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ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ืฉืง ื‘ืฆื™ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกื˜ื™ืงืก , ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื
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ืืœื™ื•ื˜ (ืชืคืจ): ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื—ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืคืฆืขื™ื ืื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืžื—ื”
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืžืขื™ื ื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืœื ืชืคืงื“ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืœื• ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช ืคืงื•ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื• ื›ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื
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ื‘-1832 ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ื” ืžืจื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืกืคืจ The American Frugal Housewifeืืช ื”ืขืฆื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืœื™ ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืžื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื—ืชื›ื™ ืื•ืชื ืœืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ื ืฆืœื™ ืืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ืื™ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืชืคื™ืจืช ื•ืงืœื™ืขืช ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช - 1884 ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื˜ , The Complete Encyclopedia of Neeedlework ืฉืœ ืชืจื– ื“ื” ื“ื™ืœืžื•ื ื˜ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœืชืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืงืจื•ืขื™ื
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ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืงื‘ืข ื’ื ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื˜ืœืื™ ืœื‘ื’ื“ื ืฉื™ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื
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ื‘ื˜ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื’ื™ืฉืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช, ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื ื” ืžื‘ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉ, ืžืคืืช ื”ืงืคื“ืช ื”ืฉืœ ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืชืžื™ื“, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื’ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืฉ 'ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ' ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืขื˜ืจื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืขื• ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืงืจ
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ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืคืื•ื•ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืงื–ื™ื ื• ื•ืืžื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ืžืืžื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืชืคื™ืจื”, ืฆื™ื™ืจื” ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืš ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื•
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1930 ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืงื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื–ื™ื’ื–ื’ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืื•ืคื ื”, ืื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื’ื“ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื‘ืœื”
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ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงืจื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืื™ื ื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ
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ื”ื’ื ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื“ื•-ืžืžื“ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืžื•ืชื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืขื•ืจ
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื ื“ืœ ืœืžื ืขืœ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื›ื™ ืจืฆืขืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืจื‘ ืืžื™ ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืกื ื“ืœ ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืขื•ืจ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืจื‘ ืืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืžืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ (ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื”)
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ื”ืžืฆืืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1873 ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืจื” , ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื“ืจืš ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืœื•ืœืื•ืช
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ื”ืคื–ืžื•ื ืื™ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื”; ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื’ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฆืจ , ื‘ืฆืจื™ืฃ, ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืกืชืจ: ื•ืืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ืžืžืœื ื—ืœื•ื, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“, ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืื”ื‘ืชื ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ื• ื•ืขืžืœ ื”ื›ืคื™ื™ื; ื”ื ื’ืจ ื—ืคืฅ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื ืœืืœื™ื”ื• - ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืกื ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื”ืกื ื“ืœืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืงื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืคืจื™ ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืขื ื—ื–ืจืชื•
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ื–ื™ื’ื–ื’ ื–ื™ื’ื–ื’ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืื• ืœืจืงื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”
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ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืœืžื“ื” ืœืงืจื•ื, ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืžื ื• ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื, ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื˜ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื‘ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื™ืช, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ืชื”ืคืš
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ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื•ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงืœ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”
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ื›ื‘ืขืœืช ืื—ื•ื–ืช ืžืื•ื ื˜ ื•ืจื ื•ืŸ, ืžืจืชื” ืคื™ืงื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ื“ืงื” ืืช ื”ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™, ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ื’ื ื™ ื”ื™ืจืง ื•ื”ื ื•ื™, ื‘ื“ืงื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ, ืืช ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืงื—ื” ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืกื•ืจื’ื•ืช, ื”ืชื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื•ื”ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืœืื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืกืคืจื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื, ืื•ืชื ื ืืœืฆื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ื•ืขืœ ืจื’ืœ ื”ืžื›ื ืก ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช
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ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื“ื’ืœ ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ื›ืืžืชืœื” ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื” 1788 -1790 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1788, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™
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ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืข ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื” ืžืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืกื‘ืชื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™
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ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ืžื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ 250 ืชืคืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื”, ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืคื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืจืช ื”ื–ืจื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
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ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืชืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื›-1,500 ืชืคืจื™ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื” - ืคื™ 20 ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื˜ ืื• ืชื•ืคืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื“ื ื™ืช
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ื ืคืชืœื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ืืŸ ื•ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืจืช (ืืชื™ ื’ืจื•ื˜ืก) ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืœื” ืœืคืœื•ืจื”
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ืกืจื™ื’ืช ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืจื™ื’ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืกืจื’ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ
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ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ืคืจืืง ื›ื‘ื’ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™, ื•ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจืืง ืขื ื—ืชืš ืžื•ืชื ื™ ืฆืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืคื ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
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ืงืชืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื“ืจื’ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” (ืคืจืคืงื˜ื™), ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื• ืœื“ืชื ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ืืœ ืžื•ืชื ื›ืฉื ืชืคืกื•, ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” (ืงืจื“ื ื˜ืก), ืฉื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื• ืœืืžื•ื ืชื, ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื, ืืš ื ืขื ืฉื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืจื—ืงื•, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืžื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ืื•ืœืฆื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืฆืœื‘ ืฆื”ื•ื‘
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ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืื™ื™ืœืช, ืฉืขืœ ืืฃ ื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืืš ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืขื ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื•ืžืคืœื™ื’ื” ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื” ืื™ืชื ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื
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ืฉืชื™ืงืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ ืฉืชื™ืงืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืžื ืกื” ืกื•ื›ื ืช ื”-FBI ืงืœืจื™ืก ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ื’ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื“ ืจ ืœืงื˜ืจ ื”ื›ืœื•ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืฆื— ืฉื—ื˜ืฃ ื ืขืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช (ืขืœ ืžื ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืขื•ืจื”)
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ืชืื ื” ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืชืื ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืื›ืœื• ืžืคืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช, ื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ื”ื ื“ืขืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ ืชืื ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”: ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฆืื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”
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ืชื™ื•ื’ ื”'ืชืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“' ื›'ืชื ื•ืขื”' ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืชืคื™ืจื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืื ืœืฉื ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื ืœืฉื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื
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ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืขื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืžืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืžืฆืขื™ื, ืžืคื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื
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ืชืคื™ืจืช ืงื ื˜ื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื˜ืœืื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื ืืงืฉื™ ืงื ื˜ื” , ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœ ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืืจื™ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื›ื ืœืฉืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื” ื“ืงื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
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ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ืจ ื•ืืžื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืœื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื”
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ืื•ืชืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืื, ืœืคื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ืœื‘ืฉืœ, ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
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ืื™ ืœื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืžื”ื ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื•ื—ืฆืื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช
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ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขื™ืจื•ื™ ืชื•ืš ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ ( IV ), ืฆื ืชืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื•ื ื“ื”; ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื“ื ืžื•ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจืงื™ื; ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืฆืขื™ื, ืžืชืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืžืŸ RNs ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืคืฆืขื™ื
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ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชื•? ื•ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื“ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืคืขืจื• ื‘ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื? ื”ื’ืจื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื ื”ื’ืจื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื—, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืืจ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื”ื—ืœืคืช ื—ืœืงื™ื• ืœื ืคื•ื’ืžืช ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ื ืฉืžืจืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื”ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื ื›ืŸ
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ืื ืฉื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืจื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื• ื›ื‘ื™ืกื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื•ืคืจื™ื ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ื›ื ืคื—ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืœืžื“ื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ, ืœืžื“ื• ื’ื ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ื›ืžื›ื•ื ืื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื’ื ืขื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืชืคื™ืจื” ื•ืจืงืžื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืจื•ื’ ืขื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืจืงืžื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”
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ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืœื‘ืฉื
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืžืกื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื•ื ื˜ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืคืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื’ืื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ืชื•ืคืจื™ื
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืฆื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“, ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžื”ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื (ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืžื•ืชื•ืช) ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืฉื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืžืจื›ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื•ืžื—ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืชืคื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื”
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14 ื”ื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืชืคื•ืจ
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื•ืœืขื˜ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื’'ื™ื ืก
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ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื - ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ืงื•ืจืข ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ, ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ , ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงืœืงืœ
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืงืจืœื™ื˜ื•ืก ืคืืืก ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื– โ€“ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ืงืจืœื•ืก ืคืืืก ื•ื™ืœืืจื• โ€“ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืง ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืื•ืœืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืžืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก
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ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืื“ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืชื›ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืขื–ืจื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืชืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื•
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืคืœื™ืฉืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื”: ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื˜ืœืื™ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” - ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ื‘ืœื™ ืชืคืจื™ื ืื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื“ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืคื•ืฆื• ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ืกื•ืคืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืคืขืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื˜
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืกื•ื›ื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืคืจืื• ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜, ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืžืจื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืข ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ืกืงื•ืก ืœืžื ื— ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ื–ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืื ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื ืืกืคืงืช ื“ื ืชืงื™ื ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ืžืฆืช ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ืกืงื•ืก
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืงื”ืœ ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœ ื”ืืžื ื™ืช ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืœื™ืช ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืืจื’ ื•ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงื”ืœ
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื”, ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื’ ืื• ื”ืกืžืœ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืก ื”ื—ื–ื”
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ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ, ืœืชืงืŸ ื•ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
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ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1942 ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืžื’ื™ืœ 6 ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืœื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ื˜ืœืื™ ืฆื”ื•ื‘
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ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืขื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืจ (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช, ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืืฉืจ ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—), ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ืช ื ื•ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’, ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืคืœื’ ื’ื•ืคื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื—ื ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืชืš ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
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ื‘ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืžืขืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืง ื’ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื“ื ื”ืขื•ืจืœื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืชืจ
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืกืชื™ื•, ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœื’, ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื˜ืœืื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
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ื”ืืจื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืคืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื ืขื ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืฉืžื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื”
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื ื’ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื• ืœื’ื”ืฅ, ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื”
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ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืจื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื•ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืกืจื™ื’ื™ื
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ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืืžื•, ืฉื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื” ืžื›ืžื” ืžืœืงื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉื—ื™ื• ืžื”ื™ื“ ืืœ ื”ืคื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืฉืžืœื” ื–ื•ืœื”
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ืžืฉื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืชืš ื•ืืช ื”ืคืฆืข, ืœืœื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคืชื— ื ื™ืงื•ื– ื•ื›ื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉืช
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