing a game very much like soccer. ",
"The narrator is also presumed to be a modern translator of the Red Book; there is nothing inherently faulty about his including modern references in his narrative asides.",
"\n\n2. ",
"I can partially write-off the more casual and playful attitudes displayed by the Rivendell Elves as being reflective of a more peaceful period in Middle-earth's history when they are more friendly and relaxed. ",
"But, yes, it is a marked difference.",
"\n\n3. ",
"I don't have any particular problem with the portrayal of the Mirkwood Elves. ",
"They are primarily Avari and lack the learning and wisdom of those who answered the call of the Valar.",
"\n\n4. ",
"As others have remarked, Beorn's animal-friends do not speak as Men do. ",
"They do act in a disturbingly anthropomorphic fashion--mostly when they set the board for dinner. ",
"Now that could have almost come straight out of Disney's Snow White! ",
"The only animals (I'm not counting Smaug or the trolls) that speak the common tongue (Westron) are the Great Eagles, the ravens of Erebor and the giant spiders of Mirkwood. ",
"Of those, I only find the spiders to be Disneyfied to any great extent.",
"\n\nOther flaws occur where Tolkien had not fully developed elements of Middle-earth yet.",
"\n\n5. ",
"There are dates that don't match up with with the hobbits' Shire Reckoning: \"And Thrain your father went away on the twenty-first of April, a hundred years ago last Thursday.\" ",
"Likewise, the author is very specific that the Unexpected Party takes place on Wednesday, April 27 with the company setting off from the Green Dragon Inn at 11 a.m. on the following day, April 28. ",
"According to the Shire Calendar, these dates should fall on Thursday and Friday respectively.",
"\n\n6. ",
"Later in The Hobbit, Tokien forgets that the pary set out from Bag End at the end of April and refers to them starting out in May instead.",
"\n\n7. ",
"The geography of the Wilderland doesn't always match up between TH and LotR, especially between the bridge crossing the River Hoarwell and where the trolls are camped. ",
"The trolls seem to be fairly near the bridge; however, when Aragorn guides Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin from there, it takes them almost six days to reach the petrified trolls. '",
"There are older and fouler things than Orcs in the deep places of the world.' - ",
"Gandalf the Grey, The Fellowship of the Ring\n\nso I hope you can keep up with the notes. ",
"I am excited to be part of your study group for this class. ",
"A couple of things: 1. ",
"Asterisk Words -- Is this a term of art or did your professor invent it? ",
"Of course all words come from some culture. ",
"Our word lunatic comes from a time when people did indeed think the moon made you crazy. ",
"These worlds are not hypothetical as your professor seems to imply. ",
"Ask any police office about what it's like patrolling during a full moon.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Is the class reading secondary sources? ",
"Tom Shippey's books, as some have pointed out, are a wealth of information on Tolkien's interest in creating a secondary world for his languages.",
"\n\n3. ",
"As a college professor myself I am curious -- can you tell by how the material is presented whether your professor has a positive or negative attitude toward Tolkien's works?",
"\n\n4. ",
"I am not sure I agree with your professor's assessment that TH was Tolkien trying to work out how to write a mythology. ",
"He'd been working on Middle Earth for a long time before TH was written. ",
"You all here on the board -- what do you think?",
"\n\nI'm really excited to hear what is going on in your class. ",
"I know a lot of us here would love to be taking this class with you!",
"\n\nBefore replying to the specific content, I want to reiterate Magpie's points--what Laerasea is posting is her NOTES from a class, and should be understood as expressing her professor's presentations in the class, and not Laerasea's own views. ",
"So let's not try to force Laerasea to defend her professor, let's use this as a springboard for our own discussions about some of these points. ",
"I want to hear everything about the course--let's not discourage Laerasea from posting!",
"\n\nWe have often found ourselves trying to defend Tolkien's works to academics who don't see Tolkien's books as \"real\" literature, but here we have a college professor who is taking them seriously as literature because she enjoys and values them. ",
"So it's definitely worth our time to consider what a sympathetic academic has to say about them.",
"\n\nAs for the \"flaws\" in TH, I'm rather inclined to agree with much of what Laerasea's professor had to say here. ",
"What's more, I've seen a lot of these same thoughts expressed here, whether in this context or in others. ",
"What strikes me in the \"flaws\" is that some of this seems to be coming from Tolkien's own perspective, as expressed elsewhere, either in On Fairy Stories or in his Letters.",
"\n\nSo, the use of modern expressions like \"post-office\" or \"football\"--we've also talked about the infamous train reference in LOTR, not to mention Lobelia's umbrella (however much some of us love the latter!). ",
"To me, these DO take me a bit out of the world of Middle-earth and back to the real world. ",
"I have the same issue with similar things in the LOTR movies. ",
"Neither is a serious issue to me, although I notice it. ",
"But the point is that Tolkien himself elsewhere expresses opposition to something like this. ",
"Without actually tracking it down, I do remember a place in the Letters where he talks about the style of language he uses, for example, with the Rohirrim, and gives a rather humorous version of one of Theoden's speeches to Gandalf in more modern language. ",
"It obviously doesn't work! ",
"Tolkien is right about this! ",
"If it applies to the Rohirrim, it applies elsewhere as well. ",
"The fact that TH is more for children is not an excuse; surely a writer who saw himself as a poet could find a metaphor that was more appropriate to the context. ",
"I wouldn't consider this a HUGE flaw, in either LOTR or TH, but it's worth noting.",
"\n\nI love the description of the Rivendell Elves as being out of Oscar Wilde! ",
"That is perhaps the best way to describe them that I've ever read! ",
"And I have to say, the Rivendell Elves in TH do irritate me a bit. (",
"And for the record, of course Tolkien didn't know where he was going yet with Elrond, and Laerasea and her professor know that--and that's exactly the point! ",
"If Elrond comes off as different from the Elves here, well, he's not one! ",
"So we can't use him as a counter-example to the silliness of the Rivendell Elves.) ",
"Tolkien could have gone with silly Elves, it's his story, and he can make Elves be however he wants them. ",
"But in On Fairy Stories he goes to a lot of trouble to say that the popular conception of Elves and fairies as these small, insignificant beings is NOT what he agrees with. ",
"Yet in portraying the Rivendell Elves as he does in TH tends to make me think of them more in the \"popular\" perspective. ",
"I can't take them seriously. ",
"And Tolkien DOES want us to take his Elves seriously.",
"\n\nAnd on the animals--let's not focus on the talking, as such, but on whether the animals do seem too anthropomorphized. ",
"Tolkien understands the desire for talking animals--in On Fairy Stories he puts it in the category of intelligent, communicating beings wanting to communicate with lesser beings (as both the Valar and the Elves do in their own turns in The Sil!). ",
"He just doesn't want the animals to seem silly, he wants us to take them seriously. ",
"If the animals seem silly, Disnified, then we have a flaw, from Tolkien's own point of view.",
"\n\nOne other note--let's not forget Tolkien's criticisms of the Narnia books. ",
"Those were obviously intended for children, and if Tolkien can complain about issues like silly animals or intrusions of real-world elements in an inconsistent way, then we are justified in complaining about similar things in Tolkien's own children's book.",
"\n\nFor the record, I read LOTR first, and it took me many years to make it through TH, although I absolutely loved LOTR. ",
"And some of these sorts of reasons where why I had so much trouble with TH for a long time.",
"\n\nThanks for posting, Laerasea! ",
"I hope you'll have the time to share more of your notes as you go through the semester!",
"\n\nI just wanted to stop in for a moment, and there is not need to respond back, to tell you i support you in any way i can. ",
"I believe you know that already.",
"\n\nI feel poorly that this posting started a bit bumpy for you. ",
"For my part i was just trying to bring to light, or support the truth as i see it, as best that i am able. ",
"It was not for or against anyone at all.",
"\n\nI think we all are trying to get into the right mode here. ",
"I love Magpie for jumping in to call a time out, although i still do not quite have a handle on everything.",
"\n\n1. ",
"This is a term my professor is using, I believe-- I haven't heard it outside her class, and I've even tried to look it up. ",
"I believe she is referring, in part, to Tolkien's \"secondary creation\" idea, but in using the \"asterisk\" term, she is implying that the world is derived from some \"primary\" creation. ",
"As far as the lunatic thing goes, most English majors at our school have taken basic linguistics, so we do know the origin of the term-- the point is, instead, what about those words that we *can't* explain? ",
"If we had no clue about the Latin origins of the word or Roman history-- no background on witch culture in ancient Rome-- but we knew that \"luna\" used to mean \"moon\" at one point, then what kind of world might have existed, where witches were associated with the moon? ",
"Perhaps a better example would be words from the Indo-European language, which are mainly hypothetical.",
"\n\n2. ",
"The only sources we are reading that aren't written by Tolkien himself are Beowulf and the Poetic Eddas, which he drew extensively from. ",
"Most of the biographical info that we're getting in the course is coming from our professor, which I'm not including in these threads because I would rather have them be discussion-based, instead of just facts that I'm sure most people on these boards already know (or could easily look up).",
"\n\n3. ",
"She loves Tolkien, no question. ",
"That doesn't mean she isn't a discerning reader and critic-- I think she would say that her love of an author shouldn't keep a course from being academic and relatively objective, but she has said that Tolkien is what got her to ever study English in the first place, and she explicitly referred to LOTR as her \"Bible.\"",
"\n\n4. ",
"I can't speak for her, but in my opinion, there is a difference between Tolkien's own creation of Middle Earth-- the pieces of the Sil he worked on his whole life, the languages, etc-- and his theory on fantasy, and I think it's safe to say that it was a while before the world of Arda that he was working on was fully realized. ",
"Up until then, it was really only a personal hobby, but not something he saw as being really academic, or serious literary theory. ",
"His theory is something that he eventually applied to his works, when he realized the connection between the two. ",
"And I do think it *was* a realization that took place-- at least in part-- after he had completed TH.",
"\n\n\"When we can take green from grass, blue from heaven, and red from blood, we have already an enchanter's power—upon one plane; and the desire to wield that power in the world external to our minds awakes.\" ",
"--J. R. R. Tolkien\n\nAnd yes, I agree about the animals-- after reading these responses, I realize that I phrased my original post poorly. ",
"It's not the talking of the animals, but the sort of silliness of the animals that gets to me. (",
"and no, by talking, I don't mean human speech, but their sort of anthropomorphic, Aesop-esque nature) The Eagles, of course, talk, but they do not resemble the animals at Beorn's in any way.",
"\n\nThank you for your response!",
"\n\n\"When we can take green from grass, blue from heaven, and red from blood, we have already an enchanter's power—upon one plane; and the desire to wield that power in the world external to our minds awakes.\" ",
"--J. R. R. Tolkien\n\nI read The Road to Middle-Earth a while back, and loved it, but I've definitely been wanting to read more for a while! :)",
"\n\nI think my professor meant that while they weren't authorial lapses-- Tolkien intended to write them at the time he wrote TH, so they're not *mistakes,* in that sense-- they were lapses in what Tolkien later wrote in On Fairy-Stories should be a closed world. ",
"Here is a bit from On Fairy-Stories that I remember reading on the subject:\n\nQuote\n\nI propose, therefore, to arrogate to myself the powers of Humpty-Dumpty, and to use Fantasy for this purpose: in a sense, that is, which combines with its older and higher use as an equivalent of Imagination the derived notions of “unreality” (that is, of unlikeness to the Primary World), of freedom from the domination of observed “fact,” in short of the fantastic. ",
"I am thus not only aware but glad of the etymological and semantic connections of fantasy with fantastic: with images of things that are not only “not actually present,” but which are indeed not to be found in our primary world at all, or are generally believed not to be found there.",
"\n\nThis isn't explicitly stating that football should not be in the secondary world, but that the \"fantasy\" of a secondary world comes from it's \"unlikeness to the Primary World.\" ",
"I agree with you that it's not really a major point of criticism for me either, but that's, I believe, what's meant by lapses.",
"\n\n(and btw, my dad is 100% Scottish, only receiving his American citizenship a few years ago, so believe me when I say that I am so well-aware of the \"real\" meaning of \"football\" that I could tell you who's won the World Cup or the EuroCup in any given year for the past ten years)\n\n\"When we can take green from grass, blue from heaven, and red from blood, we have already an enchanter's power—upon one plane; and the desire to wield that power in the world external to our minds awakes.\" ",
"--J. R. R. Tolkien\n\nOne reason I'm majoring in the humanities (English/religion) is that I can write papers on any topic I want-- I can disagree with any professor-- as long as I back my essay with thorough arguments sources. ",
"Conversely, I can't get away with writing an essay which is easier because I just agreed with the professor. ",
"I *love* having that kind of freedom, especially in my favorite subjects.",
"\n\n\"When we can take green from grass, blue from heaven, and red from blood, we have already an enchanter's power—upon one plane; and the desire to wield that power in the world external to our minds awakes.\" ",
"--J. R. R. Tolkien\n\nI'd have to reread his letters, and it was only an impression, but, like you, I see his greatness as being in the world he created, which isn't so much in TH. ",
"That being said, I do love TH for it's own charm, as you put it.",
"\n\nThank you for contributing!",
"\n\n\"When we can take green from grass, blue from heaven, and red from blood, we have already an enchanter's power—upon one plane; and the desire to wield that power in the world external to our minds awakes.\" ",
"--J. R. R. Tolkien\n\nThe difference in the two (Ents/rope and animals) is in their nature, which is subjective. ",
"But, I think most people would agree that the Ents, the Eagles, the rope, and so on, all comes from something much more....dignified? ",
"Older? ",
"More serious? ",
"These are only my words. ",
"But there is something less cartoonish in rope that acts as a kind of Platonic ideal rope because it's crafted by beings that are thousands of years old than in dogs that set the table. ",
"But, as I said, that is subjective.",
"\n\nI would also like to say this: my professor began her lecture on The Hobbit by saying that it was \"deeply flawed.\" ",
"But I have also had the benefit of having class with her four hours a week in which we talk about nothing but Tolkien, because she loves Tolkien, so I know that this doesn't mean that she dislikes him. ",
"As Menelwyn put it, I do want to make it clear that she is a serious academic who does absolutely appreciate and love Tolkien, and is not teaching a course in which she criticizes him all day. ",
"However, I can say that my favorite musical composer of all time is Antonin Dvorak, and I can also say that the man had no clue how to write for piano, particularly when he first started composing-- he became better with practice and lessons from Brahms. ",
"Maybe I shouldn't have used that quote (\"deeply flawed\") in a post that took a half hour to write when it's supposed to represent over ten hours of class time, because that's not representative of everything we're learning, and yet it seems to be the phrase that almost every response in this thread focused on. ",
"I don't think my professor thinks TH should have been written differently, but instead, that it was simply a work in progress on the road to the world of LOTR and The Sil. ",
"It's \"deeply flawed\" because it represents an idea that was- at that point- not yet fully formed, despite the fact that the book functions just fine on its own. ",
"In that sense, of course it's going to be flawed, but that doesn't make it *bad.*",
"\n\n\"When we can take green from grass, blue from heaven, and red from blood, we have already an enchanter's power—upon one plane; and the desire to wield that power in the world external to our minds awakes.\" ",
"--J. R. R. Tolkien\n\nBut if LotR is a grander and much more complex tale, does that make it better?",
"\n\nNot necessarily! ",
"But I think 'better' and 'worse' are dangerous terms to use when discussing something as subjective as literature-- particularly two works of the same author (it's not like we're comparing Shakespeare and Stephanie Meyer). ",
"Here's how I think of it: the value of TH comes in its originality, but the value of LOTR comes from its literary architecture. ",
"Tolkien desired dragons, so he wrote Smaug, who wasn't just a Beowulf mindless demon, but a cunning and clever mind-bending monster. ",
"But, LOTR does represent a more fully-formed and thought-out idea. ",
"Does that make it \"better\"? ",
"It depends on what you're looking for. ",
"On days where I want to read about a hobbit going on an adventure, then yes, it's better for me at that time. ",
"But the value of LOTR is in its being a result of a deliberately constructed \"subcreation,\" as Tolkien put it, which was just as original. ",
"Since Tolkien put more time into it, I put more time into it (not to mention, it's a heck of a lot longer-- more to analyze and think about!). ",
"I think it is certainly safe to say that LOTR is the result of more thought, planning, construction, and linguistic and literary theory than TH. ",
"Whether that makes it better, or worse, that is not for me to say.",
"\n\n\"When we can take green from grass, blue from heaven, and red from blood, we have already an enchanter's power—upon one plane; and the desire to wield that power in the world external to our minds awakes.\" ",
"--J. R. R. Tolkien"
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[
"Okenia luna\n\n{{Taxobox\n| name = Okenia luna\n| image = Okenia_luna.jpg\n| image_width = \n| image_caption = The nudibranchs Okenia luna on their food bryozoan.",
"\n| regnum = Animalia\n| phylum = Mollusca\n| classis = Gastropoda\n| unranked_superfamilia = clade Heterobranchia\nclade Euthyneura\nclade Nudipleura\nclade Nudibranchia\nclade Euctenidiacea\nclade Doridacea\n| superfamilia = Onchidoridoidea\n| familia = Goniodorididae\n| genus = Okenia\n| species = O. luna\n| binomial = Okenia luna| binomial_authority = Millen, Schrödl, Vargas & Indacochea, 1994\n}}Okenia luna is a species of sea slug, specifically a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Goniodorididae.",
"\n\nDistribution\nThis species was described from Bahia of Ancón Peru. ",
"Is distributed from Ancon, Lima Peru to Coliumo chile\n\nDescription\nThis Okenia has a broad body and seven to twelve pairs of lateral papillae.",
"\n\nEcology\nThe diet of this species is a bryozoan, Alcyonidium nodosum''.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Goniodorididae\nCategory:Gastropods described in 1994"
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[
"Q:\n\nFacelets without JSF\n\nI'm finishing on learning the Java language and looking to write very small web applications, since Facelets seems to be the replacement for JSP, and JSF seems overkill for small web apps, can I just learn Facelets and use it without the whole JSF stack? ",
"or should I just go with JSP for this small web apps?",
"\n\nA:\n\nIt can be used without JSF. ",
"Just map the FacesServlet on an URL pattern of *.xhtml in web.xml and do not declare\nxmlns:f=\"http://java.sun.com/jsf/core\"\nxmlns:h=\"http://java.sun.com/jsf/html\"\n\nin any Facelet template. ",
"It actually don't harm to declare them, but this way you won't \"accidentally\" use them. ",
"You can as good write plain HTML in it and submit the form to a plain servlet and have the servlet forward/redirect to a Facelet. ",
"\nYou only need to keep in mind that with a servlet you end up with much more boilerplate code for gathering the request parameters, converting/validating them, maintaining and updating the model values, invoking the business actions, while all this repeated boilerplate code is unnecessary with a fullworthy JSF managed bean.",
"\nAlso, you can't use Facelets with request based MVC frameworks which have only JSP taglibs available, like Struts, Spring MVC, etc.",
"\n\n"
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[
"---\nlayout: layouts/home.njk\ntitle: Contribute\nsubtitle: Want to help? ",
"Here's how.",
"\neleventyNavigation:\n key: Contribute\n parent: Feature\n order: 5\ntags:\n - navprimary\ntemplateClass: template-contribute\n---\n\n{% include \"nav/toc.njk\" %}\n\n<div data-content class=\"l-content c-content c-content--contribute\">\n\n\t<h2 id=\"posts\">\n\t\tPosts\n\t</h2>\n\t<p>\n\t\t<a href=\"{{ '/posts/' | url }}\">Posts</a> are a way for people involved in the accessibility community to share what they know! ",
"You can share your lived experiences, document your learnings, and highlight technical discoveries.",
"\n\t</p>\n\t<p>\n\t\tIn addition to sharing your knowledge with the rest of the community, we will compensate you $75 USD for your efforts.",
"\n\t<p class=\"c-contribute__cta\">\n\t\tLearn more about <a href=\"{{ '/contributing-guidelines/#posts' | url }}\">how to submit a post</a> for publication.",
"\n\t</p>\n\t<h2 id=\"resources\">\n\t\tResources\n\t</h2>\n\t<p>\n\t\t<a href=\"{{ '/resources/' | url }}\">Resources</a> are a way for us to shed light on high quality community-produced tools, learning, guides, and other support.",
"\n\t</p>\n\t<p class=\"c-contribute__cta\">\n\t\tLearn more about <a href=\"{{ '/contributing-guidelines/#resources' | url }}\">how to submit a resource</a>.",
"\n\t</p>\n\t<h2 id=\"issues-and-bug-fixes\">\n\t\tIssues and bug fixes\n\t</h2>\n\t<p>\n\t\tIs something incorrect or not working they way it should? ",
"Submitting issues is a great way to help improve the site.",
"\n\t</p>\n\t<p>\n\t\tNever done something like this before? ",
"Don't worry! ",
"Open Source is all about being able to improve things for everyone by being transparent and approachable. ",
"We want to hear from you.",
"\n\t</p>\n\t<p class=\"c-contribute__cta\">\n\t\tLearn more about <a href=\"{{ '/contributing-guidelines/#reporting-issues' | url }}\">how to submit an issue</a>, or check out <a href=\"https://github.com/a11yproject/a11yproject.com/issues\">our current known issues</a>.",
"\n\t</p>\n\t<h2 id=\"new-features\">\n\t\tNew features\n\t</h2>\n\t<p>\n\t\tAdding new features and functionality to the site is something we're always interested in hearing about!",
"\n\t</p>\n\t<p class=\"c-contribute__cta\">\n\t\tPlease read our contributing guidelines before <a href=\"{{ '/contributing-guidelines/#submitting-new-features' | url }}\">starting work on a new feature</a>.",
"\n\t</p>\n\n</div>\n"
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"\n\nShow HN: Alerts & Analytics for buying on AWS Reserved Instance Marketplace - rstep\nhttp://www.instancevibe.com\n\n======\nrstep\nImplementation details: site is running on Grails, deployed on AWS Beanstalk.",
"\nStripe is used for credit card handling. ",
"The home page as well as all detailed\nanalytic pages plus images are repeatedly generated by Grails using Quartz\nplugin and then they are uploaded to AWS S3. ",
"S3 pages are served via AWS\nCloudfront for content delivery optimizations.",
"\n\nThank you for your feedback! ",
"Roman.",
"\n\n"
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"New Bedford Residents Are Feuding Over a ‘Seagull with Boobs’\n\n'Seagull Cinderella' is a piece of public art that's receiving mixed reviews.",
"\n\nGet a compelling long read and must-have lifestyle tips in your inbox every Sunday morning — great with coffee!",
"\n\nWelcome to Weirdest Thing of the Week, where…well, we point out weird things.",
"\n\nTacky, ugly, and meaningless are just a few of the words that have been used to describe a newly installed statue along New Bedford’s Route 18.",
"\n\nFrom the imagination of Boston-based artist Donna Dodson, “Seagull Cinderella” is supposed to be art. ",
"But resident Ray Concannon thinks the statue is ridiculous—he said as much in an online petition he created called “Remove the Seagull with Boobs Statue in Downtown New Bedford.” ",
"As of Friday morning, the petition had more than 350 signatures.",
"\n\nIt reads:\n\n“With New Bedford’s rich history, we do not want visitors’ lasting impressions to be of a seagull with boobs. ",
"What a waste. ",
"It needs to go. ",
"Remove it, or replace it with something beautiful.”",
"\n\nThe 31-year-old teacher told South Coast Today his children first pointed out the statue to him while he was driving.",
"\n\n“Look at that duck with boobs,” they said.",
"\n\nThe full-figured fowl, while not a duck, is part of New Bedford’s Seaport Art Walk, a series of almost 20 public art installations in the city. ",
"Dodson writes on her website that the piece celebrates a common sea bird as the American mythic princess, Cinderella.",
"\n\n“Yet she is uncommon, like Marilla in Anne of Green Gables, corseted and bound by the sweet virtues of her character. ",
"Her full length gown is alive with neon daisies and flower power!” ",
"Dodson explains.",
"\n\nMany of Dodson’s pieces can be compared to the seagull—other works include breasted pandas and tigers. ",
"But petitioners have unleashed waves of art criticism, saying the shapely seagull is inappropriate. “",
"I think it’s a ridiculous statue kids are talking about it having boobs I should have to explain that to him there is no reason it has to look like that take it DOWN!!!!!” ",
"writes one signer.",
"\n\nOther New Bedfordians are publicly admiring the statue. ",
"A Facebook page called #peopleofnewbedbord features comments of support and arguments against the seagull haters. “",
"There is nothing wrong with the seagull!! ",
"Its a girl that’s all people have too much time on there hands to be upset with that!!!” ",
"reads one comment.",
"\n\nResident Garrett Rosa even created a competing petition to Concannon’s. “",
"This man is just clearly uncomfortable by the female form and hates the art,” writes Rosa.",
"\n\nSupporters have highlighted its whimsicalness, explaining that art is subjective. ",
"Curators of New Bedford’s art walk have said they welcome the dialogue about art in the city.",
"\n\nThe busty bird is the second voluptuous sculpture to cause controversy this month, after a mermaid sand sculpture in Yarmouth was dubbed as distasteful.",
"\n\nHave you noticed funky happenings lately? ",
"Tell me about them: [email protected], @madelinebilis."
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[
"---\nreviewers:\n- thockin\ntitle: Cloudstack\n---\n\n[CloudStack](https://cloudstack.apache.org/) is a software to build public and private clouds based on hardware virtualization principles (traditional IaaS). ",
"To deploy Kubernetes on CloudStack there are several possibilities depending on the Cloud being used and what images are made available. ",
"CloudStack also has a vagrant plugin available, hence Vagrant could be used to deploy Kubernetes either using the existing shell provisioner or using new Salt based recipes.",
"\n\n[CoreOS](http://coreos.com) templates for CloudStack are built [nightly](http://stable.release.core-os.net/amd64-usr/current/). ",
"CloudStack operators need to [register](http://docs.cloudstack.apache.org/projects/cloudstack-administration/en/latest/templates.html) this template in their cloud before proceeding with these Kubernetes deployment instructions.",
"\n\nThis guide uses a single [Ansible playbook](https://github.com/apachecloudstack/k8s), which is completely automated and can deploy Kubernetes on a CloudStack based Cloud using CoreOS images. ",
"The playbook, creates an ssh key pair, creates a security group and associated rules and finally starts coreOS instances configured via cloud-init.",
"\n\n\n\n{{< toc >}}\n\n## Prerequisites\n\n $ sudo apt-get install -y python-pip libssl-dev\n $ sudo pip install cs\n $ sudo pip install sshpubkeys\n $ sudo apt-get install software-properties-common\n $ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:ansible/ansible\n $ sudo apt-get update\n $ sudo apt-get install ansible\n \nOn CloudStack server you also have to install libselinux-python :\n\n yum install libselinux-python\n\n[_cs_](https://github.com/exoscale/cs) is a python module for the CloudStack API.",
"\n\nSet your CloudStack endpoint, API keys and HTTP method used.",
"\n\nYou can define them as environment variables: `CLOUDSTACK_ENDPOINT`, `CLOUDSTACK_KEY`, `CLOUDSTACK_SECRET` and `CLOUDSTACK_METHOD`.",
"\n\nOr create a `~/.cloudstack.ini` file:\n\n [cloudstack]\n endpoint = <your cloudstack api endpoint>\n key = <your api access key>\n secret = <your api secret key>\n method = post\n\nWe need to use the http POST method to pass the _large_ userdata to the coreOS instances.",
"\n\n### Clone the playbook\n\n $ git clone https://github.com/apachecloudstack/k8s\n $ cd kubernetes-cloudstack\n\n### Create a Kubernetes cluster\n\nYou simply need to run the playbook.",
"\n\n $ ansible-playbook k8s.yml\n\nSome variables can be edited in the `k8s.yml` file.",
"\n\n vars:\n ssh_key: k8s\n k8s_num_nodes: 2\n k8s_security_group_name: k8s\n k8s_node_prefix: k8s2\n k8s_template: <templatename>\n k8s_instance_type: <serviceofferingname>\n\nThis will start a Kubernetes master node and a number of compute nodes (by default 2).",
"\nThe `instance_type` and `template` are specific, edit them to specify your CloudStack cloud specific template and instance type (i.e. service offering).",
"\n\nCheck the tasks and templates in `roles/k8s` if you want to modify anything.",
"\n\nOnce the playbook as finished, it will print out the IP of the Kubernetes master:\n\n TASK: [k8s | debug msg='k8s master IP is {{ k8s_master.default_ip }}'] ********\n\nSSH to it using the key that was created and using the _core_ user and you can list the machines in your cluster:\n\n $ ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa_k8s core@<master IP>\n $ fleetctl list-machines\n MACHINE IP METADATA\n a017c422... <node #1 IP> role=node\n ad13bf84... <master IP> role=master\n e9af8293... <node #2 IP> role=node\n\n## Support Level\n\n\nIaaS Provider | Config. ",
"Mgmt | OS | Networking | Docs | Conforms | Support Level\n-------------------- | ------------ | ------ | ---------- | --------------------------------------------- | ---------| ----------------------------\nCloudStack | Ansible | CoreOS | flannel | [docs](/docs/getting-started-guides/cloudstack/) | | Community ([@Guiques](https://github.com/ltupin/))\n\nFor support level information on all solutions, see the [Table of solutions](/docs/getting-started-guides/#table-of-solutions) chart.",
"\n"
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[
"School of the Sextii\n\nThe School of the Sextii was a Roman school of philosophy. ",
"It arose around 50 BC, founded by Quintus Sextius the Elder, and later promulgated by his son, Sextius Niger. ",
"The school was of small importance and soon became extinct, lasting only until around 19 AD, due to the banishment of foreign cults. ",
"It was a philosophy in the Classical sense — a way of life; it emphasized asceticism and moral training. ",
"It characterized itself mainly as a philosophical-medical school, blending Pythagorean, Platonic, Cynic, and Stoic elements together.",
"\nFrom the school, there are few primary sources, and secondary literature is almost non-existent.",
"\n\nPhilosophy\nSextians, like the Hellenistic schools, developed a system toward eudaimonia. ",
"Attaining such a goal was possible by engaging in the correspondence between words and life, being vegetarian, having nightly examinations of conscience, and through the belief that an elusive incorporeal power pervades the body. ",
"Through the examination of Papirius Fabianus' philosophy, there seems also to be a critique of wealth, indeed, virtue and the avoidance of consumerism were necessary for eternal happiness. ",
"They also had an emphasis on honesty. ",
"Unlike Stoicism, the School also advocates avoidance of politics.",
"\n\nWhile Seneca the Younger conflates the school with Stoicism, the Sextians were not as inclined to rigorous logical exercises or any abstruse abstract thinking. ",
"In this sense, it was closer to Cynicism than Stoicism.",
"\n\nSources\nThe only sources on Quintus Sextius are Claudianus Mamertus and Seneca the Younger.",
"\n\nNotable Sextians\nSotion, teacher of Seneca\nPapirius Fabianus, a rhetorician and philosopher\nCrassicius Pasicles, a grammarian\nAulus Cornelius Celsus, an expert doctor\n\nInfluenced by Sextians\nSeneca the Younger, a philosopher and statesman\n\nSee also\nNeopythagoreanism\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Roman-era philosophy"
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[
" **Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols** \n --------------------------------------- --------------------------------\n DCM = Dilated cardiomyopathy\n EF = Ejection fraction\n FS = Fractional shortening\n LV = Left ventricle\n NYHA = New York Heart Association\n PLV = Partial left ventriculectomy\n RMV = Repair of the mitral valve\n\nINTRODUCTION\n============\n\nHeart problems are responsible for about a third of deaths in the world, so the more we study and understand the structure and functioning of the heart, the greater the chances of obtaining and analyzing new techniques for treatment and prevention of heart disease.",
"\n\nAmong these diseases, there is the Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM), which is a heart muscle disease characterized mainly by left ventricular (LV) dilatation and systolic dysfunction^\\[[@r1],[@r2]\\]^. Thus, the ventricles are unable to pump enough blood volume to meet the metabolic needs of the body, leading to heart failure (HF).",
"\n\nBatista et al.^\\[[@r3]\\]^ present the development of a technique called Partial Left Ventriculectomy (PLV), also known as Batista\\'s surgery, changing the way they considered cardiac interventions when admitted the possibility of reducing the diameter of the left ventricle through the section of a slice of its wall. ",
"The procedure is based on the knowledge that in DCM occurs the increasing in LV diameter, but it does not occur sufficient increase in muscle mass, and therefore, a possible damage repair would be the reduction in ventricle diameter to a value close to what was prior to the injury. ",
"The operation is based physical and mathematically by one of the forms of Laplace\\'s Law ([EQ. ",
"1](#bx1){ref-type=\"boxed-text\"}).",
"\n\nP\n\n=\n\nkT\n\n/\n\nR\n\n(\n\n1\n\n)\n\nWhere *P* is the intracavity pressure, *T* is the tension on the ventricular wall, *R* is the ventricle radius, *k* is a constant, consisting originally in the section of a muscle slice of the LV lateral wall (generally ellipse shape), starting at the end of it, extending between the papillary muscles and ending close to the mitral ring. ",
"The idea is that with the removal of the cardiac muscle slice, a reduction in ventricular diameter can occur, causing the heart to return to being an efficient pump with characteristics similar to that it had before the worsening of the disease.",
"\n\nOnce it is a very invasive procedure, the technique is designed to patients in advanced stages of DCM. ",
"After Batista\\'s study, thousands of case reports and analyzes of the procedure were published, however, due to several disappointing results, many doctors and institutions ceased to execute it. ",
"These bad results show mortality rates ranging from 25% to 80% and a relation with many of these works can be obtained in Lunkenheimer et al.^\\[[@r4]\\]^.\n\nAs the main objective of this study stands out the search for success stories of ventriculectomy in the last 12 years and if during this period it was achieved some significant development in this procedure that allows obtaining lower mortality rate postoperatively.",
"\n\nMETHODS\n=======\n\nThis is a study of systematic review of literature, developed with indexed scientific production and it has been performed through search in the periodical portal of CAPES.",
"\n\nThe search has been made in order to obtain articles with the descriptor \\\"Partial Left Ventriculectomy\\\" anywhere in the text, which have been published in any language and in the last 12 years. ",
"In addition, the option to display only peer-reviewed articles was selected.",
"\n\nAfter gathering and obtaining all the studies presented in the survey, an analysis based on abstracts was performed, as well as discussions and conclusions of all of them, in order to consider only items that could help in achieving the real goals of this study. ",
"In other words, papers involving reports of PLV success and those involving specific studies or reports to identify ways to improve the effectiveness of this surgical procedure.",
"\n\nRESULTS AND DISCUSSION\n======================\n\nThe performed search had collected 206 articles distributed in 22 professional periodicals, allocated in databases: Scopus, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, OneFile, Web of Science, Scielo and PubMed databases. ",
"Moreover, some of them were duplicated, once they appear in more than one database and many had no relation to the stated objectives for this study. ",
"Thus, after analysis and rigorous selection, 43 articles were obtained with the desired profiles. ",
"The nationalities of the institutions of the authors are reported in [Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"}.",
"\n\n###### \n\nNumber (N) of articles and their respective percentages (%), according to the countries of the main authors involved in the research/articles.",
"\n\n Country of the 1^st^ author and his institution N \\%\n ------------------------------------------------- ---- ------\n Japan 20 46.5\n Germany 9 20.9\n United Kingdom 4 9.3\n Brazil 2 4.7\n Serbia and Montenegro 2 4.7\n Denmark 1 2.3\n Italy 1 2.3\n Korea 1 2.3\n China 1 2.3\n Netherlands 1 2.3\n Switzerland 1 2.3\n Total 43 100\n\nIt can be seen the clear predominance of Japan as a leader in publications of work relating to success case studies and developments in the PLV, with 46.5% of the 43 analyzed studies, followed by Germany with 20.9%. ",
"From what it can be seen, the Japanese dominance in these studies may have intimate relation with the legal difficulty, because in Japan the organ donation is forbidden for children under 15 years^\\[[@r5]\\]^. In addition, religious issues also influence the decision making for transplants^\\[[@r6]\\]^.\n\nThe individual participation of Brazil is small, but if added the number of studies published with co-participation of researchers and/or national institutions, there is a total of 8 articles, which represents 18.6% of the analyzed studies, indicating a good Brazilian contribution in this area, including many works with the participation of Dr. Randas himself.",
"\n\nCase reports\n------------\n\nSome success cases have been described over the past 12 years. ",
"One of them was the case report of three Japanese children aged between 8 months and 3 years and a half, all with DCM. ",
"They had undergone PLV and repair of the mitral valve (RMV) at the Yamanashi Medical University hospital from May 1998 to April 2000^\\[[@r5]\\]^. The procedure that was performed in the first child was urgently done and after 3 months her condition got worse and she had to be transferred to the US for transplantation, since in Japan organ donation for children under the age of 15 years is not allowed.",
"\n\nThe other two children responded well to the procedure and factors such as fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) improved significantly, allowing great improvement in life quality. ",
"During a couple of years of postoperative follow-up, all patients presented good recovery.",
"\n\nThe authors point out that the area to be sectioned in adults may vary according to the most damaged myocardial region, found by preoperative evaluation. ",
"However, this region is narrower in children, once the mitral valve replacement and the papillary muscles translocation are not recommended, thus restricting the section of the heart section to the inter-papillary region. ",
"Therefore, this observation may define the best way to select a patient who is a PLV candidate, by choosing the most damaged myocardium region. ",
"In addition, only the child who was urgently submitted to procedure has not achieved good results after the surgery, indicating that important factors to the surgery success may not have been analyzed, once the cardiovascular surgery has as its foundation operate, whenever possible, on an elective basis, in order to the larger set of data on the patient can be analyzed and the best decision taken, thereby maximizing the probability of success in the proceedings.",
"\n\nAnother interesting study that indicates positive results after completion of the PLV, as the one presented by Sugiyama et al.^\\[[@r5]\\]^ is the study performed by Coelho de Souza et al.^\\[[@r7]\\]^. In his study, only one child diagnosed with idiopathic DCM has been undergoing the procedure and monitored for 70 months. ",
"This child was the same age range reported in^\\[[@r5]\\]^ 2 years and a half, and in functional class III/V as the cases analyzed by Batista et al.^\\[[@r3],[@r8],[@r9]\\]^. After the procedure both EF and the patient\\'s FS of the LV improved significantly, reaching values of 63% and 28%, respectively, 24 months after the PLV. ",
"By the fifth year of follow-up these favorable results regressed a little. ",
"However, during this entire period the patient was classified in NYHA class I.\n\nSouza et al.^\\[[@r7]\\]^, in line with Sugiyama et al.^\\[[@r5]\\]^ believe the procedure should be considered for treatment, especially because it also works as a bridge to transplantation. ",
"It also improves significantly the child\\'s life quality over a long period, including greater tolerance to physical activity. ",
"Still in agreement, both studies emphasize the importance to develop means to define protocols for each patient, in order to reduce the risks of intraoperative and postoperative complications.",
"\n\nYamagishi et al.^\\[[@r10]\\]^ and Westaby et al.^\\[[@r11]\\]^ present separately a female child case, one is 3 years old and the other is only 5 months old, both with ischemic DCM caused by anomalous origin of the left coronary artery of pulmonary artery, submitted to PLV. ",
"In both cases, and in agreement with the results of Souza et al.^\\[[@r7]\\]^ study, after performing the procedure, the kids have already presented very significant improvements in LV function, sharp reduction in the cavity volume and great improvement in FS. ",
"However, only Westaby et al.^\\[[@r11]\\]^ performed monitoring, and it is reported that in the last assessment the child was already 10 years old, in NYHA class I, played sports and had normal mental and physical development, showing great results at long term.",
"\n\nMore encouraging results have been obtained by Horii et al.^\\[[@r12]\\]^ and Suma et al.^\\[[@r13]-[@r15]\\]^, which unlike Sugiyama et al.^\\[[@r5]\\]^, Souza et al.^\\[[@r7]\\]^ and Yamagishi et al.^\\[[@r10]\\]^, analyzed the results of PLV completion in much larger samples, 70, 96, 107 and 36 patients, respectively, with global aged between 14 and 76 years, all in functional class III or IV by NYHA, and 83% of these also underwent mitral valve reimplantation. ",
"The determination of the region to be sectioned was made based on intraoperative echocardiography, by choosing the area which wall was thinner and akinetic. ",
"The results obtained by Horii et al.^\\[[@r12]\\]^ are very similar to those obtained by Suma et al.^\\[[@r13]-[@r15]\\]^, and all corroborate with Sugiyama et al.^\\[[@r5]\\]^ when they conclude, as it was expected, that the best results were obtained for the procedures performed on an elective basis, whose hospital mortality rates were between 7% and 13.8%, against high rates to those performed on an emergency basis, ranging from 57% to 60.9%. ",
"Moreover, the results obtained by Horri et al.^\\[[@r12]\\]^ for survival rates during the first year, 75.5%, are relatively better than those obtained by Suma et al.^\\[[@r13]-[@r15]\\]^, whose respective rates were 66.4, 66.9 and 67.5%. ",
"Besides that, in all studies, good survival rates for subsequent years were presented and 50.2% obtained by Suma et al.^\\[[@r14]\\]^, the highest 7-year survival rate in these articles. ",
"In all these studies, the patients remained in functional class I and II, with increased EF and LV dimensions reduced throughout the follow-up period that lasted seven years in maximum^\\[[@r12]-[@r15]\\]^\n\nIn Kawaguchi et al.^\\[[@r16]\\]^ study, 65 patients underwent LPV, and among them, 24 also underwent RMV. ",
"As a result, 83% of the patients (54 patients) have been discharged from hospital and had significant improvements in ventricular dimensions, contractile function, EF and circumferential shortening. ",
"Only 37% of them (24 patients) have been monitored during a period of 170±115 days. ",
"During this time, significant improvements have remained in all patients.",
"\n\nGiuffrida et al.^\\[[@r17]\\]^, Soo et al.^\\[[@r18]\\]^ and Shin et al.^\\[[@r19]\\]^ reported very interesting cases of major successes in monitoring only one patient in each one of the articles, after the completion of LPV. ",
"In the first study a 60-year-old man with DCM and HF of functional class III have been monitored during 40 months and showed considerable progress in EF, which passed from 15% to 30% and he went up to class II, greatly improving his life quality. ",
"On the other hand, Soo et al.^\\[[@r18]\\]^ present the 8-year monitoring of a 65 year-old man with class HF III, submitted to LPV and RMV. ",
"There was an overall improvement in ventricular function which remained throughout the follow-up period, leading the HF to be reclassified to Class I and causing the patient to have an amazing ability to exercises.",
"\n\nIn line with the results obtained by Soo et al.^\\[[@r18]\\]^, Shin et al.^\\[[@r19]\\]^ present a unique monitoring case of a patient undergoing PLV for 13 years (first PLV held in Korea) and performing 3d echocardiography to evaluate the state of the cardiac muscle, its dimensions, volume and EF. ",
"The results placed the HF patient in functional class II and demonstrated that the procedure benefits have been the same during the monitoring.",
"\n\nBesides the use of PLV to reduce the tension on the left ventricle wall in patients with DCM, Bossert et al.^\\[[@r20]\\]^ have described another application of this procedure. ",
"In this study, it is reported the use of this technique for the removal of a cardiac fibroma in the free wall of the LV of a child of only eight months. ",
"During a 48-month follow-up it has not been observed any recurrence of the tumor and the proper LV functioning was confirmed.",
"\n\nSchäfers et al.^\\[[@r21]\\]^ and Wilhelm et al.^\\[[@r22]\\]^ present the results of a 100% successful experiment in performing the PLV with reimplantation of the mitral valve in a group of 12 patients. ",
"After all the procedures, they already had significant signs of increase in EF and decrease in LV dimensions. ",
"However, 2 patients died within a year of completing the procedure. ",
"However, the other 10 patients maintained the good results of the procedures after a year, and the survival rate during this period was then 83.3%. ",
"The PLV indication for these patients was carefully made, where the nominees were chosen based on NYHA functional class (\\>III), cardiac index (\\<2.5 liters/min/m^2)^, maximum consumption of O~2~ (\\<14 ml/kg/min), LV final diastolic diameter (\\>7) and mitral insufficiency (\\>2).",
"\n\nThe PLV has been also successfully tested in dogs, as it can be seen in the study by Christiansen et al.^\\[[@r23]\\]^, Christiansen & Gruber^\\[[@r24]\\]^ and Martins et al.^\\[[@r25]\\]^. The first two studies reported an experiment where DCM was induced in a group of 6 dogs with the use of adriamycin intracoronary following a protocol pre-defined by the researchers. ",
"All the dogs were submitted to PLV. ",
"The mortality rate was 25% during a 13-week follow-up, where EF and ventricular dimensions had their values improved.",
"\n\nIn these studies, until they reach the protocol that led them to a 25% mortality rate, it was reported that in a previous group of dogs where DCM had been induced, there was a 100% of mortality after the PLV. ",
"It occurred because the dogs had grand marginal arteries, increasing the probability of myocardial infarction, due to the need for ligation in case of PLV. ",
"Therefore, they got to a very important conclusion, once it was observed that the arteries anatomy is an important factor for the PLV success.",
"\n\nIn Martins et al.^\\[[@r25]\\]^ a group of four dogs underwent PLV and the other, also composed by 4 dogs underwent partial right ventriculectomy (PRV), all the animals were not carriers of DCM and they were all examined and studied during the pre-, intra- and postoperatively periods, during 1, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 days after surgery, with 100% survival in this period. ",
"Due to the excellent obtained results, both studies indicate the procedure as an evolution form to the DCM treatment searches.",
"\n\nIn a study on the LPV results in elderly patients, Shimura et al.^\\[[@r26]\\]^ indicate that they can also receive benefits with this procedure, because the analyzes present results similar to those obtained for younger people, with 57% of hospital survival of the elderly (over 65 years) against 62% of the younger ones.",
"\n\nIn 2005 a study about the morphological effect in 15 patients surviving to PLV was performed a year after its completion, and it was verified that in addition to the significant reduction in the functional classes these patients presented, there were also favorable effects on myocardial structure, especially in the ventricular diameter and in the tissue quality^\\[[@r27]\\]^.\n\nMore recently, two studies were published and they reported success in the PLV performing. ",
"At first, Yoda et al.^\\[[@r28]\\]^ describe the case of a patient with DCM that has been subjected to various procedures, including PLV. ",
"The 29-year-old man, who was in functional class IV (NYHA) presented significant improvements in the LV function after the procedures had been performed and it took him not much time to go back to normal life (Class I), and these circumstances were kept for throughout the period of one year of monitoring. ",
"In the second report, González López et al.^\\[[@r29]\\]^ present a case similar to those described by Yamagishi et al.^\\[[@r10]\\]^ and Westaby et al.^\\[[@r11]\\]^, where a four-month baby with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery of the pulmonary artery and who developed severe heart failure with EF\\<20%, was submitted to PLV. ",
"After the procedure it was obtained EF=55% and reduced to NYHA class I, and these values remained during the period of one year follow-up.",
"\n\nThe vast majority of the successful study described herein have in common an important stage which we believe is crucial to the success of the LPV^\\[[@r5],[@r10]-[@r15],[@r18],[@r20],[@r21],[@r25],[@r28],[@r29]\\]^. This stage consists in assessing the best area to be sectioned in the lateral wall of the LV by intraoperative echocardiography (besides, of course, careful visual assessment of myocardial conditions after the heart exposure). ",
"In this evaluation, as well as performed in Horii et al.^\\[[@r12]\\]^ and Suma et al.^\\[[@r13]-[@r15]\\]^, the area to be sectioned in the free wall of the LV, generally was that thinner and akinetic one, since this region does not contribute to the proper functioning of this cavity. ",
"Some of the studies did not perform this stage, or at least did not report it^\\[[@r7],[@r16],[@r17],[@r19],[@r22],[@r23],[@r26]\\]^. In case some of them have not done this assessment, it may be that the sections have been made in kinetic regions, still leaving akinetic regions in the LV wall. ",
"In other words, the active parts may have been sectioned and the inactive parts of the ventricles sidewalls may have been left apart. ",
"This stage, though the results have been good in all of them, perhaps could assist in obtaining even better results. ",
"In addition, it is also unanimous the need for careful selection of patients to be submitted to PLV, which is also corroborated by other studies^\\[[@r4],[@r30]-[@r35]\\]^. However, it is not observed a standard protocol selection for candidates to this procedure, indicating that developments in this area and discussions on this protocol must be made.",
"\n\nCase reports and possible procedure innovations\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nSeveral articles published by leading researchers worldwide have some good ways to improve the PLV efficiency.",
"\n\nKoyama et al.^\\[[@r36]\\]^ present an innovative study, demonstrating that the LV apex plays a key role in optimizing its functioning. ",
"This information was the basis for their experiment on dogs, where two groups, each one composed by six dogs had induced DCM and underwent PLV, and one of the groups had a section made until the apex, which was preserved in the other group. ",
"The results of the group where the apex had been preserved were much better. ",
"This result allowed new insight into the way of sectioning the heart section in the LV wall, indicating that the apex preservation could improve the results of the PLV. ",
"Subsequent studies stressed the importance of this result and confirm their veracity^\\[[@r37]-[@r40]\\]^.\n\nIn addition, Matsui et al.^\\[[@r38]\\]^ also mention the importance of preserving the original ventricular geometry so that its functions can be fully accomplished. ",
"Therefore, it is necessary that the section made on its wall allows its permanency on elliptical shape. ",
"The importance of preservation or restoration of the original LV geometry is not highlighted only in studies related to PLV, as seen in the studies by Braile et al.^\\[[@r41]\\]^, Jatene et al.^\\[[@r42]\\]^, Braile et al.^\\[[@r43]\\]^ and Ferreira Filho^\\[[@r44]\\]^.\n\nImportant notes on improvement possibilities in the PLV can be analyzed in Lunkenheimer et al.^\\[[@r45]\\]^, which among other successful researchers, there is also Dr. Randas Batista as a member. ",
"In this study, the authors stress that until the moment of its fulfilling, the size, shape and location of the section to be sectioned was the surgeon\\'s decision to make, and once the procedure had been performed, it was impossible to avoid future problems, once removal would have been already made. ",
"It also describes that when making an exaggerated section in the LV, the RV function may also be impaired.",
"\n\nThe authors also present an experiment report conducted in pigs with a realization protocol of the PLV, in which they obtained good results. ",
"However, this study was published almost simultaneously with the study by Koyama et al.^\\[[@r36]\\]^ and maybe that is the reason why it does not incorporate the need to preserve the apex.",
"\n\nThe LV region location where the section should be done may be performed in most of the cases by the volume reduction test based on echocardiography, as already observed in the previous section, which is already a major breakthrough that allowed the best results to the procedure. ",
"The format of the section to be sectioned is generally elliptical, but in some cases it has already been performed hourglass shaped sections^\\[[@r46]\\]^.\n\nHowever, in spite of considering the original geometry of the LV is best preserved when the section is elliptical, no works were found on studies reporting the influence of the sections formats in the procedure\\'s efficiency and that assist in the maintenance of the LV geometry.",
"\n\nOther studies also report that one of the facts that contribute to the failure of the PLV realization is the myocardial extended section, in other words, the withdrawal of a larger section of what it should be^\\[[@r16],[@r47]-[@r50]\\]^. Kawaguchi et al.^\\[[@r48]\\]^ report that the ideal is that the section is the minimum size required, while in Westaby^\\[[@r49]\\]^ it is emphasized that, until the completion of their work, there were no ways to determine the optimal amount to be sectioned from the LV wall, allowing the removal of exaggerated sections, impairing the ventricular function. ",
"On the other hand, Kawaguchi et al.^\\[[@r16]\\]^ reported that a very long incision may generate ventricular constriction, because the ventricular cavity reduction will be bigger than necessary, making the heart vulnerable to ventricular fibrillation or sudden death.",
"\n\nAiming to obtain a method of determining the size of the section to be sectioned, and therefore allowing that the problems related to myocardial extended section may be avoided, a research group of the Post-Graduation in Mechanical Engineering/Bioengineering at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais) has started a research on the possibilities of determining these dimensions, and preliminary theoretical results have been published in major conferences in this area^\\[[@r51]-[@r53]\\]^. It is believed that after the consolidation of the way to obtain these dimensions, it should be a mandatory part of the realization protocol of PLV, where each patient will quickly have the determination of how much must be sectioned so that the removed section is actually the ideal size.",
"\n\nThree mathematical models related to PLV have been found. ",
"Ottesen & Danielsen^\\[[@r54]\\]^ present a model to make the analysis of the ventricular contraction, and it can be used to measure the PLV efficiency, comparing prior and subsequent results to the procedure. ",
"Dorri et al.^\\[[@r35]\\]^ developed a model to investigate the ventricular deformation and used it to prove that in properly selected cases this procedure may be feasible, and that the PLV is according to physical-mathematical description expressed in Batista et al.^\\[[@r3],[@r9]\\]^. The third model is described by Warwick et al.^\\[[@r55]\\]^ and it is based on a mathematical technique called \\\"finite element\\\", and it aims to provide changes in LV contractile function ulterior the PLV, to assist in a more adequate selection of the patients for this procedure. ",
"However, no reports of further improvements and practical applications of these models were found, indicating that so far, it has been made very little evolution of mathematical modeling application as an assistant in improving and analysis of PLV.",
"\n\nThus, after all the reports described in this study, it is possible to believe that many of discouraging results on the PLV perhaps could have been avoided if the selection criteria had been better studied, if the determination of the most affected regions of the LV wall had been analyzed and if the results such as the need to preserve the apex and the coronary arteries anatomy have been investigated previously.",
"\n\nCONCLUSION\n==========\n\nDuring the last 12 years, important reports of success and innovation in the PLV achievement have been published. ",
"Japan presents the largest number of achievements and innovations in the procedure and Brazil has a considerable contribution as the country of the lead authors of two studies and participation in more than 18% of the total articles that have been found.",
"\n\nIt was evident that the quality of the PLV results can be improved and it is needed a rigorous selection criteria of the patients which best suit to procedure.",
"\n\nThe necessity of the ventricular apex preservation when executing the section, in order to ensure the quality of ventricular contractions after the PLV is a prominent factor in this study, and it proved to be very important in a considerable number of the searched studies. ",
"Thus, this consideration should always be taken into account while performing the PLV. ",
"In addition, another important factor is the anatomy of the coronary arteries, since it has been found that patients with large marginal arteries are at high risk of heart attacks after the PLV.",
"\n\nMany studies show the necessity of making appropriate size sections to prevent excessive reduction of the ventricular cavity. ",
"For that reason, a mathematical and computational model, capable of performing sizing of the heart section to be sectioned, and thus may prevent the occurrence of complications related to sections extended, is already being studied and developed.",
"\n\n **Authors\\' roles & responsibilities** \n ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n JSD Analysis/interpretation of data; statistical analysis; final approval of the manuscript; study design; implementation of projects/experiments; manuscript writing/critical review of its content\n MPV Analysis/interpretation of data; final approval of the manuscript; study design; implementation of projects/ experiments; manuscript writing/critical review of its content\n MPB Analysis/interpretation of data; final approval of the manuscript; study design; implementation of projects/ experiments; manuscript writing/critical review of its content\n\nThis study was carried out at Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.",
"\n\nNo financial support.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"It is common knowledge that carrying skis by hand, for example, when going to or returning from the slopes, is very inconvenient. ",
"Therefore, various devices have heretofore been devised for carrying skis on such occasions. ",
"Thus, European patent application No. ",
"043 784 describes a ski-carrying element that enables a ski to be carried by means of a handle adapted thereto at the site of the bindings. ",
"The handle is movable between a retractable position and an unfolded position, as indicated above. ",
"Each handle is fastened permanently to the corresponding ski and can be retracted into a position below the site reserved for the boot. ",
"In one specific embodiment of this ski-carrying element of known construction, the latter has a fixed part in the form of a plate connected to the sole piece of the ski by any means. ",
"The actual handle has the shape of a U, the two arms of which slide into housings provided in the aforementioned plate and whose web constitutes the gripping part. ",
"Springs mounted around arms of the handle and located inside their housings return the handle to its retracted position.",
"\nThis device has the drawback of requiring springs, which complicate assembly. ",
"Another drawback is that the gripping part of the handle goes laterally beyond the sole piece of the ski."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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[
"Involvement of polyamines in the drought resistance of rice.",
"\nThis study investigated whether and how polyamines (PAs) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants are involved in drought resistance. ",
"Six rice cultivars differing in drought resistance were used and subjected to well-watered and water-stressed treatments during their reproductive period. ",
"The activities of arginine decarboxylase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, and spermidine (Spd) synthase in the leaves were significantly enhanced by water stress, in good agreement with the increase in putrescine (Put), Spd, and spermine (Spm) contents there. ",
"The increased contents of free Spd, free Spm, and insoluble-conjugated Put under water stress were significantly correlated with the yield maintenance ratio (the ratio of grain yield under water-stressed conditions to grain yield under well-watered conditions) of the cultivars. ",
"Free Put at an early stage of water stress positively, whereas at a later stage negatively, correlated with the yield maintenance ratio. ",
"No significant differences were observed in soluble-conjugated PAs and insoluble-conjugated Spd and Spm among the cultivars. ",
"Free PAs showed significant accumulation when leaf water potentials reached -0.51 MPa to -0.62 MPa for the drought-resistant cultivars and -0.70 MPa to -0.84 MPa for the drought-susceptible ones. ",
"The results suggest that rice has a large capacity to enhance PA biosynthesis in leaves in response to water stress. ",
"The role of PAs in plant defence to water stress varies with PA forms and stress stages. ",
"In adapting to drought it would be good for rice to have the physiological traits of higher levels of free Spd/free Spm and insoluble-conjugated Put, as well as early accumulation of free PAs, under water stress."
] | {
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[
"SHARE\n\nCallHealth Services Pvt. ",
"Ltd, a Hyderabad-based healthcare services aggregator, is set to raise Rs 40 crore ($6.2 million) in a funding round likely to be led by former Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar.",
"\n\nThe cricketing legend is expected to put in Rs 12 crore while India’s top female badminton player PV Sindhu and former badminton player Pullela Gopichand are likely to put in Rs 4 crore each, show the company’s filings with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs in June.",
"\n\nUS- and Hyderabad-based IT services company Tetra Soft India Pvt. ",
"Ltd (Rs 8 crore) and Bijman Projects Pvt. ",
"Ltd (Rs 10 crore), among others, are also expected to participate in the round.",
"\n\nThe proposed investment from Tendulkar, Sindhu and Gopichand is yet to come in, a company spokesperson said over the phone without elaborating on the timeline. ",
"Gopichand is an existing investor in the company.",
"\n\n“Our planned fundraise is intended to help us expand to other markets, increase our offerings, acquire customers as well as engage key brand ambassadors to help us achieve our business objectives,” Hari Thalapalli, CEO of CallHealth, said in an e-mailed response. “",
"As part of that objective, we have been in conversation with different personalities from the media and sporting world, some of which have fructified, while others have not matured as planned.”",
"\n\nIn July last year, the company had raised Rs 57.52 crore by allocating 23.01 lakh equity shares at Rs 250 apiece. ",
"The investors in that round included popular Telugu film actors Chiranjeevi Konidela, Nagarjuna Akkineni and Allu Arjun. ",
"Gopichand had also participated in this round.",
"\n\nCallHealth denied that the latest fundraise was at a lower valuation than before and said that the share price is lower in the new round because of a stock split.",
"\n\n“The news about a ‘down-round’ is erroneous and may have been perceived as such because of the stock-split and the resultant share price. ",
"It is pertinent to note that all investments so far have only been at an enhanced valuation,” chief financial officer Satish Kottakota said in an e-mailed response.",
"\n\nThe company had earlier split its shares of Rs 10 face value into 10 shares of one rupee each. ",
"This means that, at a share price of Rs 50 each, its valuation has doubled from the July 2016 round.",
"\n\nChief executive Thalapalli also said that CallHealth has raised about $35 million so far in its pursuit of building and testing the “world’s first integrated healthcare services platform that brings together 16 different offerings” that include doctor consultation, diagnostics, nursing and physiotherapy services, online pharmacy and health insurance – both for individual and corporate customers.",
"\n\nCallHealth was founded in 2013 by Sandhya Raju, daughter of Ramco Systems managing director and CEO PR Venketrama Raja. ",
"Sandhya is also the daughter-in-law of Ramalinga Raju, the former chairman and CEO of Satyam Computer Services who stepped down after admitting to large-scale manipulations of the company’s books.",
"\n\nThalapalli said the company has launched operations in Hyderabad, a hub, and eight towns around it. ",
"CallHealth has also recently launched its operations in the national capital region. “",
"We will be launching additional services like blood bank and genome mapping in the days to come and expand further in other geographies,” he said."
] | {
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[
"/*\nCopyright (c) 2020, David Anderson\nAll rights reserved.",
"\n\nRedistribution and use in source and binary forms, with\nor without modification, are permitted provided that the\nfollowing conditions are met:\n\n Redistributions of source code must retain the above\n copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following\n disclaimer.",
"\n\n Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above\n copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following\n disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials\n provided with the distribution.",
"\n\nTHIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND\nCONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,\nINCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES\nOF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE\nARE DISCLAIMED. ",
"IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR\nCONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,\nSPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT\nNOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;\nLOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)\nHOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN\nCONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR\nOTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE,\nEVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.",
"\n*/\n#ifndef DWARF_RNGLISTS_H\n#define DWARF_RNGLISTS_H\n#ifdef __cplusplus\nextern \"C\" {\n#endif /* __cplusplus */\n\n/* Rangelists header for a CU. ",
"The\n type is never visible to libdwarf callers */\nstruct Dwarf_Rnglists_Context_s {\n Dwarf_Debug rc_dbg;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rc_index; /* An index assigned by\n libdwarf to each rnglists context. ",
"Starting\n with zero at the zero offset in .debug_rnglists. */",
"\n\n /* Offset of the .debug_rnglists header involved. */",
"\n Dwarf_Unsigned rc_header_offset;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rc_length;\n\n /* Many places in in libdwarf this is called length_size. */",
"\n Dwarf_Small rc_offset_size;\n\n /* rc_extension_size is zero unless this is standard\n DWARF3 and later 64bit dwarf using the extension mechanism.",
"\n 64bit DWARF3 and later: rc_extension_size is 4.",
"\n 64bit DWARF2 MIPS/IRIX: rc_extension_size is zero.",
"\n 32bit DWARF: rc_extension_size is zero. ",
" */\n Dwarf_Small rc_extension_size;\n\n unsigned rc_version; /* 5 */\n Dwarf_Small rc_address_size;\n Dwarf_Small rc_segment_selector_size;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rc_offset_entry_count;\n\n /* offset in the section of the offset entries */\n Dwarf_Unsigned rc_offsets_off_in_sect;\n\n /* Do not free. ",
"Points into section memory */\n Dwarf_Small * rc_offsets_array;\n\n /* Offset in the .debug_rnglists section of the\n first rangelist in the set of rangelists for the\n CU. */",
"\n Dwarf_Unsigned rc_first_rnglist_offset;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rc_past_last_rnglist_offset;\n\n /* pointer to 1st byte of rangelist header*/\n Dwarf_Small * rc_rnglists_header;\n /* pointer to first byte of the rnglist data\n for rnglist involved. ",
"Do not free. */",
"\n Dwarf_Small *rc_startaddr;\n /* pointer one past end of the rnglist data. */",
"\n Dwarf_Small *rc_endaddr;\n};\n\ntypedef struct Dwarf_Rnglists_Entry_s *Dwarf_Rnglists_Entry;\nstruct Dwarf_Rnglists_Entry_s {\n unsigned rle_entrylen;\n unsigned rle_code;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rle_raw1;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rle_raw2;\n /* Cooked means the raw values from the .debug_rnglists\n section translated to DIE-specific addresses. */",
"\n Dwarf_Unsigned rle_cooked1;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rle_cooked2;\n Dwarf_Rnglists_Entry rle_next;\n};\n\n\nstruct Dwarf_Rnglists_Head_s {\n Dwarf_Rnglists_Entry *rh_rnglists;\n /* rh_last and rh_first used during build-up.",
"\n Zero when array rh_rnglists built. */",
"\n Dwarf_Rnglists_Entry rh_first;\n Dwarf_Rnglists_Entry rh_last;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rh_count;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rh_bytes_total;\n\n /* A global Rnglists Context, */\n Dwarf_CU_Context rh_context;\n Dwarf_Debug rh_dbg;\n Dwarf_Rnglists_Context rh_localcontext;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rh_version;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rh_index;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rh_offset_size;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rh_address_size;\n unsigned rh_segment_selector_size;\n\n /* DW_AT_rnglists_base */\n Dwarf_Bool rh_at_rnglists_base_present;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rh_at_rnglists_base;\n\n /* DW_AT_low_pc of CU or zero if none. */",
"\n Dwarf_Bool rh_cu_base_address_present;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rh_cu_base_address;\n\n /* DW_AT_addr_base, so we can use .debug_addr\n if such is needed. */",
"\n Dwarf_Bool rh_cu_addr_base_present;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rh_cu_addr_base;\n Dwarf_Small * rh_rlepointer;\n Dwarf_Unsigned rh_rlearea_offset;\n Dwarf_Small * rh_end_data_area;\n};\n\nvoid _dwarf_rnglists_head_destructor(void *m);\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\n}\n#endif /* __cplusplus */\n#endif /* DWARF_RNGLISTS_H */\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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] | 0.001835 | 25 |