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The English home season of 1992 saw Botham and Pringle initially play together in the Test side, but neither lasted long. Botham played his last Test at Lord's, and Pringle was dropped until the Leeds Test match. Again, Pringle was instrumental in England's win versus Pakistan, and the selectors persisted with him for the Oval. By this stage he was beginning to be easier to play on flat pitches but an excellent opponent when there was anything in the pitch. On a very true, fast, bouncy surface at the Oval, Pringle looked highly playable, and his final bow on a Test match field saw him having his off stump flattened by Wasim Akram. He was not chosen to tour India in 1992–93, but did make the Texaco Trophy side for 1993 against Australia. Failing to make the Test side, he retired shortly afterwards. |
The English home season of 1992 saw Botham and Pringle initially play together in the Test side, but neither lasted long. Botham played his last Test at Lord's, and Pringle was dropped until the Leeds Test match. Again, Pringle was instrumental in England's win versus Pakistan, and the selectors persisted with him for the Oval. By this stage he was beginning to be easier to play on flat pitches but an excellent opponent when there was anything in the pitch. On a very true, fast, bouncy surface at the Oval, Pringle looked highly playable, and his final bow on a Test match field saw him having his off stump flattened by Wasim Akram. He was not chosen to tour India in 1992–93, but did make the Texaco Trophy side for 1993 against Australia. Failing to make the Test side, he retired shortly afterwards. |
The English home season of 1992 saw Botham and Pringle initially play together in the Test side, but neither lasted long. Botham played his last Test at Lord's, and Pringle was dropped until the Leeds Test match. Again, Pringle was instrumental in England's win versus Pakistan, and the selectors persisted with him for the Oval. By this stage he was beginning to be easier to play on flat pitches but an excellent opponent when there was anything in the pitch. On a very true, fast, bouncy surface at the Oval, Pringle looked highly playable, and his final bow on a Test match field saw him having his off stump flattened by Wasim Akram. He was not chosen to tour India in 1992–93, but did make the Texaco Trophy side for 1993 against Australia. Failing to make the Test side, he retired shortly afterwards. |
The English home season of 1992 saw Botham and Pringle initially play together in the Test side, but neither lasted long. Botham played his last Test at Lord's, and Pringle was dropped until the Leeds Test match. Again, Pringle was instrumental in England's win versus Pakistan, and the selectors persisted with him for the Oval. By this stage he was beginning to be easier to play on flat pitches but an excellent opponent when there was anything in the pitch. On a very true, fast, bouncy surface at the Oval, Pringle looked highly playable, and his final bow on a Test match field saw him having his off stump flattened by Wasim Akram. He was not chosen to tour India in 1992–93, but did make the Texaco Trophy side for 1993 against Australia. Failing to make the Test side, he retired shortly afterwards. |
There were 134 households, of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.3% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.85. |
There were 134 households, of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.3% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.85. |
Viola Fauver Liuzzo (née Gregg; April 11, 1925 – March 25, 1965) was an American housewife and civil rights activist. In March 1965, Liuzzo heeded the call of Martin Luther King Jr. and traveled from Detroit, Michigan, to Selma, Alabama, in the wake of the Bloody Sunday attempt at marching across the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Liuzzo participated in the successful Selma to Montgomery marches and helped with coordination and logistics. At the age of 39, while driving back from a trip shuttling fellow activists to the Montgomery airport, she was fatally hit by shots fired from a pursuing car containing Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members Collie Wilkins, William Eaton, Eugene Thomas, and Gary Thomas Rowe, the latter of whom was actually an undercover informant working for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). |
Viola Fauver Liuzzo (née Gregg; April 11, 1925 – March 25, 1965) was an American housewife and civil rights activist. In March 1965, Liuzzo heeded the call of Martin Luther King Jr. and traveled from Detroit, Michigan, to Selma, Alabama, in the wake of the Bloody Sunday attempt at marching across the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Liuzzo participated in the successful Selma to Montgomery marches and helped with coordination and logistics. At the age of 39, while driving back from a trip shuttling fellow activists to the Montgomery airport, she was fatally hit by shots fired from a pursuing car containing Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members Collie Wilkins, William Eaton, Eugene Thomas, and Gary Thomas Rowe, the latter of whom was actually an undercover informant working for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). |
Rowe testified that Wilkins had fired two shots into Liuzzo on the order of Thomas, and was placed in the witness protection program by the FBI. In an effort to deflect attention from having employed Rowe as an informant, the FBI produced disinformation for politicians and the press, stating that Liuzzo was a member of the Communist Party, heroin addict, and had abandoned her children to have sexual relationships with African-Americans involved in the Civil Rights Movement. Liuzzo's involvement in the civil rights movement was scrutinized and she was condemned by various racist organizations. In 1983, the Liuzzo family filed a lawsuit against the FBI after learning about the FBI's activities, but the suit was dismissed. |
Rowe testified that Wilkins had fired two shots into Liuzzo on the order of Thomas, and was placed in the witness protection program by the FBI. In an effort to deflect attention from having employed Rowe as an informant, the FBI produced disinformation for politicians and the press, stating that Liuzzo was a member of the Communist Party, heroin addict, and had abandoned her children to have sexual relationships with African-Americans involved in the Civil Rights Movement. Liuzzo's involvement in the civil rights movement was scrutinized and she was condemned by various racist organizations. In 1983, the Liuzzo family filed a lawsuit against the FBI after learning about the FBI's activities, but the suit was dismissed. |
In 1941, the Gregg family moved to Ypsilanti, Michigan, where her father sought a job assembling bombs at the Ford Motor Co. Viola's strong-willed nature led her to drop out of high school after one year, and elope at the age of 16. The marriage did not last and she returned to her family. Two years later, the Gregg family moved to Detroit, Michigan, which was starkly segregated by race. Tensions between whites and blacks were very high there and the early 1940s saw violence and rioting. Witnessing these horrific ordeals was a major motivator that influenced Viola's future civil rights work. |
In 1941, the Gregg family moved to Ypsilanti, Michigan, where her father sought a job assembling bombs at the Ford Motor Co. Viola's strong-willed nature led her to drop out of high school after one year, and elope at the age of 16. The marriage did not last and she returned to her family. Two years later, the Gregg family moved to Detroit, Michigan, which was starkly segregated by race. Tensions between whites and blacks were very high there and the early 1940s saw violence and rioting. Witnessing these horrific ordeals was a major motivator that influenced Viola's future civil rights work. |
In 1941, the Gregg family moved to Ypsilanti, Michigan, where her father sought a job assembling bombs at the Ford Motor Co. Viola's strong-willed nature led her to drop out of high school after one year, and elope at the age of 16. The marriage did not last and she returned to her family. Two years later, the Gregg family moved to Detroit, Michigan, which was starkly segregated by race. Tensions between whites and blacks were very high there and the early 1940s saw violence and rioting. Witnessing these horrific ordeals was a major motivator that influenced Viola's future civil rights work. |
In 1941, the Gregg family moved to Ypsilanti, Michigan, where her father sought a job assembling bombs at the Ford Motor Co. Viola's strong-willed nature led her to drop out of high school after one year, and elope at the age of 16. The marriage did not last and she returned to her family. Two years later, the Gregg family moved to Detroit, Michigan, which was starkly segregated by race. Tensions between whites and blacks were very high there and the early 1940s saw violence and rioting. Witnessing these horrific ordeals was a major motivator that influenced Viola's future civil rights work. |
A large part of Viola's activism, particularly with the NAACP, was due to her close friendship with an African-American woman, Sarah Evans. After initially meeting in a grocery store where Liuzzo worked as a cashier, the two kept in touch. Evans eventually became Liuzzo's housekeeper while still maintaining a close, friendly relationship in which they shared similar views, including support for the civil rights movement. In the aftermath of Liuzzo's death, Evans would go on to become the permanent caretaker of Liuzzo's five young children. |
A large part of Viola's activism, particularly with the NAACP, was due to her close friendship with an African-American woman, Sarah Evans. After initially meeting in a grocery store where Liuzzo worked as a cashier, the two kept in touch. Evans eventually became Liuzzo's housekeeper while still maintaining a close, friendly relationship in which they shared similar views, including support for the civil rights movement. In the aftermath of Liuzzo's death, Evans would go on to become the permanent caretaker of Liuzzo's five young children. |
A large part of Viola's activism, particularly with the NAACP, was due to her close friendship with an African-American woman, Sarah Evans. After initially meeting in a grocery store where Liuzzo worked as a cashier, the two kept in touch. Evans eventually became Liuzzo's housekeeper while still maintaining a close, friendly relationship in which they shared similar views, including support for the civil rights movement. In the aftermath of Liuzzo's death, Evans would go on to become the permanent caretaker of Liuzzo's five young children. |
A large part of Viola's activism, particularly with the NAACP, was due to her close friendship with an African-American woman, Sarah Evans. After initially meeting in a grocery store where Liuzzo worked as a cashier, the two kept in touch. Evans eventually became Liuzzo's housekeeper while still maintaining a close, friendly relationship in which they shared similar views, including support for the civil rights movement. In the aftermath of Liuzzo's death, Evans would go on to become the permanent caretaker of Liuzzo's five young children. |
In February 1965, a night demonstration for voting rights at the Marion, Alabama, courthouse turned violent. State troopers clubbed marchers and beat and shot a 26-year-old African-American named Jimmie Lee Jackson, who later died. His death spurred the fight for civil rights in Selma, Alabama. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) scheduled a protest march for Sunday, March 7, 1965. Gov. George Wallace banned the march, but the ban was ignored. Six hundred marchers headed for the arched Edmund Pettus Bridge that crossed the Alabama River. As the protesters reached the crest of the bridge, they saw a terrifying sight on the other side: state troopers armed with clubs, whips, and teargas, and a sheriff's posse on horseback. When told to stop and disperse, the marchers refused. The troopers advanced on the marchers, clubbing and whipping them, fracturing bones and gashing heads. Seventeen people were hospitalized on the day later called "Bloody Sunday." |
In February 1965, a night demonstration for voting rights at the Marion, Alabama, courthouse turned violent. State troopers clubbed marchers and beat and shot a 26-year-old African-American named Jimmie Lee Jackson, who later died. His death spurred the fight for civil rights in Selma, Alabama. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) scheduled a protest march for Sunday, March 7, 1965. Gov. George Wallace banned the march, but the ban was ignored. Six hundred marchers headed for the arched Edmund Pettus Bridge that crossed the Alabama River. As the protesters reached the crest of the bridge, they saw a terrifying sight on the other side: state troopers armed with clubs, whips, and teargas, and a sheriff's posse on horseback. When told to stop and disperse, the marchers refused. The troopers advanced on the marchers, clubbing and whipping them, fracturing bones and gashing heads. Seventeen people were hospitalized on the day later called "Bloody Sunday." |
Liuzzo was horrified by the images of the aborted march on Bloody Sunday. A second march took place March 9. Troopers, police, and marchers confronted each other at the county end of the bridge, but when the troopers stepped aside to let them pass, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. led the marchers back to the church. He was obeying a federal injunction while seeking protection from federal court for the march. That night, a white group beat and murdered civil rights activist James Reeb, a Unitarian Universalist minister from Boston, who had come to Selma to march with the second group. Many other clergy and sympathizers from across the country also gathered for the second march. |
Liuzzo was horrified by the images of the aborted march on Bloody Sunday. A second march took place March 9. Troopers, police, and marchers confronted each other at the county end of the bridge, but when the troopers stepped aside to let them pass, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. led the marchers back to the church. He was obeying a federal injunction while seeking protection from federal court for the march. That night, a white group beat and murdered civil rights activist James Reeb, a Unitarian Universalist minister from Boston, who had come to Selma to march with the second group. Many other clergy and sympathizers from across the country also gathered for the second march. |
On March 16, Liuzzo took part in a protest at Wayne State. She then called her husband to tell him she would be traveling to Selma after hearing the Rev Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. call for people of all faiths to come and help, saying that the struggle "was everybody's fight." Leaving her children in the care of family and friends, she contacted the Southern Christian Leadership Conference who took her on and tasked her with delivering aid to various locations, welcoming and recruiting volunteers and transporting volunteers and marchers to and from airports, bus terminals, and train stations, for which she volunteered the use of her car, a 1963 Oldsmobile. |
On March 16, Liuzzo took part in a protest at Wayne State. She then called her husband to tell him she would be traveling to Selma after hearing the Rev Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. call for people of all faiths to come and help, saying that the struggle "was everybody's fight." Leaving her children in the care of family and friends, she contacted the Southern Christian Leadership Conference who took her on and tasked her with delivering aid to various locations, welcoming and recruiting volunteers and transporting volunteers and marchers to and from airports, bus terminals, and train stations, for which she volunteered the use of her car, a 1963 Oldsmobile. |
On March 21, 1965, more than 3,000 people began the third march, including blacks, whites, doctors, nurses, working-class people, priests, nuns, rabbis, homemakers, students, actors, and farmers. Many famous people participated, including Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Coretta Scott King, Ralph Abernathy, and Andrew Young. It took five days for the protesters to reach their goal. Liuzzo marched the first full day and returned to Selma for the night. That Wednesday, March 24, she rejoined the march four miles from the end, where a "Night of the Stars" celebration was held the City of St. Jude with performances by many popular entertainers of the day, including Harry Belafonte, Sammy Davis, Jr., Joan Baez, and Dick Gregory. Liuzzo helped at the first aid station. On Thursday, Liuzzo and other marchers reached the state capitol building, with a Confederate flag flying above it. Martin Luther King Jr. addressed the crowd of 25,000, calling the march a "shining moment in American history." |
On March 21, 1965, more than 3,000 people began the third march, including blacks, whites, doctors, nurses, working-class people, priests, nuns, rabbis, homemakers, students, actors, and farmers. Many famous people participated, including Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Coretta Scott King, Ralph Abernathy, and Andrew Young. It took five days for the protesters to reach their goal. Liuzzo marched the first full day and returned to Selma for the night. That Wednesday, March 24, she rejoined the march four miles from the end, where a "Night of the Stars" celebration was held the City of St. Jude with performances by many popular entertainers of the day, including Harry Belafonte, Sammy Davis, Jr., Joan Baez, and Dick Gregory. Liuzzo helped at the first aid station. On Thursday, Liuzzo and other marchers reached the state capitol building, with a Confederate flag flying above it. Martin Luther King Jr. addressed the crowd of 25,000, calling the march a "shining moment in American history." |
After the third march concluded on March 25, Liuzzo, assisted by Leroy Moton, a 19-year-old African American, continued shuttling marchers and volunteers from Montgomery back to Selma in her car. As they were driving along Route 80, a car tried to force them off the road. After dropping passengers in Selma, she and Moton headed back to Montgomery. As they were getting gas at a local filling station, they were subject to abusive calls and racist scorn. When Liuzzo stopped at a red light, a car with four members of the local Ku Klux Klan, including FBI infiltrator Rowe, pulled up alongside her. When they saw a white woman and a black man in a car together, they followed Liuzzo as she tried to outrun them. Overtaking the Oldsmobile, they shot directly at Liuzzo, mortally wounding her twice in the head. The car veered into a ditch, crashing into a fence. |
After the third march concluded on March 25, Liuzzo, assisted by Leroy Moton, a 19-year-old African American, continued shuttling marchers and volunteers from Montgomery back to Selma in her car. As they were driving along Route 80, a car tried to force them off the road. After dropping passengers in Selma, she and Moton headed back to Montgomery. As they were getting gas at a local filling station, they were subject to abusive calls and racist scorn. When Liuzzo stopped at a red light, a car with four members of the local Ku Klux Klan, including FBI infiltrator Rowe, pulled up alongside her. When they saw a white woman and a black man in a car together, they followed Liuzzo as she tried to outrun them. Overtaking the Oldsmobile, they shot directly at Liuzzo, mortally wounding her twice in the head. The car veered into a ditch, crashing into a fence. |
Liuzzo's funeral was held at Immaculate Heart of Mary Catholic Church on March 30 in Detroit, with many prominent members of both the civil rights movement and government there to pay their respects. Included in this group were Martin Luther King Jr., NAACP executive director Roy Wilkins, Congress on Racial Equality national leader James Farmer, Michigan lieutenant governor William G. Milliken, Teamsters president Jimmy Hoffa, and United Auto Workers president Walter Reuther. She was buried at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Southfield, Michigan. |
Liuzzo's funeral was held at Immaculate Heart of Mary Catholic Church on March 30 in Detroit, with many prominent members of both the civil rights movement and government there to pay their respects. Included in this group were Martin Luther King Jr., NAACP executive director Roy Wilkins, Congress on Racial Equality national leader James Farmer, Michigan lieutenant governor William G. Milliken, Teamsters president Jimmy Hoffa, and United Auto Workers president Walter Reuther. She was buried at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Southfield, Michigan. |
The four Klan members in the car—Collie Wilkins (21), FBI informant Gary Rowe (34), William Eaton (41), and Eugene Thomas (42)—were quickly arrested; within 24 hours, President Lyndon Johnson appeared on national television to announce their arrest. In order to avoid bad press, President Johnson made sure to focus on the positive work of the FBI agents' solving of the murder of Viola Liuzzo, in an attempt to divert scrutiny away from the fact that one of the men in the car, Gary Thomas Rowe Jr., was an FBI informant and therefore protected by the FBI. |
The four Klan members in the car—Collie Wilkins (21), FBI informant Gary Rowe (34), William Eaton (41), and Eugene Thomas (42)—were quickly arrested; within 24 hours, President Lyndon Johnson appeared on national television to announce their arrest. In order to avoid bad press, President Johnson made sure to focus on the positive work of the FBI agents' solving of the murder of Viola Liuzzo, in an attempt to divert scrutiny away from the fact that one of the men in the car, Gary Thomas Rowe Jr., was an FBI informant and therefore protected by the FBI. |
The four Klan members in the car—Collie Wilkins (21), FBI informant Gary Rowe (34), William Eaton (41), and Eugene Thomas (42)—were quickly arrested; within 24 hours, President Lyndon Johnson appeared on national television to announce their arrest. In order to avoid bad press, President Johnson made sure to focus on the positive work of the FBI agents' solving of the murder of Viola Liuzzo, in an attempt to divert scrutiny away from the fact that one of the men in the car, Gary Thomas Rowe Jr., was an FBI informant and therefore protected by the FBI. |
The four Klan members in the car—Collie Wilkins (21), FBI informant Gary Rowe (34), William Eaton (41), and Eugene Thomas (42)—were quickly arrested; within 24 hours, President Lyndon Johnson appeared on national television to announce their arrest. In order to avoid bad press, President Johnson made sure to focus on the positive work of the FBI agents' solving of the murder of Viola Liuzzo, in an attempt to divert scrutiny away from the fact that one of the men in the car, Gary Thomas Rowe Jr., was an FBI informant and therefore protected by the FBI. |
After all three defendants were convicted of the federal charges, state murder cases proceeded against Eaton and Thomas. Eaton, the only defendant who remained out of jail, died of a heart attack on March 9. Thomas's state murder trial—the final trial—got under way on September 26, 1966. The prosecution built a strong circumstantial case in the trial that included an FBI ballistics expert testifying that the bullet removed from the woman's brain had been fired from a revolver owned by Thomas. Two witnesses testified they had seen Wilkins drinking beer at a VFW Hall near Birmingham, 125 miles from the murder scene, an hour or less after Liuzzo was shot. Despite the presence of eight African Americans on the jury, Thomas was acquitted of the state murder charge the following day after just 90 minutes of deliberations. State attorney general Richmond Flowers, Sr. criticized the verdict, deriding the black members of the panel, who had been carefully screened, as "Uncle Toms." |
After all three defendants were convicted of the federal charges, state murder cases proceeded against Eaton and Thomas. Eaton, the only defendant who remained out of jail, died of a heart attack on March 9. Thomas's state murder trial—the final trial—got under way on September 26, 1966. The prosecution built a strong circumstantial case in the trial that included an FBI ballistics expert testifying that the bullet removed from the woman's brain had been fired from a revolver owned by Thomas. Two witnesses testified they had seen Wilkins drinking beer at a VFW Hall near Birmingham, 125 miles from the murder scene, an hour or less after Liuzzo was shot. Despite the presence of eight African Americans on the jury, Thomas was acquitted of the state murder charge the following day after just 90 minutes of deliberations. State attorney general Richmond Flowers, Sr. criticized the verdict, deriding the black members of the panel, who had been carefully screened, as "Uncle Toms." |
After all three defendants were convicted of the federal charges, state murder cases proceeded against Eaton and Thomas. Eaton, the only defendant who remained out of jail, died of a heart attack on March 9. Thomas's state murder trial—the final trial—got under way on September 26, 1966. The prosecution built a strong circumstantial case in the trial that included an FBI ballistics expert testifying that the bullet removed from the woman's brain had been fired from a revolver owned by Thomas. Two witnesses testified they had seen Wilkins drinking beer at a VFW Hall near Birmingham, 125 miles from the murder scene, an hour or less after Liuzzo was shot. Despite the presence of eight African Americans on the jury, Thomas was acquitted of the state murder charge the following day after just 90 minutes of deliberations. State attorney general Richmond Flowers, Sr. criticized the verdict, deriding the black members of the panel, who had been carefully screened, as "Uncle Toms." |
After all three defendants were convicted of the federal charges, state murder cases proceeded against Eaton and Thomas. Eaton, the only defendant who remained out of jail, died of a heart attack on March 9. Thomas's state murder trial—the final trial—got under way on September 26, 1966. The prosecution built a strong circumstantial case in the trial that included an FBI ballistics expert testifying that the bullet removed from the woman's brain had been fired from a revolver owned by Thomas. Two witnesses testified they had seen Wilkins drinking beer at a VFW Hall near Birmingham, 125 miles from the murder scene, an hour or less after Liuzzo was shot. Despite the presence of eight African Americans on the jury, Thomas was acquitted of the state murder charge the following day after just 90 minutes of deliberations. State attorney general Richmond Flowers, Sr. criticized the verdict, deriding the black members of the panel, who had been carefully screened, as "Uncle Toms." |
While attempting to obscure the fact that an FBI informant was in the car, and to ensure that the FBI was not held responsible for permitting their informant to participate in violent acts, without FBI surveillance or backup, the FBI was concerned that they might be held accountable for their informant's (Rowe) role in the death. Rowe had been an informant for the FBI since 1960. The FBI was aware that Rowe had participated in acts of violence during Ku Klux Klan activities. On the day of Liuzzo's death, prior to the shooting, Rowe had called his FBI contact and notified him that Rowe and other Klansman were traveling to Montgomery, and that violence was planned. |
While attempting to obscure the fact that an FBI informant was in the car, and to ensure that the FBI was not held responsible for permitting their informant to participate in violent acts, without FBI surveillance or backup, the FBI was concerned that they might be held accountable for their informant's (Rowe) role in the death. Rowe had been an informant for the FBI since 1960. The FBI was aware that Rowe had participated in acts of violence during Ku Klux Klan activities. On the day of Liuzzo's death, prior to the shooting, Rowe had called his FBI contact and notified him that Rowe and other Klansman were traveling to Montgomery, and that violence was planned. |
On May 27, 1983, Judge Charles Wycliffe Joiner rejected the claims in the Liuzzo family lawsuit, saying there was "no evidence the FBI was in any type of joint venture with Rowe or conspiracy against Mrs. Liuzzo. Rowe's presence in the car was the principal reason why the crime was solved so quickly." In response to the verdict, Liuzzo family lawyer Dean A. Robb said "This is a terrible opinion. I'm shocked. I think this is incredible." In August 1983, the FBI was awarded $79,873 in court costs, but costs were later reduced to $3,645 after the ACLU appealed on behalf of the family. |
On May 27, 1983, Judge Charles Wycliffe Joiner rejected the claims in the Liuzzo family lawsuit, saying there was "no evidence the FBI was in any type of joint venture with Rowe or conspiracy against Mrs. Liuzzo. Rowe's presence in the car was the principal reason why the crime was solved so quickly." In response to the verdict, Liuzzo family lawyer Dean A. Robb said "This is a terrible opinion. I'm shocked. I think this is incredible." In August 1983, the FBI was awarded $79,873 in court costs, but costs were later reduced to $3,645 after the ACLU appealed on behalf of the family. |
From the Hip is the third studio album by English post-punk and electronic band Section 25, released in March 1984 by Factory Records. Following on from their previous albums, "Always Now" and "The Key of Dreams", it marked a major departure in terms of sound and scope. Abandoning their harsh original post-punk sound the band embarked upon a new journey into the realms of electronic and dance music, with the help of Bernard Sumner of New Order who co-produced the album at Rockfield Studios in Monmouthshire, Wales. |
From the Hip is the third studio album by English post-punk and electronic band Section 25, released in March 1984 by Factory Records. Following on from their previous albums, "Always Now" and "The Key of Dreams", it marked a major departure in terms of sound and scope. Abandoning their harsh original post-punk sound the band embarked upon a new journey into the realms of electronic and dance music, with the help of Bernard Sumner of New Order who co-produced the album at Rockfield Studios in Monmouthshire, Wales. |
The album features subtle yet warm and atmospheric electronic tracks, such as "The Process" and "Inspiration", as well as the Hi-NRG-style "Looking from a Hilltop" and the lighter synth-pop of "Reflection". "Looking from a Hilltop" was remixed by Bernard Sumner and Donald Johnson of A Certain Ratio for single release, with the lengthy "Megamix" version becoming an underground club hit, later sampled by both electronic dance music artists Orbital and the Shamen, and also described as "legendary" by Pitchfork Media. It was also the first track on Factory Records dance retrospective "FAC. Dance". |
The album features subtle yet warm and atmospheric electronic tracks, such as "The Process" and "Inspiration", as well as the Hi-NRG-style "Looking from a Hilltop" and the lighter synth-pop of "Reflection". "Looking from a Hilltop" was remixed by Bernard Sumner and Donald Johnson of A Certain Ratio for single release, with the lengthy "Megamix" version becoming an underground club hit, later sampled by both electronic dance music artists Orbital and the Shamen, and also described as "legendary" by Pitchfork Media. It was also the first track on Factory Records dance retrospective "FAC. Dance". |
The creek is known for having been the site of the first rainbow trout hatchery in the world, drawing on the locally native variety of the species. The fish raised in this hatchery were sent as far away as New York. Although rainbow trout ("Oncorhynchus mykiss"), was initially identified in 1792 in Kamchatka, Siberia by Johann Julius Walbaum, William P. Gibbons, founder of the California Academy of Sciences, believed in 1855 that he had discovered a new species of trout in San Leandro Creek, which he named "Salmo iridea" (now the coastal rainbow trout subspecies "Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus"). The site was then declared a California Historical Landmark. |
The creek is known for having been the site of the first rainbow trout hatchery in the world, drawing on the locally native variety of the species. The fish raised in this hatchery were sent as far away as New York. Although rainbow trout ("Oncorhynchus mykiss"), was initially identified in 1792 in Kamchatka, Siberia by Johann Julius Walbaum, William P. Gibbons, founder of the California Academy of Sciences, believed in 1855 that he had discovered a new species of trout in San Leandro Creek, which he named "Salmo iridea" (now the coastal rainbow trout subspecies "Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus"). The site was then declared a California Historical Landmark. |
New York State Route 30A (NY 30A) is a state highway in the Capital District of New York in the United States. It serves as a westerly alternate route of NY 30 from near the Schoharie County village of Schoharie to the Fulton County hamlet of Riceville, south of the village of Mayfield. While NY 30 heads generally north–south between the two locations and passes through Amsterdam, NY 30A veers west to serve the villages of Fonda and Fultonville and the cities of Johnstown and Gloversville. Along the way, it connects to several major east–west highways, including U.S. Route 20 (US 20) in Esperance and the New York State Thruway in Fultonville. |
New York State Route 30A (NY 30A) is a state highway in the Capital District of New York in the United States. It serves as a westerly alternate route of NY 30 from near the Schoharie County village of Schoharie to the Fulton County hamlet of Riceville, south of the village of Mayfield. While NY 30 heads generally north–south between the two locations and passes through Amsterdam, NY 30A veers west to serve the villages of Fonda and Fultonville and the cities of Johnstown and Gloversville. Along the way, it connects to several major east–west highways, including U.S. Route 20 (US 20) in Esperance and the New York State Thruway in Fultonville. |
All of NY 30A north of NY 7 in Central Bridge was originally designated as New York State Route 148 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, replacing NY 54 from Fonda to Mayfield. The piece of modern NY 30A south of NY 7 has been part of several routes, namely NY 30 from 1930 to the 1940s and NY 43 during the 1920s and from the 1940s to the 1950s. In April 1960, this piece of NY 43 was combined with NY 148 to create NY 30A. |
All of NY 30A north of NY 7 in Central Bridge was originally designated as New York State Route 148 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, replacing NY 54 from Fonda to Mayfield. The piece of modern NY 30A south of NY 7 has been part of several routes, namely NY 30 from 1930 to the 1940s and NY 43 during the 1920s and from the 1940s to the 1950s. In April 1960, this piece of NY 43 was combined with NY 148 to create NY 30A. |
NY 30A begins at an intersection with NY 30 in northern reaches of the village of Schoharie. Continuing northwest along the former right-of-way of NY 30, NY 30A crosses along Schoharie Creek into exit 23 of I-88, a diamond interchange. Just north of the interchange, the route reaches a junction with NY 7. At this junction, NY 30A turns west onto NY 7 and form a concurrency into the hamlet of Old Central Bridge after crossing Schoharie Creek. Several blocks west of the Schoharie, NY 30A turns north and away from NY 7, crossing north into Central Bridge. After crossing Cobleskill Creek, the route passes east of Central Bridge Community Park and a junction with County Route 51 (CR 51 or South Main Street). |
NY 30A begins at an intersection with NY 30 in northern reaches of the village of Schoharie. Continuing northwest along the former right-of-way of NY 30, NY 30A crosses along Schoharie Creek into exit 23 of I-88, a diamond interchange. Just north of the interchange, the route reaches a junction with NY 7. At this junction, NY 30A turns west onto NY 7 and form a concurrency into the hamlet of Old Central Bridge after crossing Schoharie Creek. Several blocks west of the Schoharie, NY 30A turns north and away from NY 7, crossing north into Central Bridge. After crossing Cobleskill Creek, the route passes east of Central Bridge Community Park and a junction with County Route 51 (CR 51 or South Main Street). |
NY 30A begins at an intersection with NY 30 in northern reaches of the village of Schoharie. Continuing northwest along the former right-of-way of NY 30, NY 30A crosses along Schoharie Creek into exit 23 of I-88, a diamond interchange. Just north of the interchange, the route reaches a junction with NY 7. At this junction, NY 30A turns west onto NY 7 and form a concurrency into the hamlet of Old Central Bridge after crossing Schoharie Creek. Several blocks west of the Schoharie, NY 30A turns north and away from NY 7, crossing north into Central Bridge. After crossing Cobleskill Creek, the route passes east of Central Bridge Community Park and a junction with County Route 51 (CR 51 or South Main Street). |
NY 30A begins at an intersection with NY 30 in northern reaches of the village of Schoharie. Continuing northwest along the former right-of-way of NY 30, NY 30A crosses along Schoharie Creek into exit 23 of I-88, a diamond interchange. Just north of the interchange, the route reaches a junction with NY 7. At this junction, NY 30A turns west onto NY 7 and form a concurrency into the hamlet of Old Central Bridge after crossing Schoharie Creek. Several blocks west of the Schoharie, NY 30A turns north and away from NY 7, crossing north into Central Bridge. After crossing Cobleskill Creek, the route passes east of Central Bridge Community Park and a junction with County Route 51 (CR 51 or South Main Street). |
Crossing through the residential section of Central Bridge, NY 30A bends northward, leaving the hamlet and crossing into the town of Esperance. Through Esperance, NY 30A winds northeast, bending along Schoharie Creek until a junction with CR 27 (Junction Road). At the junction with CR 27, NY 30A bends northward, crossing past residences as it enters the hamlet of Sloansville, at which NY 30A reaches a junction with US 20 and the southern terminus of NY 162, which becomes concurrent with NY 30A. The concurrency with NY 162 is a short stretch through Esperance, connecting Sloansville to Dwelly Corners, where NY 162 turns west. |
Crossing through the residential section of Central Bridge, NY 30A bends northward, leaving the hamlet and crossing into the town of Esperance. Through Esperance, NY 30A winds northeast, bending along Schoharie Creek until a junction with CR 27 (Junction Road). At the junction with CR 27, NY 30A bends northward, crossing past residences as it enters the hamlet of Sloansville, at which NY 30A reaches a junction with US 20 and the southern terminus of NY 162, which becomes concurrent with NY 30A. The concurrency with NY 162 is a short stretch through Esperance, connecting Sloansville to Dwelly Corners, where NY 162 turns west. |
Crossing through the residential section of Central Bridge, NY 30A bends northward, leaving the hamlet and crossing into the town of Esperance. Through Esperance, NY 30A winds northeast, bending along Schoharie Creek until a junction with CR 27 (Junction Road). At the junction with CR 27, NY 30A bends northward, crossing past residences as it enters the hamlet of Sloansville, at which NY 30A reaches a junction with US 20 and the southern terminus of NY 162, which becomes concurrent with NY 30A. The concurrency with NY 162 is a short stretch through Esperance, connecting Sloansville to Dwelly Corners, where NY 162 turns west. |
Crossing through the residential section of Central Bridge, NY 30A bends northward, leaving the hamlet and crossing into the town of Esperance. Through Esperance, NY 30A winds northeast, bending along Schoharie Creek until a junction with CR 27 (Junction Road). At the junction with CR 27, NY 30A bends northward, crossing past residences as it enters the hamlet of Sloansville, at which NY 30A reaches a junction with US 20 and the southern terminus of NY 162, which becomes concurrent with NY 30A. The concurrency with NY 162 is a short stretch through Esperance, connecting Sloansville to Dwelly Corners, where NY 162 turns west. |
NY 30A continues north from NY 162, crossing the line into Montgomery County and the town of Charleston. The route through Charleston is rural, passing through open fields and woodlands for several miles, making several sharp bends at road junctions. Just north of a junction with Reynolds Road (unsigned CR 121), the route winds northward into the town of Glen. Just north of the northern terminus of CR 121, the route reaches the hamlet of Glen, which is centered around a junction with NY 161. Through Glen, NY 30A turns several directions before leaving the hamlet to the northwest. A couple miles to the northwest of Glen, NY 30A crosses the town line and enters the village of Fultonville. |
NY 30A continues north from NY 162, crossing the line into Montgomery County and the town of Charleston. The route through Charleston is rural, passing through open fields and woodlands for several miles, making several sharp bends at road junctions. Just north of a junction with Reynolds Road (unsigned CR 121), the route winds northward into the town of Glen. Just north of the northern terminus of CR 121, the route reaches the hamlet of Glen, which is centered around a junction with NY 161. Through Glen, NY 30A turns several directions before leaving the hamlet to the northwest. A couple miles to the northwest of Glen, NY 30A crosses the town line and enters the village of Fultonville. |
NY 30A continues north from NY 162, crossing the line into Montgomery County and the town of Charleston. The route through Charleston is rural, passing through open fields and woodlands for several miles, making several sharp bends at road junctions. Just north of a junction with Reynolds Road (unsigned CR 121), the route winds northward into the town of Glen. Just north of the northern terminus of CR 121, the route reaches the hamlet of Glen, which is centered around a junction with NY 161. Through Glen, NY 30A turns several directions before leaving the hamlet to the northwest. A couple miles to the northwest of Glen, NY 30A crosses the town line and enters the village of Fultonville. |
NY 30A continues north from NY 162, crossing the line into Montgomery County and the town of Charleston. The route through Charleston is rural, passing through open fields and woodlands for several miles, making several sharp bends at road junctions. Just north of a junction with Reynolds Road (unsigned CR 121), the route winds northward into the town of Glen. Just north of the northern terminus of CR 121, the route reaches the hamlet of Glen, which is centered around a junction with NY 161. Through Glen, NY 30A turns several directions before leaving the hamlet to the northwest. A couple miles to the northwest of Glen, NY 30A crosses the town line and enters the village of Fultonville. |
Through Fultonville, NY 30A gains the moniker of Main Street, crossing a junction with NY 5S (Maple Avenue), Entering downtown Fultonville, the route crosses through several blocks of businesses before reaching a junction with NY 920P (Riverside Drive), an unsigned reference route. NY 920P connects NY 30A to the New York State Thruway (I-90)'s exit 28. After Riverside Drive, NY 30A crosses the Mohawk River and enters the village of Fonda. Now named South Bridge Street, the route crosses past the Village of Fonda Recreation Park. After crossing over an Amtrak railroad line, NY 30A reaches a junction with NY 5 (East Main Street). At this junction, NY 30A turns west onto a concurrency with NY 5, crossing through the village. |
Through Fultonville, NY 30A gains the moniker of Main Street, crossing a junction with NY 5S (Maple Avenue), Entering downtown Fultonville, the route crosses through several blocks of businesses before reaching a junction with NY 920P (Riverside Drive), an unsigned reference route. NY 920P connects NY 30A to the New York State Thruway (I-90)'s exit 28. After Riverside Drive, NY 30A crosses the Mohawk River and enters the village of Fonda. Now named South Bridge Street, the route crosses past the Village of Fonda Recreation Park. After crossing over an Amtrak railroad line, NY 30A reaches a junction with NY 5 (East Main Street). At this junction, NY 30A turns west onto a concurrency with NY 5, crossing through the village. |
Through Fultonville, NY 30A gains the moniker of Main Street, crossing a junction with NY 5S (Maple Avenue), Entering downtown Fultonville, the route crosses through several blocks of businesses before reaching a junction with NY 920P (Riverside Drive), an unsigned reference route. NY 920P connects NY 30A to the New York State Thruway (I-90)'s exit 28. After Riverside Drive, NY 30A crosses the Mohawk River and enters the village of Fonda. Now named South Bridge Street, the route crosses past the Village of Fonda Recreation Park. After crossing over an Amtrak railroad line, NY 30A reaches a junction with NY 5 (East Main Street). At this junction, NY 30A turns west onto a concurrency with NY 5, crossing through the village. |
Through Fultonville, NY 30A gains the moniker of Main Street, crossing a junction with NY 5S (Maple Avenue), Entering downtown Fultonville, the route crosses through several blocks of businesses before reaching a junction with NY 920P (Riverside Drive), an unsigned reference route. NY 920P connects NY 30A to the New York State Thruway (I-90)'s exit 28. After Riverside Drive, NY 30A crosses the Mohawk River and enters the village of Fonda. Now named South Bridge Street, the route crosses past the Village of Fonda Recreation Park. After crossing over an Amtrak railroad line, NY 30A reaches a junction with NY 5 (East Main Street). At this junction, NY 30A turns west onto a concurrency with NY 5, crossing through the village. |
At the junction with Broadway, NY 5 continues west through Fonda while NY 30A turns north on Broadway. Paralleling the nearby NY 334, which starts less than a mile to the west, NY 30A leaves Fonda for the town of Mohawk, where it gains the Old Plank Road moniker. NY 30A continues north through Mohawk, proceeding away from NY 334, soon bending northeast and crossing the county line into Fulton County and the town of Johnstown. Dropping the Old Plank Road name, NY 30A gains the South Comrie Avenue moniker as it enters the city of Johnstown. At Chestnut Street, the route turns eastward, crossing through the southern edges of the city, before turning north and bypassing the center of Johnstown. Along the bend, NY 30A reaches a junction with NY 67 (East State Street). |
At the junction with Broadway, NY 5 continues west through Fonda while NY 30A turns north on Broadway. Paralleling the nearby NY 334, which starts less than a mile to the west, NY 30A leaves Fonda for the town of Mohawk, where it gains the Old Plank Road moniker. NY 30A continues north through Mohawk, proceeding away from NY 334, soon bending northeast and crossing the county line into Fulton County and the town of Johnstown. Dropping the Old Plank Road name, NY 30A gains the South Comrie Avenue moniker as it enters the city of Johnstown. At Chestnut Street, the route turns eastward, crossing through the southern edges of the city, before turning north and bypassing the center of Johnstown. Along the bend, NY 30A reaches a junction with NY 67 (East State Street). |
At the junction with Broadway, NY 5 continues west through Fonda while NY 30A turns north on Broadway. Paralleling the nearby NY 334, which starts less than a mile to the west, NY 30A leaves Fonda for the town of Mohawk, where it gains the Old Plank Road moniker. NY 30A continues north through Mohawk, proceeding away from NY 334, soon bending northeast and crossing the county line into Fulton County and the town of Johnstown. Dropping the Old Plank Road name, NY 30A gains the South Comrie Avenue moniker as it enters the city of Johnstown. At Chestnut Street, the route turns eastward, crossing through the southern edges of the city, before turning north and bypassing the center of Johnstown. Along the bend, NY 30A reaches a junction with NY 67 (East State Street). |
At the junction with Broadway, NY 5 continues west through Fonda while NY 30A turns north on Broadway. Paralleling the nearby NY 334, which starts less than a mile to the west, NY 30A leaves Fonda for the town of Mohawk, where it gains the Old Plank Road moniker. NY 30A continues north through Mohawk, proceeding away from NY 334, soon bending northeast and crossing the county line into Fulton County and the town of Johnstown. Dropping the Old Plank Road name, NY 30A gains the South Comrie Avenue moniker as it enters the city of Johnstown. At Chestnut Street, the route turns eastward, crossing through the southern edges of the city, before turning north and bypassing the center of Johnstown. Along the bend, NY 30A reaches a junction with NY 67 (East State Street). |
At a junction with the western terminus of CR 107 (East Main Street), the moniker of NY 30A switches to North Comrie Avenue, soon reaching a junction with NY 29. At this junction, NY 30A begins paralleling Cayadutta Creek, winding northeast through Johnstown. The route bypasses the city of Gloversville, reaching a junction with NY 29A (Turkey Farm Road) before crossing into a section of Gloversville. In this small section, NY 30A junctions with the terminus of NY 349 (East State Street). NY 30A and NY 349 now parallel each other out of Gloversville, crossing into the town of Mayfield. In Mayfield, NY 30A crosses through the hamlet of Riceville, where it meets an intersection with NY 30. This junction marks the northern terminus of NY 30A, less than a mile south of the entrance to Adirondack Park. |
At a junction with the western terminus of CR 107 (East Main Street), the moniker of NY 30A switches to North Comrie Avenue, soon reaching a junction with NY 29. At this junction, NY 30A begins paralleling Cayadutta Creek, winding northeast through Johnstown. The route bypasses the city of Gloversville, reaching a junction with NY 29A (Turkey Farm Road) before crossing into a section of Gloversville. In this small section, NY 30A junctions with the terminus of NY 349 (East State Street). NY 30A and NY 349 now parallel each other out of Gloversville, crossing into the town of Mayfield. In Mayfield, NY 30A crosses through the hamlet of Riceville, where it meets an intersection with NY 30. This junction marks the northern terminus of NY 30A, less than a mile south of the entrance to Adirondack Park. |
At a junction with the western terminus of CR 107 (East Main Street), the moniker of NY 30A switches to North Comrie Avenue, soon reaching a junction with NY 29. At this junction, NY 30A begins paralleling Cayadutta Creek, winding northeast through Johnstown. The route bypasses the city of Gloversville, reaching a junction with NY 29A (Turkey Farm Road) before crossing into a section of Gloversville. In this small section, NY 30A junctions with the terminus of NY 349 (East State Street). NY 30A and NY 349 now parallel each other out of Gloversville, crossing into the town of Mayfield. In Mayfield, NY 30A crosses through the hamlet of Riceville, where it meets an intersection with NY 30. This junction marks the northern terminus of NY 30A, less than a mile south of the entrance to Adirondack Park. |
At a junction with the western terminus of CR 107 (East Main Street), the moniker of NY 30A switches to North Comrie Avenue, soon reaching a junction with NY 29. At this junction, NY 30A begins paralleling Cayadutta Creek, winding northeast through Johnstown. The route bypasses the city of Gloversville, reaching a junction with NY 29A (Turkey Farm Road) before crossing into a section of Gloversville. In this small section, NY 30A junctions with the terminus of NY 349 (East State Street). NY 30A and NY 349 now parallel each other out of Gloversville, crossing into the town of Mayfield. In Mayfield, NY 30A crosses through the hamlet of Riceville, where it meets an intersection with NY 30. This junction marks the northern terminus of NY 30A, less than a mile south of the entrance to Adirondack Park. |
In 1908, the New York State Legislature created Route 24, an unsigned legislative route that initially extended from Fonda to Lake Pleasant via Johnstown, Gloversville, Mayfield, and Speculator. From Fonda to the southern edge of Johnstown, Route 24 utilized modern NY 30A. Northeast of Gloversville, it followed East State Street, current County Route 154, and Riceville Road to Mayfield. In between, it was routed along several city streets in Johnstown and Gloversville. All of legislative Route 24 south of Speculator was designated as part of NY 54 in the mid-1920s. Like Route 24 before it, NY 54 followed a series of local streets through Johnstown and Gloversville. It entered Johnstown on Chestnut Street and proceeded northward through the city on Madison Avenue and Perry Street. In Gloversville, Perry Street became Main Street, which NY 54 followed to State Street. |
In 1908, the New York State Legislature created Route 24, an unsigned legislative route that initially extended from Fonda to Lake Pleasant via Johnstown, Gloversville, Mayfield, and Speculator. From Fonda to the southern edge of Johnstown, Route 24 utilized modern NY 30A. Northeast of Gloversville, it followed East State Street, current County Route 154, and Riceville Road to Mayfield. In between, it was routed along several city streets in Johnstown and Gloversville. All of legislative Route 24 south of Speculator was designated as part of NY 54 in the mid-1920s. Like Route 24 before it, NY 54 followed a series of local streets through Johnstown and Gloversville. It entered Johnstown on Chestnut Street and proceeded northward through the city on Madison Avenue and Perry Street. In Gloversville, Perry Street became Main Street, which NY 54 followed to State Street. |
NY 54 was reassigned elsewhere in the state as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. The portion of NY 54's former alignment south of Mayfield became part of NY 148, a new route that extended from NY 7 in Central Bridge to NY 30 in Mayfield. The section of modern NY 30A south of NY 7 was initially designated as part of NY 43 in the mid-1920s before becoming part of NY 30 in 1930. In the early 1940s, NY 30 was rerouted to follow a new highway that left the old alignment of NY 30 southeast of Central Bridge and connected directly to the portion of NY 30 north of NY 7. The former routing of NY 30 into Central Bridge became an extension of NY 43, which overlapped NY 30 between the new alignment and Schoharie. |
NY 54 was reassigned elsewhere in the state as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. The portion of NY 54's former alignment south of Mayfield became part of NY 148, a new route that extended from NY 7 in Central Bridge to NY 30 in Mayfield. The section of modern NY 30A south of NY 7 was initially designated as part of NY 43 in the mid-1920s before becoming part of NY 30 in 1930. In the early 1940s, NY 30 was rerouted to follow a new highway that left the old alignment of NY 30 southeast of Central Bridge and connected directly to the portion of NY 30 north of NY 7. The former routing of NY 30 into Central Bridge became an extension of NY 43, which overlapped NY 30 between the new alignment and Schoharie. |
She skipped high school, entered college at 14, and transferred to Yale where her older sister Annette was a student. She earned a degree in Political Science there in 1974 at 18, and her Juris Doctor in 1976 from the University of California, Hastings College of Law. At 21, she joined the staff of then U.S. Senator Joe Biden's Senate Judiciary Committee. In 2006 she earned her Ph.D. in History with a focus on Human Rights and United States Foreign Policy from the University of Southern Denmark. |
She skipped high school, entered college at 14, and transferred to Yale where her older sister Annette was a student. She earned a degree in Political Science there in 1974 at 18, and her Juris Doctor in 1976 from the University of California, Hastings College of Law. At 21, she joined the staff of then U.S. Senator Joe Biden's Senate Judiciary Committee. In 2006 she earned her Ph.D. in History with a focus on Human Rights and United States Foreign Policy from the University of Southern Denmark. |
It is based on the first Inspector Palmu novel "Who Murdered Mrs. Skrof?" ("Kuka murhasi rouva Skrofin?") by Mika Waltari but was the second one filmed, after "Inspector Palmu's Mistake". Unlike the first film it was produced by Fennada-Filmi. According to director Kassila, Toivo Särkkä (the producer of the first film) didn't like the story of the novel and thus its rights were purchased by Fennada producer Mauno Mäkelä, who also produced the third movie "The Stars Will Tell, Inspector Palmu" (1962). |
It is based on the first Inspector Palmu novel "Who Murdered Mrs. Skrof?" ("Kuka murhasi rouva Skrofin?") by Mika Waltari but was the second one filmed, after "Inspector Palmu's Mistake". Unlike the first film it was produced by Fennada-Filmi. According to director Kassila, Toivo Särkkä (the producer of the first film) didn't like the story of the novel and thus its rights were purchased by Fennada producer Mauno Mäkelä, who also produced the third movie "The Stars Will Tell, Inspector Palmu" (1962). |
Palmu's suspicions about Kuurna are aroused due to his unusually proactive involvement in the murder case as well for delivering Kirsti's suicide note, which at first glance doesn't appear to concern him. After Kirsti's suicide attempt Kuurna is put under police watch. When he shines the light on a hanged mannequin on his window the police and Palmu first suspect he has killed himself. Kurt reveals himself to be the killer with his gruesome portrait of Palmu (where Palmu is depicted as Janus) where he accidentally painted the tipped pot over the gas-cooker, a detail only the murderer would have known. |
Palmu's suspicions about Kuurna are aroused due to his unusually proactive involvement in the murder case as well for delivering Kirsti's suicide note, which at first glance doesn't appear to concern him. After Kirsti's suicide attempt Kuurna is put under police watch. When he shines the light on a hanged mannequin on his window the police and Palmu first suspect he has killed himself. Kurt reveals himself to be the killer with his gruesome portrait of Palmu (where Palmu is depicted as Janus) where he accidentally painted the tipped pot over the gas-cooker, a detail only the murderer would have known. |
The climax is heavily indicative that Kuurna is homosexual but the motives of the murder are also tied to the story about his ancestor's surrender of a horse to the King of Sweden. This similarity spotted by Virta late into the film believing that Kuurna has turned the event into a metaphor for his own motives. Though Palmu initially dismisses the idea, he later confronts Kuurna with the theory. It is revealed that Kurt had feelings for Kaarle and intended to have him framed for the murder in order to save him, believing the police could not establish a motive for Kaarle even though everything else points to him being the killer. |
The climax is heavily indicative that Kuurna is homosexual but the motives of the murder are also tied to the story about his ancestor's surrender of a horse to the King of Sweden. This similarity spotted by Virta late into the film believing that Kuurna has turned the event into a metaphor for his own motives. Though Palmu initially dismisses the idea, he later confronts Kuurna with the theory. It is revealed that Kurt had feelings for Kaarle and intended to have him framed for the murder in order to save him, believing the police could not establish a motive for Kaarle even though everything else points to him being the killer. |
What ultimately motivates Kuurna to kill Alma Skrof is a remark about his and Kaarle's relationship being abnormal. Kuurna is a decisively complex killer, his motives being more psychological than practical, who also displays guilt over his actions. He intercepts the false confession made by Kirsti and he may have painted the tilted pot unconscious that it would ultimately tie him to the crime-scene. After Palmu points out the tilted pot in Kuurna's painting, Kurt attempts suicide by throwing himself down the spiral stairwell of his apartment building but is stopped by the police at the last second. |
What ultimately motivates Kuurna to kill Alma Skrof is a remark about his and Kaarle's relationship being abnormal. Kuurna is a decisively complex killer, his motives being more psychological than practical, who also displays guilt over his actions. He intercepts the false confession made by Kirsti and he may have painted the tilted pot unconscious that it would ultimately tie him to the crime-scene. After Palmu points out the tilted pot in Kuurna's painting, Kurt attempts suicide by throwing himself down the spiral stairwell of his apartment building but is stopped by the police at the last second. |
Zwan had two different incarnations. The first, and more common version, the True Poets of Zwan (or simply "Zwan"), used three guitars, bass guitar and drums. Zwan's only album, "Mary Star of the Sea", is attributed to the True Poets of Zwan in the liner notes. Zwan is credited with being a bridge between the success of the Smashing Pumpkins in the 1990s and the further career developments and experimentations undertaken by Corgan in the 2000s, as well as his shift from his sombre, dark themes towards more hopeful lyrics in line with his spiritual development at the time. |
Zwan had two different incarnations. The first, and more common version, the True Poets of Zwan (or simply "Zwan"), used three guitars, bass guitar and drums. Zwan's only album, "Mary Star of the Sea", is attributed to the True Poets of Zwan in the liner notes. Zwan is credited with being a bridge between the success of the Smashing Pumpkins in the 1990s and the further career developments and experimentations undertaken by Corgan in the 2000s, as well as his shift from his sombre, dark themes towards more hopeful lyrics in line with his spiritual development at the time. |
Zwan had two different incarnations. The first, and more common version, the True Poets of Zwan (or simply "Zwan"), used three guitars, bass guitar and drums. Zwan's only album, "Mary Star of the Sea", is attributed to the True Poets of Zwan in the liner notes. Zwan is credited with being a bridge between the success of the Smashing Pumpkins in the 1990s and the further career developments and experimentations undertaken by Corgan in the 2000s, as well as his shift from his sombre, dark themes towards more hopeful lyrics in line with his spiritual development at the time. |
Zwan had two different incarnations. The first, and more common version, the True Poets of Zwan (or simply "Zwan"), used three guitars, bass guitar and drums. Zwan's only album, "Mary Star of the Sea", is attributed to the True Poets of Zwan in the liner notes. Zwan is credited with being a bridge between the success of the Smashing Pumpkins in the 1990s and the further career developments and experimentations undertaken by Corgan in the 2000s, as well as his shift from his sombre, dark themes towards more hopeful lyrics in line with his spiritual development at the time. |
Djali Zwan, an acoustic incarnation of Zwan, which also featured cellist Ana Lenchantin, Paz's sister, was to film and record the making of a new album in the studio in the fall of 2003, with an album and DVD to be issued in early 2004. Corgan spoke with "Rolling Stone" about his plans: "We're going to do it "Let It Be"-style," Corgan said, referring to the documentary about the 1970 Beatles album. "The album would be recorded live, with the cameras rolling. When you get the DVD, you can watch the takes on the album being done." He described the songs he'd written for Djali Zwan as "more folk-driven, rooted in traditional music. I don't want to compromise veins of material to fit into an electric band, which I often did in the Pumpkins. With Djali Zwan, I can write an acoustic song and not worry how it's going to stand up against some rock epic." |
Djali Zwan, an acoustic incarnation of Zwan, which also featured cellist Ana Lenchantin, Paz's sister, was to film and record the making of a new album in the studio in the fall of 2003, with an album and DVD to be issued in early 2004. Corgan spoke with "Rolling Stone" about his plans: "We're going to do it "Let It Be"-style," Corgan said, referring to the documentary about the 1970 Beatles album. "The album would be recorded live, with the cameras rolling. When you get the DVD, you can watch the takes on the album being done." He described the songs he'd written for Djali Zwan as "more folk-driven, rooted in traditional music. I don't want to compromise veins of material to fit into an electric band, which I often did in the Pumpkins. With Djali Zwan, I can write an acoustic song and not worry how it's going to stand up against some rock epic." |
Djali Zwan, an acoustic incarnation of Zwan, which also featured cellist Ana Lenchantin, Paz's sister, was to film and record the making of a new album in the studio in the fall of 2003, with an album and DVD to be issued in early 2004. Corgan spoke with "Rolling Stone" about his plans: "We're going to do it "Let It Be"-style," Corgan said, referring to the documentary about the 1970 Beatles album. "The album would be recorded live, with the cameras rolling. When you get the DVD, you can watch the takes on the album being done." He described the songs he'd written for Djali Zwan as "more folk-driven, rooted in traditional music. I don't want to compromise veins of material to fit into an electric band, which I often did in the Pumpkins. With Djali Zwan, I can write an acoustic song and not worry how it's going to stand up against some rock epic." |
Djali Zwan, an acoustic incarnation of Zwan, which also featured cellist Ana Lenchantin, Paz's sister, was to film and record the making of a new album in the studio in the fall of 2003, with an album and DVD to be issued in early 2004. Corgan spoke with "Rolling Stone" about his plans: "We're going to do it "Let It Be"-style," Corgan said, referring to the documentary about the 1970 Beatles album. "The album would be recorded live, with the cameras rolling. When you get the DVD, you can watch the takes on the album being done." He described the songs he'd written for Djali Zwan as "more folk-driven, rooted in traditional music. I don't want to compromise veins of material to fit into an electric band, which I often did in the Pumpkins. With Djali Zwan, I can write an acoustic song and not worry how it's going to stand up against some rock epic." |
In the same "Entertainment Weekly" article, Corgan disclosed that things went wrong at some of the very first recording sessions. "...it was like, 'What do you mean the guitar's out of tune? What do you mean I have to be there at 11? What do you mean I can't order $100 of lobster every day?' I mean, like, bad. But it was too late. It was already public. The album was going out. So I did what I always did: try to make the best of a situation and start covering up. Put on a good face. And honestly, I'm glad the thing didn't sell, because if it had sold well it would have been really tough. I would look like I was going to walk away from something that I'd just built." |
In the same "Entertainment Weekly" article, Corgan disclosed that things went wrong at some of the very first recording sessions. "...it was like, 'What do you mean the guitar's out of tune? What do you mean I have to be there at 11? What do you mean I can't order $100 of lobster every day?' I mean, like, bad. But it was too late. It was already public. The album was going out. So I did what I always did: try to make the best of a situation and start covering up. Put on a good face. And honestly, I'm glad the thing didn't sell, because if it had sold well it would have been really tough. I would look like I was going to walk away from something that I'd just built." |