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Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect. In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking. Professor David Graeber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues. | How many strikes has Yale had since 1968? {sep_token} What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension? {sep_token} What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike? {sep_token} Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike? {sep_token} What adds to the tensions during wage considerations? {sep_token} |
Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges. | How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013? {sep_token} How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion? {sep_token} Who led the 1954 class in their large donation? {sep_token} |
Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race. | What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium? {sep_token} What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence? {sep_token} What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building? {sep_token} On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established? {sep_token} How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct? {sep_token} |
Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller, Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo, German president Karl Carstens, and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, Cyrus Vance, and Dean Acheson; authors Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Benét, and Tom Wolfe; lexicographer Noah Webster; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patriot and "first spy" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Patricia Clarkson, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia Kazan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Allison Williams, Oliver Stone, Sam Waterston, and Michael Cimino; "Father of American football" Walter Camp, James Franco, "The perfect oarsman" Rusty Wailes; baseball players Ron Darling, Bill Hutchinson, and Craig Breslow; basketball player Chris Dudley; football players Gary Fencik, and Calvin Hill; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes; swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver; child psychologist Benjamin Spock; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster; sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria; economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics, Ernest Lawrence; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs; and businesspeople, including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce, Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon, and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham. | What royalty has attended Yale? {sep_token} What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale? {sep_token} What Mexican president attended Yale? {sep_token} Who was the father of American football? {sep_token} What Time magazine founder attended Yale? {sep_token} |
Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States. | Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's? {sep_token} Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States? {sep_token} What is Yale largely known for? {sep_token} When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses? {sep_token} |
Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools: the original undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and twelve professional schools. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each school's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven, the University owns athletic facilities in western New Haven, including the Yale Bowl, a campus in West Haven, Connecticut, and forest and nature preserves throughout New England. The university's assets include an endowment valued at $25.6 billion as of September 2015, the second largest of any educational institution.The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States. | How many schools is Yale composed of? {sep_token} How much is Yale's endowment worth? {sep_token} How many books are in the Yale University Library? {sep_token} Who runs Yale College? {sep_token} Where is the main Yale campus? {sep_token} |
Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years," though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes". ("Bright College Years," the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain. | What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation? {sep_token} What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes? {sep_token} What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub? {sep_token} What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub? {sep_token} What game was created, to later be banned by administration? {sep_token} |
Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School," passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701, while meeting in New Haven. The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers: Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, Rev. James Noyes II (son of James Noyes), James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb and Timothy Woodbridge, all alumni of Harvard, met in the study of Reverend Samuel Russell in Branford, Connecticut, to pool their books to form the school's library. The group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as "The Founders".[citation needed] | When was "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" approved? {sep_token} Who voted on "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School"? {sep_token} What was the name of the group that started Yale's library? {sep_token} Why was "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" proposed? {sep_token} Where did "The Founders" go to school? {sep_token} |
Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars. | Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale? {sep_token} Who is known as the father of deconstruction? {sep_token} Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's? {sep_token} Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians? {sep_token} When was The Journal of Music Theory founded? {sep_token} |
Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale. Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleges. Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification. Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls. Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute’s College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a "B+" grade overall. | Who creates sustainability practices at Yale? {sep_token} By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020? {sep_token} How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification? {sep_token} What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas? {sep_token} What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008? {sep_token} |
Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital. In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km2) of athletic facilities, including the Yale Golf Course. In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire—the largest of which is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km2) Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut's Quiet Corner—and nature preserves including Horse Island. | Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities? {sep_token} What campus did Yale buy in 2008? {sep_token} What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for? {sep_token} How many forests does Yale own? {sep_token} How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession? {sep_token} |
Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building. | What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum? {sep_token} How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery? {sep_token} Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included? {sep_token} Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art? {sep_token} Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art? {sep_token} |
Yale's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard. Though Yale's colleges resemble their English precursors organizationally and architecturally, they are dependent entities of Yale College and have limited autonomy. The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. Colleges offer their own seminars, social events, and speaking engagements known as "Master's Teas," but do not contain programs of study or academic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college. | When was Yale's residential college system established? {sep_token} Who established Yale's residential college system? {sep_token} Who runs Yale's residential colleges? {sep_token} Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges? {sep_token} Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes? {sep_token} |
Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built both to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is represented: Berzelius, Donn Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910); Book and Snake, Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (erected in 1901); Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constructed on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); Mace and Chain, in a late colonial, early Victorian style (built in 1823). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript Society, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern style; Scroll and Key, Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Beaux-Arts style (erected 1869–70); Skull and Bones, possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rear garden were completed); St. Elmo, (former tomb) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, designs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; Shabtai, 1882, the Anderson Mansion built in the Second Empire architectural style; and Wolf's Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected 1923-4). | What is another term for some of Yale's secret society buildings? {sep_token} Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to? {sep_token} Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building? {sep_token} Who was the architect for St. Elmo? {sep_token} Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building? {sep_token} |
Yaroslav, known as "the Wise", struggled for power with his brothers. A son of Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father's death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Viking mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the grand prince of Kiev in 1019. Although he first established his rule over Kiev in 1019, he did not have uncontested rule of all of Kievan Rus' until 1036. Like Vladimir, Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire. Yaroslav's granddaughter, Eupraxia the daughter of his son Vsevolod I, Prince of Kiev, was married to Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. Yaroslav also arranged marriages for his sister and three daughters to the kings of Poland, France, Hungary and Norway. Yaroslav promulgated the first East Slavic law code, Russkaya Pravda; built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod; patronized local clergy and monasticism; and is said to have founded a school system. Yaroslav's sons developed the great Kiev Pechersk Lavra (monastery), which functioned in Kievan Rus' as an ecclesiastical academy. | What was Yaroslav also known as? {sep_token} Who was Yaroslav's father? {sep_token} In what year did Yaroslav become the prince of Kiev? {sep_token} |
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter. | Who was the son of Yazid? {sep_token} When did Muawiya II's reign begin? {sep_token} In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur? {sep_token} Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays? {sep_token} From whom was Marwan descended? {sep_token} |
Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors. | Who was the principal of Sangzao Middle School? {sep_token} What was the principal credited with? {sep_token} How many students attended the school? {sep_token} How much money was used to strengthen the construction of the school? {sep_token} What school principal strengthened his school? {sep_token} Where is the Sangzao Middle School? {sep_token} The Sangzao school is one of the biggest in what county? {sep_token} How many years was Ye Zhiping involved in the school overhaul? {sep_token} |
Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could for Austria to not get entangled in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the Dutch Republic's insistence on neutrality, Britain soon turned to Russia. On September 30, 1755, Britain pledged financial aid to Russia in order to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover immediately. Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia, was more than happy to obey the request of the British. Unbeknownst to the other powers, King George II also made overtures to the Prussian king; Frederick, who began fearing the Austro-Russian intentions, and was excited to welcome a rapprochement with Britain. On January 16, 1756, the Convention of Westminster was signed wherein Britain and Prussia promised to aid one another in order to achieve lasting peace and stability in Europe. | What was Kaunitz of Austria willing to trade for French help in capturing Silesia? {sep_token} What did Russia use Britain's money for? {sep_token} What countries teamed together at the Convention of Westminster? {sep_token} When was the Convention of Westminster signed? {sep_token} Why was Beshuzev happy to put the troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border? {sep_token} |
Yerevan Vernissage (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week). The market offers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus specialty. Obsidian, which is found locally, is crafted into assortment of jewellery and ornamental objects. Armenian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition, populating one corner of the market with a selection of gold items. Soviet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture – nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes and so on – are also available at the Vernisage. | What is Obsidian used for? {sep_token} What are some examples of soviet memorabilia that can be purchased at Vernissage? {sep_token} What types of crafts can be purchased at Vernissage? {sep_token} What is Vernissage? {sep_token} |
Yet another boom began as the city emerged from the Great Recession. Amazon.com moved its headquarters from North Beacon Hill to South Lake Union and began a rapid expansion. For the five years beginning in 2010, Seattle gained an average of 14,511 residents per year, with the growth strongly skewed toward the center of the city, as unemployment dropped from roughly 9 percent to 3.6 percent. The city has found itself "bursting at the seams," with over 45,000 households spending more than half their income on housing and at least 2,800 people homeless, and with the country's sixth-worst rush hour traffic. | What large company moved its headquarters to South Lake Union in Seattle? {sep_token} When did Amazon begin its latest expansion? {sep_token} How much of their income do half of Seattle's population have to spend on housing? {sep_token} How many new people move to Seattle each year? {sep_token} Where does Seattle rank in rush hour traffic? {sep_token} |
Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on modern philosophy was Ibn Tufail. His philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdha, translated into Latin as Philosophus Autodidactus in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa, nature versus nurture, condition of possibility, materialism, and Molyneux's problem. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include John Locke, Gottfried Leibniz, Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens, George Keith, Robert Barclay, the Quakers, and Samuel Hartlib. | Which philosopher from the Muslim world influenced modern philosophy? {sep_token} Who wrote Hayy ibn Yaqdha? {sep_token} In what year was Hayy ibn Yaqdha translated to the Latin language? {sep_token} What kind of book is Hayy ibn Yaqdha? {sep_token} |
Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas of the Bronx — a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting. There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings. | What is redlining? {sep_token} What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings? {sep_token} What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx? {sep_token} |
Yet controlling the "Mandate of Heaven" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out for their contributions to the establishment of the Qing dynasty, ennobled as feudal princes (藩王), and given governorships over vast territories in Southern China. The chief of these was Wu Sangui, who was given the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou, while generals Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong were given Guangdong and Fujian provinces respectively. | Who was the most important Ming general? {sep_token} What provinces did Sangui control? {sep_token} Name the other two important Ming generals? {sep_token} Which provinces did Kexi and Jingzhong receive? {sep_token} |
Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. Calligraphy and painting remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing. The painting of the early years of the dynasty included such painters as the orthodox Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626–1705) and Shitao (1641–1707). The nineteenth century saw such innovations as the Shanghai School and the Lingnan School which used the technical skills of tradition to set the stage for modern painting. | Name three painters? {sep_token} What two schools of art were created in the 19th century? {sep_token} Name two arts of the Four Arts? {sep_token} |
Yongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongolia. Yongzheng then turned to that situation, where the Zunghars threatened to re-emerge, and to the southwest, where local Miao chieftains resisted Qing expansion. These campaigns drained the treasury but established the emperor's control of the military and military finance. | When was the Treaty of Kyakhta written? {sep_token} Who was the partner in the Treaty of Kyakhta? {sep_token} What did the treaty give to the Russians? {sep_token} What did the Qing get from the Treaty of Kyakhta? {sep_token} |
YouTube Red is YouTube's premium subscription service. It offers advertising-free streaming, access to exclusive content, background and offline video playback on mobile devices, and access to the Google Play Music "All Access" service. YouTube Red was originally announced on November 12, 2014, as "Music Key", a subscription music streaming service, and was intended to integrate with and replace the existing Google Play Music "All Access" service. On October 28, 2015, the service was re-launched as YouTube Red, offering ad-free streaming of all videos, as well as access to exclusive original content. | What is youtube red? {sep_token} When was youtube red originally announced? {sep_token} What was the original title of youtube red? {sep_token} When was youtube red re-launched with its added features? {sep_token} What service was "music key" intended to replace? {sep_token} |
YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface. A small number of videos, such as the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama, can be downloaded as MP4 files. Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser plug-ins allow users to download YouTube videos. In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through Google Checkout. In June 2012, Google sent cease and desist letters threatening legal action against several websites offering online download and conversion of YouTube videos. In response, Zamzar removed the ability to download YouTube videos from its site. The default settings when uploading a video to YouTube will retain a copyright on the video for the uploader, but since July 2012 it has been possible to select a Creative Commons license as the default, allowing other users to reuse and remix the material if it is free of copyright. | YOutube does not often post a what for its videos? {sep_token} Youtube intends for users to watch videos where? {sep_token} What was added to the upload options in July of 2012? {sep_token} Which site removed the option of downloading youtube videos after 2012? {sep_token} Which videos are often available for download straight from youtube? {sep_token} |
YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006. In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called "Shows". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, Fox, and Disney. In November 2009, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners. In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online film rentals service, which is available only to users in the US, Canada and the UK as of 2010. The service offers over 6,000 films. | When did youtube enter a partnership with NBC? {sep_token} What is the name of the section in youtube that allows major content publishers to post full length movies and episodes? {sep_token} What was the intended purpose of youtube's "shows" section? {sep_token} When did youtube launch the version of "shows" for the UK? {sep_token} In 2010 how many movies did youtube's rental service offer? {sep_token} |
YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government, such as in the CNN/YouTube presidential debates (2007) in which ordinary people submitted questions to U.S. presidential candidates via YouTube video, with a techPresident co-founder saying that Internet video was changing the political landscape. Describing the Arab Spring (2010- ), sociologist Philip N. Howard quoted an activist's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using "Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world." In 2012, more than a third of the U.S. Senate introduced a resolution condemning Joseph Kony 16 days after the "Kony 2012" video was posted to YouTube, with resolution co-sponsor Senator Lindsey Graham remarking that the video "will do more to lead to (Kony's) demise than all other action combined." | An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Facebook to what? {sep_token} An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Twitter to do what? {sep_token} An activist in the Arab spring said they were using youtube to do what? {sep_token} Who was the co-sponsor of the condemnation by the US Senate over the kony 2012 video? {sep_token} What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee? {sep_token} |
YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload, view, rate, share, and comment on videos, and it makes use of WebM, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media video. Available content includes video clips, TV clips, music videos, movie trailers, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos. | Where is Youtube headquartered? {sep_token} When was Youtube created? {sep_token} How much did Google pay for Youtube in 2006? {sep_token} Other than video blogging and and educational videos, what content is available on youtube? {sep_token} How does youtube now operate as a business? {sep_token} |
YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in September 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site launched officially on December 15, 2005, by which time the site was receiving 8 million views a day. The site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. According to data published by market research company comScore, YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of around 43% and more than 14 billion views of videos in May 2010. | when was the first beta test for the youtube site? {sep_token} What was the first video to reach a million views? {sep_token} How much did Sequoia Capital invest in youtube in November of 2005? {sep_token} What was the official launch date for the youtube website? {sep_token} As of May 2010 how many total video views had youtube attained? {sep_token} |
YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web. This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs. Users wishing to post a video discussing, inspired by or related to another user's video are able to make a "video response". On August 27, 2013, YouTube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature. Embedding, rating, commenting and response posting can be disabled by the video owner. | Youtube offers users the option to watch content where? {sep_token} What is used to embed a youtube video to a webpage? {sep_token} What is the most common use of embedded youtube videos? {sep_token} What is a video called when a person records themselves watching a different video? {sep_token} When did youtube officially remove the response feature? {sep_token} |
YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's terms of service. In July 2008, the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was "unimpressed" with YouTube's system for policing its videos, and argued that "proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user-generated content". YouTube responded by stating: | Youtube depends on who to flag inappropriate videos? {sep_token} Who checks the flagged videos for unauthorized content? {sep_token} Who of the house of commons spoke out on youtube's policies? {sep_token} The United Kingdom stated it was what with youtube's policies with moderating its content? {sep_token} When did the UK speak out against youtube's copyright policies? {sep_token} |
Yugoslavia had a liberal travel policy permitting foreigners to freely travel through the country and its citizens to travel worldwide, whereas it was limited by most Communist countries. A number[quantify] of Yugoslav citizens worked throughout Western Europe. Tito met many world leaders during his rule, such as Soviet rulers Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev; Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi; British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher; U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter; other political leaders, dignitaries and heads of state that Tito met at least once in his lifetime included Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, Yasser Arafat, Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt, Georges Pompidou, Queen Elizabeth II, Hua Guofeng, Kim Il Sung, Sukarno, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Suharto, Idi Amin, Haile Selassie, Kenneth Kaunda, Gaddafi, Erich Honecker, Nicolae Ceaușescu, János Kádár and Urho Kekkonen. He also met numerous celebrities. | Nasser was a leader of what country? {sep_token} Nehru was a leader of what country? {sep_token} Gandhi was a leader of what country? {sep_token} Eisenhower was a president of what country? {sep_token} Nixon was a president of what country? {sep_token} |
Yugoslavia organized the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslavenska narodna armija, or JNA) from the Partisan movement and became the fourth strongest army in Europe at the time. The State Security Administration (Uprava državne bezbednosti/sigurnosti/varnosti, UDBA) was also formed as the new secret police, along with a security agency, the Department of People's Security (Organ Zaštite Naroda (Armije), OZNA). Yugoslav intelligence was charged with imprisoning and bringing to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators; controversially, this included Catholic clergymen due to the widespread involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime. Draža Mihailović was found guilty of collaboration, high treason and war crimes and was subsequently executed by firing squad in July 1946. | What was formed as the new secret police? {sep_token} Who was charged with brining to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators? {sep_token} Who were controversial among those brought to trial for Nazi collaboration? {sep_token} Who was found guilty of collaboration, high treason? {sep_token} How was Draza executed? {sep_token} |
Zakaria Mohieddin, who was Nasser's vice president, said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign. He ceased consulting his colleagues and made more and more of the decisions himself. Although Nasser repeatedly said that a war with Israel will start at a time of his, or Arab, choosing, on 1967 he started a bluffing game "but a successful bluff means your opponent must not know which cards you are holding. In this case Nasser's opponent could see his hand in the mirror and knew he was only holding a pair of deuces" and Nasser knew that his army is not prepared yet. "All of this was out of character...His tendencies in this regard may have been accentuated by diabetes... That was the only rational explanation for his actions in 1967". | Who was Nasser's vice president? {sep_token} What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel? {sep_token} What did Nasser do over the years of his rule? {sep_token} What did Mohieddin attribute Nassir's mistakes in 1967 to? {sep_token} |
Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tláhuac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza. After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta, Álvaro Obregón took power. After willing to be re-elected, he was killed by José de León Toral, a devout Catholic, in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel in 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obregón and culminated the Mexican Revolution. | Who was the leader at the end of the Mexican Revolution? {sep_token} Where was Alvaro Obregon killed? {sep_token} When was Alvaro Obregon killed? {sep_token} Where were the Zapatist forces from? {sep_token} Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution? {sep_token} |
Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea? {sep_token} What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation? {sep_token} What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures? {sep_token} Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs? {sep_token} |
Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13] | Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools? {sep_token} Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs? {sep_token} |
Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: "When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence." Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one. | What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox? {sep_token} What type of self is equated with the Buddha? {sep_token} What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself? {sep_token} |
Zeng Guofan had no prior military experience. Being a classically educated official, he took his blueprint for the Xiang Army from the Ming general Qi Jiguang, who, because of the weakness of regular Ming troops, had decided to form his own "private" army to repel raiding Japanese pirates in the mid-16th century. Qi Jiguang's doctrine was based on Neo-Confucian ideas of binding troops' loyalty to their immediate superiors and also to the regions in which they were raised. Zeng Guofan's original intention for the Xiang Army was simply to eradicate the Taiping rebels. However, the success of the Yongying system led to its becoming a permanent regional force within the Qing military, which in the long run created problems for the beleaguered central government. | Who inspired Zeng Guofan in creating his army? {sep_token} What did Qi Jiguang's private army do? {sep_token} What was the original plan for the Xiang Army? {sep_token} |
Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources, a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea, and an economic base at the national average. Zhejiang, however, has been an epicenter of capitalist development in China, and has led the nation in the development of a market economy and private enterprises. Northeast Zhejiang, as part of the Yangtze Delta, is flat, more developed, and industrial. | What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lack of? {sep_token} What is Zhejiang's location vulnerable to from the sea? {sep_token} What type of development has Zhejiang been an epicenter of? {sep_token} Which part of Zhejiang is part of the Yangtze Delta? {sep_token} What type of geography is Northeast Zhejiang? {sep_token} |
Zhejiang consists mostly of hills, which account for about 70% of its total area. Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province, Huangmaojian Peak (1,929 meters or 6,329 feet), is located there. Other prominent mountains include Mounts Yandang, Tianmu, Tiantai, and Mogan, which reach altitudes of 700 to 1,500 meters (2,300 to 4,900 ft). | What does Zhejiang consist mostly of? {sep_token} What percent of Zhejiang is hills? {sep_token} What is the highest peak of the province? {sep_token} How high is Huangmaojian Peak in meters? {sep_token} How high is Huangmaojian Peak in feet? {sep_token} |
Zhejiang is mountainous and has therefore fostered the development of many distinct local cultures. Linguistically speaking, Zhejiang is extremely diverse. Most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak Wu, but the Wu dialects are very diverse, especially in the south, where one valley may speak a dialect completely unintelligible to the next valley a few kilometers away. Other varieties of Chinese are spoken as well, mostly along the borders; Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border with Anhui, while Min dialects are spoken on the border with Fujian. (See Hangzhou dialect, Shaoxing dialect, Ningbo dialect, Wenzhou dialect, Taizhou dialect, Jinhua dialect, and Quzhou dialect for more information). | How diverse is Zhejiang, linguistically speaking? {sep_token} What do most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak? {sep_token} Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border where? {sep_token} Min dialects are spoken on the border where? {sep_token} What type of geography is Zhejiang? {sep_token} |
Zhejiang is the home of Yueju (越劇), one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera. Yueju originated in Shengzhou and is traditionally performed by actresses only, in both male and female roles. Other important opera traditions include Yongju (of Ningbo), Shaoju (of Shaoxing), Ouju (of Wenzhou), Wuju (of Jinhua), Taizhou Luantan (of Taizhou) and Zhuji Luantan (of Zhuji). | What is one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera? {sep_token} Where did Yueju originate? {sep_token} Who is Yueju traditionally performed by? {sep_token} Who plays male roles in Yueju? {sep_token} Who plays female roles in Yueju? {sep_token} |
Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms. Wu (229–280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force. The story depicts how the states of Wei (魏) and Shu (蜀), lack of material resources, avoided direct confrontation with the Wu. In armed military conflicts with Wu, the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wu's military resources including arrows and bows. | When was Zhejiang part of the Wu? {sep_token} What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu? {sep_token} What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms? {sep_token} Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force? {sep_token} Along with Wei, which state avoided direct conflict with Wu? {sep_token} |
Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu and Liangzhu. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in the archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of haplogroup O1 in the Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples. | What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu? {sep_token} Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures? {sep_token} What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in Liangzhu culture? {sep_token} Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples linked to in the DNA analysis? {sep_token} What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal? {sep_token} |
Zhejiang's main manufacturing sectors are electromechanical industries, textiles, chemical industries, food, and construction materials. In recent years Zhejiang has followed its own development model, dubbed the "Zhejiang model", which is based on prioritizing and encouraging entrepreneurship, an emphasis on small businesses responsive to the whims of the market, large public investments into infrastructure, and the production of low-cost goods in bulk for both domestic consumption and export. As a result, Zhejiang has made itself one of the richest provinces, and the "Zhejiang spirit" has become something of a legend within China. However, some economists now worry that this model is not sustainable, in that it is inefficient and places unreasonable demands on raw materials and public utilities, and also a dead end, in that the myriad small businesses in Zhejiang producing cheap goods in bulk are unable to move to more sophisticated or technologically more advanced industries. The economic heart of Zhejiang is moving from North Zhejiang, centered on Hangzhou, southeastward to the region centered on Wenzhou and Taizhou. The per capita disposable income of urbanites in Zhejiang reached 24,611 yuan (US$3,603) in 2009, an annual real growth of 8.3%. The per capita pure income of rural residents stood at 10,007 yuan (US$1,465), a real growth of 8.1% year-on-year. Zhejiang's nominal GDP for 2011 was 3.20 trillion yuan (US$506 billion) with a per capita GDP of 44,335 yuan (US$6,490). In 2009, Zhejiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 116.2 billion yuan (US$17 billion), 1.1843 trillion yuan (US$173.4 billion), and 982.7 billion yuan (US$143.9 billion) respectively. | What is Zhejiang's own development model dubbed? {sep_token} What is the Zhejiang model based on prioritizing and encouraging? {sep_token} What direction is the economic heart of Zhejiang moving toward? {sep_token} What was the annual real growth of urbanites in Zhejiang in 2009? {sep_token} What was Zhejiang's nominal GDP in yuan for 2011? {sep_token} |
Zhejiang, as the heartland of the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta), remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties (220 or 222–589), Sui, and Tang. After being incorporated into the Sui dynasty, its economic richness was used for the Sui dynasty's ambitions to expand north and south, particularly into Korea and Vietnam. The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China. The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang, through its metropolitan center Hangzhou (and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay), and from Suzhou, and thence to the North China Plain. The débâcle of the Korean war led to Sui's overthrow by the Tang, who then presided over a centuries-long golden age for the country. Zhejiang was an important economic center of the empire's Jiangnan East Circuit and was considered particularly prosperous. Throughout the Tang dynasty, The Grand Canal had remained effective, transporting grains and material resources to North China plain and metropolitan centers of the empire. As the Tang Dynasty disintegrated, Zhejiang constituted most of the territory of the regional kingdom of Wuyue. | When did the Six Dynasties end? {sep_token} What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties? {sep_token} Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China? {sep_token} What river was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands? {sep_token} |
Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents. On June 6, Dodo's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them. The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way. They requisitioned a large section of the city for the bannermen's cantonment, and destroyed the former imperial Ming Palace, but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that befell Yangzhou. | When did the Hongguang Emperor leave Nanjing, having been defeated? {sep_token} Who surrendered Nanjing to invaders on June 6? {sep_token} What did the Manchu's make all the men in the city do? {sep_token} |
Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices. Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style. | What were Sumerian temples known as? {sep_token} What was the central pond in the forecourt of a Ziggurat for? {sep_token} Who were the rooms on either side of the aisles in the temple for? {sep_token} What was the mudbrick table in the temple for? {sep_token} Where did the Sumerians usually locate their granaries and storehouses? {sep_token} |
Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same crystal structure and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common. Otherwise there is little similarity. Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N- and S- donors. Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- coordinate although 5-coordinate complexes are known. | Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what? {sep_token} The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical? {sep_token} What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically? {sep_token} Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes? {sep_token} |
Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3) 2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, and luminous paints. Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulfate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints. | What is added to wood in order to preserve it? {sep_token} What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens? {sep_token} What kind of lasers are crystals of zinc suflde used in? {sep_token} Where is zinc pyrithion used? {sep_token} |
Zinc deficiency is crop plants' most common micronutrient deficiency; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia, and substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in these areas. Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease. Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces. Excess zinc is toxic to plants, although zinc toxicity is far less widespread. | In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common? {sep_token} Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what? {sep_token} Excess zinc has what effect on plants? {sep_token} How is zinc primarily added to soil? {sep_token} |
Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm. The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C. Above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 °C) and boiling points (907 °C). Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium. | What color is zinc? {sep_token} Is iron more dense than zinc? {sep_token} At what temperature does the metal become malleable? {sep_token} At what temperature to zinc become brittle? {sep_token} What is the boiling point of zinc? {sep_token} In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc? {sep_token} What is the crystalline structure of sync? {sep_token} What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius? {sep_token} At what temperature can zinc be pulverized? {sep_token} |
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest mineable amounts are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning). | What is the symbol for Zinc? {sep_token} What is the atomic number for Zinc? {sep_token} What is zinc chemically close to? {sep_token} What is the oxidation state for zinc? {sep_token} How many stable isotopes does zinc have? {sep_token} What is the symbol for zinc? {sep_token} What is zinc's atomic number? {sep_token} What other element on the periodic table is zinc similar to? {sep_token} What is the most common zinc ore? {sep_token} What is used to extract zinc during the production process? {sep_token} |
Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of "exceptional biologic and public health importance", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea. Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency. | How many people are affected by zinc deficiency? {sep_token} What can consumption of excess zinc cause? {sep_token} Where can you find enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center? {sep_token} What can a lack of zinc cause in children? {sep_token} What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development? {sep_token} What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth? {sep_token} In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center? {sep_token} What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency? {sep_token} |
Zinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ as to its effectiveness. Zinc also helps speed up the healing process after an injury. It is also suspected of being beneficial to the body's immune system. Indeed, zinc deficiency may have effects on virtually all parts of the human immune system. | What consumable product is zinc included in? {sep_token} What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging? {sep_token} What is the benefit of zinc after injury? {sep_token} |
Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn 5(OH) 6(CO 3) 2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zinc corrodes away. The zinc is applied electrochemically or as molten zinc by hot-dip galvanizing or spraying. Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails, suspension bridges, lightposts, metal roofs, heat exchangers, and car bodies. | What two compounds is zinc more reactive than? {sep_token} What forms as zinc corrodes? {sep_token} How is zinc applied? {sep_token} What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences? {sep_token} |
Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur (32%), iron (13%), and SiO 2 (5%). The composition of this is normally zinc sulfide (80% to 85%), iron sulfide (7.0% to 12%), lead sulfide (3.0% to 5.0%) silica (2.5% to 3.5%), and cadmium sulfide (0.35% to 0.41%). | What is used to produce the metal zinc? {sep_token} What is froth flotation used for? {sep_token} What is the first step in zinc metal production? {sep_token} What percentage of the ore concentrate is zinc? {sep_token} |
Zinc serves a purely structural role in zinc fingers, twists and clusters. Zinc fingers form parts of some transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize DNA base sequences during the replication and transcription of DNA. Each of the nine or ten Zn2+ ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger's structure by coordinately binding to four amino acids in the transcription factor. The transcription factor wraps around the DNA helix and uses its fingers to accurately bind to the DNA sequence. | What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters? {sep_token} What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA? {sep_token} How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions bind to? {sep_token} What does the transcription factor wrap around? {sep_token} |
Zinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first zinc(I) compound containing the Zn—Zn bond, (η5-C5Me5)2Zn2, is also the first dimetallocene. The [Zn2]2+ ion rapidly disproportionates into zinc metal and zinc(II), and has only been obtained as a yellow glass formed by cooling a solution of metallic zinc in molten ZnCl2. | What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds? {sep_token} What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain? {sep_token} What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound? {sep_token} When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2, what is formed? {sep_token} |
^1 Also considered part of Rusyns ^2 Considered transitional between Ukrainians and Belarusians ^3 The ethnic affiliation of the Lemkos has become an ideological conflict. It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad ^4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality, different from that Czech (although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language). ^5 Also considered Poles. ^6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles. Parts of the southmost population of Upper Silesia is sometimes considered Czech (controversial). | Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict? {sep_token} The idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where? {sep_token} Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what? {sep_token} What group is considered part of the Poles? {sep_token} |
^10 Sub-groups of Slovenes include Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians, and the extinct Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes. | What sub-groups of Slovenes are extinct? {sep_token} What are the current sub-groups of Slovenes? {sep_token} |
^7 A census category recognized as an ethnic group. Most Slavic Muslims (especially in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) now opt for Bosniak ethnicity, but some still use the "Muslim" designation. Bosniak and Muslim are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably. However, a small number of people within Bosnia and Herzegovina declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith. | Most Slavic Muslims now opt for what ethnicity? {sep_token} What two groups are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably? {sep_token} A small number of people declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith within what regions? {sep_token} |
^8 This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the former Yugoslav republics. The nationality is also declared by diasporans living in the USA and Canada. There are a multitude of reasons as to why people prefer this affiliation, some published on the article. | This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the what former republics? {sep_token} The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where? {sep_token} |
^9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci (in Bačka), Šokci (in Slavonia and Vojvodina), Janjevci (in Kosovo), Burgenland Croats (in Austria), Bosniaks (in Hungary), Molise Croats (in Italy), Krashovans (in Romania), Moravian Croats (in the Czech Republic) | Where are Bunjevci located? {sep_token} Where are Šokci located? {sep_token} Where are Janjevci located? {sep_token} Where are Burgenland Croats located? {sep_token} Where are Krashovans located? {sep_token} |
^Note 2: in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows: "Article IV. Section 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged to do. No one religious society shall ever be established in this state, in preference to another; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles." | What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them? {sep_token} When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article IV, Section 10? {sep_token} What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do? {sep_token} What is constitutionally forbidden to be established in the state of Georgia? {sep_token} What will no person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles? {sep_token} |
^Note 5: The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church, but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office. From 1835-1876 it allowed only Christians (including Catholics) to hold public office. Article VI, Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office. Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins, when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections. | When did the North Carolina Constitution disestablish the Anglican church? {sep_token} What religious denomination was the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835? {sep_token} What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1835 to 1876? {sep_token} What part of the NC Constitution forbids atheists from holding public office? {sep_token} When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses forbidding people from holding public office based on their religion was unenforceable? {sep_token} |
al-Qarawīyīn University in Fez, Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the jāmiʻahs (such as al-Qarawīyīn and al-Azhar University) differed in the sense that they were larger institutions, more universal in terms of their complete source of studies, had individual faculties for different subjects, and could house a number of mosques, madaris, and other institutions within them. Such an institution has thus been described as an "Islamic university". | When was al-Qarawiyin University founded? {sep_token} Who founded al-Qarawiyin University? {sep_token} What types of degrees were earned at al-Qarawiyin University? {sep_token} What religious buildings were housed inside al-Qarawiyin University? {sep_token} What types of teachers were at al-Qarawiyin University? {sep_token} |
along with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector p represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the "intensity" at which the production process would run. The unique solution λ represents the growth factor which is 1 plus the rate of growth of the economy; the rate of growth equals the interest rate. Proving the existence of a positive growth rate and proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann. | In von Neumann's model what does p represent? {sep_token} In von Neumann's model what does q represent? {sep_token} What is the rate of qrowth equal to? {sep_token} Was the economic model successful? {sep_token} |
and Camargo. In 1631 Juan Rangel de Biezma discovered a rich vein of silver, and subsequently established San Jose del Parral near the site. Parral remained an important economic and cultural center for the next 300 years. On December 8, 1659 Fray García de San Francisco founded the mission of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Mansos del Paso del Río del Norte and founded the town El Paso Del Norte (present day Ciudad Juárez) in 1667. The Spanish society that developed in the region replaced the sparse population of indigenous peoples. The absence of servants and workers forged the spirit of northern people as self-dependent, creative people that defended their European heritage. In 1680 settlers from Santa Fe, New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso Del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes, but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured the city and vicinity. In 1709, Antonio de Deza y Ulloa founded the state capital Chihuahua City; shortly after, the city became the headquarters for the regional mining offices of the Spanish crown known as Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cuéllar in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva Enríquez, Duke of Alburquerque and the Marquee of Cuéllar.. | Which precious metal did Biezma discover? {sep_token} How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center? {sep_token} In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge? {sep_token} Which new state capital was founded in 1709? {sep_token} In which city had the inhabitants of Sante Fe been seeking refuge? {sep_token} |
and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as "thing-in-itself" (Immanuel Kant), "things-as-interacted-by-us" (Arthur Fine), "table-of-commonsense" and "table-of-physics" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are "warning signs" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highlight the numerous ways in which people come to know the world. This argument does not take into account the issues pertaining to hermeneutics, especially at the backdrop of analytic philosophy. Musgrave criticized Richard Rorty and Postmodernist philosophy in general for confusion of use and mention. | Who coined the term "thing-in-itself"? {sep_token} Who invented the idea of a "table-of-commonsense"? {sep_token} Who came up with the idea of "things-as-interacted-by-us"? {sep_token} Who spoke of the "warning signs" of idealism? {sep_token} What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty? {sep_token} |
eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This is an increasing disadvantage compared to USB. Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is advancing and external drives gradually need less power, diminishing the eSATA advantage. eSATAp (power over eSATA; aka ESATA/USB) is a connector introduced in 2009 that supplies power to attached devices using a new, backward compatible, connector. On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies only 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD; on a desktop workstation it can additionally supply 12 V to power larger devices including 3.5-inch HDD/SSD and 5.25-inch optical drives. | eSATA does not supply power to what? {sep_token} Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is what? {sep_token} On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies how much power? {sep_token} |
for any constant c. Matrix groups over these fields fall under this regime, as do adele rings and adelic algebraic groups, which are basic to number theory. Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology, the so-called Krull topology, which in turn is central to generalize the above sketched connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions. An advanced generalization of this idea, adapted to the needs of algebraic geometry, is the étale fundamental group. | What concepts are fundamental to number theory? {sep_token} What group uses infinite field extensions with topology? {sep_token} What is used to generalize the connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions? {sep_token} What group is an advanced observation of infinite field extensions and groups that is adapted for the needs of algebraic geometry? {sep_token} |
human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization. | What activities from these mammals will likely affect habitat areas? {sep_token} What underground items have lead to soil degradation? {sep_token} What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara? {sep_token} |
iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits. | Whose directions can be followed to interact with iPod batteries? {sep_token} What did Apple originally tell consumers to purchase when their iPod batteries no longer worked? {sep_token} What kind of battery does the iPod use? {sep_token} Which iPod component did Apple somewhat inconveniently made non-replaceable? {sep_token} What type of rechargeable battery does Apple use in its iPods? {sep_token} |
iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street. | What are two stores which sell files with DRM not compatible with iPods? {sep_token} For what device's sales does Apple leverage the iTunes store? {sep_token} The iPod can play music from other online stores as long as they don't contain what feature? {sep_token} |
iPods have also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website, including a collection of lesson plans. There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general K-16 education. Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications. Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Yes, children, there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets. Weird." | What University gave an iPod to first year students in 2004? {sep_token} What publication lauded the iPod for enabling people to listen to thousands of songs on a portable player? {sep_token} Which major university began issuing iPods to all incoming freshmen starting in 2004? {sep_token} Which magazine placed the iPod on its Best of the Decade list for the 00's? {sep_token} |
iPods have been criticized for alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that "the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others. In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable. A class action lawsuit was also filed. Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.[citation needed] | What are two subjects of criticism of iPods? {sep_token} What website ran a survey to learn how often iPods ceased working? {sep_token} How often did MacInTouch discover iPods stopped working, according to their survey? {sep_token} When did iPod owners take issue with the fragility of the iPod screen? {sep_token} What did Apple include with the iPod to resolve the screen problem? {sep_token} Which type of iPod storage proved more reliable than hard drive storage? {sep_token} The first generation nano suffered from which component getting damaged easily? {sep_token} |
iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence,[not in citation given] to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has "altered the landscape for portable audio players". Several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA. | What rank did iPod achieve among various computer products in 2006? {sep_token} What kind of reviews do iPods tend to get? {sep_token} What two companies use the AAC format for music files? {sep_token} What file format is not supported by Sony Ericsson and Nokia? {sep_token} Which publication praised iPods for revolutionizing the industry? {sep_token} Which phone manufacturers adopted the AAC file format to become better iPod-compatible? {sep_token} Which PC magazine praised the iPod for having "altered the landscape for portable audio players"? {sep_token} |
iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel – an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist interface. The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc. The iPod Touch has no click-wheel; instead it uses a 3.5" touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod Touch is identical to that of the iPhone. Differences include a lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. | How many buttons do most iPods use? {sep_token} On what part of newer iPods can you find the buttons? {sep_token} Where are the controls located on the 3rd gen iPod Shuffle? {sep_token} What kind of interface does the iPod touch use instead of the click wheel? {sep_token} What other device shares the interface used by the iPod Touch? {sep_token} Most iPods feature how many buttons? {sep_token} The 3rd generation of which iPod model had its controls only on the earphone cable? {sep_token} Which other Apple product does the iPod Touch share an interface and OS with? {sep_token} |
iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it. | What kind of security determines if files moved to a computer can be played? {sep_token} What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer? {sep_token} |
where is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The factor 78 is chosen such that exposure settings based on a standard light meter and an 18-percent reflective surface will result in an image with a grey level of 18%/√2 = 12.7% of saturation. The factor √2 indicates that there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface. | What does the sensor usually determine? {sep_token} How can the saturation speed be increased? {sep_token} What is indicated by the factor √2? {sep_token} What can too much exposure lead to? {sep_token} |
where a single prime denotes the real part and a double prime the imaginary part, Z(ω) is the complex impedance with the dielectric present, Ccmplx(ω) is the so-called complex capacitance with the dielectric present, and C0 is the capacitance without the dielectric. (Measurement "without the dielectric" in principle means measurement in free space, an unattainable goal inasmuch as even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior, such as dichroism. For practical purposes, when measurement errors are taken into account, often a measurement in terrestrial vacuum, or simply a calculation of C0, is sufficiently accurate.) | How is the complex impedance with dielectric represented mathematically? {sep_token} How is the complex capacitance without dielectric represented mathematically? {sep_token} Why is the value of C0 unattainable in reality? {sep_token} Under what condition is the approximation C0 sufficiently accurate for calculation purposes? {sep_token} How is the complex capacitance mathematically represented with the dielectric present? {sep_token} |
where the uncertainty is given as the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value. There are a number of other such pairs of physically measurable values which obey a similar rule. One example is time vs. energy. The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempts to choose between trade offs, and given that they are quanta, the trade offs often take the form of either-or (as in Fourier analysis), rather than the compromises and gray areas of time series analysis. | What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum? {sep_token} What forces measurement attempts to choose between trade-offs, in quanta? {sep_token} What form do measurement attempt trade-offs for quanta take the form of? {sep_token} How is uncertainly measured in this experience? {sep_token} What type of analysis fits the either-or nature of the uncertainty? {sep_token} What example is given as another paired relationship of uncertainly related to standard deviation? {sep_token} |
Śuddhodana was determined to see his son become a king, so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds. But at age 29, despite his father's efforts, Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times. In a series of encounters—known in Buddhist literature as the four sights—he learned of the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world. These experiences prompted Gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest. | What did Śuddhodana do to ensure that his son became a king instead of a holy man? {sep_token} How old was Gautama when he first left the palace grounds? {sep_token} What happened when Gautama left the palace grounds? {sep_token} What are the four sights in Buddhism? {sep_token} What did Buddha's father want him to become? {sep_token} By what age was he venturing outside? {sep_token} What were his first four encounters called? {sep_token} What did Gautama do after learning about the outside world? {sep_token} Suddhodana wanted his son to become what? {sep_token} At what age did Gautama venture out from the palace area? {sep_token} How many "sights" did Gautama have that are well known? {sep_token} Gautama encountered an old man, a sick man, a holy man, and a what? {sep_token} |
Śīla (Sanskrit) or sīla (Pāli) is usually translated into English as "virtuous behavior", "morality", "moral discipline", "ethics" or "precept". It is an action committed through the body, speech, or mind, and involves an intentional effort. It is one of the three practices (sīla, samādhi, and paññā) and the second pāramitā. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of śīla are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment. | What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort? {sep_token} Sila is the second what? {sep_token} |
Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence. | What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance? {sep_token} What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana? {sep_token} What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community? {sep_token} |
Śīla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of sīla, which correspond to "basic morality" (five precepts), "basic morality with asceticism" (eight precepts), "novice monkhood" (ten precepts) and "monkhood" (Vinaya or Patimokkha). Lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the eight precepts, which add basic asceticism. | What does sila refer to? {sep_token} Lay people tend to live by the five what? {sep_token} Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what? {sep_token} |
“The roots of all our modern academic fields can be found within the pages of literature.” Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records, whether the literature itself be factual or fictional, it is still quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters’ actions and words or the authors’ style of writing and the intent behind the words. The plot is for more than just entertainment purposes; within it lies information about economics, psychology, science, religions, politics, cultures, and social depth. Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in terms of learning about our history. Through the study of past literature we are able to learn about how society has evolved and about the societal norms during each of the different periods all throughout history. This can even help us to understand references made in more modern literature because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments. Not only is there literature written on each of the aforementioned topics themselves, and how they have evolved throughout history (like a book about the history of economics or a book about evolution and science, for example) but we can also learn about these things in fictional works. Authors often include historical moments in their works, like when Lord Byron talks about the Spanish and the French in ‘‘Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: Canto I’’ and expresses his opinions through his character Childe Harold. Through literature we are able to continuously uncover new information about history. It is easy to see how all academic fields have roots in literature. Information became easier to pass down from generation to generation once we began to write it down. Eventually everything was written down, from things like home remedies and cures for illness, or how to build shelter to traditions and religious practices. From there people were able to study literature, improve on ideas, further our knowledge, and academic fields such as the medical field or trades could be started. In much the same way as the literature that we study today continue to be updated as we continue to evolve and learn more and more. | Literature, regardless of how the definition is applied, can be interpreted as what? {sep_token} We can learn what by carefully examining our literature? {sep_token} Who wrote "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I"? {sep_token} Passing information down through generations was made easier when our society did what? {sep_token} Authors of literature frequently reference what antecedents? {sep_token} |