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Anarkali Marikar

Ebrahim. In 2018, she played Devika opposite Asif Ali in Mandharam. In 2019, she appeared in Uyare starring Parvathy, Tovino Thomas and Asif Ali, scripted by Bobby–Sanjay and directed by debutante director Manu Ashokan. Manu, who previously worked with Anarkali in Vimaanam as an associate director cast her in the movie seeing her performance. Her role as Sariya D Costa, a friend of Pallavi (Parvathy) earned her amazing critical responses from audiences. Then she did a guest role in Marconi Mathai directed by debutante Sanil Kalathil. Starring Jayaram and Vijay Sethupathi. Filmography References External links Category:Actresses from Kochi Category:Indian film

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media, 589 U.S. ___ (2020), is a United States Supreme Court case related to protections against racial discrimination in the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The case relates to whether cable television operator Comcast engaged in racial discrimination in refusing to carry channels from Entertainment Studios, a minority-owned network founded by Byron Allen. In a unanimous opinion in March 2020, the Court ruled that under the Civil Rights Act, Allen was burdened to show that race was but-for the sole reason Comcast failed enter into a contract with his network. Background Byron Allen founded

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media

Entertainment Studios in 1993 originally to produce syndicated television shows, but eventually grew to include a number of lifestyle channels. Since as recent as 2014, Allen started negotiations with Comcast to have the cable provider run Entertainment Studio's lifestyle channels, but they could not agree to contract terms. Allen filed a lawsuit (filed under both Allen's National Association of African-American-Owned Media and Entertainment Studios) in the United States District Court for the Central District of California against Comcast in February 2015, seeking in damages and citing that Comcast had used racial discrimination to deny him a contract, in violation of

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media

section 1981 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Allen alleged that Comcast was discriminating against 100%-minority owned networks like Entertainment Studios, as only of the total carriage fees Comcast paid were to 100%-minority owned networks. Comcast refuted the accusations, stating they had been in negotiations with Allen in good faith for several years to strike a deal. Comcast claimed that the lawsuit was "an ordinary business grievance masquerading as a racial discrimination claim". Around the time of this filing, Comcast was in the midst of trying to acquire Time Warner, and Time Warner had been named in Allen's suit,

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media

but by April 2015, Comcast called off its acquisition. Allen also named several other groups including the NAACP, the National Urban League, the National Action Network, Al Sharpton and Meredith Attwell Baker, arguing that they had supported Comcast's earlier 2011 merger with NBCUniversal through a memorandum of understanding (MOU), in which Allen claimed was to "whitewash Comcast’s discriminatory business practices". In the Comcast case, Judge Terry Hatter at the District Court had dismissed the case without prejudice in August 2015, stating that Allen had "failed to allege a plausible claim for relief", but later allowed Hatter to refile an amended

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media

complaint. Allen's revised complain left only Comcast and Time-Warner as the defendants, but still asserted racial discrimination related to the MOU that had been signed earlier. By May 2016, Hatter had again dismissed Allen's suit for the lack of claim of relief, but allowed Allen to file a second amended claim. Simultaneous cases Allen had launched a similar lawsuit in December 2014 against AT&T, which owned DirecTV, but this was settled out of court by the end of 2015, with AT&T agreeing to pick up Allen's channels. Allen also filed a lawsuit against Charter Communications in January 2016, also in

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media

the Central District Court of California. The Charter case was approved of by Judge George H. Wu, finding that Allen had provided sufficient claims for potential discrimination. Ninth Circuit appeal Allen had appealed the ruling in the Comcast case to the Ninth Circuit, while Charter had done the same for its case. In November 2018, the Ninth Circuit overturned the Comcast case dismissal and rejected the Charter's request to dismiss, stating that, in the case of the Charter decision, "Plaintiffs' allegations regarding Charter's treatment of Entertainment Studios, and its differing treatment of white-owned companies, are sufficient to state a viable

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media

claim." The Ninth Circuit rejected arguments made by Comcast and Charter that they had "editorial discretion" to select channels for their cable line-ups under the First Amendment. Supreme Court Comcast petitioned the Supreme Court of the United States for writ of certiorari to challenge the Ninth Circuit's decision, which the Court granted in June 2019. (Charter separately filed its own petition to the Supreme Court in March 2019, which as of November 2019 remains at the petition stage, and thus not joined with the Comcast case). Oral arguments for the case were heard on November 13, 2019. The arguments focused

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media

on which of two tests to use to determine the merits of Allen's case that had been considered in the case's prior legal history. The first was whether there was evidence that race was a "motivating factor" in Comcast's decision to deny entering a contract with Allen, which had been used by the Ninth Circuit. This took into account the language of the Comcast/NBCUniversal MOU that Allen claimed established Comcast's motivation. The other "but-for" test was suggested by Comcast, in that if there was no race issue involved, that if Comcast would have still entered a deal with Allen. The

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media

Court released its opinion on March 23, 2020. In a unanimous decision vacating the decision of the Ninth Circuit and remanding the case to be reheard, the Court sided with Comcast's "but-for" test, in that Allen had to have shown that race was the sole deciding factor for the case, rather than the possibility that it may have only been a motivating factor. The decision was based on prior rulings from University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar. Justice Neil Gorsuch wrote the majority opinion joined by all but Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who wrote a concurrence in part

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media

that concurred in the judgement. Ginsburg specifically wrote to counter Comcast's claims that such discrimination can only be only evaluated at the finalization of contract, as such discrimination could occur at any time during contract negotiations, such as when a bank requests letters of reference for a potential lender. Ginsburg also wrote, as a footnote, of having stated her past concern that "a strict but-for causation standard is ill suited to discrimination cases and inconsistent with tort principles" but recognized it was an established principle from past Supreme Court cases. Impact Civil rights organizations and leaders have condemned Comcast for

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media

its behavior in the case. In the weeks leading to the oral arguments at the Supreme Court, Representative Bobby Rush argued that Comcast should be broken up, stating "Comcast has enjoyed the largesse – as has the cable industry, in general – of the African-American and other minority communities and has reached such prominence that it now disregard these communities with a cold, callous corporate insensitivity that is stultifying, arrogant, harmful, and intensely painful." Ian Millhiser of Vox said of the Supreme Court decision that it represented a change in the liberal justices' stance of the court to approach discrimination

Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media

cases through a mixed motive discrimination, as previously set out in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, which gave plaintiffs seeking discrimination a greater benefit of the doubt than the "but-for" ruling from Comcast. Millhiser referred to the cases of Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc. and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar as cases since Price Waterhouse that went against the mixed motive allowance. Millhiser suggested that the liberal side of the court may have given into the conservative majority in Comcast to establish that the liberal side of the court was respecting the principle of stare decisis from

Hickam Housing, Hawaii

Hickam Housing is a census-designated place comprising part of Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam in the City & County of Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. The population was 6,920 at the 2010 census. The CDP occupies the area that was formerly Hickam Air Force Base. Geography The Hickam Housing CDP is centered on (21.3306, -157.9541). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 6.08%, is water. The community is located on Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, primarily occupying the land that was formerly part of Hickam Air Force Base,

Hickam Housing, Hawaii

but also occupying a small portion of land that was formerly part of Naval Station Pearl Harbor. The CDP is bordered to the east by Honolulu International Airport, to the south by Mamala Bay, to the west by the entrance to Pearl Harbor, and to the north by additional land within Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam. Demographics As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 5,471 people, 1,632 households, and 1,589 families residing at Hickam. The population density was 4,419.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,703.5/km²). There were 1,718 housing units at an average density of 1,387.7 per square mile (534.9/km²).

Hickam Housing, Hawaii

The racial makeup of the town was 66.2% White, 11.7% Black, 0.6% Native American, 8.2% Asian, 1.0% Pacific Islander, 4.1% from other races, and 8.3% from two or more races. 8.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In 2000, there were 1,632 households out of which 73.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 90.9% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 2.6% were non-families. 2.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 0.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of

Hickam Housing, Hawaii

age or older. The average household size was 3.35 and the average family size was 3.40. On the base, the population was spread out with 40.4% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 45.5% from 25 to 44, 5.9% from 45 to 64, and 0.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.2 males. The median income for a household at Hickam was $42,298, and the median income for a family was

List of awards and nominations received by Paulina Rubio

Paulina Rubio is a Mexican singer and songwriter. She began her career in 1982 with the band Timbiriche and has been the most popular Latin acts in the world to the early-1990s. Rubio began his solo career with the EMI Music label in 1992 and in 2000 he continued with Universal Music. To date she has recorded 11 studio albums and is considered one of the most influential female artists. ALMA Awards The American Latino Media Arts Award, or ALMA Awards is a distinction awarded to Latino performers who promote positive portrayals of Latinos in the entertainment field. Paulina Rubio

List of awards and nominations received by Paulina Rubio

received one nomination in 2002. |- | rowspan="3" align="center"|2002 | Paulina Rubio | Breakthrough artist/group | American Music Awards The American Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony created by Dick Clark in 1973. Paulina Rubio received one nomination in 2004. |- | align="center"|2004 | Paulina Rubio | Favorite Latin Artist | |- BMI Awards Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) is one of three United States performing rights organizations, along with ASCAP and SESAC. It collects license fees on behalf of songwriters, composers, and music publishers and distributes them as royalties to those members whose works have been performed. Paulina Rubio

List of awards and nominations received by Paulina Rubio

has been received 8 awards from 8 nominations. BMI London Awards |- | align="center"|2003 | "Yo No Soy Esa Mujer" | rowspan="2"|Latin Award | |- | align="center"|2009 | "Nena" | |- BMI Latin Awards |- | rowspan="2" align="center"|2002 | "El Último Adiós" | rowspan="6"|Winning Songs | |- | rowspan="1" |"Y Yo Sigo Aquí" | |- | align="center"|2003 | "Yo No Soy Esa Mujer" | |- | align="center"|2004 | "Todo Mi Amor" | |- | align="center"|2005 | "Dame Otro Tequila" | |- | align="center"|2013 | "Me Gustas Tanto" | |- Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National

List of awards and nominations received by Paulina Rubio

Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences in the United States. Paulina Rubio has received two nominations. |- | align="center"|2005 | Pau-Latina |rowspan="2"|Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album | |- | align="center"|2010 | Gran City Pop | |- International Dance Music Awards The International Dance Music Awards were established in 1985. It is a part of the Winter Music Conference, a weeklong electronic music event held annually. Paulina Rubio has received two awards from one nomination. |- | align="center"|2003 | Paulina Rubio | Best New Dance Artist Solo | |- Lo Nuestro Awards The Lo Nuestro Awards is a Spanish-language

List of awards and nominations received by Paulina Rubio

awards show honoring the best of Latin music, presented by Univision, a Spanish-language television network based in the United States. The awards began in 1989. Paulina Rubio won 5 awards. |- | rowspan="2" align="center"|1993 | rowspan="2"|Paulina Rubio |rowspan="1"| Female Artist of the Year, Pop | |- |rowspan="1"|New Pop Artist of the Year | |- | rowspan="2" align="center"|2001 | rowspan="1"|Paulina Rubio |rowspan="1"| Pop Female Artist | |- | rowspan="1"|Paulina |rowspan="1"| Pop Album | |- | rowspan="3" align="center"|2002 | rowspan="1"|Paulina Rubio |rowspan="1"| Pop Female Artist | |- | rowspan="2"|"Y Yo Sigo Aquí" |rowspan="1"| Pop Song | |- |rowspan="1"| Video of the Year

List of awards and nominations received by Paulina Rubio

| |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2003 | rowspan="1"|Si Tú Te Vas |rowspan="1"| Video of the Year | |- | rowspan="5" align="center"|2005 | rowspan="2"|Paulina Rubio |rowspan="1"| Legendary Young Artist Award | |- |rowspan="1"| Pop Female Artist | |- | rowspan="1"|Pau-Latina |rowspan="1"| Pop Album | |- | rowspan="2"|"Te Quise Tanto" |rowspan="1"| Song of the Year | |- |rowspan="1"| Video of the Year | |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2006 | rowspan="2"|Paulina Rubio |rowspan="2"| Pop Female Artist | |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2008 | |- | rowspan="3" align="center"|2010 | rowspan="1"|Gran City Pop |rowspan="1"| Pop Album | |- | rowspan="1"|Paulina Rubio |rowspan="1"| Pop Female Artist | |- |

List of awards and nominations received by Paulina Rubio

rowspan="1"|"Causa y Efecto" |rowspan="1"| Song of the Year | |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2011 | rowspan="3"|Paulina Rubio |rowspan="3"| Pop Female Artist | |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2012 | |- | rowspan="3" align="center"|2013 | |- | rowspan="1"|Brava! |rowspan="1"| Pop Album | |- | rowspan="1"|"Me Gustas Tanto" |rowspan="1"| Pop Song | |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2014 | rowspan="1"|Paulina Rubio |rowspan="1"| Pop Female Artist | |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2019 | rowspan="1"|"El Último Adiós" |rowspan="1"| Replay Song of the Year | |- Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica Premios MTV Latinoamérica or VMALA's is the Latin American version of the Video Music Awards. Paulina Rubio has received three awards

List of awards and nominations received by Paulina Rubio

from thirteen nominations. |- | rowspan="4" align="center"|2002 | rowspan="1"|"Si Tú Te Vas" | Video of the Year | |- | rowspan="10"|Paulina Rubio | Best Female Artist | |- | Best Pop Artist | |- | Best Artist — North | |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2003 | Best Pop Artist | |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2004 | Best Pop Artist | |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2007 | Fashionista Award — Female | |- | rowspan="6" align="center"|2009 | Artist of the Year | |- | Best Solo Artist | |- | Best Pop Artist | |- | Best Artist — North | |- | rowspan="1"|"Causa

List of awards and nominations received by Paulina Rubio

y Efecto" | Video of the Year | |- | rowspan="1"|Performance with Cobra Starship | Best Live Performance at "Los Premios 2009" | |- Latin Billboard Music Awards The Billboard Latin Music Awards grew out of the Billboard Music Awards program from Billboard Magazine, an industry publication charting the sales and radio airplay success of musical recordings. Paulina Rubio has received 6 awards from 12 nominations. |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2001 | Paulina | Pop Album of the Year, Female | |- | rowspan="2" align="center"|2003 | "Todo Mi Amor" | Latin Pop Airplay Track of the Year, Female | |- |

List of awards and nominations received by Paulina Rubio

"Don't Say Goodbye/Si Tú Te Vas" Remixes | Latin Dance Club Play Track of the Year | |- | rowspan="3" align="center"|2005 | Paulina Rubio | Hot Latin Tracks Artist Of The Year | |- | Pau-Latina | Pop Album of the Year, Female | |- | "Te Quise Tanto" | Latin Pop Airplay Track Of The Year, Female | |- | rowspan="2" align="center"|2007 | Ananda | Latin Pop Album of the Year, Female | |- | "Ni Una Sola Palabra" | Latin Pop Airplay Track Of The Year, Female | |- | rowspan="4" align="center"|2010 | rowspan="3" align="center"| Paulina Rubio |

List of awards and nominations received by Paulina Rubio

Hot Latin Songs - Female Artist of the Year | |- | Top Latin Albums Artist of the Year, Female | |- | Latin Pop Airplay Artist of the Year, Female | |- | rowspan="1" align="center"| "Causa y Efecto" | Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year: | |- Latin Grammy Awards The Latin Grammy Awards are awarded annually in the United States since 2000 for outstanding contributions to Spanish language music. Paulina Rubio has received seven nominations. Premios ERES Premios TVyNovelas Orquidea de Diamante Premio Furia Musical Premio Cassandra Premios TERRA Premios GQ España Premios GQ Mexico Premios DIAL

List of awards and nominations received by Paulina Rubio

de España Premio Microfono de Oro Premios People En Español Premios Paoli Premios Ondas Premio Tu Música Viña del Mar International Song Festival Awards Viña del Mar International Song Festival is considered the most important and prestigious music festival in Latin America. Paulina Rubio has appeared 4 times throughout her artistic career. In 2005 she was honored with the "Gaviota de Plata" at the request of the public. |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|1994 | rowspan="3" align="center"| Paulina Rubio | Premio Naranja | |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2000 | Medalla Especial | |- | rowspan="1" align="center"|2005 | Gaviota de Plata | References External

Ronnie Cramer

Ronnie Cramer (born May 5, 1957) is an American film producer, film director, screenwriter, artist and composer. Born in Bismarck, North Dakota, Cramer currently lives and works in Denver, Colorado. During the 1980s he produced watercolor paintings, video installations and played guitar in several rock bands, most notably Alarming Trends, the subject and title of his first film (1987). Cramer's musical compositions include an award-winning score for the Fritz Lang sci-fi classic Metropolis (1927 film). As a director, Cramer gained national attention with his film Even Hitler Had a Girlfriend, a 1991 black comedy which was named "Best Drive-In Movie

Ronnie Cramer

of the Year" by cult critic Joe Bob Briggs. Cramer's first documentary film was Highway Amazon (2001), which told the story of Christine Fetzer, a female body builder who travels the country wrestling men in hotel rooms. The film was named Best Documentary at the Humboldt Film Festival and has won other similar awards. Cramer's multimedia piece Pillow Girl combined traditional film techniques with pulp imagery and experimental music. It has been screened at over 150 film festivals worldwide and was named "Best Experimental Work" at several events, including the Miami Short Film Festival, the Route 66 Film Festival, and

Ronnie Cramer

the Big Muddy Film Festival at Southern Illinois University. Cramer's other work includes the experimental films Cantata in C Major, Mugs, Sixty in 60, September Sketch Book, and Icons. Filmography Icons (2018) September Sketch Book (2014) Living Canvas (2012) Sixty in 60 (2011) Mugs (2008) Cantata in C Major (2007) Pillow Girl (2004) 30 Miles (2003) Highway Amazon (2001) The Hitler Tapes (1994) Even Hitler Had a Girlfriend (1991) Back Street Jane (1989) Alarming Trends (1987) Awards Icons Best Short Film, Logcinema Art Films (Oct 2018) Best Animated Short, Independent Shorts Awards (2018) Best Animated Film, Feodosiya International Film Festival

Ronnie Cramer

(2018) Best Animated Short Film, South Film and Arts Academy Festival (2018) Best Animation, Motion Pictures International Film Festival (2018) Best Animated Short, Fayetteville Film Fest (2018) Best Animated Short, Global Film Festival Awards (2018) Best Animated Film, Shahu International Short Film Festival (2019) Best Animated Film, Mahul Woods International Film Festival (2019) Best Animated Film, ReelHeART International Film and Screenplay Festival (2019) September Sketch Book Best Animated Film, Colony Short Film Festival (2016) Best Animation, North Wales Film Festival (2016) Best Animation, Colorado Film Awards (2016) Best Short Animation, Wolves Film Awards Lithuania (2016) Best Animation, ReelheART International Film

Ronnie Cramer

Festival (2016) Gold Award, International Movie Awards (2014) Gold Award for Short Film, International Film & Photography Festival (2014) Orson Welles Award for Animation, California Film Awards (2014) Gold Award for Experimental Film, Oregon Film Awards (2015) Award of Excellence, Noida International Film Festival (2015) Living Canvas Best Experimental Film, Great Lakes International Film Festival (2013) Sixty in 60 Gold Award for Documentary, California Film Awards (2012) Best Mockumentary, Mountain Film Awards (2012) Silver Reel Award for Documentary, Nevada Film Festival (2011) First Place for Experimental Feature, The Indie Gathering (2011) Gold Medal for Excellence, Park City Film Music Festival

Ronnie Cramer

(2011) Best Production Design for an Experimental Film, Los Angeles International Film Festival (2011) Best Editing for an Experimental Film, Los Angeles International Film Festival (2011) Merit Award for Experimental Film, Los Angeles Cinema Festival of Hollywood (2011) Mugs Best Experimental Film, Da Vinci Film Festival (2012) Northern Lights Emerging Talent Award, Alaska International Film Festival (2011) Golden Reel Award, Nevada Film Festival (2010) Experimental Film Honors, Best Editing, Best Visual Effects, Los Angeles Reel Film Festival (2010) John Muir Award for Animation, Yosemite Film Festival (2010) Experimental Gold Short Award, JamFest (2010) Platinum Award, American Pixel Academy (2010) Best

Ronnie Cramer

Digital Film, San Francisco Frozen Film Festival (2009) Gold Kahuna Award, Honolulu International Film Festival (2009) Best Independent Experimental Work, Carolina Film and Video Festival (2008) Final Cut Award, Lake Havasu International Film Festival (2008) Cantata in C Major Best Art/Experimental Film, Blue Ridge Film and Music Festival (2012) Best Historic Documentary, American International Film Festival (2011) Audience Award for Music/Comedy, Film Festival of Hendricks County (2011) Golden Reel Award, Nevada Film Festival (2010) Best Experimental Film, Route 66 Film Festival (2009) Silver Palm Award, Mexico International Film Festival (2009) Aloha Accolade Award, Honolulu International Film Festival (2009) James W.

Ronnie Cramer

Johnson Award, Flatland Film Festival (2008) Juror's Award, River's Edge Film Festival (2008) Pillow Girl Best Experimental Film, Route 66 Film Festival (2011) James W. Johnson Award, Flatland Film Festival (2007) First Place for Animation, Iowa City International Film Festival (2007) Audience Award Winner for Best Animation, Buffalo Niagara Film Festival (2007) Best Experimental Work, Big Muddy Film Festival (2007) Best Experimental Animation, Trail Dance Film Festival (2007) Special Jury Award, Portland International Short Short Film Festival (2006) Award Recipient for Experimental Film, Indie Gathering (2006) Best Experimental Film, Golden Star Shorts Fest (2006) Best Animated Short, Denver Underground Film

San Martín Base

San Martín Base () is a permanent, all year-round Argentine Antarctic base and scientific research station named after General José de San Martín, the Libertador of Argentina, Chile and Perú. It is located on Barry Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula. At the time of its foundation in 1951, it was the first human settlement south of the Antarctic Circle. it is Argentina's westernmost permanent base. San Martín is one of 13 research bases in Antarctica operated by Argentina. History The increased Antarctic activity that Argentina developed since 1940, along with the longstanding national interest to exercise effective sovereignty over one

San Martín Base

of the most remote areas of Antarctica created the need for a scientific station located south of the Antarctic Circle. In order to transport the personnel and materials to Marguerite Bay, where the new settlement was to be built, the Argentine Navy hired the Santa Micaela. Commanded by Overseas Captain Santiago Farrell, it was a cargo ship belonging to the Argentine shipping company Pérez Companc S. A.. The Santa Micaela left the port of Buenos Aires on 12 February 1951, and on 8 March it anchored at Marguerite Bay. The last part of the trip it was escorted by the

San Martín Base

Argentine Navy tug ARA Sanavirón. Over twelve working days the crew built the two-story main house with double wooden walls, a main deposit, an emergency house, five metal warehouses for supplies, housing for the dog packs, a power generator and the four towers for the high rhombic antenna. San Martín was inaugurated on 21 March 1951, in the presence of the Santa Micaela and ARA Sanavirón crews and the base personnel led by then Colonel Hernán Pujato. Since then, the meteorological station within the base provides detailed weather records and develops forecasts indispensable for the navigation of the sea waters

San Martín Base

adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula. On March 1952 the ARA Bahía Aguirre anchored at Marguerite Bay bringing a relief crew through a Sikorsky S-51 helicopter transfer, the first of its kind performed by the Argentine Armed Forces in Antarctica. On 30 June 1952 a fire, exacerbated by the ongoing blizzard, devoured the main house and two food stores, the power plant and the radio station. With rationed food and fuel, activities continued normally, carrying on with the explorations schedule as originally planned. During the 1952–53 season, thick ice blocked the way of relief ships, which aggravated the situation for the

San Martín Base

twenty base inhabitants. On 26 March 1953 the Argentine Air Force Avro Lincoln nicknamed Cruz del Sur airdropped food and other priceless items. Personnel at San Martín Base conducted several exploration expeditions to the northern and southern boundaries of the bay. They also crossed the Antarctic Peninsula mountain range, reaching the Mobiloil Inlet on the Weddell Sea. In 1960 the base was closed; it was reactivated as permanent on 21 March 1976. On 14 June 1962 an expedition led by then First Lieutenant Gustavo Adolfo Giró Tapper left Esperanza looking for a passage that would link the village with San

San Martín Base

Martín. Using snowcats and sleigh dogs they explored Duse Bay, Prince Gustav Channel, Cape Longing, Foca Nunataks, Ameghino Peninsula, Jason Island, Cape Robinson and Carreta Bay, where they had to leave the snow cats and continue with sleds to cross the cordillera. After reaching San Martín, they traveled back to Esperanza, where they arrived on 25 August. During the trip the party overcame numerous obstacles and withstood temperatures below and katabatic winds of . This feat is considered even now as the most important ever made in the area. Historic site Some unused installations of the base, a cross, a

San Martín Base

flagpole and a monolith erected in 1951, have been designated as Historic Site or Monument, following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. Description Marguerite Bay opens on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Wide and deep, the bay is closed between Belgrano and Alexander I islands, and the Fallieres Coast, making its access very difficult for most of the year due to the thick ice-covered waters. In this zone, rarely visited because of the difficulties and hazards for navigation, there are several groups of islands, islets, rocks and reefs that draw a network of channels

San Martín Base

and fjords, usually frozen. Some of the most important islands are the Pourquoi Pas, Herradura, Caballete and Millerand, all of them next to the Debenham archipelago, where San Martín was built. San Martín is composed of 14 buildings spanning a total area of . The base has several dependencies and facilities, namely: main house; airstrip; heliport; infirmary; chapel; main and auxiliary power plants; vehicle fleet (a number of ski-doos, and a few snow tracks and ATVs) and park, laboratory, mechanical and carpentry workshops, and several deposits. The all-year capable airstrip is located on nearby Uspallata Glacier; during winter the deeply

San Martín Base

frozen sea is also used to land light aircraft. The infirmary and basic operating suite is attended by a doctor and a nurse; it has one bed, x-ray and odontological facilities. San Martín is responsible for the maintenance of several Argentine-built refuges in the area: 17 de Agosto, El Plumerillo, Paso de los Andes, Chacabuco, Yapeyú, Maipo and Nogal de Saldán. Scientific activities The LASAN laboratory (LAboratorio SAN Martín), managed by the Argentine Antarctic Institute, carries out active scientific research in the areas of geomagnetism, riometry, meteorology, ionospheric surveying through high altitude weather balloons, phytoplankton biology, satellite geodesy, glaciology, etc.

San Martín Base

An ongoing bilateral agreement between Argentina and Germany has prompted cooperation on glacier movement observations. Ona Refuge Refuge Ona () is an Argentine Antarctic refuge installed and operated by the government of the Tierra del Fuego Province. The refuge was opened in 1995 and it is located from the San Martín Base on the glaciers of the Fallières Coast. The construction of the refuge was part of the scientific project, called Perito Moreno, carried out under an agreement signed between the Instituto Antártico Argentino and the University of Freiburg in Germany. The researchers carry out studies on the displacement of

San Martín Base

glaciers and the dynamics of the snow layers. The shelter has a capacity for four people, food for 15 days, fuel, gas and first aid kit. Climate The San Martín base has a polar climate that is moderated by its coastline position, hence having a mean for the mildest month. The most significant feature in the area's climate is the violent wind, with speeds well in excess of , which significantly increases the chill factor; such strong winds often blow for five or six days in a row, making it impossible to stay outdoors and turning any simple external work

Cornelius Neale

Cornelius Neale (12 August 1789 – February 1823, Chiswick) was an English clergyman. Cornelius Neale came from a London family with an Evangelical background: his father James Neale was one of the founders of the London Missionary Society. He entered St John's College, Cambridge and graduated Senior Wrangler in 1812, with first Smith's Prize and the second Chancellor's medal. He was elected a fellow of his college. He was ordained and took a curacy in Leicester. He died of consumption in February 1823. In 1816 he married Susannah, daughter of John Mason Good: they had one son, John Mason Neale.

Cornelius Neale

References Michael Chandler, The Life and Work of John Mason Neale, Gracewing (Jul 1995) . pp. 3–4 Olinthus Gregory, Charles Jerram, Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Character, Literary, Professional, and Religious of the late John Mason Good MD, Crocker and Brewster, Boston, Mass. (1829). pp. 256–259 William Jowett, Memoir of the Rev. Cornelius Neale (2nd edition, 1835) External links William Jowett's Memoir of the Rev. Cornelius Neale M.A. (2nd edition, 1835) - full text online at google.com Category:1789 births Category:1823 deaths Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge Category:Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge Category:19th-century English Anglican priests Category:Evangelical Anglican

St. Joseph's Convent (Saint Lucia)

St. Joseph's Convent is a Roman Catholic secondary school for girls located in Castries, Saint Lucia. The school was founded in 1854 by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny. Notable alumnae Suzie d'Auvergne, High Court Judge. Dame Pearlette Louisy, Governor General of Saint Lucia. Gale Rigobert, Member of Parliament for Micoud North In the media St. Joseph's was the main setting for the second episode of Extreme School, a CBBC show about badly behaving British students sent to strict forgone schools for a week References Category:Buildings and structures in Castries Category:Educational institutions established in 1854 Category:Schools in Saint Lucia

Vimala College

Vimala College is a Roman Catholic college in Thrissur City of Kerala state, India. It was established in 1967 after bifurcating St. Mary's College, Thrissur. The college is under the management of the Nirmala Province, Thrissur, of the Congregation of Mother Carmel in the Roman Catholic Church. The college is under the religious jurisdiction of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur and is one of the leading educational institutions related to or run by church organizations . Vimala College was the only women's college in Kerala which offered exclusively graduate and post-graduate programmes. The college was presented the R Shankar

Maayajaalam

Maayajaalam is a Telugu film released on 12 May 2006. This film is directed by S. V. Krishna Reddy. Later this film was dubbed into Hindi as Naya Shoorveer. Plot Vamsi (Srikanth) is a marriage broker. He takes care of everything related to wedding, from searching alliance to sending the bride to her in-law's house. His brother (Ravi Prakash) is a sincere police officer. A doctor (Shayaji Shinde) and owner of a super specialty hospital who trades with the limbs of patients fixes his daughter Swathi's (Deepa) with an M.P. Pradeep's (Pradeep Rawat) son Chatrapathi (Shafi). Vamsi is the matchmaker

Maayajaalam

for that wedding. But Swathi receives Vamsi's photo by mistake and starts to consider Vamsi as her fiancé. Pradeep attacks and seizes Vamsi's brother, who collects all the evidence against the former's felonies. Brahmanandam, Ali, Venu Madhav and Krishna Bhagavan, the victims of the M.P. and ruthless doctor, become demons. How those spirits take vengeance on the doctor, how Vamsi could save his brother, and if Swathi marries Vamsi are the rest of the stuff to be watched on screen. Cast Srikanth as Vamsi Poonam Kaur (Debut) as Swati Rajender Pradeep Rawat as MP Pradeep Brahmanandam as Ghost Ali as

Maayajaalam

Ghost Venu Madhav as Ghost Krishna Bhagavan as Ghost Shayaji Shinde as Doctor Shafi as Chhatrapati Ravi Prakash as Vamsi's brother Nakuul Mehta Gundu Hanumantha Rao Mallikarjuna Rao Ashok Kumar Sivaji Raja Duvvasi Mohan Babu Mohan Tanikella Bharani Geetha Hema Uttej J. V. Ramana Murthy Giri Babu L.B. Sriram Tirupathi Prakash Ganesh Apoorva Gundu Sudarshan Kishore Raati Jyothi Crew Presented by : K.Achchi Reddy Producer: R. R. Venkat Music :S. V. Krishna Reddy Screenplay :S. V. Krishna Reddy Direction :S. V. Krishna Reddy Cinematography :Vijay Kumar. C Story :Janardhana Maharshi Dialogues :Marudhri Raja Lyrics :Bhuvana Chandra, Chandra Bose and Viswa

Maayajaalam

Editing :K.V. Krishna Reddy Action :Ram-Lakshman Graphics :Spirit Nipuna Choreography :Suchitra Chandra Bose, Prasanna and Swarna Art :J.P Release :12-05-06 Soundtrack Reception It received mixed reviews and was considered that Srikanth's role was "nothing much" and Poonam Kaur was good at being pretty in the film. Shafi's action was "an overreacting act but did a good job with comedy." Sayaji Shinde was a "messed up role." Ali, Venu Madhav, Krishna Bhagavan, and Brahmandam "only blend a little comedy in the film." Pradeep Rawat played as the antagonist and had a perfect act. It was said S.V. Krishna Reddy "needs to

Candida Alvarez

Candida Alvarez, was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1955. She is an American painter and a tenured professor of Painting and Drawing at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago where she has taught since 1998. Early life and education Candida Alvarez was born in Brooklyn to parents who had arrived from Puerto Rico two years earlier, and grew up in the Farragut Houses. Alvarez earned a BFA from Fordham University in 1977 and studied at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in 1981. She earned her MFA from Yale School of Art in 1997, and studied

Candida Alvarez

at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland from 2010-2012. Career Alvarez is a painter known for her complex vibrantly layered combination of abstract and figurative forms rich in pop, historical and modern art references, incorporating world news and personal memories. Many of her painting employ silhouettes and bold colors, and display a fascination with the aesthetics of cartoons, kitsch, and the hand-crafted. Alvarez's works have included sculptures, collages, abstraction, and figuration, with materials as diverse as fabric, acrylic paint, enamel, galkyd, on various supports from canvas to cotton napkins to vellum. In Mambomountain, presented from December 2, 2012 to

Candida Alvarez

March 24, 2013 at Hyde Park Art Center in Chicago, Alvarez's brightly colored paintings offer distortions of the familiar. In Drawinggreen, presented from September 14, 2012 to October 13, 2012 at Riverside Arts Center in Chicago, Alvarez's plan with this artwork was to transform Freeark Gallery to 'directed reflection on a travel memoir'. According to the Hyde Park Art Center, in these works, "current and historic moments and identities are fused together onto the canvas, producing a hybrid state of uncharted territory." Her painting has been included at the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art in Kansas City. It was adopted

Candida Alvarez

by avant-garde Japanese fashion designer Rei Kawakubo. For the past two decades, she has taught at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. In an interview published by Hyde Park Art Center, Alvarez stated, “Having run away from seemingly inadequate definitions for abstract painting, I find myself immersed in a relationship that tracks, exchanges, and shreds the world of news, front-page photography, design, and pictorial memory into a subject-less pictorial mash-up. In essence, there is no more picture; there is only painting.” Other well-known works by Alvarez include Recollections: Works on Paper by Candida Alvarez & Vincent D. Smith

Candida Alvarez

presented at the Brooklyn Museum in 1979. Work need content about paintings Exhibitions Selected solo exhibitions 2017 Here, Chicago Cultural Center, Chicago IL 2012 drawinggreen, Riverside Arts Center, Chicago, IL 2011 Black, Peregrine Program, Chinatown, Chicago, IL 2003 Paradise, Rena Bransten Gallery, San Francisco, CA 2002 I'll Always Remember You, TBA Exhibition Space, Chicago, IL 1996 New/Now, New Britain Museum of American Art, New Britain, CT 1992 Recent Paintings, Bronx Museum of the Arts, Bronx, NY 1991 Paintings and Works on Paper, Queens Museum, Flushing, NY Selected group exhibitions 2007 The Inland See: Contemporary Art Around Lake Michigan, Western Michigan

Candida Alvarez

University in Kalamazoo, MI 2006 Black Now, Longwood Arts Project, Bronx; organized by Fred Wilson; Faculty Sabbatical Exhibition, Betty Rymer Gallery, The School of the Art Institute of Chicago; TakeOver, Hyde Park Art Center, Chicago IL; 2005 All the Things We Love, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago IL; Splat, Boom, Pow: The Influence of Cartoons in Contemporary Art, Contemporary Art Museum, Houston, TX; 2000 Words-Objects-Acts, Museum of the City of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia; catalogue; Out of Line; Drawings by Illinois Artists, Chicago Cultural Center, Chicago, IL; Snapshot: An Exhibition of Snapshots Portraying Intimate or Family Photos, Contemporary Museum, Baltimore, MD

ATS-6

ATS-6 (Applications Technology Satellite-6) was a NASA experimental satellite, built by Fairchild Space and Electronics Division It has been called the world's first educational satellite as well as world's first experimental Direct Broadcast Satellite as part of the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment between NASA and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was launched May 30, 1974, and decommissioned July 1979. At the time of launch, it was the most powerful telecommunication satellite in orbit. ATS-6 carried no fewer than 23 different experiments, and introduced several breakthroughs. It was the first 3-axis stabilized spacecraft in geostationary orbit. It was also the

ATS-6

first to use experimentally with some success electric propulsion in geostationary orbit. It also carried several particle physics experiments, including the first heavy ion detector in geostationary orbit. During its five-year life, ATS-6 transmitted connection programming to various countries, including India, the United States and other regions. The vehicle also conducted air traffic control tests, was used to practice satellite-assisted search and rescue techniques, carried an experimental radiometer subsequently carried as a standard instrument aboard weather satellites, and pioneered direct broadcast TV. ATS-6 was a precursor to many technologies still in use today on geostationary spacecraft: large deployable antenna, 3-axis

ATS-6

attitude control with slewing capabilities, antenna pointing through RF sensing, electric propulsion, meteorological radiometer in geostationary orbit, and direct to home broadcasting. It is also possible that ATS-6 was a forerunner of the large ELINT satellites such as Mentor. Launch ATS-6 was launched on May 30, 1974, by a Titan III-C launch vehicle. The spacecraft was inserted directly in the geosynchronous orbit. This reduced the on-board fuel requirements to less than 40 kg (for a total mass at launch of nearly 1400 kg). The highly accurate orbit insertion further lowered the amount of fuel required for final positioning to 9

ATS-6

kg. This enabled a life extension from the original 2 year to 5 years, even accounting for the premature failure of the electric propulsion subsystem (the station-keeping fuel requirement being around 1.6 kg/year). Structure, power subsystem and Antenna One of the major innovations of ATS-6 was an in-flight deployable antenna of more than 9 m in diameter. The antenna reflector was furled during launch under the launch vehicle fairing, and was deployed in orbit much like an umbrella. The antenna reflector was built from 48 aluminum ribs, supporting a metallized Dacron mesh. The antenna feeds (in C, S, L, UHF

ATS-6

and VHF bands) were placed on the spacecraft body, facing the antenna reflector, and linked to the antenna and the solar panels masts by a carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) truss. The solar panels were rigidly mounted on two deployable masts. They were of hemi-cylinder shape, thus providing a relatively constant power (595 W beginning of life). Electric power was supplied during eclipses by two Nickel cadmium batteries of 15-A·h capacity, powering a regulated 30.5-V bus. The satellite dimensions in orbit were 15.8-m width by 8.2-m height. This deployable antenna parabola was designed and developed by Lockheed Missiles and Space Company

ATS-6

(LMSC), now Lockheed Martin, under subcontract to Fairchild Aerospace, after several years of small study contracts at LMSC. The program manager at LMSC was GKC (Colin) Campbell. The deployment of the reflector was initiated by pyrotechnically operated SQUIB cable cutters. Deployment time was on the order of 2.5 seconds producing 2500 Ft Lbs of torque at the spacecraft interface. The reflector surface was designed for optimal operation at S-Band frequencies. It weighed 182 lbs at launch and stowed into a toroidal volume (doughnut shaped) approximately 6 feet in diameter and 10 inches thick. Three models were fabricated, the STM or

ATS-6

structural test model, the F reflector and the G reflector. The STM was destroyed by Fairchild shortly after the program was finished and the F model was launched with the spacecraft in 1972. The G model sat unprotected in the Farchild parking lot for several years before it was donated to the Smithsonian. Bill Wade, the assistant program manager and test manager on the program supported The Smithsonian in the restoration by providing a complete set of drawings and specifications and visited the Silver Hill facility to provide technical guidance. At the time of launch it was the largest parabolic

ATS-6

surface launched into orbit. Three-axis stabilisation ATS-6 has been the first geostationary satellite with three-axis stabilization and pointing., This subsystem was capable of a highly accurate pointing (better than 0.1° through the inertial measurement units, down to 0.002° by using a radio-frequency interferometer.). Furthermore, the satellite was able to follow low earth orbit satellites through slewing, by tracking the low earth-orbit satellite through an S-band RF sensing. The system was also able to perform orbitography of the tracked satellite, and was a precursor to the operational system TDRSS. This highly advanced (for the time) pointing subsystem used earth and sun

ATS-6

sensors, a star tracker pointed to the pole star, Polaris, and three inertial sensors. The sensor measurements were fed to two digital computers (nominal and redundant), as well to a back-up analog computer. It was also possible to orient the satellite by using radio-frequency sensors. Actuators were three momentum wheels, and hot gas (hydrazine mono-propellant) thrusters. One of the momentum wheels having failed in July 1975, an alternative scheme was developed, allowing station-keeping with the two remaining wheels and thrusters. Radiometer A radiometer was on board ATS-6, mounted on the earth-facing panel. This instrument was (for the time) of very

ATS-6

high resolution. It operated on two channels: infra-red (10.5 to 12.5 µm) and visible light (0.55 to 0.75 µm). Images taken with the radiometer covered the whole earth disk, with a resolution of 1,200 lines of 2,400 pixels each (11 km square pixel in infra-red, and 5.5 km square in visible light). The IR detector was passively cooled at 115K, and the visible light detector maintained at 300K. A complete image of earth's disk was transmitted to ground every 25 minutes. Several hundreds images were taken and transmitted, until a mechanical component of the radiometer failed, two and a half

ATS-6

months after launch. Telecommunication experiments The main mission of ATS-6 was to demonstrate the feasibility of direct-to-home (DTH) television broadcasting. To this end, in addition to the high-gain antenna, the spacecraft payload was able to receive in any of the VHF, C, S and L-bands, and to transmit in S-band (2 GHz) through a 20-W solid state transmitter, in L-band (1650 MHz) at 40W, in UHF (860 MHz) at 80W (which was used for the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE)), and with a TWTA-based transmitter of 20 W in C-band (4 GHz). The antenna produced two spots on earth of

ATS-6

400,000 km² each, in which the TV broadcast could be received with 3 meters diameter antennas. This payload was first used over the United States for tele-education and tele-medicine experiments, from August 1974 to May 1975 as part of the HET, or Health, Education, Telecommunications experiment developed jointly by NASA and the US Department of Health, Education, & Welfare (now DHHS). The spacecraft was then moved over the geo-stationary arc from 94 °W to 35 °E, in collaboration with the Indian Space Agency (ISRO), who had deployed in India more than 2500 receive ground stations. A tele-education programme was started

ATS-6

– Satellite Instructional Television Experiment or SITE – and run for one year. During the experiment, a receive station was offered by the Indian Government to Arthur C. Clarke, who was living in Sri Lanka. This experiment was highly successful, and encouraged ISRO to start building an operational program, with the Indian spacecraft INSAT IB (launched 1983). After the SITE experiment, the satellite was brought back over the United States, and served notably as a data-relay and tracking satellite for low-orbit spacecraft such as Nimbus 6, and for the Apollo-Soyuz flight. Electric propulsion ATS-6 was equipped with two electric thrusters

ATS-6

based on the acceleration of cesium ions, that were to be used for North-South Station Keeping. This subsystem development followed earlier failed attempts on the previous ATS spacecraft. Each of the thrusters had a mass of 16 kg, used 150 W of electric power, and produced a thrust of 4 mN, with a specific impulse of 2500s. The on-board supply of cesium would have been sufficient for 4400 hours of thrust. Unfortunately, both thrusters failed prematurely, one after 1 hour of operation, one after 95 hours. However, some of the experiments objectives could be met, such as the measurement of

ATS-6

the effective thrust, the absence of any interference with the radio-frequency payloads (from 150 MHz to 6 GHz), no cesium redeposition on the critical parts of the payload (such as the radiometer), and the correct neutralisation of the spacecraft versus its environment. Particle physics experiments Several particle physics experiments were on board ATS-6. The most significant measured low energy protons (from 25 keV to 3.6 MeV), as well as detected heavy ions (up to 6 MeV). This latter experiment allowed to detect the first heavy ions (Z > 6) with an energy E > 4 MeV, in geostationary orbit. Propagation

ATS-6

experiments Finally, ATS-6 embarked several beacons, which allowed to measure electromagnetic propagation properties of the atmosphere at 13, 18, 20 and 30 GHz. See also 1974 in spaceflight Applications Technology Satellite References External links ATS 6 ATS 6 Mission Information ATS-6 Gunter's space page Experimental Satellites ATS-6 engineering performance report. Volume 2: Orbit and attitude controls ATS-6 engineering performance report. Volume 3: Telecommunications and power ATS-6 engineering performance report. Volume 4: Television experiments ATS-6 engineering performance report. Volume 5: Propagation experiments ATS-6 engineering performance report. Volume 6: Scientific experiments Category:Communications satellites in geostationary orbit Category:Communications satellites Category:Weather satellites of the

1972 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team

The 1972 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team represented California State University, Hayward in the 1972 NCAA College Division football season. Cal State Hayward competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC). The Pioneers were led by second-year head coach Bob Rodrigo. They played home games at Pioneer Stadium in Hayward, California. The Pioneers finished the season with a record of two wins and eight losses (2–8, 2–3 FWC). They were outscored by their opponents 168–348 for the 1972 season. Schedule Team players in the NFL No Cal State Hayward Pioneers players were selected in the 1973 NFL Draft. Notes References

Shell Nigeria

Shell Nigeria is the common name for Royal Dutch Shell's Nigerian operations carried out through four subsidiaries—primarily Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC). Royal Dutch Shell's joint ventures account for more than 21% of Nigeria's total petroleum production( (bpd) in 2009) from more than eighty fields. History Shell started business in Nigeria in 1937 as Shell D’Arcy and was granted an exploration license. In 1956, Shell Nigeria discovered the first commercial oil field at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta and started oil exports in 1958. Prior to the discovery of oil, Nigeria like many other African countries strongly

Shell Nigeria

relied on agricultural exports to other countries to support its economy. Many Nigerians thought the developers were looking for palm oil. Recent news In July 2013, Shell Nigeria awarded Kaztec engineering Limited a $84.5 million exploration and production contract for the Trans-Niger oil pipeline. On March 25, 2014, Shell Nigeria declared a force majeure on crude oil exports from its Forcados crude oil depot which stopped operations due to a leak in its underwater pipeline, a clause freeing the company from contractual obligations as a circumstance beyond its control happened. While it struggled repairing the pipeline, Royal Dutch Shell announced

Shell Nigeria

a force majeure on Nigerian crude oil exports. Uzere was the second place where oil was discovered. Olomoro was the third place, before oil discovery spread across most places in the Niger Delta region. Structure Shell Petroleum Development Company Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) is the largest fossil fuel company in Nigeria, which operates over of pipelines and flowlines, 87 flowstations, 8 natural gas plants and more than 1,000 producing wells. SPDC's role in the Shell Nigeria family is typically confined to the physical production and extraction of petroleum. It is an operator of the joint venture, which composed of

Shell Nigeria

Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (55%), Shell (30%), Total S.A. (10%) and Eni (5%). Until relatively recently. It operated largely onshore on dry land or in the mangrove swamp. Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company (SNEPCO) was established in 1993. It operates two offshore licenses, including for the Bonga Field. Shell Nigeria Gas Shell Nigeria Gas (SNG) was established in 1998 for Shell Nigeria natural gas activities and natural gas transmission system operation. Shell Nigeria on Oil Products Shell Nigeria Oil Products (SNOP) - The principal activity of the Company was the marketing and distribution

Shell Nigeria

of refined petroleum products, lubricants and industrial chemicals. Nigeria Liquified Natural Gas Nigeria LNG (NLNG) is a joint venture for liquefied natural gas production. Shell has a share of 25.6% in this company and is also its technical adviser. Other partners are Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (49%), Total (15%) and Eni (10.9%). Impact In the 1990s tensions arose between the native Ogoni people of the Niger Delta and Shell. The concerns of the locals were that very little of the money earned from oil on their land was getting to the people who live there, and the environmental damages caused

Shell Nigeria

by the recurring sabotage of pipelines operated by Shell. In 1993 the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) organized large protests against Shell and the government, often occupying the company production facilities. Shell withdrew its operations from the Ogoni areas. The Nigerian government raided their villages and arrested some of the protest leaders. Some of these arrested protesters, Ken Saro-Wiwa being the most prominent, were later executed, against widespread international opposition from the Commonwealth of Nations and human rights organisations. The ethnic unrest and conflicts of the late 1990s (such as those between the Ijaw, Urhobo and

Shell Nigeria

Itsekiri), coupled with a peak in the availability of small arms and other weapons, led increasingly to the militarization of the Delta. By this time, local and state officials had offered financial support to those paramilitary groups they believed would attempt to enforce their own political agenda. Conflagrations have been concentrated primarily in Delta and Rivers States. Shell maintained that it asked the Nigerian government for clemency towards those found guilty but its request was declined. A 2001 Greenpeace report mentioned two witnesses for whom the company and the Nigerian military "bribed" by promising money and jobs at the facility.

Shell Nigeria

Shell gave money to the military and was blamed for contaminating the Niger Delta with oil. The company denied these claims and implied that MOSOP was an extortionary movement that advocated violence and secession. In December 2003, Shell Nigeria acknowledged that the conflict in the Niger Delta makes it difficult to operate safely and with integrity and that "we sometimes feed conflict by the way we award contracts, gain access to land, and deal with community representatives", and that it intends to improve on its practices. In 2009, Shell offered to settle the Ken Saro-Wiwa case with US$15.5 million while

Shell Nigeria

denying any wrongdoings and calling the settlement a humanitarian gesture. According to the New York Times and the journalist Michael D. Goldhaber the settlement came days before the start of a trial in New York that was expected to reveal extensive details of Shell's and MOSOP's activities in the Niger Delta. Oil spills Individuals from villages surrounding oil production facilities occasionally drill holes into Shell Oil pipelines for the purposes of capturing oil and transporting it illegally out of Nigeria for monetary gain. This process, known as "oil bunkering", is estimated to cost Nigeria as much as 400,000 barrels of

Shell Nigeria

crude oil per day. Typically, when the oil theft operation is finished, the pipeline is left open, which results in an oil spill. In addition to the spills caused by 'oil bunkering', oils spills can also occur as a result of the quality of the equipment being used to extract and transport the oil. These spills are referred to as 'operational spills' and can be caused by corrosion, a lack of regular maintenance of the equipment, and overall underinvestment in the equipment being used. 18.7% of the spills reported by Shell since 2011 are labeled to be 'operational spills'. Oil

Shell Nigeria

spills can also occur as a result of natural hazards causing damage to pipelines. In 1970, there was an oil spill from a Shell pipeline caused primarily by corrosion and operational failure resulting in over 250 barrels of oil spilled. The resulting effects included the pollution of the surrounding air, water, and soil, as well as, a loss of the surrounding ecological and aquatic species. Health problems in the surrounding areas were also cited as an impact of the oil spill. In 1978, another spill from a Shell pipeline due to corrosion and operational failure was reported to have leaked

Shell Nigeria

580,000 barrels of oil. The resulting impacts were air, water, and soil pollution in the area of the spill. In 2006, a team of experts in environmental assessments from Nigeria, the United Kingdom, and the United States were independently organized to conduct a Natural Resource Damage Assessment in the Niger Delta. They concluded that over the past fifty years, around nine million to thirteen million barrels of oil had been estimated to have spilled in the Niger Delta. Shell is responsible for around fifty percent of the oil production in Niger Delta. Between 1998 and 2009, Shell oil was responsible

Shell Nigeria

for 491, 627 barrels of oil spilled, averaging about 41,000 barrels per year. In 2011, Shell started publishing the reports it has been required to take every time an oil spill occurs. These reports, titled 'Joint Investigation Visit' or JIV, record when the spill began, where the spill took place, the cause of the spill, and the estimated amount of oil lost. JIV reports are important to not only keep track of the oil spills, but also to determine whether or not the surrounding communities will be able to receive forms of compensation for any damage on their homes, fisheries,

Shell Nigeria

or fields resulting from the oil spilled. Communities receive compensation only if the spill is not caused by sabotage or third party interference. This practice is based on Nigeria's 1990 Oil Pipelines Act that requires the company to compensate any person that is suffering from the damages of an oil spill, unless caused by a third party. The data from these reports have been published online since 2015 by the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA). Since 2011, 1,010 oil spills with an overall sum of 110,535 barrels, or 17.5 million liters, of oil have been reported as

Shell Nigeria

lost by Shell. Oil Spill Reporting Practices and Responses: Nigerian government regulations legally require companies to report a spill within twenty-four hours of the spill, then conduct a JIV report within the next twenty-four hours following. In addition, the repair and clean-up of the spill is also required to begin within the first twenty-four hours of when the spill was discovered. Shell's response time has been reported to rarely be within these regulations. In only 25.7% of the spills that have occurred since 2011, Shell has conducted JIV reports within the first twenty-hours of a spill being reported. Oftentimes, it

Shell Nigeria

has been reported that Shell and other oil companies do not begin to clean up the spills until after the reports are conducted delaying the response time even further. Shell does state that the pipelines are shut off in the event of a spill being reported, however, the oil that has already been spilled is still left in the environment. For example, 252 days passed before Shell visited the site of an oil spill that was reported in February 2016. Another case in May, 2015 took Shell 190 days to visit after a report had been made. Both spills were

Shell Nigeria

reportedly in areas that were easily accessible providing limited excuse for the companies delayed responses. On average, Shell took around 9.68 days to respond and conduct JIV reports for spills that occurred in water and around 5.35 days to respond and conduct JIV reports for spills that occurred on land. Underreporting on the amount of oil spilled during each incident can also be attributed to the high volatility of oil resulting in the evaporation of about 50% of the exposed oil within twenty-four to forty-eight hours of the initial spill. Amnesty International and Friends of the Earth International contested Shell's

Shell Nigeria

claims that up to 98% of all oil spills in Nigeria were due to sabotage. The two groups filed a complaint against the company in the OECD. Under Nigerian law, Shell has no liability when spills are classified as result of sabotage. Soon after, Shell representatives were heard by the Dutch Parliament and Shell revised its estimates from 98% to 70%. It was the second time the company did such a large revision to its oil spill statistics. A Dutch court ruled in 2013 that Shell is liable for the pollution in the Niger Delta. Shell faced their oil spill

Shell Nigeria

response practices in November 2014 during legal action that was taken in the United Kingdom. The spill that was contested was from the Trans-Niger Pipeline in 2008 where 1640 barrels of oil were reported by Shell and a second spill in 2009 where Shell reported 4000 barrels of oil were spilled. In court, the assessment was proven to be extremely under-estimated and Shell ended up committing to a compensation of 55 million pounds. Court Cases Involving SPDC Shell's oil extraction activities have been challenged in Court by various Nigerian communities. These communities sought to use the state and its judicial

Shell Nigeria

instruments to demand justice from the Shell corporation. Many communities have reported being disappointed by the legal process due to lengthy delays and the Court's perceived favoritism for the oil company. Ejama-Ebubu Court Case In 1970, an oil spill occurred at one of Shell's oil extraction facilities located in the Ejama-Ebubu community. The exact cause for the oil spill is disputed with some claiming that the spill was caused by a bomb exploding during the Nigeria-Biafra civil war. Others reject this claim, and instead believe Shell's equipment is responsible for the spill. Although the cause for the spill is disputed,

Shell Nigeria

it is agreed that roughly two million barrels of crude oil was spilled, affecting 631 acres, or 255 hectares, of surrounding land. Additionally, it is known that the spilt oil caught fire and burned for weeks. Chief Isaac Osaro Agbara, Oneh-eh Eta Ejaman XI, Emere Nkunna I of Eleme explained the fire by stating, "One early morning, there was a blow-out. Everywhere was dark, but there was fire at the same time. People were running helter-skelter....The fire burnt sand into coal tar. Most of our people had to flee the community to neighbouring towns and villages." In 2011, forty-one years