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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ืฉืื“ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื ื” ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืœื• ืื“ืจืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื’ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชืคื™ืจืช ื ืขืœื™ื™ื - ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ื”ืชืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื• ืืช ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืœืขืฆื‘ ื•ืœืงืฉื˜ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ื›ืชื‘ื” ื•ืชืจื’ืžื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ื—ืœืงื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ) ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืงื™ื™ืžื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชื  ืš ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื”
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ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืจื” ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ืžื” ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืก ื—ื ื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื—ื•ืชื”
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ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื ืชื” ื’ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื•ืœืกืจื•ื’ ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
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ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืขืฅ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืื ื• ืฉื‘ื ื• ื•ืœืงืœื™ืขืช ืกืœื™ื
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ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืกื•ืช, ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืฉื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ, ื›ืžื• 'ื”ืงื•ืจืข ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ'
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ื”ืŸ ื“ืื’ื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ืชืคืจื• ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ืคืจืช, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื—ืžืื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืชืžื•ืจืช ืชืฉืœื•ื
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘-16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1941 ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืื™ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื
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ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืจื’ื ื” ื—ื“ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืชื•ืฆืจืชื ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืงื• ืื•ืชื• ืคืจืกืžื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืžืขื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืืžื• ื”ืžืชื”, ืฉืชื•ืืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื ื™ื• ื›ืื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉืžื™ืจืจื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื›ื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” - ืืจื‘ืข ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืขืกืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืคื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช; 9 ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžืคืขืœ ืชืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช
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ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืื–ื”, ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืคื•ืจืกื ืฉ ืžืกื™ื›ืช ื’ืื–ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ 99% ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืคืขืช
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ื”ืฉื ืืจืžืœื“ืจ (Armleder = ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข), ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื•ื ื• ื”ืคื•ืจืขื™ื, ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื•ืจ ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ ืžืขื™ืœื™ื”ื
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ื•ื•ืืจื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืœืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1983
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื–ื ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืžืื•ื“ - ืืจื‘ืข ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืขืกืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืคื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช; 9 ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžืคืขืœ ืชืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื— โ€“ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืขืกืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืคื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช; 9 ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžืคืขืœ ืชืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช
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ื–ืงื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื“ ืžื–ืจื ื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ
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ื—ืฆืื™ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉื—ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆืื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืงืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืชืงื ื” ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื˜ืœืื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื
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ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืคื ืœื•, ืฉื”ืžืคืขืœ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ื’ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ ื’ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ ื—ื–ืง ืจืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื™ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชืคืจ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื™ื’ื–ื’
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืกืจื’ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืชืš ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื“ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืœื ื—ื–ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืœ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืคืจ
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืœืžืงืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ืขืช ืžืชื›ืช
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ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ ื“ืช ืงืชืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื• ืœื“ืชื ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ืืœ ืžื•ืชื ื›ืฉื ืชืคืกื•, ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” (ืงืจื“ื ื˜ืก), ืฉื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื• ืœืืžื•ื ืชื, ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื, ืืš ื ืขื ืฉื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืจื—ืงื•, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืžื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ืื•ืœืฆื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืฆืœื‘ ืฆื”ื•ื‘
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ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื™ื™ืœ ืœื•ื™, ื•ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืœื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืจื” ื•ืจื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื” ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ืช
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจ (Platteland) 2011 ื›ืฉืืชื” ืฉืจ (As jy sing) 2013 ืื™ืฉื” ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืื™ื›ืจ (Vrou Soek Boer) 2014 ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” (Leading Lady) 2014 ืฉืžืฉ ืงื™ืฅ (Somer Son) 2015 ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ื“ื (Modder en Bloed) 2016 ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืœืขื•ืจื™ (Sew the Winter to My Skin) 2018 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื ืจื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1978
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ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016 ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืžื•ืจืœ ืคืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืืจื‘ืข ื ืฉื™ื, ืฉืงืฉืจื• ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืชื™ืง ืขืœ ืื•ื ืก ืœืขื• ื“ ืื•ืจื™ ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื
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ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016 ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื•ืจืœ ืคืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืืจื‘ืข ื ืฉื™ื, ืฉืงืฉืจื• ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืชื™ืง ืื•ื ืก ืœืขื• ื“ ืื•ืจื™ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื
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ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2016, ื‘ืคืจืง ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ืช ืื•ืจื ื” ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ, ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ ืขืจื•ืฅ 10 ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื›ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืชื™ืง ืœืจืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื“ื™ื—ื• ืžืžืฉืจืชื•
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ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืžื›ืจื– ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ื™ื ืœืื™ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื™, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ื‘ืžื›ืจื– ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“
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ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื“ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื—ืฃ ืžืคืฉืข, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื“ื” ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื ืื•ืคื™ืจ, ืชืื™ืจ: ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ืื™ืœื ื” ืจืื“ื”, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2018 ืื•ืœื’ื” ื–ื“ื•ืจื•ื‘, ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื™ืคืื‘ืœื™ืฉ, 2018 ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ื•ืื™ืœ ื’ืจื•ื ืจ, ืื•ืœื™ ื ืคืœื” ื˜ืขื•ืช - ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจืฉืช ื–ื“ื•ืจื•ื‘, ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2021 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื“ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื (ืชืค ื— (ื ืฆืจืช) 502/07) ื—ืงื™ืจืชื• ื•ื”ืจืฉืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื“ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืจืื™ื•ืช (ืข ืค 7939/10) ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื’ืœ, ืจืง ืชืื™ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช (ืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 10, 2008) ื”ืกืจื˜ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื—ืฃ ืžืคืฉืข
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ืกื“ืจืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื: ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื—ืฃ ืžืคืฉืข , ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ื™ื ื’ืจ, ื•ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื“ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘, ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื“ื•ืจื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืœื“ืขืชื, ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ - ื•ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืคืจื˜: ืื™ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ื  ื ืื• ืžืžืฆื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื“ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื”
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ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืืœ-ื‘ืจืื“ืขื™ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช) ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืชื™ืง ืœืžื ื› ืœ ืกื‘ื ื, ืคืจืง ืžืกืคืจื ืฉืœ ื“ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžืœืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื (2013) ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1942
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ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืื•ืจื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืœื• ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืขืœ ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืื™ื“ , ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื
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ืœืชืคื•ืจ
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ืืจื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ื•, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉืข ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืœื™ ืชื™ืง
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืขืœ ืื ืจื™ ืœืœื ืœื™ืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืชื™ืง ื›ื ื’ื“ ืคื™ืงืืจ
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืžื›ืจื–
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ื—ืฉืคื” ื—ืกื•ืŸ ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืžืข ื— ื› ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคืจื™ืฆืงื™ ืžืฉื ืช 2002, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื— ื› ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคื•ืจื–, ื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืคืœื’ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืœื• ืชื™ืง
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ื’ื•ืœื•ื ื•ื‘ ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืœื• ืชื™ืง ื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช
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ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืงื ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ืฉืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ื–ืจื• ืžืงื•ื“ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”
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