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actress

Turkey

country of citizenship

Selin Demiratar (born 20 March 1983) is a Turkish actress. Biography Selin Demiratar was born in 1983 in Erzincan. She first explored acting at the Antalya Municipal Theatre. In 1999, she won the Miss Globe Turkey beauty pageant and finished in third place at Miss Globe World. After moving to Istanbul, she started her professional acting career with a role in the series 90-60-90. She became popular in Turkey following her appearance in Acı Hayat. Filmography 90-60-90 (2001) – Burcu Koçum Benim (2002–2004) – Eylül Abdülhamit Düşerken (2002) – Ayşe Sultan Lise Defteri (2003) – Güney Esen Sular Durulmuyor (2004)

Selin Demiratar

American physicist

Physicist

occupation

Robert W. Bussard (August 11, 1928 – October 6, 2007) was an American physicist who worked primarily in nuclear fusion energy research. He was the recipient of the Schreiber-Spence Achievement Award for STAIF-2004. He was also a fellow of the International Academy of Astronautics and held a Ph.D. from Princeton University. Kiwi (Rover-A) In June, 1955 Bussard moved to Los Alamos and joined the Nuclear Propulsion Division's Project Rover designing nuclear thermal rocket engines. Bussard and R.D. DeLauer wrote two important monographs on nuclear propulsion, Nuclear Rocket Propulsion and Fundamentals of Nuclear Flight. Bussard ramjet In 1960, Bussard conceived of

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Robert

given name

Robert W. Bussard (August 11, 1928 – October 6, 2007) was an American physicist who worked primarily in nuclear fusion energy research. He was the recipient of the Schreiber-Spence Achievement Award for STAIF-2004. He was also a fellow of the International Academy of Astronautics and held a Ph.D. from Princeton University. Kiwi (Rover-A) In June, 1955 Bussard moved to Los Alamos and joined the Nuclear Propulsion Division's Project Rover designing nuclear thermal rocket engines. Bussard and R.D. DeLauer wrote two important monographs on nuclear propulsion, Nuclear Rocket Propulsion and Fundamentals of Nuclear Flight. Bussard ramjet In 1960, Bussard conceived of

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Bussard

family name

Robert W. Bussard (August 11, 1928 – October 6, 2007) was an American physicist who worked primarily in nuclear fusion energy research. He was the recipient of the Schreiber-Spence Achievement Award for STAIF-2004. He was also a fellow of the International Academy of Astronautics and held a Ph.D. from Princeton University. Kiwi (Rover-A) In June, 1955 Bussard moved to Los Alamos and joined the Nuclear Propulsion Division's Project Rover designing nuclear thermal rocket engines. Bussard and R.D. DeLauer wrote two important monographs on nuclear propulsion, Nuclear Rocket Propulsion and Fundamentals of Nuclear Flight. Bussard ramjet In 1960, Bussard conceived of

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Bussard

family name

the Bussard ramjet, an interstellar space drive powered by hydrogen fusion using hydrogen collected with a magnetic field from the interstellar gas. Due to the presence of high-energy particles throughout space, much of the interstellar hydrogen exists in an ionized state (H II regions) that can be manipulated by magnetic or electric fields. Bussard proposed to "scoop" up ionized hydrogen and funnel it into a fusion reactor, using the exhaust from the reactor as a rocket engine. It appears the energy gain in the reactor must be extremely high for the ramjet to work at all; any hydrogen picked up

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Bussard

family name

by the scoop must be sped up to the same speed as the ship in order to provide thrust, and the energy required to do so increases with the ship's speed. Hydrogen itself does not fuse very well (unlike deuterium, which is rare in the interstellar medium), and so cannot be used directly to produce energy, a fact which accounts for the billion-year scale of stellar lifetimes. This problem was solved, in principle, according to Bussard by use of the stellar CNO cycle in which carbon is used as a catalyst to burn hydrogen via the strong nuclear reaction. In

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Bussard

family name

science fiction Bussard Ramjets are common plot devices in science fiction. Larry Niven uses them in his Known Space setting to propel interstellar flight. Following a standard hi-tech faster/cheaper/better learning curve, he started with robot probes during the early stages of interstellar colonization and eventually plotted them as affordable to wealthy individuals relocating their families off a too-crowded Earth (in "The Ethics of Madness"). Niven also employed Bussard Ramjets as the propulsion / stabilizing engine of the Ringworld (four novels), which were also set in Known Space. In the Star Trek universe, a variation called the Bussard Hydrogen Collector or

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Robert

given name

Bussard Ramscoop appears as part of the matter/antimatter propulsion system that allows Starfleet ships to travel faster than the speed of light. The ramscoops attach to the front of the warp nacelles, and when the ship's internal supply of deuterium runs low, they collect interstellar hydrogen and convert it to deuterium and anti-deuterium for use as the primary fuel in a starship's warp drive. Atomic Energy Commission In the early 1970s Bussard became Assistant Director under Director Robert Hirsch at the Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction Division of what was then known as the Atomic Energy Commission. They founded the mainline fusion

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Bussard

family name

Bussard Ramscoop appears as part of the matter/antimatter propulsion system that allows Starfleet ships to travel faster than the speed of light. The ramscoops attach to the front of the warp nacelles, and when the ship's internal supply of deuterium runs low, they collect interstellar hydrogen and convert it to deuterium and anti-deuterium for use as the primary fuel in a starship's warp drive. Atomic Energy Commission In the early 1970s Bussard became Assistant Director under Director Robert Hirsch at the Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction Division of what was then known as the Atomic Energy Commission. They founded the mainline fusion

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

United States

country of citizenship

program for the United States: the Tokamak. In June 1995, Bussard claimed in a letter to all fusion laboratories, as well as to key members of the US Congress, that he and the other founders of the program supported the Tokamak not out of conviction that it was the best technical approach but rather as a vehicle for generating political support, thereby allowing them to pursue "all the hopeful new things the mainline labs would not try". In a 1998 Analog magazine article, fellow fusion researcher Tom Ligon described an easily built demonstration fusor system along with some of Bussard's

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Bussard

family name

program for the United States: the Tokamak. In June 1995, Bussard claimed in a letter to all fusion laboratories, as well as to key members of the US Congress, that he and the other founders of the program supported the Tokamak not out of conviction that it was the best technical approach but rather as a vehicle for generating political support, thereby allowing them to pursue "all the hopeful new things the mainline labs would not try". In a 1998 Analog magazine article, fellow fusion researcher Tom Ligon described an easily built demonstration fusor system along with some of Bussard's

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Bussard

family name

ideas for fusion reactors and incredibly powerful spacecraft propulsion systems, with which spacecraft could swiftly move throughout the solar system. The Polywell Bussard worked on a promising new type of inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusor, called the Polywell, that has a magnetically shielded grid (MaGrid). He founded Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation, Inc. (EMC2) in 1985 to validate his theory, and tested several (15) experimental devices from 1994 through 2006. The U.S. Navy contract funding that supported the work expired while experiments were still small. However, the final tests of the last device, WB-6, reputedly solved the last remaining physics problem just

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Bussard

family name

as the funding expired and the EMC2 labs had to be shut down. Further funding was eventually found, the work continued and the WB-7 prototype was constructed and tested, and the research is ongoing. Appeal for funding During 2006 and 2007, Bussard sought the large-scale funding necessary to design and construct a full-scale Polywell fusion power plant. His fusor design is feasible enough, he asserted, to render unnecessary the construction of larger and larger test models still too small to achieve break-even. Also, the scaling of power with size goes as the seventh power of the machine radius, while the

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Bussard

family name

gain scales as the fifth power, so there is little incentive to build half-scale systems; one might as well build the real thing. On March 29, 2006, Bussard claimed on the fusor.net internet forum that EMC² had developed an inertial electrostatic confinement fusion process that was 100,000 times more efficient than previous designs, but that the US Navy budget line item that supported the work was zero-funded in FY2006. Bussard provided more details of his breakthrough and the circumstances surrounding the end of his Navy funding in a letter to the James Randi Educational Foundation internet forum on June 23.

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Bussard

family name

From October 2, 2006 to October 6, 2006, Bussard presented an informal overview of the previous decade of his work at the 57th International Astronautical Congress. This was the first publication of this work in 11 years, as the U.S. Navy had put an embargo on publications of the research, in 1994. Bussard presented further details of his IEC fusion research at a Google Tech Talk on November 9, 2006, of which a video was widely circulated. Bussard presented more of his thoughts on the potential world impact of fusion power at a Yahoo! Tech Talk on April 10, 2007.

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Multiple myeloma

cause of death

it will begin to displace all other forms of energy." Death Bussard died from multiple myeloma on October 6, 2007 at age 79. See also Tokamak Bussard ramjet Polywell Farnsworth Fusor IEC Project Rover Nuclear propulsion References External links Inertial-Electrodynamic Fusion (IEF) Device - Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation (EMC2) Bussard's website, asking for donations to fund further research American Scientist article mentioning the founding of EMC2 Economic Impact of Cheap Fusion - 3 minutes of excerpts from Bussard's Google Tech Talk Video Bussard documents and sources "Robert Bussard Interview," by K.C. Cole, Omni Magazine, January 1981 Chapter 7 (The Entrepreneurs) from

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Robert

given name

it will begin to displace all other forms of energy." Death Bussard died from multiple myeloma on October 6, 2007 at age 79. See also Tokamak Bussard ramjet Polywell Farnsworth Fusor IEC Project Rover Nuclear propulsion References External links Inertial-Electrodynamic Fusion (IEF) Device - Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation (EMC2) Bussard's website, asking for donations to fund further research American Scientist article mentioning the founding of EMC2 Economic Impact of Cheap Fusion - 3 minutes of excerpts from Bussard's Google Tech Talk Video Bussard documents and sources "Robert Bussard Interview," by K.C. Cole, Omni Magazine, January 1981 Chapter 7 (The Entrepreneurs) from

Robert W. Bussard

American physicist

Bussard

family name

it will begin to displace all other forms of energy." Death Bussard died from multiple myeloma on October 6, 2007 at age 79. See also Tokamak Bussard ramjet Polywell Farnsworth Fusor IEC Project Rover Nuclear propulsion References External links Inertial-Electrodynamic Fusion (IEF) Device - Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation (EMC2) Bussard's website, asking for donations to fund further research American Scientist article mentioning the founding of EMC2 Economic Impact of Cheap Fusion - 3 minutes of excerpts from Bussard's Google Tech Talk Video Bussard documents and sources "Robert Bussard Interview," by K.C. Cole, Omni Magazine, January 1981 Chapter 7 (The Entrepreneurs) from

Robert W. Bussard

Spanish paralympic alpine skier

Alpine skiing

sport

Andrés Paulo Boira Díaz (born 17 November 1987) is a Spanish vision impaired B3 classified para-alpine skier. His guide skiers have included Félix Aznar and Aleix Suñé. He has competed at the 2006 Winter Paralympics, 2009 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and the 2010 Winter Paralympics. Personal Boira was born in Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, and has a visual impairment. Skiing Boira is a B3 classified skier. His guide skiers included Félix Aznar and Aleix Suñé. Boira competed at the 2006 Winter Paralympics. At the 2007 Paralympic Winter World Cup, he earned two silver medals and two bronzes. He

Andrés Boira

Spanish paralympic alpine skier

2010 Winter Paralympics

participant in

Andrés Paulo Boira Díaz (born 17 November 1987) is a Spanish vision impaired B3 classified para-alpine skier. His guide skiers have included Félix Aznar and Aleix Suñé. He has competed at the 2006 Winter Paralympics, 2009 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and the 2010 Winter Paralympics. Personal Boira was born in Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, and has a visual impairment. Skiing Boira is a B3 classified skier. His guide skiers included Félix Aznar and Aleix Suñé. Boira competed at the 2006 Winter Paralympics. At the 2007 Paralympic Winter World Cup, he earned two silver medals and two bronzes. He

Andrés Boira

Spanish paralympic alpine skier

2006 Winter Paralympics

participant in

Andrés Paulo Boira Díaz (born 17 November 1987) is a Spanish vision impaired B3 classified para-alpine skier. His guide skiers have included Félix Aznar and Aleix Suñé. He has competed at the 2006 Winter Paralympics, 2009 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and the 2010 Winter Paralympics. Personal Boira was born in Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, and has a visual impairment. Skiing Boira is a B3 classified skier. His guide skiers included Félix Aznar and Aleix Suñé. Boira competed at the 2006 Winter Paralympics. At the 2007 Paralympic Winter World Cup, he earned two silver medals and two bronzes. He

Andrés Boira

Spanish paralympic alpine skier

Vilanova i la Geltrú

place of birth

Andrés Paulo Boira Díaz (born 17 November 1987) is a Spanish vision impaired B3 classified para-alpine skier. His guide skiers have included Félix Aznar and Aleix Suñé. He has competed at the 2006 Winter Paralympics, 2009 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and the 2010 Winter Paralympics. Personal Boira was born in Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, and has a visual impairment. Skiing Boira is a B3 classified skier. His guide skiers included Félix Aznar and Aleix Suñé. Boira competed at the 2006 Winter Paralympics. At the 2007 Paralympic Winter World Cup, he earned two silver medals and two bronzes. He

Andrés Boira

Spanish paralympic alpine skier

Alpine skiing

sport

finished the 2006/2007 European Cup season in second place. At the March 2008 Italian National Championships, Boira and Aznar finished second in the Super G, were disqualified in the Giant Slalom and finished second in the Slalom. At the last round of the European Cup in March 2008, an event held in La Molina, Spain, Boira and Aznar were some of the Spanish skiers competing at the event. He finished the 2007/2008 European Cup season in eighth place after the five test events. At the first IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup event in the 2008/2009 ski season, which was held

Andrés Boira

Spanish paralympic alpine skier

Spain

country of citizenship

finished the 2006/2007 European Cup season in second place. At the March 2008 Italian National Championships, Boira and Aznar finished second in the Super G, were disqualified in the Giant Slalom and finished second in the Slalom. At the last round of the European Cup in March 2008, an event held in La Molina, Spain, Boira and Aznar were some of the Spanish skiers competing at the event. He finished the 2007/2008 European Cup season in eighth place after the five test events. At the first IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup event in the 2008/2009 ski season, which was held

Andrés Boira

Spanish paralympic alpine skier

Alpine skiing

sport

at La Molina in Spain, Boira finished fourth overall. At the February 2009 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships, while skiing with Anzar, he finished sixth in the Super Combined event. In March 2009, with guide Aznar, he competed at the European Cup Alpine Skiing for the Disabled. He finished first in the slalom event. He finished fifth in the giant slalom, seventh in Super G and eighth in Super Combined. Overall, the pair finished fourth with 475 points. In November 2009, he attended an event in Madrid organised by Programa de Alto Rendimiento Paralímpico (Programa ARPA) as part of the

Andrés Boira

Spanish paralympic alpine skier

Spain

country of citizenship

at La Molina in Spain, Boira finished fourth overall. At the February 2009 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships, while skiing with Anzar, he finished sixth in the Super Combined event. In March 2009, with guide Aznar, he competed at the European Cup Alpine Skiing for the Disabled. He finished first in the slalom event. He finished fifth in the giant slalom, seventh in Super G and eighth in Super Combined. Overall, the pair finished fourth with 475 points. In November 2009, he attended an event in Madrid organised by Programa de Alto Rendimiento Paralímpico (Programa ARPA) as part of the

Andrés Boira

Spanish paralympic alpine skier

Alpine skiing

sport

preparation for the Vancouver Games. Following this, he participated in additional team training at the Centro de Tecnificación de La Cerdanya (Girona). At the 2010 World Cup Alpine Skiing for Disabled in Abtenau, Austria, he and his guide finished seventh in the slalom following a first run where they were in the sixth position and a second run where they in the seventh position. He was unable to compete in the Super Combined event because it was cancelled. He then competed with guide Suñé in the third round of the European Cup later in January 2010 at La Molina in

Andrés Boira

Spanish paralympic alpine skier

2010 Winter Paralympics

participant in

Spain. He won a gold medal in the slalom event. At the final event of the 2009/2010 World Cup season, an event held in March 2010 in Aspen, Colorado, he finished sixth in one event with a time of 1:15.57. He finished fifth in the Super Combined. This was the last major event before the 2010 Games. He came into the Aspen World Cup event with 220 World Cup points, ranking ninth in the competition with Suñé as his guide. Before departing for 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, Boira participated in a departure ceremony attended by State Secretary for Sport

Andrés Boira

Spanish paralympic alpine skier

Spain

country of citizenship

Spain. He won a gold medal in the slalom event. At the final event of the 2009/2010 World Cup season, an event held in March 2010 in Aspen, Colorado, he finished sixth in one event with a time of 1:15.57. He finished fifth in the Super Combined. This was the last major event before the 2010 Games. He came into the Aspen World Cup event with 220 World Cup points, ranking ninth in the competition with Suñé as his guide. Before departing for 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, Boira participated in a departure ceremony attended by State Secretary for Sport

Andrés Boira

tennis tournament

Tennis

sport

The 2010 Roma Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was part of the 2010 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Rome, Italy between 19 and 24 April 2010. ATP entrants Seeds Rankings are as of April 12, 2010. Other entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Florian Mayer Alberto Brizzi Mario Ančić Matteo Trevisan The following players received special exempt into the singles main draw: Jesse Huta Galung The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Daniele Bracciali Andrea Arnaboldi Rainer Eitzinger Alessio di Mauro The following

2010 Roma Open

tennis tournament

Italy

country

The 2010 Roma Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was part of the 2010 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Rome, Italy between 19 and 24 April 2010. ATP entrants Seeds Rankings are as of April 12, 2010. Other entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Florian Mayer Alberto Brizzi Mario Ančić Matteo Trevisan The following players received special exempt into the singles main draw: Jesse Huta Galung The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Daniele Bracciali Andrea Arnaboldi Rainer Eitzinger Alessio di Mauro The following

2010 Roma Open

Hungarian noble

Kán

family

Julius (I) from the kindred Kán (; died 1237) was a powerful Hungarian baron and landowner, who held several secular positions during the reign of kings Emeric, Ladislaus III and Andrew II. He was the ancestor of the gens Kán which originated from Baranya County. Career Julius I married to the unknown surname Helena (died before 1250). They had two sons, by name Ladislaus I, who served as palatine (1242–1244/5), and Julius II, master of the cupbearers (1222–1228). His name was first mentioned by records as voivode of Transylvania in 1201. Besides voivodeship he also functioned as ispán (comes) of

Julius I Kán

Hungarian noble

Kán

family

One year later, he became voivode of Transylvania for the second term, besides that he functioned as ispán of Szolnok County. Julius I Kán was appointed palatine of Hungary, the second-highest secular office after the king in 1215 and held the position until 1217. According to a non-authentic charter he also functioned as palatine in 1218. He also served as ispán of Sopron County in 1215. During Andrew II's Fifth Crusade (1217–1218), Julius could not prevent the emergence of anarchical conditions, as a result he lost his political influence for a short time. He regained his former influence, as he

Julius I Kán

Hungarian noble

Kán

family

because of the political-historical conditions (prince Andrew rebelled against his older brother's reign). However this theory is can be eliminated by the possibility that Julius was also a secret supporter of prince Andrew, as many others. It is neither reassuring that Julius' career began with too high positions, without the introductory section of smaller offices. Historian Mór Wertner identified all occurring Julius with the person from the kindred Kán during the first decades of the 13th century, unless he had no reason to act differently. In contrast, János Karácsonyi gave an overview about Julius I Kán's career from the year

Julius I Kán

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

PJSC Gazprom (, ) is a multinational energy corporation headquartered in the Lakhta Center in Saint Petersburg, Russia. As of 2019, with sales over USD$120 billion, it sits as the largest publicly-listed natural gas company in the world and the largest company in Russia by revenue. In the 2019 Forbes Global 2000, Gazprom was ranked as the 40th largest company in the world. Gazprom name is a portmanteau of the Russian words Gazovaya Promyshlennost ( - gas industry). Gazprom is vertically integrated and is active in every area of the gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, transport, distribution and

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprom Neft

subsidiary

marketing, and power generation. In 2018, Gazprom produced twelve percent of the global output of natural gas, producing 497.6 billion cubic meters of natural and associated gas and 15.9 million tonnes of gas condensate. Gazprom then exports the gas through pipelines that the company builds and owns across Russia and abroad such as Nord Stream and TurkStream. In the same year, Gazprom has proven reserves of 35.1 trillion cubic meters of gas and 1.6 billion tons of gas condensate. Gazprom is also a large oil producer through its subsidiary Gazprom Neft, producing about 41 million tons of oil with reserves

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

marketing, and power generation. In 2018, Gazprom produced twelve percent of the global output of natural gas, producing 497.6 billion cubic meters of natural and associated gas and 15.9 million tonnes of gas condensate. Gazprom then exports the gas through pipelines that the company builds and owns across Russia and abroad such as Nord Stream and TurkStream. In the same year, Gazprom has proven reserves of 35.1 trillion cubic meters of gas and 1.6 billion tons of gas condensate. Gazprom is also a large oil producer through its subsidiary Gazprom Neft, producing about 41 million tons of oil with reserves

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprom Neft

owner of

marketing, and power generation. In 2018, Gazprom produced twelve percent of the global output of natural gas, producing 497.6 billion cubic meters of natural and associated gas and 15.9 million tonnes of gas condensate. Gazprom then exports the gas through pipelines that the company builds and owns across Russia and abroad such as Nord Stream and TurkStream. In the same year, Gazprom has proven reserves of 35.1 trillion cubic meters of gas and 1.6 billion tons of gas condensate. Gazprom is also a large oil producer through its subsidiary Gazprom Neft, producing about 41 million tons of oil with reserves

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

1989

inception

amounting to 2 billion tons. The company also has subsidiaries in industrial sectors including finance, media and aviation, and majority stakes in other companies. Gazprom was created in 1989 when the Soviet Ministry of Gas Industry was converted to a corporation, becoming the first state-run corporate enterprise in the Soviet Union. After the Soviet Union's dissolution, Gazprom was privatized, retaining its Russia-based assets. At that time, Gazprom evaded taxes and state regulation and engaged in asset stripping. The company later returned to government control in the early 2000s, and since then, the company is involved in the Russian Government's diplomatic

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

amounting to 2 billion tons. The company also has subsidiaries in industrial sectors including finance, media and aviation, and majority stakes in other companies. Gazprom was created in 1989 when the Soviet Ministry of Gas Industry was converted to a corporation, becoming the first state-run corporate enterprise in the Soviet Union. After the Soviet Union's dissolution, Gazprom was privatized, retaining its Russia-based assets. At that time, Gazprom evaded taxes and state regulation and engaged in asset stripping. The company later returned to government control in the early 2000s, and since then, the company is involved in the Russian Government's diplomatic

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Federal Agency for State Property Management

owned by

efforts, setting of gas prices, and access to pipelines. The company is mostly owned by the Russian government, via the Federal Agency for State Property Management and Rosneftegaz, while remaining shares are traded publicly. Gazprom has a listing in the Moscow Exchange and has a market capitalization of US$80.56 billion as of September 2019. History Origins In 1943, during World War II, the government of the Soviet Union developed a domestic gas industry. In 1965, it centralized gas exploration, development, and distribution within the Ministry of Gas Industry. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Ministry of Gas Industry found large

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Moscow Exchange

stock exchange

efforts, setting of gas prices, and access to pipelines. The company is mostly owned by the Russian government, via the Federal Agency for State Property Management and Rosneftegaz, while remaining shares are traded publicly. Gazprom has a listing in the Moscow Exchange and has a market capitalization of US$80.56 billion as of September 2019. History Origins In 1943, during World War II, the government of the Soviet Union developed a domestic gas industry. In 1965, it centralized gas exploration, development, and distribution within the Ministry of Gas Industry. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Ministry of Gas Industry found large

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

1989

inception

natural gas reserves in Siberia, the Ural region and the Volga region. The Soviet Union became a major gas producer. In August 1989, under the leadership of Viktor Chernomyrdin, the Ministry of Gas Industry was renamed the State Gas Concern Gazprom, and became the Soviet Union's first state run corporate enterprise. In late 1991, when the Soviet Union dissolved, gas industry assets were transferred to newly established national companies, such as Ukrgazprom and Turkmengazprom. Gazprom kept assets located in Russia and secured a monopoly in the gas sector. Privatization In December 1992, when Boris Yeltsin, the Russian President, appointed Viktor

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

natural gas reserves in Siberia, the Ural region and the Volga region. The Soviet Union became a major gas producer. In August 1989, under the leadership of Viktor Chernomyrdin, the Ministry of Gas Industry was renamed the State Gas Concern Gazprom, and became the Soviet Union's first state run corporate enterprise. In late 1991, when the Soviet Union dissolved, gas industry assets were transferred to newly established national companies, such as Ukrgazprom and Turkmengazprom. Gazprom kept assets located in Russia and secured a monopoly in the gas sector. Privatization In December 1992, when Boris Yeltsin, the Russian President, appointed Viktor

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Rem Viakhirev

chief executive officer

Chernomyrdin, Gazprom's Chairman, his Prime Minister, the company's political influence increased. Rem Viakhirev took the chairmanship of Gazprom's Board of Directors and Managing Committee. Following the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 5 November 1992 and the Resolution of the Government of Russia of 17 February 1993, Gazprom became a joint-stock company. Gazprom began to distribute shares under the voucher method. (Each Russian citizen received vouchers to purchase shares of formerly state-owned companies). By 1994, 33% of Gazprom's shares had been bought by 747,000 members of the public, mostly in exchange for vouchers. Fifteen percent of the

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

Chernomyrdin, Gazprom's Chairman, his Prime Minister, the company's political influence increased. Rem Viakhirev took the chairmanship of Gazprom's Board of Directors and Managing Committee. Following the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 5 November 1992 and the Resolution of the Government of Russia of 17 February 1993, Gazprom became a joint-stock company. Gazprom began to distribute shares under the voucher method. (Each Russian citizen received vouchers to purchase shares of formerly state-owned companies). By 1994, 33% of Gazprom's shares had been bought by 747,000 members of the public, mostly in exchange for vouchers. Fifteen percent of the

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Government of Russia

founded by

Chernomyrdin, Gazprom's Chairman, his Prime Minister, the company's political influence increased. Rem Viakhirev took the chairmanship of Gazprom's Board of Directors and Managing Committee. Following the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 5 November 1992 and the Resolution of the Government of Russia of 17 February 1993, Gazprom became a joint-stock company. Gazprom began to distribute shares under the voucher method. (Each Russian citizen received vouchers to purchase shares of formerly state-owned companies). By 1994, 33% of Gazprom's shares had been bought by 747,000 members of the public, mostly in exchange for vouchers. Fifteen percent of the

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

stock was allocated to Gazprom employees. The state retained 40% of the shares. That amount was gradually lowered to thirty-eight percent. Trading of Gazprom's shares was heavily regulated. Foreigners were prohibited from owning more than nine-percent of the shares. In October 1996, 1% of Gazprom's equity was offered for sale to foreigners as Global Depository Receipts. In 1997, Gazprom offered a bond issue of US$2.5 billion. Chernomyrdin, as Prime Minister of Russia, ensured Gazprom avoided tight state regulation. Gazprom evaded taxes, and the Government of Russia received little in dividends. Gazprom managers and board members, such as Chernomyrdin and the

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Government of Russia

founded by

stock was allocated to Gazprom employees. The state retained 40% of the shares. That amount was gradually lowered to thirty-eight percent. Trading of Gazprom's shares was heavily regulated. Foreigners were prohibited from owning more than nine-percent of the shares. In October 1996, 1% of Gazprom's equity was offered for sale to foreigners as Global Depository Receipts. In 1997, Gazprom offered a bond issue of US$2.5 billion. Chernomyrdin, as Prime Minister of Russia, ensured Gazprom avoided tight state regulation. Gazprom evaded taxes, and the Government of Russia received little in dividends. Gazprom managers and board members, such as Chernomyrdin and the

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Rem Viakhirev

chief executive officer

Gazprom Chief Executive Officer, Rem Viakhirev, engaged in asset-stripping. Gazprom assets were shared amongst their relatives. Itera, a gas trading company also received Gazprom assets. In March 1998, for reasons unrelated to his activities at Gazprom, Chernomyrdin was fired by Yeltsin. On 30 June 1998, Chernomyrdin was made Chairman of the Board of Directors of Gazprom. State control When, in June 2000, Vladimir Putin became the President of Russia, he acted to gain control over Russia's oligarchs, and increase the Government of Russia's control in important companies through a program of national champions. Putin fired Chernomyrdin from his position as

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

Gazprom Chief Executive Officer, Rem Viakhirev, engaged in asset-stripping. Gazprom assets were shared amongst their relatives. Itera, a gas trading company also received Gazprom assets. In March 1998, for reasons unrelated to his activities at Gazprom, Chernomyrdin was fired by Yeltsin. On 30 June 1998, Chernomyrdin was made Chairman of the Board of Directors of Gazprom. State control When, in June 2000, Vladimir Putin became the President of Russia, he acted to gain control over Russia's oligarchs, and increase the Government of Russia's control in important companies through a program of national champions. Putin fired Chernomyrdin from his position as

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Government of Russia

founded by

Gazprom Chief Executive Officer, Rem Viakhirev, engaged in asset-stripping. Gazprom assets were shared amongst their relatives. Itera, a gas trading company also received Gazprom assets. In March 1998, for reasons unrelated to his activities at Gazprom, Chernomyrdin was fired by Yeltsin. On 30 June 1998, Chernomyrdin was made Chairman of the Board of Directors of Gazprom. State control When, in June 2000, Vladimir Putin became the President of Russia, he acted to gain control over Russia's oligarchs, and increase the Government of Russia's control in important companies through a program of national champions. Putin fired Chernomyrdin from his position as

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprombank

subsidiary

fee. In April 2001, Gazprom acquired NTV, Russia's only nationwide state-independent television station from Vladimir Gusinsky's company, Media-Most holdings. In 2002, the Gazprom subsidiary Gazprom Media acquired all of Gusinsky's shares in companies held by Media-Most. In June 2005, Gazprombank, Gazpromivest Holding, Gazfond and Gazprom Finance B. V., subsidiaries of Gazprom, sold a 10.7399% share of their stock for $7 billion to , a state owned company. Some analysts said the amount paid by Rosneftegaz for the stock was too low. The sale was completed by 25 December 2005. With the purchased stock and the thirty-eight percent share held by

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

fee. In April 2001, Gazprom acquired NTV, Russia's only nationwide state-independent television station from Vladimir Gusinsky's company, Media-Most holdings. In 2002, the Gazprom subsidiary Gazprom Media acquired all of Gusinsky's shares in companies held by Media-Most. In June 2005, Gazprombank, Gazpromivest Holding, Gazfond and Gazprom Finance B. V., subsidiaries of Gazprom, sold a 10.7399% share of their stock for $7 billion to , a state owned company. Some analysts said the amount paid by Rosneftegaz for the stock was too low. The sale was completed by 25 December 2005. With the purchased stock and the thirty-eight percent share held by

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprom Neft

subsidiary

the State Property Committee, the Government of Russia gained control of Gazprom. The Government of Russia revoked the Gazprom twenty percent foreign ownership rule and the company became open to foreign investment. In September 2005, Gazprom bought 72.633 percent of the oil company Sibneft for $13.01 billion. Sibneft was renamed Gazprom Neft. The purchase was aided by a $12 billion loan. Gazprom became Russia's largest company. On the day of the deal the company worth was valued at £69.7 billion (US$123.2 billion.) On 5 July 2006, the Federal Law, On Gas Export, was passed, nearly unanimously, by the State Duma

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

the State Property Committee, the Government of Russia gained control of Gazprom. The Government of Russia revoked the Gazprom twenty percent foreign ownership rule and the company became open to foreign investment. In September 2005, Gazprom bought 72.633 percent of the oil company Sibneft for $13.01 billion. Sibneft was renamed Gazprom Neft. The purchase was aided by a $12 billion loan. Gazprom became Russia's largest company. On the day of the deal the company worth was valued at £69.7 billion (US$123.2 billion.) On 5 July 2006, the Federal Law, On Gas Export, was passed, nearly unanimously, by the State Duma

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Government of Russia

founded by

the State Property Committee, the Government of Russia gained control of Gazprom. The Government of Russia revoked the Gazprom twenty percent foreign ownership rule and the company became open to foreign investment. In September 2005, Gazprom bought 72.633 percent of the oil company Sibneft for $13.01 billion. Sibneft was renamed Gazprom Neft. The purchase was aided by a $12 billion loan. Gazprom became Russia's largest company. On the day of the deal the company worth was valued at £69.7 billion (US$123.2 billion.) On 5 July 2006, the Federal Law, On Gas Export, was passed, nearly unanimously, by the State Duma

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprom Neft

owner of

the State Property Committee, the Government of Russia gained control of Gazprom. The Government of Russia revoked the Gazprom twenty percent foreign ownership rule and the company became open to foreign investment. In September 2005, Gazprom bought 72.633 percent of the oil company Sibneft for $13.01 billion. Sibneft was renamed Gazprom Neft. The purchase was aided by a $12 billion loan. Gazprom became Russia's largest company. On the day of the deal the company worth was valued at £69.7 billion (US$123.2 billion.) On 5 July 2006, the Federal Law, On Gas Export, was passed, nearly unanimously, by the State Duma

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

and on 7 July 2006, by the Federation Council. On 18 July Putin signed the new legislation and on 20 July 2006, the law was published. It gave Gazprom the exclusive right to export natural gas from Russia. In December 2006, Gazprom signed an agreement with Royal Dutch Shell, Mitsui and Mitsubishi, to take over fifty percent plus one share of Sakhalin Energy. In June 2007, TNK-BP, a subsidiary of BP plc, agreed to sell its stake in Kovykta field in Siberia to Gazprom after the Government of Russia questioned BP's right to export gas from Russia. On 23 June

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Government of Russia

founded by

and on 7 July 2006, by the Federation Council. On 18 July Putin signed the new legislation and on 20 July 2006, the law was published. It gave Gazprom the exclusive right to export natural gas from Russia. In December 2006, Gazprom signed an agreement with Royal Dutch Shell, Mitsui and Mitsubishi, to take over fifty percent plus one share of Sakhalin Energy. In June 2007, TNK-BP, a subsidiary of BP plc, agreed to sell its stake in Kovykta field in Siberia to Gazprom after the Government of Russia questioned BP's right to export gas from Russia. On 23 June

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

2007, the governments of Russia and Italy signed a memorandum of understanding towards a joint venture between Gazprom and Eni SpA to construct a 558-mile (900 km) gas pipeline to carry gas per year from Russia to Europe. This South Stream pipeline would extend under the Black Sea to Bulgaria with a south fork to Italy and a north fork to Hungary. On 1 December 2007, during a visit to Turkey, Putin said the project would not proceed and 63 billion cubic metres per year (bcm/y) of gas would be shipped to Turkey instead of Bulgaria. Bulgaria was being sued

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

by the European Union for signing a contract with Russia, which was not aligned with European Union regulations.The president of Bulgaria, Rosen Plevneliev, pressured the European Union and Russia to quickly resolve the matter. Continual rise On 4 September 2012, the European Commission announced an anti-trust investigation into Gazprom's activities. This was based on "concerns that Gazprom may be abusing its dominant market position in upstream gas supply markets." In late November 2013, Gazprom expanded its media interests by acquiring Profmedia from Vladimir Potanin. On 21 May 2014, in Shanghai, Gazprom and the China National Petroleum Corporation made a contract

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

worth $400 billion over thirty years. The contract was for Gazprom to deliver 38 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year to China beginning in 2018. In August 2014, construction began with pipes for the Power of Siberia pipeline delivered to Lensk, Yakutia. Russia will start supplying natural gas to China through the Power of Siberia pipeline on 20 December 2019 as part of the two countries' $400 billion energy pact. Beijing and Moscow are now negotiating over a second Far Eastern gas pipeline. In June 2014, Gazprom negotiated with the International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC of Abu Dhabi)

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

over a 24.9 percent stake in the Austrian oil and gas firm OMV. In July 2014, Gazprom acquired Central Partnership, one of the largest film distributors in Russia. Supply and reserves Production In 2011, Gazprom produced of natural gas, which was 17 percent of the worldwide production and 83 percent of Russian production. Of this amount, the Yamburg subsidiary produced 41 percent, Urengoy 23.6 percent, Nadym 10.9 percent, Noyabrsk 9.3 percent and others 15.2 percent. In addition, the company produced 32.28 million tons of oil and 12.07 million tons of gas condensate. Gazprom's main fields are located in the Nadym-Pur-Taz

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprom Neft

subsidiary

region (near the Gulf of Ob) in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in Western Siberia. Historically, the three largest fields are Medvezhe, Urengoy and Yamburg. After more than twenty years of production, the fields are now in decline. Production from the fields has decreased by twenty to twenty-five bcm per year. The production at Zaporliarnoe, Gazprom's fourth largest field, increased until 2004, offsetting the decline in the other fields. Since 2004, Gazprom has maintained production by activating new smaller fields and by purchasing production assets from other companies. Gazprom Neft produces crude oil. In 2005, Gazprom purchased 75 percent of the Gazprom

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprom Neft

owner of

region (near the Gulf of Ob) in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in Western Siberia. Historically, the three largest fields are Medvezhe, Urengoy and Yamburg. After more than twenty years of production, the fields are now in decline. Production from the fields has decreased by twenty to twenty-five bcm per year. The production at Zaporliarnoe, Gazprom's fourth largest field, increased until 2004, offsetting the decline in the other fields. Since 2004, Gazprom has maintained production by activating new smaller fields and by purchasing production assets from other companies. Gazprom Neft produces crude oil. In 2005, Gazprom purchased 75 percent of the Gazprom

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

Sea. Blue Stream Pipeline One of Gazprom's major projects is the Blue Stream Pipeline. The Blue Stream Pipeline delivers natural gas to Turkey via the Black Sea. In 1997, the Blue Stream Pipeline agreement between Turkey and Russia was signed. In 2000, the first joint was welded. The pipeline has transported 16 billion cubic meters each year. Yamal Peninsula Exploration of the Yamal peninsula has found reserves of over 10 trillion cubic metres of natural gas and over 500 million tons of oil and gas condensate. About 60 percent of these reserves are located in Bovanenkovo, Kharasavey and Novoportovo. The

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Alexey Miller

chief executive officer

(Arctic shelf) On 8 April 2013, in Amsterdam, Alexey Miller, Chairman of the Gazprom Management Committee and Jorma Ollila, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Royal Dutch Shell signed in the presence of Putin and Mark Rutte prime minister of Netherlands a memorandum outlining the principles of cooperation within hydrocarbons exploration and development in the Arctic shelf and a section of the deep-water shelf. Exploration In 2008, Gazprom carried out of explorative well drilling; of 2D seismic and of 3D seismic survey. As a result, gas reserves grew by , and crude oil and gas condensate reserves grew by

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Alexey Miller

chairperson

(Arctic shelf) On 8 April 2013, in Amsterdam, Alexey Miller, Chairman of the Gazprom Management Committee and Jorma Ollila, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Royal Dutch Shell signed in the presence of Putin and Mark Rutte prime minister of Netherlands a memorandum outlining the principles of cooperation within hydrocarbons exploration and development in the Arctic shelf and a section of the deep-water shelf. Exploration In 2008, Gazprom carried out of explorative well drilling; of 2D seismic and of 3D seismic survey. As a result, gas reserves grew by , and crude oil and gas condensate reserves grew by

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Alexey Miller

director / manager

(Arctic shelf) On 8 April 2013, in Amsterdam, Alexey Miller, Chairman of the Gazprom Management Committee and Jorma Ollila, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Royal Dutch Shell signed in the presence of Putin and Mark Rutte prime minister of Netherlands a memorandum outlining the principles of cooperation within hydrocarbons exploration and development in the Arctic shelf and a section of the deep-water shelf. Exploration In 2008, Gazprom carried out of explorative well drilling; of 2D seismic and of 3D seismic survey. As a result, gas reserves grew by , and crude oil and gas condensate reserves grew by

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

61 million tons. Gazprom carries out prospecting and exploration in foreign countries such as India, Pakistan, Algeria, Venezuela, Vietnam, Libya, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Transportation Gazprom's Unified Gas Supply System (UGSS) includes of gas trunklines and branches and 218 compressor stations with a 41.4 GW capacity. The UGSS is the largest gas transmission system in the world. In 2008, the transportation system carried of gas. Gazprom has claimed the UGSS has reached its capacity. Major transmission projects include the Nord Stream and South Stream pipelines, as well as pipelines inside Russia. Sales In 2006, Gazprom sold of gas to

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprom Export

subsidiary

German customers paid $250 per cubic metre (m3), Polish customers $290 per m3, Ukraine customers $130 per m3 and Russian customers $49 per m3. Exports Gazprom delivers gas to 25 European countries. Its main export arm is Gazprom Export LLC, founded in 1973 and before 1 November 2006 known as Gazexport, which has a monopoly on gas exports to countries outside of the former Soviet Union. The majority of Russian gas in Europe is sold on 25 year contracts. In late 2004, Gazprom was the sole gas supplier to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Estonia, Finland, Macedonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Serbia and

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

during the G20 summit, Gazprom signed an agreement with CNPC that the Henry Hub index would not be used to settle prices for their trades. On 21 May 2014, Putin met with Xi Jinping and negotiated a $400bn deal between Gazprom and CNPC. Under the contract, Russia was to supply 38 billion cubic meters of gas annually over 30 years at a cost of $350 per thousand cubic meters beginning in 2018. During the first half of 2018, Gazprom increased its export about 8.7%. In 2013, the average price of Gazprom’s gas in Europe was about $380 per thousand cubic

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

meters. China offered a loan of about $50bn to finance development of the gas fields and the construction of the pipeline by Russia up to the Chinese border, with the Chinese to build the remaining pipeline. Price disputes On 1 January 2006, at 10:00 (Moscow time), during the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute, Gazprom ceased the supply of gas to the Ukrainian market. Gazprom called on the government of Ukraine to increase its payment for natural gas in line with increases in global fuel prices. During the night of 3 January 2006 and early morning of 4 January 2006, Naftogas of Ukraine

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

and Gazprom negotiated a deal that temporarily resolved the long-standing gas price conflict between Russia and Ukraine. On 3 April 2006, Gazprom announced it would triple the price of natural gas to Belarus after 31 December 2006. In December 2006, Gazprom threatened to cease supply of gas to Belarus at 10 am Moscow time on 1 January 2007, unless Belarus increased payments from $47 to $200 per 1,000 cubic metres or to cede control over its distribution network. Some analysts suggested Moscow was penalising Alexander Lukashenko, the President of Belarus, for not delivering on pledges of closer integration with Russia,

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

of the shares in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian pipeline network. Immediately following the signing of this agreement, Belarus declared a $42/ton transportation tax on Russian oil travelling through the Gazprom pipelines crossing its territory. On 13 March 2008, after a three-day period where gas supplies to Ukraine were halved, Gazprom agreed to supply Ukraine with gas for the rest of the year. The contract removed intermediary companies. On 1 April 2014, Gazprom increased the gas price charged to Ukraine from $268.50 to $385.50 (£231.00) per 1,000 cubic metres. Ukraine's unpaid gas bills to Russia stood at $1.7bn (£1.02bn). On 30 October

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Novatek

subsidiary

2014, Russia agreed to resume gas supplies to Ukraine over the winter in a deal brokered by the European Union. Corporate affairs Gazprom is a vertically integrated company, one which owns its supply and distribution activities. Gazprom owns all its main gas processing facilities in Russia. It operates Russia's high pressure gas pipelines and since 2006, it has held a legal export monopoly. Other natural gas producers, such as Novatek, Russia's second largest gas company, are forced to use Gazprom's facilities for processing and transport of natural gas. At the end of 2008, Gazprom had 221,300 employees in its major

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

2014, Russia agreed to resume gas supplies to Ukraine over the winter in a deal brokered by the European Union. Corporate affairs Gazprom is a vertically integrated company, one which owns its supply and distribution activities. Gazprom owns all its main gas processing facilities in Russia. It operates Russia's high pressure gas pipelines and since 2006, it has held a legal export monopoly. Other natural gas producers, such as Novatek, Russia's second largest gas company, are forced to use Gazprom's facilities for processing and transport of natural gas. At the end of 2008, Gazprom had 221,300 employees in its major

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

gas production, transportation, underground storage and processing subsidiaries. Of these employees, 9.5 percent were in management, 22.9 percent were specialists, 63.4 percent were workers and 4.2 percent were other employees. Gazprom's headquarters are in the Cheryomushki District, South-Western Administrative Okrug, Moscow. Gazprom is a national champion, a concept advocated by Putin, in which large companies in strategic sectors are expected not only to seek profit, but also to advance Russia's national interests. For example, Gazprom sells gas to its domestic market at a price less than that of the global market. In 2008, Gazprom's activities made up 10 percent of

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Federal Agency for State Property Management

owned by

the Russian gross domestic product Due to its large projects, including international pipes like Nord Stream and Turkish Stream, Gazprom is a substantial source of revenue for several domestic suppliers and contractors. Shareholders , Gazprom's main shareholders were the Federal Agency for State Property Management with 38.37% and Rosneftegaz with 10.97%. Together with a 0.89 share of Rosgazifikatsiya, they guaranteed a majority control of the company by the Russian government. The rest of the shares were held by investors, including 25.20% by ADR holders on foreign stock markets, and 24.57% by other legal entities and individuals. Gazprom is listed on

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Alexey Miller

chief executive officer

the stock markets of Moscow, London, Karachi, Berlin, Frankfurt and Singapore. It is the top component of the MICEX and RTS indices. Subsidiaries Gazprom has several hundred subsidiaries in Russia and abroad which are owned and controlled directly or indirectly by the company. Management Gazprom's Board of Directors as of 9 August 2015: Viktor Zubkov (Chairman, Russian Special Presidential Representative for Cooperation with Gas Exporting Countries Forum, First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, former Prime Minister of Russia) Alexey Miller (Deputy Chairman, Chairman of the Management Committee, CEO, Chairman of Gazprombank, former Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia) Andrey Akimov

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Alexey Miller

chairperson

the stock markets of Moscow, London, Karachi, Berlin, Frankfurt and Singapore. It is the top component of the MICEX and RTS indices. Subsidiaries Gazprom has several hundred subsidiaries in Russia and abroad which are owned and controlled directly or indirectly by the company. Management Gazprom's Board of Directors as of 9 August 2015: Viktor Zubkov (Chairman, Russian Special Presidential Representative for Cooperation with Gas Exporting Countries Forum, First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, former Prime Minister of Russia) Alexey Miller (Deputy Chairman, Chairman of the Management Committee, CEO, Chairman of Gazprombank, former Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia) Andrey Akimov

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Viktor Zubkov

chairperson

the stock markets of Moscow, London, Karachi, Berlin, Frankfurt and Singapore. It is the top component of the MICEX and RTS indices. Subsidiaries Gazprom has several hundred subsidiaries in Russia and abroad which are owned and controlled directly or indirectly by the company. Management Gazprom's Board of Directors as of 9 August 2015: Viktor Zubkov (Chairman, Russian Special Presidential Representative for Cooperation with Gas Exporting Countries Forum, First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, former Prime Minister of Russia) Alexey Miller (Deputy Chairman, Chairman of the Management Committee, CEO, Chairman of Gazprombank, former Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia) Andrey Akimov

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprombank

subsidiary

the stock markets of Moscow, London, Karachi, Berlin, Frankfurt and Singapore. It is the top component of the MICEX and RTS indices. Subsidiaries Gazprom has several hundred subsidiaries in Russia and abroad which are owned and controlled directly or indirectly by the company. Management Gazprom's Board of Directors as of 9 August 2015: Viktor Zubkov (Chairman, Russian Special Presidential Representative for Cooperation with Gas Exporting Countries Forum, First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, former Prime Minister of Russia) Alexey Miller (Deputy Chairman, Chairman of the Management Committee, CEO, Chairman of Gazprombank, former Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia) Andrey Akimov

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

the stock markets of Moscow, London, Karachi, Berlin, Frankfurt and Singapore. It is the top component of the MICEX and RTS indices. Subsidiaries Gazprom has several hundred subsidiaries in Russia and abroad which are owned and controlled directly or indirectly by the company. Management Gazprom's Board of Directors as of 9 August 2015: Viktor Zubkov (Chairman, Russian Special Presidential Representative for Cooperation with Gas Exporting Countries Forum, First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, former Prime Minister of Russia) Alexey Miller (Deputy Chairman, Chairman of the Management Committee, CEO, Chairman of Gazprombank, former Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia) Andrey Akimov

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Alexey Miller

director / manager

the stock markets of Moscow, London, Karachi, Berlin, Frankfurt and Singapore. It is the top component of the MICEX and RTS indices. Subsidiaries Gazprom has several hundred subsidiaries in Russia and abroad which are owned and controlled directly or indirectly by the company. Management Gazprom's Board of Directors as of 9 August 2015: Viktor Zubkov (Chairman, Russian Special Presidential Representative for Cooperation with Gas Exporting Countries Forum, First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, former Prime Minister of Russia) Alexey Miller (Deputy Chairman, Chairman of the Management Committee, CEO, Chairman of Gazprombank, former Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia) Andrey Akimov

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprombank

subsidiary

(Chairman of Gazprombank) Farit Gazizullin (former Minister of State Property of Russia, former Minister of Property Relations of Russia) Timur Kulibaev (Chairman of Legal Entities Department) Vitaly Markelov (Deputy Chairman of the Management Committee) Viktor Martynov (Rector of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Professor) Vladimir Mau (Rector of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) Valery Musin (Head of the Civil Procedure Department, Faculty of Law, Saint Petersburg State University) Alexander Novak (Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation) Mikhail Sereda (Deputy Chairman of the Management Committee, Head of the Administration of the Management

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

(Chairman of Gazprombank) Farit Gazizullin (former Minister of State Property of Russia, former Minister of Property Relations of Russia) Timur Kulibaev (Chairman of Legal Entities Department) Vitaly Markelov (Deputy Chairman of the Management Committee) Viktor Martynov (Rector of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Professor) Vladimir Mau (Rector of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) Valery Musin (Head of the Civil Procedure Department, Faculty of Law, Saint Petersburg State University) Alexander Novak (Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation) Mikhail Sereda (Deputy Chairman of the Management Committee, Head of the Administration of the Management

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprombank

subsidiary

Committee of Gazprom) Gazprom's management committee as of December 2006: Alexei Miller (Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, CEO, Chairman of Gazprombank, former Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia, member since 2001) Alexander Ananenkov (Deputy Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, Gazprom shareholder, member since 17 December 2001) Valery Golubev (Deputy Chairman, Head of the Department for Construction and Investment, former Head of the Vasileostrovsky District, former member of the Federation Council of Russia, member since 18 April 2003) Alexander Kozlov (Deputy Chairman, member since 18 March 2005) Andrey Kruglov (Deputy Chairman, Head of the Department for Finance and Economics,

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

Committee of Gazprom) Gazprom's management committee as of December 2006: Alexei Miller (Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, CEO, Chairman of Gazprombank, former Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia, member since 2001) Alexander Ananenkov (Deputy Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, Gazprom shareholder, member since 17 December 2001) Valery Golubev (Deputy Chairman, Head of the Department for Construction and Investment, former Head of the Vasileostrovsky District, former member of the Federation Council of Russia, member since 18 April 2003) Alexander Kozlov (Deputy Chairman, member since 18 March 2005) Andrey Kruglov (Deputy Chairman, Head of the Department for Finance and Economics,

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

1989

inception

member since 2002) Alexander Medvedev (Deputy Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, former Director General of Gazprom Export, President of Kontinental Hockey League, member of the Coordination Committee of RosUkrEnergo, member since 2002) Mikhail Sereda (Deputy Chairman, Head of Administration, Deputy Chairman of Gazprombank, member since 28 September 2004) Sergei Ushakov (Deputy Chairman, member since 18 April 2003) Elena Vasilyeva (Deputy Chairman, Chief Accountant, member since 2001) Bogdan Budzulyak (Head of the Department of Gas Transportation, Underground Storage and Utilization, member since 1989) Nikolai Dubik (Head of Legal Department, member since 2008) Konstantin Chuychenko (Head of the Control Department of

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

RosUkrEnergo

subsidiary

member since 2002) Alexander Medvedev (Deputy Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, former Director General of Gazprom Export, President of Kontinental Hockey League, member of the Coordination Committee of RosUkrEnergo, member since 2002) Mikhail Sereda (Deputy Chairman, Head of Administration, Deputy Chairman of Gazprombank, member since 28 September 2004) Sergei Ushakov (Deputy Chairman, member since 18 April 2003) Elena Vasilyeva (Deputy Chairman, Chief Accountant, member since 2001) Bogdan Budzulyak (Head of the Department of Gas Transportation, Underground Storage and Utilization, member since 1989) Nikolai Dubik (Head of Legal Department, member since 2008) Konstantin Chuychenko (Head of the Control Department of

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprom Export

subsidiary

member since 2002) Alexander Medvedev (Deputy Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, former Director General of Gazprom Export, President of Kontinental Hockey League, member of the Coordination Committee of RosUkrEnergo, member since 2002) Mikhail Sereda (Deputy Chairman, Head of Administration, Deputy Chairman of Gazprombank, member since 28 September 2004) Sergei Ushakov (Deputy Chairman, member since 18 April 2003) Elena Vasilyeva (Deputy Chairman, Chief Accountant, member since 2001) Bogdan Budzulyak (Head of the Department of Gas Transportation, Underground Storage and Utilization, member since 1989) Nikolai Dubik (Head of Legal Department, member since 2008) Konstantin Chuychenko (Head of the Control Department of

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Gazprombank

subsidiary

member since 2002) Alexander Medvedev (Deputy Chairman, Deputy Chairman of the Board, former Director General of Gazprom Export, President of Kontinental Hockey League, member of the Coordination Committee of RosUkrEnergo, member since 2002) Mikhail Sereda (Deputy Chairman, Head of Administration, Deputy Chairman of Gazprombank, member since 28 September 2004) Sergei Ushakov (Deputy Chairman, member since 18 April 2003) Elena Vasilyeva (Deputy Chairman, Chief Accountant, member since 2001) Bogdan Budzulyak (Head of the Department of Gas Transportation, Underground Storage and Utilization, member since 1989) Nikolai Dubik (Head of Legal Department, member since 2008) Konstantin Chuychenko (Head of the Control Department of

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

RosUkrEnergo

subsidiary

Russia, presidential aide to Dmitry Medvedev, former chairman of Gazprom Media, executive director of RosUkrEnergo, former KGB officer, member since 2002) Viktor Ilyushin (Head of the Department of Relationships with Regional Authorities of the Russian Federation, member since 1997) Olga Pavlova (Head of the Department of Asset Management and Corporate Relations, member since 2004) Vasiliy Podyuk (Head of the Department of Gas, Gas Condensate and Oil Production, member since 1997) Vlada Rusakova (Head of the Department of Strategic Development, member since 5 September 2003) Kirill Seleznev (Head of the Department of Marketing and Processing of Gas and Liquid Hydrocarbons, member

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

Russia, presidential aide to Dmitry Medvedev, former chairman of Gazprom Media, executive director of RosUkrEnergo, former KGB officer, member since 2002) Viktor Ilyushin (Head of the Department of Relationships with Regional Authorities of the Russian Federation, member since 1997) Olga Pavlova (Head of the Department of Asset Management and Corporate Relations, member since 2004) Vasiliy Podyuk (Head of the Department of Gas, Gas Condensate and Oil Production, member since 1997) Vlada Rusakova (Head of the Department of Strategic Development, member since 5 September 2003) Kirill Seleznev (Head of the Department of Marketing and Processing of Gas and Liquid Hydrocarbons, member

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

FC Zenit Saint Petersburg

subsidiary

since 27 September 2002, Director-General of Mezhregiongaz) Sports sponsorships Gazprom is the owner and sponsor of the Russian Premier League football club FC Zenit Saint Petersburg and volleyball club VC Zenit-Kazan and Gazprom-Ugra Surgut at Russian Super League. On 1 January 2007, Gazprom also became the sponsor of the German Bundesliga club FC Schalke 04 at a cost of up to €25 million per year. On 23 November 2009, the partnership was extended for a further 5 years. The sponsorship was worth $150m (USD) over 5 years. On 9 July 2010, Gazprom became a sponsor of the Serbian SuperLiga football

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

FC Zenit Saint Petersburg

owner of

since 27 September 2002, Director-General of Mezhregiongaz) Sports sponsorships Gazprom is the owner and sponsor of the Russian Premier League football club FC Zenit Saint Petersburg and volleyball club VC Zenit-Kazan and Gazprom-Ugra Surgut at Russian Super League. On 1 January 2007, Gazprom also became the sponsor of the German Bundesliga club FC Schalke 04 at a cost of up to €25 million per year. On 23 November 2009, the partnership was extended for a further 5 years. The sponsorship was worth $150m (USD) over 5 years. On 9 July 2010, Gazprom became a sponsor of the Serbian SuperLiga football

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

Cup in Russia. Gazprom also was a sponsor for the defunct-Minardi F1 team in 2002-2003. Environmental record According to geographer Richard Heede, Gazprom is second on the list of companies with the highest level of CO2 emissions globally in 2013 with in 2013, amounting to almost 3.4% of worldwide anthropogenic emissions. Gazprom has been ranked as between the 11th and 13th best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on upholding indigenous rights in the Arctic. Controversies Yukos Oil fraud Yuganskneftegaz was the core production subsidiary of the Yukos Oil Company, which was previously run by a Russian businessman, Mikhail

Gazprom

Russian oil and gas company

Russia

country

on bail. In May 2014, the first shipment of Arctic oil arrived at a refinery in the Netherlands and was purchased by the French company, Total. See also Naftogaz CentGas consortium List of Russian companies Enerco Energy Lakhta Center Obskaya–Bovanenkovo Line Energy Triangle List of countries by natural gas production List of countries by natural gas exports List of countries by natural gas proven reserves References Sources External links Russia Category:Natural gas companies of Russia Category:Oil companies of Russia Category:Natural gas companies of the Soviet Union Category:Oil companies of the Soviet Union Category:Natural gas pipeline companies Category:Conglomerate companies of Russia

Gazprom