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(Belgrade) begins. 1534 – Christian III is elected King of Denmark and Norway in the town of Rye. 1584 – Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe arrive at Roanoke Island 1610 – The Battle of Klushino is fought between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia during the Polish–Muscovite War. 1634 – The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France (now Quebec, Canada). 1744 – The Treaty of Lancaster, in which the Iroquois cede lands between the Allegheny Mountains and the Ohio River to the British colonies, was signed in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 1774 – Orangetown Resolutions are adopted in the

July 4

Province of New York, one of many protests against the British Parliament's Coercive Acts. 1776 – American Revolution: The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Second Continental Congress. 1778 – American Revolutionary War: U.S. forces under George Clark capture Kaskaskia during the Illinois campaign. 1802 – At West Point, New York, the United States Military Academy opens. 1803 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the U.S. people. 1817 – In Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins. 1826 – Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States, dies the same day as John Adams,

July 4

second president of the United States, on the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence. 1827 – Slavery is abolished in the State of New York. 1831 – Samuel Francis Smith writes "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" for the Boston, Massachusetts July 4 festivities. 1837 – Grand Junction Railway, the world's first long-distance railway, opens between Birmingham and Liverpool. 1838 – The Iowa Territory is organized. 1845 – Henry David Thoreau moves into a small cabin on Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau's account of his two years there, Walden, will become a touchstone of

July 4

the environmental movement. 1855 – The first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems, Leaves of Grass, is published In Brooklyn. 1862 – Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequels. 1863 – American Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg: Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to U.S. forces under Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of siege. One hundred fifty miles up the Mississippi River, a Confederate army is repulsed at the Battle of Helena, Arkansas. 1863 – American Civil War: The Army of Northern Virginia withdraws from the battlefield after losing the

July 4

Battle of Gettysburg, signalling an end to the Confederate invasion of U.S. territory. 1879 – Anglo-Zulu War: The Zululand capital of Ulundi is captured by British troops and burned to the ground, ending the war and forcing King Cetshwayo to flee. 1881 – In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens. 1886 – The first scheduled Canadian transcontinental train arrives in Port Moody, British Columbia. 1887 – The founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, joins Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam, Karachi. 1892 – Western Samoa changes the International Date Line, causing Monday (July 4) to occur twice, resulting in a year with 367 days. 1892

July 4

– The first double-decked street car service was inaugurated in San Diego, California. 1894 – The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole. 1898 – En route from New York to Le Havre, the SS La Bourgogne collides with another ship and sinks off the coast of Sable Island, with the loss of 549 lives. 1901 – William Howard Taft becomes American governor of the Philippines. 1903 – The Philippine–American War is officially concluded. 1910 – African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer Jim Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match, sparking race riots across the United

July 4

States. 1911 – A massive heat wave strikes the northeastern United States, killing 380 people in eleven days and breaking temperature records in several cities. 1913 – President Woodrow Wilson addresses American Civil War veterans at the Great Reunion of 1913. 1914 – The funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie takes place in Vienna, six days after their assassinations in Sarajevo. 1918 – Mehmed V died at the age of 73 and Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ascends to the throne. 1918 – World War I: The Battle of Hamel, a successful attack by the Australian Corps against

July 4

German positions near the town of Le Hamel on the Western Front. 1918 – Bolsheviks kill Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family (Julian calendar date). 1927 – First flight of the Lockheed Vega. 1934 – Leo Szilard patents the chain-reaction design that would later be used in the atomic bomb. 1939 – Lou Gehrig, recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, informs a crowd at Yankee Stadium that he considers himself "The luckiest man on the face of the earth", then announces his retirement from major league baseball. 1941 – Nazi crimes against the Polish nation: Nazi troops massacre

July 4

Polish scientists and writers in the captured Ukrainian city of Lviv. 1941 – World War II: The Burning of the Riga synagogues: The Great Choral Synagogue in German occupied Riga is burnt with 300 Jews locked in the basement. 1942 – World War II: The 250-day Siege of Sevastopol in the Crimea ends when the city falls to Axis forces. 1943 – World War II: The Battle of Kursk, the largest full-scale battle in history and the world's largest tank battle, begins in the village of Prokhorovka. 1943 – World War II: In Gibraltar, a Royal Air Force B-24 Liberator

July 4

bomber crashes into the sea in an apparent accident moments after takeoff, killing sixteen passengers on board, including general Władysław Sikorski, the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army and the Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile; only the pilot survives. 1946 – The Kielce pogrom against Jewish Holocaust survivors in Poland. 1946 – After 381 years of near-continuous colonial rule by various powers, the Philippines attains full independence from the United States. 1947 – The "Indian Independence Bill" is presented before the British House of Commons, proposing the independence of the Provinces of British India into two sovereign countries: India and

July 4

Pakistan. 1950 – Cold War: Radio Free Europe first broadcasts. 1951 – Cold War: A court in Czechoslovakia sentences American journalist William N. Oatis to ten years in prison on charges of espionage. 1951 – William Shockley announces the invention of the junction transistor. 1958 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Rivers and Harbors Flood Control Bill. 1960 – Due to the post-Independence Day admission of Hawaii as the 50th U.S. state on August 21, 1959, the 50-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, almost ten and a half months later (see Flag Acts (United States)).

July 4

1961 – On its maiden voyage, the Soviet nuclear-powered submarine K-19 suffers a complete loss of coolant to its reactor. The crew are able to effect repairs, but 22 of them die of radiation poisoning over the following two years. 1966 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into United States law. The act went into effect the next year. 1976 – Israeli commandos raid Entebbe airport in Uganda, rescuing all but four of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner seized by Palestinian terrorists. 1976 – The U.S. celebrates its Bicentennial. 1977

July 4

– The George Jackson Brigade plants a bomb at the main power substation for the Washington state capitol in Olympia, in solidarity with a prison strike at the Walla Walla State Penitentiary Intensive Security Unit. 1982 – Three Iranian diplomats and a journalist are kidnapped in Lebanon by Phalange forces, and their fate remains unknown. 1987 – In France, former Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie (a.k.a. the "Butcher of Lyon") is convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to life imprisonment. 1994 – Rwandan genocide: Kigali, the Rwandan capital, is captured by the Rwandan Patriotic Front, ending the genocide in the

July 4

city. 1997 – NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars. 1998 – Japan launches the Nozomi probe to Mars, joining the United States and Russia as a space exploring nation. 2001 – Vladivostock Air Flight 352 crashes on approach to Irkutsk Airport killing all 145 people on board. 2004 – The cornerstone of the Freedom Tower is laid on the World Trade Center site in New York City. 2004 – Greece beats Portugal in the UEFA Euro 2004 Final and becomes European Champion for first time in its history. 2005 – The Deep Impact collider hits the

July 4

comet Tempel 1. 2009 – The Statue of Liberty's crown reopens to the public after eight years of closure due to security concerns following the September 11 attacks. 2009 – The first of four days of bombings begins on the southern Philippine island group of Mindanao. 2012 – The discovery of particles consistent with the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider is announced at CERN. 2015 – Chile claims its first title in international soccer by defeating Argentina in the 2015 Copa América Final. Births AD 68 – Salonina Matidia, Roman daughter of Ulpia Marciana (d. 119) 1095 –

July 4

Usama ibn Munqidh, Muslim poet, author and faris (Knight) (d. 1188) 1330 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shōgun (d. 1367) 1477 – Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (d. 1534) 1546 – Murad III, Ottoman sultan (d. 1595) 1656 – John Leake, Royal Navy admiral (d. 1720) 1694 – Louis-Claude Daquin, French organist and composer (d. 1772) 1715 – Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet and academic (d. 1769) 1719 – Michel-Jean Sedaine, French playwright (d. 1797) 1729 – George Leonard, American lawyer, jurist and politician (d. 1819) 1753 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard, French inventor, best known as a pioneer in balloon flight

July 4

(d. 1809) 1790 – George Everest, Welsh geographer and surveyor (d. 1866) 1799 – Oscar I of Sweden (d. 1859) 1804 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American novelist and short story writer (d. 1864) 1807 – Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian general and politician (d. 1882) 1816 – Hiram Walker, American businessman, founded Canadian Club whisky (d. 1899) 1826 – Stephen Foster, American songwriter and composer (d. 1864) 1842 – Hermann Cohen, German philosopher (d. 1918) 1845 – Thomas John Barnardo, Irish philanthropist and humanitarian (d. 1905) 1847 – James Anthony Bailey, American circus ringmaster, co-founded Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus (d.

July 4

1906) 1854 – Victor Babeș, Romanian physician and biologist (d. 1926) 1868 – Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American astronomer and academic (d. 1921) 1871 – Hubert Cecil Booth, English engineer (d.1955) 1872 – Calvin Coolidge, American lawyer and politician, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933) 1874 – John McPhee, Australian journalist and politician, 27th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1952) 1880 – Victor Kraft, Austrian philosopher from the Vienna Circle (d. 1975) 1881 – Ulysses S. Grant III, American general (d. 1968) 1883 – Rube Goldberg, American sculptor, cartoonist, and engineer (d. 1970) 1887 – Pio Pion, Italian engineer and

July 4

businessman (d. 1965) 1888 – Henry Armetta, Italian-American actor and singer (d. 1945) 1895 – Irving Caesar, American songwriter and composer (d. 1996) 1896 – Mao Dun, Chinese journalist, author, and critic (d. 1981) 1897 – Alluri Sitarama Raju, Indian activist (d. 1924) 1898 – Pilar Barbosa, Puerto Rican-American historian and activist (d. 1997) 1898 – Gertrude Lawrence, British actress, singer, and dancer (d. 1952) 1898 – Gulzarilal Nanda, Indian politician (d. 1998) 1898 – Gertrude Weaver, American supercentenarian (d. 2015) 1900 – Belinda Dann, Indigenous Australian who was one of the Stolen Generation, reunited with family aged 107 (d.

July 4

2007) 1900 – Nellie Mae Rowe, African-American folk artist (d. 1982) 1902 – Meyer Lansky, American gangster (d. 1983) 1902 – George Murphy, American actor and politician (d. 1992) 1903 – Flor Peeters, Belgian organist, composer, and educator (d. 1986) 1904 – Angela Baddeley, English actress (d. 1976) 1905 – Irving Johnson, American sailor and author (d. 1991) 1905 – Robert Hankey, 2nd Baron Hankey, British diplomat and public servant (d. 1996) 1905 – Lionel Trilling, American critic, essayist, short story writer, and educator (d. 1975) 1906 – Vincent Schaefer, American chemist and meteorologist (d. 1993) 1907 – John Anderson,

July 4

American discus thrower (d. 1948) 1907 – Howard Taubman, American author and critic (d. 1996) 1909 – Alec Templeton, Welsh composer, pianist and satirist (d. 1963) 1910 – Robert K. Merton, American sociologist and scholar (d. 2003) 1910 – Gloria Stuart, American actress (d. 2010) 1911 – Bruce Hamilton, Australian public servant (d. 1989) 1911 – Mitch Miller, American singer and producer (d. 2010) 1914 – Nuccio Bertone, Italian automobile designer (d. 1997) 1915 – Timmie Rogers, American actor and singer-songwriter (d. 2006) 1916 – Iva Toguri D'Aquino, American typist and broadcaster (d. 2006) 1918 – Eppie Lederer, American journalist

July 4

and radio host (d. 2002) 1918 – Johnnie Parsons, American race car driver (d. 1984) 1918 – King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV of Tonga, (d. 2006) 1918 – Alec Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2010) 1918 – Eric Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2006) 1918 – Pauline Phillips, American journalist and radio host, created Dear Abby (d. 2013) 1920 – Norm Drucker, American basketball player and referee (d. 2015) 1920 – Leona Helmsley, American businesswoman (d. 2007) 1920 – Fritz Wilde, German footballer and manager (d. 1977) 1920 – Paul Bannai, American politician (d. 2019) 1921 – Gérard Debreu, French economist and mathematician,

July 4

Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004) 1921 – Nasser Sharifi, Iranian sports shooter 1921 – Metropolitan Mikhail of Asyut (d. 2014) 1921 – Philip Rose, American actor, playwright, and producer (d. 2011) 1921 – Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist and conductor (d. 2003) 1922 – R. James Harvey, American politician (d. 2019) 1923 – Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss lawyer and politician (d. 2013) 1924 – Eva Marie Saint, American actress 1924 – Delia Fiallo, Cuban author and screenwriter 1925 – Ciril Zlobec, Slovene poet, writer, translator, journalist and politician (d. 2018) 1925 – Dorothy Head Knode, American tennis player (d. 2015) 1926 –

July 4

Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentinian-Spanish footballer and coach (d. 2014) 1926 – Lake Underwood, American race car driver and businessman (d. 2008) 1927 – Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress and photographer 1927 – Neil Simon, American playwright and screenwriter (d. 2018) 1928 – Giampiero Boniperti, Italian footballer and politician 1928 – Teofisto Guingona Jr., Filipino politician; 11th Vice President of the Philippines 1928 – Jassem Alwan, Syrian Army Officer (d. 2018) 1928 – Shan Ratnam, Sri Lankan physician and academic (d. 2001) 1928 – Chuck Tanner, American baseball player and manager (d. 2011) 1929 – Ron Casey, Australian journalist and sportscaster 1929

July 4

– Al Davis, American football player, coach, and manager (d. 2011) 1929 – Bill Tuttle, American baseball player (d. 1998) 1930 – George Steinbrenner, American businessman (d. 2010) 1931 – Stephen Boyd, Northern Ireland-born American actor (d. 1977) 1931 – Rick Casares, American football player and soldier (d. 2013) 1931 – Sébastien Japrisot, French author, director, and screenwriter (d. 2003) 1931 – Peter Richardson, English cricketer (d. 2017) 1932 – Aurèle Vandendriessche, Belgian runner 1934 – Yvonne B. Miller, American academic and politician (d. 2012) 1934 – Colin Welland, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2015) 1935 – Paul Scoon, Grenadian

July 4

politician, 2nd Governor-General of Grenada (d. 2013) 1936 – Zdzisława Donat, Polish soprano and actress 1937 – Thomas Nagel, American philosopher and academic 1937 – Queen Sonja of Norway 1937 – Richard Rhodes, American journalist and historian 1937 – Eric Walters, Australian journalist (d. 2010) 1938 – Steven Rose, English biologist and academic 1938 – Bill Withers, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2020) 1940 – Pat Stapleton, Canadian ice hockey player 1941 – Sam Farr, American politician 1941 – Tomaž Šalamun, Croatian-Slovenian poet and academic (d. 2014) 1941 – Pavel Sedláček, Czech singer-songwriter and guitarist 1941 – Brian Willson, American

July 4

soldier, lawyer, and activist 1942 – Hal Lanier, American baseball player, coach, and manager 1942 – Floyd Little, American football player and coach 1942 – Stefan Meller, French-Polish academic and politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2008) 1942 – Prince Michael of Kent 1942 – Peter Rowan, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1943 – Conny Bauer, German trombonist 1943 – Emerson Boozer, American football player and sportscaster 1943 – Adam Hart-Davis, English historian, author, and photographer 1943 – Geraldo Rivera, American lawyer, journalist, and author 1943 – Alan Wilson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1970) 1945 – Andre Spitzer, Romanian-Israeli

July 4

fencer and coach (d. 1972) 1946 – Ron Kovic, American author and activist 1946 – Michael Milken, American businessman and philanthropist 1947 – Lembit Ulfsak, Estonian actor and director (d. 2017) 1948 – René Arnoux, French race car driver 1948 – Tommy Körberg, Swedish singer and actor 1948 – Jeremy Spencer, English singer-songwriter and guitarist 1950 – Philip Craven, English basketball player and swimmer 1950 – David Jensen, Canadian-English radio and television host 1951 – John Alexander, Australian tennis player and politician 1951 – Ralph Johnson, American R&B drummer and percussionist 1951 – Vladimir Tismăneanu, Romanian-American political scientist, sociologist, and

July 4

academic 1951 – Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, American lawyer and politician, 6th Lieutenant Governor of Maryland 1952 – Álvaro Uribe, Colombian lawyer and politician, 39th President of Colombia 1952 – Carol MacReady, English actress 1952 – John Waite, English singer-songwriter and guitarist 1952 – Paul Rogat Loeb, American author and activist 1953 – Francis Maude, English lawyer and politician, Minister for the Cabinet Office 1954 – Jim Beattie, American baseball player, coach, and manager 1954 – Morganna, American model, actress, and dancer 1954 – Devendra Kumar Joshi, 21st Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy 1955 – Kevin Nichols, Australian

July 4

cyclist 1956 – Robert Sinclair MacKay, British academic and educator 1957 – Rein Lang, Estonian politician and diplomat, 25th Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs 1958 – Vera Leth, Greenlandic Ombudsman 1958 – Kirk Pengilly, Australian guitarist, saxophonist, and songwriter 1958 – Carl Valentine, English-Canadian footballer, coach, and manager 1959 – Victoria Abril, Spanish actress and singer 1960 – Roland Ratzenberger, Austrian race car driver (d. 1994) 1961 – Richard Garriott, English-American video game designer, created the Ultima series 1962 – Pam Shriver, American tennis player and sportscaster 1963 – Henri Leconte, French tennis player and sportscaster 1963 – Laureano Márquez,

July 4

Spanish-Venezuelan political scientist and journalist 1963 – José Oquendo, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and coach 1963 – Sonia Pierre, Hatian-Dominican human rights activist (d. 2011) 1964 – Cle Kooiman, American soccer player and manager 1964 – Elie Saab, Lebanese fashion designer 1964 – Edi Rama, Albanian politician 1964 – Mark Slaughter, American singer-songwriter and producer 1964 – Mark Whiting, American actor, director, and screenwriter 1965 – Harvey Grant, American basketball player and coach 1965 – Horace Grant, American basketball player and coach 1965 – Kiriakos Karataidis, Greek footballer and manager 1965 – Gérard Watkins, English actor and playwright 1966 –

July 4

Minas Hantzidis, German-Greek footballer 1966 – Lee Reherman, American actor (d. 2016) 1967 – Vinny Castilla, Mexican baseball player and manager 1967 – Sébastien Deleigne, French athlete 1968 – Ronni Ancona, Scottish actress and screenwriter 1969 – Al Golden, American football player and coach 1969 – Todd Marinovich, American football player and coach 1969 – Wilfred Mugeyi, Zimbabwean footballer and coach 1972 – Stephen Giles, Canadian canoe racer and engineer 1972 – Mike Knuble, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach 1973 – Keiko Ihara, Japanese race car driver 1973 – Gackt, Japanese musician, singer, songwriter, record producer and actor 1973

July 4

– Michael Johnson, English-Jamaican footballer and manager 1973 – Anjelika Krylova, Russian ice dancer and coach 1973 – Jan Magnussen, Danish race car driver 1973 – Tony Popovic, Australian footballer and manager 1974 – Jill Craybas, American tennis player 1974 – La'Roi Glover, American football player and sportscaster 1974 – Adrian Griffin, American basketball player and coach 1976 – Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer (d. 2003) 1976 – Yevgeniya Medvedeva, Russian skier 1978 – Marcos Daniel, Brazilian tennis player 1978 – Émile Mpenza, Belgian footballer 1979 – Siim Kabrits, Estonian politician 1979 – Josh McCown, American football player 1979 –

July 4

Renny Vega, Venezuelan footballer 1980 – Kwame Steede, Bermudan footballer 1981 – Dedé, Angolan footballer 1981 – Brock Berlin, American football player 1981 – Christoph Preuß, German footballer 1981 – Francisco Cruceta, Dominican baseball player 1981 – Will Smith, American football player (d. 2016) 1982 – Vladimir Boisa, Georgian basketball player 1982 – Vladimir Gusev, Russian cyclist 1982 – Jeff Lima, New Zealand rugby league player 1982 – Michael "The Situation" Sorrentino, American model, author and television personality 1983 – Melanie Fiona, Canadian singer-songwriter 1983 – Amantle Montsho, Botswanan sprinter 1983 – Miguel Pinto, Chilean footballer 1983 – Amol Rajan,

July 4

Indian-English journalist 1983 – Mattia Serafini, Italian footballer 1984 – Jin Akanishi, Japanese singer-songwriter 1984 – Miguel Santos Soares, Timorese footballer 1985 – Kane Tenace, Australian footballer 1985 – Dimitrios Mavroeidis, Greek basketball player 1985 – Wason Rentería, Colombian footballer 1986 – Ömer Aşık, Turkish basketball player 1986 – Nguyen Ngoc Duy, Vietnamese footballer 1986 – Rafael Arévalo, Salvadoran tennis player 1986 – Willem Janssen, Dutch footballer 1986 – Terrance Knighton, American football player 1986 – Marte Elden, Norwegian skier 1987 – Wude Ayalew, Ethiopian runner 1987 – Guram Kashia, Georgian footballer 1988 – Angelique Boyer, French-Mexican actress 1989 –

July 4

Benjamin Büchel, Liechtenstein footballer 1990 – Jake Gardiner, American ice hockey player 1990 – Richard Mpong, Ghanaian footballer 1990 – Naoki Yamada, Japanese footballer 1990 – Ihar Yasinski, Belarusian footballer 1992 – Ángel Romero, Paraguayan footballer 1992 – Óscar Romero, Paraguayan footballer 1993 – Tom Barkhuizen, English footballer 1995 – Post Malone, American singer, rapper, songwriter and record producer 1999 – Moa Kikuchi, Japanese musician 2003 – Polina Bogusevich, Russian singer Deaths 673 – Ecgberht, king of Kent 907 – Luitpold, margrave of Bavaria 907 – Dietmar I, archbishop of Salzburg 910 – Luo Shaowei, Chinese warlord (b. 877) 940

July 4

– Wang Jianli, Chinese general (b. 871) 943 – Taejo of Goryeo, Korean king (b. 877) 945 – Zhuo Yanming, Chinese Buddhist monk and emperor 965 – Benedict V, pope of the Catholic Church 973 – Ulrich of Augsburg, German bishop and saint (b. 890) 975 – Gwangjong of Goryeo, Korean king (b. 925) 1187 – Raynald of Châtillon, French knight (b. 1125) 1307 – Rudolf I of Bohemia (b. 1281) 1336 – Saint Elizabeth of Portugal (b. 1271) 1429 – Carlo I Tocco, ruler of Epirus (b. 1372) 1533 – John Frith, English priest, writer, and martyr (b. 1503)

July 4

1541 – Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish general and explorer (b. 1495) 1546 – Hayreddin Barbarossa, Ottoman admiral (b. 1478) 1551 – Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell, English politician (b. 1514) 1603 – Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer and educator (b. 1521) 1623 – William Byrd, English composer (b. c. 1540) 1644 – Brian Twyne, English academic, antiquarian and archivist (b. 1581) 1648 – Antoine Daniel, French missionary and saint (b. 1601) 1742 – Luigi Guido Grandi, Italian monk, mathematician, and engineer (b. 1671) 1754 – Philippe Néricault Destouches, French playwright and author (b. 1680) 1761 – Samuel Richardson, English author

July 4

and painter (b. 1689) 1780 – Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine (b. 1712) 1787 – Charles, Prince of Soubise, Marshal of France (b. 1715) 1821 – Richard Cosway, English painter and academic (b. 1742) 1826 – John Adams, American lawyer and politician, 2nd President of the United States (b. 1735) 1826 – Thomas Jefferson, American architect, lawyer, and politician, 3rd President of the United States (b. 1743) 1831 – James Monroe, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 5th President of the United States (b. 1758) 1848 – François-René de Chateaubriand, French historian and politician (b. 1768) 1850 – William Kirby, English

July 4

entomologist and author (b. 1759) 1854 – Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German academic and jurist (b. 1781) 1857 – William L. Marcy, American lawyer, judge, and politician, 21st United States Secretary of State (b. 1786) 1881 – Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Finnish philosopher and politician (b. 1806) 1882 – Joseph Brackett, American composer and author (b. 1797) 1886 – Poundmaker, Canadian tribal chief (b. 1797) 1891 – Hannibal Hamlin, American lawyer and politician, 15th Vice President of the United States (b. 1809) 1901 – Johannes Schmidt, German linguist and academic (b. 1843) 1902 – Vivekananda, Indian monk and saint (b. 1863) 1905

July 4

– Élisée Reclus, French geographer and author (b. 1830) 1910 – Melville Fuller, American lawyer and jurist, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1833) 1910 – Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer and historian (b. 1835) 1916 – Alan Seeger, American soldier and poet (b. 1888) 1922 – Lothar von Richthofen, German lieutenant and pilot (b. 1894) 1926 – Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian activist and saint (b. 1901) 1934 – Marie Curie, French-Polish physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867) 1938 – Otto Bauer, Austrian philosopher and politician, Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1881) 1938 – Suzanne Lenglen, French

July 4

tennis player (b. 1899) 1941 – Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician and academic (b. 1881) 1943 – Władysław Sikorski, Polish general and politician, 9th Prime Minister of the Second Republic of Poland (b. 1881) 1946 – Taffy O'Callaghan, Welsh footballer and coach (b. 1906) 1948 – Monteiro Lobato, Brazilian journalist and author (b. 1882) 1949 – François Brandt, Dutch rower and engineer (b. 1874) 1963 – Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg, New Zealand general and politician, 7th Governor-General of New Zealand (b. 1889) 1963 – Clyde Kennard, American activist and martyr (b. 1927) 1963 – Pingali Venkayya, Indian activist, designed the

July 4

Flag of India (b. 1876) 1964 – Gaby Morlay, French actress and singer (b. 1893) 1969 – Henri Decoin, French director and screenwriter (b. 1890) 1970 – Barnett Newman, American painter and illustrator (b. 1905) 1970 – Harold Stirling Vanderbilt, American sailor and businessman (b. 1884) 1971 – August Derleth, American anthologist and author (b. 1909) 1971 – Thomas C. Hart, American admiral and politician (b. 1877) 1974 – Georgette Heyer, English author (b. 1902) 1974 – André Randall, French actor (b. 1892) 1976 – Yonatan Netanyahu, Israeli colonel (b. 1946) 1976 – Antoni Słonimski, Polish poet and playwright (b.

July 4

1895) 1977 – Gersh Budker, Ukrainian physicist and academic (b. 1918) 1979 – Lee Wai Tong, Chinese footballer and manager (b. 1905) 1980 – Maurice Grevisse, Belgian linguist and author (b. 1895) 1984 – Jimmie Spheeris, American singer-songwriter (b. 1949) 1986 – Paul-Gilbert Langevin, French musicologist, critique musical and physicist (b. 1933) 1986 – Flor Peeters, Belgian organist and composer (b. 1903) 1986 – Oscar Zariski, Belarusian-American mathematician and academic (b. 1899) 1988 – Adrian Adonis, American wrestler (b. 1954) 1990 – Olive Ann Burns, American journalist and author (b. 1924) 1991 – Victor Chang, Chinese-Australian surgeon and physician (b.

July 4

1936) 1991 – Art Sansom, American cartoonist (b. 1920) 1992 – Astor Piazzolla, Argentinian bandoneon player and composer (b. 1921) 1993 – Bona Arsenault, Canadian historian, genealogist, and politician (b. 1903) 1994 – Joey Marella, American wrestling referee (b. 1964) 1995 – Eva Gabor, Hungarian-American actress and singer (b. 1919) 1995 – Bob Ross, American painter and television host (b. 1942) 1997 – Charles Kuralt, American journalist (b. 1934) 1997 – John Zachary Young, English zoologist and neurophysiologist (b. 1907) 1999 – Leo Garel, American illustrator and educator (b. 1917) 2000 – Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Polish journalist and author (b. 1919)

July 4

2002 – Gerald Bales, Canadian organist and composer (b. 1919) 2002 – Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., American general (b. 1912) 2003 – Larry Burkett, American author and radio host (b. 1939) 2003 – André Claveau, French singer (b. 1915) 2003 – Barry White, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (b. 1944) 2004 – Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss violinist and conductor (b. 1920) 2005 – Cliff Goupille, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1915) 2005 – Hank Stram, American football player and coach (b. 1923) 2007 – Bill Pinkney, American singer (b. 1925) 2008 – Thomas M. Disch, American author and poet (b. 1940)

July 4

2008 – Jesse Helms, American politician (b. 1921) 2008 – Evelyn Keyes, American actress (b. 1916) 2008 – Terrence Kiel, American football player (b. 1980) 2008 – Charles Wheeler, German-English soldier and journalist (b. 1923) 2009 – Brenda Joyce, American actress (b. 1917) 2009 – Allen Klein, American businessman and talent agent, founded ABKCO Records (b. 1931) 2009 – Drake Levin, American guitarist (b. 1946) 2009 – Steve McNair, American football player (b. 1973) 2009 – Lasse Strömstedt, Swedish author and actor (b. 1935) 2009 – Jean-Baptiste Tati Loutard, Congolese poet and politician (b. 1938) 2010 – Robert Neil Butler,

July 4

American physician and author (b. 1927) 2012 – Hiren Bhattacharyya, Indian poet and author (b. 1932) 2012 – Jimmy Bivins, American boxer (b. 1919) 2012 – Jeong Min-hyeong, South Korean footballer (b. 1987) 2012 – Eric Sykes, English actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1923) 2013 – Onllwyn Brace, Welsh rugby player and sportscaster (b. 1932) 2013 – Jack Crompton, English footballer and manager (b. 1921) 2013 – James Fulton, American dermatologist and academic (b. 1940) 2013 – Charles A. Hines, American general (b. 1935) 2013 – Bernie Nolan, Irish singer (b. 1960) 2014 – Giorgio Faletti, Italian author, screenwriter, and

July 4

actor (b. 1950) 2014 – C. J. Henderson, American author and critic (b. 1951) 2014 – Earl Robinson, American baseball player (b. 1936) 2014 – Richard Mellon Scaife, American businessman (b. 1932) 2015 – Nedelcho Beronov, Bulgarian judge and politician (b. 1928) 2015 – William Conrad Gibbons, American historian, author, and academic (b. 1926) 2016 – Abbas Kiarostami, Iranian film director, screenwriter, poet, and photographer (b. 1940) 2017 – John Blackwell, American R&B, funk, and jazz drummer (b. 1973) 2017 – Daniil Granin, Soviet and Russian author (b. 1919) 2018 – Henri Dirickx, Belgian footballer (b. 1927) 2018 – Robby

July 4

Müller, Dutch cinematographer (b. 1940) Holidays and observances Christian feast day: Andrew of Crete Bertha of Artois Blessed Catherine Jarrige Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati Elizabeth of Aragon (or of Portugal) Oda of Canterbury Ulrich of Augsburg July 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Birthday of Queen Sonja (Norway) The first evening of Dree Festival, celebrated until July 7 (Apatani people, Arunachal Pradesh, India) Independence Day, celebrates the Declaration of Independence of the United States from Great Britain in 1776. (United States and its dependencies) Liberation Day (Northern Mariana Islands) Liberation Day (Rwanda) Republic Day (Philippines) References External links BBC: On This Day

July 4

Hina Pervaiz Butt (; born 19 January 1982) is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, since May 2013. Early life and education Hina was born on 19 January 1982 in Lahore. She received her initial education from Convent of Jesus and Mary, Lahore. She earned the degrees of Bachelor of Science (Hons) in 2004 and received the degree of Master of Business Administration in 2010 from Lahore University of Management Sciences. In 2016, she earned Master of Arts in International Relations from Middlesex University campus in Dubai. Hina has to her credit

Hina Pervaiz Butt

the esteemed achievement of being selected at the Harvard Kennedy School Education Module, ‘Global Leadership and Public Policy for the 21st century’, Cambridge, USA. To her credit, she is one of the most recognized Young Global Leaders and has participated regularly at the World Economic Forum Summits as well as the YGL Summits. She has recently been honored with certification from Oxford University on "Transformational Leadership: Leadership on the Edges". Her participation at the YGL "Annual Meeting of New Champions has also been exemplary. She also represents Pakistan in Asia Pacific Summit 2019-Cambodia. Political career She was selected to the

Hina Pervaiz Butt

Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) on a reserved seat for women in 2013 Pakistani general election. She was re-selected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-N on a reserved seat for women in 2018. Her political career has been an impressive one being elected as a member of the provincial assembly, Punjab in the 2013 general elections, 2018 being her second term in office. This period comes with landmark bills and resolutions presented by Ms. Hina Butt. Some significant ones out of 17 include ‘The Punjab

Hina Pervaiz Butt

Prohibition of Hate Speech", "Reforms in the Admission Policy for Students Belonging to the Minority Community, " The Punjab Right of Children to Free & Compulsory Education Bill 2014", "The Domestic Workers Employment Right Bill 2014", "The Punjab Criminal Law (Protection of Minorities) Bill 2017, "Child Marriage Prohibition Bill 2013", " Punjab Home Based Workers Bill 2016", "The Punjab Domestic Workers Employment Rights Bill 2016". To her credit also is the new landmark bill for which she has put in immense efforts is the ‘Punjab Maternity Benefits’ which is a first of its kind discussion in the provincial assembly. Her

Hina Pervaiz Butt

commitment and passion has specifically driven towards activism through legislation for human rights and supporting civil society in its implementation and action, the most debated being legislation against forced conversions. She has rendered her services as the General Secretary of First Women Parliamentary Caucus of Punjab, Pakistan (2015- 2016) and currently serving as the Women Health Representative of the Women Caucus. She also holds an important charge as the General Secretary of the Youth Caucus for the effective of implementation of Youth Rights, highlighting issues pertaining to the youth in the assembly. She is closely working with civil society and

Hina Pervaiz Butt

Matara or Metera is a small town and important archeological site located in the Debub Region of Eritrea. Situated a few kilometers south of Senafe, it was a major city in the Dʿmt and Aksumite kingdoms. Since Eritrean independence, the National Museum of Eritrea has petitioned the Ethiopian government to return artifacts removed from the site. However, the efforts have thus far been rebuffed. History Matara is the name of both a small village and an important archaeological site in Eritrea. The latter is located some 136 kilometers southeast of the capital Asmara, just past Senafe on the road leading

Matara, Eritrea

south to the border with the northern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The archaeological site already has yielded evidence of several levels of habitation, including at least two different major cities, covering more than 1000 years. The topmost layers are associated with the Aksumite Empire and date from the fourth to the eighth centuries. This city was allied with or part of the powerful trading empire centered in the capital, Aksum, to the southwest. It appears that Matara was one of a string of cities along the trade route that ran from Aksum to its port city, Adulis, whose extensive ruins,

Matara, Eritrea

Parallel adoption is a method for transferring between a previous (IT) system to a target (IT) system in an organization. In order to reduce risk, the old and new system run simultaneously for some period of time after which, if the criteria for the new system are met, the old system is disabled. The process requires careful planning and control and a significant investment in labor hours. Overview This entry focuses on the generic process of parallel adoption; (real-world) examples are used for a more meaningful interpretation of the process if necessary. Moreover a process-data model is used for visualizing

Parallel adoption

the process which is intended to provide a complete overview of all the steps involved in the parallel adoption, but emphasis will be laid on the unique characteristics of parallel adoption. Some common characteristics, especially defining an implementation strategy, that go for all four generic kinds of adoption are described in Adoption (software implementation). Other kinds of adoption Besides parallel adoption, three other generic kinds of adoption can be identified. The choice for a specific adoption method depends on the organizational characteristics; more insight on this topic will be provided below. The three other adoption methods are: Product Software Adoption:

Parallel adoption

Big Bang Adoption (Also known as Direct Conversion, slam dunk, or cold-turkey strategy), Phased adoption and Pilot adoption. Product Software Adoption: Big Bang Adoption/Plunge Adoption: A big-bang adoption entails transferring the entire organization from the old system to the new system in an instant changeover. This is the cheapest option but if the new System fails, the organization is in big trouble. It also opens risks for the system not to be accepted by its users. However, this may be the only approach to take when the two systems can not coexist or activating the new system is an emergency.

Parallel adoption

Phased adoption (Also known as gradual conversion): In phased adoption implementation, the organization is gradually transferring to a new system in different phases, per module or sub-system. Some systems are incapable of being introduced in pieces as it is too reliant on the whole system. Using the phased adoption has less risks, but causes the most disruptions due to it taking the most time to transfer from the old system to the new. Pilot adoption: The pilot adoption method is used for large organizations that have multiple locations or largely independent departments. The new system is introduced in one of

Parallel adoption

the locations or departments and extended to other locations or departments over time. (limited boundary if a new system is a failure) (Turban, 2002) There are several instances when parallel conversion can not be considered a viable conversion strategy. First consider if the new system contains significant schema changes. Data elements required by one system that are not being populated by the other can lead to at best data inaccuracies and at worst data corruption. Another concern is if the system relies on consumer off the shelf technology (COTS). If a COTS vendor's documentation states that more than one application

Parallel adoption

can not share the same database, then parallel conversion is not an option. An example would be Oracle's Siebel products. Other COTS products may also place restrictions when patches or major upgrades require unique license keys. Once applied they may make database changes that might cause the application to falsely detect a parallel system running against the same database as an attempt at getting around licensing controls and thereby disable the system. Place in implementation process There seem to be little conventions regarding the process of parallel adoption. Several sources (e.g.: Turban, 2002, Eason, 1988, Rooijmans, 2003, Brown, 1999), do

Parallel adoption

not use a single process-description name. The term parallel adoption is denoted in these sources, although consistent per source as: parallel conversion, parallel running, shadow-running, parallel cutover and parallel implementation. This appears to be the case because a generic description of the process does not need a distinct classification. There are a quite some standard implementation methods, where different adoption techniques are described but often in a practical context; real-world case scenario or a more comprehensive set of implementation techniques like Regatta: adoption method, SIM and PRINCE2. In general, parallel adoption can best be seen as a Systems Engineering method

Parallel adoption

of implementation of a new system. In principle, the parallel adoption method is different from the decision to change a system in an organization and can be seen as one possible mean to achieve that goal. However, there are quite some factors that are being taken into account in determining the best implementation strategy. Moreover, a successful implementation can depend to a big extent on the adoption method. (Lee, 2004) The process The parallel adoption process can not be represented without paying attention to the steps before the actual conversion, namely the construction of a conversion scenario and the identification

Parallel adoption

and testing of all the requirements. Therefore the process is explained by going through all the identified processes in figure 1, while addressing the common activities that are necessary for any of the identified conversion strategies briefly. Figure 1 gives an overview of the parallel adoption process. The left side depicts the flow of activities that contribute to the process. Activities that run simultaneously are preceded by a thick black line. When the parallel running of activities is over, the activities are joined again in a similar black line. When there is no arrow from an activity to another, this

Parallel adoption

indicates that they are aggregates of a bigger activity above. The activities are divided in four main phases: Define implementation strategy, that deals with the kind of implementation strategy should be executed. Pre-implementation, which has to do with constructing a planning of all aspects and requirements involved in the implementation. Prepare organization The organization should be prepared properly according to the previous phase. Conversion deals with the actual conversion process and closing the conversion process; proceeding with the new system. The main phases are subdivided in other activities that will be described briefly in tables 1-1 to 1-4. The right

Parallel adoption

side of the model describes the data involved in the processes. Some of these concepts, depicted as a pair of overlapping open rectangles, can be subdivided in more than one concept. A pair of overlapping closed rectangles indicate a closed concept which means that it can be subdivided in more concepts, but it is not of further interest for the parallel adoption process. The diamond shapes figure indicates that the concept linked to it, serves as an aggregate concept and that this concepts consists of the other concepts. Finally the open arrow represents a super class-subclass relation. The concept linked

Parallel adoption

with the arrow is the super class of the concepts that are linked to it. This syntax in figure 1 is according to Unified Modeling Language (UML) standards. The concepts in figure 1 are defined in table 2. More context for these sub activities in the process will be given underneath the tables. The concepts from figure 1 are defined in table 2-1 below. Determining the parallel implementation strategy The parallel adoption is preceded with determining the implementation strategy, which is not unique for parallel adoption, but can be seen as part of the change management process that an organization

Parallel adoption

enters. (Lee, 2004). Some factors involved in determining an implementation strategy regarding adoption methods is described more thoroughly in Adoption (software implementation). Risk versus costs The reason for an organization to choose for parallel adoption in favour of a pilot conversion, big bang or phased adoption is often a trade-off between costs and risk (Andersson, Hanson, 2003). Parallel adoption the most expensive adoption method (Chng, Vathanopas, 2002, Microsoft, 2004, Anderson et al., 2003), because it demands from the organization that two systems run parallel for a certain period. Running two systems simultaneously means that an investment in Human Resources has

Parallel adoption

to be made. Besides a good preparation of the (extra) personnel, that has to go through a stressful period of parallel running where procedures cross each other. (Rooijmans, 2003, Eason, 1988) Efforts should be placed on data-consistency and preventing data corruption between the two systems. (Chng et al. 2002, Yusuf, 2004 ) Not only for the conversion process itself, but also in training them for handling the new system. When it is necessary for the new system to be implemented following a big bang approach, the risk of failure is high (Lee, 2004). When the organization demands heavily on the

Parallel adoption

old (legacy) system to be changed, the trade-off between extra involved costs for a less risky parallel approach, should be in favour of those extra costs (Lee, 2004), despite this, we see that ERP adoption follows a big bang adoption in most cases (Microsoft, 2004, Yusuf, 2004). This means that an organization should think clearly about their implementation strategy and integrate this decision in their Risk management or Change management analysis. Developing an implementation script IT-requirements To prepare the organization properly a requirements analysis of both IT-requirements as well as organizational requirements is necessary. More information on requirements analysis and

Parallel adoption

change management can be found elsewhere. For parallel adoption, the most important IT requirement (if applicable) is attention for running the two systems simultaneously. In the conversion phase there is a timeslot, where the old system is the leading system. In order to transfer the data from the old system in the catch-up period to the new system, there must be a transition module available (Microsoft, 2004). Other implementation methods do not directly have this requirement. More information about IT requirements can be found in Software Engineering. Organizational requirements Besides the IT-requirements, the organizational requirements require Human Resource Management issues

Parallel adoption

like, the training of personnel, deal with a perhaps changing organizational structure, organic organisation or Mechanistic organisation characteristics of the organization (Daft, 1998) and most importantly: Top management support (Brown, Vessey, 1999). Brown et al. (1999) identify two distinct roles top management can initiate: the so-called sponsor and champion roles: “A project sponsor is responsible for budgetary support and ensuring that key business representatives play a role on the project team.” “The project champion may or may not be a formal member of the project team, but can play a key role in change management efforts” A parallel adoption process

Parallel adoption

is very stressful and requires well prepared employees that can deal with mistakes that are being made, without conservatively eager to the old system. (Eason, 1988) Time planning It is very important to have a detailed plan of conducting the new system in an organization (Lee, 2004, Eason, 1988). The most important thing about time planning for a parallel conversion is not to rush things and not be afraid of possible delays in the actual conversion phase. (Lee, 2004). It can be very beneficial also to work with clearly defined milestones (Rooijmans, 2003), similar to the PRINCE2 method. More information

Parallel adoption

on time planning can be found in Planning and Strategic planning. Preparing the organization Requirements evaluation The requirements evaluation involves redefining the implementation script. The IT and (if possible) organizational requirements that were made should be tested. Some tests can be run where the organizational responsibilities can be evaluated (Rooijmans, 2003) as well as the IT-requirements. Here it is also again important to have top-management support and involvement (Eason, 1988). If they do not make resources available to evaluate, the implementation can be unsuccessful as a direct consequence. After this evaluation the implementation script is redefined into a more explicit

Parallel adoption

conversion scenario. Conversion scenario The conversion scenario thus consists of a blueprint for the organizational change in all aspects. However, there are two topics that did not yet get the attention they deserve in the parallel adoption scope. Workaround strategy / Rollback plan: Being distinct from the other adoption scenarios, also integrated in the conversion scenario is the workaround or contingency strategy with a rollback plan. The workaround strategy is defined in a broader scope in another entry, but in this context it indicates as defined in the above table: A backup plan; strategy taken on, in the conversion scenario

Parallel adoption

to prevent errors in the conversion process and attempt to work around them, so that the implementation can still be successful. (Microsoft, 2004). The rollback plan, as being one possible workaround strategy, is initiated if something goes wrong in the conversion phase. Since the two systems run simultaneously, in a parallel adoption, the rollback plan indicates that the database or other system that handles the transactions should be fully retraceable in the legacy system (Microsoft, 2004). In fact the parallel adoption provides per definition this rollback plan due to its nature of a leading system and a (non-leading) backup system.

Parallel adoption

Criteria indicators: Since the conversion scenario is a blueprint of executing the transfer of the two systems, is also entails quantifiable criteria. The redefined IT and organizational requirements are being transferred into measurable components. When the criteria are not being met in the test conversion, the workaround strategy should be deployed. Conversion The actual conversion phase is now in place. During this process, the organization is in a stressful period (Eason, 1988, Rooijmans, 2003). The two systems run parallel according to the conversion scenario and the new system is being monitored closely. When the criteria of the new system are

Parallel adoption

met, the old system will cease being the leading system and the new system takes over. The catch ups that are part of the workaround strategy are the back ups of the old system and provide the means for reliability engineering and data recovery. There are two kinds of ways to make catch-ups: automatic catch ups and catch ups by hand. (Rooijmans, 2003). If applicable a remote backup service can be deployed as well. Control system Automatic catch ups: Catch ups that are being transferred by an automated system, created in the preparing the organization phase. This system automatically transfers

Parallel adoption

the data or information to the new system when the conversion goes from the old leading system to the new leading system. The benefit of an automated system is that it is fast and accurate. The disadvantage is that is takes time to produce a transfer system in an earlier stage. Catch ups by hand: When the actual conversion entails only a small amount of time, or the complexity of information that should be transferred to the new system is small, an organization can choose to transfer the catch ups manually. The advantage of this procedure is that there is

Parallel adoption

no need for a system (software program) to transfer the information and the possible problems that come with such kind of a transfer-program. The trade-off is accuracy and time. It takes a considerable amount of extra time, to transfer the catch ups manually and it is more vulnerable for small human errors (Rooijmans, 2003). Moreover, the additional investment in labour hours is high already; a manual catch up system places even more pressure on the personnel. Evaluation / Practical relevance There are several lessons that can be learned from case studies: The Nevada DMV system case, described by Lee (2004),

Parallel adoption

learns that an implementation to a new process can also have a political implication. When the system that will be changed affects the general public and it is not only an internal system that is being changed, there are some more pressures that influence the organization. In this case, concepts as company image and reputation can drastically change if customers are faced with more delays in for example communication or ordering goods. It is suggested that if the system is politically sensitive, more attention should be paid to the conversion method and preferably parallel adoption is opted, since there is

Parallel adoption

less risk involved. A series of lessons learned from a number of actual case scenario’s implementing a new portfolio system, performed by a business-consultancy firm (Venture, 2004) show some interesting lessons learned from the field. they seem to fit perfectly with the issues mentioned for a generic parallel adoption process, based on a combination of scientific work. To summarise: Risk assessment and contingency (workaround) planning is very important Assign project team roles Construct specific milestones (like PRINCE2) that include training and testing plans Identify potential risks and execute your contingency plan when necessary Communicate project status Changes should be appropriately

Parallel adoption

authorized The conversion strategy needs to carefully examine the data requirements New and changed data should be tested against validation rules Construct a thorough rollback plan When possible, negotiate a pilot conversion There are also at least two difficulties with parallel conversion that may make its use impractical in the 21st century, though it was a staple of industry practice when inputs consisted of decks of punched cards or reels of tape. These are: 1. It is impractical to expect end users, be they customers, production line workers or nearly anyone else, to enter every transaction twice via different interfaces.

Parallel adoption

2. Timing differences between two multi-user interactive systems can properly produce different results even when both systems are operating correctly, are internally consistent, and could be used successfully by themselves. As a result, parallel conversion is restricted to a few specific situations today, such as accounting systems where absolute verifiability of results is mandatory, where users are all internal to the organization and understand this requirement, and where the order of activities cannot be allowed to affect the output. In practice, the pilot and phased conversion methods are more relevant today. See also Product Software Adoption: Big Bang Adoption Phased

Parallel adoption

adoption Adoption (software implementation) Regatta: adoption method Change management Reliability engineering Rollback (data management) Risk management Software Engineering Implementation References Articles Andersson I. Hanson, K. (2003). Technology diffusion in a software organization, Licentiate Thesis in applied Information Technology, University of Goteborg Brown, C.V. & Vessey, I. (1999). ERP Implementation Approaches: Toward a Contingency Framework, Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Information Systems, Charlotte, NC, December 13–15, 411-416. Chng, S., & Vathanophas V. (2002). Towards an Inter-Organizational Enterprise System: A Focus Group Study. The 6th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS 2002). Tokyo, Japan. September 2–4, 2002. Lee, O.

Parallel adoption

(2004). A Case Study of Nevada DMV system, Journal of the Academy of Business and Economics, Volume 3 Ribbers, P. & Schoo, K.C. (2002). Designing Complex Software Implementation Programs, 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'02), Volume 8 Yusuf, Y. & Gunasekaran, A. & Abthorpe M.S. (2004). Enterprise systems project implementation: A case study of ERP in Rolls Royce. International Journal of Production Economics, 87, 251-266. Books Daft, R.L. (1998). Organizational theory and design. West: International Thomson Eason, K. (1988). "Chapter 9, Implementation and Support," in: Information Technology and Organizational Change. London: Taylor & Francis Turban, E. &

Parallel adoption

D52 state road, located in Lika region of Croatia connecting cities and towns of Otočac and Korenica, to the state road network of Croatia, and to A1 motorway at Otočac interchange (via D50. The road is long. The D50 state road runs parallel to a section of the A1 motorway between Žuta Lokva and Sveti Rok interchanges, thus serving as an alternate or backup route for the motorway. The road, as well as all other state roads in Croatia, is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, a state-owned company. Traffic volume Traffic is regularly counted and reported by Hrvatske ceste,

D52 road (Croatia)

Mary V. Thomas (April 29, 1944 – August 21, 2014) was an American Pima politician and activist. Thomas was the first woman to serve as the Governor of the Gila River Indian Community, an office she held from 1994 to 2000. She also served as Lieutenant Governor of Gila River Indian Community for two tenures: The first term from 1990 to 1994, prior to becoming governor, and a second term beginning in 2003. An active participant in tribal politics, Thomas was also an activist on issues of importance to Native American communities, including poverty, water rights, and casinos. Biography Early

Mary Thomas (politician)

life Thomas, a member of the Pima people, was born Mary Smith in Phoenix, Arizona, on April 29, 1944. Her parents were Elwood Dennis and Elizabeth Smith. She was raised in Sacaton, Arizona, in an adobe home, which her father had constructed, which lacked electricity until she was a teen. In a 1998 interview with The Arizona Republic, Thomas recalled her early life without electricity or indoor plumbing, saying "It was a way of life...We accepted it." She attended both Phoenix College and Central Arizona College after high school. She then worked a variety of jobs after college, including mortuary

Mary Thomas (politician)

assistant, bus driver and teacher's aide. She married her husband, George Thomas, in 1968. Political career Mary Thomas had previously served on the Gila River council during the 1980s. In 1990, Gila River Governor Thomas White asked her to run for Lieutenant Governor as his running mate. Both won election. In 1994, White declined to seek re-election and encouraged Lt. Governor Mary Thomas to run for governor. She won election and became the first woman to serve as Governor of the Gila River Indian Community. Thomas was a strong proponent of utilizing casino gaming as a tool to alleviate poverty

Mary Thomas (politician)

and unemployment. The Gila River's first casino opened in 1994. Thomas soon appeared in a series of television commercials aimed at persuading Gila River members that profits from the casinos would be used to improve basic services and the quality of life. According to The Arizona Republic, Thomas soon became "known as the face of Indian casinos." In a speech given at the opening of the new casino in 1994, Thomas told attendees, "We don't have many of the simple things, like clean water and indoor plumbing, that many communities take for granted...Can you imagine having one fire engine for

Mary Thomas (politician)

this whole reservation?" Under Governor Thomas, the Gila River Indian Community established its own, independent police and fire departments. She also oversaw plans to build a new hospital on the reservation. Her two terms were not without some political disputes. Thomas survived an effort to recall her from office in 1998. Thomas left office in 2000. She ran as a candidate for the Arizona House of Representatives in 2000, but lost the election. Thomas was frequently mentioned as a potential candidate for the United States House of Representatives within political circles in Arizona and Washington D.C. during the 2000s. However,

Mary Thomas (politician)

she returned her focus back to the Gila River Indian Community and tribal issues. She was elected Lieutenant Governor of Gila River Indian Community in 2003 for her second, non-consecutive term in that office (She had previously served as Lt. Governor from 1990 to 1994). She unsuccessfully ran for Governor of Gila River Indian Community in 2011. The University of Arizona honored Thomas by adding her to the school's Women's Plaza of Honor in April 2012. Mary Thomas died from an undisclosed illness at Chandler Regional Medical Center in Chandler, Arizona, on August 21, 2014, at the age of 70.

Mary Thomas (politician)

The Michigan Mile And One-Eighth Handicap was an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually at the now defunct Detroit Race Course in Livonia, Michigan. A one time Grade II event raced on dirt, it was open to horses age three and older. In 1975, trainer S Kaye Bell became the first female in the United States to condition the winner of a $100,000 stakes race. Upsets include Stanislas defeating Tom Rolfe in 1966 and Nodouble in 1968 beating the reigning American Horse of the Year, Damascus. Past winners (partial) 1993 – Dignitas 1992 – Classic Seven 1991 – Black Tie

Michigan Mile And One-Eighth Handicap

Affair 1990 – Beau Genius 1989 – Present Value 1988 – Lost Code 1987 – Waquoit 1986 – Ends Well 1985 – Badwagon Harry 1984 – Timeless Native 1983 – Thumbsucker 1982 – Vodika Collins 1981 – Fio Roto 1980 – Glorious Song 1979 – Sensitive Prince 1978 – A Letter To Harry 1977 – My Juliet 1976 – Sharp Gary 1975 – Mr. Lucky Phoenix 1974 – Tom Tulle 1973 – Golden Don 1972 – King's Bishop 1971 – Native Royalty 1970 – Fast Hilarious 1969 – Calandrito 1968 – Nodouble (Martinez Heath) 1967 – Estreno 1966 – Stanislas

Michigan Mile And One-Eighth Handicap

"You Rock My World" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson from his tenth and final studio album Invincible (2001) It was released as the lead single from the album on August 22, 2001 by Epic Records. "You Rock My World" peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was Jackson's last top ten song in the United States until "Love Never Felt So Good", which featured Justin Timberlake, peaked at number 9 in 2014. The track reached number one in France, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, and Spain. It also peaked within the top ten in

You Rock My World

Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 44th Grammy Awards. As part of promotion for "You Rock My World", a music video was released. The video, which is thirteen and a half minutes long, was directed by Paul Hunter and features Chris Tucker and Marlon Brando. In the video, Jackson and Tucker portray men who are trying to gain a woman's affection. The video has been compared to Jackson's previous videos "Smooth Criminal" and "The Way You Make Me

You Rock My World

Feel". "You Rock My World" was performed only twice by Jackson; at Madison Square Garden in New York City at two concerts on September 7th and the 10th on 2001 to celebrate Jackson's career as a solo artist. Footage of the performance was shown in the two-hour CBS television special, Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration. Background "You Rock My World" was recorded by Michael Jackson for his studio album, Invincible (2001). The song was co-written and composed by Michael Jackson, Rodney Jerkins, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels and Nora Payne and produced by Jackson and Jerkins. "You Rock My World"

You Rock My World