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The Wasps

Sparta in the Battle of Sphacteria and Cleon successfully claimed responsibility for it. 424: Aristophanes won first prize at the Lenaia with The Knights in which he lampooned Cleon mercilessly. 423: Athens and Sparta agreed to a one-year truce. Aristophanes' play The Clouds came third (i.e. last). 422: The Wasps was performed at the Lenaia, winning second place. Places and people mentioned in The Wasps According to a character in Plutarch's Dinner-table Discussion, (written some 500 years after The Wasps was produced), Old Comedy needs commentators to explain its abstruse references, in the same way that a banquet needs wine

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waiters. Here is the wine list for The Wasps as supplied by modern scholars. Places Megara: a neighbour and historically a rival to Athens, it is mentioned in line 57 as the reputed origin of comic drama. Law Courts: Athens had ten law courts in 422 BC, of which these three are mentioned here by name: The New Court in line 120, The Court at Lykos in line 389 and The Odeion in line 1109. Asclepieia: Temples dedicated to the god of healing, the one mentioned in line 123 was located near Athens on the island of Aegina. Delphi: One

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of the most sacred sites in Greece, it is said by Philocleon in line 159 to be the source of a fearful prophecy concerning himself. Scione: A city on the promontory of Chalcidice, it revolted against Athenian rule two days after the Athenian truce with Sparta and it was now under siege; this was the only fighting Athenians were engaged in at that time. Bdelycleon says in line 210 that he would rather serve there than guard his father. Byzantium: Originally captured from Persian forces by the Greeks in 478 BC, and subsequently taken from the control of Pausanias by

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the Athenians in 476, a garrison had been stationed there ever since its revolt from Athenian rule in 440-439. The Chorus of old jurors mention it in line 236 while reminiscing about their time as soldiers there. Samos: An island that had revolted from Athenian rule in 440 BC, it is mentioned in line 238 in reference to a Samian (possibly a man named Carystion) who had betrayed his own polis out of his reputed love for Athens and who had recently been acquitted of some charge. Thrace: A region of strategic significance in the Peloponnesian War, the Chorus mentions

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it in line 288 in relation to the impending trial of one of the 'traitors' there (possibly a reference to Thucydides, who had been prosecuted by Cleon the previous year after the Athenian defeat at Amphipolis. Naxos: Subjugated by the Athenians around 470 BC, the Chorus mentions it in line 355 while recalling a soldier's prank perpetrated there by Philocleon. Pontus and Sardinia: Mentioned in line 700 by Bdelycleon as the eastern and western limits of the Athenian empire. Marathon: The site of the celebrated Athenian victory against Persia, it is mentioned in line 711 by Bdelycleon in reference to

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what is owed to Athenians by other Greeks. Euboia Settled by Athenians through a cleruchy, it was a key source of grain and is mentioned in line 715 by Bdelycleon as a synonym for vote-buying. Sicily: The island was famous for its cheeses and its mention in line 838 helps to identify the cheese-stealing dog Labes as a comic representation of the Athenian general Laches, who led an Athenian force there in 427 BC. Kudathenaion and Zixone: Respectively the deme of Cylon in Athens and the accusing dog, and the deme of Laches and the accused dog (on the coast

The Wasps

about eight miles south of Athens) – both demes are mentioned in line 895. Thymaitadoi: A village near the Piraeus, it was a source of rough cloaks that the unsophisticated Philocleon is unable to distinguish from the expensive cloaks worn in Sardis and woven in Ecbatana (common destinations for Athenian diplomats), as stated in lines 1138–43. Paros: An island that Philocleon once visited for two obols a day (i.e. as a rower in the Athenian navy) – which was as close to becoming a diplomat as he ever got (line 1189). Poets and other artists Euripides: Frequently a target of

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Aristophanes' plays, the tragic poet is mentioned in line 61 as the butt of tired old jokes that are made by other comic poets. There are also mock-heroic references to his plays Bellerophon, Cretan Women and Ino in lines 757, 763, 1414. Ecphantides: A comic poet of a previous generation known for his obscurity, he is referred to in line 151 by his nickname Capnias (Smokey). Phrynichus: A celebrated tragic poet of an earlier generation, he is mentioned favourably several times by Philocleon and the jurors in lines 220, 269, 1490, 1524. The first mention is in a comic, compound

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word () which includes a reference to a popular song about Sidon written by Phrynichus. The tragic poet is mentioned in three other plays. Pindar: The great lyric poet of Boeotia is not mentioned here by name but one of his famous verses is absurdly quoted out of context in line 308 Philocles: A tragic poet (who won first prize when Sophocles competed with Oedipus Rex), yet satirized by comic poets for a harsh style, he is said in line 462 to have an embittering influence on old men. He is mentioned again in Thesmophoriazusae and The Birds. Aesop: Then,

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as now, a source of instructive fables, he receives four mentions in lines 566, 1259, 1401, 1446 and he is later mentioned in two other plays. Oiagros: A tragic actor, he is said in line 579 to have been acquitted in a trial after reciting verses from a play titled Niobe. Niobe was possibly a play by Sophocles that was performed shortly before Wasps. Alternatively Niobe was a play by Aeschylus, mentioned again later in The Frogs. Acestor Sacas: A tragic poet of foreign birth and a frequent target of comic poets, he is mentioned in line 1221 as the

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father of one of Cleon's circle. He is mentioned also in The Birds. Alcaeus: The great lyric poet of Mytilene, he is not mentioned by name but he is the author of some well-known verses that Philocleon adapts to a scolion directed against Cleon in lines 1232–35. Ariphrades: Possibly a comic dramatist and a student of Anaxagoras, he is mocked in this play in line 1280 and in other plays for sexual eccentricities. His musician brother, Arignotus, is mentioned with him but not by name in The Wasps. Sthenelus: A tragic poet, whose verse was later considered by Aristotle to

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be lucid but undignified, he is mentioned in line 1313 as the epitome of a man who is lacking something. Lasus: A poet from Hermione who lived in the latter half of the 6th Century, associated with the establishment of dithyrambic contests in Athens and credited with writing the first book on music, he is quoted in line 1410 as the author of a banal statement: "It means little to me". Simonides: The famous lyric poet from Ceos, he is said by Philocles to have been the man to whom the above statement was addressed. He is mentioned in three

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other plays. Thespis: According to Athenian tradition, he was the first dramatist to write for an actor separate from the Chorus. He is mentioned in line 1479 as typical of Philocleon's old-fashioned tastes. Carcinus: An Athenian general in 431, he was also a dramatist and a dancer. He is mentioned with his sons here in line 1501 and in other plays. His sons (or dancers masquerading as his sons) danced in the exodos in this play in competition with Philocleon. Their performance is mocked by Philocleon and it is even mocked by the Chorus of a later play (Peace lines

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781-6). One son, Xenocles, was a tragedian who later defeated Euripides at the City Dionysia in 415 but his abilities as a dramatist are ridiculed by Aristophanes in Thesmophoriazusae and The Frogs. Athenian politicians and generals Cleon: The populist leader of the pro-war faction in Athens, he is the arch-villain in all of Aristophanes' early plays. We are assured in lines 62-3 that Aristophanes won't make mincemeat of him again but promises mean nothing in a comedy and he receives more treatment in lines 197, 242, 409, 596, 759, 1220, 1224, 1237, 1285 as well as numerous indirect mentions, notably

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as an untrustworthy dog. Theorus: An associate of Cleon, he is presented in lines 42, 47, 418, 599, 1220, 1236 as an ignoble flatterer. He is a target also in earlier plays. Alcibiades: Later known as a dashing general and a winning aristocrat, he was not yet a major public figure and here he is mentioned in line 44 only for his lisp. He was mentioned earlier in The Acharnians as the son of Cleinias and he is mentioned later in The Frogs. Amynias: A general this year (423/2), he was satirized by comic dramatists as effeminate and pretentious. Here

The Wasps

he is mocked for gambling habits, long hair () and his role in a diplomatic mission to Thessaly in lines 74, 466, 1267. He is mentioned also in The Clouds. Nicostratus: Possibly the son of Dieitrephes and a skilful general mentioned by Thucydides, he is said in line 81 to call out from the audience about Philocleon's disease, identifying it as a form of 'hospitality'. Laches: A general who had led a small Athenian force to Sicily in 427 and who had proposed the one-year truce in 423, he is mentioned in line 240 and he appears as the good

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watchdog accused of stealing a Sicilian cheese, suggesting that Cleon was in fact intending to prosecute him for corruption. Thucydides: The political rival of Pericles, he is mentioned in line 947 and earlier in The Acharnians in relation to a trial in which slick lawyers took full advantage of his old age. Hyperbolus: A populist and eventually Cleon's successor, he is named in line 1007 as an example of someone who cynically manipulates juries. He receives numerous mentions in other plays. Theogenes: A prominent politician often satirized by comic poets as a fat, greedy braggart, he is quoted in line

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1183 as somebody who abuses dung-collectors . He is also mentioned in later plays. Androcles: Another populist, often satirized in Old Comedy as poor and immoral, he was later influential in exiling Alcibiades. He is mentioned ironically in line 1187 as an example of the kind of man who represents Athens on sacred, diplomatic missions. Antiphon: An orator and later a leader of the oligarchic government in 411 BC, he is named in line 1270, 1301 as a hungry kind of man and as one of the sophisticated dinner guests abused by Philocleon. Phrynichus: A politician and later a leader

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of the oligarchy of The Four Hundred, he is a central figure at the sophisticated dinner party attended by Antiphon, Theophrastos, Lykon, Lysistratus, Bdelycleon, Philocleon et al., as stated in line 1302. Lycon: A little-known politician who later assisted in the prosecution of Socrates and whose wife Rhodia was often a target of comic poets (as for example in Lysistrata), he is named here merely as another dinner guest with Phrynichus. Athenian personalities Cleonymus: An associate of Cleon and frequently a target in other plays, he is mentioned in lines 19, 592, 822 as the figment of a slave's dream,

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as a flattering patron of jurors and as the image of the image of the image of the hero Lycus, and each mention is in relation to a notorious incident in which he threw away his shield. Sosias: Unknown otherwise, he is mentioned in line 78 as a well-known tippler. However this could simply be the name of a character in the play accidentally transposed into the dialogue by an ancient scribe). Philoxenus: A notoriously effete catamite, he becomes the source of a misunderstanding in line 84 because his name is a pun for 'hospitable'. Pyrilampes: Plato's stepfather and a

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prominent personality in Periclean Athens, he is mentioned in line 98 as the father of Demus, a handsome young man whose name appears around Athens in amorous graffiti. Dracontides: He is named in line 157 as somebody awaiting trial and because his name is a pun for 'serpent'. Modern scholars have various theories about his identity and speculation has even been used to date a treaty between Athens and Chalcis. Proxenides: Philocleon would rather be Proxenides or smoke or the victim of a thunderbolt than be imprisoned at home any longer, as asserted in line 325. He is mentioned as

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a braggart in The Birds. Gorgias: The famous teacher of rhetoric, he is named in line 421 as the father or teacher of Phillipus, a recent victim of irate jurors. Aischines: He is mentioned as an associate of Cleon, a synonym for smoke and a braggart in lines 459, 1220, 1242. He is mentioned also in The Birds. Euathlus: An associate of Cleon and a prosecutor of the aged Thucydides (for which he was mentioned in The Acharnians), he is said by Philocleon in line 592 to be a patron of jurors. Other less well-known prosecutors (Smicythion, Teisiades, Chremon ('Needy'),

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Pheredeipnus ('Waiter') and the son of Chaireas) are named in lines 401, 687. Eucharides: A greengrocer immortalized with a brief mention in line 680. Lysistratus: A high-society man-about-town who participated in the mutilation of the hermai in 415, he is mentioned in lines 787 and 1302 as a practical joker who passes off fish scales as coins and who also happens to be a sophisticated dinner guest. He receives mentions also in other plays. Cynna: A prostitute, her flashing eyes are said to be evocative of Cleon in line 1032. Morychus: A notorious gourmand who was possibly also a tragic

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poet, he is named in lines 506 and 1142 as emblematic of a pampered life and because his soldier's kit resembles a Persian gown. He is mentioned also in two other plays. Cleisthenes: A byword for effeminacy, he is frequently a target for jokes in other plays and appears as a character in Thesmophoriazusae. He is mentioned ironically in line 1187 as another dignitary sent by Athens on a sacred diplomatic mission. Leogoras: The father of the orator Andocides, he was lampooned by comic poets for his wealth and his luxurious lifestyle. He is mentioned in line 1269 as someone

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whose dinners are a benchmark of culinary opulence. Chaerephon: The loyal friend and disciple of Socrates, he appears as the summons witness for a female bread vendor and he is compared in lines 1408–12 to a sallow Ino clinging to the feet of Euripides. He receives mentions also in two other surviving plays. Pittalus: A doctor who is mentioned also in Acharnians, he is recommended by Philocleon in line 1432 to one of the victims of his own drunken outrages. Religious and historical identities Korybantes: Associated with ecstatic dancing in the worship of the Phrygian goddess Cybele, they are referred

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to in lines 8 and 119 as examples of manic behaviour. They are mentioned also in later plays. Sabazius: Another Phrygian divinity associated with manic behaviour, mentioned here in line 9 and also in later plays. Heracles: A hero in myth, he is a stock joke for gluttony in comedy. He is mentioned in that capacity here in line 60 and he even appears as a gluttonous buffoon in two later plays, The Birds and The Frogs. Odysseus: A hero in myth, he is a proverb for cunning subterfuge, as indicated in lines 181 and 351. Dictynna: Originally a Cretan

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goddess of hunting, associated with Mount Dicte, she is evoked by Philocleon in line 368 as he chews on a net (dictuon), possibly as a pun though she was in fact identified with Artemis, the goddess of hunting nets. Diopeithes: A religious zealot who once proposed a decree for the impeachment of atheists and astronomers, his name appears in line 380 as an ironic synonym for Zeus. He receives mentions also in two other plays. Lycus: An Athenian hero, possibly the son of Pandion, he is mentioned in lines 389 and 819 because his shrine is adjacent to the court

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named after him. Cecrops: The mythical first king of Athens, he is invoked by Philocleon in line 438 as his defender against his son's slaves because they are foreigners. He is mentioned also in two other surviving plays. Hippias: A byword in Athens for tyranny, he is mentioned in that capacity here in line 502 and also in other plays. Eurycles: A prophet with abilities as a ventriloquist, he is mentioned in line 1019 as the metaphor of a comic poet whose plays are produced in somebody else's name. Harmodius: A famous tyrannicide, he was a favourite theme for scolia,

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as here in line 1225. He is named also in three other surviving plays. Admetus: A legendary Thessalian king and the husband of Alcestis, he was the subject of a popular scolion, as in line 1238. Foreign identities Brasidas: The leading Spartan general of the time, he is mentioned by the Chorus in line 475 as one of Bdelycleon's associates. Ephoudion: an athlete from Arcadia and a victor at the Olympics in 464 BC, he is said to have performed well in a recent contest against a much younger opponent, Ascondas, as mentioned in lines 1191 and 1383. Phaullus: A

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famous athlete who once commanded the only Italian ship at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, he is said by Philocles in lines 1206-7 to have lost to him in court on a charge of abusive language. Penestes: Thessalian serfs, they are the benchmark of poverty, as indicated in line 1273. Discussion Some scholars regard The Wasps as one of the greatest comedies in literature. Various factors contribute to its appeal, as for example: The central figure, Philocleon, is a 'triumph of characterization'; The jurors have been considered the most vividly realized Chorus in Old Comedy; The juror's son

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has been viewed as the most lifelike child in Greek drama. Philocleon is a complex character whose actions have comic significance, psychological significance and allegorical significance. When, for example, he strikes his son for taking the dancing girl away, the violence is comic because it is unexpected of an old man yet it is psychologically appropriate because he is struggling to overcome an addiction and it represents in allegorical form the theme expressed by the Chorus in the parabasis: the old customs are better and more manly than the new fashions. When the play opens, Philocleon is a prisoner of

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his son and, when the Chorus enters, the old jurors are found to be virtual prisoners of their sons too – they rely on the boys to help them through the dark, muddy streets. The Chorus leader's boy takes full advantage of the situation, threatening to abandon his elderly father if he won't buy him some figs. The debilitating effects of old age and the dehumanizing effects of an addiction (Philocleon is said to resemble a jackdaw, a mouse, a limpet, smoke, a donkey's foal, a cut of meat, Odysseus and Nobody) are somber themes that lift the action beyond

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the scope of a mere farce. The Wasps and Old Comedy The Wasps has been thought to exemplify all the conventions of Old Comedy at their best – structural elements that are common to most of Aristophanes' plays are all found in this play in a complete and readily identifiable form. The table below is based on one scholar's interpretation of the play's structural elements and the poetic meters associated with them. Miscellaneous In 1909, the English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams created popular incidental music for the play – see The Wasps (Vaughan Williams). Translations William James Hickie, 1853 –

António Garrido (referee)

António José da Silva Garrido OIH (3 December 1932 – 10 September 2014) was a Portuguese football referee. Career Born in Vieira de Leiria, Marinha Grande, Garrido was the first Portuguese referee to officiate a European Cup final in 1980. He refereed three matches in the FIFA World Cup, two in the 1978 and one in the 1982 – the 3rd place play-off match. He also refereed one match in the UEFA Euro 1980 and the first leg of 1977 European Super Cup. On 3 August 1983, Garrido received the title of Officer of the Order of Prince Henry. Although

António Garrido (referee)

he was an accountant by profession, he continued involved in football after his forced retirement as a referee in 1982 due to age limit. He then had several positions, becoming member of the FPF's Refereeing Board (for 4 years), FIFA referee instructor, UEFA observer, and referees commissioner in World Cups (for 20 years). In 2005, Garrido was heard as a witness in Portuguese corruption scandal Apito Dourado (Golden Whistle) for being tapped talking to Pinto de Sousa (Chairman of the FPF's Refereeing Board) and Valentim Loureiro (Chairman of the Portuguese League for Professional Football). 1978 World Cup Garrido officiated the

António Garrido (referee)

match between the hosts Argentina and Hungary. UEFA Euro 1980 Garrido also officiated the match between Italy and Belgium at UEFA Euro 1980. Personal life and death In 2012, Garrido admitted to have become a supporter of FC Porto, despite being himself a declared supporter of Sporting CP before ending his referee career. He was accused of collaborating with the former club, a claim which he denied. On 10 September 2014, he died after a long illness. References External links Category:1932 births Category:2014 deaths Category:People from Leiria District Category:Portuguese football referees Category:FIFA World Cup referees Category:1978 FIFA World Cup referees

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

Advanced thermoplastic composites (ACM) have a high strength fibres held together by a thermoplastic matrix. Advanced thermoplastic composites are becoming more widely used in the aerospace, marine, automotive and energy industry. This is due to the decreasing cost and superior strength to weight ratios, over metallic parts. Advance thermoplastic composite have excellent damage tolerance, corrosion resistant, high fracture toughness, high impact resistance, good fatigue resistance, low storage cost, and infinite shelf life. Thermoplastic composites also have the ability to be formed and reformed, repaired and fusion welded. Fusion bonding fundamentals Fusion bonding is a category of techniques for welding thermoplastic

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

composites. It requires the melting of the joint interface, which decreases the viscosity of the polymer and allows for intermolecular diffusion. These polymer chains then diffuse across the joint interface and become entangled, giving the joint its strength. Welding techniques There are many welding techniques that can be used to fusion bond thermoplastic composites. These different techniques can be broken down into three classifications for their ways of generating heat; frictional heating, external heating and electromagnetic heating. Some of these techniques can be very limited and only used for specific joints and geometries. Friction welding Friction welding is best used

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

for parts that are small and flat. The welding equipment is often expensive, but produces high-quality welds. Linear vibration welding Two flat parts are brought together under pressure with one fixed in place and the other vibrating back-and-forth parallel to the joint. Frictional heat is then generated till the polymers are softened or melted. Once the desired temperature is met, the vibration motion stops, the polymer solidifies and a weld joint is made. The two most important welding parameters that affect the mechanical performance are welding pressure and time. Developing parameters for different advance thermoplastic composite can be challenging because

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

the high elastic modulus of the material will have a higher heat generation, requiring less weld time. The pressure can affect the fiber orientation which also greatly impact the mechanical performance. Lap shear joints tend to have the best mechanical performance from the higher volume fraction of fibers at the weld interface. Overall linear vibration welding can achieve high production rates with excellent strength, but is limited to the joint geometries that are flat. Spin welding Spin welding is not a very common welding technique for advanced thermoplastic composites because this can only be done with parts that have a

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

circular geometry. This is done by one part remaining stationary while the other is continuously rotated with pressure applied to the weld interface. Rotational velocity will vary throughout different radii of the Interface. This will result in a temperature gradient as a function of the radius, resulting in different shrinkage for the fibers causing high residual stresses. The orientation of the fibers will also contribute to high residual stress and reduction in strength. Ultrasonic welding Ultrasonics welding is one of the most commonly used technique for welding advanced thermoplastic composites. This is due for its ability to maintain high weld

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

strength, hermetic sealing, and high production rates. This welding technique operates at high vibrational frequencies (10-70 kHz) and low amplitude. The direction of vibration is perpendicular to the joint surface, but can also be parallel to the joint for hermetic application. Heat is generated from the surface and intermolecular friction due to the vibrational. On the surface of the joint there are small asperities called energy directors, where the vibrational energy concentrates and induces melting. Design of the energy director and optimized parameters can be critical to improve the quality of the weld to reducing any fiber disruption during welding.

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

Energy directors that are triangular or semi-circle often achieve the highest strength. With optimize welding parameters and joint design weld strength, up to 80% of the base material can be retained for advanced thermoplastic composites. However, welding can cause damage to the fibers, which will result in premature failure. Ultrasonic welding of advanced thermoplastic composites is used for making automotive parts, medical devices and battery housing. Thermal welding Thermal welding can produce good weld quality although extra precautions need to be taken to prevent high residual stress, warping, and decohesion. Other thermal welding techniques are not commonly used due their

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

high heat input, which can damage the composite. Laser welding Laser welding of advanced thermoplastic composites is a process by which the LASER (Light Amplification of Simulated Emission of electromagnetic Radiation), a highly focused coherent beam of light melts the composite tin various ways. Taking advantage of joint design and material properties, lasers can be applied either directly or indirectly to create the welded joint. There are processing methods that take advantage of material structure/properties to create the weld joint. Welding variables affect weld quality in both positive and negative ways depending on how they are manipulated. Laser heating mechanism

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

in matter When a laser beam impinges on a material, it excites electrons in the outer most shell of the atom. The return of those electrons to the relaxed state induces thermal heating through conversion to vibrational states which propagate to the surrounding material. Joining methods for laser welding Surface heating This method involves using infrared radiation to heat the surfaces the composites to be welded and then clamping until and holding the parts together. IR/Laser stacking This method involves laser melting a polymer post and pressing a die into the molten post to create a rivet-like button to joint

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

materials like metals. This process can be used to join metallic joints to composite structures. Through Transmission IR welding (TTIr) This method utilizes one laser transparent (LT) and one laser absorbing (LA) material. Typically, the components are layered as a sandwich with the laser beam passing through the LT layer and irradiating the surface of the LA. This creates a melt layer at the interface of two components leading to a weld. Effect of Constituent Properties on Weldability To understand how the properties of a composite affect is weldability, the effects of the individual constituents (fiber, matrix, additives, etc.) need

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

to be understood. The effect of each will be noted separately and then the combined effects will be discussed. Matrix Electromagnetic radiation interaction A laser beam can interact in one of three ways when it contacts the polymer matrix. It can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. The amount of absorption determines the amount of energy available for welding. The reflectivity is affected by the index of refraction according to this relation: , where n is the index of refraction of the polymer and m is the index of refraction of air.. Absorption can be affected by the following structural characteristics

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

of the polymer to be discussed below: crystallinity, chemical bonding, and concentration of additives. Crystallinity Increased crystallinity tends to cause lower laser beam transmission because of scattering caused by changes in the index of refraction encountered when going from one phase to the next or because of changing crystallographic orientation. Increased crystallinity can cause the transmission to increase monotonically as a function of polymer thickness. The relationship follows the Lambert-Bouuger's Law: , where is the intensity of the laser beam at a given depth or thickness, t. is the intensity of laser beam at its source. is the absorption constant

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

of the polymer. By the same token, amorphous polymers lack this trend with thickness. Chemical bonding Polymers absorb EMR (Electro Magnetic Radiation) in a specific wavelength of light depending on what functional groups are present on the polymer. For instance, bending of the C-H bond on the at 6800 nm. Many polymers have vibrational modes at wavelengths greater than 1100 nm, so to apply methods such as TTIr, laser sources must produce photons at wavelengths shorter than that. Therefore, Nd:YAG lasers (1064 nm) and diode lasers (800-950 nm) can pass through the LT until they impinge on the intended modified

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

polymer or additive that results in absorption, whereas CO_2 lasers (10,640 nm) will be absorbed too easily as it passes through the LT. Reinforcements Reinforcements such as fibers or short particles. Reinforcing fibers can be added to increase the strength of a composite.Some reinforcements like carbon fibers have high thermal conductivity and can dissipate the heat of welding, thus requiring more energy input than with other reinforcement materials such as glass. Glass reinforcements can cause scattering of the beam.The orientation of the continuous fibers can affect the width of welds being made. When the welding direction is parallel to the

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

orientation of the fibers, the weld width is usually narrower due to heat being channeled through the fibers to the front and the rear of the weld. Increased volume fraction of reinforcements such as glass can scatter the laser beam, thus allowing less to be transmitted to the weld joint. When this happens, the amount of energy necessary to fuse the joint may increase. The increase if not done carefully can cause damage to the transparent part of a TTIr weld joint. Additives and Fillers Some additives can be intentionally added to absorb laser energy. This technique is especially useful

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

in concentrating the weld joint to the mated surfaces of two materials that are relatively transparent to the laser beam. For example, carbon black increases absorption of the laser beam. There can be some unintended consequences of using these absorbing additives. Increasing the concentration of carbon black in a polymer can decrease the depth of heating and increase the peak temperature at the weld joint. Surface damage can occur if the concentration of carbon black becomes excessive.Some additives such as the highly selective materials used in the Clearweld process are applied only to the mating surfaces between the plastics to

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

be joined. Some of the chemicals such as cyanines only absorb in a narrow wavelength band centered around 785 nm. This methodology initially was applied only to plastics, but has recently been applied to composites such as carbon fiber reinforced PEEK. Other additives called clarifiers can do the opposite of carbon black by increasing laser beam transmission by reducing crystallinity in polymers.Despite the fact that both pigments and dyes can both add color to a polymer, they behave differently. A dye is soluble in a polymer, whereas a pigment is not. Welding technique comparisons Contour Welding (CW) vs quasi-simultaneous (QS)

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

During TTIr, although it takes more energy per unit length to achieve fusion with QS than with CW, QS offers the advantage of achieving higher weld strength and weldability of low transmissive materials such as continuous glass fiber thermoplastics. Greater strength is imparted because full fusion is achieved without damaging the surface of the transparent material. Electromagnetic welding Electromagnetic welding is capable of welding complex parts with also the possibility of reopening welds for replacement or repair. To achieve good welds the design of the coil and implant is important for uniform heating. Implant resistance welding Implant resistance welding can

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

be a low cost solution for welding parts that are flat or with curved surfaces. The heating element used is often a metal mesh or carbon strips, which provides uniform heating. However, advanced thermoplastic composites that contain conductive fibers can’t be used due to unwanted power leakages. Implant induction welding Induction welding uses a implant or susceptor that is placed at the weld interface and embedded with conductive material such as metal or carbon fibers. An induction coil is then place near the weld joint, which induces a current in embedded in the material used to generate heat. When welding

Welding of advanced thermoplastic composites

carbon fiber, carbon and graphite fiber mats with higher electrical resistance are used to concentrate the heat at the weld interface. This has the ability to weld complex geometry structures with great weld strength. Challenges of welding advanced thermoplastic composites The heat generated during welding thermoplastic composite, induces residual stresses in the joint. These stresses can greatly reduce the strength and performance of the part. Upon cooling from welding the matrix and fibers will have different coefficients of thermal expansion, which introduces the residual stress. Things such as heat input, cooling rates, volume fraction of the fibers, and matrix material

2014–15 Division 1 Féminine

The 2014–15 Division 1 Féminine season was the 41st since its establishment. Lyon were the defending champions. The season began on 30 August 2014 and ended on 9 May 2015. The winter break began on 22 December 2014 and ended on 9 January 2015. Teams There were three promoted teams from the Division 2 Féminine, the second level of women's football in France, replacing the three teams that were relegated from the Division 1 Féminine following the 2013–14 season. A total of 12 teams currently compete in the league with three clubs suffering relegation to the second division, Division 2

Here Come the Blobbies

Here Come the Blobbies is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Jorge Antonio Tello Aliaga. The Blobbies are cute creatures that can "blobbiemorph" into many different shapes. Storyline The Blobbies come from Blobbieworld, where every grain of sand, every gust of wind, and every drop of water can feel, talk and smile. It is ruled by the Elemental Blobbies; Blobbie Fire, Blobbie Earth, Blobbie Water, Blobbie Air, and Blobbie Void. Seven new Blobbies in the colors of the rainbow, called Blobbie Colors, are created by Blobbie Fire and given strict orders not to wake up the eldest, Blobbie

Here Come the Blobbies

Void. They live and play until Blobbie Violet becomes bored with the simple shapes of Blobbieworld. It persuades Blobbie Indigo to help it go back into space and wake up Blobbie Void, whom they believe will teach them new shapes. Unfortunately as soon as they wake it up it turns into a portal that lets in evil creatures called Hexicones who attack with freezing beams of darkness. To save the Blobbie Colors, Blobbie Void transports them to an obscure planet called Earth. While there, the Blobbies learn many new and advanced shapes while reading books in a library. Eventually they

Here Come the Blobbies

decide to return and take on the Hexacones. Blobbie Void brings them back and they discover that the Hexacone King is carrying the evil Hexahedron Crystal, the source of their power. Blobbie Green sacrifices himself by turning into a Venus Flytrap and swallowing the beams of darkness so the others can blobbiemorph into Hexacones and launch a surprise attack. Blobbie Indigo wins by blobbiemorphing into a fire breathing batsnake and crushing the crystal. Without it, the Hexacones are freed from its curse and turn back into ordinary Blobbies. Software The book was put together using Adobe Indesign Software on a

Here Come the Blobbies

Power Macintosh C4. The illustrations were created using Adobe Photoshop software, Electric Image Universe, Strata 3D Pro, Macromedia Flash, and cheap-o No. 2 pencils. Education The back of the book includes a chart that teaches kids about many different kinds of shapes. It also explains the Blobbie Colors' different personalities and the links between intellectual, emotional, physical, and introverted and extroverted. Other Merchandise An award-winning line of toys called the Blobbiemorphers was created. The book also included a free adventure CD featuring The Blobbie's Shape Challenge, draft animations from the book, and an interactive personality chart, as well as a

Xanthippus

Xanthippus (; , ; c. 525-475 BC) was a wealthy Athenian politician and general during the early part of the 5th century BC. His name means "Yellow Horse." He was the son of Ariphron and father of Pericles. He is often associated with the Alcmaeonid clan. Although not born to the Alcmaeonidae, he married into the family when he wed Cleisthenes' niece Agariste, and would come to represent their interests in government. He distinguished himself in the Athenian political arena, championing the aristocratic party. His rivalry with Themistocles led to his ostracism, only to be recalled from exile when the

Xanthippus

Persians invaded Greece. He distinguished himself during the Greco-Persian Wars making a significant contribution to the victory of the Greeks and the subsequent ascendancy of the Athenian Empire. Early political career and ostracism As a citizen-soldier of Athens and a member of the aristocracy, Xanthippus most likely fought during the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. Xanthippus first appears in the historical record the following year (489 BC), when he led the prosecution of Miltiades the Younger, the general who led Athenians to victory at Marathon. Miltiades had asked for a fleet of 70 ships and a supply of troops

Xanthippus

to be put at his disposal in reward for his victory, saying that he would not reveal his intentions, but that the venture would reap great profit for the city. The Athenians granted his wish, but when he met with set-backs and injury during an attack on Paros he had to return empty handed and sick. Many Athenians suspected him of deceiving them. The Alcmaeonidae were traditional political rivals of Miltiades' clan, the Philaidae, and they pressed for charges against the hero of Marathon, with Xanthippus making their case and asking for the death penalty. Miltiades was in great pain

Xanthippus

due to his injury and could not defend himself, but his friends put up enough of a defence to avoid his execution; instead he was fined a sum too large to pay and thrown in prison as a debtor. He died there of his wounds. Athenians would come to regret their treatment of their war hero, but immediately following the trial Xanthippus became the pre-eminent politician of the day, if only briefly. Xanthippus' leadership was short lived due to the rise of Themistocles, who was a populist set against the aristocracy that Xanthippus represented. Xanthippus teamed up with his fellow

Xanthippus

aristocrat Aristides to counter the ambitions of Themistocles, but Themistocles out-maneuvered them with a series of ostracisms that were basic referendums concerning the direction of the Athenian government. The lower classes had begun to flex their political muscle with Themistocles, and the results of the ostracisms reflected their new-found power. There were 5 prominent ostracisms of aristocrats during the political clashes of the 480's BC, and both Xanthippus and Aristides were among the victims. Xanthippus was ostracised in 484 BC. Return to Athens Normally, an ostracism led to a 10-year exile. But when the Persians returned to attack Greece in

Xanthippus

480 BC, Themistocles and Athens recalled both Xanthippus and Aristides to aid in the defence of the city. The rival politicians settled their differences and prepared for war. The city of Athens had to be abandoned to protect its citizens and Plutarch relates a folk tale about Xanthippus' dog, who had been left behind by his master when the Athenians embarked for the safety of the Island of Salamis. The dog was so loyal that it jumped into the sea and swam after Xanthippus' boat, managing to swim across to the isle, before dying of exhaustion. In Plutarch's day there

Xanthippus

was still a place on Salamis called "the dog's grave." Although not mentioned directly, it would seem that Xanthippus at least witnessed, if not fought in, the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, which saved the Athenians and began to force back the Persian invaders. Xanthippus was elected to the position of eponymous archon the following year (479/478 BC), showing the esteem in which he was then held. At that time a large force of Persian infantry still remained in Greece and Athens was still under threat. He also succeeded Themistocles as commander of the Athenian fleet that year, while

Xanthippus

Aristides was given command of the land forces. (It remains unclear why Themistocles, after his brilliant victory at Salamis, did not retain his position.) Battle of Mycale Xanthippus' greatest military accomplishment was his command of the Athenian naval forces at the decisive Battle of Mycale against the Persians, which was fought off the coast of Lydia in Asia Minor under the command of Leotychidas of Sparta. The remains of the Persian fleet that had survived the Battle of Salamis were stationed at the island of Samos. When they discovered that they were being pursued by the Greek fleet they abandoned

Xanthippus

Samos and sailed to the opposite shore, under the slopes of Mount Mycale, where they beached their ships and retreated inland to set up a defensive fort. The Greek forces launched an attack on them, with Xanthippus leading his Athenian contingent on the left flank (Greek generals fought on the front lines as an example for their men). Xanthippus' men had easier terrain to cross than the other flank, so they engaged in combat with the Persians first and fought ferociously to earn all the credit. They broke through the line and sent the Persian troops running to their fort

Xanthippus

for safety. But the Athenians were able to breach the wall and when the other flank joined them they set to slaughtering the enemy. After the rout, the Greeks, led by Xanthippus and Leotychidas, went back to the beach and set fire to the Persian ships effectively destroying the Persian fleet. Herodotus claims this battle occurred on the same day as the Battle of Plataea, where Aristides led the Athenian contingent under the command of the Spartan Pausanias, and defeated the Persian land-forces. With these two decisive battles the war was won and Athens was now safe. Siege of Sestus

Xanthippus

After the Battle of Mycale, the Spartans suggested that the defence of the Ionian colonies of Asia Minor should be abandoned, since it would be difficult to protect them from the nearby Persians. Xanthippus, however, refused to consider the proposal. Athens was the "mother city" of many of the Ionian colonies and she felt a deep kinship with them that demanded their common defence. So the Greek fleet sailed to the Hellespont to destroy the Persian pontoon bridge there, but when they discovered it had already been destroyed, the Spartans withdrew and headed home, while Xanthippus led the remaining force

Xanthippus

on an assault upon Sestus in the Thracian Chersonese, which had been captured by the Persians and left under the charge of a Persian governor, Artayctes. Sestus controlled the European side of the Hellespont and all the shipping trade that passed. Since Athens was very dependent upon imported grain, this made trade with the Black Sea of strategic importance and Xanthippus was determined to bring these shipping lanes back under Athenian protection. After a winter siege, Artayctes and his son attempted to escape, but they were captured. Artayctes offered 200 talents to Xanthippus to spare his life - a huge

Xanthippus

sum. But Xanthippus refused. Artayctes' son was stoned to death in front of his father, and then Artayctes himself was crucified. That Herodotus ends his account of the great war with Persia with this relatively minor affair has led some scholars to imply that the historian wished to end on a note that flattered Xanthippus' son, Pericles, who was one of Herodotus' patrons. Legacy Xanthippus returned to Athens a hero. He died a few years later, but Pericles, his son, would go on to build upon the family glory, transforming Athens into the greatest centre of learning, art and architecture

Wicked Campers

Wicked Campers is an Australian camper van rental company based in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Founded in 2000 by John Webb, the company also has outlets in other parts of Australia, along with New Zealand, together with operations in Europe, South Africa, Japan, North America, and South America. Wicked Campers market their product towards younger drivers and backpackers. Each van features a spray painted design, often featuring pop culture references and slogans, which are often rude and offensive⁠—including statements perceived as misogynistic, anti-environmental, and disrespectful to Indigenous communities. Following moves by various Australian states to outlaw offensive slogans and images on

Wicked Campers

vehicles, notably campervans belonging to Wicked Campers, on 2 August 2019 Federal and State government ministers agreed on a combined approach to deal with the issue. Controversies Wicked Campers have continually attracted media attention in Australia and New Zealand for their use of offensive slogans on their painted vans. Between 2008 and 2012 the Australian Advertising Standards Board upheld numerous complaints about offensive slogans or other advertising. In 2010, according to the Daily Telegraph, the Queensland government released a report saying 90% of Wicked vans in the state were unroadworthy. Wicked took the vans off the road but claimed that

Wicked Campers

the vans were safe. It appears, however, that the number of vans that were taken off the road is a point of contention. In 2011, various media sources reported that Wicked Campers received criticism from animal rights activists for placing stickers inside their Australian vans with the text "Kangaroos, run the fuckers down." Wicked stated the stickers were to promote road safety and prevent vehicular rollovers. In November 2011 it was reported that the company trading as Wicked Campers had paid fines of $26,400 for 'misleading advertising' regarding camper van hire fees. According to the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission,

Wicked Campers

the company had 'failed to specify the single total price payable for the campervans and failed to adequately disclose certain mandatory fees and charges'. In July 2014 a petition opposing their sexist and misogynist slogans attracted over 100,000 signatures and protests in the Australian Senate. After pressure through the media, Wicked issued an apology and committed to removing the offensive slogans. As of April 2016, they have not done so. The Australian Christian Lobby has campaigned in Queensland and in New South Wales in regards to the wording on Wicked Camper vans. In December 2016 it was reported that the

Wicked Campers

New Zealand Advertising Standards Authority upheld a number of complaints. Wicked Campers, "did not respond to the complaints board". Federal and state government responses In November 2016, Premier of Queensland Annastacia Palaszczuk introduced legislation revoking the registration of commercial operators who refuse to remove offensive slogans from their vehicles. In November 2016, Tasmanian Transport Minister Rene Hidding said that the Government would cancel the registration of vehicles displaying slogans he described as "vile and appalling". In December 2016, Victorian Minister for Women, Fiona Richardson said, "If we can do something to rid our roads of Wicked Campers, take down advertising

Wicked Campers

that blurs the line between marketing and misogyny and turn the tables on the trolls, we will do it." In February 2017, a Queensland Parliamentary Committee recommended the legislation that will result in the cancellation of registration of vehicles with offensive slogans or advertisements that contravene advertising standards. On 2 August 2019, Transport ministers of Federal and all state governments agreed on a national strategy to deal with the issue. On the same day, the Victorian transport minister announced the introduction of new laws which would ban vehicles displaying obscene slogans and images from travelling on Victorian roads. Local government

Wicked Campers

responses Numerous caravan and camping parks and businesses pertaining to tourism have stated they will refuse entry to vans carrying offensive slogans. Following community groundswell opposing the wicked slogans that promote rape, indecent sexual behaviour, Indigenous disrespect, harm to native wildlife and other offensive imagery and slogans, the Blue Mountains City Council notified the community on 1 June 2016 that it is looking at various options to ban Wicked Campervans with offensive, misogynistic, racial and degrading slogans and imagery from council managed tourist/caravan parks within the Blue Mountains. Wicked Campers appear to enjoy the free negative promotions of its business

Wicked Campers

that the slogans draw. However, they do not appear to be concerned about the implications on its market, generally young travelers, who may be influenced by these slogans to carry out actions that they would not normally otherwise do. Ballina Shire Council in NSW, has lobbied State Governments for, "action or legislative changes to ban the inappropriate messages". Other responses In April 2015, due to the offensive slogans, Lonely Planet removed Wicked Campers from its listings. Writing in Australia’s media and marketing journal Mumbrella, its marketing and advertising editor, Simon Canning has said, "Adland can thank Wicked Campers for getting

Kim Burrell

Kimberly Burrell is an American gospel singer from Houston, Texas. Early life Burrell is the daughter of a pastor in the Church of God in Christ (COGIC) . Burrell began performing with Reverend James Cleveland's GMWA Youth Mass Choir (also known as Rev. James Cleveland's Kids). Career Rise to fame Burrell's performances continued with Trinity Temple Full Gospel Mass Choir of Dallas and The Inspirational Sounds Mass Choir of Houston. In 1996, she was a featured singer on the reprise of "Jesus Paid It All" on Ricky Dillard & New G's album Worked It Out. Her first independent album, Try

Kim Burrell

Me Again, was released on the Texas-based boutique label Pearl Records in 1995. This led to her being signed to Tommy Boy Gospel and releasing another album, Everlasting Life (1999), produced by Asaph Alexander Ward. The album peaked at #10 on the Billboard Gospel Charts. Burrell recorded Live In Concert, a live album in November 2000 at the annual COGIC Convention in Memphis, Tennessee. The album was released in 2001. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Album in 2002. Though Tommy Boy Gospel closed shortly after the release of Live In Concert, by 2002, she

Kim Burrell

had signed a recording contract with Elektra Records. Under this contract she recorded only a guest appearance on the all-star gospel track "Higher Ground", which first appeared as a bonus track on Missy Elliott's album Miss E... So Addictive and was later featured on Karen Clark Sheard's 2nd Chance album. She has continued to perform live and to collaborate with other artists. Though only intermittently active as a recording artist, she established and hosts the annual Ephesians 4 conference, a workshop for performing artists. Later recordings In 2004, Burrell was a guest performer along with Kelly Price on R. Kelly's

Kim Burrell

"3-Way Phone Call" playing the part of Price's "prayer partner" in the soap opera-like song. She appeared in George Clinton's original song "Mathematics of Love" on Clinton's 2008 album of covers, George Clinton and Some Gangsters of Love. Burrell released her first studio album in 11 years, No Ways Tired, on April 7, 2009 through Shanachie Records. The album features covers of classic gospel songs like "My Faith Looks Up To Thee," "What A Friend We Have In Jesus," "O Lamb Of God" and "I Surrender All," as well as the classic James Cleveland song after which the album is

Kim Burrell

named. Burrell sang "I see a Victory" with Pharrell Williams for the soundtrack to the feature film Hidden Figures (2016). Controversies In December 2016, a video surfaced showing Burrell preaching a sermon at the Love & Liberty Fellowship Church. In that sermon, she called people who engage in homosexual acts "perverted" and said they had been deceived by the "homosexual spirit." She also warned that people who "play with" homosexual sin would "die from it" in 2017. In response to considerable criticism, Burrell said that she makes "no excuses or apologies" for the sermon, adding "I love you, and God

Kim Burrell

loves you, but he hates the sin in you and me." Shortly after the video of the sermon surfaced, The Ellen DeGeneres Show cancelled Burrell's scheduled appearance, as did the BMI Trailblazers of Gospel Music event, where she was removed as an honoree. Her radio talk show, Bridging the Gap with Kim Burrell, was cancelled by Texas Southern University. Selected discography Albums Try Me Again (Pearl, 1995) Everlasting Life (Tommy Boy Gospel, 1998) Live In Concert (Tommy Boy Gospel, 2001) No Ways Tired (Shanachie, 2009) The Love Album (Shanachie, 2011) A Different Place (Shanachie, 2015) Live From Miami (New Brand

Kim Burrell

Records, 2017) Singles "Special Place" (Bad Boy Entertainment, 2001) "Little Drummer Boy" (New Brand Records, 2018) Videos Live In Concert (VHS) (Tommy Boy Gospel, 2001) Other Appearances Awards 2000 Gospel Music Excellence Award, Female Vocalist of the Year - Contemporary for Everlasting Life 2000 Stellar Award, Contemporary Female Vocalist of the Year for Everlasting Life 2012 Stellar Award, Albertina Walker Female Vocalist of the Year for The Love Album 2012 Stellar Award, Contemporary Female of the Year for The Love Album 2012 Dove Award, Urban Recorded Song of the Year for "Sweeter" References External links Category:Living people Category:American female singer-songwriters

Belgium in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006

Belgium chose their Junior Eurovision entry for 2006 through Eurosong for Kids, a national final consisting of 10 songs competing over two semi-finals and a final. The winner of Junior Eurosong was Thor!, with the song "Een tocht door het donker". Before Eurovision Eurosong for Kids 2006 Eurosong for Kids was the national final for Belgium at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006, organised by Belgian broadcaster Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep (VRT). Format The format of the competition consisted of three shows: two semi-finals and a final. In all shows, the results were based on the votes from a three-member

Belgium in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006

adult "expert" jury, a kids jury, Radio 2 jury, Radio Donna jury and televoting. The televote counted for 1/3 of the overall vote, with the other 4 juries counting for 1/6. The members of the "expert" jury were Els De Schepper, Heidi Lenaerts and Ronny Mosuse. The winning song from each semi-final qualified for the final along with the 3 overall best scoring non-winners. Semi-final The first semi-final took place on 17 September 2006. Thor! advanced directly for the final, winning the semi-final with 70 points. Lizz@xy and Attic also qualified as two of the three overall best scoring non-winners

Belgium in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006

with 67 and 60 points respectively. Semi-final 2 The second semi-final took place on 24 September 2006. The Fireflies advanced directly for the final, winning the semi-final with 71 points. Nicolas also qualified as one of the three overall best scoring non-winners with 62 points. Final The final was held on 1 October 2006. The winner was "Een tocht door het donker" performed by Thor!. At Eurovision At Junior Eurovision, Belgium performed in thirteenth position, before Croatia and after Belgium. Belgium placed in 7th position with 71 points; the highest of which was 10 points, which came from Croatia. See

Line S1 (Nanjing Metro)

Line S1 of the Nanjing Metro (), is a suburban metro rail line serving the southern suburbs of Nanjing, running from to . It connects Nanjing South railway station with Nanjing Lukou International Airport. It is long has 8 stations. The line started construction on December 27, 2011, and was opened on July 1, 2014. In September 2011 a contract for 15 6 car Type B metro trains was given to CSR Corporation Limited, with the first train arriving in August 2013. Line S1 also serves as the first stage of the Nanjing–Gaochun intercity railway, with Line S9 serving as

Scarlet kingsnake

The scarlet kingsnake or scarlet milk snake (Lampropeltis elapsoides) is a species of kingsnake found in the southeastern and eastern portions of the United States. Like all kingsnakes, they are nonvenomous. They are found in pine flatwoods, hydric hammocks, pine savannas, mesic pine-oak forests, prairies, cultivated fields, and a variety of suburban habitats; not unusually, people find scarlet kingsnakes in their swimming pools, especially during the spring. Until recently, and for much of the 20th century, scarlet kingsnakes were considered a subspecies of the milk snake. However, Pyron and Bubrink demonstrated the phylogenetic distinction of this species and its closer

Scarlet kingsnake

relationship to the mountain kingsnakes of the southwestern United States. These largely fossorial snakes are the smallest of all the species within the genus Lampropeltis, usually ranging from at maturity. The maximum recorded length is . Hatchlings range in size from . Taxonomy The generic name, Lampropeltis, is derived from the Ancient Greek lamprós (λαμπρος) meaning "shiny" and peltas (πελτας) meaning "shield", after the sheen of their scales. Its specific name, elapsoides, is a Latinization of the Greek word éllops (ελλοπς) which refers to coral and was used to describe the 19th century genus, Elaps (the type genus of the

Scarlet kingsnake

family Elapidae), which included the eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius), a venomous species which the scarlet kingsnake resembles and with which the scarlet kingsnake is partly sympatric. The range of scarlet kingsnakes extends considerably further north and northeast than the eastern coral snake. The scarlet kingsnake was once believed to have intergraded with the eastern milk snake, which produced a variation once named as a subspecies called the Coastal Plains milk snake (L. t. temporalis), but this is no longer recognized as a legitimate taxon. Description Scarlet kingsnakes have a tricolored pattern of black, red, white, and various shades of

Scarlet kingsnake

yellow bands that appear to mimic the venomous coral snake in a form of Batesian mimicry. A method to help differentiate between venomous and nonvenomous tricolor snakes in North America is found in the popular phrases "red on yellow, kill a fellow; red on black, venom lack", "red on yellow's a deadly fellow; yellow on black's a friendly Jack", "if red touches yellow, you're a dead fellow; if red touches black, you're all right, Jack", and "red and black is a friend of Jack" as well as "red on black, friend of Jack; red on yellow, kill a fellow" and

Scarlet kingsnake

"red band near black, venom lack; red band near yellow, bite a fellow". For tri-colored snakes found east of the Mississippi River, all of these phrases can be replaced with the simple phrase, "Red face, I'm safe", in reference to the red snout of scarlet kingsnakes as opposed to the prominent black snout of the eastern coral snake. Scarlet kingsnakes are born with white, black, and red banding. As they mature, they develop varying shades of yellow within geographic areas where this is expressed. In addition, the yellowing is not uniform, but rather this pigmentation proceeds from lighter to darker

Scarlet kingsnake

from the lowermost scales upward to the dorsum, or "back", presenting a multiple yellowish band. Early expression of yellowing appears as early as 3 months and continues through the first 3 years. As adults age, a gradual darkening of the yellowish banding occurs. The yellow pigmentation varies from lemon, to school-bus yellow, to tangerine, to apricot. Scarlet kingsnakes are secretive, nocturnal, fossorial snakes, so are infrequently seen by people. They are excellent climbers. They can be found underneath the loose bark on rotting pines (which is a favorite place for them to hide during spring or during heavy rains), under

Scarlet kingsnake

the bark on dying or decaying pines and their stumps, and decaying wood, where they hunt for their favorite prey, small snakes and lizards, especially skinks. Hatchling scarlet kingsnakes show a strong predisposition for ground skinks, Scincella lateralis, often to the exclusion of other prey items. In other media Film A scarlet kingsnake is microwaved by Ken in the 2006 thriller/action film Snakes on a Plane. References Further reading Conant, Roger. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. (hardcover), (paperback). (Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides, p.