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List of Meitei-language films

The following is a list of notable films made in Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language), by the Maniwood (Manipuri cinema industry), in alphabetical order.

The following is a list of notable films made in Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language), by the Maniwood (Manipuri cinema industry), in alphabetical order. 0–9 23rd Century: Ngasigee Matungda A Ashangba Nongjabi Aliyah (2018 film) Amukta Ani Apaiba Leichil Aronba Wari B Bangladeshki Sana Tampha Beragee Bomb Brojendragee Luhongba C Chaphu Chatledo Eidi Cheikhei Cheina Chow Chow Momo na Haobara Shingju Bora na Oinambara Chumthang Makhong Chanu IPS 2 D Daughters of the Polo God Delhi Mellei E Eewai Ei Actor Natte Eibusu Yaohanbiyu Eidee Kadaida Eigi Kona Eikhoi Pabunggi Eikhoigi Yum Eikhoishibu Kanano Enakta Leiringei F Fried Fish, Chicken Soup and a Premiere Show H Hingbagee Mahao I Ichadi Manini Iche Tampha Ima Machet Icha Tangkhai Imoinu (film) Inamma Imagi Ningthem Ishanou J Japan Landa Imphal K Kaboklei Kadarmapee Kekoo Lotpee Khurai Angaobi Kum Kang Kum Kabi Chang L Lakhipurgi Lakhipyari Lallasi Pal Laman Ama Lamja Parshuram Lammei Langlen Thadoi Lanphamda Ibeni Larei Lathup Leikhamton Leipaklei Lembi Leima Loktak Lairembee Luhongbagi Ahing M Magi Matambakta Mamado Leisabido Angaobido Mamal Naidraba Thamoi Manipuri Pony (film) Matamgi Manipur Mayophygee Macha Meitan Araba Moreh Maru Mr. Khadang My Japanese Niece N Nangna Kappa Pakchade Nangna Nokpa Yengningi Ngaihak Lambida Nakenthana Ngairi Nine Hills One Valley Nobap Nongallabasu Thaballei Manam Nongmatang Nongphadok Lakpa Atithi Nungshi Feijei Nungshit Mapi O Olangthagee Wangmadasoo Orchids of Manipur (film) Oneness (film) P Paari (2000 film) Pabung Syam Pallepfam Pandam Amada Paokhum Ama Phijigee Mani R Rajarshi Bhagyachandra of Manipur S Saaphabee Saklon Amada Sambal Wangma Sanabi (film) Sanagi Tangbal Sanakeithel Sanarik T Tabunungda Akaiba Likli Taibang Keithel Tales of Courage (film) Tamoyaigee Ebecha Tayai Thawanmichakna Kenkhrabada The Foul Truth Thoicha Tillaikhombee Tomthin Shija U Ureinung V VDF Thasana W Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup? Y Yaiskulgee Pakhang Angaoba Yelhou Jagoi Yenning Amadi Likla See also Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation List of Kannada-language films == References ==

Thai Airways International Flight 620

Thai Airways International Flight 620 was a scheduled Thai Airways International passenger flight from Bangkok to Osaka via Manila. The Airbus A300B4-601 aircraft, originating in Bangkok, suffered an explosion mid-flight. The aircraft was later repaired and there were no fatalities. The cause was a hand grenade brought onto the plane by a Japanese gangster of the Yamaguchi-gumi. 109 of the 239 people on board were injured.

Thai Airways International Flight 620 was a scheduled Thai Airways International passenger flight from Bangkok to Osaka via Manila. The Airbus A300B4-601 aircraft, originating in Bangkok, suffered an explosion mid-flight. The aircraft was later repaired and there were no fatalities. The cause was a hand grenade brought onto the plane by a Japanese gangster of the Yamaguchi-gumi. 109 of the 239 people on board were injured. The aircraft descended rapidly and was able to land safely at Osaka. Incident At around 8PM of October 26, 1986, Thai Airways International Flight 620 (Airbus A300-600, Registration HS-TAE) was cruising above Tosa Bay off the coast of Kochi Prefecture, carrying 14 crews and 233 passengers, when the rear of the aircraft suddenly suffered an explosion, resulting in rapid decompression and damage to the rear pressure bulkhead, severing two of the three hydraulic pipes. As a result, the aircraft veered off course for about 100 kilometers and in to restricted air space of the Japan Air Self Defense Force, as well as going in to a dutch roll at one point, but the aircraft managed to make an emergency landing at Osaka Itami Airport at 8:40PM.As a result of the explosion and the aircraft's violent turbulence, a total of 109 passenger and crew suffered injuries, with 14 of them suffering severe injuries. Investigation Initially it was believed that, like Japan Air Lines Flight 123 a year before, some sort of a mechanical problem was to blame for the incident. While the aircraft was delivered less than three weeks before the incident, the pressurization devices were having issues in the week leading up to the incident, with reports being made that warning lights were turning on.However, it was quickly revealed after the aircraft was examined by the Osaka Prefectural Police that the explosion was caused by some sort of an explosive that was brought in, rather than the aircraft itself. Ultimately, a 43 year old yakuza of the Yamaguchi-gumi admitted to smuggling the hand grenade in to the aircraft. The yakuza stated that he "accidentally pulled the safety pin off in the toilet that was at the rear left area of the toilet" and that "he tried to put the pin back in, but it didn't work, so he left it behind in the toilet and let it blow up". Aftermath The yakuza who brought in the hand grenade was not arrested until after he was discharged from the hospital, due to the fact that the man had suffered severe burns all over his body as oil from a broken hydraulic pipe poured over him during the incident.The aircraft involved, HS-TAE, was delivered less than three weeks before the incident on October 9. As such, the aircraft was flown back to Bangkok with quick repair done at Osaka, and later a full repair was done and subsequently returned to service. The aircraft continued to fly for Thai Airways International. In 2008, the aircraft was transferred to Unical Aviation and registered as N395EF. The aircraft has since been scrapped. == References ==

Cedar Boys

Cedar Boys is an edgy and tense Australian film about the life of 3 young adults in Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Written, directed and co-produced by Serhat Caradee and produced by Matthew Dabner, Ranko Markovic, and Jeff Purser, Cedar Boys had its world premiere at the 2009 Sydney Film Festival. It opened in theatres on 30 July 2009 and was made available on DVD on 7 December 2009. The film has a dedication at the end to Caradee's mother, who died of cancer 19 days after the film was completed. The film won the Audience Award during the 56th 2009 Sydney Film Festival and was nominated for "Best Film" category at the 2009 Inside Film Awards.

Cedar Boys is an edgy and tense Australian film about the life of 3 young adults in Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Written, directed and co-produced by Serhat Caradee and produced by Matthew Dabner, Ranko Markovic, and Jeff Purser, Cedar Boys had its world premiere at the 2009 Sydney Film Festival. It opened in theatres on 30 July 2009 and was made available on DVD on 7 December 2009. The film has a dedication at the end to Caradee's mother, who died of cancer 19 days after the film was completed. The film won the Audience Award during the 56th 2009 Sydney Film Festival and was nominated for "Best Film" category at the 2009 Inside Film Awards. It was an official selection in many festivals, including Vancouver, Chicago, Antalya, Dubai Film Festival, and the 2010 London Australian Film Festival. Plot Tarek a young working class man living in Sydney's tough western suburbs, wants to help his imprisoned older brother, Jamal but cannot afford the costs. His mate Nabil, a cleaner, persuades Tarek to steal drugs from a drugs depot, and their drug-dealing friend Sam helps in distribution. Meanwhile, Tarek has met Amie, an Anglo-Australian young woman who likes to party and to snort cocaine. Cast Rachael Taylor as Amie Martin Henderson as Mathew Les Chantery as Tarek Daniel Amalm as Cassar Serhat Caradee as Zac Bren Foster as Jamal Waddah Sari as Sam Buddy Dannoun as Nabil Matuse Terror as Hamdi Ian Roberts as Bell Room Door Man Drew Pearson as Camera News Man Erica Lovell as Brigid Fayssal Bazzi as Assad Hani Malik as Walid Taffy Hany as Yousaf Ayoub Yasser Assadi as Ali Vico Thai as Police Officer Jake Wall as Simon Dan Mor as Danny Hunter McMahon as Craig Jayb Hoyt as Brian Eddie Idik as Bell Room Doorman 2 Helen Chebatte as Huda Film festivals Sydney Film Festival 2009 Chicago International Film Festival 2009 Vancouver International Film Festival 2009 Dubai International Film Festival 2009 Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival 2009 London Australian Film Festival 2010 Accolades Sydney Film Festival Audience Award - Serhat Caradee - Won Australian Directors Guild, Best Direction - Serhat Caradee - Nominated Australian Film Institute (AFI) Awards, Best Original Screenplay - Serhat Caradee - Nominated Australian Writers Guild (AWGIE) - Serhat Caradee - Nominated Inside Film Awards, Best Film - Serhat Caradee - Nominated Production Cedar Boys cost $1.3M to make. Reception and box office The film received mixed reviews from critics. It grossed $354,160 at the box office in Australia, but did extremely well on the DVD for Sony Home Entertainment, Apple iTunes, and VOD markets. It has a cult following in the suburbs of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane due to its "outsiders" subject matter and multiple screening on Australian television and cable via Showtime and Movie Classics channel. See also Cinema of Australia References External links Official page on Facebook Cedar Boys at IMDb Serhat Caradee IMDb [1] Bonafide Pictures

Luoyang Museum

Luoyang Museum (Chinese: 洛阳博物馆; pinyin: Luòyáng Bówùguǎn) is a historical museum in Luoyang, Henan Province, China. Situated in the Yellow River valley. It offers exhibits of the rich cultural heritage of Luoyang, a major Chinese cultural centre, which was the capital of numerous Chinese dynasties including the Eastern Zhou and the Eastern Han.The museum was first built in 1958, in Guanlin, seven kilometres (4.3 mi) south of Luoyang City. It was moved to the north side of Zhongzhou Road in 1973 near the Wangcheng Park, which, at an area of 67 hectares (170 acres), is the largest public park in Luoyang. The new museum opened on May 1, 1974.

Luoyang Museum (Chinese: 洛阳博物馆; pinyin: Luòyáng Bówùguǎn) is a historical museum in Luoyang, Henan Province, China. Situated in the Yellow River valley. It offers exhibits of the rich cultural heritage of Luoyang, a major Chinese cultural centre, which was the capital of numerous Chinese dynasties including the Eastern Zhou and the Eastern Han.The museum was first built in 1958, in Guanlin, seven kilometres (4.3 mi) south of Luoyang City. It was moved to the north side of Zhongzhou Road in 1973 near the Wangcheng Park, which, at an area of 67 hectares (170 acres), is the largest public park in Luoyang. The new museum opened on May 1, 1974. It houses relics from excavation sites on the outskirts of Luoyang, in the city's old section. They include antiquaries from palaces and temples. These artifacts establish the historical past of Luoyang, representing elements of the ancient city of nine capitals, from Neolithic times up to 937 AD. Architecture and fittings The museum is built in ancient Tang Dynasty, Chinese architectural style. An Eastern Han Dynasty painting of the "hundred-flower" lantern is displayed on the front facade of the museum. With four display halls and five exhibition rooms, it is spread over 20,000 square metres (220,000 sq ft) with a floor space of 10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft). The antiquaries are arranged to demonstrate the evolution of social structure, beginning with primitive society in the first hall, followed by exhibits related to slavery, and feudalism. The exhibits are also arranged in a sequence of ancient cultures starting with Heluo, followed by Yangshao, Longshan, Xia (21st century BC-17th century BC), Shang (17th century BC-11th century BC) and ending with Zhou (11th century BC-256 BC). Exhibits Two collections are major permanent exhibits: the Historical and Cultural Relics of Luoyang and the Selected Cultural Relics of Luoyang. Travelling collections from the Luoyang Museum are located in Japan, Germany, France, Singapore and South Korea. In addition, the museum also conducts exhibitions of carved stone, Pottery figurines of Han and Tang Dynasties, cultural relic of ancient Chinese Palace, calligraphy and paintings, and other items every year.Many of the exhibits are of bronze, pottery, porcelain, gold, silver, jade and stone wares. In addition, the Ming and Qing dynasty articles include ancient calligraphic works and paintings, and folk art objects. Pieces include: Stone Age figurines and implements of Tang Dynasty; a figurine of a young woman with coiled hair excavated in 1980; a young woman figurine in clay with dragon design headgear; an imperial attendant at the Jingling Mausoleum of Ziyou, Emperor Xianzhuang Mangssssssan of Northern Wei Dynasty (314 centimetres (124 in)); and an imperial attendant at the Jingling Mausoleum of Yuan Key, Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei Dynasty (289 cm (114 in)).There are also items excavated at Erlitou, an important site 30 metres (98 ft) east of Luoyang. These include jade, bronzes, and pottery artifacts of the Xia and Shang dynasty. A winged bronze figure with gold inlay measuring 15.5 centimetres (6.1 in) by 9.5 centimetres (3.7 in) from the Eastern Han Dynasty was secured from a tomb on the outskirts of Luoyong and represents a three-dimensional sculpture of an enlightened person. Three relics from the earliest Buddhist Yongning Temple built in 519 under the Northern Wei dynasty reign, and a figure painted in clay unearthed from the base of the Yongning Temple are also part of the collection. Of the mingqi items excavated in 1972 from a nearby Western Han tomb, a house-like kitchen and 190 pottery articles are a part of the museum collection. There are two epitaph tablets that record the construction of the Gongling mausoleum of Li Hong. Research and training The museum also functions as a centre for research and training. == References ==

Sajikdan

Sajikdan (Korean: 사직단) is a Neo-Confucian altar located in Seoul, South Korea. It was built and used during the Joseon period to perform rituals related to soil and grain.

Sajikdan (Korean: 사직단) is a Neo-Confucian altar located in Seoul, South Korea. It was built and used during the Joseon period to perform rituals related to soil and grain. A founding element of the Joseon capital Along with the royal palace (Gyeongbokgung) and the Jongmyo shrine, the Sajik shrine is a fundamental symbol of the new capital city created during its first year. It is located west of the palace, at the feet of Inwangsan, in the neighborhood of Seochon, and gave its name to the Sajik park that surrounds it, as well as to its administrative neighborhood Sajik-dong. On this square altar were honored on key moments of the lunar calendar the national deities of earth (Sa) and grains (Jik). Certain ceremonies have been recently revived in the square altars, to mirror the rites of Jongmyo jerye, now on the UNESCO's list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. See also Hwangudan, a separate altar in Seoul Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth, Huế, Vietnam Shejitan, Beijing References External links 서울사직단(seoul社稷壇)(in Korean) at the Seoul Metropolitan Government site.

Rampion Wind Farm

Rampion is an offshore wind farm developed by E.ON, now operated by RWE, off the Sussex coast in the UK. The wind farm has a capacity of 400 MW (originally 700 MW was planned). The wind farm was commissioned in April 2018 and was the first offshore wind farm for the whole south coast of England.

Rampion is an offshore wind farm developed by E.ON, now operated by RWE, off the Sussex coast in the UK. The wind farm has a capacity of 400 MW (originally 700 MW was planned). The wind farm was commissioned in April 2018 and was the first offshore wind farm for the whole south coast of England. Location Located between 13 and 25 kilometres (8 and 16 mi) from the shore, the wind farm is situated off the coast of the towns of Worthing and Shoreham-by-Sea to the west, the city of Brighton and Hove in the centre and the towns of Newhaven and Seaford in the east. The wind farm lies in a zone that is an irregular elongated area, approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) in an east to west direction and approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in the north to south direction, an area of 72 square kilometres (27.8 sq mi). Name Initially known as Zone 6 off the Sussex coast, it was later named the "Southern Array" (Hastings). When the site of the wind farm was changed from near Hastings to off Brighton, E.ON held a competition with local schools to suggest a new name as a public relations exercise. The name ‘Rampion’ was voted the winning suggestion, submitted by Davison High School Pupil Megan McCullough, after the round-headed rampion (Phyteuma orbiculare), also known as the Pride of Sussex, the county flower of Sussex. Planning E.ON's final plans use 116 turbines of approximately 3.45 MW capacity, each 140 metres (459.3 ft) high to the tip of the blade, blade length is 55m, and radius is 12m which represents a 43% reduction in the size of the development after planning consent was granted.E.ON originally proposed using either 175 smaller turbines of 3–3.6 MW capacity, each 180 metres (590.6 ft) above low tide sea level, or 100 larger turbines of 7 MW capacity, each 210 metres (689.0 ft) above sea level. Development and construction costs were estimated at £2 billion. As the turbines are designed to last approximately 20–25 years, and since E.ON's lease of the site from the Crown Estate is for 50 years, the company would eventually need to replace the turbines.After an 18 month evaluation process between Newhaven and Shoreham ports, E.ON chose Newhaven as the base for its Operations and Maintenance facility. The company took a lease on a site at the Port of Newhaven, where they constructed two new buildings to house the administration and engineering functions of the wind farm. The site and associated buildings will act as the combined servicing point for the wind farm.The project was approved by the Government in July 2014. In November 2014, E.ON announced that it had reduced the proposed capacity of the project by approximately 40%. Onshore construction work began in June 2015 with construction of a new electricity substation adjacent to the existing National Grid Bolney 400/132kV substation near Twineham. Off shore the 116 monopile foundations were piled into the sea bed and on completion of this the first wind turbine was lifted into place in March 2017. Coincident with this was the ongoing work to backfill the cable duct trenches off Lancing beach initially due to be completed in Spring 2017. Installation of the remainder of the 150kV cable through to Bolney and the burying in the sea bed of the 33kV inter array cables was also completed during this time following the installation of a 2,000 tonne offshore 33/150kV substation that was completed in April 2017. An excavator was stranded and disabled after completing cable trench backfilling work in April 2017; it was removed in June 2017. Electricity production commenced during November 2017. Construction of the wind farm was completed in 2018 at a cost of £1.3 billion. Rampion 2 Rampion 2 is a proposed second wind farm to the immediate south west of the current Rampion installation. Plans include larger wind turbines compared with the first Rampion wind farm, producing up to 1,200 megawatts of power. If plans are approved construction could start in 2026. In September 2023 the Planning Inspectorate accepted the application for examination. See also List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom Wind power in the United Kingdom References External links Rampion Offshore Wind Farm, E.ON Rampion Offshore Wind Farm. 4C Rampion 2 Planning inspectorate project page for Rampion 2

Monica Toy

Monica Toy is a Brazilian franchise and 2D animated series based on Monica's Gang comic books, and also a spin-off of the animated cartoon series of the same name. The series features the characters drawn in a chibi-like art style. The franchise debuted on 2013 in partnership with Mauricio de Sousa and the company Tok & Stok for the sale of products based on the characters (like cups and pillows), with a cartoon premiering on the official YouTube channel on May 23 of the same year. The cartoon also debuted on Cartoon Network in Brazil after a few months.Some apps and games for Android and iOS based on the characters the way they appear in Monica Toy were developed. In 2014 the game Tap Toy was released.

Monica Toy is a Brazilian franchise and 2D animated series based on Monica's Gang comic books, and also a spin-off of the animated cartoon series of the same name. The series features the characters drawn in a chibi-like art style. The franchise debuted on 2013 in partnership with Mauricio de Sousa and the company Tok & Stok for the sale of products based on the characters (like cups and pillows), with a cartoon premiering on the official YouTube channel on May 23 of the same year. The cartoon also debuted on Cartoon Network in Brazil after a few months.Some apps and games for Android and iOS based on the characters the way they appear in Monica Toy were developed. In 2014 the game Tap Toy was released. In 2015 the game Up Toy was released. In 2018 an avatar creation app was released. Animated series Several short episodes are released on the official Monica's Gang YouTube channel since 2013 with each season having 26 episodes. The animation does not use dialogue, although all the sound effects are vocal sounds. The episodes of the first three seasons are focused only on Monica (with Samson), Jimmy Five, Smudge and Maggy, with some rare appearances of Mauricio de Sousa and Blu since season two. The fourth season introduces the characters Chuck Billy, Zeke and Ma Megg from Chuck Billy 'n' Folks, and Vanilla the Cat. The fifth season introduces Fluffy, Thunder from Lionel's Kingdom, Bug-a-Booo, Skully and Vic Vampire from Bug-a-Booo, Horacio from Horacio's World, Bubbly the Astronaut and Pitheco, Tooga, Zoom and Boom from The Cavern Clan. The sixth season introduces Ant Rita from Lionel's Kingdom, Glu, Rosie Lee from Chuck Billy 'n' Folks, Franklin, Jeremiah, Chauvy the Pig and Ditto. The seventh season introduces Milena, Lorde Coelhão, Nutty Ned, Angel, McFox from Lionel's Kingdom, Sunny and Denise. The eighth season introduces Frank and Moe the Mummy from Bug-a-Booo. The animation also shows some crossovers in certain episodes with characters like Red and Leonard from The Angry Birds Movie, El Chavo del Ocho, El Chapulín Colorado, Hello Kitty, Astro Boy, D.Va and Lúcio from Overwatch, plus some references to Marvel and DC Comics superheroes and Star Wars. References Season 1 External links Mônica Toy at IMDb

Jürgen Schumann

Jürgen Schumann (29 April 1940 – 1 October 1977) was a German pilot. In 1977 he was the flight captain of the Lufthansa plane Landshut when it was hijacked. He was murdered by PLFP terrorists.

Jürgen Schumann (29 April 1940 – 1 October 1977) was a German pilot. In 1977 he was the flight captain of the Lufthansa plane Landshut when it was hijacked. He was murdered by PLFP terrorists. Life In 1960 Schumann joined the Air Force of the Bundeswehr and began his flying career at Büchel Air Base, Germany, where in 1965 he began working for TaktLwG 33 on the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. After his retirement as an Hauptmann (Officer) in 1968 he became a civilian pilot for the German branch of Lufthansa and was the Captain of the Lufthansa plane Landshut when it was hijacked on 13 October 1977. On 14 October 1977 he was able to share information with the authorities about the number of hijackers on board the plane during a stopover in Dubai. Based on the interview by Dubai's defence minister (Muhammad ibn Raschid Al Maktum, Prime Minister, Vice President of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai since 4 January 2006), the hijackers also learnt that the leader made Schumann kneel in the aisle, threatening to shoot him if anything were to happen. Upon landing on 16 October 1977 at Aden International Airport (in South Yemen at the time) on a sand strip near the runway (as the government had blocked all runways; the plane did not have enough fuel to reach another), Schumann left with permission from the plane's hijackers, to check the landing gear. He also used the opportunity to talk in the terminal about releasing the hostages. His last words before re-entering the aircraft were "I am going back now. I am sure they will kill me".Afterwards he willingly returned to the aircraft. On board he was yelled at by Akache, before being shot in the head. Mein Mann war kein Held. Als Flugkapitän hatte er die alleinige Verantwortung für seine Passagiere. In dieser Verantwortung hat er gehandelt. My husband was no hero. As Captain he had a responsibility for his passengers. On these responsibilities he acted. The Jürgen Schumann Barracks in Appen were named after him on 24 November 2021, after much discussion. External links Kapitän Jürgen Schumann at the Wayback Machine (archived November 2, 2016). He has since been removed. == References ==

Keith Williams (businessman)

Keith Williams is a British businessman who has been chairman of Halfords and Royal Mail since 2018. He was chief executive officer (CEO) of British Airways from 2011 to 2016.

Keith Williams is a British businessman who has been chairman of Halfords and Royal Mail since 2018. He was chief executive officer (CEO) of British Airways from 2011 to 2016. Early life Williams was born on Teesside, England, and received an undergraduate degree from the University of Liverpool. Career Williams spent his early career with Boots, Apple Inc., and Reckitt and Colman.In 1998, Williams left Reckitt and Colman, and joined British Airways, rising to CEO in 2011, and then chairman. In April 2016, he was succeeded by Álex Cruz as chairman.Williams has been a non-executive director and deputy chairman of John Lewis, and a non-executive director of Aviva until May 2019.Williams has been the chairman of Halfords since July 2018.In May 2019, Williams, then deputy chairman, and a board member since January 2018, succeeded Les Owen as chairman of Royal Mail.In May 2020, Rico Back resigned as CEO of Royal Mail with immediate effect, and Williams, the chairman, replaced him as executive chairman.Williams is the independent chair of the Government-supported Rail Review. Honours In 2019, Williams was awarded an honorary doctorate by Teesside University. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to the railway industry. == References ==

Persephone (sculpture)

Persephone is an outdoor sculpture by artist Armand Toussaint created c. 1840. The work sits within the center of a pool in Holcomb Gardens on the grounds of Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The sculpture depicts the Greek goddess Persephone. In 1993 the sculpture was examined by the Save Outdoor Sculpture! program produced by the Smithsonian Institution.

Persephone is an outdoor sculpture by artist Armand Toussaint created c. 1840. The work sits within the center of a pool in Holcomb Gardens on the grounds of Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The sculpture depicts the Greek goddess Persephone. In 1993 the sculpture was examined by the Save Outdoor Sculpture! program produced by the Smithsonian Institution. Description Persephone depicts the Greek goddess Persephone standing on a limestone base in the center of a concrete octagonal pool. The bronze female figure is draped from the waist down. Her left hand is raised and holds a lit torch of bundled twigs. An inscription on the statue base reads on the left statue base: AD TOUSSAINT SCULPTEURThe right side of the base is inscribed: GRAUX-MARLY FABT DE BRONZESThe front of the base is inscribed just before a 1950 founders mark: PERSEPHONE IN ANCIENT GREEK MYTHOLO- GY, SHE, AS THE DAUGHTER OF ZEUS AND DEMETER, WAS WORSHIPPED AS THE GODDESS OF VEGETATION, RETURNING EACH SPRING FROM THE REALM OF HADES TO HERALD THE SEASON OF GROWTH, AND IN WINTER DISAPPEARING TO PASS HER TIME, LIKE THE SEED, UNDER THE EARTH. THE STATUE WAS EXECUTED IN PARIS ABOUT 1840 BY ARMAND TOUSSAINT, 1806-1862. A GIFT OF JAMES IRVING HOLCOMB Acquisition The sculpture was made in France and was originally located at the Swift estate in Chicago, Illinois. It was purchased by J. I. Holcomb in 1950 and installed at the gardens. Creation The piece, made in France, was created primarily crafted by sculptor Armand Toussaint and cast by Graux-Marly. Upon its placement at Holcomb Gardens, the landscapers were J.I. Holcomb and Arthur Lindberg. Condition In 1993 Persephone was surveyed for the Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey on behalf of the Smithsonian Institution. The condition of the sculpture, at that time, was described as "treatment needed." Information The sculpture of the Greek goddess is meant to represent Persephone coming back from the underworld every spring to make the flowers and plants bloom. In Fall 2011 a mural in the Johnson Room in Robertson Hall on the Butler campus was created. The 2,120 square-foot mural depicts notable landmarks at Butler, including Persephone.In 1962, students dressed the statue in a bra, referencing the infamous "I dreamed I... in my Maidenform bra" campaign. == References ==

List of castles in Baden-Württemberg

Numerous castles can be found in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. These buildings, some of which have a history of over 1000 years, were the setting of historical events, domains of famous personalities and are still imposing buildings to this day. This list encompasses castles described in German as Burg (castle), Festung (fort/fortress), Schloss (manor house) and Palais/Palast (palace). Many German castles after the middle ages were mainly built as royal or ducal palaces rather than as fortified buildings.

Numerous castles can be found in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. These buildings, some of which have a history of over 1000 years, were the setting of historical events, domains of famous personalities and are still imposing buildings to this day. This list encompasses castles described in German as Burg (castle), Festung (fort/fortress), Schloss (manor house) and Palais/Palast (palace). Many German castles after the middle ages were mainly built as royal or ducal palaces rather than as fortified buildings. Stuttgart Stuttgart Landkreis Böblingen Schloss Leonberg, Leonberg Schloss Waldenbuch, Waldenbuch Landkreis Esslingen Burgruine Diepoldsburg (Obere Diepoldsburg & Burgruine Rauber), Gde. Lenningen Burgruine Grötzingen, commune of Aichtal-Grötzingen Burgruine Hahnenkamm, commune of Bissingen an der Teck Burgruine Heimenstein, commune of Neidlingen Burgruine Hohengutenberg, commune of Lenningen-Gutenberg Hohenneuffen Castle, commune of Neuffen Schloss Kirchheim (Teck), commune of Kirchheim unter Teck Burgruine Lichteneck (Esslingen), commune of Weilheim/Teck Ruine Lichtenstein, commune of Neidlingen Burgruine Limburg, commune of Weilheim/Teck Burg Neuenriet, commune of Altenriet Burgruine Randeck, commune of Weilheim/Teck Burgruine Reußenstein, commune of Neidlingen Burgruine Schanbach, commune of Aichwald-Schanbach Burgruine Sperberseck, commune of Lenningen Burgruine Sulzburg, commune of Lenningen Teck Castle, commune of Owen Burgruine Turmberg (Aichelberg), commune of Aichelberg Burgruine Wielandstein, commune of Lenningen Burgruine Wuelstein, commune of Lenningen-Gutenberg Landkreis Göppingen Schloss Filseck, Uhingen Helfenstein Castle, Geislingen an der Steige Hiltenburg Castle, Bad Ditzenbach Hohenstaufen Castle, Göppingen Landsöhr Castle, Bad Boll (burgstall) Leimburg Castle, Gruibingen/Auendorf Ramsberg Castle, Donzdorf Staufeneck Castle, Salach Wäscherschloss, Wäschenbeuren Schloss Weißenstein, Lauterstein Landkreis Ludwigsburg Favorite Castle, Ludwigsburg Ludwigsburg Palace, Ludwigsburg Monrepos Palace, Ludwigsburg Festung Hohenasperg, Asperg Nippenburg, Schwieberdingen Burg Lichtenberg, Oberstenfeld Burg Alt-Sachsenheim, Sachsenheim Schaubeck Castle, Steinheim an der Murr, Kleinbottwar Rems-Murr-Kreis Alfdorf Manor Heilbronn Trappenseeschlösschen Deutschordensschloss Kirchhausen, Kirchhausen Landkreis Heilbronn Schloss Affaltrach, Obersulm-Affaltrach Schloss Assumstadt, Möckmühl-Züttlingen Schlössle Auenstein, Ilsfeld-Auenstein Schloss Babstadt, Bad Rappenau-Babstadt Wasserschloss Bad Rappenau, Bad Rappenau Burg Blankenhorn, Güglingen-Eibensbach Oberes Schloss Bonfeld, Bad Rappenau-Bonfeld Schloss Brackenheim, Brackenheim Schloss Bürg, Neuenstadt am Kocher-Bürg Schlösschen Brettach, Langenbrettach-Brettach Schloss Domeneck, Möckmühl-Züttlingen Burg Duttenberg, Bad Friedrichshall-Duttenberg Burg Ehrenberg, Bad Rappenau-Heinsheim Ottilienberg, Eppingen Schloss Eschenau, Eschenau Schloss Fürfeld, Bad Rappenau-Fürfeld Unteres Schloss Gemmingen, Gemmingen Greckenschloss Kochendorf, Bad Friedrichshall-Kochendorf Schloss Grombach, Bad Rappenau-Grombach Schloss Heinsheim, Bad Rappenau-Heinsheim Burgruine Helfenberg, Ilsfeld-Auenstein Burgruine Heriboldisburg, Neudenau-Herbolzheim Schloss Heuchlingen, Bad Friedrichshall-Heuchlingen Hohenbeilstein, Beilstein Schloss Horneck, Gundelsheim Schloss Ittlingen, Ittlingen Götzenburg Jagsthausen, Jagsthausen Rotes Schloss Jagsthausen, Jagsthausen Weißes Schloss Jagsthausen, Jagsthausen Wasserburg Lauffen, Lauffen am Neckar Wasserschloss Lautereck, Löwenstein-Teusserbad Schloss Lehen, Bad Friedrichshall-Kochendorf Schloss Lehrensteinsfeld, Lehrensteinsfeld Schloss Liebenstein, Neckarwestheim Burgruine Löwenstein, Löwenstein Schloss Magenheim, Cleebronn Burg Maienfels, Wüstenrot-Maienfels Schloss Massenbach, Schwaigern-Massenbach Schloss Michelbach, Zaberfeld-Michelbach Burg Möckmühl, Möckmühl Deutschordensschloss Neckarsulm, Neckarsulm Burg Neipperg, Brackenheim-Neipperg Schloss Neudenau, Neudenau Schloss Neuenstadt, Neuenstadt am Kocher Schloss Obergimpern, Bad Rappenau-Obergimpern Burg Ochsenburg, Zaberfeld-Ochsenburg Bautzenschloss Oedheim, Oedheim Schloss Presteneck, Neuenstadt am Kocher-Stein am Kocher Schloss Rohrbach, Eppingen-Rohrbach am Gießhübel Schloss Schomberg, Gemmingen-Stebbach Schloss Schwaigern, Schwaigern Schloss Siegelsbach, Siegelsbach St. Andrésches Schlösschen, Bad Friedrichshall-Kochendorf Stettenfels Castle, Untergruppenbach Schloss Stocksberg, Brackenheim-Stockheim Burg Streichenberg, Gemmingen-Stebbach Oberes Schloss Talheim, Talheim Unteres Schloss Talheim, Talheim Schloss Weiler, Obersulm-Weiler Burgruine Weibertreu, Weinsberg Schloss Widdern, Widdern Burg Wildeck, Abstatt Schloss Zaberfeld, Zaberfeld Hohenlohekreis Burgruine Lichteneck (Hohenlohekresis), Ingelfingen Schloss Neuenstein, Neuenstein Schloss Waldenburg, Waldenburg, Baden-Württemberg Main-Tauber-Kreis Deutschordensschloss Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim Freudenberg Castle, Freudenberg Gamburg Castle, Gamburg Neuhaus Castle, Igersheim Weikersheim Castle, Weikersheim Wertheim Castle, Wertheim Landkreis Schwäbisch Hall Alt-Bartenstein Castle, Schrozberg-Riedbach Wasserburg Altenhausen, Schwäbisch Hall-Altenhausen Altes Schloss (Gaildorf), Gaildorf Amlishagen Castle, Gerabronn Bachenstein Castle, Schrozberg-Bartenstein Schloss Bartenstein, Schrozberg-Bartenstein Burgruine Bebenburg, Rot am See-Kleinbrettheim Schlossruine Bielriet, Schwäbisch Hall-Wolpertsdorf Schloss Braunsbach, Braunsbach Burg Buch, Schwäbisch Hall-Buch Burgruine Buchhorn, Michelbach an der Bilz Schloss Burleswagen, Satteldorf-Burleswagen Schloss Döttingen, Braunsbach-Döttingen Burg Eichholz, Schrozberg-Eichholz Wasserschloss Eltershofen, Schwäbisch Hall-Eltershofen Burg Enningen, Braunsbach Eulenburg Castle, Crailsheim-Auhof Wasserburg Flügelau Crailsheim-Roßfeld Burg Flyhöhe, Blaufelden Schloss Gammesfeld, Blaufelden-Gammesfeld Burgruine Geyersburg, Schwäbisch Hall-Gelbingen Schloss Gröningen, Satteldorf-Gröningen Burg Haßfelden, Wolpertshausen-Haßfelden Wasserschloss Herboldshausen, Kirchberg-Herboldshausen Burg Herrentierbach, Blaufelden-Herrentierbach Hertenstein Castle, Blaufelden-Billingsbach Wasserschloss Honhardt, Frankenhardt Burg Hohenkressberg, Kressberg-Hohenkressberg Burgruine Hohenstatt (Hohenstadt), Schwäbisch Hall-Neunbronn Burgruine Hohenstadt, Schwäbisch Hall-Neunbronn Burgruine Hohenstein, Schwäbisch Hall-Hohenstadt Burgruine Hopfach Hornberg Castle (Hornberg an der Jagst), Kirchberg an der Jagst Burg Katzenstein, Langenburg-Hürden Schloss Kirchberg, Kirchberg an der Jagst Burgruine Klingenfels, Ilshofen-Steinbächle Wasserburg Kottspiel, Bühlertann-Kottspiel Burgruine Kranzberg, Sulzbach-Laufen Schloss Langenburg, Langenburg Burgruine Leofels, Ilshofen Burgruine Limpurg, Schwäbisch Hall Burg Lobenhausen, Kirchberg-Lobenhausen Burg Lohr, Jagstheim-Lohr Burgruine Löwenburg, Braunsbach-Bühlerzimmern Schloss Michelbach, Michelbach an der Bilz Schloss Morstein, Gerabronn Burgruine Neuberg , Vellberg-Talheim Neuburg, Schwäbisch Hall-Gelbingen Schloss Obersontheim, Obersontheim Pfannenburg, Jagstheim Wasserburg Ramsbach, Schwäbisch Hall-Ramsbach Rappenburg, Stimpfach Schloss Rechenberg, Stimpfach Burg Riedbach , Schrozberg-Riedbach Burg Rötenberg, Fichtenberg-Mittelrot Schloss Schmiedelfeld, Sulzbach-Laufen Burg Schönebürg, Crailsheim-Goldbach Schloss Schrozberg, Schrozberg Schrozburg, Schrozberg Suhlburg, Untermünkheim-Suhlburg Tannenburg, Bühlertann-Tannenburg Schloss Tierberg, Braunsbach-Tierberg Wasserburg Untermünkheim, Untermünkheim Burg Unterscheffach, Wolpertshausen-Unterscheffach Burgstall Unterscheffach , Wolpertshausen-Unterscheffach Wasserburg Unterscheffach, Wolpertshausen-Unterscheffach Schloss Vellberg, Vellberg Burgruine Werdeck, Rot am See-Werdeck Schloss Wildenstein, Fichtenau Burg Wolkenstein, Sulzbach-Laufen-Altschmiedelfeld Landkreis Heidenheim Ballmertshofen Castle, Dischingen Brenz Castle, Brenz an der Brenz Schlössle, Brenz an der Brenz Burgstall Burstel (Sontheim an der Brenz), Sontheim an der Brenz Jagdschloss Duttenstein, Dischingen Eselsburg Castle, Herbrechtingen Falkenstein Castle, Gerstetten Güssenburg Castle, Hermaringen Hellenstein Castle, Heidenheim an der Brenz Hurwang Castle, Heidenheim an der Brenz Kaltenburg Castle, Niederstotzingen Katzenstein Castle, Dischingen Schloss Niederstotzingen, Niederstotzingen Schloss Oberstotzingen, Niederstotzingen Schloss Schnaitheim, Heidenheim an der Brenz Schloss Stetten ob Lontal, Niederstotzingen Schloss Taxis, Dischingen Ostalbkreis Aalenkastell, Aalen Schloss Adelmannsfelden, Adelmannsfelden Alte Bürg, Riesbürg-Utzmemmingen, Reste der Burganlage Schloss Baldern (Hohenbaldern), Bopfingen-Baldern Schloss Böbingen, Böbingen an der Rems Schloss Dambach, Stödtlen-Dambach Schloss Dorotheenhof (Oberburg, Oberes Schloss, Degenfeld'sches Schlösschen), Essingen (Württemberg) Schloss Ellwangen, Ellwangen (Jagst) Schloss Essingen (Degenfeldsches Schloss), Essingen (Württemberg) Schloss Essingen, Essingen (Württemberg) Schloss Essingen (Unteres Schloss, Woellwarther Schloss), Essingen (Württemberg) Schloss Fachsenfeld, Aalen-Fachsenfeld Flochberg Castle, Bopfingen-Flochberg Gromberg Castle, Lauchheim, ruins (surviving: bergfried, shield wall) Schloss Heubach, Heubach Hohenalfingen Castle, Aalen-Hohenalfingen, Ruine (surviving: remains of the bergfried, remains of the mantlet wall) Burg Hohenrechberg (Rechberg), Schwäbisch Gmünd-Rechberg, Ruine (erhalten: Umfassungsmauern, Torbau) Schloss Hohenroden (Roden, Alt Roden), Essingen (Württemberg)-Hohenroden Schloss Hohenstadt, Abtsgmünd-Hohenstadt Schloss Kapfenburg, Lauchheim Schloss Laubach, Abtsgmünd-Laubach Lauterburg Castle, Essingen-Lauterburg Turmhügelburg Leinroden (Roden), Abtsgmünd-Leinroden, Turmhügelburg der Stauferzeit Schloss Leinzell (Langsches Schloss), Leinzell Schloss Lindach (Neulaymingen), Schwäbisch Gmünd-Lindach Schloss Neubronn, Abtsgmünd-Neubronn Niederalfingen Castle (Marienburg, Fuggerschloss), Hüttlingen (Württemberg)-Niederalfingen Rosenstein Castle, Heubach Schloss Schechingen, Schechingen Schenkenstein Castle, Bopfingen-Aufhausen, Ruine (erhalten: Bergfried, Mauerreste) Schloss Tannhausen, Tannhausen Schloss Untergröningen, Untergröningen Schloss Unterschneidheim, Unterschneidheim, remains of an old Teutonic Order castle Schloss Utzmemmingen (Vohenstein'sches Schloss), Riesbürg-Utzmemmingen Schloss Wagenhofen, Westhausen (Württemberg) Waldau Castle, Schwäbisch Gmünd-Waldau Schloss Wasseralfingen, Aalen-Wasseralfingen Wöllstein Castle (Wöllstein), Abtsgmünd, ruins (surviving chapel) Schloss Wört (Werde, Wörth), Wört Stolch'sches Schloss, (Trochtelfingen, Teilort von) Bopfingen Karlsruhe Baden-Baden New Castle Schloss Hohenbaden (Altes Schloss) Yburg, Neuweier Alt-Eberstein Castle, Ebersteinburg Schloss Seelach Cäcilienberg Castle Schloss Neuweier, Neuweier Baden-Baden Hunting Lodge Karlsruhe Schloss Augustenburg Schloss Gottesaue Schloss Karlsburg Karlsruhe Palace Gut Scheibenhardt Landkreis Karlsruhe Schloss Bruchsal, Bruchsal Schloss Ettlingen, Ettlingen Schloss Gochsheim, Kraichtal Schloss Kislau, Bad Schönborn Burg Ravensburg, Sulzfeld (Baden) Schloss Stutensee, Stutensee Waldenfels Castle, Malsch Landkreis Rastatt Old Windeck Castle, Bühl Schloss Bach, Bühl Schloss Favorite (Rastatt), Rastatt Schloss Neusatz, Bühl Pagodenburg, Rastatt Schloss Rastatt, Rastatt Schloss Rittersbach, Bühl Heidelberg Heidelberg Castle Handschuhsheim Castle (Tiefburg) Schloss Rohrbach Mannheim Eichelsheim Castle Mannheim Palace Bretzenheim Palace Schloss Seckenheim Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis Dauchstein Castle, Binau Guttenberg Castle, Haßmersheim Schloss Hardheim, Hardheim Hornberg Castle, Neckarzimmern Lohrbach Castle, Mosbach Minneburg, Neckargerach Schweinberg Castle, Hardheim Zwingenberg Castle, Zwingenberg Rhein-Neckar-Kreis Dilsberg Fortress, Neckargemünd Eberbach Castle, Eberbach Hirschburg Castle, Hirschberg an der Bergstraße Reichenstein Castle, Neckargemünd Schauenburg Castle, Dossenheim Schwetzingen Castle, Schwetzingen Steinsberg Castle, Sinsheim Stolzeneck Castle, Eberbach Strahlenburg, Schriesheim Wachenburg, Weinheim Weinheimer Schloss, Weinheim Windeck Castle, Weinheim Neidenstein Fortress, Neidenstein Landkreis Calw Hunting lodge of Hirsau Abbey, Calw Hohennagold Castle, Nagold Liebenzell Castle, Bad Liebenzell Zavelstein Castle, Bad Teinach-Zavelstein Waldeck Castle, Calw Pforzheim Kräheneck Castle Rabeneck Castle Liebeneck Castle Enzkreis Schloss Neuenbürg, Neuenbürg Straubenhardt Castle, Neuenbürg Waldenburg Castle, Neuenbürg Landkreis Freudenstadt Schloss Mühringen, Horb Rinkenwall, Baiersbronn Tannenfels Castle, Mitteltal Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Colombischlössle Freiburg Schloss Ebnet Schneeburg Zähringen Castle Landkreis Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald Alt-Urach Castle, Lenzkirch Baden Castle/Badenweiler Castle, Badenweiler Falkenstein Castle, Buchenbach Hauenfels Castle, Ehrenstetten Höhingen Castle, Achkarren Jesuitenschloss, Merzhausen Malteserschloss, Heitersheim Neuenfels Castle, Müllheim (Baden) Staufen Castle, Staufen im Breisgau Wiesneck Castle, Buchenbach-Wiesneck Landkreis Emmendingen Unteres Schloss Hecklingen, Kenzingen Altes Schloss Heimbach, Teningen Neues Schloss Heimbach, Teningen Burgruine Hochburg, Emmendingen Kastelburg, Waldkirch Landeck Castle, Emmendingen Lichteneck Castle, Kenzingen Markgrafenschloss, Emmendingen Schwarzenburg, Waldkirch Sponeck Castle, Jechtingen Ortenaukreis Ruine Alt-Geroldseck (Rauhkasten), Schönberg (Gemeinde Seelbach) Schloss Dautenstein, Seelbach Hohengeroldseck Castle, Seelbach Schloss Hornberg, Hornberg Husen Castle, Hausach Lützelhardt Castle, Seelbach Mahlberg Castle, Mahlberg Schloss Ortenberg, Ortenberg Schauenburg, Oberkirch Schloss Wolfach, Wolfach Wolfach Castle, Oberwolfach Neu-Windeck Castle, Lauf Landkreis Rottweil Albeck Castle, Sulz am Neckar Falkenstein Castle, Schramberg Wasserschloss Glatt in Glatt (Stadt Sulz am Neckar) Herrenzimmern Castle, Bösingen Hohenschramberg Castle, Schramberg Lichtenfels Castle, Dornhan Schloss Leinstetten, Leinstetten Schloss Lichtenegg in Harthausen (Gemeinde Epfendorf) Schenkenburg, Schenkenzell Schiltach Castle, Schiltach Schilteck Castle, Schramberg Wehrstein Castle in Fischingen (Stadt Sulz am Neckar) Willenburg, Schiltach Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis Bärenberg Castle (Weiberzahn), Königsfeld im Schwarzwald Burgberg Castle, Königsfeld im Schwarzwald Entenburg Castle, Donaueschingen-Pfohren Granegg Castle, Niedereschach Waldau Castle, Königsfeld im Schwarzwald Landkreis Tuttlingen Altfridingen Castle, Fridingen an der Donau Altrietheim Castle, Rietheim-Weilheim Bachtal Castle, Buchheim Baldenberg Castle, Spaichingen Bärenthal Castle, Bärenthal Burgstall Castle, Fridingen an der Donau Burgstallhöhle Castle, Fridingen an der Donau Bräunisburg Castle, Mühlheim Schloss Bronnen, Fridingen an der Donau Deilingen Castle, Deilingen Emmingen Castle, Emmingen-Liptingen Espach Castle, Mühlheim Fürstenstein Castle, Rietheim-Weihlheim Granegg Castle, Egesheim Höhle im Kaiserstandsfelsen, Buchheim Honberg Castle, Tuttlingen Hohenkarpfen, Hausen ob Verena Kallenberg Castle, Buchheim Schloss Immendingen, Immendingen Hewenegg Castle, Immendingen Konzenberg Castle, Wurmlingen Kraftstein Castle, Mühlheim Krinnerfels Castle, Fridingen an der Donau Lengenfels Castle, Bärenthal Luginsfeld Castle, Tuttlingen Lupfen Castle, Talheim Möhringen Castle, Tuttlingen Schloss Möhringen, Tuttlingen Schloss Mühlheim, Mühlheim Reiffenberg Castle, Trossingen Schloss Rietheim, Rietheim Weilheim Rockenbusch Castle, Buchheim Schallon Castle, Rietheim-Weilheim Schwandorf Castle, Neuhausen ob Eck Stiegelesfels Castle, Fridingen an der Donau Sunthausen Castle, Immendingen Wallenburg Castle, Dürbheim Wasserburg Castle, Tuttlingen Walterstein Castle, Kolbingen Wartenberg Castle, Geisingen Schloss Wartenberg, Geisingen Wehingen Castle, Wehingen Ziegelhöhlenburg Castle, Fridingen an der Donau Landkreis Konstanz Alter Turm Aach, Aach Bodman Castle, Bodman-Ludwigshafen Schloss Bodman, Bodman-Ludwigshafen Friedinger Schlössle, Singen Hohenfels Castle (Hohenfels), Hohenfels Hohenhewen Castle, Engen Hohenkrähen Castle, Mühlhausen-Ehingen Honstetten Castle, Eigeltingen Hohenstoffeln, Hilzingen Hohentwiel Castle, Singen Homburg Castle, Radolfzell am Bodensee Kargegg Castle, Allensbach Mägdeberg Castle, Mühlhausen-Ehingen Nellenburg, Stockach Neuhewen Castle, Engen Tudoburg, Eigeltingen Schloss Espasingen (Bodmannsches Schloss), Espasingen Möggingen Castle Radolfzell-Möggingen Landkreis Lörrach Schloss Beuggen, Rheinfelden (Baden) Istein Castle (Isteiner Klotz), Efringen-Kirchen Inzlinger Wasserschloss, Inzlingen Rötteln Castle, Lörrach Rotenburg Castle, Wieslet Sausenburg Castle, Kandern Schloss Bürgeln, Schliengen Entenstein Castle, Schliengen Stockburg Castle, Malsburg-Marzell Landkreis Waldshut Gutenburg (Hochrhein), Waldshut-Tiengen Hauenstein Castle (Hauenstein), Laufenburg-Hauenstein Küssaburg, Küssaberg Neu-Tannegg Castle (Boll), Bonndorf Rotwasserstelz Castle (also: Schloss Rötteln), Hohentengen am Hochrhein Weisswasserstelz Castle, Hohentengen am Hochrhein Roggenbach Castle, Bonndorf Steinegg Castle, Bonndorf Schloss Hohenlupfen, Stühlingen Trompeterschlösschen, Bad Säckingen Wieladingen Castle, Rickenbach Regierungsbezirk Tübingen Landkreis Reutlingen Achalm Castle, Reutlingen Alte Burg, Trochtelfingen Ruine Alt-Ehrenfels (Ehrenfels), Hayingen Altenburg, Reutlingen-Altenburg Burg Alt-Lichtenstein (Alter Lichtenstein), Lichtenstein-Honau Burg Alt-Hayingen, Hayingen-Indelhausen Burg Baach (Bach), Zwiefalten-Baach Burg Baldeck, Bad Urach-Wittlingen Burg Baldelau, Gomadingen-Wasserstetten Burg Bichishausen, Münsingen-Bichishausen Burg Blankenhorn, Bad Urach Ruine Blankenstein, Gomadingen-Wasserstetten Burg Bronnweiler, Reutlingen-Bronnweiler Burg Burgstein, Lichtenstein-Unterhausen Burg Buttenhausen, Münsingen-Buttenhausen Schloss Buttenhausen, Münsingen-Buttenhausen Ruine Dapfen, Gomadingen-Marbach Burg Derneck (Degeneck), Hayingen Schloss Ehestetten, Hayingen-Ehestetten Burg Erpfingen, Sonnenbühl-Erpfingen Burgrest Fischburg, Bad Urach Genkingen Castle (Steinhaus), Sonnenbühl-Genkingen Burgstall Genkingen, Sonnenbühl-Genkingen Gomadingen Castle, Gomadingen Schloss Grafeneck, Gomadingen-Dapfen Ruine Greifenstein, Lichtenstein Schloss Großengstingen (Prälatenschloss), Engstingen-Großengstingen Burg Haideck, Trochtelfingen Burg Heidengraben, Grabenstetten Heunenburg, Zwiefalten Burg Hielock, Trochtelfingen-Mägerkingen Burg Hochbiedeck, Lichtenstein Ruine Hofen, Grabenstetten Burg Hohenenkingen, Sonnenbühl Ruine Hohenerpfingen (Erpfingen), Sonnenbühl-Erpfingen Burg Hohengenkingen, Sonnenbühl-Genkingen Burg Hohengundelfingen, Münsingen Burg Hohenhundersingen, Münsingen-Hundersingen Burg Hohenstein, Hohenstein Hohenurach Castle, Bad Urach Burg Hohenwittlingen (Wittlingen), Bad Urach-Wittlingen Burg Hohloch, Münsingen Burg Hugenberg, Reutlingen-Bronnweiler Imenburg, Lichtenstein-Unterhausen Lichtenstein Castle, Lichtenstein Burg Littstein (Hohenlittstein), Bad Urach Ruine Maisenburg, Hayingen-Indelhausen Burg Meidelstetten, Hohenstein Schloss Münsingen (Altes Schloss), Münsingen Schloss Neuehrenfels (Ehrenfels), Hayingen Ruine Niedergundelfingen, Münsingen-Gundelfingen Ödenburg (Oberstetten), Hohenstein-Oberstetten Burg Pfälen, Bad Urach Burg Pfullingen (Obere Burg), Pfullingen Schloss Pfullingen (Schlössle), Pfullingen Jagdschloss Pfullingen (Rempenburg, Untere Burg), Pfullingen Burg Reichenau, Münsingen Burg Rieder, Zwiefalten-Baach Schloss Rübgarten, Pliezhausen-Rübgarten Burg Runder Berg, Bad Urach Schalggenburg, Wannweil Burg Schorren (Venedigerloch), Bad Urach Ruine Schülzburg (Schiltenburg), Hayingen-Anhausen Burg Seeburg, Bad Urach-Seeburg Burg Sonderbuch (Schlossberg), Zwiefalten-Sonderbuch Burg Stahleck, Sankt Johann-Ohnastetten Burg Steingebronn, Gomadingen-Steingebronn Burg Steinhilben, Trochtelfingen-Steinhilben Ruine Stöffeln (Stöffelberg, Alte Burg, Alt Stöffeln), Reutlingen-Gönningen Burg Trochtelfingen, Trochtelfingen Schloss Trochtelfingen (Gröll'sches Schloss), Trochtelfingen Wasserschloss Trochtelfingen (Stolch'sches Schloss)), Trochtelfingen Unteres Schloss Trochtelfingen, Trochtelfingen Schloss Uhenfels, Bad Urach-Seeburg Burg Unterhausen (Burgstein), Lichtenstein-Unterhausen Burg Unterhausen (Greifenstein), Lichtenstein-Unterhausen Schloss Urach, Bad Urach Wehrkirche Walddorf, Walddorfhäslach-Walddorf Burg Weiler, Hayingen-Münzdorf Burg Wildenau, Pliezhausen Landkreis Tübingen Bebenhausen Abbey and Castle, Tübingen Schloss Bühl, Tübingen, Bühl Schloss Hirrlingen, Hirrlingen Schloss Hohenentringen, Tübingen, Hagelloch (position near Ammerbuch, Entringen) Schloss Hohentübingen, Tübingen Schloss Kilchberg, Tübingen, Kilchberg Burg Müneck, Ammerbuch Schloss Poltringen, Ammerbuch, Poltringen Schloss Roseck, Unterjesingen Schloss Wachendorf, Starzach Weilerburg, Weiler Schloss Weitenburg, Starzach Zollernalbkreis Ruine Altentierberg, Lautlingen Burg Aufhofen, Burladingen-Stetten-Aufhofen Burg Azilun, Burladingen Zollernschloss Balingen, Balingen Schloss Binsdorf, Geislingen-Binsdorf Schloss Bisingen, Bisingen Jagdschloss Burladingen, Burladingen Ruine Burladingen (Hochwacht), Burladingen Burg Dotternhausen, Dotternhausen Schloss Dotternhausen, Dotternhausen Burg Ebingen (Nellenburg), Albstadt-Ebingen Ruine Ehestetten (Taubenfels), Albstadt-Ebingen Burg Endingen, Balingen-Endingen Villa Eugenia, Hechingen Ruine Falken (Gottfriedfelsen), Burladingen Frundsburg (Frundsbürgle, Eineck), Burladingen-Ringingen Geislingen Castle, Geislingen Wasserburg Geislingen, Geislingen Wasserschloss Geislingen (Unteres Schloss), Geislingen Burg Gräbelesberg, Albstadt-Laufen an der Eyach Schloss Grosselfingen, Grosselfingen Schloss Gruol (Wasserschlössle), Haigerloch Burg Haigerloch (Römerturm), Haigerloch Schloss Haigerloch, Haigerloch Haagschlößchen, Haigerloch Schlößle Haigerloch (Untere Burg), Haigerloch Ruine Haimburg (Homburg, Homberg, Hainburg), Grosselfingen Burg Haiterbach (Schlossberg), Meßstetten Burg Häringstein (Ebinger Schlossfels), Albstadt-Ebingen Ruine Hasenfratz (Fratzenhas), Burladingen-Gauselfingen Burg Hausen (Burg am Heubelstein), Albstadt-Margrethausen Burg Hausen (Burzel), Hausen am Tann Altes Schloss Hechingen, Hechingen Neues Schloss Hechingen (Friedrichsburg), Hechingen Burg Heersberg, Albstadt Burg Heidenschlößle (Hausen, Weilen unter den Rinnen), Weilen unter den Rinnen Burg Hinterwiesen, Balingen-Streichen Burg Hirschberg, Balingen Hochburg, Rangendingen Ruine Hohenjungingen (Jungingen, Affenschmalz), Jungingen Ruine Hohenmelchingen (Melchingen), Burladingen-Melchingen Burg Hohenrangendingen, Rangendingen Ruine Hohenringingen, Burladingen-Ringingen Hohenzollern Castle, Bisingen Ruine Holstein (Höllstein, Hölnstein), Burladingen-Stetten Burg Hossingen (Hossenburg), Meßstetten-Hossingen Burg Isnegg, Hechingen-Weilheim Ruine Kapf, Burladingen Ruine Leckstein (Lagstein), Burladingen-Gauselfingen Schloss Lindich, Hechingen Burg Melchingen, Burladingen-Melchingen Burg Meßstetten, Meßstetten Ruine Nähberg, Burladingen Burg Oberdigisheim, Meßstetten-Oberdigisheim Schloss Oberhausen (Winzeln), Hausen am Tann Burg Oberhohenberg (Hohenberg), Schömberg-Schörzingen Burg Obernheim (Burgbühl), Obernheim Burg Plettenberg (Plaikten), Dotternhausen Ruine Ringelstein (Ringingen, Aloisschlößle), Burladingen-Ringingen Burg Rohr, Bisingen Ruine Ror, Bisingen Burg Rosenfeld, Rosenfeld Burg Rosswangen, Balingen-Rosswangen Ruine Salmendingen, Burladingen-Salmendingen Schalksburg, Straßberg Schalksburg, Albstadt-Laufen an der Eyach Burg Semdach, Hechingen-Boll Burg Stauffenberg, Hechingen Schloss Stauffenberg (Stauffenberg, Staufenberg), Albstadt-Lautlingen Ruine Stetten (Holstein, Hölnstein), Burladingen-Stetten unter Holstein Burg Straßberg, Straßberg Schloss Straßberg (Neues Schloss), Straßberg Burg Streichen, Balingen-Streichen Burg Tailfingen (Tailfinger Schloss), Albstadt-Tailfingen Burg Tieringen, Meßstetten-Tieringen Burg Vogelfels, Albstadt Volksburg (Stein), Hechingen-Stein Weilerburg (Weilersburg, Niederhohenberg, Rotenburg), Albstadt-Tailfingen Wehrkirche Weilheim (Mariä Heimsuchung), Hechingen-Weilheim Ruine Wenzelstein (Winzeln), Hausen am Tann Burg Wildentierberg, Albstadt-Margrethausen Burg Zell, Hechingen-Boll Bürgle, Zimmern unter der Burg Ulm Schloss Böfingen Schloss Obertalfingen Alb-Donau-Kreis Albeck Castle, Langenau-Albeck Allmendingen Castle, Allmendingen Altenberg Castle, Dietenheim Altheim Castle, Altheim near Ehingen Altsteußlingen Castle, Ehingen Arnegg Castle, Blaustein Asselfingen Castle, Rammingen-Asselfingen Bach Castle, Erbach-Bach Berg Castle, Ehingen Berkach Castle, Ehingen Bernstadt Castle, Bernstadt Blauenstein Castle, Blaubeuren Blaustein Castle, Blaubeuren Bollingen Castle, Dornstadt-Bollingen Brandenburg Castle, Dietenheim Breitenbühl, Bernstadt Schlössle Breitingen, Breitingen Briel Castle, Ehingen (Donau) Dellmensingen Castle, Erbach an der Donau Schloss Emerkingen, Emerkingen Erbach Castle, Erbach Schloss Gamerschwang, Ehingen (Donau) Gleißenburg Castle, Blaubeuren Schloss Granheim, Ehingen (Donau) Günzelburg Castle, Blaubeuren Hohenschelklingen Castle, Schelklingen Jörgenberg Castle, Rechtenstein Justingen Castle, Ehingen (Donau) Klingenstein Castle, Blaustein Schloss Mochental, Ehingen (Donau) Monsberg Castle, Ehingen (Donau) Muschenwang Castle, Schelklingen Neidegg Castle, Blaustein Schloss Neusteußlingen, Ehingen (Donau) Oberes Schloss Oberbalzheim, Balzheim Unteres Schloss Oberbalzheim, Balzheim Schloss Oberdischingen, Oberdischingen Schloss Oberherrlingen, Blaustein Schloss Oberkirchberg, Illerkirchberg Rechtenstein Castle, Rechtenstein Reichenstein Castle, Lauterach Schloss Rißtissen, Ehingen (Donau) St. Ruprecht Castle, Ehingen (Donau) Rusenschloss Castle, Blaubeuren Sirgenstein Castle, Blaubeuren Wartstein, Ehingen (Donau) Landkreis Biberach Achstetten Castle, Achstetten Alberweiler Castle, Schemmerhofen Bachritterburg Kanzach, Kanzach Bussen, Uttenweiler Großlaupheim Castle, Laupheim Hassenberg Castle, Riedlingen Kleinlaupheim Castle, Laupheim Obersulmetingen Castle, Laupheim - Obersulmetingen Orsenhausen Castle, Schwendi-Orsenhausen Ummendorf Castle, Ummendorf Untersulmetingen Castle, Laupheim - Untersulmetingen Wain Castle, Wain Warthausen Castle, Warthausen Winterstetten Castle, Winterstettenstadt Zwiefaltendorf Castle, Riedlingen Bodenseekreis Schloss Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen Schloss Heiligenberg, Heiligenberg Schloss Maurach, Uhldingen-Mühlhofen Burg Meersburg, Meersburg Neues Schloss Meersburg, Meersburg Schloss Salem, Salem Tettnang New Castle, Tettnang Landkreis Ravensburg Schloss Achberg, Achberg Schloss Altshausen, Altshausen Schloss Aulendorf, Aulendorf Schloss Benzenhofen, Berg Burg Hatzenturm, Wolpertswende Altes Schloss Kißlegg, Kißlegg Neues Schloss Kißlegg, Kißlegg Burg Königsegg, Guggenhausen Schloss Königseggwald, Königseggwald Burg Neuravensburg, Wangen im Allgäu Burgruine Marstetten, Aitrach Veitsburg, Ravensburg Waldburg, Waldburg Schloss Waldsee, Bad Waldsee Schloss Wolfegg, Wolfegg Schloss Wurzach, Bad Wurzach Landkreis Sigmaringen Affelstetten Castle, Veringenstadt-Veringendorf Altes Schloss (Gammertingen), Gammertingen Altgutenstein (Burgfelden), Sigmaringen-Gutenstein Altwildenstein (Vorderwildenstein), Leibertingen Auchtbühl Castle, Beuron-Neidlingen Ruine Baldenstein, Gammertingen Schloss Bartelstein, Scheer Baumburg (Hundersingen) (Buwenburg), Herbertingen-Hundersingen Ruine Benzenberg (Benzenburg), Meßkirch-Rohrdorf Burgstall Bittelschieß, Krauchenwies-Bittelschieß Ruine Bittelschieß, Bingen-Hornstein Boll Castle, Sauldorf-Boll Schloss Bronnen, Gammertingen-Bronnen Bürgle (Heudorf), Scheer-Heudorf Ruine Burgweiler, Ostrach-Burgweiler Burrach Castle, Wald (Hohenzollern) Ruine Dietfurt, Inzigkofen-Dietfurt Ruine Eppenburg, Stetten am kalten Markt-Frohnstetten Burg Falkenstein (Donautal), Beuron Fallfelsenhöhle, Beuron Friedberg Castle (Bad Saulgau), Bad Saulgau-Friedberg Gebrochen Gutenstein (Neugutenstein, Niedergutenstein), Sigmaringen-Gutenstein Schloss Gutenstein, Sigmaringen-Gutenstein Hahnenkamm, Leibertingen Schloss Hausen, Beuron-Hausen im Tal Heggelbach Castle, Herdwangen-Schönach-Oberndorf Ruine Hertenstein, Sigmaringen Schloss Hettingen, Hettingen Hexenturm, Leibertingen Hinterlichtenstein Castle, Neufra Hornstein Castle, Bingen Hustneck Castle, Gammertingen Schloss Inzigkofen, Inzigkofen Burg Isikofen, Sigmaringen-Jungnau Josefslust Hunting Lodge, Sigmaringen-Josefslust Jungnau Castle, Sigmaringen-Jungnau Schloss Krauchenwies (Landhaus), Krauchenwies Krauchenwies (Altes Schloss, Wasserhaus), Krauchenwies Kreidenstein Castle, Beuron Lägelen (Wagenburg), Beuron-Hausen im Tal Langenfels Castle, Beuron Leibertingen (Bei der Burg), Leibertingen Lengenfeld Castle, Beuron-Hausen im Tal Lenzenberg (Lenzenburg, Langenfels), Beuron-Hausen im Tal Wasserschloss Menningen, Meßkirch-Menningen Meßkirch Castle, Meßkirch Neidinger Heidenschloss (Jagberg, Heidenschloss), Beuron-Neidingen Neues Schloss (Gammertingen), Gammertingen Burgruine Neugutenstein, Sigmaringen Oberfalkenstein Castle, Beuron Petershöhle, Beuron Pfannenstiel Castle, Beuron Ramsberg Castle, Großschönach Schauenburg, Stetten am kalten Markt Schloss Scheer, Scheer Schiltau Castle, Sigmaringen-Jungnau Schmeien Castle, Sigmaringen-Oberschmeien Sigmaringen Castle, Sigmaringen Sigmaringendorf Castle, Sigmaringendorf Schloss Sigmaringendorf (Ratzenhofer Schlösschen), Sigmaringendorf Spaltfels, Beuron Schloss Stetten, Stetten am kalten Markt Storzinger Schlössle, Stetten am kalten Markt-Storzingen Unterfalkenstein, Beuron-Thiergarten Unterwildenstein, Leibertingen Utkoven (Nickhof), Inzigkofen Veringen Castle, Veringenstadt-Veringendorf Vorderlichtenstein Castle (Bubenhofen), Neufra Waldsberg (Krumbach), Sauldorf-Krumbach Weckenstein (Heidenschloss), Stetten am kalten Markt-Storzingen Weiler (Heidenloch), Beuron-Thiergarten Schloss Werenwag, Beuron Wildenstein Castle, Leibertingen See also List of castles List of castles in Germany == References ==

Encounters on a Dark Night

Encounters on a Dark Night (Japanese: やみ夜, Hepburn: Yamiyo) is a short story by Japanese writer Ichiyō Higuchi first published in 1894. It follows the encounter of a young woman, Oran, with social outcast Naojirō, who discover that both had been treated contemptuously by the same man.

Encounters on a Dark Night (Japanese: やみ夜, Hepburn: Yamiyo) is a short story by Japanese writer Ichiyō Higuchi first published in 1894. It follows the encounter of a young woman, Oran, with social outcast Naojirō, who discover that both had been treated contemptuously by the same man. Plot Oran, a lonely young woman, lives with servant couple Sasuke and Osoyo in a derelict house surrounded by a garden wall. One night, a teenage boy is hit by a rickshaw in front of the entrance and carelessly left behind by the driver and his passenger. Sasuke takes the unconscious boy in, and he, his wife and Oran see to his recovery. Their guest is nineteen-year-old orphan Naojirō, whose anger and mistrust led him to a life as a social outcast. Naojirō eventually recovers and falls in love with his caring host. Oran tells him that she had been left by her fiancé after her father Matsukawa's suicide, following failed business transactions. When Naojirō finds out that Oran's unfaithful fiancé and the passenger of the rickshaw which hit him are the same man, diet member Namizaki, he vows to kill him. Oran encourages him in his plan, but Naojirō fails, only slightly hurting Namizaki. The boy disappears without a trace, and his fate remains unclear, as does the fate of Oran and her servants. A few months later, new residents seem to have moved into the Matsukawa house. Publication history and legacy Encounters on a Dark Night appeared in three installments between July and November 1894 in Bungakukai magazine. For literary historian Yukiko Tanaka, it ranks, together with On the Last Day of the Year, as the first of "several important pieces of fiction" by the writer. Higuchi biographer and translator Robert Lyons Danly called it an ambitious, "involuted and extremely literary work" with "a gothic flavor to it". Both Tanaka and Danly pointed out the parallels to Higuchi's biography, who after her father's death had been left by her fiancé, Saburō Shibuya, who later became a prosecutor, a judge, and the governor of Akita Prefecture. Danly even saw Encounters on a Dark Night as Higuchi's exploration of her desire for revenge against her father's former business partners. Translations Encounters on a Dark Night was translated into English by Robert Lyons Danly in 1981. A translation into German appeared in 2007. == References ==

Nusantara Buana Air

Nusantara Buana Air was an Indonesian airline serving destinations in Aceh from its hubs at Medan Polonia Airport and Banda Aceh Airport. Nusantara Buana Air is listed in category 2 by Indonesian Civil Aviation Authority for airline safety quality.It competes with Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter for government-charters scheduled services to towns and cities within Aceh, taking over from SMAC for 2009 after SMAC operated the routes in 2008. As of January 2010, there are no flights. [1] Previous routes were operated from both Medan and Banda Aceh to Blangpidie, Kutacane, Meulaboh, Simeulue, Singkil, Takengon and Tapaktuan, as well as to Pulau Nias via Padang, using a single Indonesian Aerospace NC-212-200. [2] Following the accident in September 2011, the Transportation ministry has suspended the Air Operator Certificate (AOC) of the airline for safety reasons due to the ministry found several serious shortcomings, such as aircraft performance, maintenance, and fuel and pilot policy.

Nusantara Buana Air was an Indonesian airline serving destinations in Aceh from its hubs at Medan Polonia Airport and Banda Aceh Airport. Nusantara Buana Air is listed in category 2 by Indonesian Civil Aviation Authority for airline safety quality.It competes with Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter for government-charters scheduled services to towns and cities within Aceh, taking over from SMAC for 2009 after SMAC operated the routes in 2008. As of January 2010, there are no flights.[1] Previous routes were operated from both Medan and Banda Aceh to Blangpidie, Kutacane, Meulaboh, Simeulue, Singkil, Takengon and Tapaktuan, as well as to Pulau Nias via Padang, using a single Indonesian Aerospace NC-212-200.[2] Following the accident in September 2011, the Transportation ministry has suspended the Air Operator Certificate (AOC) of the airline for safety reasons due to the ministry found several serious shortcomings, such as aircraft performance, maintenance, and fuel and pilot policy. The ministry has also announced that any newer aircraft acquired have to use the latest generation of Ground proximity warning system (GPWS). Fleet As of February 2012 the Nusantara Buana Air fleet includes the following aircraft: Incidents and accidents On September 29, 2011, a CASA C-212 aircraft, registered PK-TLF and built in 1989, carrying 18 people (14 passengers, 4 crew and the pilot) on a flight between Medan, North Sumatra and Kutacane, Aceh crashed in the vicinity of Bukit Lawang in Bohorok district. The accident occurred between 07.28 and 08.05 local time about 36 miles northwest of Medan, North Sumatra. The wreckage of the plane was found on 3 October, containing the bodies of all eighteen people on board. == References ==

Aleksey Uvarov

Count Aleksey Sergeyevich Uvarov (Russian: Алексей Сергеевич Уваров; 28 February 1825 – 29 December 1884) was a Russian archaeologist often considered to be the founder of the study of the prehistory of Russia.

Count Aleksey Sergeyevich Uvarov (Russian: Алексей Сергеевич Уваров; 28 February 1825 – 29 December 1884) was a Russian archaeologist often considered to be the founder of the study of the prehistory of Russia. Biography Uvarov was the son of Count Sergey Uvarov, an influential minister of education. He came to know the leading historians of the period, Mikhail Pogodin and Timofey Granovsky, from an early age. He was educated at the universities of St. Petersburg, Berlin, and Heidelberg. After his father's death, he commemorated his name by instituting (in 1857) the Uvarov Prize, to be awarded by the Academy of Sciences to distinguished writers and historians. Uvarov's activities as a field archaeologist began with visits to Rostov, Vladimir, Chernigov and other centres of Kievan Rus. Starting in 1854, he excavated the Meryan-Norse settlement at Sarskoe Gorodishche. He summarized his findings in The Meryans and Their Lifestyle as Shown by Kurgan Excavations. Subsequent expeditions took him to Pontic Olbia, Tauric Chersonesus, and Scythian Neapolis. Uvarov was a towering presence in the history of the Imperial Russian Archaeological Society. In 1864 he helped organize the Moscow Archaeological Society, of which he remained president until his death. During Uvarov's administration, the society would convene one time in three years at some ancient Russian town. More importantly in the long run, Uvarov contributed to the establishment of the State Historical Museum, with the intention of promoting national self-awareness. Although his judgement was not always accurate and his methods of research may appear amateurish to a modern observer, Uvarov's work greatly advanced knowledge of pre-Slavic cultures inhabiting the European part of the Russian Empire. Two volumes of Russian Archaeology in the Prehistoric Period contain his delineation of Eastern European prehistory. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

Infinite Stratos

Infinite Stratos, also written as IS <Infinite Stratos> (Japanese: IS〈インフィニット・ストラトス〉, Hepburn: IS <Infinitto Sutoratosu>), is a Japanese light novel series by Izuru Yumizuru with illustrations provided by Okiura (original MF novels) and CHOCO (new Overlap novels). As of October 2013, seven volumes have been published by Media Factory under their MF Bunko J label. From volume 8 onwards, the novels are published by Overlap under their Overlap Bunko label. A manga adaptation by Kenji Akahoshi was serialized in the seinen manga magazine Monthly Comic Alive from May 2010 to July 2012 with five volumes published under their Alive Comics imprint. A 12-episode anime adaptation by Eight Bit aired in Japan between January and March 2011, and an original video animation (OVA) episode was released on December 7, 2011.

Infinite Stratos, also written as IS <Infinite Stratos> (Japanese: IS〈インフィニット・ストラトス〉, Hepburn: IS <Infinitto Sutoratosu>), is a Japanese light novel series by Izuru Yumizuru with illustrations provided by Okiura (original MF novels) and CHOCO (new Overlap novels). As of October 2013, seven volumes have been published by Media Factory under their MF Bunko J label. From volume 8 onwards, the novels are published by Overlap under their Overlap Bunko label. A manga adaptation by Kenji Akahoshi was serialized in the seinen manga magazine Monthly Comic Alive from May 2010 to July 2012 with five volumes published under their Alive Comics imprint. A 12-episode anime adaptation by Eight Bit aired in Japan between January and March 2011, and an original video animation (OVA) episode was released on December 7, 2011. The anime is licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America, who released the series in April 2012. A second series aired from October to December 2013. Plot In the near future, a Japanese scientist creates a high-tech powered exoskeleton called "Infinite Stratos" (IS). Possessing technology and combat capabilities far surpassing that of any other arms system, the IS threatens to destabilize the world. Faced with such an overpowered weapon, the world's nations enact the "Alaska Treaty", stating that ISes shall never be used for military combat purposes, and that the existing IS technology must be equally distributed to all nations, to prevent any one nation from dominating the others. However, sometime after the IS was introduced, society has undergone a drastic change. As ISes can only be operated by women, there is a shift in the power balance between men and women, where women now dominate society over men. Ten years after the IS was initially introduced, the world has entered a new age of peace. However, a 15-year-old Japanese boy named Ichika Orimura changes everything. During an accidental run-in with a hibernating IS suit, it is revealed that he possesses the innate ability to operate an IS—the only male in the world capable of doing so. Seeing his potential, the Japanese government forcibly enrolls the bewildered young man in the prestigious Infinite Stratos Academy, a multicultural academy where IS pilots from all over the world are trained. Thus, he starts a busy high school life surrounded by girls training to become expert IS pilots. While they seem to be enjoying their thrilling school life, the danger of looming threats and enemies is never too far away. Characters Main characters Ichika Orimura (織斑 一夏, Orimura Ichika) Voiced by: Kōki Uchiyama (Japanese); Jessie James Grelle (English) Ichika is a first year student and class representative, as well as Vice President of the Student Council at IS Academy. His older sister, Chifuyu, is a legendary IS pilot who raised him when the siblings' parents abandoned them at a young age. During the second Mondo Grosso tournament, he was kidnapped by the Phantom Task, which effectively caused Chifuyu to forfeit the match to rescue him, which he regrets as he feels he is a weak brother. As the first male IS pilot, his new reputation has made him somewhat famous as many scientists and engineers would like to study him. He often seems absent minded and oblivious to the feelings of the girls around him and seems to misunderstand their feelings towards him (though he seems to understand Houki's words during the second-to-last episode of the first season when they almost kissed). It is later revealed that Ichika is aware of the girls' feelings for him, but avoids such affections due to being the only male in school, and the fact that if he does choose a girl, the other girls will kill him. Volume 12 now signifies Ichika is an artificial human part of the "Orimura Plan".He is a very kind person and he will go to great lengths to achieve a goal he has set for himself. He pilots the Byakushiki (白式, lit. White Expressions) IS, a prototype, one of only two developed 4th generation IS focused on short-range melee attacks. He also possesses Chifuyu's Yukihira Type 2 (雪片弐型, Yukihira Nigata), upgraded from the version used by his sister; and Core Number 001, the very first IS core. Later on, Byakushiki undergoes Second Shift shortly after Houki Shinonono acquires her personal unit, Akatsubaki. In the resulting Second Shift form, named Byakushiki Setsura (白式雪羅), it is equipped with a multi-function unit (A.I.) Setsura (雪羅), which has: a high-caliber charged particle cannon, an energy claw for close-quarters combat, and an energy shield with the One-Off ability. In its Second Shift, Byakushiki also gains an increase in mobility through the addition of four large wing thrusters, enabling it to execute Double Ignition Boost. In this Second Shift form, it, and Houki's Akatsubaki, are the most advanced IS ever made.Houki Shinonono (篠ノ之 箒, Shinonono Hōki) Voiced by: Yōko Hikasa (Japanese); Monica Rial (English) Houki is a first-year student at the IS Academy and Ichika's childhood friend, though they have not seen each other for six years. She has a very long ponytail. Her place of residence is home to a kendo dojo, which led to her early interest in kendo. Houki even competes in kendo competitions at a national level, and was the winner of the national tournament that was hosted one year before the story of Infinite Stratos began. She is part of the kendo club at the IS academy. Her older sister, Tabane Shinonono, is the creator of the IS, though their relationship is strained. Six years ago, Ichika agreed to become her boyfriend if she could win the national kendo tournament of their grade. However, the day of the tournament was also the day the IS was introduced to the world. Due to the familial links to Tabane, Houki's family was placed under government protection and Houki was forced to withdraw from the kendo tournament. Since that incident, Houki resented her sister for moving her away from Ichika and abandoning their family.Despite not seeing him for a long time, Houki still harbors strong feelings of love for Ichika, as her continuing practice of kendo was her only link to him. She was his initial roommate before the arrivals of Charlotte Dunois and Tatenashi Sarashiki, and tends to get jealous when other girls are around him. Originally not possessing a personal IS, in Volume 3 she receives and pilots the Akatsubaki (紅椿, lit. Red Camellia) IS from Tabane, one of only two developed 4th generation IS and a short-range melee-class IS, armed with twin katana named Amatsuki (雨月, "Rainy Moon") and Karaware (空裂, "Cracked Sky"). The Akatsubaki has a One-Off ability called Kenran Butō (絢爛舞踏, "Magnificent Dance"), which allows Houki to replenish both her own and other IS's energy when she comes in contact with them. However, because she is still unskilled as a pilot and her compatibility with the IS is only at grade C, she is still considered to be on the same level of the other girls. As of Volume 7, her compatibility has risen to grade S.Cecilia Alcott (セシリア・オルコット, Seshiria Orukotto) Voiced by: Yukana (Japanese); Brittney Karbowski (English) Cecilia is a first year student at the IS Academy and is an IS Cadet Representative of the United Kingdom. Her family is part of the British aristocracy. Her father, a spoiled and timid man who had little influence both inside and outside the Alcott family, made her swear to never marry a weak man (which is difficult due to the shift in social status). Upon losing her parents in a deadly train accident when she was 12 years old, Cecilia was forced to protect her family fortune from those who wished to claim a stake of it. After showing high IS aptitude, she made a deal with the British government, who, in exchange for protecting her family's assets, wanted her to go to the IS Academy as a Cadet Representative to gather data for their latest 3rd-generation model. She was almost defeated by Ichika for the position of class representative, but won due to a technicality, but later ceded her position to Ichika as an apology for her attitude in the previous days. She soon starts to see him as a true man and falls in love with him. She pilots the Blue Tears (ブルー・ティアーズ, Burū Tiāzu) IS, a long-range sniper-class IS, which can deploy four remotely controlled "drones" (B.I.T.S. System) for engaging enemies at medium range. The Blue Tears IS is also equipped with the Starlight Mark III (スターライトmkIII, Sutāraito Māku Surī), a large laser rifle, and Interceptor (インターセプター, Intāseputā), a short blade used for close-range combat. In the anime, Blue Tears is shown to also have a pair of rocket launchers attached to the hips, in place of two other Blue Tears shown in the light novels, used at close to long-range on different occasions.Lingyin Huang (凰 鈴音, Fan Rin'in, pinyin: Huáng Língyīn; "Rin Fan" in the English dub) Voiced by: Asami Shimoda (Japanese); Hilary Haag (English) Lingyin is a first year student at the IS Academy, the class representative of her class and is an IS Cadet Representative of China. As with Houki, Lingyin has been friends with Ichika since their early childhood. She has been in love with Ichika ever since he protected her against four school delinquents. Lingyin at first becomes extremely hostile to Ichika after he forgets the details of a promise they made as kids (in which it was implied; although not explicitly stated, that if she became an excellent cook, he would become her boyfriend). She is also called "Ling" (鈴, Rin, "Rin" in the English dub). Her family ran a Chinese restaurant that Ichika would often eat at before Ling's parents divorced and she moved back to China. She pilots the Shenlong (Shinryū, 神竜, lit. Spirit Dragon) a short-to-medium-range melee-type IS armed with the Ryuhou (龍砲, lit. Dragon Cannon), powerful "Impact Cannons" hidden in the shoulder armor. It is also armed with the Sōten Gagetsu (双天牙月), a pair of liuyedao that can be connected to form a naginata-like weapon.Charlotte Dunois (シャルロット・デュノア, Sharurotto Dyunoa) Voiced by: Kana Hanazawa (Japanese); Shannon Emerick (English) Charlotte is a first year student at the IS Academy and is an IS Cadet Representative of France. Charlotte initially called herself Charles Dunois (シャルル・デュノア, Sharuru Dunoa), posing as the second "male" IS pilot student who was transferred into Ichika's class. However, her plan was to spy on Ichika, discover how he was able to pilot an IS, and acquire data from his IS (which at the time was considered the most advanced 3rd-generation unit). Because she enrolled as a male IS pilot, she was paired with Ichika as roommates since they are "both" guys. As a result of this arrangement, Ichika later discovered her true gender when he inadvertently walked in on her showering. Upon learning that Charlotte's father and his corporation used her to spy on him, Ichika decided to help protect her. She later falls in love with Ichika due to his bravery. She pilots the Rafale Revive Custom II (ラファール・リヴァイヴ・カスタムII, Rafāru Revaivu Kasutamu Tsū) IS, a 2nd-generation custom multi-range IS possessing a wide array of interchangeable weapons allowing for fast battlefield adaptation and capable of performing the Ignition Boost. Her weapons, once called upon, can be used by another IS pilot as long as she grants permission. Due to her training to make her a convincing male prior to her entry to the IS Academy, Charlotte uses "boku" (an informal male equivalent of "I") when referring to herself. Following the Silver Gospel Incident in later novels, Charlotte becomes Laura's roommate.Laura Bodewig (ラウラ・ボーデヴィッヒ, Raura Bōdevihhi) Voiced by: Marina Inoue (Japanese); Tiffany Grant (English) Laura is a first-year student at the IS Academy and an IS Cadet Representative of Germany. A genetically-engineered super-soldier, Laura is the commander of the German IS special forces, Schwarzer Hase (シュヴァルツェア・ハーゼ, Shuvarutsea Hāze, German for "Black Rabbit"). She has a red eye and long silver hair; but her most distinct feature being a black eyepatch covering her glowing-yellow left eye, the result of a failed nano-machine experiment meant to help her pilot an IS better. Laura was under Chifuyu's tutelage when the latter was an instructor for the German army following the 2nd Mondo Grosso, and holds Chifuyu in high regard for helping her and was her role model when she suffered a depression for not being the strongest. Her current name is actually a code name given to her by the German military, as she was artificially created from human DNA. She has an elder sister, Chloe Chronicle, who is capable of infiltrating a person's mind through virtual reality via manipulate the modules around them.Laura pilots the Schwarzer Regen (「シュヴァルツェア・レーゲン, Shuvarutsea Rēgen, German for "Black Rain") IS, a medium-to-long-range artillery-type IS. The Schwarzer Regen possess several remotely guided tethers, which Laura uses to capture and restrain her opponents while she attacks them with a slow-firing but extremely powerful railgun. The Schwarzer Regen also possesses an "Active Inertial Canceller" (AIC), which can be used to stop the movement of projectiles and even another IS. While a very powerful defense, the canceller can only be used against one target at a time, and is only effective at very close range.Laura's original purpose for coming to the IS Academy was to punish Ichika, whom she blamed for his sister withdrawing from the 2nd Mondo Grosso (unaware that Ichika was kidnapped at the time and Chifuyu withdrew in order to save him). She initially defeated Ling and Cecilia but struggled in the tournament against the pair of Ichika and Charlotte, as they had planned their attacks beforehand (unlike Laura, who does not excel with allies). After Charlotte beat her during the class tournament, the dormant VT-System within Laura's IS activated, causing her to go berserk. She was then stopped by Ichika, who also calmed and consoled her in the Inter-IS subspace. After consoling her in the subspace, she realizes what Chifuyu sees in him and falls in love with him. Upon learning Ichika's strength is his freedom to choose and helping those around him and Chifuyu's advice, Laura decides to become Ichika's bodyguard to protect him against the other girls by kissing him in front of his class and professes that he is her "bride", a misunderstanding of her knowledge of Japanese culture, and she will not accept any objections.Tatenashi Sarashiki (更識 楯無, Sarashiki Tatenashi) Voiced by: Chiwa Saitō (Japanese); Jessica Calvello (English) Tatenashi is the Student Council President of the IS Academy, as well as the 17th leader of the Sarashiki Family and the IS Representative of Russia. The long history of her traditional family, it is actually a secret organization that's been protesting Phantom Task for over 50 years. She is the Academy's most powerful IS pilot (the position of Student Council President is only given to the strongest IS Academy student). She is assigned to protect Ichika after the Silver Gospel incident and used her position as president to become Ichika's roommate (much to Houki's jealousy). Tatenashi likes to flirt with Ichika, teasing him with her body and making him uncomfortable most of the time. She asked for his help in getting her younger sister Kanzashi's IS operational in time for the school competition. She is the pilot of the Mysterious Lady (ミステリアス・レイディ, Misuteriasu Reidi) IS. At the end of Volume 8, she reveals her true name Katana Sarashiki (更識 刀奈, Sarashiki Katana) to Ichika for saving her from American soldiers, indicating some affection has grown between them. For the first time Tatenashi has developed sincere love and now feeling shaky around Ichika hoping to have him marry her someday.Kanzashi Sarashiki (更識 簪, Sarashiki Kanzashi) Voiced by: Suzuko Mimori (Japanese); Kira Vincent-Davis (English) Kanzashi is Tatenashi's younger sister and the IS Representative of Japan. Kanzashi is a fan of anime heroes. Despite being an IS Representative, she does not have a personal IS. The company that was developing her personal IS also produced the Byakushiki. Due to Ichika's rise in fame, the development of his IS unit was given priority over hers, and as a result, she harbors a resentment towards Ichika, not that he had anything to do with the decision. In addition, Kanzashi has always competed against her older sister and feels incompetent when compared to her. However, thanks to Ichika's efforts (unaware of Tatenashi's assistance until later), her IS the Uchigane Nishiki (打鉄弐式, Uchigane Nishiki) is made operational. Kanzashi falls in love with Ichika for his kindness in helping her, and her view towards Tatenashi changes when she realizes that she has been competing with an idealized conception of Tatenashi and comes to be more accepting of her own accomplishments. IS Academy staff Chifuyu Orimura (織斑 千冬, Orimura Chifuyu) Voiced by: Megumi Toyoguchi (Japanese); Luci Christian (English) Chifuyu is Ichika's 24-year-old older sister, and homeroom teacher of his class at the Academy. She was the Japanese pilot for the first-generation IS machines and was said to be the strongest IS pilot at one point before retiring. During her retirement, she looked after her brother and raised him by herself after their parents abandoned them at a young age. Despite her indifference towards Ichika, Chifuyu deeply cares for her brother, as she sees him as her only family. Chifuyu was also the one who enrolled Ichika to the IS Academy to keep him safe from other countries. Chifuyu once wielded Yukihira, a powerful IS energy blade now in Ichika's possession. Chifuyu was a close friend of Tabane Shinonono, which explains how their younger siblings became childhood friends. Tabane also implies (heavily) that Chifuyu piloted the "White Knight" (白騎士, Shirokishi)–the first ever developed IS that protected Japan when 2,341 missiles were launched towards the country simultaneously due to a hack 10 years prior to the series. Her IS currently is called the Kurezakura.Maya Yamada (山田 真耶, Yamada Maya) Voiced by: Noriko Shitaya (Japanese); Cynthia Martinez (English) Yamada is the substitute instructor of Ichika's class, possessing a noticeably large bust. She used to be an IS Representative Cadet of Japan. In the anime, her skills become very apparent, as during a training exercise she was able to single-handedly defeat both Cecilia and Lingyin, in their personal IS units, using only a mass-produced Rafale Revive IS. Phantom Task Madoka Orimura (織斑 マドカ, Orimura Madoka) Voiced by: Ai Kayano (Japanese); Luci Christian (English) Madoka is Chifuyu and Ichika's younger sister and twin sister who has a striking resemblance to Chifuyu and harbors a grudge against her (possibly something having to do with their separation), and is a primary antagonist of the series. It is revealed, Madoka is the head of the Phantom Task organization, under the codename: M. She pilots the Silent Zephyrs, a 3rd generation IS stolen from England and based on Cecilia's Blue Tears. It appears to be more advanced than its predecessor. She later pilots the "Black Knight" that was given to her by Tabane for unknown reasons. In Vol 12, Madoka is later revealed to be an artificial being created from Chifuyu's DNA, meant to act as her successor.Squall Meusel (スコール・ミューゼル, Sukōru Myūzeru) Voiced by: Fumi Hirano (Japanese); Carli Mosier (English) Squall is the leader of Phantom Task Squad. Not much is known about her. She combines with an unusual IS called the Golden Dawn, its generation is unknown. Squall has enough confidence in her skills, and is a highly trained and dangerous fighter with incredible reflexes. She usually displays herself as polite, and ladylike in front of other. While she can be very ruthless when she want to be and doesn't mind using force, but doesn't like overdoing unnecessary things when she order Madoka not to kill the soldiers at the American base. Her main objective seems to collect data on Ichika's Byakushiki (in White Knight form) for a purpose yet to be revealed.Autumn (オータム, Ōtamu) Voiced by: Yuka Nishigaki (Japanese); Shelley Calene-Black (English) Autumn is a rash, hot headed member who fought with Ichika during the IS academy's anniversary and almost succeeded in stealing the Byakushiki, with a device called the 'Remover', only to fail at the last minute when Tatenashi interfered. She pilots the Arachne, an eight-legged 2nd generation IS that was stolen from the USA. She is hinted to have a homosexual relationship with Squall, uncharacteristically blushing like a little girl upon seeing Squall. Other characters Tabane Shinonono (篠ノ之 束, Shinonono Tabane) Voiced by: Yukari Tamura (Japanese); Allison Keith (English) Tabane is Houki's older sister and the creator of the IS. She mysteriously disappeared after introducing the IS technology, and is currently the most wanted person in the world as many seek her for her knowledge about it. She is a close friend of Chifuyu, Ichika's older sister. Houki resents being related to her, due to what happened to their family and Ichika six years ago, and has hated her since. Tabane and Chifuyu's connections, is the reason Ichika and Houki became childhood friends. Despite her normally cheerful nature, she has a condescending view towards outsiders and strangers and will often treat anybody besides Chifuyu, Houki, and Ichika with disdain. Tabane has a thing for rabbits, hence the metal bunny ears on her head and the carrot pod she arrived in to give Houki her IS. During a conversation with Chifuyu she admits to having initially reprogrammed the first IS to be compatible for Ichika, however she doesn't know how the Byakushiki moves while Ichika is piloting it. She is shown to be very proficient in combat when she easily held her own against three members of Phantom Task.Clarissa Harfouch (クラリッサ・ハルフォーフ, Kurarissa Harufōfu) Voiced by: Kei Mizusawa (Japanese); Shannon Emerick (English) Clarissa is Laura's comrade and the deputy commander of Schwarzer Hase. Like Laura, she also wears an eyepatch. An Otaku, Clarissa teaches Laura about Japanese culture through anime and manga (which is, even in reality, not very accurate). She is the pilot of the IS Schwarzer Zweig (シュヴァルツェア・ツヴァイク, Shuvarutsea Tsuvaiku, German for "Black Branch").Natasha Fairs (ナターシャ・ファイルス, Natāsha Fairusu) Natasha is the IS Representative Cadet of the United States. In the novels, she was the test pilot for the Silver Gospel (銀の福音（シルバリオ・ゴスペル）, Shirubario Gosuperu), an IS co-built with Israel, before she loses control of it when it goes berserk. It is only when the intervention by Ichika and the rest of his comrades are they able to stop the Silver Gospel. As gratitude for saving her life, Natasha kisses Ichika on the cheek as thanks, much to the anger of the girls.Dan Gotanda (五反田 弾, Gotanda Dan) Voiced by: Makoto Yasumura (Japanese); Christopher Ayres (English) Dan is a close friend of Ichika's back from middle school. He is often threatened (and sometimes beaten) by his younger sister, Ran. Dan is also the only other notable male character besides Ichika in the series.Ran Gotanda (五反田 蘭, Gotanda Ran) Voiced by: Noriko Obato (Japanese); Luci Christian (English) Ran is Dan's younger sister. She is currently in her third year of middle school and is the student council president. Ran apparently has a crush on Ichika. She plans to enroll at the IS academy, after revealing that she ranked A on an IS aptitude test. A few of the other girls such as Lingyin already see her as a rival for Ichika's affection.Honne Nohotoke (布仏 本音, Nohotoke Honne) Voiced by: Mai Kadowaki (Japanese); Monica Passley (English)Kiyoka Aikawa (相川 清香, Aikawa Kiyoka) Voiced by: Arise Satō (Japanese); Allison Sumrall (English) Media Light novels Infinite Stratos began as a light novel series written by Izuru Yumizuru, with illustrations provided by Okiura. The first volume was published by Media Factory under their MF Bunko J label on May 25, 2009. As of April 25, 2018, twelve volumes have been released. Due to conflict between the publisher (Media Factory) and the author, publication of the light novels was under suspension. Later, the author confirmed that he is simultaneously writing a new work and continuing Infinite Stratos through Kodansha. The novels are now being published by Overlap under their Overlap Bunko imprint, with CHOCO replacing Okiura as illustrator. Reprints of the first seven volumes begun on April 25, 2013, starting with the first two volumes. The series will end in the 13th volume.The light novels are being translated into traditional Chinese and the first volume was published and released by Sharp Point Press on November 9, 2010. The Chinese translations of the light novels were originally under an indefinite suspension. Yumizuru cited that Media Factory's overseas representatives were engaging in contracts with foreign publishers without the author's permission as the reason for the suspension. Yumizuru had also stated that he was willing to fight over this matter in court if necessary.On February 27, 2018, J-Novel Club announced it had licensed and begun translating the series into English. Manga A manga adaptation by Kenji Akahoshi began serialization in the manga magazine Monthly Comic Alive on May 27, 2010, its July 2010 issue, and ended in the September 2012 issue on July 27, 2012. The first bound volume was released on December 22, 2010, and released five volumes until September 21, 2012 under their Alive Comics imprint.Homura Yūki launched a second manga adaptation in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Monthly Sunday Gene-X on May 18, 2013. The manga went on hiatus starting on June 19, 2018, and returned in 2019. The manga finished on February 19, 2020. Shogakukan collected its chapters in eight tankōbon volumes, released from November 19, 2013 to March 19, 2020. Internet radio An Internet radio show named Radio IS, produced by Super A&G+, aired from January 1 to March 26, 2011. The show was hosted by Yōko Hikasa, the voice actor of Houki Shinonono, and Asami Shimoda, the voice actor of Lingyin Huang. The first episode was available in the listening archives for three weeks, whereas subsequent episodes were available for two weeks. A second radio show, called Radio IS Overtime (Radio IS 延長戦, Rajio IS Enchōsen) began airing on April 9, 2011, and aired four biweekly episodes until May 21, 2011. Anime An anime adaptation for Infinite Stratos was first announced on June 21, 2010, and its official website opening on August 8, 2010. The adaptation is directed by Yasuhito Kikuchi who also directed Macross Frontier with Eight Bit, who also handled Macross Frontier, animating the adaptation. The character designer and chief animation director of the anime is Takeyasu Kurashima and the mecha designer is Takeshi Takakura. The script was handled by Atsuhiro Tomioka, Chinatsu Hōjō, and Fumihiko Shimo. Shimo will also be handling the series' composition. The anime aired in Japan between January 7 to April 1, 2011 on TBS, with subsequent runs on CBC, SUN-TV, KBS, and BS-TBS. Six DVD and Blu-ray volumes were released by Media Factory between March 30 and September 21, 2011. An original video animation (OVA) episode, entitled IS <Infinite Stratos> Encore: A Sextet Yearns to Be in Love (IS＜インフィニット・ストラトス＞アンコール 『恋に焦がれる六重奏』, IS <Infinitto Sutoratosu> Ankōru: Koi ni Kogareru Rokujūsō), was released in Japan on DVD and Blu-ray on December 7, 2011. A second season of the anime series was announced in April 2013.The anime is licensed in North America by Sentai Filmworks, with simulcasts provided by Anime Network on its video website. Section23 Films released the series and the OVA with an English dub (produced by Seraphim Digital) on DVD and Blu-ray on April 10, 2012.The first season of the anime is licensed in the United Kingdom by MVM Films for release on February 17, 2014 on DVD. The second season of the anime aired from October 4 to December 20, 2013. Sentai Filmworks has also acquired the second season for streaming and home video release in 2014.The anime's soundtrack is composed by Hikaru Nanase. The opening theme song for the anime is "Straight Jet", performed by Minami Kuribayashi. The ending theme song is "Super∞Stream", with the first episode version sung by Yōko Hikasa, the second and third episode version sung by Hikasa and Yukana, the fourth and fifth episode version sung by Hikasa, Yukana and Asami Shimoda, the sixth and seventh episode version sung by Hikasa, Yukana, Shimoda and Kana Hanazawa and the final version for the rest of episodes sung by Hikasa, Yukana, Shimoda, Hanazawa and Marina Inoue. Each version of the song reflects the voice actresses' character who is running with Ichika in the episodes' ending credits. The CD single for "Straight Jet" was released on January 26, 2011, and the CD single for "Super∞Stream" was released on February 16, 2011. Both singles are published under the Lantis label. For the OVA, the ending theme is "Best Partner" (ベストパートナー, Besuto Pātonā) by Yōko Hikasa. For the second season, the opening theme is "True Blue Traveler" by Minami Kuribayashi and the ending theme is "Beautiful Sky" by Yōko Hikasa. Games A 2014 video game, titled Infinite Stratos 2: Ignition Hearts for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita, was released in Japan on February 27, 2014. Its plot focuses on memories from Ichika's school festival, and is developed by 5pb. A TCG game from Bushiroad's Five gross was released on November 8, 2013. Characters from Infinite Stratos also feature in the PlayStation Vita game Kaku-San-Sei Million Arthur.A PC mecha action game developed by 5pb. titled Infinite Stratos: Versus Colors was released in Japan on December 31, 2014. Another video game titled Infinite Stratos 2: Love and Purge for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita was released in Japan on September 3, 2015. A cross-platform Gacha game titled "Infinite Stratos: Archetype Breaker" (インフィニット・ストラトス アーキタイプ・ブレイカー, Infinitto Sutoratosu: Ākitaipu Bureikā) was released by DMM Games in December 2017, and was shutdown on August 27, 2018. However, an offline version of the game is still available for download and play. Reception and sales The light novels have collectively sold 1.2 million copies as of February 2011.The opening theme of the anime adaptation, "Straight Jet", reached No. 16, and the ending theme, "Super∞Stream", reached No. 10 on the Oricon charts. The Blu-ray release of its first volume sold around 22,000 copies in its first week, becoming only the sixth-ever first volume of any anime television series to reach number 1 on Oricon's Blu-ray Disc weekly overall sales chart.Theron Martin of Anime News Network criticized the anime for its "unbelievably dense protagonist" and weak storyline, but the action sequences received praise. References External links Official light novel website at Media Factory (in Japanese) Official light novel website at Overlap (in Japanese) Official anime website for Infinite Stratos at TBS (in Japanese) Official anime website for Infinite Stratos 2 at TBS (in Japanese) Infinite Stratos (light novel) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Infinite Stratos at IMDb

Murder of Reena Virk

Reena Virk (Punjabi: ਰੀਨਾ ਵਿਰਕ; March 10, 1983 – November 14, 1997) was a 14-year-old Canadian girl who was beaten and killed by a group of teenagers in Saanich, British Columbia, Canada. Her status as a victim of bullying prior to her murder attracted substantial media scrutiny in Canada. Six teenagers were tried and convicted for their participation in her death. The Globe and Mail commented at the time that her case was "elevated into a national tragedy." A pair of Canadian sociologists have described the case as a watershed moment for a "moral panic" over girl violence by the Canadian public in the late 1990s.

Reena Virk (Punjabi: ਰੀਨਾ ਵਿਰਕ; March 10, 1983 – November 14, 1997) was a 14-year-old Canadian girl who was beaten and killed by a group of teenagers in Saanich, British Columbia, Canada. Her status as a victim of bullying prior to her murder attracted substantial media scrutiny in Canada. Six teenagers were tried and convicted for their participation in her death. The Globe and Mail commented at the time that her case was "elevated into a national tragedy." A pair of Canadian sociologists have described the case as a watershed moment for a "moral panic" over girl violence by the Canadian public in the late 1990s. Reena Virk Virk's father was an immigrant from India, while her mother came from an Indo-Canadian family who had converted from Hinduism to the Jehovah's Witness religion after arriving in Canada. Her immediate family was "a minority within a minority," as they were Jehovah's Witnesses in the local South Asian community of 3,000 which was predominantly Sikh.Virk was described as desperate for acceptance amongst her peers, but was taunted and/or ostracized by these girls whose subculture was influenced by Los Angeles street gangs. She had begun to rebel due to such peer influence, smoking marijuana and cigarettes. Bullied for her weight and insecurity, she was said to feel restricted by the rules of the family's faith. In 1996, she falsely reported her father for sexual molestation in hopes of being moved to a foster home and having more freedom. As a result, she was moved from her family's home into the care of the state for several months in 1996. She later dropped the charges and returned home. Murder On the evening of Friday November 14, 1997, Reena Virk, then aged 14, was invited to a party by her friend near the Craigflower Bridge, in the city of Saanich, British Columbia. While at the bridge, it is claimed that teenagers drank alcohol and smoked marijuana as Virk stood among them. Virk was swarmed by a group later called the Shoreline Six. Witnesses said that one of the girls, Cook, stubbed out a cigarette on Virk's forehead, and that while seven or eight others stood by and watched, Virk was repeatedly hit, punched, and kicked. She had several cigarette burns on her skin, and apparently attempts were made to set her hair on fire. This first beating ended when one of the girls told the others to stop. Virk managed to walk away, but was followed by two members of the original group, Ellard and Glowatski. The pair dragged Virk to the other side of the bridge, made her remove her shoes and jacket, and beat her a second time. Ellard allegedly denied holding Virk's head under water, but admitted (at her day parole hearing on November 30, 2017) to rolling her beaten, unconscious body into the water. Despite an alleged pact amongst the people involved to not "rat each other out“, by the following Monday rumours of the alleged murder spread throughout Shoreline Junior High School. Reena Virk was a student at nearby Colquitz Junior High School. Several uninvolved students and teachers heard the rumours, but no one came forward to report it to the police. The rumours were confirmed eight days later, on November 22, 1997, when the police used a helicopter to find Virk's partially clothed body washed ashore at the Gorge Inlet, a major waterway on Vancouver Island. The coroner ruled the death was by drowning. An autopsy later revealed that Virk had sustained significant injury, and that the head injuries were severe enough to have killed her if she had not been drowned. Perpetrators The six female perpetrators are referred to in court documents as N.C. (Nicole Cook), N.P. (Nicole Patterson), M.G.P. (Missy Grace Pleich), C.A.K. (Courtney Keith), G.O. (Gail Ooms), and K.M.E. (Kelly Marie Ellard). All admitted involvement. Warren Paul Glowatski Warren Glowatski, born April 26, 1981, in Medicine Hat, Alberta, was 16 years old when Virk was murdered. He was convicted of Virk's murder and sentenced to life in prison. Glowatski and his parents moved around frequently; he lived in Estevan, Saskatchewan, Regina, Saskatchewan, and Castlegar, British Columbia. In 1996, when his parents separated, Glowatski and his father moved to Nanaimo, British Columbia, on Vancouver Island. In 1997, they settled in a trailer home near the southern tip of the Island in Saanich. The following year Glowatski's father married a woman he met in Las Vegas, Nevada. Glowatski decided to remain in Saanich, living alone in the trailer and supported by money sent by his father. On the night of Virk's murder, for unknown reasons, Glowatski involved himself in the fight and twice kicked the victim in the head. When the beating ended, Glowatski and Kelly Ellard followed Virk. According to Glowatski, Ellard smashed Virk's face into a tree knocking her out. With Glowatski's help Ellard dragged Virk into the water where Ellard drowned her. In June 1999, Glowatski was convicted of second-degree murder and given a life sentence. Because he was 16 at the time of the murder, he was eligible for parole after serving seven years. In November 2004, he was denied his first chance at day parole.The Virks did not contest the parole, because Glowatski expressed remorse and responsibility for his part in the murder. In July 2006, he was granted unescorted temporary absences from jail. By December 2006, Glowatski was eligible to apply for day parole again, which he was granted in June 2007.During his incarceration, Glowatski discovered that he was Métis. This played a large role in parole hearings as he asked the parole board to incorporate his elders into the process and various healing circles and other forms of restorative justice were used, bringing Glowatski and Virk's parents together. In receiving day parole he proceeded to hug every member of the parole board and those present, including the Virks.Warren Glowatski was released on full parole in June 2010. Kelly Marie Ellard Kelly Ellard (born August 9, 1982), was 15 years old when she drowned Virk. Ellard stood trial three times for the murder, and was convicted twice. Her lawyers had succeeded in having her first conviction overturned on appeal, and attempted to have her second conviction overturned. However, while a 2008 decision of the BC Court of Appeals overturned the second conviction, on June 12, 2009, the Supreme Court of Canada (Supreme Court), in an 8–1 decision, overturned the BC Court of Appeals, ruling that Ellard's third trial had been fairly executed, and her conviction would stand.Ellard was initially convicted in March 2000 for second-degree murder in Virk's death. In February 2003, this conviction was overturned and a new trial was ordered. The second trial ended in a mistrial (as the result of a hung jury) in July 2004. A third trial was ordered and Ellard was convicted again of second-degree murder in April 2005 and given an automatic life sentence with no parole eligibility for seven years. The BC Court of Appeals overturned the conviction based on an error by the original trial judge, but the Supreme Court ruled that her conviction stands because the error by the original trial judge was "harmless".Ellard was granted conditional day parole in November 2017; in October 2018, when her day parole was extended, the documents from the Parole Board of Canada revealed that Ellard had changed her name to Kerry Marie Sim. Her day parole was suspended in August 2021 for failing to report domestic violence with the suspension cancelled in late October 2021.In May 2022, the then 39-year-old Sim (Ellard) waived her right to a parole hearing, as she did not yet feel ready to return to society on a full time basis. By law, the Parole Board of Canada was still required to review her feasibility for full parole, and also deemed her unworthy of moving beyond day parole. Nicole Cook Nicole Cook, born 1983, lived in a group home at the time. On MSNBC's documentary Bloodlust Under the Bridge, Cook spoke about how she took a lit cigarette and put it out on Reena Virk's face, initiating the mayhem that followed. Cook further explained how she repeatedly punched and kicked Virk as she was being pummelled by the other assailants. At the end of the MSNBC interview, Cook then lambasted the accusation that she had anything to do with Virk's actual murder because Ellard was the participant charged for the murder. Veteran Dateline reporter Keith Morrison then asked, "Would the murder have ever happened if you hadn't started the fight by burning her face with your cigarette?" and Cook replied, "I don't know. Maybe."Cook also returned to the crime scene the day after the killing, accompanied by Pleich, and retrieved Reena's shoes and sweater. They took these items back to their group home and forced another, younger resident named "Stephanie" to hide them in her closet. They also forced her to make phone calls to Suman Virk, Reena's mother, while the search for Reena was still active. Possible motives A book about the case, Under the Bridge by Rebecca Godfrey, details some of the motives that may have led to Virk's death. Two of the girls convicted in the initial beating allege that Virk stole a phone book from Nicole Cook and started calling Cook's friends and spreading rumours about her. Cook stubbed out a cigarette on Virk's forehead during the attack. Another girl, M.G.P, was allegedly targeting Reena because of her race alongside the others in the group such as Warren, who allegedly were known to have bullied Reena, allegedly due to this racial reason. Virk once lived with the two girls in a youth group home. It is suggested she may have done those things in order to assert herself as "tough". The book also reveals that Virk was initially considered a runaway when her mother first reported her missing to the Saanich Police Department, the police agency in which the Virks resided. The book Under the Bridge incorrectly documented the Missing Persons report as being made to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Two Russian sisters, who lived in the youth group home, were prompted to contact the police upon hearing that Virk was most likely dead. Timeline November 14, 1997 – Reena Virk is killed. November 22, 1997 – Reena Virk's body is found. February 9, 1998 – Three teenage girls plead guilty to assault causing bodily harm for their roles in the attack. February 13, 1998 – Three more girls are convicted of assault causing bodily harm. Between April and May 1998 – Six teenage girls are sentenced for their roles in the beating of Virk. Sentences range from 60-day conditional sentences to one year in jail. June 1999 – Warren Glowatski, the only male involved in the crime, is convicted of second-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison with no chance of parole for seven years. March 9, 2000 – Kelly Ellard is convicted of second-degree murder in adult court, where she is sentenced to life in prison with no chance of full parole for five years. November 15, 2000 – 3 years and 1 day after the murder of Reena Virk, her parents Manjit and Suman Virk sue the teenagers who took part in the beating, the BC government, and several other parties. February 4, 2003 – The BC Court of Appeal announces that due to improprieties in the way Ellard was questioned during her first trial, a new trial would be ordered. It is impermissible for the Crown to ask the accused why witnesses would lie about the accused. June 14, 2004 – Ellard's second trial begins. July 18, 2004 – A mistrial is declared in Ellard's second trial after the jury declares it is deadlocked 11 to 1. February 21, 2005 – Ellard's third trial begins. April 12, 2005 – Ellard is found guilty of second degree murder. She is given an automatic life sentence with no parole for at least 7 years. July 20, 2006 – After serving just under nine years of a life sentence, Glowatski is granted unescorted temporary passes by the National Parole Board. The Virk family supports the decision. August 9, 2006 – Ellard appeals her conviction, asking for a fourth trial or an acquittal. The Crown has the option to appeal, hold a fourth trial or abandon prosecution. April 2009 – Ellard's appeal goes before the Supreme Court of Canada. June 12, 2009 – The Supreme Court of Canada reinstates the second-degree murder conviction against Kelly Ellard, putting an end to a legal case that spanned more than a decade. June 23, 2010 – Glowatski is released on parole. January 18, 2017 – Ellard is denied parole. November 30, 2017 – Ellard is granted day parole. October 30, 2018 – Ellard's day parole is extended; the ruling notes that she had changed her name to Kerry Marie Sim. August 22, 2019 – Ellard (Sim) is granted overnight leaves and extended day parole. In popular culture The murder case has been the subject of Under the Bridge: The True Story of the Murder of Reena Virk (2005) by Rebecca Godfrey, which was developed into a feature film, and partly inspired a monologue play, The Shape of a Girl (2001), by Joan MacLeod, and The Beckoners by Carrie Mac. The film rights for the book Under the Bridge were purchased by Type A Productions, a film production company, for adaptation into a movie.The murder of Reena Virk was also the subject of a thesis published in a book edited by Christine Alder and Anne Worrell titled Girls' Violence; Myths and Realities. The author of the thesis, "Racism, 'Girl Violence' and the Murder of Reena Virk", Sheila Batacharya, discusses the murder of Reena Virk from a feminist perspective and looks at why the argument from media and the police that the murder was not racially motivated may not have been entirely accurate. Batacharya also argues that the narrative of 'girl violence' which academics policy makers and journalists have asserted is evidenced by Virk's murder, obscures other investigations and explanations surrounding this murder. Reena's father, Mr. Manjit Virk, has written a book about the murder of his daughter: Reena: A Father’s Story (2008), which is highly critical of the B.C. Ministry of Children and Family Development and the B.C. justice system; Reena was murdered under the voluntary care of the Ministry, yet no apology was given or responsibility taken. In December 2010 and 2012, students from Walkerville High School in Windsor, Ontario, performed a play based on the death of Reena Virk for members of the community, as well as the Virk parents.In 2015, Soraya Peerbaye published a series of poems dedicated to the murder of Reena Virk entitled Tell: poems for a girlhood. The book was shortlisted for the 2016 Griffin Poetry Prize. See also List of solved missing person cases References External links Article about the Virk murder, and addresses the issue of girl on girl violence A Toronto-based South Asian civil rights website and their perspective on the Reena Virk's murder and Kelly Ellard's trial Canadian Government Resource on aggressive girls of Reena Virk Timeline/Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) News about verdict from the third trial (defunct prior to 1/10) One article on the first trial Racism. – Girl Violence" and the Murder of Reena Virk, Master of Arts Degree, 2000, Sheila Batacharya

Doro Levi

Teodoro "Doro" Levi (1 June 1899 – 3 July 1991) was an Italian archaeologist who practiced in the Mediterranean countries in the 20th century. Specifically, Levi conducted excavations in Italy, Greece, and Turkey. From 1938 to 1945, Levi was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Levi has published a number of technical manuscripts on archaeology such as Festos e la Civiltà Minoica, tavole I published in 1976. Some of Levi's most significant work was a long term excavation at Minoan Phaistos, which site is the second most significant Minoan settlement (following Knossos) and which has yielded important finds such as the Phaistos Disk and extensive Bronze Age pottery.

Teodoro "Doro" Levi (1 June 1899 – 3 July 1991) was an Italian archaeologist who practiced in the Mediterranean countries in the 20th century. Specifically, Levi conducted excavations in Italy, Greece, and Turkey. From 1938 to 1945, Levi was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Levi has published a number of technical manuscripts on archaeology such as Festos e la Civiltà Minoica, tavole I published in 1976. Some of Levi's most significant work was a long term excavation at Minoan Phaistos, which site is the second most significant Minoan settlement (following Knossos) and which has yielded important finds such as the Phaistos Disk and extensive Bronze Age pottery. == References ==

Magdalenenkirche, Hildesheim

The Magdalenenkirche or St. Magdalenen (Church St. Mary Magdalene) is one of the churches in Hildesheim, Lower Saxony, Germany. The Magdalenenkirche is a Catholic church that was once a monastery church, and is situated in the old town at 25 Mühlenstraße. Founded in 1224, the current building was consecrated in 1294, the first Gothic building in Hildesheim. Extensive rebuilding took place in the 15th century and further additions were made in the 19th century. In the fifteenth century (ca.

The Magdalenenkirche or St. Magdalenen (Church St. Mary Magdalene) is one of the churches in Hildesheim, Lower Saxony, Germany. The Magdalenenkirche is a Catholic church that was once a monastery church, and is situated in the old town at 25 Mühlenstraße. Founded in 1224, the current building was consecrated in 1294, the first Gothic building in Hildesheim. Extensive rebuilding took place in the 15th century and further additions were made in the 19th century. In the fifteenth century (ca. 1416) an altarpiece was created by an unknown artist, referred to as the Meister des Göttinger Barfüßeraltars depicting scenes from the life of Mary Magdalene (Magdalenenlegende). This has since been broken up and various panels are found in different museums. One of these, the Noli me tangere is in the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart.The church was badly damaged in World War II on 22 March 1945 and partly restored in a simplified manner. The restoration was completed in 1961. Magdalenengarten, a baroque park laid out 1720–25, is close by. The small street Süsternstraße beside the church features a well-preserved part of the medieval city wall with a round tower. References Sources Hermann Engfer: St. Magdalenen Hildesheim. Libertas Verlag für Kirche und Heimat Hubert Baum. Stuttgart 1961. Ina Birkenbeul: Das „Elfen-Altarretabel“ in der St. Magdalenenkirche, Hildesheim. Diplomprüfung an der Fachhochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden, Institut für Restaurierung und Denkmalpflege, Winter 1999/2000. Werner Lemke, Stefan Mahr, Roman Seifert: Die Seifert-Orgel in St. Magdalenen Hildesheim. DKV-Kunstführer Nr. 662 (Reihe der Klosterkammer Hannover, Heft 3), 1. Auflage, February 2010, ISBN 978-3-422-02259-1.

Air New England (charter airline)

Air New England, LLC is an FAR Part 135 certified Air Carrier that primarily operates twin-engine passenger aircraft in the United States and Canada. Their corporate headquarters are located at Portsmouth International Airport in Portsmouth, NH.

Air New England, LLC is an FAR Part 135 certified Air Carrier that primarily operates twin-engine passenger aircraft in the United States and Canada. Their corporate headquarters are located at Portsmouth International Airport in Portsmouth, NH. Operations Air New England primarily operates point-to-point charter air service in the Greater New England area with operational bases in Portsmouth, NH, and Auburn, ME. In addition to private charters, Air New England offers a service that they market as "shared charter service" where they put customers seeking a more economical option in touch with customers who have already chartered a flight in order to share the cost burden.During the summer season, Air New England operates near-daily service between New York City, Boston, and destinations in Maine. Fleet Air New England operates a fleet of twin-engine passenger aircraft consisting of Beechcraft Baron 58 and Beechcraft King Air C90 aircraft. Accidents and incidents On 12 July 2018, an Air New England Baron 58 (Registration No.N263AC) on a non-commercial training flight made a wheels-up landing at Portland International Jetport. While there were no injuries, and the aircraft did not catch fire, the incident did result in a 90-minute closure of the airport causing many flights to either be delayed, diverted to other airports, or cancelled while the aircraft was removed from the airfield and a check was done of the runway.On 19 April 2022, an Air New England Baron 58 (Registration No.N100JP) flying under the company's Part 91 certificate struck multiple runway edge lights during its takeoff roll resulting in damage to both propellers. This incident did not result in any injuries. == References ==

Arc de Berà

The Arc de Berà (sometimes written Barà) is a triumphal arch some 20 km north-east of the city of Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain, close to Roda de Berà. This monument is part of the Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco, which was added to the UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 2000. It stands on the line of what was the Via Augusta, now the N-340 road. Its name derives from the count Berà. It is a triumphal arch with a single opening consisting of a central body on a podium, decorated with fluted pilasters crowned by Corinthian capitals.

The Arc de Berà (sometimes written Barà) is a triumphal arch some 20 km north-east of the city of Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain, close to Roda de Berà. This monument is part of the Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco, which was added to the UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 2000. It stands on the line of what was the Via Augusta, now the N-340 road. Its name derives from the count Berà. It is a triumphal arch with a single opening consisting of a central body on a podium, decorated with fluted pilasters crowned by Corinthian capitals. The upper part of the construction is an entablature made up of architrave, frieze and cornice. The stone used is probably from a local quarry. The monument was built as a result of the will of Lucius Licinius Sura and it was erected in the reign of Augustus, around 13 BCE. The surviving inscription reads: “Ex testamento L(uci) Licini L(uci) f(ilii) Serg (ia tribu) Surae consa[...]”. It is thought it was dedicated to Augustus or to his genius, and that it marked the limit of the district of Tarraco. == References ==

Mohamed Rahmoune

Mohamed Rahmoune (1940 – 4 February 2022), commonly known as Si Rabah or simply as Rahmoune, was a prominent revolutionary leader during the Algerian war of independence as a member of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN; National Liberation Front) that launched an armed revolt throughout Algeria and issued a proclamation calling for a sovereign Algerian state.

Mohamed Rahmoune (1940 – 4 February 2022), commonly known as Si Rabah or simply as Rahmoune, was a prominent revolutionary leader during the Algerian war of independence as a member of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN; National Liberation Front) that launched an armed revolt throughout Algeria and issued a proclamation calling for a sovereign Algerian state. Education Rahmoune was born in 1940 in the village of Soumâa, located 53 km east of the city of Algiers, into a kabyle maraboutic family descended from the maliki and sufi theologian Sidi Boushaki (1394-1453).His birth in the middle of the Second World War meant the abolition of civil life in French Algeria and the establishment of the state of exception with the suspension of the participation of his uncle Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869-1959) in the cogwheels of the colonial administration as adviser and representative of the Algerian natives.Despite this extraordinary situation, he began in 1945 to study with his brother Djilali the precepts of the Quran and the Arabic language in the Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki like his other cousins, under the patronage and supervision of the Rahmaniyya mufti and muqaddam Ali Boushaki (1855-1965) with the other imams and teachers as the theologian Brahim Boushaki (1912-1997).The massacres of May 1945, for their part, had finally sealed the conviction of the Algerian mountain and rural population that the participatory procedure in local elections could not take away the civil and political rights claimed since the 1920 elections in Algeria, and this is so since Mohamed Rahmoune was integrated from a very young age in a course that only saw independence torn by the weapons in the hands of his generation.Among his closest cousins who inspired him in Soumâa with nationalist and independence fervor is his cousin Yahia Boushaki (1935-1960) who sponsored and supported him since 1951 to prepare him for the tough and decisive tasks of insurrectionary action against the French army. War of Independence Since the outbreak of the Algerian revolution when he was only 14 years old, he was well prepared politically and physically to join the maquis and comfort the Algerian warriors against the enemy troops in order to definitively dislodge the French colonial system from the land of Algeria.But after the organization of the Soummam conference on August 20, 1956, and the revolutionary structuring of the Algerian territory, the armed action was entrusted to Mohamed's congeners over 16 years of age to ignite the insurrection to perpetuate it by attacking the colony's interests in cities, such as Thénia (formerly Ménerville) which was only 3 km north of his village of Soumâa.Thus, he participated, together with his cousin Bouzid Boushaki, in planting a bomb in the post office in the center of Thénia in 1956, as well as various sabotage actions in the colonial agricultural estates around this strategic railway city.After his brother Djilali Rahmoune died as a martyr (shahid) in the field of honor in 1957, he joined the ranks of the National Liberation Army (ALN) in the third district, the first region, in the fourth historical wilaya, where he participated in many battles. Prison After participating in a 1957 military ambush against French soldiers near the town of Beni Amrane, Mujahid Rahmoune was captured with some surviving soldiers to be taken to the Ferme Gauthier torture and physical abuse camp in the north of the town of Souk El-Had.He was then tortured with electric shocks and brutal traumas while he was buried with his cousin Bouzid Boushaki in the pits of the vats of this wine estate that was transformed by the torturers Scarfo and Mathieu among others into a concentration camp and extrajudicial killing.While many detainees in this sinister place of torture succumbed to the pain and abuse they suffered, and their bodies and remains were hidden in wells or thrown into the waters of the Isser River, Rahmoune was transferred after a few weeks of torture to the Serkadji Prison in the Casbah of Algiers with the local leaders of the revolution to stand trial. Escape Rahmoune managed to escape from Boghar prison in 1959 with four mujahideen acolytes, and this after recovering from the aftermath of the 1957 battle and the various phases of torture he suffered.After having crossed the Chahbounia ravines with his friends, he was picked up by the soldiers of the Algerian Revolutionary Army (ALN) who took him to the headquarters of the fourth historical wilaya to meet Colonel M'Hamed Bougarra (1928-1959) who appointed Rahmoune as military secretary in the first region of this historic wilaya.He then asked the revolutionary command to post him to the Sour El Ghozlane (former Aumale) region that he knew well and in which he had strong revolutionary ties, and there he continued his subversive action against French settlers and soldiers.While traveling in 1960 to Mount Dirrah overlooking Sour El Ghozlane to carry out one of the military operations he was orchestrating, he was exposed to direct confrontation with enemy French forces, during which he was seriously injured in the knee.This restrictive injury made it difficult for him to move in the maquis, which made it easier for the French soldiers to arrest him again and transfer him to the torture center (the second office) in Sour El Ghozlane. Rahmoune was re-arrested at Boghar Prison, and immediately spent 7 months in the CMS prison where he was repeatedly tortured by French soldiers. He remained in custody at the CMS until February 23, 1962, a few weeks before the ceasefire on March 19 on the eve of independence after the Évian Accords have been concluded. Death Moudjahid Rahmoune died on February 4, 2022, at the home of his family in Thénia at the age of 82.He was buried the following day at the Djebanat El Ghorba Cemetery in southern Thénia on the outskirts of the village of Soumâa in front of his family and friends and a delegation from the Algerian government. See also Algerian nationalism Algerian War of Independence National Liberation Front (Algeria) National Liberation Army (Algeria) List of Algerians Ministry of Mujahideen National Mujahideen Organization National Organization for the Children of the Martyrs National Organization for the Sons of the Mujahideen References External links Official website of the Ministry of Mujahideen in Algeria. Official website of the National Organization of Mujahideen in Algeria.

Iftikhar Malik

Iftikhar Malik (born 10 November 1949) was a Pakistani cricketer who played for Water and Power Development Authority. He was born in Lahore. Malik made two first-class appearance for the team, between 1978 and 1979. In the four innings in which he batted, he scored 40 runs, and, from 100 overs of bowling, took 8 wickets. He was also a cricket umpire.

Iftikhar Malik (born 10 November 1949) was a Pakistani cricketer who played for Water and Power Development Authority. He was born in Lahore. Malik made two first-class appearance for the team, between 1978 and 1979. In the four innings in which he batted, he scored 40 runs, and, from 100 overs of bowling, took 8 wickets. He was also a cricket umpire. He stood in one ODI game in 1993.Malik's brother, Ijaz, played first-class cricket between 1960 and 1979. See also List of One Day International cricket umpires References External links Iftikhar Malik at Cricket Archive

Ereshkigal

In Mesopotamian mythology, Ereshkigal (Sumerian: 𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲 DEREŠ.KI.GAL, lit. "Queen of the Great Earth") was the goddess of Kur, the land of the dead or underworld in Sumerian mythology. In later myths, she was said to rule Irkalla alongside her husband Nergal. Sometimes her name is given as Irkalla, similar to the way the name Hades was used in Greek mythology for both the underworld and its ruler, and sometimes it is given as Ninkigal, lit. "Lady of the Great Earth".

In Mesopotamian mythology, Ereshkigal (Sumerian: 𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲 DEREŠ.KI.GAL, lit. "Queen of the Great Earth") was the goddess of Kur, the land of the dead or underworld in Sumerian mythology. In later myths, she was said to rule Irkalla alongside her husband Nergal. Sometimes her name is given as Irkalla, similar to the way the name Hades was used in Greek mythology for both the underworld and its ruler, and sometimes it is given as Ninkigal, lit. "Lady of the Great Earth". Ereshkigal was only one of multiple deities regarded as rulers of the underworld in Mesopotamia. The main temple dedicated to her was located in Kutha, a city originally associated with Nergal, and her cult had a very limited scope. No personal names with "Ereshkigal" as a theophoric element are known.In the ancient Sumerian poem Inanna's Descent to the Underworld, Ereshkigal is described as Inanna's older sister. However, they were not commonly associated with each other. The two main myths involving Ereshkigal are the story of Inanna's descent into the Underworld and the story of Ereshkigal's marriage to the god Nergal. Other myths also associate her with gods such as Ninazu, originally regarded as her husband but later as a son, and Ningishzida. Mythology In Sumerian mythology, Ereshkigal was the queen of the underworld. Some researchers believe that Ninazu originally fulfilled this function, with Ereshkigal only becoming a significant ruler of the land of the dead in Sumerian imagination at a later point in time. However, beliefs related to this sphere were somewhat amorphous, and it is possible there was initially no single universally-agreed-upon version of relevant mythical and cultic concepts, with various deities, both male and female, ruling over the underworld in the belief systems of various areas and time periods.In later Babylonian god lists Ereshkigal held a senior status among the underworld deities, ruling over the category of so-called "transtigridian snake gods" (such as Ninazu, Tishpak, Ishtaran and the Elamite god Inshushinak, in Mesopotamia known almost exclusively in the afterlife context), while Nergal, who fulfilled analogous functions in the north in Sumerian times, had an entourage of minor war gods and disease demons instead. The idea of Nergal and Ereshkigal as a couple likely developed out of a need to reconcile the two traditions.Ereshkigal's sukkal (vizier or messenger) was Namtar.While obscure in cultic texts, Ereshkigal was prominent in mythical literature. Examples of myths where she plays an important role include: Inanna's Descent into the underworld In this poem, the goddess Inanna descends into the underworld, apparently seeking to extend her powers there. Ereshkigal is described as being Inanna's older sister. When Neti, the gatekeeper of the underworld, informs Ereshkigal that Inanna is at the gates and demanding to be let in, Ereshkigal responds by ordering Neti to bolt the seven gates of the underworld and to open each separately, but only after Inanna has removed one article of clothing. Inanna proceeds through each gate, removing one article of clothing at each gate, and also loses her magic items to a nymph over the course of the journey. Finally, once she has gone through all seven gates, she finds herself naked and powerless, standing before the throne of Ereshkigal. The seven judges of the underworld judge Inanna and declare her to be guilty. Inanna is struck dead and her corpse is hung on a hook in the underworld for everyone to see. Inanna's minister, Ninshubur, however, pleads with various gods and finally Enki agrees to rescue Inanna from the underworld. Enki sends two sexless beings down to the underworld to revive Inanna with the food and water of life. These beings escort Inanna up from the underworld, but a horde of angry demons follow Inanna, demanding to take someone else down to the underworld as Inanna's replacement. They initially want it to be Ninshubur, but Inanna rebukes this order, stating that she would not hand over a loyal subordinate to them. However, when she discovers that her husband, Dumuzid, has not mourned her death, she becomes ireful towards him and orders the demons to take him as her replacement.Diane Wolkstein argued that Inanna and Ereshkigal represent polar opposites: Inanna is the queen of heaven, but Ereshkigal is the queen of Irkalla. Marriage to Nergal This myth tells the story of the origin of Ereshkigal's marriage to Nergal. Two versions are known, though they differ only in details related to the motivation of the deities involved and both the plot structure and ultimate outcome are the same. Once, the gods held a banquet that Ereshkigal, as queen of the underworld, could not come up to attend. Kaka, one of the messengers of Anu (analogous to Papsukkal or Ninshubur) invited her to send a messenger, and she sent her vizier Namtar in her place. He was treated well by most, the exception being Nergal, who treated Namtar with disrespect. As a result of this, Ereshkigal demanded Nergal to be sent to the underworld to atone. In one version, she planned to kill Nergal upon arrival in the underworld, but this detail is absent from the other versions.Nergal travels under the advice of Ea, who warns him not to sit, eat, drink or wash while in the underworld, as well as not to have sex with Ereshkigal. At his advice Nergal travels to the underworld along with 14 demons. When he arrives, the gatekeeper Neti gets orders from Ereshkigal to allow him through the seven gates, stripping him of everything before arriving in the throne room, but at each gate, Nergal posts two demons. Although Nergal has no problem with respecting all the other warnings, the god succumbs to the temptation and lies with the goddess for six days. At the seventh, he escapes back to the upper world, which makes Ereshkigal upset. Namtar is then sent to bring Nergal back, but Ea disguises Nergal as a lesser god and Namtar is fooled. Ereshkigal ultimately realizes the deception and demands Nergal to return again, threatening to open the gates of the underworld and allow the spirits of the dead to swarm the world of the living if her demands are ignored. The gods agree to hand Nergal over to her again. In the same version in which Ereshkigal planned to kill Nergal, when he gets to the throne he knocks over Namtar and drags Ereshkigal to the floor. He is about to kill her with his ax when she pleads for her life; she promises to be his wife and to share her power with him. He consents. However, Nergal must still leave the underworld for six months, so Ereshkigal gives him back his demons and allows him to traverse the upper world for that time, after which he returns to her.In the other version, known from two copies, the myth has a less violent ending: according to Assyriologist Alhena Gadotti, "the two deities seem to reunite and live happily ever after," and the myth concludes with the line "they impetuously entered the bedchamber."In both versions, Nergal ends up becoming a king of the underworld, ruling alongside Ereshkigal. Ningishzida's journey to the nether world Ereshkigal is mentioned near the end of this composition. The vegetation god Ningishzida presumably has to descend to her kingdom each year. The underworld vision of an Assyrian prince Ereshkigal is listed alongside other underworld deities. Nergal is described as her husband in this text. Family In some versions of the myths, Ereshkigal rules the Underworld by herself, but in other versions of the myths, she rules alongside a husband subordinate to her named Gugalana. Gugalana had no fixed identity. In Inanna's descent he dies before the events of the myth; in some inscriptions he is the father of Ninazu; eventually this name became a title of Nergal as well. In Sumerian mythology, Ereshkigal is the mother of the goddess Nungal. In a fragmentary text translated by Jeremiah Peterson, Nungal appears alongside Ereshkigal and the healing goddess Nintinugga.In one late magical text her son with Enlil was her vizier Namtar. Syncretism The Hurrian underworld goddess Allani was conflated with Ereshkigal in Mesopotamia, and with the Sun goddess of the Earth among the Hittites and Luwians. While Allani was originally introduced in Mesopotamia as an independent figure, receiving offerings in Ur during Shulgi's reign under the name Allatum (alongside other foreign deities such as Ishara and Belet Nagar), she gradually became little more than a title of Ereshkigal.The Hattian death god Lelwani, originally described as a male deity with the masculine title of katte(king), started to be viewed as a goddess instead due to conflation with Allani and Ereshkigal. Ereshkigal's name in Greek magical texts In later times, the Greeks appear to have applied the name Ereshkigal (Ερεσχιγαλ) to their own goddess Hecate. In the heading of a spell in the Michigan Magical Papyrus, which has been dated to the late third or early fourth century A.D. (and as such was written after the art of reading cuneiform texts was lost), Hecate is referred to as "Hecate Ereschkigal" and is invoked using magical words and gestures to alleviate the caster's fear of punishment in the afterlife. Further study of Greek texts which mention the name of Ereshkigal revealed that none feature motifs of Mesopotamian origin in any meaningful capacity, the symbols used are ones associated with Hecate rather than Ereshkigal, the use of Ereshkigal's name served no purpose other than "furnishing the Greek Netherworld goddess with a mysterious-sounding, foreign name," and that the people who "composed, transmitted and used these texts had either little interest in or little knowledge of (or both) the Mesopotamian traditions associated with Ereškigal." Obsolete theories In his 1944 book, Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. Samuel Noah Kramer proposed that, according to the introductory passage of the ancient Sumerian epic poem, "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld," Ereshkigal was forcibly abducted, taken down to the Underworld by the Kur, and was forced to become queen of the Underworld against her will. In order to avenge the abduction of Ereshkigal, Enki, the god of water, set out in a boat to slay the Kur. The Kur defends itself by pelting Enki with rocks of many sizes and by sending the waves beneath Enki's boat to attack Enki. The poem never actually explains who the ultimate victor of the battle is, but it is implied that Enki wins. Samuel Noah Kramer relates this myth to the ancient Greek myth of the abduction of Persephone, asserting that the Greek story is probably derived from the ancient Sumerian story.This view, and even the idea of Kur being a single well-defined monster rather than a vague term referring to mountains, foreign lands or the underworld, are not supported by modern scholars. The passage mentioned is interpreted as Enlil and Anu assigning a dowry to Ereshkigal. See also Allani Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions Lelwani Sun goddess of the Earth Notes Citations References Archi, A. (2013). "The Anatolian Fate-goddesses and their different traditions". In Cancik-Kirschbaum, E.; Klinger, J.; Müller, G. G. W. (eds.). Diversity and Standardization. Perspectives on ancient Near Eastern cultural history. pp. 1–26. Artemov, N. (2003). "The elusive beyond: Some notes on the netherworld geography in Sumerian tradition". In Mittelmayer, C.; Ecklin, S. (eds.). Altorientalische Studien zu Ehren von Pascal Attinger. Asher-Greve, J. M.; Westenholz, J. G. (2013). Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources. Betz, Hans Dieter (May 1980). "Fragments from a Catabasis Ritual in a Greek Magical Papyrus". History of Religions. 19 (4): 287–295. doi:10.1086/462853. S2CID 162089947. Dalley, S. (2000). "Nergal and Ereshkigal". Myths from Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-199-53836-0. Gadotti, A. (2020). "Never Truly Hers: Ereškigal's Dowry and the Rulership of the Netherworld". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 20: 1–16. doi:10.1163/15692124-12341309. S2CID 225667868. Harris, Rikvah (2003). Gender and Aging in Mesopotamia: The Gilgamesh Epic and Other Ancient Literature. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-08-061353-9-7. Klein, J. (2001). "Namtar". Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. 9. Kramer, Samuel Noah (1944). Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. (rev. ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. Lambert, W. G. (1987). "Lugal-edinna". Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. 7. Leick, Gwendolyn (1998). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415198110. Murat, L. (2009). "Goddess Išhara". Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi. 45. Peterson, J. (2009). "Two New Sumerian Texts Involving The Netherworld and Funerary Offerings". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie. 99 (2). doi:10.1515/ZA.2009.006. S2CID 162329196. Schwemer, Daniel (2019). "Beyond Ereškigal? Mesopotamian Magic Traditions in the Papyri Graecae Magicae". Cultural Plurality in Ancient Magical Texts and Practices. Sharlach, T. (2007). "Shulgi-simti and the Representation of Women in Historical Sources". In Cheng, J.; Feldman, M. (eds.). Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context: Studies in Honor of Irene Winter. Taracha, P. (2009). Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447058858. Wiggermann, F. (1997). "Transtigridian Snake Gods". In Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J. (eds.). Sumerian Gods and their Representations. Wiggermann, F. (2001a). "Nergal A. philologisch". Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. 9. Wiggermann, F. (2001b). "Nin-azu". Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. 9. Wilhelm, G. (2014). "Unterwelt, Unterweltsgottheiten. C. In Anatolien". Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie. 14. Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-090854-8.This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Jastrow, Morris (1911). "Ereshkigal". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 736. Further reading Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70794-0. Heidel, Alexander (1949). The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-32398-6. Monti, L. E. (2017). A Systematic Approach to the Hurrian Pantheon: the Onomastic Evidence (PDF) (Thesis). p. 206. External links Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Ereškigal (goddess) "Inana's descent to the nether world" - from The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature by the Oriental Institute of the University of Oxford

Giovanni Battista Bronzini

Giovanni Battista Bronzini (4 September 1925 in Matera – 17 March 2002 in Bari) was an Italian anthropologist and historian of Italian folk traditions. He was a student at the University of Rome, where he learned from Paolo Toschi, a famous philologist and historian of folk traditions. He then became Professor Emeritus of Cultural Anthropology at the University of Bari and, from 1974, he became director of anthropological studies journal Lares, until his death in 2002.A literary scholar, Bronzini explained magical and superstitious peasant culture of the 1930s and 1940s and the traditions of rural Italy. Through the works of writer Carlo Levi and poet Rocco Scotellaro, he studied and described the culture of his region and the surrounding area.In 2012, the town of Accentura, in the Basilicata region, named the main square after him, in honor of his contributions and studies on the area and its traditions.

Giovanni Battista Bronzini (4 September 1925 in Matera – 17 March 2002 in Bari) was an Italian anthropologist and historian of Italian folk traditions. He was a student at the University of Rome, where he learned from Paolo Toschi, a famous philologist and historian of folk traditions. He then became Professor Emeritus of Cultural Anthropology at the University of Bari and, from 1974, he became director of anthropological studies journal Lares, until his death in 2002.A literary scholar, Bronzini explained magical and superstitious peasant culture of the 1930s and 1940s and the traditions of rural Italy. Through the works of writer Carlo Levi and poet Rocco Scotellaro, he studied and described the culture of his region and the surrounding area.In 2012, the town of Accentura, in the Basilicata region, named the main square after him, in honor of his contributions and studies on the area and its traditions. Selected publications Tradizioni popolari in Lucania (Matera, Montemurro, 1953) Accettura: il contadino, l'albero, il santo (Galatina, Congedo, 1977) Mito e realtà della civiltà contadina lucana (Matera, Montemurro, 1977- Vincitore Premio “Basilicata”) Cultura popolare. Dialettica e contestualità (Bari, Dedalo, 1980), Cultura contadina e idea meridionalistica (Bari, Dedalo, 1982) Homo laborans. Cultura del territorio e musei demologici (Galatina, Congedo, 1985) I canti popolari di N. Tommaseo (Lecce, Milella, 1985) L'Universo contadino e l'immaginario poetico di Rocco Scotellaro (Bari, Dedalo, 1987) Intellettuali e poesia popolare nella Sicilia dell'Ottocento (Palermo, Sellerio, 1991) La letteratura popolare italiana dell'Otto-Novecento: profilo storico-geografico (Novara – Firenze, De Agostini – Le Monnier, 1994) Storia del culto della Madonna dell'Arco attraverso le fonti scritte e figurative dei secoli XVII-XVIII (Firenze, Olschki, 1998) == References ==

Sun Yat-sen University

Sun Yat-sen University (中山大学; SYSU) is a public university in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education, and co-funded by the Ministry of Education, SASTIND, and Guangdong Provincial Government. The university is part of Project 985, Project 211, and the Double First Class University Plan. The university was founded in 1924 by and named after Sun Yat-sen, a revolutionary and the founder of the Republic of China. The university's main campus, commonly referred to as the South Campus, is located in Haizhu, Guangzhou, inheriting the campus from the former Lingnan University (est.

Sun Yat-sen University (中山大学; SYSU) is a public university in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education, and co-funded by the Ministry of Education, SASTIND, and Guangdong Provincial Government. The university is part of Project 985, Project 211, and the Double First Class University Plan. The university was founded in 1924 by and named after Sun Yat-sen, a revolutionary and the founder of the Republic of China. The university's main campus, commonly referred to as the South Campus, is located in Haizhu, Guangzhou, inheriting the campus from the former Lingnan University (est. 1888). The university has five campuses in the three cities of Guangzhou, Zhuhai and Shenzhen, and ten affiliated hospitals. History In the beginning each the Sun Yat-sen Universities were adopted a statism educational model (中山大學模式) and based on Sun Yat-sen's political philosophy, present-day Sun Yat-sen University is the result of multiple mergers as well as splits and restructurings that have involved more than a dozen academic institutions over time. The most recent merger happened in 2001, when Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Science merged with Sun Yat-sen University and became Sun Yat-sen College of Medical Science. Sun Yat-sen University In 1924, Sun Yat-sen founded National Kwangtung University (國立廣東大學) in Canton and inscribed in his own handwriting the school motto of "Study Extensively, Enquire Accurately, Reflect Carefully, Discriminate Clearly, Practise Earnestly." After the death of Sun Yat-sen, the Nationalist government that was set up during the first cooperation between the Communists and Nationalists formally decreed to change its name to National Sun Yat-sen University (國立中山大學) on July 17, 1926, in memory of Sun Yat-sen. In 1926, there were four National Sun Yat-sen Universities: National First Sun Yat-sen University in Canton (the current Sun Yat-sen University), National Second Sun Yat-sen University in Wuhan (the current Wuhan University), National Third Sun Yat-sen University in Hangzhou (the current Zhejiang University), National Fourth Sun Yat-sen University in Nanking (the predecessor of the current Nanjing University, Southeast University, and National Central University). The Nationalist government also planned to organize the National Fifth Sun Yat-sen University in Zhengzhou, but end up naming it as the Henan Provincial Sun Yat-sen University (the current Henan University). In the 1930s, there were seven schools in the University: the Schools of Arts, Sciences, Law, Engineering, Agricultural Studies, Medicine and Education. In 1935, National Sun Yat-sen University, concurrently with National Tsinghua University and National Peking University, set up the first graduate schools in China and began to enroll graduate students. Soon after the Chinese Communist Party took over Canton in 1949, the University removed its prefix "National" and has been thereafter referred directly to Sun Yat-sen University (中山大学). In the 1950s, colleges, schools and departments were readjusted nationwide, and Sun Yat-sen University became a national top-tier comprehensive university with the liberal arts and sciences as its backbone disciplines. Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences One of the predecessors of the Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Science was the Pok Tsai Medical School, which, founded in 1866, was the earliest institution of learning of western medicine in China, where Sun Yat-sen once studied and engaged in revolutionary activities. The Pok Tsai Medical School evolved into the College of Medicine of Lingnan University in 1936. The Kung Yee Medical School and Hospital in Guangzhou (Canton) was founded in 1908. In 1925, the Kung Yee institutions were taken over by the government and became the Medical Department of the National First Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University. In 1953, the Colleges of Medicine in Sun Yat-sen University and Lingnan University merged to form the College of Medicine of South China, which was joined by the Guangdong Guanghua College of Medicine in 1954. The university was renamed Guangzhou College of Medicine and Sun Yat-sen College of Medical Science successively, and finally Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Science in 1985, which has developed steadfastly into a comprehensive medical university with multi-schools and multiple levels, has reached national advanced level and achieved remarkable successes in scientific research in medical genetics, ophthalmology, tumor study, parasite study, the kidney disease of internal medicine, organ transplant, infectious liver disease, biological medical project and molecular medical science. In 2001, Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Science merged with Sun Yat-sen University and became Sun Yat-sen College of Medical Science. Lingnan University Lingnan University (Chinese: 嶺南大學) was a private university established by Andrew Happer, MD and a group of American missionaries in Guangzhou in 1888. At its founding it was named Canton Christian College (格致書院). The Hackett Medical College for Women (夏葛女子醫學院, the first medical college for women in China) and its affiliated hospital known as David Gregg Hospital for Women and Children (柔濟醫院), located in Guangzhou, China, were parts of a medical center that was founded by female medical missionary Mary H. Fulton (1854-1927). Fulton was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church (USA), with the support of the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn, New York, of which David Gregg was pastor The college was dedicated in 1902 and offered a four-year medical curriculum. At the end of 1932, the medical center was registered and put under the control of the Chinese government. Furthermore, it affiliated with Guangzhou Hospital and Lingnan University to form the Sun Yat-Sen Medical College in 1936.Lingnan University was incorporated into Sun Yat-sen University in 1953 under the order of the Communist Party's government. Members of the university moved to Hong Kong and founded the Lingnan School in Wan Chai in 1967, which was relocated to Tuen Mun in the mid-1990s and renamed Lingnan University in 1999. In 1988, Lingnan College was reestablished within Sun Yat-sen University and is now one of the top schools of economics and management in China. Rankings and reputation Sun Yat-sen University is ranked as one of the top universities in China by all the most influential and widely observed international university rankings, for example, #7 nationwide in Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2015, #6 nationwide in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015, and #8 nationwide in U.S. News Global University Ranking 2015.The Times Higher Education 2011 placed Sun Yat-sen University 171st in the world and 5th in China, and the university is regarded as one of the most reputable Chinese universities by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings where it ranked 151st globally. Sun Yat-sen graduates employability rankings placed at #191 in the world in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings.As of 2023. out of all universities worldwide, the university is ranked #72 by the Academic Ranking of World Universities, #129 by U.S. News Global University Ranking, #123 by Center for World University Rankings, #267 by QS World University Rankings, and #201 by Times Higher Education.Regarding scientific research output, the Nature Index 2023 ranked SYSU the No. 8 university in the Asia Pacific region, and 11th in the world among the global universities. The 2023 CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked SYSU 9th in the world by total publications and 40th in the world & 12th in Asia based on the number of their scientific publications belonging to the top 1% in their fields for the time period 2018–2021. Nature Index Nature Index tracks the affiliations of high-quality scientific articles and presents research outputs by institution and country on monthly basis. Academics Statistics (2018) Faculties and Schools Sun Yat-sen University has made several adjustments to its academic departments throughout its history. Starting from the end of 2022, Sun Yat-sen University has implemented a three-tier academic governance system consisting of "University-Faculties-Schools(Departments)." As of now, the university comprises a total of 67 schools (including directly affiliated departments and teaching units), which are divided among seven faculties: the Faculty of Humanities, the Faculty of Social Sciences, the Faculty of Economics and Management, the Faculty of Natural Sciences, the Faculty of Engineering, the Faculty of Information Science and Technology, and the Faculty of Medicine. These schools are spread across five campuses。 Lingnan (University) College Since 2015, Lingnan (University) college is also triple-accredited by AACSB, EQUIS and AMBA. The college is originated from Lingnan University (Chinese: 岭南大学), a renowned private university established by a group of American missionaries in 1888. Affiliated hospitals The university has the largest affiliated hospital system in China, including Sun Yat-sen University First Hospital, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital (or Sun Yat-sen University Second Hospital), Sun Yat-sen University Third Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Fourth Hospital (has merged into the First Hospital), Sun Yat-sen University Fifth Hospital (or Zhuhai Hospital), Sun Yat-sen University Sixth Hospital (or Sun Yat-sen University Gastrointestinal & Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University Stomatologic Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Ophthalmologic Center, Sun Yat-sen University Seventh Hospital (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University Eighth Hospital (Shenzhen). All eight general hospitals, the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and Sun Yat-sen University Ophthalmology Center are 3A class hospitals. The First Affiliated Hospital, SYSU The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University was established in 1910, initially called the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Public Institution of Medicine. As a 3A hospital (the top level in China), the hospital is the largest and the most comprehensive one among all affiliated hospitals of SYSU, as well as one of the largest hospitals in the country. Sun Yat-sen University First Hospital is ranked #2 in "Top 10 General Hospital in China" rankings. Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, SYSU Founded as Ophthalmic Hospital in Canton by American Peter Parker in 1835. It originally dealt with diseases of the eye, but later treated other ailments. It later became the Canton Hospital. Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center is a level III (highest rank in China) and class A hospital. It was awarded as “key subject of China” in 2001. In 1980, SYSUCC was designated as World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for research on cancer. Since 2003, SYSUCC became a sister institution of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. In 2004, SYSUCC has set up a joint laboratory with Karolinska Institutet of Sweden for research in immunotherapy, molecular virology and oncological epidemiology. Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center is ranked #1 in "Top 10 Cancer Hospitals in China" rankings. Sun Yat-sen University Ophthalmologic Center Sun Yat-sen University Ophthalmologic Center is the first and leading advanced ophthalmic center and the last resort for advanced eye care in China, integrating eye care, teaching, eye research and blindness prevention. It is also one of the 20 largest general ophthalmic centers in the world. In 2006, Sun Yat-sen University Ophthalmic Center was approved to be the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, the only one of its kind in China. Sun Yat-sen University Ophthalmologic Center is ranked #1 in "Best Ophthalmologic Hospitals in China" rankings. Sun Yat-sen University Libraries The university's system of libraries is one of the largest in China. By December 2012, it held more than 6 million paper volumes, including periodicals. The Hilles Collection In June 2005, Harvard College Library of Harvard University donated 158,000 volumes in Hilles Library to Sun Yat-sen University. Developed over a century, the collection is composed of titles in the humanities and social sciences, primarily in English, but also in Western foreign languages. Confucius Institutes Sun Yat-sen University has established five Confucius Institutes since 2006: The Confucius Institute at Ateneo de Manila University The Confucius Institute in Indianapolis, established together with Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis The Confucius Institute at Autonomous University of Yucatan The Confucius Institute in Lyon, established together with Lumière University Lyon 2 and Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 The Confucius Institute at University of Cape Town. Research Essential Science Indicators (ESI) According to statistics of the Essential Science Indicators (ESI) database from January 2003 to February 2013, the total number of citations of papers in 15 disciplines of Sun Yat-sen University entered global top 1%. Following Peking University, Sun Yat-sen University ranked 2nd in universities in China, tied with Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Zhejiang University. The 15 disciplines include Chemistry, Clinical Medicine, Physics, Biology and Biochemistry, Materials Science, Molecular Biology & Genetics, Engineering, Plant and Animal Science, Environment/Ecology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Neuroscience & Behavior, Mathematics, Microbiology, Agricultural Sciences, and Social Sciences, General. Nature Publishing Index (NPI) Nature Publishing Index shows both Research Articles (Articles, Letters & Brief Communications) and Reviews, published in Nature and/or Nature research journals. The rankings are based on the number of papers that were published during the last 12 months. In time range of 01.07.2013-06.30.2014, Sun Yat-sen University is ranked #5 among Chinese Universities. Postdoctoral Research Stations Sun Yat-sen University has 39 postdoctoral research stations. Journals Sun Yat-sen University publishes altogether 25 scholarly journals, including Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni Journey of Sun Yat-sen University Social Science Edition Journey of Sun Yat-sen University (medical science) Diagnostic Imaging & Interventional Radiology (in Chinese) Modern Clinical Nursing (in Chinese) New Medicine (in Chinese) Chinese Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases (in Chinese) Chinese Journal of Cancer Eye Science Campuses At present, the university covers a total area of 6.17 square kilometres (2.38 sq mi), and has 5 campuses: Guangzhou South Campus (广州校区南校园) in Haizhu District, Guangzhou North Campus (广州校区北校园) in Yuexiu District, Guangzhou East Campus (广州校区东校园) in Panyu District, Zhuhai Campus (珠海校区), and Shenzhen Campus. Guangzhou South Campus The south campus of Sun Yat-sen University is located in Haizhu District, Guangzhou, and covers a total area of 1.17 square kilometers. It mainly hosts disciplines in sciences and humanities. Add: No. 135, Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China Guangzhou North Campus The North Campus is located in Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, and covers an area of 0.39 square kilometers. It is a campus mainly for disciplines in medical sciences. Add: No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510085, P. R. China Guangzhou East Campus The East Campus is located at the north end of the Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center in Xiaoguwei, Panyu, and covers an area of 1.13 square kilometers. The Guangzhou University City is a major development made by the People's Government of Guangdong Province in an effort to implement the strategy of building Guangdong through science and education. The first batch of students started school there in September 2004. Add: Xiaoguwei Island, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China Zhuhai Campus The Zhuhai Campus is located at Tang Jia Wan, Zhuhai City, and covers an area of 3.48 square kilometers. Freshmen and sophomores of some disciplines in liberal arts, natural sciences, and medical sciences are currently living and studying on campus with students from the School of Network Education and Continuing Education. Add: Tang Jia Wan, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China Shenzhen Campus The Shenzhen Campus is located at Guangming District in Shenzhen City, and covers an area of 3.217 square kilometers, it's under construction from 2016 and proposed to open at September 2018. Add: Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China Alumni Since 2017, at least 36 billionaires graduated from Sun Yat-sen University, putting it the first place in the South Central China region and 7th nationally. Sonia Chan, 2nd Secretary for Administration and Justice of Macau Fang Fenglei, former deputy director of China International Capital Corporation and Chairman of Goldman Sachs China Li Fanghua, physicist Shiu-Ying Hu, botanist Huang Huahua, former Governor of Guangdong Muzi Mei, blogger Xu Ningsheng, 21st President of Fudan University Xu Ze, politician Xu Yinchuan, former world xiangqi (Chinese chess) champion Shou-Wu Zhang, Chinese-American mathematician Yingying Zhang, researcher on photosynthesis and crop productivity Zhang Huaicun, artist and writer of children's books Guotai Zhou, major general of the People's Liberation Army Ye Shuhua, prominent astronomer Tsang Hin-chi, entrepreneur and politician, founder of the Goldlion Group Lai Minhua, Director General of Macao Customs Service See also Sun Yat-sen University (disambiguation) National Sun Yat-sen University in Taiwan, Republic of China Moscow Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, Russia Lingnan College (in Chinese) US-China University Presidents Roundtable References External links Official Website Official website (in Chinese) Information about SYSU at Yale-China Association The Guide to Red Brick Buildings 1: Public Buildings of the Early Architectural Complex on Honglok Campus The Guide to Red Brick Buildings 2: Lodges of the Early Architectural Complex on Honglok Campus

Xing'an Province

Xing'an (Chinese: 興安省; pinyin: Xīng'ān shěng; or Hsingan) refers to a former province, which once occupied western Heilongjiang and part of northwest Jilin provinces of China. The name is related to that of the Greater Khingan Mountains. Another name used for this land was Barga, which is also the name used for the western part of the province, the Barga district.

Xing'an (Chinese: 興安省; pinyin: Xīng'ān shěng; or Hsingan) refers to a former province, which once occupied western Heilongjiang and part of northwest Jilin provinces of China. The name is related to that of the Greater Khingan Mountains. Another name used for this land was Barga, which is also the name used for the western part of the province, the Barga district. Administration The capital of Xing'an was the town of Hailar (or Hulun), on the China Eastern Railway line near the Russian border. Xing'an was divided into various sub-prefectures, similar in form to other Manchukuo provinces. The second city of importance was Manzhouli. History Xing'an province was first created in 1932 as an administrative sub-division of the Japanese-controlled Empire of Manchukuo. From 1939 to 1943, the province was divided into four parts, labeled Xing'an North, Xing'an East, Xing'an South and Xing'an West. These four provinces were reunited into a Xing'an Consolidated Province (興安総省) in 1943. Xing'an at 380,000 square kilometres (148,000 square miles) encompassed nearly one third of the land area of Manchukuo. The population of Xing'an, estimated at 965,000 in 1935, was predominantly ethnically Mongol, and Xing'an was therefore administered by a local Mongol prince (under supervision of a Japanese resident supervisor). Xing'an was the site of a number of clashes in the Soviet-Japanese Border Wars, most notably the Nomonhan Incident where Japanese Kwantung Army and Manchukuo Imperial Army forces were defeated by the Soviet Red Army in 1939. After the annexation of Manchukuo by the Republic of China after the end of World War II, the Kuomintang continued to recognize the area as Xing'an Province, with the capital in Hailar. However, under the administration of the People's Republic of China from 1949, the area was annexed to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and is now referred to as the Hulunbuir Prefecture-level city. The population is now estimated to be over 80% ethnic Han Chinese. Economy Under the Manchukuo period, Xing'an was primarily an agricultural area, with food grains, particularly wheat, soy and corn, as well as cattle, sheep, horse and other livestock. The primary economic asset of Xing'an was its extensive coal deposits, primarily at Chalai Nor hill, 25 kilometers from the frontier station of Manzhouli, where 290,000 metric tonnes were extracted annually. Xing'an was also a trade zone between Manchukuo, the Soviet Union, and Soviet-dominated Mongolia. See also Chinese irredentism § Taiwan Hinggan League References The Mongols of Manchuria: Their Tribal Divisions, Geographical Distribution, Historical Relations with Manchus and Chinese, and Present Political Problems. by Owen Lattimore　Pacific Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Sep., 1935), pp. 367–371 External links Map of Eastern Xingan province of Manchukuo Map of Western Xingan province of Manchukuo Map of Northern Xingan province of Manchukuo Map of Southern Xingan province of Manchukuo

Rugby union

Rugby union football, commonly known simply as rugby union or more often just rugby, is a close-contact team sport that originated at Rugby School in the first half of the 19th century. Rugby is simply based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is played between two teams of 15 players each, using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field called a pitch. The field has H-shaped goalposts at both ends. Rugby union is a popular sport around the world, played by people regardless of gender, age or size.

Rugby union football, commonly known simply as rugby union or more often just rugby, is a close-contact team sport that originated at Rugby School in the first half of the 19th century. Rugby is simply based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is played between two teams of 15 players each, using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field called a pitch. The field has H-shaped goalposts at both ends. Rugby union is a popular sport around the world, played by people regardless of gender, age or size. In 2023, there were more than 10 million people playing worldwide, of whom 8.4 million were registered players. World Rugby, previously called the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) and the International Rugby Board (IRB), has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886, and currently has 116 countries as full members and 18 associate members. In 1845, the first laws were written by students attending Rugby School; other significant events in the early development of rugby include the decision by Blackheath F.C. to leave The Football Association in 1863 and, in 1895, the split between rugby union and rugby league. Historically rugby union was an amateur sport, but in 1995 formal restrictions on payments to players were removed, making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time.Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland, with other early exponents of the sport including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France. The sport is followed primarily in Great Britain, Ireland, France, Georgia, Oceania, Southern Africa, Argentina, and in recent times also, Italy, Japan, South America, the United States, Canada and Eastern Europe. , its growth occurring during the expansion of the British Empire and through French proponents (Rugby Europe) in Europe. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, and Wales. International matches have taken place since 1871 when the first game was played between Scotland and England at Raeburn Place in Edinburgh. The Rugby World Cup, first held in 1987, is held every four years. The Six Nations Championship in Europe and The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere are other important international competitions that are held annually. National club and provincial competitions include the Premiership in England, the Top 14 in France, the Bunnings NPC in New Zealand, the League One in Japan and the Currie Cup in South Africa. Other transnational club competitions include the United Rugby Championship of club teams from Ireland, Italy, Scotland, South Africa and Wales, European Rugby Champions Cup in Europe, and Super Rugby Pacific in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. History Primitive forms of football included harpastum, played by the Romans, where two opposing teams competed to throw a large ball into an opposition net, fighting for possession of the ball. Medieval Irishmen played cad, carrying an inflated bladder and using arched trees as goals. The Welsh played an inter-parish game using a wooden ball called cnapan. Frenchmen played soule and Georgians played lelo. "Football" as a game was well established by 1803 at Rugby school and by the 1830s, "running in" with the ball in hand was allowed but subject to hacking and "collaring".Former Rugby School student Albert Pell is credited with having formed the first "football" team while a student at Cambridge University. Major private schools each used different rules during this early period, with former pupils from Rugby and Eton attempting to carry their preferred rules through to their universities. A significant event in the early development of rugby football was the production of a written set of rules at Rugby School in 1845, followed by the Cambridge Rules that were drawn up in 1848.Formed in 1863, the national governing body The Football Association (FA) began codifying a set of universal football rules. These new rules specifically banned players from running with the ball in hand and also disallowed hacking (kicking players in the shins), both of which were legal and common tactics under the Rugby School's rules of the sport. In protest at the imposition of the new rules, the Blackheath Club left the FA followed by several other clubs that also favoured the "Rugby Rules". Although these clubs decided to ban hacking soon afterwards, the split was permanent, and the FA's codified rules became known as "association football" whilst the clubs that had favoured the Rugby Rules formed the Rugby Football Union in 1871, and their code became known as "rugby football". In 1895, there was a major schism within rugby football in England in which numerous clubs from Northern England resigned from the RFU over the issue of reimbursing players for time lost from their workplaces. The split highlighted the social and class divisions in the sport in England. Although the rules of the game were not a factor in the split, the breakaway teams subsequently adopted some rule changes and this became the separate code of "rugby league". The RFU's code thereafter took on the name "rugby union" to differentiate it from rugby league, but both versions of the sport are known simply as "rugby" throughout most of the world. First internationals The first rugby football international was played on 27 March 1871 between Scotland and England in Edinburgh. Scotland won the game by one goal and one try to one goal. By 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun. 1883 is also the year of the first rugby sevens tournament, the Melrose Sevens, which is still held annually. Two important overseas tours took place in 1888: a British Isles team visited Australia and New Zealand—although a private venture, it laid the foundations for future British and Irish Lions tours; and the 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team brought the first overseas team to British spectators. During the early history of rugby union, a time before commercial air travel, teams from different continents rarely met. The first two notable tours both took place in 1888—the British Isles team touring New Zealand and Australia, followed by the New Zealand team touring Europe. Traditionally the most prestigious tours were the Southern Hemisphere countries of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa making a tour of a Northern Hemisphere, and the return tours made by a joint British and Irish team. Tours would last for months, due to long traveling times and the number of games undertaken; the 1888 New Zealand team began their tour in Hawkes Bay in June and did not complete their schedule until August 1889, having played 107 rugby matches. Touring international sides would play Test matches against international opponents, including national, club and county sides in the case of Northern Hemisphere rugby, or provincial/state sides in the case of Southern Hemisphere rugby.Between 1905 and 1908, all three major Southern Hemisphere rugby countries sent their first touring teams to the Northern Hemisphere: New Zealand in 1905, followed by South Africa in 1906 and Australia in 1908. All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics, and were far more successful than critics had expected.The New Zealand 1905 touring team performed a haka before each match, leading Welsh Rugby Union administrator Tom Williams to suggest that Wales player Teddy Morgan lead the crowd in singing the Welsh National Anthem, Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau, as a response. After Morgan began singing, the crowd joined in: the first time a national anthem was sung at the start of a sporting event. In 1905 France played England in its first international match.Rugby union was included as an event in the Olympic Games four times during the early 20th century. No international rugby games and union-sponsored club matches were played during the First World War, but competitions continued through service teams such as the New Zealand Army team. During the Second World War no international matches were played by most countries, though Italy, Germany and Romania played a limited number of games, and Cambridge and Oxford continued their annual University Match.The first officially sanctioned international rugby sevens tournament took place in 1973 at Murrayfield, one of Scotland's biggest stadiums, as part of the Scottish Rugby Union centenary celebrations. World Cup and professionalism In 1987 the first Rugby World Cup was held in Australia and New Zealand, and the inaugural winners were New Zealand. The first World Cup Sevens tournament was held at Murrayfield in 1993. Rugby Sevens was introduced into the Commonwealth Games in 1998 and was added to the Olympic Games of 2016. Both men and women's Sevens took place at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.Rugby union was an amateur sport until the IRB declared the game "open" in August 1995 (shortly after the completion of the 1995 World Cup), removing restrictions on payments to players. However, the pre-1995 period of rugby union was marked by frequent accusations of "shamateurism", including an investigation in Britain by a House of Commons Select committee in early 1995. Following the introduction of professionalism trans-national club competitions were started, with the Heineken Cup in the Northern Hemisphere and Super Rugby in the Southern Hemisphere.The Tri Nations, an annual international tournament involving Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, kicked off in 1996. In 2012, this competition was extended to include Argentina, a country whose impressive performances in international games (especially finishing in third place in the 2007 Rugby World Cup) was deemed to merit inclusion in the competition. As a result of the expansion to four teams, the tournament was renamed The Rugby Championship. Teams and positions Each team starts the match with 15 players on the field and typically seven or eight substitutes but this varies at amateur level. The 15 players on the field are divided into eight forwards (two more than in rugby league) and seven backs. There are typically significantly more forwards on the bench than backs with, for example, South Africa having a 7-1 split in favour of forwards in their August 2023 match against New Zealand in Twickenham. A 6-2 or 5-3 split is more common. Forwards The main responsibilities of the forward players are to gain and retain possession of the ball. Forwards play a vital role in tackling and rucking opposing players. Players in these positions are generally bigger and stronger and take part in the scrum and line-out. The forwards are often collectively referred to as the 'pack', especially when in the scrum formation. Front row The front row consists of three players: two props (the loosehead prop and the tighthead prop) and the hooker. The role of the two props is to support the hooker during scrums, to provide support for the jumpers during line-outs and to provide strength and power in rucks and mauls. The third position in the front row is the hooker. The hooker is a key position in attacking and defensive play and is responsible for winning the ball in the scrum. Hookers normally throw the ball in at line-outs. Second row The second row consists of two locks or lock forwards. Locks are usually the tallest players in the team and specialise as line-out jumpers. The main role of the lock in line-outs is to make a standing jump, often supported by the other forwards, to either collect the thrown ball or ensure the ball comes down on their side. Locks also have an important role in the scrum, binding directly behind the three front row players and providing forward drive. Back row The back row, not to be confused with 'Backs', is the third and final row of the forward positions, who are often referred to as the loose forwards. The three positions in the back row are the two flankers and the number 8. The two flanker positions, known as the blindside flanker and openside flanker, are the final row in the scrum. They are usually the most mobile forwards in the game. Their main role is to win possession through 'turn overs'. The number 8 packs down between the two locks at the back of the scrum. The role of the number 8 in the scrum is to control the ball after it has been heeled back from the front of the pack, and the position provides a link between the forwards and backs during attacking phases. Backs The role of the backs is to create and convert point-scoring opportunities. They are generally smaller, faster and more agile than the forwards. Another distinction between the backs and the forwards is that the backs are expected to have superior kicking and ball-handling skills, especially the fly-half, scrum-half, and full-back. Half-backs The half-backs consist of two positions, the scrum-half and the fly-half, also known in the Southern Hemisphere as half-back and first five-eighth respectively. The fly-half is crucial to a team's game plan, orchestrating the team's performance. They are usually the first to receive the ball from the scrum-half following a breakdown, lineout, or scrum, and need to be decisive with what actions to take and be effective at communicating with the outside backs. Many fly-halves are also their team's goal kickers. The scrum-half is the link between the forwards and the backs. They receive the ball from the lineout and remove the ball from the back of the scrum, usually passing it to the fly-half. They also feed the scrum and sometimes have to act as a fourth loose forward. Three-quarters There are four three quarter positions: two centres (inside and outside) and two wings (left and right). In the Southern Hemisphere, the inside centre is commonly referred to as the second five-eighth, while the outside centre is simply known as the centre. The centres will attempt to tackle attacking players; whilst in attack, they should employ speed and strength to breach opposition defences. The wings are generally positioned on the outside of the backline. Their primary function is to finish off moves and score tries. Wings are usually the fastest players in the team and are elusive runners who use their speed to avoid tackles. Full-back The full-back is normally positioned several metres behind the back line. They often field opposition kicks and are usually the last line of defence should an opponent break through the back line. Two of the most important attributes of a good full-back are dependable catching skills and a good kicking game. Laws and gameplay Scoring Rugby union is played between two teams – the one that scores more points wins the game. Points can be scored in several ways: a try, scored by grounding the ball in the in-goal area (between the goal line and the dead-ball line), is worth 5 points and a subsequent conversion kick scores 2 points; a successful penalty kick or a drop goal each score 3 points. The values of each of these scoring methods have been changed over the years. Playing field According to World Rugby's Laws of the Game, a typical rugby ground, formally known as the "playing enclosure", is formed by two major zones: The "playing area", which includes the "field of play" and the two "in-goals", and The "perimeter area", a clear space, free of obstructions such as fences and other objects which could pose a danger to players and officials (but not including marker flags, which are typically of soft construction).The referee (and their assistants) generally have full authority and responsibility for all players and other officials inside the playing enclosure. Fences or ropes (particularly at amateur clubs) are generally used to mark the extent of this area, although in modern stadia this may include the entire arena floor or other designated space. The Laws, above all, require that the playing enclosure's surface be safe, whilst also permitting grass, sand, clay, snow or conforming artificial turf to be used; the surface would generally be uniform across both the playing area and perimeter area, although depending on how large the perimeter is, other surfaces such as dirt, artificial turf, etc. may be used outside of a "sliding" perimeter from the bounds of the playing area. Playing area For the most part, the "playing area" is where the majority of play occurs. The ball is generally considered live whilst in this area, so long as players do not infringe, with special rules applied to specific zones of the playing area. The playing area consists of: The 'field of play", bounded by (but not including) the sidelines and goal-lines, and One "in-goal" area at each end of the field, each bounded by, but not including the extensions two parallel sidelines (known in this context as the "touch in-goal" lines) and the dead-ball line, and its other bound being the goal line (or "try line") which is included as part of the "in-goal" area. Field of play A typical "field of play" is generally 100 metres long by 68–70 metres wide for senior rugby, depending on the specific requirements of each ground. The Laws require the field of play to be between 94 and 100 metres (103 and 109 yards) long, with a width of between 68 and 70 metres (74 and 77 yards). As other football codes, such as association football and rugby league, have specified a preferred or standard 68 metre width, this is often used unless a ground has been specifically designed to accommodate a 70-metre rugby field. 100 metres is the typical length, with a line (see below) often marked at halfway with "50" on it, representing 50 metres from each goal line. The variations have been allowed in the Laws, possibly to accommodate older grounds (perhaps even pre-metrification when yards and feet were specified) and developing nations. Other lines and markings The field of play is divided by a solid "halfway" line, drawn perpendicular to the sidelines at their midpoint. A 0.5m line is marked perpendicular to the halfway lines at its midpoint, designating the spot where the kickoffs shall be taken. The areas between each goal line and the halfway line are known as "halves" as in other football codes. A pair of solid lines are also drawn perpendicular to the sidelines, 22 metres (formerly 25 yards) from each end of the field of play and called the 22-metre lines, or "22"s. An area at each end, also known as the "22", is bounded by, but does not include, the sidelines, goal line and 22-metre line. In this area, a defensive player who cleanly catches a ball kicked by the other team, without the ball having already touched the ground after the kick, is entitled to claim a free kick, or "mark". Additional broken or dashed lines (of 5 metre dash lengths, according to the Laws) are drawn in each half or on each side of, the field, each with specific purposes under the Laws: "10-metre" lines: Dashed lines 10 metres either side of, and parallel to, the halfway line, designating the minimum distance a receiving team must retreat when receiving a kick-off, and the minimum distance a kick-off must travel to be legal. Equivalent to the 40-metre lines in rugby league but generally marked differently. "5-metre" lines: Dashed lines 5 metres into the field of play, parallel to each goal line. Scrums can be packed no nearer to each goal line than this line, and referees will often penalise scrum and ruck infringements in this area more harshly as defending sides will often try to stifle the attacking side's breakdown play. "Tram tracks/tramlines": Unnamed in the Laws and sometimes also referred to, confusingly, as the "5-metre" and "15-metre" lines, these two pairs of dashed lines are drawn parallel to each sideline, 5 metres and 15 metres, respectively, into the field of play from the nearer sideline, terminating at each of their respective ends' 5-metre line (parallel and adjacent to the goal line). The area between these lines are where players must stand when contesting a lineout throw. Additionally, the area between the two perpendicular sets of "5-metre" lines (i.e. 5 metres from each sideline and 5 metres from each goal line) is designated the "scrum zone". Where an offence occurs outside this area and the non-infringing side wishes to pack a scrum, the mark of the scrum will be moved into the zone by the referee.Generally, points where the dashed lines intersect other lines will be marked with a "T" or cross shape, although the extensions of dashed lines are generally not drawn within 5 metres of the goal lines or sidelines, to allow a clear demarcation of the field of play's boundaries. The Laws require the playing area to be rectangular in shape, however variations may be permitted with the approval of relevant unions. A notable example is Chatswood Oval in Sydney, Australia, an elliptically shaped cricket ground which is the home of Gordon rugby club, that has curved dead-ball lines to maximise the available in-goal space. Where multiple sports share a field (e.g. a rugby league and a rugby union club sharing one field), lines may be overlaid on top of each other, sometimes in different colours. However, particularly for television, rugby union line markings are generally painted white. Some exceptions include the Wallabies (Australia's national team) who often have yellow markings. Local clubs may use black, yellow, or other colours on grass, with other surfaces possibly requiring different marking techniques. Unlike association football, where on-field advertising is strictly forbidden in the laws, World Rugby allows sponsors logos to be painted on the playing surface. This is another way in which clubs can make money in the professional era and is also often used by host nations, professional leagues and tournaments as additional revenue streams, particularly when games are broadcast. In recent years, augmented reality technology has been used to replace painting to protect the surface or save costs on painting fields, producing a similar effect for broadcast albeit sometimes with poorer results. In-goal areas The in-goal areas sit behind the goal lines, equivalent to American football's "end zones". The in-goal areas must be between 6 and 22 metres (6.6 and 24.1 yards) deep and cover the full width of the field. A ball grounded in this area by an attacking player will generally result in a try being awarded, unless there has been a previous infringement, or the player has gone out-of-bounds whilst in possession of the ball. Perimeter area The perimeter area is considered "out-of-bounds" for the ball and the players, normally resulting in the non-infringing team receiving possession of the ball at a restart. The perimeter area can be divided into two areas: "Touch": The perimeter area beyond the sidelines of the playing area, but between the goal lines. "Touch-in-goal": The perimeter areas behind each goal line outside of the playing area. Some may refer to a ball which crosses the dead-ball lines as "dead", rather than touch-in-goal.For the purposes of determining if a ball is "out-of-bounds" (i.e. has left the playing area), the perimeter area extends indefinitely away from the playing area. When a ball or player goes into touch, a lineout throw is generally awarded to the opposition at the spot on the sideline where they left the field. Exceptions include a kick out "on the full" (i.e. the ball did not land in the field-of-play before going into touch) in which case the lineout would still take place on the sideline but back in line with where the ball was kicked, or when a team takes a free kick from a penalty where they would retain the right to throw-in. The perimeter area should be clear and free of obstructions and heavy, solid objects which could pose a danger to players for at least 5 metres from the playing area, according to the Laws. Players often leave the playing area whether accidentally or due to being forced off of the field, sometimes sliding or needing to slow down from a sprint. Many venues at elite levels leave larger spaces around the field to accommodate fitter and faster (or heavier) players. Fixed cameras on tripods and advertising hoardings are often the main culprits for injuring players in the perimeter area. Flag posts Also required in the perimeter area are a set of 14 flag posts, each with a minimum height of 1.2 metres, marking the intersections of certain lines or other nominated distances. These are generally a plastic pole on a spring loaded or otherwise soft base, sometimes with a flag on top, covered in foam padding. Others may be moulded plastic or disposable cardboard. At lower levels, these flags may not be used, but are still specified in the Laws. Flags are placed as follows: One flag post at each intersection of the touch-in-goal lines and the goal-lines (four flags total) One flag post at each intersection of the touch-in-goal lines and the dead-ball lines (four flags total) One flag post positioned 2 metres outside of both of the sidelines, in line with both of the 22-metre lines (four flags total) One flag post positioned 2 metres outside of both of the sidelines, in line with the halfway line (two flags total) Goalposts Rugby goalposts are H-shaped and are situated in the middle of the goal lines at each end of the field. They consist of two vertical poles (known as "uprights"), generally made of steel or other metal but sometimes wood or a plastic, 5.6 metres (6.1 yd) apart, connected by a horizontal "crossbar" 3 metres (3.3 yd) above the ground. The minimum height for posts' uprights is 3.4 metres (3.7 yd), with taller posts generally seen. The bottom parts of each upright are generally wrapped in purpose-made padding to protect players from injury when coming into contact with the posts and creating another opportunity for sponsors. Until a Law change by World Rugby in 2020, it was possible for an attacking player to score a try by grounding the ball against the base of the upright as the padding was considered an extension of the goal line. Match structure At the beginning of the game, the captains and the referee toss a coin to decide which team will kick off first. Play then starts with a dropkick, with the players chasing the ball into the opposition's territory, and the other side trying to retrieve the ball and advance it. The dropkick must make contact with the ground before being kicked. If the ball does not reach the opponent's 10-metre (11-yard) line 10 meters away, the opposing team has two choices: to have the ball kicked off again, or to have a scrum at the centre of the half-way line. If the player with the ball is tackled, frequently a ruck will result.Games are divided into 40-minute halves, with an intermission of not more than 15 minutes in the middle. The sides exchange ends of the field after the half-time break. Stoppages for injury or to allow the referee to take disciplinary action do not count as part of the playing time, so that the elapsed time is usually longer than 80 minutes. The referee is responsible for keeping time, even when—as in many professional tournaments—he is assisted by an official time-keeper. If time expires while the ball is in play, the game continues until the ball is "dead", and only then will the referee blow the whistle to signal half-time or full-time; but if the referee awards a penalty or free-kick, the game continues.In the knockout stages of rugby competitions, most notably the Rugby World Cup, two extra time periods of 10 minutes periods are played (with an interval of 5 minutes in between) if the game is tied after full-time. If scores are level after 100 minutes then the rules call for 20 minutes of sudden-death extra time to be played. If the sudden-death extra time period results in no scoring a kicking competition is used to determine the winner. However, no match in the history of the Rugby World Cup has ever gone past 100 minutes into a sudden-death extra time period. Passing and kicking Forward passing (throwing the ball ahead to another player) is not allowed; the ball can be passed laterally or backwards. The ball tends to be moved forward in three ways—by kicking, by a player running with it or within a scrum or maul. Only the player with the ball may be tackled or rucked. A "knock-on" is committed when a player knocks the ball forward, and play is restarted with a scrum.Any player may kick the ball forward in an attempt to gain territory. When a player anywhere in the playing area kicks indirectly into touch so that the ball first bounces in the field of play, the throw-in is taken where the ball went into touch. If the player kicks directly into touch (i.e. without bouncing in-field first) from within one's own 22-metre (24-yard) line, the lineout is taken by the opposition where the ball went into touch, but if the ball is kicked into touch directly by a player outside the 22-metre (24-yard) line, the lineout is taken level to where the kick was taken. Breakdowns The aim of the defending side is to stop the player with the ball, by tackling them, and either bringing them to ground (which is frequently followed by a ruck) or contesting for possession with the ball-carrier on their feet (a maul). A ruck or maul is called a breakdown, and each is governed by a specific law. Tackling A player may tackle an opposing player who has the ball by holding them while bringing them to ground. Tacklers cannot tackle above the shoulder (the neck and head are out of bounds), and the tackler has to attempt to wrap their arms around the player being tackled to complete the tackle. It is illegal to push, shoulder-charge, or to trip a player using feet or legs, but hands may be used (this being referred to as a tap-tackle or ankle-tap). Tacklers may not tackle an opponent who has jumped to catch a ball until the player has landed.Rucking and Mauling Mauls occur after a player with the ball has come into contact with an opponent but the handler remains on his feet; once any combination of at least three players have bound themselves a maul has been set. A ruck is similar to the maul, but in this case the ball has gone to ground with at least three attacking players binding themselves on the ground in an attempt to secure the ball. Set pieces Lineout When the ball leaves the side of the field, a line-out is awarded against the team which last touched the ball. Forward players from each team line up a metre apart, perpendicular to the touchline and between 5 and 15 m (5.5 and 16.4 yd) from the touchline. The ball is thrown from the touchline down the centre of the lines of forwards by a player (usually the hooker) from the team that did not play the ball into touch. The exception to this is when the ball went out from a penalty, in which case the side who gained the penalty throws the ball in.Both sides compete for the ball and players may lift their teammates. A jumping player cannot be tackled until they stand and only shoulder-to-shoulder contact is allowed; deliberate infringement of this law is dangerous play, and results in a penalty kick. Scrum A scrum is a way of restarting the game safely and fairly after a minor infringement. It is awarded when the ball has been knocked or passed forward, if a player takes the ball over their own try line and puts the ball down, when a player is accidentally offside or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of being retrieved. A team may also opt for a scrum if awarded a penalty.A scrum is formed by the eight forwards from each team crouching down and binding together in three rows, before interlocking with the opposing team. For each team, the front row consists of two props (loosehead and tighthead) either side of the hooker. The two props are typically amongst the strongest players on the team. The second row consists of two locks and the two flankers. Behind the second row is the number 8. This formation is known as the 3–4–1 formation. Once a scrum is formed the scrum-half from the team awarded the feed rolls the ball into the gap between the two front-rows known as the tunnel. The two hookers then compete for possession by hooking the ball backwards with their feet, while each pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards to help gain possession. The side that wins possession can either keep the ball under their feet while driving the opposition back, in order to gain ground, or transfer the ball to the back of the scrum where it can be picked up by the number 8 or by the scrum-half. Officials and offences There are three match officials: a referee, and two assistant referees. The referees are commonly addressed as "Sir". The latter, formerly known as touch judges, had the primary function of indicating when the ball had gone into "touch"; their role has been expanded and they are now expected to assist the referee in a number of areas, such as watching for foul play and checking offside lines. In addition, for matches in high level competitions, there is often a television match official (TMO; popularly called the "video referee"), to assist with certain decisions, linked up to the referee by radio. The referees have a system of hand signals to indicate their decision.Common offences include tackling above the shoulders, collapsing a scrum, ruck or maul, not releasing the ball when on the ground, or being offside. The non-offending team has a number of options when awarded a penalty: a "tap" kick, when the ball is kicked a very short distance from hand, allowing the kicker to regather the ball and run with it; a punt, when the ball is kicked a long distance from hand, for field position; a place-kick, when the kicker will attempt to score a goal; or a scrum. Players may be sent off (signalled by a red card) or temporarily suspended ("sin-binned") for ten minutes (yellow card) for foul play or repeated infringements, and may not be replaced.Occasionally, infringements are not caught by the referee during the match and these may be "cited" by the citing commissioner after the match and have punishments (usually suspension for a number of weeks) imposed on the infringing player. Replacements and substitutions During the match, players may be replaced (for injury) or substituted (for tactical reasons). A player who has been replaced may not rejoin play unless he was temporarily replaced to have bleeding controlled; a player who has been substituted may return temporarily, to replace a player who has a blood injury or has suffered a concussion, or permanently, if he is replacing a front-row forward. In international matches, eight replacements are allowed; in domestic or cross-border tournaments, at the discretion of the responsible national union(s), the number of replacements may be nominated to a maximum of eight, of whom three must be sufficiently trained and experienced to provide cover for the three front row positions.Prior to 2016, all substitutions, no matter the cause, counted against the limit during a match. In 2016, World Rugby changed the law so that substitutions made to replace a player deemed unable to continue due to foul play by the opposition would no longer count against the match limit. This change was introduced in January of that year in the Southern Hemisphere and June in the Northern Hemisphere. Equipment The most basic items of equipment for a game of rugby union are the ball itself, a rugby shirt (also known as a "jersey"), rugby shorts, socks, and boots. The rugby ball is oval in shape (technically a prolate spheroid), and is made up of four panels. The ball was historically made of leather, but in the modern era most games use a ball made from a synthetic material. World Rugby lays out specific dimensions for the ball, 280–300 mm (11–12 in) in length, 740–770 mm (29–30 in) in circumference of length and 580–620 mm (23–24 in) in circumference of width. Rugby boots have soles with studs to allow grip on the turf of the pitch. The studs may be either metal or plastic but must not have any sharp edges or ridges.Protective equipment is optional and strictly regulated. The most common items are mouthguards, which are worn by almost all players, and are compulsory in some rugby-playing nations. Other protective items that are permitted include headgear; thin (not more than 10 mm thick), non-rigid shoulder pads and shin guards, which are worn underneath socks. Bandages or tape can be worn to support or protect injuries; some players wear tape around the head to protect the ears in scrums and rucks. Female players may also wear chest pads. Although not worn for protection, some types of fingerless mitts are allowed to aid grip.It is the responsibility of the match officials to check players' clothing and equipment before a game to ensure that it conforms to the laws of the game. Governing bodies The international governing body of rugby union (and associated games such as sevens) is World Rugby (WR). The WR headquarters are in Dublin, Ireland. WR, founded in 1886, governs the sport worldwide and publishes the game's laws and rankings. As of February 2014, WR (then known as the IRB, for International Rugby Board) recorded 119 unions in its membership, 101 full members and 18 associate member countries. According to WR, rugby union is played by men and women in over 100 countries. WR controls the Rugby World Cup, the Women's Rugby World Cup, Rugby World Cup Sevens, HSBC Sevens Series, HSBC Women's Sevens Series, World Under 20 Championship, World Under 20 Trophy, Nations Cup and the Pacific Nations Cup. WR holds votes to decide where each of these events are to be held, except in the case of the Sevens World Series for men and women, for which WR contracts with several national unions to hold individual events. Six regional associations, which are members of WR, form the next level of administration; these are: Rugby Africa, formerly Confederation of African Rugby (CAR) Asia Rugby, formerly Asian Rugby Football Union (ARFU) Rugby Americas North, formerly North America Caribbean Rugby Association (NACRA) Rugby Europe, previously Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby (FIRA-AER) Oceania Rugby, formerly Federation of Oceania Rugby Unions (FORU) Sudamérica Rugby, formerly Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby (South American Rugby Confederation, or CONSUR)SANZAAR (South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina Rugby) is a joint venture of the South African Rugby Union, New Zealand Rugby, Rugby Australia and the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) that operates Super Rugby and The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri Nations before the entry of Argentina). Although UAR initially had no representation on the former SANZAR board, it was granted input into the organisation's issues, especially with regard to The Rugby Championship, and became a full SANZAAR member in 2016 (when the country entered Super Rugby). National unions oversee rugby union within individual countries and are affiliated to WR. Since 2016, the WR Council has 40 seats. A total of 11 unions—the eight foundation unions of England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France, plus Argentina, Canada and Italy—have two seats each. In addition, the six regional associations have two seats each. Four more unions—Georgia, Japan, Romania and the USA—have one seat each. Finally, the chairman and vice chairman, who usually come from one of the eight foundation unions (although the current vice chairman, Agustín Pichot, is with the non-foundation Argentine union) have one vote each. Global reach The earliest countries to adopt rugby union were England, the country of inception, and the other three Home Nations, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. The spread of rugby union as a global sport has its roots in the exporting of the game by British expatriates, military personnel, and overseas university students. The first rugby club in France was formed by British residents in Le Havre in 1872, while the next year Argentina recorded its first game: 'Banks' v 'City' in Buenos Aires. In turn, French and Argentinian travellers, particularly students, spread the Game beyond the British Empire, forming roots in particular in Italy, Romania, Uruguay and Chile. Eight countries have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport; they are Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Wales and South Africa. Oceania A rugby club was formed in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in 1864; while the sport was said to have been introduced to New Zealand by Charles Monro in 1870, who played rugby while a student at Christ's College, Finchley.Several island nations have embraced the sport of rugby. Rugby was first played in Fiji c. 1884 by European and Fijian soldiers of the Native Constabulary at Ba on Viti Levu island. Fiji then sent their first overseas team to Samoa in 1924, who in turn set up their own union in 1924. Along with Tonga, other countries to have national rugby teams in Oceania include the Cook Islands, Niue, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. North America and Caribbean In North America a club formed in Montreal in 1868, Canada's first club. The city of Montreal also played its part in the introduction of the sport in the United States, when students of McGill University played against a team from Harvard University in 1874. The two variants of gridiron football — Canadian football and, to a lesser extent, American football — were once considered forms of rugby football, but the introduction of the legal forward pass severed the conceptual link between the old world rugby codes and new world gridiron codes, and they are seldom now referred to as forms of rugby football. One lasting element of the link, the governing body of Canadian football, Football Canada, was known as the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) as late as 1967, more than fifty years after the sport parted ways with the established rules of rugby union. The Grey Cup, the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing in the namesake championship of the professional Canadian Football League (CFL), was originally awarded to the champion of the CRU. The two strongest leagues in the CRU, the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union in Eastern Canada and the Western Interprovincial Football Union in Western Canada, evolved into the present day CFL. Although the exact date of arrival of rugby union in Trinidad and Tobago is unknown, their first club Northern RFC was formed in 1923, a national team was playing by 1927 and due to a cancelled tour to British Guiana in 1933, switched their venue to Barbados; introducing rugby to the island. Other Atlantic countries to play rugby union include Jamaica and Bermuda.Rugby union is the fastest growing college sport and sport in general in the US.Major League Rugby is the top professional rugby union competition in the US and Canada. One American professional team, American Raptors, formerly the MLR Glendale and Colorado Raptors, plays in the broadly South American Super Rugby Americas competition. Europe The growth of rugby union in Europe outside the 6 Nations countries in terms of playing numbers, attendances, and viewership has been sporadic. Historically, British and Irish home teams played the Southern Hemisphere teams of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, as well as France. The rest of Europe were left to play amongst themselves. During a period when it had been isolated by the British and Irish Unions, France, lacking international competition, became the only European team from the top tier to regularly play the other European countries; mainly Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Romania, Poland, Italy and Czechoslovakia. In 1934, instigated by the French Rugby Federation, FIRA (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur) was formed to organise rugby union outside the authority of the IRFB. The founding members were Italy, Romania, Netherlands, Portugal, Czechoslovakia, and Sweden. Four European teams have had, at different times, notable success; the most successful, Italy joined the Five Nations Championship as its sixth member, and while it remains the weakest of the Six Nations, Italy has recorded wins over all its 6N rivals with the exception of England, as well as defeating Australia. Before Italy's ascension, Romania enjoyed a period of success as their teams, backed by a supportive communist government, regularly challenged the major European nations. The fall of communism in Romania led to an era of steep decline from which Romania has yet to fully emerge, but it remains one of the most prominent of the second level European teams. Georgia, in the Caucuses, rose to prominence in the early 21st century; the traditional national game lelo bore strong similarities to rugby union, meaning the country was naturally attracted to the sport upon independence, and the Georgians are now regarded as the top European nation below the traditional Six Nations, and even on a par with Italy. Having qualified for the 2023 Rugby World Cup through the final repechage, Portugal had a startlingly successful tournament, holding Georgia to an 18-18 draw, and performing strongly against Tier One sides Wales and Australia before an historic victory over eventual quarter-finalists Fiji. Portugal demonstrated significant fans support during the tournament. Other European rugby playing nations of note include Russia, whose first officially recorded match is marked by an encounter between Dynamo Moscow and the Moscow Institute of Physical Education in 1933. Rugby union in Spain, often associated with the Basque and Catalan regions near the French border, is also relatively strong in this context, having twice missed out on World Cup qualification by rule breaches having gained the points required, and hosting several large crowds for European Professional Rugby Cup matches. In 1999, FIRA agreed to place itself under the auspices of the IRB, transforming itself into a strictly European organising body. Accordingly, it changed its name to FIRA–AER (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby). It adopted its current name of Rugby Europe in 2014. South America Although Argentina is the best-known rugby playing nation in South America, founding the Argentine Rugby Union in 1899, several other countries on the continent have a long history. Rugby had been played in Brazil since the end of the 19th century, but the game was played regularly only from 1926, when São Paulo beat Santos in an inter-city match. It took Uruguay several aborted attempts to adapt to rugby, led mainly by the efforts of the Montevideo Cricket Club; these efforts succeeded in 1951 with the formation of a national league and four clubs. Other South American countries that formed a rugby union include Chile (1948), and Paraguay (1968).Super Rugby Americas is the professional Rugby union competition in South America. Asia Many Asian countries have a tradition of playing rugby dating from the British Empire. India began playing rugby in the early 1870s, the Calcutta Football Club forming in 1873. However, with the departure of a local British army regiment, interest in rugby diminished in the area. In 1878, The Calcutta Football Club was disbanded, and rugby in India faltered. Sri Lanka claims to have founded their union in 1878, and although little official information from the period is available, the team won the All-India cup in Madras in 1920. The first recorded match in Malaysia was in 1892, but the first confirmation of rugby is the existence of the HMS Malaya Cup which was first presented in 1922 and is still awarded to the winners of the Malay sevens.Rugby union was introduced to Japan in 1899 by two Cambridge students: Ginnosuke Tanaka and Edward Bramwell Clarke. The Japan RFU was founded in 1926 and its place in rugby history was cemented when Japan hosted the 2019 World Cup. It was the first country outside the Commonwealth, Ireland and France to host the event, and was viewed by the IRB as an opportunity for rugby union to extend its reach, particularly in Asia. Other Asian playing countries of note include Singapore, South Korea, China and The Philippines, while the former British colony of Hong Kong is notable within rugby for its development of the rugby sevens game, especially the Hong Kong Sevens tournament which was founded in 1976.Rugby in the Middle East and the Gulf States has its history in the 1950s, with clubs formed by British and French Services stationed in the region after the Second World War. When these servicemen left, the clubs and teams were kept alive by young professionals, mostly Europeans, working in these countries. The official union of Oman was formed in 1971. Bahrain founded its union a year later, while in 1975 the Dubai Sevens, the Gulf's leading rugby tournament, was created. Rugby remains a minority sport in the region with Israel and the United Arab Emirates, as of 2019, being the only member union from the Middle East to be included in the IRB World Rankings. Africa In 1875, rugby was introduced to South Africa by British soldiers garrisoned in Cape Town. The game spread quickly across the country, displacing Winchester College football as the sport of choice in South Africa and spreading to nearby Zimbabwe. South African settlers also brought the game with them to Namibia and competed against British administrators in British East Africa. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the sport in Africa was spread by settlers and colonials who often adopted a "whites-only" policy to playing the game. This resulted in rugby being viewed as a bourgeois sport by the indigenous people with limited appeal. Despite this, enclaves of black participation developed notably in the Eastern Cape and in Harare. The earliest countries to see the playing of competitive rugby include South Africa, and neighbouring Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), which formed the Rhodesia Rugby Football Union in 1895 and became a regular stop for touring British and New Zealand sides.In more recent times the sport has been embraced by several African nations. In the early 21st century Madagascar has experienced crowds of 40,000 at national matches, while Namibia, whose history of rugby can be dated from 1915, have qualified for the final stages of the World Cup seven times since 1999. Other African nations to be represented in the World Rugby Rankings as Member Unions include Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Uganda and Zambia. South Africa and Kenya are among the 15 "core teams" that participate in every event of the men's World Rugby Sevens Series. Women's rugby union Records of women's rugby football date from the late 19th century, with the first documented source being Emily Valentine's writings, in which she states that she set up a rugby team in Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, Ireland in 1887. Although there are reports of early women's matches in New Zealand and France, one of the first notable games to prove primary evidence was the 1917 war-time encounter between Cardiff Ladies and Newport Ladies; a photo of which shows the Cardiff team before the match at the Cardiff Arms Park. Since the 1980s, the game has grown in popularity among female athletes, and by 2010, according to World Rugby, women's rugby was being played in over 100 countries.The English-based Women's Rugby Football Union (WRFU), responsible for women's rugby in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, was founded in 1983, and is the oldest formally organised national governing body for women's rugby. This was replaced in 1994 by the Rugby Football Union for Women (RFUW) in England with each of the other Home Nations governing their own countries.The premier international competition in rugby union for women is the Women's Rugby World Cup, first held in 1991; from 1994 through 2014, it was held every four years. After the 2014 event, the tournament was brought forward a year to 2017 to avoid clashing with other sporting cycles, in particular the Rugby World Cup Sevens competition. The Women's Rugby World Cup returned to a four-year cycle after 2017, with future competitions to be held in the middle year of the men's World Cup cycle. Major international competitions Rugby World Cup The most important competition in rugby union is the Rugby World Cup, a men's tournament that has taken place every four years since the inaugural event in 1987. South Africa are the reigning champions, having defeated New Zealand 11-12 in the final of the 2023 Rugby World Cup in an enthalling match at the Stade de France. South Africa has the highest number of World Cup wins: 4 (1995, 2007, 2019 and 2023). New Zealand won the title three times (1987, 2011 and 2015), Australia have won twice (1991 and 1999), and England once (2003). England is the only team from the Northern Hemisphere to have won the Rugby World Cup.The Rugby World Cup has continued to grow since its inception in 1987. The first tournament, in which 16 teams competed for the title, was broadcast to 17 countries with an accumulated total of 230 million television viewers. Ticket sales during the pool stages and finals of the same tournament was less than a million. The 2007 World Cup was contested by 94 countries with ticket sales of 3,850,000 over the pool and final stage. The accumulated television audience for the event, then broadcast to 200 countries, was a claimed 4.2 billion.The 2019 Rugby World Cup took place in Japan between 20 September and 2 November. It was the ninth edition and the first time the tournament has been held in Asia. Regional tournaments Major international competitions are the Six Nations Championship and The Rugby Championship, held in Europe and the Southern Hemisphere respectively.The Six Nations is an annual competition involving the European teams England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. Each country plays the other five once. Following the first internationals between England and Scotland, Ireland and Wales began competing in the 1880s, forming the Home International Championships. France joined the tournament in the 1900s and in 1910 the term Five Nations first appeared. However, the Home Nations (England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) excluded France in 1931 amid a run of poor results, allegations of professionalism and concerns over on-field violence. France then rejoined in 1939–1940, though World War II halted proceedings for a further eight years. France has played in all the tournaments since WWII, the first of which was played in 1947. In 2000, Italy became the sixth nation in the contest and Rome's Stadio Olimpico has replaced Stadio Flaminio as the venue for their home games since 2013.The Rugby Championship is the Southern Hemisphere's annual international series for that region's top national teams. From its inception in 1996 through 2011, it was known as the Tri Nations, as it featured the hemisphere's traditional powers of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. These teams have dominated world rankings in recent years, and many considered the Tri Nations to be the toughest competition in international rugby. The Tri Nations was initially played on a home and away basis with the three nations playing each other twice.In 2006 a new system was introduced where each nation plays the others three times, though in 2007 and 2011 the teams played each other only twice, as both were World Cup years. Since Argentina's strong performances in the 2007 World Cup, after the 2009 Tri Nations tournament, SANZAR (South Africa, New Zealand and Australian Rugby) invited the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) to join an expanded Four Nations tournament in 2012. The competition has been officially rechristened as The Rugby Championship beginning with the 2012 edition. The competition reverted to the Tri Nations' original home-and-away format, but now involving four teams. In World Cup years, an abbreviated tournament is held in which each team plays the others only once. In 2020, the "Tri Nations" format was temporarily revived due to the withdrawal of South Africa owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. Rugby within multi-sport events Rugby union was played at the Olympic Games in 1900, 1908, 1920 and 1924. As per Olympic rules, the nations of Scotland, Wales and England were not allowed to play separately as they are not sovereign states. In 1900, France won the gold, beating Great Britain 27 points to 8 and defeating Germany 27 points to 17. In 1908, Australia defeated Great Britain, claiming the gold medal, the score being 32 points to three. In 1920, the United States, fielding a team with many players new to the sport of rugby, upset France in a shock win, eight points to zero. In 1924, the United States again defeated France 17 to 3, becoming the only team to win gold twice in the sport.In 2009 the International Olympic Committee voted with a majority of 81 to 8 that rugby union be reinstated as an Olympic sport in at least the 2016 and 2020 games, but in the sevens, 4-day tournament format. This is something the rugby world has aspired to for a long time and Bernard Lapasset, president of the International Rugby Board, said the Olympic gold medal would be considered to be "the pinnacle of our sport" (Rugby Sevens).Rugby sevens has been played at the Commonwealth Games since the 1998 Games in Kuala Lumpur. The most gold medal holders are New Zealand who have won the competition on four successive occasions until South Africa beat them in 2014. Rugby union has also been an Asian Games event since the 1998 games in Bangkok, Thailand. In the 1998 and 2002 editions of the games, both the usual fifteen-a-side variety and rugby sevens were played, but from 2006 onwards, only rugby sevens was retained. In 2010, the women's rugby sevens event was introduced. The event is likely to remain a permanent fixture of the Asian Games due to elevation of rugby sevens as an Olympic sport from the 2016 Olympics onwards. The present gold medal holders in the sevens tournament, held in 2014, are Japan in the men's event and China in the women's. Women's international rugby Women's international rugby union began in 1982, with a match between France and the Netherlands played in Utrecht. As of 2009 over six hundred women's internationals have been played by over forty different nations.The first Women's Rugby World Cup was held in Wales in 1991 and was won by the United States. The second tournament took place in 1994, and from that time through 2014 was held every four years. The New Zealand Women's team then won four straight World Cups (1998, 2002, 2006, 2010) before England won in 2014. Following the 2014 event, World Rugby moved the next edition of the event to 2017, with a new four-year cycle from that point forward. New Zealand are the current World Cup holders. As well as the Women's Rugby World Cup there are also other regular tournaments, including a Six Nations, run in parallel to the men's competition. The Women's Six Nations, first played in 1996 has been dominated by England, who have won the tournament on 14 occasions, including a run of seven consecutive wins from 2006 to 2012. However, since then, England have won only in 2017; reigning champion France have won in each even-numbered year (2014, 2016, 2018) whilst Ireland won in 2013 and 2015. Professional rugby union Rugby union has been professionalised since 1995. Professionalism has brought mixed results, with grassroots participation falling and financial struggles in the professional arena. The following table shows professional and semi-professional rugby union competitions. Variants Rugby union has spawned several variants of the full-contact, 15-a-side game. The two most common differences in adapted versions are fewer players and reduced player contact. The oldest variant is rugby sevens (sometimes 7s or VIIs), a fast-paced game which originated in Melrose, Scotland in 1883. In rugby sevens, there are only seven players per side, and each half is normally seven minutes. Major tournaments include the Hong Kong Sevens and Dubai Sevens, both held in areas not normally associated with the highest levels of the 15-a-side game. A more recent variant of the sport is rugby tens (10s or Xs), a Malaysian invention with ten players per side.Touch rugby, in which "tackles" are made by simply touching the ball carrier with two hands, is popular both as a training game and more formally as a mixed sex version of the sport played by both children and adults.Several variants have been created to introduce the sport to children with a less physical contact. Mini rugby is a version aimed at fostering the sport in children. It is played with only eight players and on a smaller pitch.Tag Rugby is a version in which the players wear a belt with two tags attached by velcro, the removal of either counting as a 'tackle'. Tag Rugby also varies in that kicking the ball is not allowed. Similar to Tag Rugby, American Flag Rugby, (AFR), is a mixed gender, non-contact imitation of rugby union designed for American children entering grades K-9. Both American Flag Rugby and Mini Rugby differ from Tag Rugby in that they introduce more advanced elements of rugby union as the participants age.Ten man rugby is an extreme style of play in rugby union in which the team uses the power of its forwards to dominate possession, scrums and line-outs, and the kicking ability of its fly-half to attain position. The four three-quarter backs and the full back are not usually used in attack; if they are, this is usually restricted to the inside centre on the crash ball, and chasing kicks, especially garryowens. Ten man rugby is a very conservative style of play, and not particularly entertaining for the spectator, but can be effective if a team has a strong pack and a good 10, and perhaps less effective backs. The term "ten man rugby" is somewhat derogatory, though most teams will employ these tactics to a degree, especially in foul weather, but usually not exclusively.Other less formal variants include beach rugby and snow rugby. Influence on other sports Rugby league was formed after the Northern Union broke from the Rugby Football Union in a disagreement over payment to players. It went on to change its laws and became a football code in its own right. The two sports continue to influence each other to this day. American football and Canadian football are derived from early forms of rugby football.Australian rules football was influenced by rugby football and other games originating in English public schools.James Naismith took aspects of many sports including rugby to invent basketball. The most obvious contribution is the jump ball's similarity to the line-out as well as the underhand shooting style that dominated the early years of the sport. Naismith played rugby at McGill University.Swedish football was a code whose rules were a mix of Association and Rugby football rules.Rugby lends its name to wheelchair rugby, a full-contact sport which contains elements of rugby such as crossing a try line with the ball to score. Statistics and records According to a 2023 report by the Centre for the International Business of Sport, over ten million people play rugby union or one of its variants organised by the IRB. This is a significant increase since the previous report in 2011. The report also claimed that since 2011 participation has grown by 33 per cent in Africa, 28 per cent in South America and 18 per cent in Asia and North America. In 2023 the IRB published a breakdown of the total number of players worldwide by national unions. It recorded a total of 10.9 million players globally, of those, 8.4 million were registered members playing for a club affiliated to their country's union. The 2016 World Rugby Year in Review reported 8.5 million players, of which 3.2 million were registered union players and 1.9 million were registered club players; 22% of all players were female.The most capped international player from the tier 1 nations is Welsh captain Alun Wyn Jones who has played over 150 internationals. While the top scoring tier 1 international player is New Zealand's Dan Carter, who has amassed 1442 points during his career. In April 2010 Lithuania which is a second tier rugby nation, broke the record of consecutive international wins for second tier rugby nations. In 2016, the All Blacks of New Zealand set the new record 18 consecutive test wins among tier 1 rugby nations, bettering their previous consecutive run of 17. This record was equalled by England on 11 March 2017 with a win over Scotland at Twickenham. The highest scoring international match between two recognised unions was Hong Kong's 164–13 victory over Singapore on 27 October 1994. While the largest winning margin of 152 points is held by two countries, Japan (a 155–3 win over Chinese Taipei) and Argentina (152–0 over Paraguay) both in 2002.The record attendance for a rugby union game was set on 15 July 2000 in which New Zealand defeated Australia 39–35 in a Bledisloe Cup game at Stadium Australia in Sydney before 109,874 fans. The record attendance for a match in Europe of 104,000 (at the time a world record) was set on 1 March 1975 when Scotland defeated Wales 12–10 at Murrayfield in Edinburgh during the 1975 Five Nations Championship. This crowd however is an estimate and contemporaneous newspaper accounts list a crowd of 80,000 only. The record attendance for a domestic club match is 99,124, set when Racing 92 defeated Toulon in the 2016 Top 14 final on 24 June at Camp Nou in Barcelona. The match had been moved from its normal site of Stade de France near Paris due to scheduling conflicts with France's hosting of UEFA Euro 2016. In culture Thomas Hughes's 1857 novel Tom Brown's Schooldays, set at Rugby School, includes a rugby football match, also portrayed in the 1940s film of the same name. James Joyce mentions Irish team Bective Rangers in several of his works, including Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939), while his 1916 semi-autobiographical work A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man has an account of Ireland international James Magee. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, in his 1924 Sherlock Holmes tale The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire, mentions that Dr Watson played rugby for Blackheath.Henri Rousseau's 1908 work Joueurs de football shows two pairs of rugby players competing. Other French artists to have represented the sport in their works include Albert Gleizes' Les Joueurs de football (1912), Robert Delaunay's Football. L'Équipe de Cardiff (1916) and André Lhote's Partie de Rugby (1917). The 1928 Gold Medal for Art at the Amsterdam Olympics was won by Luxembourg's Jean Jacoby for his work Rugby.In film, Ealing Studios' 1949 comedy A Run for Your Money and the 1979 BBC Wales television film Grand Slam both centre on fans attending a match. Films that explore the sport in more detail include independent production Old Scores (1991) and Forever Strong (2008). Invictus (2009), based on John Carlin's book Playing the Enemy, explores the events of the 1995 Rugby World Cup and Nelson Mandela's attempt to use the sport to connect South Africa's people post-apartheid.In public art and sculpture there are many works dedicated to the sport. There is a 27 feet (8.2 m) bronze statue of a rugby line-out by pop artist Gerald Laing at Twickenham and one of rugby administrator Sir Tasker Watkins at the Millennium Stadium. Rugby players to have been honoured with statues include Gareth Edwards in Cardiff and Danie Craven in Stellenbosch. See also Experimental law variations International Rugby Hall of Fame, now merged with the former IRB Hall of Fame International rugby union eligibility rules International rugby union player records International rugby union team records List of international rugby union teams List of oldest rugby union competitions List of rugby union terms World Rugby Hall of Fame, a merger of the IRB and International Rugby Halls of Fame Concussions in rugby union List of rugby union stadiums by capacity History of the English rugby union system History of the England national rugby union team References Notes Footnotes Sources Printed sources Electronic sources "Laws of Rugby Union". IRB. 2010. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011. "IRB Regulations". IRB. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2011. Scrum.com Rugby guide External links International Rugby Board – official site of the sport's governing body Rugby Data – rugby union statistics Planet Rugby – news, fixtures, match reports, etc. ESPN Scrum.com – news, match reports and statistics database New Zealand Rugby – Top 10 international Rugby New Zealand Rugby Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine – Top 10 international All Blacks Rugby

Bulstrode Whitelocke

Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke (6 August 1605 – 28 July 1675) was an English lawyer, writer, parliamentarian and Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England.

Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke (6 August 1605 – 28 July 1675) was an English lawyer, writer, parliamentarian and Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England. Early life He was the eldest son of Sir James Whitelocke and Elizabeth Bulstrode, and was born on 6 August 1605 at George Croke's house in Fleet Street, London. He was baptized on 19 August 1605 at the nearby church of St Dunstan-in-the-West, where his mother's parents were married in 1571; his notorious uncle Edmund Whitelocke, being one of the godfathers, announced that the child was to be called Bulstrode. The vicar demurred, but Edmund insisted that he bear his mother's name, "Bulstrode or Elizabeth, let them choose which they please". Bulstrode was educated briefly at Eton College, then at Merchant Taylors' School and at St John's College, Oxford, where he matriculated on 8 December 1620. Early career He left Oxford, without a degree, for the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar in 1626; in 1628 he became treasurer of his Temple. He was fond of field sports and of music, and in 1633/34 he had charge of the music in the great masque "The Triumph of Peace" performed by the Inns of Court before the king and queen. As Lawyer He was appointed Recorder of Abingdon (1632–49), of Oxford (1647–49), of Bristol (1651–55), and Counsel for Henley (1632). Enters Politics He was elected for Stafford in the parliament of 1626. In 1640, he was chosen Member for Great Marlow in the Long Parliament.He took a prominent part in the proceedings against Strafford, was Chairman of the Committee of Management, and had charge of articles XIX–XXIV of the impeachment. He drew up the Bill for making Parliaments indissoluble except by their own consent, and supported the Grand Remonstrance and the action taken in the House of Commons against the illegal canons; on the militia question, however, he advocated a joint control by King and Parliament. His part in the Civil War On the outbreak of the English Civil War he took the side of the Parliament, using his influence in the country as Deputy-Lieutenant to prevent the King from raising troops in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire.He was sent to the King at Oxford in 1643 and again in 1644 to negotiate terms, and the secret communications with King Charles on the latter occasion were the foundation of a charge of treason brought later against Whitelocke and Denzil Holles. He was one of the Commissioners at the Treaty of Uxbridge in 1645.Nevertheless, he opposed the policy of Holles and the Peace Party and the proposed disbanding of the army in 1647, and, although he was one of the lay members of the Assembly of Divines, he repudiated the claims of divine authority put forward by the Presbyterians for their Church, and approved of religious tolerance. He thus gravitated more towards Oliver Cromwell and the Army Party, but he took no part in either the disputes between the Army and Parliament or in the trial of the King. On the establishment of the Commonwealth, though out of sympathy with the government, he was nominated to the Council of State and as a Commissioner of the Parliament's new Great Seal (1659–60).He purportedly urged Cromwell after the Battle of Worcester and again in 1652 to recall the Royal Family. In 1653 he disapproved of the expulsion of the Long Parliament and he was especially marked out for attack by Cromwell in his speech on that occasion. Ambassador to Sweden Later in the autumn of 1653, and perhaps in consequence, Whitelocke was despatched on a mission to Christina, queen of Sweden, to conclude a treaty of alliance and assure the freedom of the Sound. Retroactively, the diplomatic mission caused him to be considered as the first of the country's Ambassadors to Sweden, though at the time this was not a regular or fixed position. He was knighted in 1654. His return to Britain On his return he resumed his office as Commissioner of the Great Seal, was appointed a Commissioner of the Treasury with a salary of £1000, and was returned to Parliament in 1654 for each of the four constituencies of Bedford, Exeter, Oxford and Buckinghamshire, electing to sit for the latter constituency.Whitelocke was a learned and sound lawyer. He had hitherto shown himself not unsympathetic to reform, having supported the Bill introducing the use of English into legal proceedings, having drafted a new treason law, and having set on foot some alterations in Chancery procedure. A tract advocating the registering of title deeds is attributed to him. He defeated a bill which sought to exclude lawyers from parliament; and to the sweeping and ill-considered changes in the Court of Chancery proposed by Cromwell and the Council he offered an unbending and honourable resistance, being dismissed in consequence, together with his colleague Sir Thomas Widdrington, on 6 June 1654 from his Commissionership of the Great Seal (see William Lenthall).However, he still remained on good terms with Cromwell, by whom he was respected; he took part in public business, acted as Cromwell's adviser on foreign affairs, negotiated the treaty with Sweden of 1656, and, was elected again to the Parliament of the same year, as Member for Buckinghamshire, he was chairman of the committee which conferred with Cromwell on the subject of the Petition and Advice and urged the protector to assume the title of King. In December 1657 he became a member of the Cromwell's Other House. Under Richard Cromwell On Richard Cromwell's assumption of the Protectorship, Whitelocke was reappointed a Commissioner of the Great Seal, and had considerable influence during the former's short tenure of power. He returned to his place in the Long Parliament on its recall, was appointed a member of the Council of State on 14 May 1659, and became president in August. Subsequently, on the fresh expulsion of the Long Parliament, he was included in the Committee of Safety which superseded the council. He again received the Great Seal into his keeping on 1 November. During the period which immediately preceded the Restoration he endeavoured to oppose George Monck's schemes, and desired Charles Fleetwood to forestall him and make terms with King Charles, but in vain. End of his career On the failure of his plans, he retired to the country and awaited events. Whitelocke's career, however, had been marked by moderation and good sense throughout. The necessity of carrying on the government of the country somehow or other had been the chief motive of his adherence to Cromwell rather than any sympathy for a republic or a military dictatorship, and his advice to Cromwell to accept the title of King was doubtless tendered with the object of giving the administration greater stability and of protecting its adherents under the Statute of Henry VII. Nor had he shown himself unduly ambitious or self-seeking in the pursuit of office, and he had proved himself ready to sacrifice high place to the claims of professional honour and duty. These considerations were not without weight with his contemporaries at the Restoration. Accordingly, Whitelocke was not excepted from the Act of Indemnity, and after the payment of various sums to the King and others he was allowed to retain the bulk of his property. Family Whitelocke purchased Greenlands House, Berkshire in 1651. The purchase of this land resulted in Whitelocke owning 3 miles of Thames waterfront below Henley-on-Thames. The site is now the home of Henley Business School, part of the University of Reading. Whitelocke lived at Fawley Court in Buckinghamshire which he had inherited from his father in 1632. After the house was damaged during the Civil War he gave it to his son James and lived henceforth in seclusion at Chilton Lodge near Chilton Foliat in Wiltshire, dying on 28 July 1675, aged 69.Whitelocke married three times: in June 1630, Rebecca, daughter of Thomas Bennet, alderman of London. She was adjudged insane, and died on 9 May 1634.Their eldest son, James (13 July 1631 – 1701), served in Cromwell's guard in Ireland, was chosen colonel of an Oxfordshire militia regiment in 1651, was knighted by the Protector on 6 January 1657, represented Aylesbury in the parliament of 1659. on 9 November 1635, Frances (died 1649), daughter of Lord Willoughby of Parham, with whom he had nine children.His eldest son by his second marriage, William Whitelocke, entertained William III on his journey to London, and was knighted by him on 10 April 1689. about 1651, Mary, daughter of one Carleton, and widow of Rowland Wilson, with whom he had four sons and several daughters.An account of the distribution of his property among these different sons is given in R. H. Whitelocke's Life of Whitelocke. Bibliography Whitelocke was the author of: Memorials of the English affairs from the beginning of the reign of Charles I …, published 1682 and reprinted. According to the author of Whitelocke's biography in the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition "[it is] a work which has obtained greater authority than it deserves, being largely a compilation from various sources, composed after the events and abounding in errors". Annals, his work of greatest value, still remains in manuscript in Lord Bute's and Lord de la Warr's collections (Hist. Brit. Comm. III. Rep. pp202, 217; also Egerton Manuscripts Brit. Mus. 997, add. Manuscripts 4992, 4994); his Journal of the Swedish Embassy … was published in 1772 and re-edited by Henry Reeve in 1885 (add. Manuscripts 4902, 4991 and 4995 and Hist. Manuscripts Comm III. Rep. 190, 217) Notes on the Kings Writ for choosing Members of Parliament … were published in 1766 (see also add. MSS. 4993) Memorials of the English Affairs, from the suppos'd expedition of Brute to this Island, to the end of the Reign of King James I, were published in 1709 Essays Ecclesiastical and Civil (1706) Quench not the Spirit (1711) some theological treatises remain in manuscript, and several others are attributed to him. Notes References Coates, Ben (2010). "Whitelocke, Bulstrode (1605-1675), of the Middle Temple, London; later of Fawley Court, Bucks.". In Thrush, Andrew; Ferris, John P. (eds.). The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629 (online ed.). Cambridge University Press. Spalding, Ruth (1975). The Improbable Puritan. Faber & Faber.Attribution: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Whitelocke, Bulstrode". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 606–607. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Firth, Charles Harding (1900). "Whitelocke, Bulstrode". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 61. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 110. Endnotes: Anglesea, Arthur Annesley, Earl of, ed. (1682). Memorials of the English Affairs from the beginning of the Reign of Charles I...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) Le Neve, Peter (1873). Le Neve's pedigrees of the knights made by King Charles II. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Whitelocke, R.H. (1860). Memoirs Biographical and Historical of Bulstrode Whitelocke. Further reading Spalding, Ruth, ed. (1990). The Diary of Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1605–1675 and Contemporaries of Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1605–1675, Biographies, Illustrated by Letters and other Documents. Oxford University Press for the British Academy. Spalding, Ruth (October 2009) [2004]. "Whitelocke, Bulstrode, appointed Lord Whitelocke under the protectorate (1605–1675)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29297. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) External links Works by Bulstrode Whitelocke at Project Gutenberg Historical and Political Writings by Bulstrode Whitelocke Pictures in the National Portrait Gallery, London Infoplease biography

PC Ace

PC Ace was a partwork magazine published by Eaglemoss Publications, between 1999 and 2001. It was aimed at those aged between 10 and 14, providing information on how to operate a personal computer. Readers of the magazine were assisted in part by a cartoon mouse named Ace, who featured throughout the magazine's pages.The series consisted of 100 parts, and was previously available for sale in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, among others.

PC Ace was a partwork magazine published by Eaglemoss Publications, between 1999 and 2001. It was aimed at those aged between 10 and 14, providing information on how to operate a personal computer. Readers of the magazine were assisted in part by a cartoon mouse named Ace, who featured throughout the magazine's pages.The series consisted of 100 parts, and was previously available for sale in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, among others. Structure PC Ace was released on a weekly basis, with a CD-ROM accompanying the magazine every second issue (with the exception of part 1, which included two CD-ROM discs). These CD-ROM discs contained programs such as computer games and edutainment titles. Issues that included a CD-ROM did not include the Wordpower section. Sections PC Ace was divided into 9 sections, detailed below. PC Power - Essential Skills - This section consisted of information on using core computer functions, such as using fonts and operating the Microsoft Windows operating system. It was discontinued after part 12. PC Power - Operating Skills - This section consisted of information that discussed use of the Microsoft Windows operating system in a more in-depth manner, such as running games under MS-DOS and changing shortcut icons. PC Power - Program Skills - This section focused on the use of software that ran within the Microsoft Windows operating system, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel. Technozone - This section contained a collection of technology related articles that was built up as the series progressed. Topics included Gamepads and Animation. Online - This section consisted of information about how to use the internet and tools that were available online. Topics included creating a website and sending email. On CD-ROM - This section was only included with issues that were accompanied by a CD-ROM. It had information on the background of the included program, as well as brief details of how to use it. Wordpower - This section was an A - Z index of computing terms which built up as the series progressed, in alphabetical order, with their definitions included. Timeout - This section provided details on how to create items such as party invitations and graphics, as well as how to play games that are included in the Microsoft Windows operating system. Cyberchat - This section contained technology related news items, as well as letters sent in by readers of the magazine (under the title of 'Ace's Noticeboard'). == References ==

Nabeshima Naomasa

Nabeshima Naomasa (鍋島 直正, January 16, 1815 – March 8, 1871) was the 10th and final daimyō of Saga Domain in Hizen Province, Kyūshū, Japan. His honorary title was Hizen-no-Kami, and he was occasionally referred to as “Prince Hizen” in western accounts during the Bakumatsu period.

Nabeshima Naomasa (鍋島 直正, January 16, 1815 – March 8, 1871) was the 10th and final daimyō of Saga Domain in Hizen Province, Kyūshū, Japan. His honorary title was Hizen-no-Kami, and he was occasionally referred to as “Prince Hizen” in western accounts during the Bakumatsu period. Biography Naomasa was born the 17th son of Nabeshima Narinao, the 9th daimyō of Saga Domain. His mother was a daughter of Ikeda Harumichi. His wife was the 18th daughter of shōgun Tokugawa Ienari, and one of his concubines was the 19th daughter of Tokugawa Narimasa. On the retirement of his father in 1830, Naomasa was appointed 10th daimyō of Saga at the age of 17. In celebration of his new role and to reinforce the close relations between Saga domain and the shogunate, his father-in-law Shōgun Tokugawa Ienari allowed him the use of one character from his name. Thus, "Narimasa" was written (斉正) until the end of the Edo period. Naomasa inherited a domain on the verge or bankruptcy, due to high expenses associated with its role in guarding the foreign settlement at nearby Dejima and due to the profligate spending habits of Naomasa’s father. When Naomasa was appointed daimyō in Edo and prepared to make a journey back to his domain, a mob of creditors besieged his Edo residence demanding repayment on outstanding debts before he departed the city. However, Naomasa’s attempts to reform domain finances were continually blocked by his retired father, whose conservative politics and resistance to innovation were at odds with any new policies he attempted to implement. Naomasa was only able to take full control after the 1835 fire at Saga Castle. Using the need to raise funds to reconstruct the castle as a justification, he cut the number of samurai supported by Saga domain to one-fifth of its previous level, and established a number of industries, including production of weapons, charcoal and tea as domain monopolies. At the same time, he made a strong investment in the domain academy, the Kodokan (弘道館) to train future leaders of Saga Domain in the latest technologies. Through his contacts at nearby Nagasaki, he imported Armstrong cannon, far more powerful than anything deployed by the Tokugawa shogunate to date, and had the weapons reverse engineered with copies made by Saga armories. He built the first reverberatory furnace in Japan and invited competent artisans, including swordsmiths and metal casters, from around Japan to migrate to Saga regardless of their social standing. He also sponsored the development of steam engines and steam-powered warships. In 1853, with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry to end Japan’s national isolation policy, he was initially vocal in his support of the Sonnō jōi faction, and assisted the Tokugawa government in building coastal defense batteries around Edo Bay. However, he also secretly opened direct negotiations with Great Britain, and later emerged as a proponent of opening the country to foreign trade. He officially retired from the position of daimyō in 1861. Even after retirement, he kept an active hand in the development of Saga Domain, strongly supporting rangaku studies, especially in the fields of western medicine, weaponry and military tactics. He introduced smallpox vaccination into Japan, experimenting first on his own son. In the unsettled Bakumatsu period, Saga emerged as one of the militarily strongest of the Japanese domains, and Naomasa attempted to maintain a policy of neutrality between the moderate Kōbu Gattai faction which wished to reconcile the Tokugawa shogunate with the Imperial Court, and the more radical factions supporting either the Emperor or the Shōgun. During the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, he joined his forces with the Satchō Alliance in support of Emperor Meiji. After the Battle of Toba–Fushimi he fought against the Tokugawa remnants at the Battle of Ueno and in the various campaigns in northern Japan against the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei. Naomasa was appointed a councilor to the new Meiji government. With the abolition of the han system, he surrendered his office and was appointed governor until Saga Domain was absorbed into the new Saga Prefecture in July 1871. Together with Shimazu Yoshitake, he was appointed Commissioner of Colonial Affairs, and tasked with the settlement of Ezo and other lands in northern Japan. He died in 1871 at the Saga domain residence in Tokyo. Some of Naomasa's physical legacies include Saga Castle, which is being actively renovated, and a reconstruction of his Kakurin-tei (郭林亭) Japanese tea house located in the grounds of Kōno Park, Saga City, Japan. The new museum at Saga Castle provides excellent information on Naomasa's life and accomplishments. References The content of this article was derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia. External links Media related to Nabeshima Naomasa at Wikimedia Commons

Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, US also ; French: [saʁtʁ]; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology). His work has influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to do so. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution. "Sartre held an open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir.

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, US also ; French: [saʁtʁ]; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology). His work has influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to do so. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution."Sartre held an open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the cultural and social assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered bourgeois, in both lifestyles and thought. The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructive conformity (mauvaise foi, literally, 'bad faith') and an "authentic" way of "being" became the dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work Being and Nothingness (L'Être et le Néant, 1943). Sartre's introduction to his philosophy is his work Existentialism Is a Humanism (L'existentialisme est un humanisme, 1946), originally presented as a lecture. Biography Early life Jean-Paul Sartre was born on 21 June 1905 in Paris as the only child of Jean-Baptiste Sartre, an officer of the French Navy, and Anne-Marie (Schweitzer). When Sartre was two years old, his father died of an illness, which he most likely contracted in Indochina. Anne-Marie moved back to her parents' house in Meudon, where she raised Sartre with help from her father Charles Schweitzer, a teacher of German who taught Sartre mathematics and introduced him to classical literature at a very early age. When he was twelve, Sartre's mother remarried, and the family moved to La Rochelle, where he was frequently bullied, in part due to the wandering of his blind right eye (sensory exotropia).As a teenager in the 1920s, Sartre became attracted to philosophy upon reading Henri Bergson's essay Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness. He attended the Cours Hattemer, a private school in Paris. He studied and earned certificates in psychology, history of philosophy, logic, general philosophy, ethics and sociology, and physics, as well as his diplôme d'études supérieures (roughly equivalent to an MA thesis) in Paris at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS), an institution of higher education that was the alma mater for several prominent French thinkers and intellectuals. (His 1928 MA thesis under the title "L'Image dans la vie psychologique: rôle et nature" ["Image in Psychological Life: Role and Nature"] was supervised by Henri Delacroix.) It was at ENS that Sartre began his lifelong, sometimes fractious, friendship with Raymond Aron. Perhaps the most decisive influence on Sartre's philosophical development was his weekly attendance at Alexandre Kojève's seminars, which continued for a number of years.From his first years in the École normale, Sartre was one of its fiercest pranksters. In 1927, his antimilitarist satirical cartoon in the revue of the school, coauthored with Georges Canguilhem, particularly upset the director Gustave Lanson. In the same year, with his comrades Nizan, Larroutis, Baillou and Herland, he organized a media prank following Charles Lindbergh's successful New York City–Paris flight; Sartre & Co. called newspapers and informed them that Lindbergh was going to be awarded an honorary École degree. Many newspapers, including Le Petit Parisien, announced the event on 25 May. Thousands, including journalists and curious spectators, showed up, unaware that what they were witnessing was a stunt involving a Lindbergh look-alike. The scandal led Lanson to resign.In 1929 at the École normale, he met Simone de Beauvoir, who studied at the Sorbonne and later went on to become a noted philosopher, writer, and feminist. The two became inseparable and lifelong companions, initiating a romantic relationship, though they were not monogamous. The first time Sartre took the agrégation, he failed. He took it a second time and virtually tied for first place with Beauvoir, although Sartre was eventually awarded first place, with Beauvoir second.From 1931 until 1945, Sartre taught at various lycées of Le Havre (at the Lycée de Le Havre, the present-day Lycée François-Ier (Le Havre), 1931–1936), Laon (at the Lycée de Laon, 1936–37), and, finally, Paris (at the Lycée Pasteur, 1937–1939, and at the Lycée Condorcet, 1941–1944; see below). In 1932, Sartre read Voyage au bout de la nuit by Louis-Ferdinand Céline, a book that had a remarkable influence on him.In 1933–34, he succeeded Raymond Aron at the Institut français d'Allemagne in Berlin where he studied Edmund Husserl's phenomenological philosophy. Aron had already advised him in 1930 to read Emmanuel Levinas's Théorie de l'intuition dans la phénoménologie de Husserl (The Theory of Intuition in Husserl's Phenomenology).The neo-Hegelian revival led by Alexandre Kojève and Jean Hyppolite in the 1930s inspired a whole generation of French thinkers, including Sartre, to discover Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. World War II In 1939 Sartre was drafted into the French army, where he served as a meteorologist. He was captured by German troops in 1940 in Padoux, and he spent nine months as a prisoner of war—in Nancy and finally in Stalag XII-D, Trier, where he wrote his first theatrical piece, Barionà, fils du tonnerre, a drama concerning Christmas. It was during this period of confinement that Sartre read Martin Heidegger's Sein und Zeit, later to become a major influence on his own essay on phenomenological ontology. Because of poor health (he claimed that his poor eyesight and exotropia affected his balance) Sartre was released in April 1941. According to other sources, he escaped after a medical visit to the ophthalmologist. Given civilian status, he recovered his teaching position at Lycée Pasteur near Paris and settled at the Hotel Mistral. In October 1941 he was given a position, previously held by a Jewish teacher who had been forbidden to teach by Vichy law, at Lycée Condorcet in Paris. After coming back to Paris in May 1941, he participated in the founding of the underground group Socialisme et Liberté ("Socialism and Liberty") with other writers Simone de Beauvoir, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Toussaint Desanti, Dominique Desanti, Jean Kanapa, and École Normale students. In spring of 1941, Sartre suggested with "cheerful ferocity" at a meeting that the Socialisme et Liberté assassinate prominent war collaborators like Marcel Déat, but de Beauvoir noted his idea was rejected as "none of us felt qualified to make bombs or hurl grenades". The British historian Ian Ousby observed that the French always had far more hatred for collaborators than they did for the Germans, noting it was French people like Déat that Sartre wanted to assassinate rather than the military governor of France, General Otto von Stülpnagel, and the popular slogan always was "Death to Laval!" rather than "Death to Hitler!". In August Sartre and de Beauvoir went to the French Riviera seeking the support of André Gide and André Malraux. However, both Gide and Malraux were undecided, and this may have been the cause of Sartre's disappointment and discouragement. Socialisme et liberté soon dissolved and Sartre decided to write instead of being involved in active resistance. He then wrote Being and Nothingness, The Flies, and No Exit, none of which were censored by the Germans, and also contributed to both legal and illegal literary magazines. In his essay "Paris under the Occupation", Sartre wrote that the "correct" behaviour of the Germans had entrapped too many Parisians into complicity with the occupation, accepting what was unnatural as natural: The Germans did not stride, revolver in hand, through the streets. They did not force civilians to make way for them on the pavement. They would offer seats to old ladies on the Metro. They showed great fondness for children and would pat them on the cheek. They had been told to behave correctly and being well-disciplined, they tried shyly and conscientiously to do so. Some of them even displayed a naive kindness which could find no practical expression. Sartre noted when Wehrmacht soldiers asked Parisians politely in their German-accented French for directions, people usually felt embarrassed and ashamed as they tried their best to help out the Wehrmacht which led Sartre to remark "We could not be natural". French was a language widely taught in German schools and most Germans could speak at least some French. Sartre himself always found it difficult when a Wehrmacht soldier asked him for directions, usually saying he did not know where it was that the soldier wanted to go, but still felt uncomfortable as the very act of speaking to the Wehrmacht meant he had been complicit in the Occupation. Ousby wrote: "But, in however humble a fashion, everyone still had to decide how they were going to cope with life in a fragmenting society ... So Sartre's worries ... about how to react when a German soldier stopped him in the street and asked politely for directions were not as fussily inconsequential as they might sound at first. They were emblematic of how the dilemmas of the Occupation presented themselves in daily life". Sartre wrote the very "correctness" of the Germans caused moral corruption in many people who used the "correct" behavior of the Germans as an excuse for passivity, and the very act of simply trying to live one's day-to-day existence without challenging the occupation aided the "New Order in Europe", which depended upon the passivity of ordinary people to accomplish its goals.Throughout the occupation, it was German policy to plunder France, and food shortages were always a major problem as the majority of food from the French countryside went to Germany. Sartre wrote about the "languid existence" of the Parisians as people waited obsessively for the one weekly arrival of trucks bringing food from the countryside that the Germans allowed, writing: "Paris would grow peaked and yawn with hunger under the empty sky. Cut off from the rest of the world, fed only through the pity or some ulterior motive, the town led a purely abstract and symbolic life". Sartre himself lived on a diet of rabbits sent to him by a friend of de Beauvoir living in Anjou. The rabbits were usually in an advanced state of decay, full of maggots, and despite being hungry, Sartre once threw out one rabbit as uneatable, saying it had more maggots in it than meat. Sartre also remarked that conversations at the Café de Flore between intellectuals had changed, as the fear that one of them might be a mouche (informer) or a writer of the corbeau (anonymous denunciatory letters) meant that no one really said what they meant anymore, imposing self-censorship. Sartre and his friends at the Café de Flore had reasons for their fear; by September 1940, the Abwehr alone had already recruited 32,000 French people to work as mouches while by 1942 the Paris Kommandantur was receiving an average of 1,500 letters/per day sent by the corbeaux.Sartre wrote under the occupation Paris had become a "sham", resembling the empty wine bottles displayed in shop windows as all of the wine had been exported to Germany, looking like the old Paris, but hollowed out, as what had made Paris special was gone. Paris had almost no cars on the streets during the occupation as the oil went to Germany while the Germans imposed a nightly curfew, which led Sartre to remark that Paris "was peopled by the absent". Sartre also noted that people began to disappear under the occupation, writing: One day you might phone a friend and the phone would ring for a long time in an empty flat. You would go round and ring the doorbell, but no-one would answer it. If the concierge forced the door, you would find two chairs standing close together in the hall with the fag-ends of German cigarettes on the floor between their legs. If the wife or mother of the man who had vanished had been present at his arrest, she would tell you that he had been taken away by very polite Germans, like those who asked the way in the street. And when she went to ask what had happened to them at the offices in the Avenue Foch or the Rue des Saussaies she would be politely received and sent away with comforting words" [No. 11 Rue des Saussaies was the headquarters of the Gestapo in Paris]. Sartre wrote the feldgrau ("field grey") uniforms of the Wehrmacht and the green uniforms of the Order Police which had seemed so alien in 1940 had become accepted, as people were numbed into accepting what Sartre called "a pale, dull green, unobtrusive strain, which the eye almost expected to find among the dark clothes of the civilians". Under the occupation, the French often called the Germans les autres ("the others"), which inspired Sartre's aphorism in his play Huis clos ("No Exit") of "l'enfer, c'est les Autres" ("Hell is other people"). Sartre intended the line "l'enfer, c'est les Autres" at least in part to be a dig at the German occupiers.Sartre was a very active contributor to Combat, a newspaper created during the clandestine period by Albert Camus, a philosopher and author who held similar beliefs. Sartre and de Beauvoir remained friends with Camus until 1951, with the publication of Camus's The Rebel. Sartre wrote extensively post-war about neglected minority groups, namely French Jews and black people. In 1946, he published Anti-Semite and Jew, after having published the first part of the essay, "Portrait de l'antisémite," the year before in Les Temps modernes, No. 3. In the essay, in the course of explaining the etiology of "hate" as the hater's projective fantasies when reflecting on the Jewish question, he attacks antisemitism in France during a time when the Jews who came back from concentration camps were quickly abandoned. In 1947, Sartre published several articles concerning the condition of African Americans in the United States—specifically the racism and discrimination against them in the country—in his second Situations collection. Then, in 1948, for the introduction of Léopold Sédar Senghor's l'Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache (Anthology of New Negro and Malagasy Poetry), he wrote "Black Orpheus" (re-published in Situations III), a critique of colonialism and racism in light of the philosophy Sartre developed in Being and Nothingness. Later, while Sartre was labeled by some authors as a resistant, the French philosopher and resistant Vladimir Jankelevitch criticized Sartre's lack of political commitment during the German occupation, and interpreted his further struggles for liberty as an attempt to redeem himself. According to Camus, Sartre was a writer who resisted; not a resister who wrote. In 1945, after the war ended, Sartre moved to an apartment on the rue Bonaparte, where he was to produce most of his subsequent work and where he lived until 1962. It was from there that he helped establish a quarterly literary and political review, Les Temps modernes (Modern Times), in part to popularize his thought. He ceased teaching and devoted his time to writing and political activism. He would draw on his war experiences for his great trilogy of novels, Les Chemins de la Liberté (The Roads to Freedom) (1945–1949). Cold War politics and anticolonialism The first period of Sartre's career, defined in large part by Being and Nothingness (1943), gave way to a second period—when the world was perceived as split into communist and capitalist blocs—of highly publicized political involvement. Sartre tended to glorify the Resistance after the war as the uncompromising expression of morality in action, and recalled that the résistants were a "band of brothers" who had enjoyed "real freedom" in a way that did not exist before nor after the war. Sartre was "merciless" in attacking anyone who had collaborated or remained passive during the German occupation; for instance, criticizing Camus for signing an appeal to spare the collaborationist writer Robert Brasillach from being executed. His 1948 play Les mains sales (Dirty Hands) in particular explored the problem of being a politically "engaged" intellectual. He embraced Marxism but did not join the Communist Party. For a time in the late 1940s, Sartre described French nationalism as "provincial" and in a 1949 essay called for a "United States of Europe". In an essay published in the June 1949 edition of the journal Politique étrangère, Sartre wrote: If we want French civilization to survive, it must be fitted into the framework of a great European civilization. Why? I have said that civilization is the reflection on a shared situation. In Italy, in France, in Benelux, in Sweden, in Norway, in Germany, in Greece, in Austria, everywhere we find the same problems and the same dangers ... But this cultural polity has prospects only as elements of a policy which defends Europe's cultural autonomy vis-à-vis America and the Soviet Union, but also its political and economic autonomy, with the aim of making Europe a single force between the blocs, not a third bloc, but an autonomous force which will refuse to allow itself to be torn into shreds between American optimism and Russian scientificism. About the Korean War, Sartre wrote: "I have no doubt that the South Korean feudalists and the American imperialists have promoted this war. But I do not doubt either that it was begun by the North Koreans". In July 1950, Sartre wrote in Les Temps Modernes about his and de Beauvoir's attitude to the Soviet Union: As we were neither members of the [Communist] party nor its avowed sympathizers, it was not our duty to write about Soviet labor camps; we were free to remain aloof from the quarrel over the nature of this system, provided that no events of sociological significance had occurred. Sartre held that the Soviet Union was a "revolutionary" state working for the betterment of humanity and could be criticized only for failing to live up to its own ideals, but that critics had to take in mind that the Soviet state needed to defend itself against a hostile world; by contrast Sartre held that the failures of "bourgeois" states were due to their innate shortcomings. The Swiss journalist François Bondy wrote that, based on a reading of Sartre's numerous essays, speeches and interviews "a simple basic pattern never fails to emerge: social change must be comprehensive and revolutionary" and the parties that promote the revolutionary charges "may be criticized, but only by those who completely identify themselves with its purpose, its struggle and its road to power", deeming Sartre's position to be "existentialist".Sartre believed at this time in the moral superiority of the Eastern Bloc, arguing that this belief was necessary "to keep hope alive" and opposed any criticism of Soviet Union to the extent that Maurice Merleau-Ponty called him an "ultra-Bolshevik". Sartre's expression "workers of Billancourt must not be deprived of their hopes" (Fr. "il ne faut pas désespérer Billancourt"), became a catchphrase meaning communist activists should not tell the whole truth to the workers in order to avoid decline in their revolutionary enthusiasm.In 1954, just after Stalin's death, Sartre visited the Soviet Union, which he stated he found a "complete freedom of criticism" while condemning the United States for sinking into "prefascism". Sartre wrote about those Soviet writers expelled from the Soviet Writers' Union "still had the opportunity of rehabilitating themselves by writing better books". Sartre's comments on Hungarian revolution of 1956 are quite representative to his frequently contradictory and changing views. On one hand, Sartre saw in Hungary a true reunification between intellectuals and workers only to criticize it for "losing socialist base".In 1964 Sartre attacked Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" which condemned the Stalinist repressions and purges. Sartre argued that "the masses were not ready to receive the truth".In 1973 he argued that "revolutionary authority always needs to get rid of some people that threaten it, and their death is the only way". A number of people, starting from Frank Gibney in 1961, classified Sartre as a "useful idiot" due to his uncritical position.Sartre came to admire the Polish leader Władysław Gomułka, a man who favored a "Polish road to socialism" and wanted more independence for Poland, but was loyal to the Soviet Union because of the Oder-Neisse line issue. Sartre's newspaper Les Temps Modernes devoted a number of special issues in 1957 and 1958 to Poland under Gomułka, praising him for his reforms. Bondy wrote of the notable contradiction between Sartre's "ultra Bolshevism" as he expressed admiration for the Chinese leader Mao Zedong as the man who led the oppressed masses of the Third World into revolution while also praising more moderate Communist leaders like Gomułka.As an anti-colonialist, Sartre took a prominent role in the struggle against French rule in Algeria, and the use of torture and concentration camps by the French in Algeria. He became an eminent supporter of the FLN in the Algerian War and was one of the signatories of the Manifeste des 121. Consequently, Sartre became a domestic target of the paramilitary Organisation armée secrète (OAS), escaping two bomb attacks in the early '60s. He later argued in 1959 that each French person was responsible for the collective crimes during the Algerian War of Independence. (He had an Algerian mistress, Arlette Elkaïm, who became his adopted daughter in 1965.) He opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and, along with Bertrand Russell and others, organized a tribunal intended to expose U.S. war crimes, which became known as the Russell Tribunal in 1967. His work after Stalin's death, the Critique de la raison dialectique (Critique of Dialectical Reason), appeared in 1960 (a second volume appearing posthumously). In the Critique Sartre set out to give Marxism a more vigorous intellectual defense than it had received until then; he ended by concluding that Marx's notion of "class" as an objective entity was fallacious. Sartre's emphasis on the humanist values in the early works of Marx led to a dispute with a leading leftist intellectual in France in the 1960s, Louis Althusser, who claimed that the ideas of the young Marx were decisively superseded by the "scientific" system of the later Marx. In the late 1950s, Sartre began to argue that the European working classes were too apolitical to carry out the revolution predicated by Marx, and influenced by Frantz Fanon started to argue it was the impoverished masses of the Third World, the "real damned of the earth", who would carry out the revolution. A major theme of Sartre's political essays in the 1960s was of his disgust with the "Americanization" of the French working class who would much rather watch American TV shows dubbed into French than agitate for a revolution.Sartre went to Cuba in the 1960s to meet Fidel Castro and spoke with Ernesto "Che" Guevara. After Guevara's death, Sartre would declare him to be "not only an intellectual but also the most complete human being of our age" and the "era's most perfect man". Sartre would also compliment Guevara by professing that "he lived his words, spoke his own actions and his story and the story of the world ran parallel". However he stood against the persecution of gays by Castro's government, which he compared to Nazi persecution of the Jews, and said: "In Cuba there are no Jews, but there are homosexuals".During a collective hunger strike in 1974, Sartre visited Red Army Faction member Andreas Baader in Stammheim Prison and criticized the harsh conditions of imprisonment.Towards the end of his life, Sartre began to describe himself as a "special kind" of anarchist. Late life and death In 1964 Sartre renounced literature in a witty and sardonic account of the first ten years of his life, Les Mots (The Words). The book is an ironic counterblast to Marcel Proust, whose reputation had unexpectedly eclipsed that of André Gide (who had provided the model of littérature engagée for Sartre's generation). Literature, Sartre concluded, functioned ultimately as a bourgeois substitute for real commitment in the world. In October 1964, Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature but he declined it. He was the first Nobel laureate to voluntarily decline the prize, and remains one of only two laureates to do so. According to Lars Gyllensten, in the book Minnen, bara minnen ("Memories, Only Memories") published in 2000, Sartre himself or someone close to him got in touch with the Swedish Academy in 1975 with a request for the prize money, but was refused. In 1945, he had refused the Légion d'honneur. The Nobel prize was announced on 22 October 1964; on 14 October, Sartre had written a letter to the Nobel Institute, asking to be removed from the list of nominees, and warning that he would not accept the prize if awarded, but the letter went unread; on 23 October, Le Figaro published a statement by Sartre explaining his refusal. He said he did not wish to be "transformed" by such an award, and did not want to take sides in an East vs. West cultural struggle by accepting an award from a prominent Western cultural institution. Nevertheless, he was that year's prizewinner. Though his name was then a household word (as was "existentialism" during the tumultuous 1960s), Sartre remained a simple man with few possessions, actively committed to causes until the end of his life, such as the May 1968 strikes in Paris during the summer of 1968 during which he was arrested for civil disobedience. President Charles de Gaulle intervened and pardoned him, commenting that "you don't arrest Voltaire". In 1975, when asked how he would like to be remembered, Sartre replied: I would like [people] to remember Nausea, [my plays] No Exit and The Devil and the Good Lord, and then my two philosophical works, more particularly the second one, Critique of Dialectical Reason. Then my essay on Genet, Saint Genet. ... If these are remembered, that would be quite an achievement, and I don't ask for more. As a man, if a certain Jean-Paul Sartre is remembered, I would like people to remember the milieu or historical situation in which I lived, ... how I lived in it, in terms of all the aspirations which I tried to gather up within myself. Sartre's physical condition deteriorated, partially because of the merciless pace of work (and the use of amphetamine) he put himself through during the writing of the Critique and a massive analytical biography of Gustave Flaubert (The Family Idiot), both of which remained unfinished. He had hypertension, and became almost completely blind in 1973. Sartre was a notorious chain smoker, which could also have contributed to the deterioration of his health.Sartre died on 15 April 1980 in Paris from pulmonary edema. He had not wanted to be buried at Père-Lachaise Cemetery between his mother and stepfather, so it was arranged that he be buried at Montparnasse Cemetery. At his funeral on Saturday, 19 April, 50,000 Parisians descended onto boulevard du Montparnasse to accompany Sartre's cortege. The funeral started at "the hospital at 2:00 p.m., then filed through the fourteenth arrondissement, past all Sartre's haunts, and entered the cemetery through the gate on the Boulevard Edgar Quinet". Sartre was initially buried in a temporary grave to the left of the cemetery gate. Four days later the body was disinterred for cremation at Père-Lachaise Cemetery, and his ashes were reburied at the permanent site in Montparnasse Cemetery, to the right of the cemetery gate. Thought Sartre's primary idea is that people, as humans, are "condemned to be free". He explained, "This may seem paradoxical because condemnation is normally an external judgment which constitutes the conclusion of a judgment. Here, it is not the human who has chosen to be like this. There is a contingency of human existence. It is a condemnation of their being. Their being is not determined, so it is up to everyone to create their own existence, for which they are then responsible. They cannot not be free, there is a form of necessity for freedom, which can never be given up."This theory relies upon his position that there is no creator, and is illustrated using the example of the paper cutter. Sartre says that if one considered a paper cutter, one would assume that the creator would have had a plan for it: an essence. Sartre said that human beings have no essence before their existence because there is no Creator. Thus: "existence precedes essence". This forms the basis for his assertion that because one cannot explain one's own actions and behavior by referring to any specific human nature, they are necessarily fully responsible for those actions. "We are left alone, without excuse." "We can act without being determined by our past which is always separated from us."Sartre maintained that the concepts of authenticity and individuality have to be earned but not learned. We need to experience "death consciousness" so as to wake up ourselves as to what is really important; the authentic in our lives which is life experience, not knowledge. Death draws the final point when we as beings cease to live for ourselves and permanently become objects that exist only for the outside world. In this way death emphasizes the burden of our free, individual existence. "We can oppose authenticity to an inauthentic way of being. Authenticity consists in experiencing the indeterminate character of existence in anguish. It is also to know how to face it by giving meaning to our actions and by recognizing ourselves as the author of this meaning. On the other hand, an inauthentic way of being consists in running away, in lying to oneself in order to escape this anguish and the responsibility for one's own existence."While Sartre had been influenced by Heidegger, the publication of Being and Nothingness did mark a split in their perspectives, with Heidegger remarking in Letter on Humanism: Existentialism says existence precedes essence. In this statement he is taking existentia and essentia according to their metaphysical meaning, which, from Plato's time on, has said that essentia precedes existentia. Sartre reverses this statement. But the reversal of a metaphysical statement remains a metaphysical statement. With it, he stays with metaphysics, in oblivion of the truth of Being. Herbert Marcuse also had issues with Sartre's metaphysical interpretation of human existence in Being and Nothingness and suggested the work projected anxiety and meaninglessness onto the nature of existence itself: Insofar as Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine, it remains an idealistic doctrine: it hypostatizes specific historical conditions of human existence into ontological and metaphysical characteristics. Existentialism thus becomes part of the very ideology which it attacks, and its radicalism is illusory. Sartre also took inspiration from phenomenological epistemology, explained by Franz Adler in this way: "Man chooses and makes himself by acting. Any action implies the judgment that he is right under the circumstances not only for the actor, but also for everybody else in similar circumstances." Also important is Sartre's analysis of psychological concepts, including his suggestion that consciousness exists as something other than itself, and that the conscious awareness of things is not limited to their knowledge: for Sartre intentionality applies to the emotions as well as to cognitions, to desires as well as to perceptions. "When an external object is perceived, consciousness is also conscious of itself, even if consciousness is not its own object: it is a non-positional consciousness of itself." However his critique of psychoanalysis, particularly of Freud has faced some counter-critique. Richard Wollheim and Thomas Baldwin argued that Sartre's attempt to show that Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious is mistaken was based on a misinterpretation of Freud. Career as public intellectual While the broad focus of Sartre's life revolved around the notion of human freedom, he began a sustained intellectual participation in more public matters towards the end of the Second World War, around 1944–1945. Before World War II, he was content with the role of an apolitical liberal intellectual: "Now teaching at a lycée in Laon ... Sartre made his headquarters the Dome café at the crossing of Montparnasse and Raspail boulevards. He attended plays, read novels, and dined [with] women. He wrote. And he was published." Sartre and his lifelong companion, de Beauvoir, existed, in her words, where "the world about us was a mere backdrop against which our private lives were played out".The war opened Sartre's eyes to a political reality he had not yet understood until forced into continual engagement with it: "the world itself destroyed Sartre's illusions about isolated self-determining individuals and made clear his own personal stake in the events of the time." Returning to Paris in 1941 he formed the "Socialisme et Liberté" resistance group. In 1943, after the group disbanded, Sartre joined a writers' Resistance group, in which he remained an active participant until the end of the war. He continued to write ferociously, and it was due to this "crucial experience of war and captivity that Sartre began to try to build up a positive moral system and to express it through literature".The symbolic initiation of this new phase in Sartre's work is packaged in the introduction he wrote for a new journal, Les Temps modernes, in October 1945. Here he aligned the journal, and thus himself, with the Left and called for writers to express their political commitment. Yet, this alignment was indefinite, directed more to the concept of the Left than a specific party of the Left. Sartre's philosophy lent itself to his being a public intellectual. He envisaged culture as a very fluid concept; neither pre-determined, nor definitely finished; instead, in true existential fashion, "culture was always conceived as a process of continual invention and re-invention." This marks Sartre, the intellectual, as a pragmatist, willing to move and shift stance along with events. He did not dogmatically follow a cause other than the belief in human freedom, preferring to retain a pacifist's objectivity. It is this overarching theme of freedom that means his work "subverts the bases for distinctions among the disciplines". Therefore, he was able to hold knowledge across a vast array of subjects: "the international world order, the political and economic organisation of contemporary society, especially France, the institutional and legal frameworks that regulate the lives of ordinary citizens, the educational system, the media networks that control and disseminate information. Sartre systematically refused to keep quiet about what he saw as inequalities and injustices in the world."Sartre always sympathized with the Left, and supported the French Communist Party (PCF) until the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary. Following the Liberation the PCF were infuriated by Sartre's philosophy, which appeared to lure young French men and women away from the ideology of communism and into Sartre's own existentialism. From 1956 onwards Sartre rejected the claims of the PCF to represent the French working classes, objecting to its "authoritarian tendencies". In the late 1960s Sartre supported the Maoists, a movement that rejected the authority of established communist parties. However, despite aligning with the Maoists, Sartre said after the May events: "If one rereads all my books, one will realize that I have not changed profoundly, and that I have always remained an anarchist." He would later explicitly allow himself to be called an anarchist.In the aftermath of a war that had for the first time properly engaged Sartre in political matters, he set forth a body of work which "reflected on virtually every important theme of his early thought and began to explore alternative solutions to the problems posed there". The greatest difficulties that he and all public intellectuals of the time faced were the increasing technological aspects of the world that were outdating the printed word as a form of expression. In Sartre's opinion, the "traditional bourgeois literary forms remain innately superior", but there is "a recognition that the new technological 'mass media' forms must be embraced" if Sartre's ethical and political goals as an authentic, committed intellectual are to be achieved: the demystification of bourgeois political practices and the raising of the consciousness, both political and cultural, of the working class. The struggle for Sartre was against the monopolising moguls who were beginning to take over the media and destroy the role of the intellectual. His attempts to reach a public were mediated by these powers, and it was often these powers he had to campaign against. He was skilled enough, however, to circumvent some of these issues by his interactive approach to the various forms of media, advertising his radio interviews in a newspaper column for example, and vice versa.Sartre's role as a public intellectual occasionally put him in physical danger, such as in June 1961, when a plastic bomb exploded in the entrance of his apartment building. His public support of Algerian self-determination at the time had led Sartre to become a target of the campaign of terror that mounted as the colonists' position deteriorated. A similar occurrence took place the next year and he had begun to receive threatening letters from Oran, Algeria.Sartre's role in this conflict included his comments in his preface to Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth that, "To shoot down a European is to kill two birds with one stone, to destroy an oppressor and the man he oppresses at the same time: there remains a dead man and a free man". This comment led to some criticisms from the right, such as by Brian C. Anderson and Michael Walzer. Writing for the Hoover Institution, Walzer suggested that Sartre, a European, was a hypocrite for not volunteering to be killed.However Sartre's stances regarding post-colonial conflict have not been entirely without controversy on the left; Sartre's preface is omitted from some editions of The Wretched of the Earth printed after 1967. The reason for this is for his public support for Israel in the Six-Day War. Fanon's widow, Josie considered Sartre's pro-Israel stance as inconsistent with the anti-colonialist position of the book, from which his preface was eventually omitted. When interviewed at Howard University in 1978, she explained "when Israel declared war on the Arab countries [during the Six-Day War], there was a great pro-Zionist movement in favor of Israel among western (French) intellectuals. Sartre took part in this movement. He signed petitions favoring Israel. I felt that his pro-Zionist attitudes were incompatible with Fanon's work". Recent reprints of Fanon's book have generally included Sartre's preface. Literature Sartre wrote successfully in a number of literary modes and made major contributions to literary criticism and literary biography. His plays are richly symbolic and serve as a means of conveying his philosophy. The best-known, Huis-clos (No Exit), contains the famous line "L'enfer, c'est les autres", usually translated as "Hell is other people." Aside from the impact of Nausea, Sartre's major work of fiction was The Roads to Freedom trilogy which charts the progression of how World War II affected Sartre's ideas. In this way, Roads to Freedom presents a less theoretical and more practical approach to existentialism. John Huston got Sartre to script his film Freud: The Secret Passion. However it was too long and Sartre withdrew his name from the film's credits. Nevertheless, many key elements from Sartre's script survive in the finished film.Despite their similarities as polemicists, novelists, adapters, and playwrights, Sartre's literary work has been counterposed, often pejoratively, to that of Camus in the popular imagination. In 1948 the Roman Catholic Church placed Sartre's œuvre on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books). Works Novels and Short Story Collection Nausea / La nausée (1938) The Wall / Le mur (1939) – collection of 5 short stories The Roads to Freedom The Age of Reason / L'âge de raison (1945) The Reprieve / Le sursis (1945) Troubled Sleep (London ed. (Hamilton) has title: Iron in the Soul) / La mort dans l'âme (1949) The Last Chance (1949 and 1981) – unfinished See also Sartre's Roads to Freedom Trilogy Situation (Sartre) Place Jean-Paul-Sartre-et-Simone-de-Beauvoir 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature References Sources Aronson, Ronald (1980). Jean-Paul Sartre – Philosophy in the World. London: NLB. Aronson, Ronald (2004). Camus & Sartre: The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel That Ended It. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-02796-8. Baert, Patrick (2015). The Existentialist Moment: The Rise of Sartre as a Public Intellectual. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bondy, Francois (April 1967). "Jean-Paul Sartre and Politics". The Journal of Contemporary History. 2 (2): 25–48. doi:10.1177/002200946700200204. S2CID 150438929. Cohen-Solal, Annie (1987). Narman MacAfee (ed.). Sartre: A Life. Translated by Anna Cancogni. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-394-52525-9. de Beauvoir, Simone (1984). Adieux: A Farewell to Sartre. Translated by Patrick O'Brian. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780394530352. Fulton, Ann (1999). Apostles of Sartre: Existentialism in America, 1945–1963. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. Gerassi, John (1989). Jean-Paul Sartre: Hated Conscience of His Century. Volume 1: Protestant or Protester?. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28797-3. Hayman, Ronald (1992). Sartre: A Biography. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-881-84875-5. (Detailed chronology of Sartre's life on pages 485–510.) Kirsner, Douglas (2003). The Schizoid World of Jean-Paul Sartre and R.D. Laing. New York: Karnac. Malinge, Yoann (2013). "Does our past have a motivational effect? Our reasons for acting: Sartre's philosophy of action". Vol. 4, no. 2. Ethics in Progress. pp. 46–53. Malinge, Yoann (2016). "Sartre, " The Transcendance of the Ego "". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 May 2019 – via Academia. Malinge, Yoann (2021). "Sartre, "Existentialism is a humanism"". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 May 2021 – via Academia. Ousby, Ian (2000). Occupation: The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944. New York: Cooper Square Press. Scriven, Michael (1993). Sartre and the Media. London: MacMillan Press Ltd. Scriven, Michael (1999). Jean-Paul Sartre: Politics and Culture in Postwar France. London: MacMillan Press Ltd. Thody, Philip (1964). Jean-Paul Sartre. London: Hamish Hamilton. Further reading Allen, James Sloan, "Condemned to Be Free", Worldly Wisdom: Great Books and the Meanings of Life, Savannah: Frederic C. Beil, 2008. ISBN 978-1-929490-35-6. Catalano, Joseph S., A Commentary on Jean-Paul Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason, University of Chicago Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0-226-09701-5. Cattarini, L. S., Beyond Sartre and Sterility: Surviving Existentialism (Montreal, 2018: contact argobookshop.ca) ISBN 978-0-9739986-1-0 Churchill, Steven and Reynolds, Jack (eds.), Jean-Paul Sartre: Key Concepts, London/New York: Routledge, 2014. Desan, Wilfrid, The Tragic Finale: An Essay on the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre (1954). Doran, Robert, "Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason and the Debate with Lévi-Strauss", Yale French Studies 123 (2013): 41–62. Flynn, Thomas, Sartre and Marxist Existentialism: The Test Case of Collective Responsibility, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. Hayim, Gila J. (1980). The Existential Sociology of Jean-Paul Sartre. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 9780870232985. Judaken, Jonathan, (2006) Jean-Paul Sartre and the Jewish Question: Anti-antisemitism and the Politics of the French Intellectual. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Laing, R. D. and Cooper, D. G., Reason and Violence: A Decade of Sartre's Philosophy, 1950–1960, New York: Pantheon, 1971. Lilar, Suzanne, A propos de Sartre et de l'amour, Paris: Grasset, 1967. Madsen, Axel, Hearts and Minds: The Common Journey of Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre, William Morrow & Co, 1977. Roudinesco, Élisabeth, Philosophy in Turbulent Times: Canguilhem, Sartre, Foucault, Althusser, Deleuze, Derrida, New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Said, Edward, 2000: My Encounter with Sartre, London Review of Books Sartre, Jean-Paul and Levy, Benny, Hope Now: The 1980 Interviews, translated by Adrian van den Hoven, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Siegler, Marcel, Needful Structures. The Dialectics of Action, Technology, and Society in Sartre's Later Philosophy, Bielefeld: transcript, 2023. ISBN 978-3-8376-6282-5. Spade, P. V. Class Lecture Notes on Jean-Paul Sartre's Being and Nothingness. 1996. Vagnarelli, Gianluca, La democrazia tumultuaria. Sulla filosofia politica di Jean-Paul Sartre, Macerata, EUM, 2010. Webber, Jonathan, The Existentialism of Jean-Paul Sartre, London: Routledge, 2009. Wittmann, H., Sartre und die Kunst. Die Porträtstudien von Tintoretto bis Flaubert, Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1996. Wittmann, H., L'esthétique de Sartre. Artistes et intellectuels, translated from German by N. Weitemeier and J. Yacar, Éditions L'Harmattan (Collection L'ouverture philosophique), Paris, 2001. Wittmann, H., Sartre and Camus in Aesthetics. The Challenge of Freedom, edited by Dirk Hoeges. Dialoghi/Dialogues. Literatur und Kultur Italiens und Frankreichs, vol. 13, Frankfurt/M: Peter Lang, 2009. ISBN 978-3-631-58693-8. External links Jean-Paul Sartre at Curlie Jean-Paul Sartre on Nobelprize.org By Sartre Works by or about Jean-Paul Sartre at Internet Archive "Americans and Their Myths"—Sartre's essay in The Nation (18 October 1947 issue) Sartre Texts on Philosophy Archive Sartre Internet Archive on Marxists.org Works by Jean-Paul Sartre at Open Library George H. Bauer Jean Paul Sartre Manuscript Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. On Sartre UK Sartre Society Groupe d'études sartriennes, Paris Newspaper clippings about Jean-Paul Sartre in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Touraj Daryaee

Touraj Daryaee (Persian: تورج دریایی; born 1967) is an Iranian Iranologist and historian. He currently works as the Maseeh Chair in Persian Studies and Culture and the director of the Dr. Samuel M. Jordan Center for Persian Studies at the University of California, Irvine.

Touraj Daryaee (Persian: تورج دریایی; born 1967) is an Iranian Iranologist and historian. He currently works as the Maseeh Chair in Persian Studies and Culture and the director of the Dr. Samuel M. Jordan Center for Persian Studies at the University of California, Irvine. Career Daryaee completed his elementary and secondary schooling in Tehran, Iran and Athens, Greece. He then completed a PhD in history at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1999. He has taught at UCLA, and has been a senior research fellow at Oxford University and resident fellow at the École pratique des hautes études. He specializes in the history and culture of Ancient Persia.He is the editor of the Name-ye Iran-e Bastan, The International Journal of Ancient Iranian Studies, DABIR: Digital Ar, as well as the director of Sasanika Project, a project on the history and culture of Sasanians. His most famous publications include Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire and Sasanian Iran (224-651 CE): Portrait of a Late Antique Empire. He has also edited a book on Iranian history from the prehistoric era to modern history. Publications Daryaee is the author of a number of historical publications. His book, Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire, in 2010 received multiple awards by BRISMES and the British-Kuwait Friendship Society Prize in Middle Eastern Studies. Selected books The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: adaptation and expansion, eds. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, Michael Alram, Touraj Daryaee (Editor), Oxbow Press, Oxford, 2016. From Oxus to Euphrates: The World of Late Antique Iran, Ancient Iran Series, UCI Center for Persian Studies, 2016. Excavating an Empire: Achaemenid Persian in Longue Dureé, eds. T. Daryaee, A. Mousavi, Kh. Rezakhani, Mazda Publishers, 2014. Cyrus the Great: An Ancient Iranian King, ed. T. Daryaee, Afshar Publishers, 2014. On the Explanation of Chess and Backgammon: A Middle Persian Text, UCI Center for Persian Studies, 2016. Iranian Kingship, The Arab Conquest and Zoroastrian Apocalypse, Mumbai, 2012 (Governor Fellowship Lectures given in the K.R. Cama Oriental Institute) The Oxford History of Iran ed. T. Daryaee, Oxford University Press (forthcoming 2012). Bibliographika Sasanika: Bibliographical Guide to the Sasanian Empire, vol. I Years 1990–1999, in collaboration with E. Venetis, M. Alinia, Mazda Publishers, 2009. Scholars & Humanists: Iranian Studies in Henning and Taqizadeh Correspondences 1937–1966, in collaboration with I. Afshar and P. Ranjbar, Mazda Publishers, 2009. Iranistik: Deutschsprachige Zeitschrift fur iranistische Studien. Festschrift fur Erich Kettenhofen eds. T. Daryaee & O. Tabibzadeh, 5. Jahrgang, Heft 1&2, 2006-2007(2009)(Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire, I.B. Tauris, London, 2009. Sasanian Iran (224-651 AD): Portrait of a Late Antique Empire, Mazda Publishers, 2008. World History: A Concise Thematic Analysis, 2 vols., Harlan Davidson, 2007. Soghoot-e Sasanian (The Fall of Sasanians) Iran's Historical Press, Tehran, 2005. Meno-ye Xrad: The Spirit of Wisdom. Essays in Memory of Ahmad Tafazzoli, eds. T. Daryaee and M. Omidsalar, Mazda Publishers, 2004. Shahrestaniha-i Eranshahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic and History, Costa Mesa, 2002. Selected articles (English language) "Western and Central Eurasia 1200BCE - 900CE," The Cambridge World History: A World with States, Empires, and Networks, 1200 BCE-900 CE, ed. C. Benjamin, Vol. IV, Cambridge, 2015, pp. 272–295. "Alexander and the Arsacids in the Manuscript MU29," DABIR, vol. 1(1), 2015: [1] Archived 2022-09-21 at the Wayback Machine "Zoroastrianism under Islamic Rule," The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism, ed. M. Stausberg & Y. S.-D. Vevaina, 2015, pp. 103–118. T. Daryaee & M.C.A. Macdonald, A. Corcella, G. Fisher, M. Gibbs, A. Lewin, D. Violante, C. Whately, "Arabs and Empires before the Sixth Century," Arabs and Empires before Islam, ed. G. Fisher, Oxford, 2015, pp. 11–89. T. Daryaee & H. Munt, O. Edaibat, R. Hoyland, I. Toral-Neihoff, "Arabic and Persian Sources for Pre-Islamic Arabia," Arabs and Empires before Islam, ed. G. Fisher, Oxford, 2015, pp. 434–500. T. Daryaee & S. Malekzadeh, "Why was Kerdir Forgotten?," Iran Nameh: Festschirft for Ehsan Yarshater, vol. 30, no. 2, 2015, pp. 280–287. T. Daryaee & S. Malekzadeh, "The Performance of Pain and Remembrance in Late Antique Iran," The Silk Road, Vol. 12, 2014, pp. 57–64. "The Last Ruling Woman of Eranshahr: Queen Azarmigdux," International Journal of the Society of Iranian Archaeologists, Vol. 1, No. 1, Winter-Spring 2014, pp. 77–81. "The Achaemenid Empire in the Context of World History (550-330 BCE)," with Kh. Rezakhani in Excavating an Empire: Achaemenid Persia in Longue Dureé, eds. T. Daryaee, A. Mousavi, Kh. Rezakhani, Mazda Publishers, 2014. "Historiography in late antique Iran," in Perceptions of Iran: History, Myths and Nationalism from Medieval Persia to the Islamic Republic, ed. Ali Ansari, IB Taruis, London, 2014, pp. 65–76. "On the epithets of two Sasanian kings in the Mujmal al-tawarikh wa-l-qisas," in Ferdowsi, the Mongols and the History of Iran, Studies in Honour of Charles Melville, eds. R. Hillenbrand et al., I.B. Tauris, 2013, pp. 11–14. "Marriage, Property and Conversion among the Zoroastrians: From Late Sasanian to Islamic Iran," Journal of Persianate Studies, vol. 6, 2013, pp. 91–100. "The Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE)," Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, Oxford, 2012, pp. 187–207. "A Bulla of Eran-Spahbed of Nemroz," with K. Safdari, NAMVARNAMEH: Papers in Honour of Massoud Azarnoush, eds. H. Fahimi & K. Alizadeh, Tehran, 2012, pp. 163–166. "The Sasanian Empire," co-authored with A. Mousavi (Los Angeles County Museum of Art), A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, ed. D. Potts, Blackwell, Oxford (contract signed 2010). (UK) "The Achaemenid Empire in the Context of World History (550-330 BCE)," co-authored with Kh. Rezakhani, Excavating an Empire: The Persian Longue Durée, ed. A. Mousavi, Mazda Publishers, 2009 (forthcoming 2010). (US) "Bazaars, Merchants and Trade in Late Antique Iran," Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, vol. 28, no. 1 (Duke University Press, forthcoming 2009). (US) "The last Ruling Woman of ?r?nšahr: Queen ?zarm?gduxt," A. Shapur Shahbazi Memorial Volume, ed. K. Abdi, Iran University Press, Tehran (forthcoming 2009). (Iran) "Ancient Iranian Studies in the 20th Century," Iranian Studies, vol. 42, no. 1 (forthcoming 2009). (US) "The Idea of Iranšahr: Jewish, Christian and Manichaean Views in Late Antiquity," Societas Iranologica Europaea – Proceedings, ed. C. Cereti & B. Teribili, Rome (forthcoming 2009). (Italy) "When the End is Near: Barbarized Armies and Barracks Kings of Late Antique Iran," Iranica, ed. M. Macuch, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden (forthcoming 2009). (Germany) "Shapur II," Encyclopædia Iranica http://www.iranica.com/newsite/ 2009 "Abarqubadh," The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Third Edition, Part 2009-1. "A Bulla of the ?r?n-Sp?hbed of N?mr?z," co-author with K. Safdari, e-Sasanika 8, 2009 (UCI): [2] Archived 2013-01-09 at the Wayback Machine "Some Observations on Middle Persian Zandig," Feschrfit for Dr. Badr ol-Zaman Gharib, ed. Z. Zarshenas & V. Naddaf, Tahuri Publishers, Tehran, 2008, pp. 19–32. "Yazdgerd III's Last Year: Coinage and History of Sistan at the End of Late Antiquity," Iranistik: Deutschsprachige Zeitschrift fur iranistische Studien. Festschrift fur Erich Kettenhofen eds. T. Daryaee & O. Tabibzadeh, 5. Jahrgang, Heft 1&2, 2006-2007(2009), pp. 21–30. "The Persian Gulf in Late Antiquity: The Sasanian Era (200-700 C.E.)," The Persian Gulf in History, ed. L.G. Potter, Palgrave, New York, 2009. "Kingship in Early Sasanian Iran," The Sasanian Era: The Idea of Iran, vol. III, eds. V. Sarkhosh Curtis and S. Stewart, London, 2008, pp. 60–70. "Indo-European Elements in the Zoroastrian Apocalyptic Tradition," Classical Bulletin, vol. 83, no. 2, 2007, pp. 203–213. "The Mysteries of the House of Sasan: When did Ardaxš?r Rule over Istakhr?," Bastanpazhouhi, vol. 2, no. 4, 2007, pp. 15–20. "List of Fruits and Nuts in the Zoroastrian Tradition: An Irano-Hellenic Classification," Name-ye Iran-e Bastan, The International Journal of Ancient Iranian Studies, vols. 11/12, 2006–2007, pp. 1–10. "Imitatio Alexandri and Its Impact on Late Arsacid, Early Sasanian and Middle Persian Literature," Electrum, Studies in Ancient History, vol. 12, 2007, pp. 89–94. "The Middle Persian Text Sur i Saxwan and the Late Sasanian Court," Des Indo-Grecs aux Sassanides: Donnees pour l'historie et la geographie historique, Res Orientales XVII, 2007, pp. 65–72. "The Construction of the Past in Late Antique Persia," Historia, Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, vol. 55, no. 4, 2006, pp. 493–503. "The Art of Wine in Ancient Persia," Hamazor, Publication of the world Zoroastrian organization, vol. 1, 2006, pp. 34–36. "A Note on the Great Seal of Peroz and Middle Persian NYCNY," Indo-Iranian Journal, vol. 48, Nos. 3–4, 2005, pp. 195–197. "Sasanians and their Ancestors," Societas Iranologica Europoea – Proceedings, ed. A. Panaino and A. Piras, vol. I, Milano, 2005, pp. 287–293. "Ethnic and Territorial Boundaries in Late Antique and Early Medieval Persia (Third to Tenth Century)," Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis, Frontiers in Late Antiquity and Middle Ages, ed. F. Curta, Brepols, 2005, pp. 123–137. "The 'Bow of Rustam' and the 'Gleaming Armor' of the Parthians: Notes on the Parthian Epic Ayadgar i Zareran," Electrum: Studies in Ancient History, vol. 10, 2005, pp. 95–98. "Notes on Early Sasanian Tiulature," Journal of the Society for Ancient Numismatics, vol. 21, 2002(2005), pp. 41–44. "Das Uberleben eines sehr alten persischen Titels in Zentralasien," Iranistik, Deutschprachige Zeitschrift fur iranistische Studien, vol. 3, no. 1, 2004, pp. 41–48. "History, Epic, and Numismatics: On the Title of Yazdgerd I (Ramšahr)," Journal of the American Numismatic Society, vol. 14, 2002(2003), pp. 89–95. "The Effect of the Arab Muslim Conquest on the Administrative Division of Sasanian Persis/Far," Iran: The British Institute of Persian Studies, vol. 31, 2003, pp. 193–204. "Gayomard: King of Clay or Mountain? The epithet of the First Man in the Zoroastrian Tradition," Paitimana, Essays in Iranian, Indo-European, and Indian Studies in Honor of Hanns-Peter Schmidt, Mazda Press, 2003, pp. 339–349. "The Mazdean sect of Gayomartiya," Atash-e Dorun (The Fire Within), Jamshid Soroush Soroushian Memorial Volume, ed. C. Cereti, 2003, pp. 131–137. "The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity," Journal of World History, vol. 14, no. 1, 2003, pp. 1–16. "Sight, Semen, and the Brain: Ancient Persian Notions of Physiology in Old and Middle Iranian Texts," The Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 30, nos. 1&2, 2002, pp. 1–26. "Mind, Body, and the Cosmos: Chess and Backgammon in Ancient Persia," Iranian Studies, vol. 35, no. 4, 2002, pp. 281–312. "The Coinage of Queen Boran and Its Significance for Late Sasanian Imperial Ideology," Bulletin of the Asia Institute: Volume 13, 1999(2002), pp. 1–6. "The Changing ‘image of the World’: Geography and Imperial Propaganda in Ancient Persia," Electrum, Studies in Ancient History, vol. 6, 2002, pp. 99-109. "Two Recently Discovered Inscribed Sasanian Silver Bowls," in collaboration with Judith Lerner and Dayoush Akbarzadeh, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, vol. 15, 2001 (2005), pp. 71–76. "Kave the Black-Smith: An Indo-Iranian Fashioner?," Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik, Vol. 22, 1999(2001), pp. 9–21. "Sources for the Economic History of Late Sasanian Fars," Matériaux pour l’Histoire Économique du Monde Iranien, Studia Iranica Cahier 21, 1999(2000), pp. 131–148. "Sasanian Persia (224-651 AD)," The Journal of Society for Iranian Studies, vol. 31, no. 3–4, 1998(2000), pp. 431–462. "Middle Iranian Sources for the Study of Medieval Islamic History," (MEM) The Bulletin of Middle East Medievalist, Vol. 10, No. 2, Oct. 1998, pp. 36–39. "Apocalypse Now: Zoroastrian Reflection on the Early Islamic Centuries," Medieval Encounters, Vol. 4, No. 3, Nov. 1998, pp. 188–202. "The Use of Religio-Political Propaganda on Coins of Xusro II," in The Journal of the American Numismatic Society, Vol. 7, November 1997, pp. 41–54. "The Effect of Civil War on the Mint Production in the Sasanian Empire," Oriental Numismatic Society No. 150, Autumn 1996, pp. 8–9. "Keyanid History or National History? The Natue of Sasanian Zoroastrian Historiography," The Journal of the Society for Iranian Studies, vol. 28, Nos. 3–4, 1995, pp. 121–145. Selected articles (Persian language) "Two Notes on the Mythological Geography of Iranians," Studia Persica, Sot?deh N?ma, ed. I. Afshar, Tehran, 2005, vol. 15 pp. 345–349. "Ardašir i Babakan and the Decapitated Heads at the Anahita Fire-Temple," Iranshenasi, A Journal of Iranian Studies, vol. xvi, no. 4, winter 2005, pp. 659–662. "The Middle Persian Inscription of Seluk at Persepolis," Farhang: The Quarterly Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, vol. 17, nos. 49–50, 2004, pp. 47–53. "Royal and Communal Views of ?r?nšahr in the Sassanian Period," Name-ye Iran-e Bastan, The International Journal of Ancient Iranian Studies, Vol.3, no. 2, 2003–2004, pp. 11–27. "The Sons and Grandsons’ of Yazdgird III in China," Iranshenasi, A Journal of Iranian Studies, vol. xv, no. 3, autumn 2003, pp. 540-548. "Some Notes on Religion and State During the Sasanian Period," Sorush-e Mogan, Jamš?d Sor?sh??n Memorial Volume, ed. K. Mazdapur, Tehran, 2002, pp. 167–177. "The Inscription of Šabuhr Saganšah at Persepolis," Farhang, Quarterly Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, vol. 14, nos. 37–38, summer 2001, pp. 107–114. "Zed-e Zandiyun in the Sasanian and Early Islamic Period," Ma’arif, vol. 18, no. 2, 2001, pp. 51–57. "Kerdir's Naqsh-e Rajab Inscription," Name-ye Iran-e Bastan, The International Journal of Ancient Iranian Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 2001, pp. 3–10. "Notes on the Middle Persian Text, The Šahrestaniha I Eranšahr," Iranshenasi, vol. Xii, no. 4, winter 2001, pp. 795–801. "Trends in the Study of Ancient History in the United States and Europe," Bukhara, vol. 3, no. 16, Jan-Feb. 2001, pp. 21–26. "The Judge and Protector of the Needy during the Sasanian Period," Tafazzoli Memorial Volume, ed. A.A. Sadeghi, Tehran, 2001, pp. 179–187. "The Pahlavi Title of Čihr az Yazdan and the Sassanian Kings," Name-ye Farhangestan, The Quarterly Journal of Iranian Academy of Persian Language and Literature, Vol. 4, No. 4 (Ser. No. 16), November 2000, pp. 28–32. "The Wonders and Worthiness of Sistan," Iranshenasi, A Journal of Iranian Studies, Vol. VIII, No. 3, Autumn 1996, pp. 534–542. See also Nasrin Rahimieh References External links Official Homepage Official Academia.edu Profile Touraj Daryaee's articles in Iranian.com Profile: Touraj Daryaee University of California, Irvine Prof. Touraj Daryaee: Nowruz Serves as a Reminder of the Importance of Nature and Renewal Fars News Agency

Royal Ballet of Cambodia

The Royal Ballet of Cambodia (Khmer: របាំព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ) is a Cambodian dance company, known for its luxurious costumes and accessories decorated in gold and silver, accompanied by a soft dancing style. Through the work of Queen Sisowath Kosamak, the Cambodian royal family created it as a national treasure to showcase Cambodian dancers and Khmer traditional dance. In 2003, during the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, this dance was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The Royal Ballet of Cambodia (Khmer: របាំព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ) is a Cambodian dance company, known for its luxurious costumes and accessories decorated in gold and silver, accompanied by a soft dancing style. Through the work of Queen Sisowath Kosamak, the Cambodian royal family created it as a national treasure to showcase Cambodian dancers and Khmer traditional dance. In 2003, during the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, this dance was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Teacher Salute Ceremony in Royal Ballet Performed before the dance troupe enters the stage, the Teacher Salute Ceremony is a tribute to the teachers who trained them and is dedicated to the spirit that controls the spirit in each of the characters of the Royal Ballet, bidding them to ensure that their performances are smooth, confident and unobstructed. This ceremony originates from an ancient forerunner when the royal dance troupe had to offer blessings before they took the stage. The Journey of Cambodia Royal Ballet The choreographed troupe reflects "Auguste Rodin"s special encounter with the beauty of Khmer dance that he discovered during the official visit to France of the King Sisowath of Cambodia. In 1906, rode and followed the Khmer ballet dancers from Paris to Marseille with their return to Phnom Penh. later he painted at least 150 paintings by Cambodian dancers, copying and interpreting them as ballet dances, with a keen interest in his and his partner's work, mostly watercolour paintings in diversity. Of this rare refinement. An unpublished illustration of an unpublished piece of dance on the part of Rodin's work, which is not known to the public, this particular book is the fruit of the Franco-Cambodian collaboration, showing the joy of both cultures. Royal Ballet of Cambodia Friendship Dance In 1959, Queen Sisowath Kosamak visited the United States to introduce Khmer national culture and classical dance through exhibition performances of the Khmer-American Friendship Ballet, originally titled The Ballet of Khmer-American Friendship 1959. Later in 1960, the cultural ambassadorship program continued in China under the same name The Ballet of Khmer-Chinese Friendship 1960. During the this period, the company toured Europe, propelled by the popularity of its principal dancer, Norodom Bopha Devi, the granddaughter of Queen Sisowath Kossamak and daughter King Norodom Sihanouk. Though the Royal Ballet originally had no men due to the perception that male dancers did not perform with the refinement of women, contemporary performances include men in livelier roles such as the monkey and Moni Ey-Sey. The three groups of the Cambodia Royal Ballet Four main types of roles exist in Khmer classical dance: neay rong (male), neang (female), yeak (rakshasa), and the sva (monkeys). These four basic roles contain sub-classes to indicate character rank; a neay rong ek, for example, would be a leading male role and a neang kamnan (or philieng) would be a maiden-servant. The sub-classes of the four main roles all perform in the same type of dancing style of the class they belong to. However, the yeakheney, or female Yeak, is performed with a feminized dancing style of the male counterpart. Other female character types, such as the apsara, kinnari, or mermaid, follow the same dancing style as the neang role but with subtle differences in gestures; the main difference being costume. The ngoh character type, although male, is presented with a different dancing style than the neay rong. Most roles are performed by female dancers, but the role of monkeys was transferred to men under the guidance of Queen Sisowath Kosssamak. Other roles performed by men include hermits and animals such as horses and mythical lions. The Cast The cast is divided into two forms, Neang as the female character and Neay Rong as the male character, which is described as follows: Pin Peat musical band Musical instruments Music pieces Khmer classical dance uses particular pieces of music for certain events, such as when a dancer enters or leaves a scene, or performs certain actions, such as flying or walking. These musical pieces are arranged to form a suite. New pieces of music are rarely created. Below is a select list of music pieces used in the repertoire: Sathukar : (សាធុការ) a song of blessing used for propitiation, often used to commence a performance Krao nai : (ក្រៅណៃ), also known as santheuk knong (សន្ធឹកក្នុង), overture of the yeak (ogre) characters, a display of power as they go into combat or battle Smaeu : (ស្មើ) used for the introduction of a character or a group of dancers in a scene Lea : (លា) used to present a character's departure from the scene; leaving the stage Cheut chhing : (ជើតឈិង) lit., euphonic chhing; music characterized by the constant percussion of drums and small cup-shaped cymbals; used to present an action such as commencing a journey or flying Lo : (លោ) music used in tune with aquatic recreation (e.g. dancers miming the action of rowing a boat) Long song mon : (លងស៊ងមន) lit., "royal bathing of the Mon"; a song used to represent a character dressing up their appearance Phya deun : (ផ្យាឌើន); also known as ponhea daeur (ពញ្ញាដើរ), a music piece used to present dancers marching (e.g. the beginning of robam tep monorom) Klom : (ក្លុម) used to show the grace and beauty of a character wielding his weapon Sinuon : (ស៊ីនួន) - lit., "cream color", in reference to complexion, a soft and slow feminine melody Salamar : (សលមារ) - a music characterized by the sralai, often used for certain actions such as combat, but not limited to such Preah Thong (ព្រះថោង) Bao Lut (បោលុត) Sarak Burong (សរៈប៊ុរង) Balim (បលិម) Singing group Etymology Western names for this dance tradition, such as Cambodian court dance, often make reference to the royal court, as the tradition was performed and maintained by attendants of the royal palaces. As a performing art, it is formally referred to as the Royal Ballet of Cambodia (le Ballet royal du Cambodge in French) by UNESCO, Cravath, Brandon, and others in the academic field, although this term may also refer to the National Dance Company of Cambodia. The term Khmer classical dance is also used alongside "Royal Ballet of Cambodia" in publications by UNESCO and the above-mentioned authors.In Khmer, it is formally known as Robam Preah Reach Trop (របាំព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ, lit. "dances of royal wealth") or Lakhon Preah Reach Trop (ល្ខោនព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ, lit. "theatre of royal wealth"). It is also referred to as Lakhon Luong (ល្ខោនហ្លួង, lit. "the king's theatre"). During the Lon Nol regime of Cambodia, the dance tradition was referred to as Lakhon Kbach Boran Khmer (ល្ខោនក្បាច់បូរាណខ្មែរ, lit. "Khmer theatre of the ancient style"), a term alienating it from its royal legacy.Khmer classical dancers, as a whole, are frequently referred to as apsara dancers by laymen; this usage would be incorrect with the modern form of the dance, as the apsara is just one type of character among others in the repertoire. Regardless, the tradition's romanticized affiliation with the apsaras and devatas of the ruins of Angkor still persists. History Angkor and pre-Angkor era One of the earliest records of dance in Cambodia is from the 7th century, where performances were used as a funeral rite for kings. In the 20th century, the use of dancers is also attested in funerary processions, such as that for King Sisowath Monivong. During the Angkor period, dance was ritually performed at temples. The temple dancers came to be considered as apsaras, who served as entertainers and messengers to divinities. Ancient stone inscriptions describe thousands of apsara dancers assigned to temples and performing divine rites as well as for the public. The tradition of temple dancers declined during the 15th century, as the Siamese kingdom of Ayutthaya raided Angkor. When Angkor fell, its artisans, Brahmins, and dancers were taken captive to Ayutthaya. French colonial era Dancers of the court of King Sisowath were exhibited at the 1906 Colonial Exposition in Marseilles at the suggestion of George Bois, a French representative in the Cambodian court. Auguste Rodin was captivated by the Cambodian dancers and painted a series of water colors of the dancers. George Groslier, the French-colonial director of the Phnom Penh Musée Sarraut (today the National Museum), had 're-invented' large parts of the ballet through his studies of the bas-reliefs of Angkor Wat. Post-independent Cambodia Queen Sisowath Kossamak became a patron of the Royal Ballet of Cambodia. Under the Queen's guidance, several reforms were made to the royal ballet, including choreography. Dance dramas were dramatically shortened from all-night spectacles to about one hour in length. Prince Norodom Sihanouk featured the dances of the royal ballet in his films. The dance tradition suffered setbacks during the Khmer Rouge regime, during which many dancers were put to death in the genocide. Although 90 percent of all Cambodian classical artists perished between 1975 and 1979 after the fall of the Khmer Rouge, those who did survive wandered out from hiding, found one another, and formed "colonies" in order to revive their sacred traditions, under the leadership of former prima ballerina Voan Savay. Khmer classical dance training was resurrected in the refugee camps in eastern Thailand with the few surviving Khmer dancers. Many dances and dance dramas were also recreated at the Royal University of Fine Arts in Cambodia. In 2003 it was inducted into the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. Performance During the era of the French Protectorate of Cambodia and before, it was customary for guests of the royal palace to receive a performance of the royal ballet. In propitiation ceremonies (បួងសួង, buong suong), it was performed at Wat Phnom and the Silver Pagoda and Throne Hall of the Royal Palace. For entertainment, performances were often staged inside the pavilions of royal palaces. In Phnom Penh, the Moonlight Pavilion was built for and is still used occasionally for classical dance performances. Nowadays, venues for performances by the Royal Ballet include the Chenla Theatre and the Chaktomuk Conference Hall, designed by architect Vann Molyvann during the Sangkum Reastr Niyum era. Tourist restaurants in Cambodia, notably in Siem Reap, also serve as venues for classical dance performances by amateur troupes. Stage and props The traditional stage for classical dance drama performances contains a table with a decorative pillow, sometimes laid on an Oriental rug or carpet. This table of low stature, called a krae (គ្រែ, lit. "bed"), is constant throughout the performance and thus is used as a prop that represents many places and things (a bed, a throne, living quarters, etc.).In many dance dramas, characters often wield weapons such as bows, swords, staves, and clubs. In some dances, dancers hold items such as flower garlands, fans, and gold and silver flowers as a tribute (see bunga mas). Performances of robam makar (the makara dance) entail devas dancing in leisure and using fans to represent the scales of the mythical makara while the goddess Manimekhala leads the mimicry with her crystal ball of magic. Movement and gestures Khmer classical dancers use stylized movements and gestures to convey meaning and tell a story. These gestures are often vague and abstract, though some may be easily understood. Dancers do not sing or generally speak, except in some dance dramas where there are brief instances of speech by the dancers. Hand gestures in Khmer classical dance are called kbach (meaning "style"). These hand gestures form a sort of alphabet and represent various things from nature such as fruit, flowers and leaves. They are used in different combinations and transitions with accompanying movement of the legs and feet to convey different thoughts and concepts. The way gestures are presented, the position of the arm, and the position of the hand relative to the arm can affect their meaning. Gestures are performed in different manners depending on the character type. Costume Classical dance costumes are highly ornate and heavily embroidered, sometimes including sequins and even semi-precious gems. Most of the costumes are thought to be representative of what divinities wear, as reflected in the art style of the post-Angkor period. Various pieces of the costume (such as shirts) have to be sewn onto the dancers for a tight fit. Female costume The typical female, or neang, costume consists of a sampot sarabap (or charabap), a type of woven fabric with two contrasting silk threads along with a metallic thread (gold or silver in color). The sampot is wrapped around the lower body in a sarong-like fashion, then pleated into a band in the front and secured with a gold or brass belt. In the current style, part of the pleated brocade band hangs over the belt on the left side of the belt buckle, which is a clear distinction from Thai classical dance costumes where this pleated band is tucked into the belt to the right of the belt buckle. Worn over the left shoulder is a shawl-like garment called a sbai (also known as the robang khnang, literally "back cover"); it is the most decorative part of the female costume, embroidered extensively with tiny beads and sequins. The usual embroidery pattern for the sbai these days is a diamond-shaped floral pattern, but in the past there were more variations of floral patterns. Under the sbai is a silk undershirt or bodice worn with a short sleeve exposed on the left arm. Around the neck is an embroidered collar called a srang kar. Jewelry for the female role includes a large, filigree square pendant of which is hung by the corner, various types of ankle and wrists bracelets and bangles, an armlet on the right arm, and body chains of various styles. Male costume Male characters wear costumes that are more intricate than the females, as they require pieces, like sleeves, to be sewn together while being put on. They are dressed in a sampot sarabap like their female counterpart; however, it is worn differently. For the male, or neay rong, the sampot is worn in the chang kben fashion, where the front is pleated and pulled under, between the legs, then tucked in the back and the remaining length of the pleat is stitched to the sampot itself to form a draping 'fan' in the back. Knee-length pants are worn underneath, displaying a wide, embroidered hem around the knees. For the top, they wear long-sleeved shirts with rich embroidering, along with a collar, or srang kar, around their neck. On the end of their shoulders are a sort of epaulette that arches upwards like Indra's bow (known as inthanu). Other components of the male costumes are three richly embroidered banners worn around the front waist. The center piece is known as a robang muk while the two side pieces are known as a cheay kraeng; monkeys and yaksha characters wear another piece in the back called a robang kraoy. Male characters also wear an X-like strap around the body called a sangvar; it may be made of gold-colored silk or chains of gold with square ornaments, the latter being reserved for more important characters. Males wear the same ankle and wrist jewelry as females, but with the addition of an extra set of bangles on the wrist and no armlets. They also wear a kite-shaped ornament called a sloek po (named after the bo tree leaf), which serves as a center point for their sangvar. Headdress There are several types of crowns that denote characters' ranks. Commonly worn by female characters of the lowest rank is the kbang; it is also worn by Brahmin characters with ornaments around a bun of hair. Divinities and royal characters of the highest ranks wear a tall single-spire crown called a mokot ksat for male characters and a mokot ksatrey for female characters. The panchuret (Groslier romanizes this as panntiereth), reserved for princes and generals (sena), is a circlet-like crown with a faux knot in the back. The rat klao is worn by princesses and often by maidens of significance in a dance if they happen to not be of royal rank. Some characters' headdressings include ear ornaments as well as earrings. Characters such as the yahks and the monkeys wear masks. Yahks and monkeys of royal rank wear masks with a mokot attached. Floral adornments Dancers are traditionally adorned with fragrant flowers, although sometimes fresh flowers are substituted with faux flowers. The floral tassel is traditionally made of Jasminum sambac strung together with Michelia flowers, being either Michelia × alba or Michelia champaca. The neang (female) role wears a rose above the right ear and a floral tassel attached to the left side of the crown while the neay rong (male) role wears a rose on the left ear and a floral tassel to the right side. Sometimes, dancers will wear jasmine garlands fit for the wrists. The apsara role is most often adorned with the flowers of either Plumeria obtusa or white cultivars of Plumeria rubra; sometimes plumerias are tied along the back of their hair. Repertoire According to The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre (1997), the Royal Ballet's repertoire contained approximately 40 dances and 60 dance dramas. Since the restoration of the Royal Ballet in the 1979, some of the old repertoire was recreated and several new dances were also created, most notably robam monosanhchettana by the late Chea Samy. As of recent years, new dance dramas have been created by the Royal Ballet, such as Apsara Mera. Sophiline Cheam Shapiro has also introduced new repertory to Khmer classical dance, although they are not part of the traditional royal repertoire and mainly have been performed in Western venues. Her works include dramas such as Samritechak, an adaptation of Shakespeare's Othello and Pamina Devi, an adaptation of Mozart's The Magic Flute. Dance dramas The repertoire of dance dramas (រឿង, roeung) consists of a myriad of stories, unlike the lakhon khol, which is limited only to the Ramayana. Many of the dance dramas have analogs in the lakhon nai dance genre of Thailand but do not share the same choreography or exact storyline. During the time of Queen Kossamak, several dance dramas were re-choreographed and shortened such as Roeung Preah Thong-Neang Neak; this drama, among others, would be recreated in 2003. The plots of many dance dramas often concern a male character who rescues a damsel in distress or destined love presented with obstacles. The traditional repertoire portrays mythology or traditional tales and may sometimes include religious concepts such as karma. Select repertory of dance dramas Dances In contrast to the dance dramas are shorter dances known as robam. They can serve several purposes, such as honoring, ritualistic functions (e.g. securing the kingdom's fortune and prosperity), and blessing. Spanning several minutes or so, not all these dances have storylines, although many robam are indeed excerpts from dance dramas such as robam mekhala-reamso and robam sovan macchha (the latter being from the Reamker). The 'apsara dance' of today was created under the guidance of Queen Kossamak Nearireath. Its costume is based on the bas-relief of apsaras on temple ruins but much of it, including its music and gesture, is not unique from other classical Khmer dances that probably do not date back to the Angkor period. Select repertory of dances Robam Apsara (របាំអប្សរា) Robam Tep Monorom (របាំទេពមនោរម្យ) Robam Chun Por (របាំជូនពរ) Robam Makar (របាំមករ) Robam Sovann Maccha (របាំសុវណ្ណមច្ឆា) Robam Moni Mekhala or Mekhala-Reamesor (របាំមណីមេខលា) Glossary Media Gallery Non-fiction Cravath, Paul (2008). Earth in Flower - The Divine Mystery of the Cambodian Dance Drama, DatAsia Press Groslier, George et al. (2011). Cambodian Dancers - Ancient and Modern, DatAsia Press Heywood, Denise (2009). Cambodian Dance Celebration of the Gods, River Books Loviny, Christophe (2003). The Apsaras of Angkor, Sipar: Jazz Editions Fiction Meyer, Charles (2009). Saramani: Cambodian Dance, DatAsia Press Lee, Jeanne M. (1994). Silent Lotus, Farrar, Straus and Giroux Lord, Michael (2006). Little Sap and Monsieur Rodin, Lee & Low Books Selected discography Musical Sources – Royal Music Of Cambodia (1971) by Jacques Brunet; contains a condensed recording of the Buong Suong dance drama featuring the goddess Manimekhala Homrong: Classical Music From Cambodia (2004) by Chum Ngek; contains music pieces and suites used by the royal ballet See also Theatre of Cambodia Dance in Cambodia Robam Apsara Robam Moni Mekhala Robam Sovann Maccha Dance in Thailand Earth in Flower Khmer shadow theatre UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists References Bibliography Banham, Martin (1995). The Cambridge Guide to Theater, Cambridge University Press Becker, Elizabeth (1998). When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution, PublicAffairs Bois, George (1913). Les Danseuses cambodgiennes en France, Imprimerie d'Extrême-Orient Bowers, Faubion. (1956). Theatre in the East, New York T. Nelson Brandon, James R. (1967). Theatre in Southeast Asia. Harvard University Press Cravath, Paul (1968). The Ritual Origins of the Classical Dance Drama of Cambodia, Asian Theatre Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Autumn, 1986), pp. 179–203 Fletcher, Peter (2001). World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures, Oxford University Jacobsen, Trudy (2008). Lost Goddesses: Denial of Female Power in Cambodian History, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Sasagawa, Hideo (2005). Post/colonial Discourses on the Cambodian Court Dance, Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 42, No. 4, March 2005 Falser, Michael (2013). From a colonial reinvention to postcolonial heritage and a global commodity: performing and re-enacting Angkor Wat and the Royal Khmer Ballet, International Journal of Heritage Studies, May 2013 Notes Notes in this section are referenced from the bibliography above. Unverified notes Notes in this section reference material produced by laymen or reference material not generally considered a legitimate source on the subject matter at hand. They are unverified and not peer-reviewed. External links General information Cambodian Classical Dance by Chamroeun Yin Nginn-Karet Foundation Teaches Sacred Dance at Banteay Srey The Language of Khmer Classical Dance | The Cambodia Daily The Near Extinction of Cambodian Classical Dance | UCLA Center for Southeast Asian Studies The Khmer Dance Project NY Times | Auguste Rodin and the Royal Ballet of Cambodia Khmer Arts | Founded by Sophiline Cheam Shapiro Image galleries Anders Jiras | Photography of Cambodian dance performances Earth in Flower | Photo gallery of 186 Cambodian dance photos arranged by chronology and topic Cambodian Dancers | Historical info and 169 original etchings from George Groslier's 1913 book Danseuses Cambodgiennes

Moel Oernant

Moel Oernant is a 503-metre (1,650 ft) high hill in the community of Trawsfynydd in the county of Gwynedd in North Wales. It has a number of western tops, the highest of which reaches a height of 466 metres (1,529 ft) overlooking the waterbody known as Llyn Gelli-Gain and another at Frîdd Wen exceeds 410 metres (1,350 ft). To the south of the lake is the top of Pîg Idris which reaches 429m. The minor top of Y-Foel attains 430m to the northeast of Moel Oernant.

Moel Oernant is a 503-metre (1,650 ft) high hill in the community of Trawsfynydd in the county of Gwynedd in North Wales. It has a number of western tops, the highest of which reaches a height of 466 metres (1,529 ft) overlooking the waterbody known as Llyn Gelli-Gain and another at Frîdd Wen exceeds 410 metres (1,350 ft). To the south of the lake is the top of Pîg Idris which reaches 429m. The minor top of Y-Foel attains 430m to the northeast of Moel Oernant. Geology The hill is formed largely from the mudstones, siltstone and sandstones of the Maentwrog Formation and the siltstones of the underlying Clogau Formation, component units of the Mawddach Group of Cambrian age sedimentary rocks. Sandstones and siltstones of the Gamlan Formation of the Harlech Group are also present. An igneous intrusion of microtonalite lies to the west of the summit and the whole hill is cross-cut by dykes of similar material and later dolerite. Some quartz vein mineralization is recorded within the microtonalite outcrop. A number of faults criss-cross the area, the most significant of which is the broadly north–south aligned Craiglaseithin Fault which runs through the summit of the 466m top. The lower slopes are mantled with a patchy cover of glacial till. Access A public bridleway continuing as a public footpath runs from Cwm Prysor southwest across the northern and western flanks of the hill towards Trawsfynydd. Other than parts of its northern slopes the entire hill is mapped as open country under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 and therefore freely available for public access on foot. Along its southern and eastern margin is a minor public road beside the Afon Gain. References External links 43084293 images of Moel Oernant and area on Geograph website

Xu Guangping

== Introduction == Xu Guangping (simplified Chinese: 许广平; traditional Chinese: 許廣平; Jyutping: heoi2 gwong2 ping4, 1898 – 1968), courtesy name Shuyuan (simplified Chinese: 漱园; traditional Chinese: 漱園), infant name Xia (simplified Chinese: 霞; traditional name: 霞), was a Chinese female writer, politician, and social activist. She was well known as the partner of Chinese writer Lu Xun.

== Introduction == Xu Guangping (simplified Chinese: 许广平; traditional Chinese: 許廣平; Jyutping: heoi2 gwong2 ping4, 1898 – 1968), courtesy name Shuyuan (simplified Chinese: 漱园; traditional Chinese: 漱園), infant name Xia (simplified Chinese: 霞; traditional name: 霞), was a Chinese female writer, politician, and social activist. She was well known as the partner of Chinese writer Lu Xun. Biography Early life On February 12, 1898, Xu Guangping was born into the prestigious Xu family in Guangzhou, but her family was already in decline and needed to borrow money to maintain their dignity. Her father was the son of a concubine who had served as an official but lacked life stories. Her mother was the daughter of a merchant in Macau who was good at medicine and poetry. Xu Guangping had three brothers and two sisters, one of her sisters was the daughter of her father's concubine. When she was born, she cried loudly and left urine in her mother's womb, which was considered a sign of inauspiciousness. Then her father planned to give her to someone else, but her father got drunk and betrothed her to the evil gentry Ma family as his daughter-in-law.In 1906, when Xu Guangping was eight years old, her mother wanted to bind her feet. Her mother's hometown was very particular about foot-binding. Her mother was chubby but had a pair of small feet that needed the help of a servant for walking. Xu Guangping was unwilling to bind her feet and wanted to seek her father's protection. Her father agreed that he would not bind her feet and sent her to her grandmother's place to hide.In April of the same year, she entered the private school at home and began studying with the boys. Her mother supported this because she also studied with her brothers at home. She asked them to help Guangping with her studies.When the 1911 Revolution broke out, Xu Guangping's family moved to Macau. Afterwards, her mother passed away and was taken care of by her older brother Xu Chongyi. Under the influence of her older brother, she began to make ideological progress and wanted to contribute to the country and nation. For example, she followed the suggestion in Women's Daily not to wear earrings. This aroused the father's disgust because it represented bereavement in local customs.In 1915, Yuan Shikai declared himself emperor. Xu Guangping believed that it was a time of loyalty to the country. She wrote a letter to a female revolutionary hoping to join the fight against Yuan Shikai. However, this matter was leaked and her family prevented her from doing so.In 1917, at the age of 19, Xu Guangping's father passed away. She wanted to resist her arranged marriage. According to Shunde's custom of "not leaving her husband's house" (不出夫家), to marry a concubine for her husband to replace her. Her second brother helped the Ma family marry a concubine and dissolved their engagement. Then she and her second brother defected to their aunt in Tianjin. Education In 1917, she was admitted to the First Women's Normal School in Beiyang, and the following year she was promoted to a bachelor's degree in Guangzhou. During this period, she served as the editor in chief of the Tianjin Women's Patriotic Comrade Association magazine "Awakening Weekly"(醒世周刊). In December, Xu Guangping contributed four short essays in classical Chinese to the school magazine. She participated in a rally of ten thousand people in Nankai Square led by Zhou Enlai and others on October 10th and went to the police station to condemn Yang Yide, the director of the department who assaulted patriotic people.In 1919, She experienced firsthand politics when China began to boycott Japanese goods as a result of the May Fourth Movement.In 1921, Guangping then graduated from the Girls’ Normal School and she enrolled in the Chinese department of Women’s Normal College in Peking in the autumn. Guangping then decided to become the general secretary of the Student Council. While Guangping continued to write, her works would often be featured in the schools’ various media channels. She continued her courses as normal, becoming interested in various fields of study. However, the political turmoil that was evident in China at the time made Guangping feel uneasy. The principal of her school was being asked to step down, as China rapidly became politically divided.In 1925, Xu Guangping began her first communication with Lu Xun as a "primary school student", requesting clear guidance from Lu Xun. From then on, Lu Xun became her mentor. Between March and July, they exchanged over 40 letters, and at the end of the year, Xu Guangping and Lu Xun established a romantic relationship. Career In 1926, Xu Guangping graduated from school and returned to Guangzhou. She served as the training master and social supervisor of Guangdong Provincial First Women's Normal School and engaged in the women's movement under the leadership of Comrade Deng Yingchao. However, due to the intervention of some members of the guomintang, he school owed wages and then Xu Guangping resigned.In January 1927, Lu Xun reached at Sun Yat-sen University. Xu Guangping is his teaching assistant. She accompanied Lu Xun to give speeches in Hong Kong and served as a Cantonese translator.On October 3rd of the same year, Xu Guangping and Lu Xun went to Shanghai to get married. She helped Lu Xun purchase books and consult materials in his work, and took care of Lu Xun in his daily life.On October 19, 1936-1937, Lu Xun passed away. Xu Guangping organized of Lu Xun's relics for publication.On December 15, 1941, Japanese gendarmes broke into the Xu family to investigate. The Japanese army arrested Xu Guangping on the same day in search of clues from Shanghai's anti-Japanese intellectuals. They tormented Xu Guangping into a coma three times, but she never gave in.On February 27, 1942, Xu Guangping was arrested for 76 days and was released with the help of underground Chinese Communist Party (CCP) worker Yuan and Japanese friend Nishiyama Manzao. When she came out, her hair turned white. She spared no effort to protect the safety of many friends. Political Life In the winter of 1948, Xu Guangping and a group of well-known progressives secretly went to Hong Kong at the invitation of the CCP and transferred to the Northeast Liberated Area.In the spring of 1949, after Peiping was liberated, he arrived in Peiping. The All-China Women's Federation was held in Peiping, and Xu Guangping was elected as an executive member of the All-China Women's Federation; at the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, she was elected as a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xu Guangping was appointed deputy secretary-general of the Government Affairs Council.After 1950, Xu Guangping donated Lu Xun's former residences in Shanghai and Beijing, as well as Lu Xun's collection of books, antiques, manuscripts, letters, manuscripts and other relics to the country for the people's government to establish the Lu Xun Museum and Lu Xun Memorial Hall.In September 1954, Xu Guangping was elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.By 1960, after Xu Guangping applied many times, she was approved by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party to become a CCP member. Xu Guangping has served as a leader of central delegations for many times, leading or participating in delegations to visit Japan, the Czech Republic, Vietnam, etc., and engage in foreign cultural exchange activities. Death In 1968, Qi Benyu, a member of the Central Cultural Revolution Group, stole all of Lu Xun's precious manuscripts and made them missing. Xu Guangping suffered a heavy blow and died of a heart attack. Pen Names Xu Guangping worte under the pen names including Jing Song (simplified Chinese: 景宋; traditional Chinese: 景宋), Ping Lin (simplified Chinese: 平林; traditional Chinese: 平林), KP, Lu Mei (simplified Chinese: 陆寐; traditional Chinese: 陸寐), Xu Xiu (simplified Chinese: 许秀; traditional Chinese: 許秀), Gui Zhen (simplified Chinese: 归真; traditional Chinese: 歸真), Shang Shi (simplified Chinese: 伤时; traditional Chinese: 傷時), Huang Bing (simplified Chinese: 黄竝; traditional Chinese: 黃竝), Zhou Hao (simplified Chinese: 周浩; traditional Chinese: 周浩), and etc. Jing Ping was the most frequently used one. Family Member Grandfather: Xu Yingrong (许应鑠). Father: Xu Bingyun (许炳橒); alternate name: Xu Bing Yao (许炳瑶), the sixth son of a concubine.Mother: Lady Song, the daughter of a businessman from Macau.Sisters: Xu Dongping (许东平); Xu Yueping (许月平), the daughter of the concubine.Brothers: Xu Chongyi (许崇憘); Xu Chonghuan (许崇權); Xu Chongyi (许崇怡).Partner: Lu Xun (鲁迅). Son: Zhou Haiying(周海婴). Daughter-in-law: Ma Xinyun (马新云). Grandson: Zhou Lingfei (周令飞); Zhou Lingfei (周令斐); Zhou Lingyi (周令一). Granddaughter: Zhou Ning (周宁). Literature Works Letters from Two Places (两地书, 1933) Zao Nan Qian Hou (遭难前后, 1947) Xin Wei De Ji Nian (欣慰的纪念, 1951) Lu Xun Shu Jian (鲁迅书简, 1953) Lu Xun Hui Yi Lu (鲁迅回忆录, 1961) Xu Guangping Wen Ji (许广平文集, 1998)Xu Guangping Wenji consists of three volumes, and the editor includes a total of 389 works by Xu Guangping from 1917 to 1966. Shi Nian Xie Shou Gong Jian Wei: Xu Guangping Yi Lu Xun (十年携手共艰危：许广平忆鲁迅, 2001) Wo Yu Lu Xun (我与鲁迅, 2019) Former Residence The former residence is located in the "Xu Di" of Gaodi Street, Beijing Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou City today, with the house number being No. 33-34. According to the memories of descendants of the Xu family, Xu Guangping spent most of her time here before she was admitted to Beiyang Women No.1 Normal School in 1917.From the appearance, the former residence is a blue brick building with two bedrooms and a courtyard that is characterized with Lingnan furniture features. It has a brick and wood structure and an area of about 100 square meters. According to the memories of Xu's descendants, the building has a history of more than 160 years and is still occupied by Xu Guangping's nephew and her descendants. Monument The Monument of Xu Guangping was built in Fu Shou Yuan Humanism Memorial Park, Shanghai on September 27, 2011. Further reading Denton, Kirk A. Love-Letters and Privacy in Modern China: The Intimate Lives of Lu Xun and Xu Guangping. vol. 64, Harvard-Yenching Institute, 2004. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25066731?saml_data=eyJzYW1sVG9rZW4iOiI2ZWNmZDdmNC02MWUwLTQwY2YtOGMzOS1kMTJhMWM1Nzc3YjMiLCJpbnN0aXR1dGlvbklkcyI6WyIxMjJiMTFjOS00YWE5LTQzY2UtYWQzZS0xMmUyYTE4YmU3ZWUiXX0&seq=9 Hang, Suhong. “Rootless ‘Collectives’: Xu Guangping and the New Women’s Spiritual Dilemma in the Republic of China.” Sociological Studies, June 2015, pp. 193–214, http://shxyj.ajcass.org/Magazine/show/?id=74488. Letters Between Two: Correspondence Between Lu Xun and Xu Guangping. https://www.amazon.com/Letters-Between-Two-Correspondence-Guangping/dp/711901997X Liu, Chun-yong. "A Glance over Lu Xun's Marriage and Love." Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, vol. 23, no. 4, 2007, pp. 112-116. http://bkds.ustb.edu.cn/en/article/id/b7cca579-e846-4573-b2c6-1dcf4ba0b6f8 == References ==

White Hall of the Winter Palace

The White Hall of the Winter Palace was designed by the architect Alexander Briullov to commemorate the marriage of the Tsarevich to Maria of Hesse in 1841. This period coincided with a large rebuilding of the Winter Palace following a severe fire in 1837. While the exterior of the palace was recreated in its original 18th-century style, much of the interior was rebuilt in a variety of styles, dependent on the whims and tastes of their intended occupants. The hall and adjoining rooms formed the suite of the Tsarevich and Tsarevna, and remained their private rooms after their accession in 1855. The hall is in a classical style, its vaulted ceiling supported by Corinthian columns crowned by statues representing the arts.

The White Hall of the Winter Palace was designed by the architect Alexander Briullov to commemorate the marriage of the Tsarevich to Maria of Hesse in 1841. This period coincided with a large rebuilding of the Winter Palace following a severe fire in 1837. While the exterior of the palace was recreated in its original 18th-century style, much of the interior was rebuilt in a variety of styles, dependent on the whims and tastes of their intended occupants. The hall and adjoining rooms formed the suite of the Tsarevich and Tsarevna, and remained their private rooms after their accession in 1855. The hall is in a classical style, its vaulted ceiling supported by Corinthian columns crowned by statues representing the arts. Today, as part of the State Hermitage Museum, this room retains its original decoration. Architectural features The space of the hall is divided into three unequal parts by the pylons projecting from the walls, on which the underpinning arches rest. The pylons are trimmed with paired pilasters of the Corinthian order. The wall plane between the pylons is in turn divided into three parts in Corinthian order by columns topped with a sculpture. The walls of the extreme compartments are dissected by smaller pilasters decorated with a stucco decoration; above them runs a wide band of bas-relief. At the Emperor's notice in the end wall, it was decided not to decorate the apertures with porticoes with columns and a triangular pediment, as Brullov had intended.The sculptural decoration of the hall includes a round sculpture of female figures above the columns, symbolising various types of art, and bas-relief figures depicting the gods of Olympus: Juno and Jupiter, Diana and Apollo, Ceres and Mercury, Vesta and Neptune. The frieze is filled with numerous putti figures. The sculptural decoration was created as an embodiment of the reign program of the future emperor. The effect of the monochrome hall is also based on the combination of the differently shaped surfaces of the polished marble and the whitewashed stucco decorations. The relief ornamentation, enclosed in geometric frames, also covers the lunettes and the vaults of the room. References The State Hermitage Museum Archived 2007-02-08 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 23 September 2008. Published by The State Hermitage Museum.

Battle of the Upper Baetis

The Battle of the Upper Baetis was a double battle, comprising the battles of Castulo and Ilorca, fought in 211 BC during the Second Punic War between a Carthaginian force led by Hasdrubal Barca (Hannibal's brother) and a Roman force led by Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus. The immediate result was a Carthaginian victory in which both Roman brothers were killed. Before this defeat, the brothers had spent seven years (218–211 BC) campaigning against the Carthaginians in Hispania, thus limiting the resources available to Hannibal, who was simultaneously fighting the Romans in Italy.

The Battle of the Upper Baetis was a double battle, comprising the battles of Castulo and Ilorca, fought in 211 BC during the Second Punic War between a Carthaginian force led by Hasdrubal Barca (Hannibal's brother) and a Roman force led by Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus. The immediate result was a Carthaginian victory in which both Roman brothers were killed. Before this defeat, the brothers had spent seven years (218–211 BC) campaigning against the Carthaginians in Hispania, thus limiting the resources available to Hannibal, who was simultaneously fighting the Romans in Italy. Background After the defeat of Hasdrubal Barca in the Battle of Dertosa in the spring of 215 BC, the Romans had secured their bases north of the Ebro. They then proceeded to win over some Iberian tribes in the region. Both the Romans and Carthaginians faced and put down Iberian tribal revolts. The Scipios received no reinforcement from Italy, where Hannibal had the Romans hard pressed. Due to a lack of support from Rome, the Scipios mounted no decisive operations against the Carthaginians in 214–213 BC. In 215 BC, the brothers had complained about the lack of Roman supplies and finance for their army. The Roman Senate responded by sending private companies to supply their forces. Two of these merchants, Pomponius and Postumius, turned out to be criminals who cheated the Scipios of their money. In 214 BC, Rome suffered a financial crisis as a result of the strains of war, increasing the Scipios' funding troubles. Despite the lack of any reinforcement or renewed funding, the Scipios went over to the offensive in 212 BC, re-capturing Saguntum, which had been lost to Hannibal in 219 BC.Meanwhile, Hasdrubal had been reinforced by two armies, led respectively by his younger brother, Mago Barca, and Hasdrubal Gisco. According to Livy, the Romans fought multiple battles against the Carthaginians south of the Ebro from 215–214 BC, at Iliturgi, Munda, and Orongi. Livy's chronology is confused and contradicted by Polybius, who explicitly states that the Scipio brothers did not venture south of the Ebro until 212 BC. As a result, most historians consider these engagements to be ahistorical.The Scipios had persuaded Syphax, a Numidian king, to open hostilities against Carthage with an army that had been trained by Statorius, a Roman centurion, in 213 or 212 BC. On the whole, the situation in Iberia was stable enough for Hasdrubal Barca to shift his attention to Africa in 213/212 BC in order to put down this rebellion. Hasdrubal Barca returned to Iberia in late 212 BC, bringing with him 3,000 Numidians under Masinissa, the future king of Numidia. Prelude In 212 BC, the Scipio brothers captured Castulo, a major mining town and the home of Hannibal's wife Imilce. They then wintered at Castulo and Ilugia.The brothers hired 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to reinforce their army of 30,000 Romans. The Romans' strength had been reduced by losses sustained against the Carthaginians and Iberian tribes since 218 BC and the need to garrison the main Roman base at Tarraco. Observing that the Carthaginian armies were deployed separately from each other, with Hasdrubal Barca's army near Amtorgis; and, further to the west, Mago Barca with 13,500 men alongside Hasdrubal Gisco's army, the Scipio brothers decided to divide their forces. Publius Scipio led Roman and allied soldiers to attack Mago Barca near Castulo, while Gnaeus Scipio took one-third of the Roman army in Spain and the mercenaries to attack Hasdrubal Barca. This stratagem would lead to two battles, the Battle of Castulo and the Battle of Ilorca, which took place within a few days of each other. Gnaeus Scipio arrived at his objective first. However, Hasdrubal Barca had already ordered the armies of Indibilis and Mandonius (Iberian chieftains friendly to the Carthaginians) and Hasdrubal Gisco to join Mago near Castulo. Hasdrubal Barca held his ground against Gnaeus Scipio, staying within his fortified camp, then managed to bribe the Celtiberian mercenaries to desert Gnaeus Scipio. This led to Hasdrubal's army outnumbering that of Gnaeus Scipio. Hasdrubal bided his time, avoiding any battles with the Romans. Battle of Castulo As Publius Scipio neared Castulo, he was harassed day and night by the Numidian light cavalry under Masinissa. When informed that Indibilis was moving across his line of retreat with 7,500 Iberians, Publius Scipio decided not to face Mago but to attack the Iberian chieftain, fearing that he would be surrounded by Carthaginian forces. Leaving 2,000 soldiers in his camp under the legate Tiberius Fonteus, he marched out that night to launch an attack on the Iberians and, hopefully, evade Masinissa's cavalry. Scipio marched throughout the night and caught Indibilis and his men by surprise in the early morning; and, with a numerical superiority, began to gain the upper hand in the ensuing action. However, the Iberians managed to hold off the Romans in the confused night battle just long enough for Masinissa to arrive. With the Numidian cavalry attacking from the flank, the Roman assault on the Iberians began to slacken. When Mago and Hasdrubal Gisco arrived with their combined armies, the Romans finally, after a grim struggle, broke and fled, leaving Publius Scipio and most of their comrades dead on the field. Mago gave the Numidians enough time to loot the dead before marching the army towards Hasdrubal Barca's position. A handful of Roman survivors managed to reach their camp. Battle of Ilorca Gnaeus Scipio had lost the advantage of numbers with the desertion of the mercenaries. Although unaware of Publius Scipio's fate, Gnaeus decided to withdraw towards northern Iberia after Mago and Hasdrubal Gisco arrived with their armies. The Romans moved out of their camp, leaving their campfires burning, and made for the Ebro at night. The Numidians located them the following day; their attacks forced the Romans to take position for the night on a hilltop near Ilorca. The main Carthaginian army, which now comprised the forces of Hasdrubal Barca, Hasdrubal Gisco, and Mago, arrived during the night. In desperation, the Romans tried to create a defensive wall with baggage and saddles, as the ground was too stony for digging. The Carthaginians easily overran this, and Gnaeus was killed in the fighting; most of his army was destroyed. Aftermath The Roman fugitives fled north of the Ebro, where they eventually gathered a hodge-podge army of 8,000–9,000 soldiers. The Carthaginian commanders made no coordinated attempts to wipe out these survivors and then send help to Hannibal. In late 211 BC, Rome sent 13,100 troops under Claudius Nero to reinforce its forces in Iberia. Nero scored no spectacular victories, nor did the Carthaginians launch any coordinated assault on the Romans in Iberia. With the arrival of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, the son of Publius Scipio, with another 10,000 troops in 210 BC, the Carthaginians would come to regret their earlier inaction when engaging in the Battle of Cartagena in 209 BC. With the Carthaginian armies in Iberia failing to eliminate the Romans, Hannibal would not get any reinforcements from Iberia during the crucial year of 211 BC, when the Romans were besieging Capua. Citations References Bagnall, Nigel (1990). The Punic Wars. ISBN 0-312-34214-4. Cottrell, Leonard (1992). Hannibal: Enemy of Rome. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80498-0. Hoyos, Dexter (2015). Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-986010-4. Lazenby, John Francis (1978). Hannibal's War. Aris & Phillips. ISBN 0-85668-080-X. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003). The Fall of Carthage. Cassel Military Paperbacks. ISBN 0-304-36642-0. Peddie, John (2005). Hannibal's War. Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7509-3797-1. Lancel, Serge (1999). Hannibal. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21848-3. Baker, G. P. (1999). Hannibal. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1005-0. Further reading Dodge, Theodore A. (1891). Hannibal. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81362-9. Warry, John (1993). Warfare in the Classical World. Salamander Books Ltd. ISBN 1-56619-463-6. Livius, Titus (1972). Books XXI-XXX of The history of Rome from its foundation: The War With Hannibal. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044145-X. Delbruck, Hans (1990). Warfare in Antiquity, Volume 1. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9199-X. Lancel, Serge (1997). Carthage A History. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 1-57718-103-4.

Electrabel

Electrabel SA is a Belgian energy corporation. It is a subsidiary of French multinational utility company Engie S.A. (formerly GDF Suez).

Electrabel SA is a Belgian energy corporation. It is a subsidiary of French multinational utility company Engie S.A. (formerly GDF Suez). History Electrabel was established in 1905. Its actual name originates from 1990, after the regrouping of the companies Intercom, EBES and Unerg. For a long time a majority stake in Electrabel was held by the French company Suez. In 2005, Suez increased its stake to 96.7% and a squeeze-out of the remaining shareholders was completed on 10 July 2007, when the company was delisted from the stock exchange. Following Suez's 2008 merger with Gaz de France, Electrabel became a subsidiary of GDF Suez, which changed its name into Engie in 2015. Operations Electrabel is active in the Benelux market. It generates electricity and heat, and supplies electricity and natural gas to six million customers. In 2008, Electrabel sold 97.4 TWh of electricity and 72 TWh of natural gas. It is the largest electricity producer in the Netherlands and Belgium, the largest electricity supplier in Belgium, and the second largest natural gas supplier in Belgium. Power stations Electrabel has diversified generating facilities of 16,000 MW in the Benelux, including renewable energy sources, natural gas and coal, pumped storage power stations and nuclear power stations. It owns the Doel and Tihange nuclear power plants with a capacity of 2,736.9 MW and 2,423.1 MW respectively. In addition, Electrabel owns combined cycle gas turbine plants in Amercoeur, Drogenbos, Herdersbrug, Saint-Ghislain, Esch-sur-Alzette and Eems, and combined heat and power in Solvay, Total and Almere. Conventional power stations are located in Awirs, Amercoeur, Kallo, Mol, Rodenhuize, Ruien, Gelderland, Bergum and Dunamenti (Hungary). Electrabel also owns the Coo-Trois-Ponts Hydroelectric Power Station with a total capacity of 1,164 MW and several hydroelectric, photovoltaic and biomass power plants and wind farms. Synatom A wholly owned subsidiary of Electrabel, the company is responsible for the fuel supply and spent fuel management of nuclear reactors in Belgium. References External links Electrabel GDF Suez International (in Dutch, English, and French) Electrabel GDF Suez Belgium (in Dutch, English, and French) Electrabel GDF Suez Netherlands (in Dutch) GDF SUEZ (in English and French)

The Dodo (website)

The Dodo is an American media brand and digital publisher focused on telling animals' stories. The Dodo is headquartered in New York City.

The Dodo is an American media brand and digital publisher focused on telling animals' stories. The Dodo is headquartered in New York City. History The Dodo was launched in January 2014 by Izzie Lerer, the daughter of media executive Kenneth Lerer, and journalist Kerry Lauerman. The company—named after the dodo, an extinct bird from the island of Mauritius— was founded by Lerer out of "a personal passion for the subject matter..." Lerer has a PhD in animal studies with a focus on animal ethics and human relationships from Columbia University, and launched the website after noticing the viral success of animal videos online but seeing no one "really owned the space." The Dodo became one of the most popular Facebook publishers, garnering 1 billion video views from the social network in November 2015, and was crowned the No. 1 animal brand on all of social media by the Webby Awards in 2019.In late 2017, The Dodo launched "El Dodo", its first non-English language channel to reach Spanish speaking audiences. The Dodo's editorial and video production staff unionized with the Writers Guild of America, East in April 2018. Expansion The brand expanded into longer-form storytelling with its first TV series, "Dodo Heroes" on Animal Planet in June 2018, which went on to become the network's top-performing freshman series and was picked up for a second season in 2019. In June 2018, The Dodo held its first ever "Best Dog Day Ever" pop-up event in New York City, which attracted over 1400 dogs and their owners. Based on the one day event's success, The Dodo decided to expand the franchise in 2019 for a month-long "Best Dog Day Ever: Halloween Edition" event in the fall for Tri-State dogs.In July 2019, The Dodo partnered with VidCon for the conference's first-ever co-programmed section, "The Dodo Pet Zone" featuring some of the Internet's most-famous animals. In the summer of 2019, the animal brand launched its children's brand, "Dodo Kids", with a new YouTube channel with launch sponsor Paramount Pictures' "Dora and the Lost City of Gold", and a bespoke content slate of new kids series including "Best Animal Friends", "Dodo Sing Dodo Dance", and "Rescued!". Soon thereafter, The Dodo announced its new Netflix Original series, "Izzy Bee's Koala World", which debuted in 2020.In July 2019, The Dodo partnered with Instagram to develop an IGTV-first series for teens, "You Know Me... Now Meet My Pet", featuring young Instagram influencers and their pets. In September 2019, The Dodo pushed into children's book publishing with Scholastic with three books based on the video series. In April 2020 they debuted a new podcast called "An Animal Saved My Life" produced through iHeartRadio.In March 2022, the brand expanded into pet insurance by debuting Fetch by The Dodo. Formerly Petplan, the insurance company and The Dodo partnered to create a pet insurance option that would appeal to The Dodo's audience of pet parents. Accolades They are the most "loved" publisher in the world on Toys for Tots (by "love" reactions). The animal brand won a Shorty Social Good award for Best Use of Facebook in 2017 and 2018; Shorty Award for Best in Pets and Animals; Webby Award for its social/animal content and another Shorty Social Good Award for Best Video Series for "Comeback Kids: Animal Edition". References External links Official website The Dodo's channel on YouTube

New Covent Garden Market

New Covent Garden Market in Nine Elms, London, is the largest wholesale fruit, vegetable and flower market in the United Kingdom. It covers a site of 57 acres (23 ha) and is home to about 200 fruit, vegetable and flower companies. The market serves 40% of the fruit and vegetables eaten outside of the home in London, and provides ingredients to many of London's restaurants, hotels, schools, prisons, hospitals and catering businesses. The Flower Market, which offers flowers, plants, foliages, sundries and interior decorations from the UK and from around the globe, is visited by 75% of florists in London, many of whom place morning orders and return to restock during the day. The Flower Market wholesalers are open from 04:00 to 10:00 Monday to Saturday and the Fruit & Vegetable Market wholesalers trade from around 00:00 – 06:00 Monday to Saturday.

New Covent Garden Market in Nine Elms, London, is the largest wholesale fruit, vegetable and flower market in the United Kingdom. It covers a site of 57 acres (23 ha) and is home to about 200 fruit, vegetable and flower companies. The market serves 40% of the fruit and vegetables eaten outside of the home in London, and provides ingredients to many of London's restaurants, hotels, schools, prisons, hospitals and catering businesses. The Flower Market, which offers flowers, plants, foliages, sundries and interior decorations from the UK and from around the globe, is visited by 75% of florists in London, many of whom place morning orders and return to restock during the day. The Flower Market wholesalers are open from 04:00 to 10:00 Monday to Saturday and the Fruit & Vegetable Market wholesalers trade from around 00:00 – 06:00 Monday to Saturday. There is a £5 entry fee for visitors driving to the market. The nearest London Underground stations are Battersea Power Station and Nine Elms, both opened in 2021 as part of the Northern line extension to Battersea. History For many years the capital's main wholesale market for fruit and vegetables was at Covent Garden in central London, just as the meat market was at Smithfield, fish at Billingsgate and other food at Leadenhall Market. As the supply of fresh food was considered strategically important, the Covent Garden Market Authority (CGMA) was set up in 1961, charged with modernising and overseeing the administration of the produce market. Construction began in 1971 south of the Thames in Battersea, on the site of the former Nine Elms Locomotive Works and Nine Elms railway station. The new market opened for business on 11 November 1974, although its ceremonial opening, by the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, was on 26 June 1975.The CGMA is a statutory corporation, which reports to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). As a statutory corporation, the UK treasury has shielded New Covent Garden from changes in conditions of the wholesale industry. In the 1980s, when the wholesale industry was threatened by the growth of supermarkets, New Covent Garden Market were able to switch focus to the hospitality industry. Since 1990, successive governments have attempted to privatise or dispose of the market as a going concern. Redevelopment By 2005, the buildings were beginning to show signs of their age, in need of modernising. Following a report by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the CGMA and DEFRA agreed on a plan (known as Project Chrysalis) to reform and redevelop the market to enable it to be eventually sold. The CGMA, which had previously paid any profits as dividends to HM Treasury, was allowed to retain its profits to fund the initial planning work. The CGMA signed a contract with Vinci and St. Modwen in 2013 for the market's regeneration for a five-year development project Funded by releasing spare land to the developers to build residential properties, the £2 billion project is expected to provide 2000 additional jobs, include 3000 new homes, 135,000 square feet of commercial units and 100,000 square feet of retail facilities. The project is a part of the wider Nine Elms Regeneration area, which also encompasses the relocation of the Embassy of the United States, London to Nine Elms, the regeneration of Battersea Power Station, and an extension of the Underground's Northern line (funded in part by the CGMA). Construction timeline By the time redevelopment works started in 2015 (months behind schedule), the project's timeline had increased in scope and was expected to take 10 years. The Flower Market, situated near the Battersea Park Road entrance, opened in April 2017, with the Food Exchange opening in January 2018. Phase One of the regeneration completed in December 2019.However, traders were unimpressed about the quality of the new units, relating to logistics, spacing and electric capacity. In 2018, their Tenant association sued the CGMA over breach of contract. The lawsuit was settled in December 2020 with the CGMA agreeing to implement changes proposed in a consultation made earlier that year.The second phase of works started in January 2021, to be completed in 2026. By 23 May 2023, there was a more significant and very visible progression on the latest phase of development. The newest block would comprise 24 units, measure about 6.5 metres in width and be a new home for four wholesalers. There was another milestone on the opening of the new Southern Access Road on 27 March and the second route became an exit. This would allow complete entry for construction vehicles only. References External links Official website

Anita Utseth

Anita Utseth (born 26 August 1966) is a Norwegian engineer and politician for the Centre Party. She graduated from Møre og Romsdal College of Engineering in 1987 and as a siv.ing. from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1991. She was a chief engineer in the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate from 1992 to 2000 and an adviser in the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management from 2000 to 2003. From 2004 to 2005 she was the HMS director of the company Pertra.She was a central board member of the Centre Youth from 1992 to 1993, having formerly chaired the district branch in Sør-Trøndelag from 1987 to 1990.

Anita Utseth (born 26 August 1966) is a Norwegian engineer and politician for the Centre Party. She graduated from Møre og Romsdal College of Engineering in 1987 and as a siv.ing. from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1991. She was a chief engineer in the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate from 1992 to 2000 and an adviser in the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management from 2000 to 2003. From 2004 to 2005 she was the HMS director of the company Pertra.She was a central board member of the Centre Youth from 1992 to 1993, having formerly chaired the district branch in Sør-Trøndelag from 1987 to 1990. She was a member of Sør-Trøndelag county council from 1991 to 1992, and was elected to Trondheim city council in 2003. In 2005, when Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet assumed office, she was appointed as a State Secretary in the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy. She resigned in 2007. == References ==

Seduni

The Seduni were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the upper Rhône valley, around present-day Sion, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Along with the Nantuates, Veragri and Uberi, they were part of the Vallenses, a group of tribes living between Lake Geneva and the Pennine Alps, in the modern Canton of Valais (Switzerland).

The Seduni were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the upper Rhône valley, around present-day Sion, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Along with the Nantuates, Veragri and Uberi, they were part of the Vallenses, a group of tribes living between Lake Geneva and the Pennine Alps, in the modern Canton of Valais (Switzerland). Name They are mentioned as Sedunos, Sedunorum and Sedunis by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), and as Seduni by Livy (late 1st c. BC) and Pliny (1st c. AD).The meaning of the ethnonym Seduni remains unclear. According to Alexander Falileyev, it may be based on the Celtic root *sedo-, meaning both 'tumulus (inhabited by supernatural beings)' and 'peace'. Pierre-Yves Lambert has also proposed to analyze the name as a haplology (loss of syllable) for *Se(go)-dunum ('the strong fortress').The city of Sion, attested as Sedunum in Roman times, is named after the Gallic tribe. Geography The Seduni dwelled in the upper Rhône valley, in the modern Canton of Valais. Their territory was located east of the Nantuates and Veragri, south of the Uberi, and west of the Lepontii.After the Roman conquered the region in 16–15 BC, their territory was initially administered in common with the province of Raetia et Vindelicia under a legatus, when they had their own civitas within the administrative region of Vallis Poenina. They later lost their autonomy following their integration into the Alpes Graiae et Poeninae by Claudius (41–54 AD), with the creation of a single civitas (civitas Vallensium) shared with the other Vallensian tribes.Their chief town was known as Sedunum (modern Sion, Switzerland). In 8–7 BC, the Sedunian civitas honoured emperor Augustus with an inscription. Even though Sedunum lost its political importance in the mid-1st century AD, when Forum Claudii Vallensium (Martigny) became the capital of the civitas Vallensium, the location remained a popular place of residence for notables: funerary stelae attest to the presence of duumviri (magistrates of the civitas), flamines (priests of the imperial cult), a Roman knight, a former consul, and, by the 4th century, praesidia (governors of the province). History In 57–56 BC, the Seduni fought against the Roman forces of Caesar at the Battle of Octodurus (modern-day Martigny, Switzerland).They are mentioned by Pliny the Elder as one of the Alpine tribes conquered by Rome in 16–15 BC, and whose name was engraved on the Tropaeum Alpium. References Primary sources === Bibliography ===

A. M. Loryea

Abraham "Abram" M. Loryea (1839–1893), commonly known as A.M. Loryea, was an American pioneer medical doctor, businessman, and politician in the states of Oregon and California. Loryea is best remembered as a co-founder of the Oregon Hospital for the Insane in 1859 and as the Superintendent of that state-subsidized facility for many years as well as the elected mayor of East Portland, Oregon. After selling his share of the Oregon Hospital for the Insane to his business partner, J. C. Hawthorne, Loryea became involved in a failed business venture as a patent medicine manufacturer. He later traveled extensively, becoming interested in balneotherapy and opening the first Turkish baths in San Francisco.

Abraham "Abram" M. Loryea (1839–1893), commonly known as A.M. Loryea, was an American pioneer medical doctor, businessman, and politician in the states of Oregon and California. Loryea is best remembered as a co-founder of the Oregon Hospital for the Insane in 1859 and as the Superintendent of that state-subsidized facility for many years as well as the elected mayor of East Portland, Oregon. After selling his share of the Oregon Hospital for the Insane to his business partner, J. C. Hawthorne, Loryea became involved in a failed business venture as a patent medicine manufacturer. He later traveled extensively, becoming interested in balneotherapy and opening the first Turkish baths in San Francisco. Biography Early years Abraham M. Loryea was born March 21, 1839, at Charleston, South Carolina. Loryea attended the Medical College of the State of South Carolina, from which he graduated in 1858.Immediately after his graduation Loryea was immediately set to work in Richmond, Virginia, attempting to abate an epidemic of yellow fever that was sweeping the city. Loryea's work was so appreciated by the local medical society that he was presented with an engraved goblet at the end of the crisis as a token of its appreciation.Still a very young man with a sense of adventure, Loryea decided to leave the South to attempt to establish himself on the Pacific coast. He traveled to San Francisco, where he met James C. Hawthorne, a Pennsylvania-born physician nearly two decades his senior who had gone to California during the California gold rush and who had recently completed two terms in the California State Senate as the Senator from Placer County. The pair resolved to set up a partnership in small town of Portland in the new state of Oregon. Asylum administrator In August 1859 Loryea and Hawthorn proudly announced the launch of "Oregon Hospital," a facility in which both would reside. The hospital was originally located on Portland's Taylor Street, between 1st and 2nd Avenues. From the time of launch the hospital was dedicated to the treatment of non-contagious disease.The hospital seems to have quickly gained support of the Oregon legislature as a semi-official facility for the maintenance and treatment of the mentally ill, with the press reporting in September 1861 that Loryea and Hawthorne were coordinating the contribution of "books for the use of the insane," with materials received to be held in trust as property belonging to the state of Oregon. From approximately that date Hawthorne and Loryea's Oregon Hospital became known as Oregon Hospital for the Insane.In 1872 Loryea sold his half of the Oregon Hospital for the Insane enterprise to his partner J.C. Hawthorne and turned his efforts to the patent medicine business, launching "Oregon Medical Laboratory" to market a nostrum prepared from "Unk weed" which was said to ameliorate the pain of arthritis. Loryea had been working on the compound for several years, obtaining a patent (No. 116846) for "improvement in medical compounds or bitters" on July 11, 1871.Loryea was well-regarded in the Portland community and was elected mayor of East Portland. He was also a founder of the upscale Arlington Club in Portland.During the 1870s Loryea became involved in the banking business, apparently losing money in the process. Turkish bath operator Loryea's patent medicine and banking ventures did not prove successful and his fortune was dissipated, causing him to relocate back to San Francisco. Loryea traveled extensively, visiting Europe and the Middle East, gaining an interest in public baths as an institution. Upon his return to San Francisco, Loryea decided to open a Turkish bath (hammam) on Grant Avenue, working in partnership with another local doctor. His business associate, a certain Dr. Trask, soon left the partnership, but Loryea continued to own and manage the Grant Avenue hammam for several years, eventually selling it to open a new facility located on Post Street, San Francisco, and another in New York City.As a well-traveled and active Republican, Loryea became a personal acquaintance of Ulysses S. Grant and President Chester A. Arthur. He was regarded by his peers as courteous, friendly, and polite. Death and legacy A.M. Loryea died April 24, 1893, after an extended illness at the Rural Health Retreat, located three miles outside St. Helena, California. He was 53 years old at the time of his death. Loryea was survived by his wife Esther, ex-wife Elizabeth Stevens Loryea McCalla, and three grown up children.At the time of his death, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that Loryea had left a "valuable estate," ostensibly generated by his bathhouses and other business ventures. This was later revealed to be untrue, with the bathhouse registered in the name of his second wife, Esther, and the remainder of his estate consisted of little more than "a gold watch and a few other personal belongings."The total value of the estate after disbursements was just $430. In his will Loryea controversially left a small amount to an estranged son in order that he might be able to "purchase a revolver with which to blow his brains out." See also J. C. Hawthorne Footnotes Works Report of the Physicians of the Oregon Hospital for the Insane, for the Years 1867-8. With J.C. Hawthorne. Salem, OR: W.A. McPherson, state printer, 1868. The Hammam: Improved Turkish and Medicated Baths: Nos. 11 & 13 Dupton Street, San Francisco Drs. Loryea and Trask, Proprietors. With Edward Trask. San Francisco, CA: Loryea and Trask, n.d. [c. 1875]. "Reminiscences of General Grant: Grant and the Pacific Coast," Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine, vol. 6, no. 32 (Aug. 1885), pp. 197–198.

Porticus of Livia

The Portico of Livia (Porticus Liviae) was a portico in Regio III Isis et Serapis of ancient Rome. It was built by Augustus in honour of his wife Livia Drusilla and is located on the Esquiline Hill. Although little of its structure survives now, it was one of the most prominent porticos in the ancient city. The so-called Ara Concordia was located either in or near to the portico.

The Portico of Livia (Porticus Liviae) was a portico in Regio III Isis et Serapis of ancient Rome. It was built by Augustus in honour of his wife Livia Drusilla and is located on the Esquiline Hill. Although little of its structure survives now, it was one of the most prominent porticos in the ancient city. The so-called Ara Concordia was located either in or near to the portico. Location The portico is located in Regio III of ancient Rome, which is named for a sanctuary of Isis in the area, and includes parts of the Esquiline and Oppian hills. The structure itself was found between the Via delle Sette Sale and the Via in Selci (the latter was called the "Clivus Suburanus" in ancient times). The structure was built on the estate of a rich freedman named Publius Vedius Pollio, who left his house and land to Augustus upon his death. His large estate was in the midst of the fairly crowded Subura neighbourhood, and the new leisure space was probably welcomed by the residents of the area.The portico was so close to the Baths of Trajan that the north corner of the baths almost touched the southwest corner of the portico. To the north of the portico, a basilica was built in late antiquity (San Martino ai Monti), although there are remains of a Roman building below it that some say was a house-church on the property of an early Christian named Equitius. Nero's sprawling house, the Domus Aurea, was built just south of this portico as well. Construction Construction began on the portico in approximately 15 BCE upon the death of Vedius Pollio, and it was dedicated in January of 7 BCE. The dedication was connected with the celebration of a triumph of Tiberius, and both Tiberius and Livia hosted banquets for the occasion. Livia alone received credit for the Ara Concordia, which was dedicated separately from the portico on June 11, the feast day of Mater Matuta. Structure and archaeology There are no visible remains of the portico today, but its dimensions and basic structure are known. It was rectangular, measuring about 120 meters in length and 95 meters in width; one of the short ends was aligned with the Clivus Suburanus. The Severan Marble Plan (see image above) thankfully preserves parts of the portico, showing its large rectangular shape, the double colonnade, the rectangular enclosure in the middle, and the access points to the streets. The portico included gardens, walking space, and works of art such as paintings, creating a luxurious and leisurely area. It is notable that this was a public space, and its construction supported Augustus' ideals of reducing private displays of wealth in favour of public building projects.Archaeological excavations in 1984 show that the portico was almost completely destroyed; the only evidence that remains is the rough floor levels and later burials on the site. Literary evidence The portico is mentioned in a variety of ancient works. Ovid's description in his Fasti emphasizes Livia's piety in dedicating the Ara Concordia, as well as the significance of Augustus replacing a luxurious private house. To thee, too, Concordia, Livia dedicated a magnificent shrine, which she presented to her dear husband. But learn this, thou age to come: where Livia’s colonnade now stands, there once stood a huge palace. The single house was like the fabric of a city; it occupied a space larger than that occupied by the walls of many a town. It was levelled with the ground, not on a charge of treason, but because its luxury was deemed harmful. Caesar brooked to overthrow so vast a structure, and to destroy so much wealth, to which he was himself the heir. That is the way to exercise the censorship; that is the way to set an example, when an upholder of law does himself what he warns others to do. Ovid also includes the Porticus of Livia in his Ars Amatoria list of good places to pick up women: Omit not to visit that portico which, adorned with ancient pictures, is called the portico of Livia, after its foundress.. Strabo the geographer names the portico as one of the most splendid monuments in central Rome. Suetonius lists it in his Lives of the Caesars as one of the monuments that Augustus built on behalf of his family members (along with the portico of Octavia, the theatre of Marcellus, and others).Cassius Dio also mentions the portico in his Roman History, which was written about 200 years after the portico was constructed. In Book 54 of his work he criticizes the character of Vedius Pollio, describing him as so wealthy and so cruel that he threw his slaves into a pool of carnivorous eels if they displeased him. Allegedly, Augustus visited Pollio and was displeased with his cruelty; therefore, after Pollio died and left the emperor his estate, Augustus' choice to tear down his house was based as much on spite as on the desire to build a public work in Livia's name. In Book 55 of his History, he also describes Tiberius' involvement with the portico and the festivities that accompanied its dedication. The temple of Concordia which Tiberius worked to repair was in the Roman forum, and it is not related to the Ara Concordia attributed to Livia. Tiberius on the first day of the year in which he was consul with Gnaeus Piso convened the senate in the Curia Octaviae, because it was outside the pomerium. After assigning to himself the duty of repairing the temple of Concord, in order that he might inscribe upon it his own name and that of Drusus, he celebrated his triumph, and in company with his mother dedicated the precinct called the precinct of Livia. He gave a banquet to the senate on the Capitol, and she gave one on her own account to the women somewhere or other. Pliny the Elder mentions the portico in his Natural History as well, but only in reference to a certain vine which grew over the walkways of the portico, supposedly capable of producing 12 amphorae of juice per year. Pliny the Younger also references the portico of Livia in his Letters simply as a private meeting place.The monument is also listed in Regio III of the Notitia, the 4th century Regionary Catalogues of Rome. Ara Concordiae Most scholars assume that the rectangular structure in the middle of the portico is the Ara Concordia, since Livia was strongly connected to the deity and the Ara is mentioned by Ovid in connection with this portico. The layout of the center structure is reminiscent of the Ara Pacis, with what seems to be an outer enclosure and an inner altar area; there were four fountains on the corners of the enclosure. However, the Ara Concordia is not named in the Severan Marble Plan, and it is not certain that this is the "magnificent shrine" (magnifica aede) to which Ovid is referring, or if the Ara Concordia was somewhere else nearby. Wherever it was located though, this altar would have been an important symbol of the traditional family values that Augustus so strongly supported during his reign. The "aede" of Concordia could be interpreted as a symbol of marital harmony between Livia and Augustus; the surrounding portico would have been another symbol of family unity due to its dedication by Livia and her son. Later use According to excavations carried out in 1984, there is evidence that the portico area continued to be used into the 5th century CE. These excavations discovered the Augustan-era paving, as well as post-Augustan levels (these levels being 10–6 meters below the current surface level). However, by the mid-6th century CE, the area was being used for burials instead. See also List of ancient monuments in Rome References External links Model of Rome: Portico of Livia

Tsuen Wan Park

Tsuen Wan Park (Chinese: 荃灣公園) is a park in Hong Kong. It is located in Wing Shun Street/Yeung Uk Road near Tsuen Wan Ferry Pier in Tsuen Wan, New Territories. The park was opened to the public on 30 October 1998. It is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the Hong Kong government. The park opens from 6:30 (6:30 am) to 23:00 (11:00 pm) daily.

Tsuen Wan Park (Chinese: 荃灣公園) is a park in Hong Kong. It is located in Wing Shun Street/Yeung Uk Road near Tsuen Wan Ferry Pier in Tsuen Wan, New Territories. The park was opened to the public on 30 October 1998. It is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the Hong Kong government. The park opens from 6:30 (6:30 am) to 23:00 (11:00 pm) daily. Features The park occupies about 4 hectares (9.9 acres). Since it is located at the coastal area, the maritime theme was adopted in designing the project and forms an integral part of the park. The park consists of a gateball court, four tennis courts, an amphitheatre, children play and cycling areas, fitness station, artificial lake and fountains as well as landscaped garden. The park has a waterfront promenade along the Rambler Channel. The Tsuen Wan Pier is located here. The promenade continues to the north (beyond the park boundary) to Chai Wan Kok, and to the south to the Tsuen Wan Riviera Park, which opened before Tsuen Wan Park. The four-storey Tsuen Wan Sports Centre opened at the park in October 2018. The complex contains a 1,900-seat main arena, a secondary hall with capacity for 200 people, a children's playroom, a fitness room, an outdoor climbing wall, a table tennis room, dance rooms, and multi-purpose rooms. See also List of urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong References External links Official website

English Journal

English Journal (previously The English Journal) is the official publication of the Secondary Education section of the American National Council of Teachers of English. The peer-reviewed journal has been published since 1912 and features columns and articles on all aspects of the teaching of English language arts at middle schools and junior and senior high schools. In 1939, the journal College English was spun off from The English Journal to address the needs of teaching English language arts at the college level. As of 2018, the journal's editors are Toby Emert, Ph.D., of Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia, and R. Joseph Rodríguez, Ph.D., of California State University, Fresno. Its content is accessible electronically via ERIC, ProQuest, and JSTOR, and is indexed by the MLA.

English Journal (previously The English Journal) is the official publication of the Secondary Education section of the American National Council of Teachers of English. The peer-reviewed journal has been published since 1912 and features columns and articles on all aspects of the teaching of English language arts at middle schools and junior and senior high schools. In 1939, the journal College English was spun off from The English Journal to address the needs of teaching English language arts at the college level. As of 2018, the journal's editors are Toby Emert, Ph.D., of Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia, and R. Joseph Rodríguez, Ph.D., of California State University, Fresno. Its content is accessible electronically via ERIC, ProQuest, and JSTOR, and is indexed by the MLA. Regular features include articles on pedagogy, literature, ELL issues, and educational technology. The journal also accepts poetry submissions. References External links Official website

Scholven Power Station

Scholven Power Station is a coal-fired power plant in Gelsenkirchen, Germany. With an installed capacity of 2,126 megawatts, it is one of the largest power stations in Europe. It is owned by Uniper.

Scholven Power Station is a coal-fired power plant in Gelsenkirchen, Germany. With an installed capacity of 2,126 megawatts, it is one of the largest power stations in Europe. It is owned by Uniper. Structure Two power station units present on the location were beaconed up to their shut-down with oil. The power produced in the power station Scholven covers about 3% of the German current need. The units B - E, the long-distance heating power station Buer (FWK) and the steam work Scholven (DWS) supply steam to neighbouring chemistry enterprises and long-distance heating to some surrounding cities. The 302-metre-high chimneys, which are the second highest in Germany, form an impressing industrial skyline together with the 7 cooling towers. An interesting feature is that the smokestack used by units B-E has three booms, at which the conductors of the 220 kV-line leaving Unit D are fixed. The power station area and the neighbouring waste dump of the coal mine Scholven became a film scene in the Tatort "The ball in the body" of 1979. History The power station was an enterprise for the covering of the internal requirement at river and steam of the coal mine Scholven. Soon however, a high performance main power station developed from it. In the years 1968 to 1971 the almost identically constructed blocks B to E went into operation, in 1974 and 1975 followed G and H (50% portion of RWE power), 1979 the block F and at the end of 1985 the long-distance heating power station Buer (FWK). Block G was shut down in summer 2001 and Block H finally in summer 2003. External links http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b2604

Iguvine Tablets

The Iguvine Tablets, also known as the Eugubian Tablets or Eugubine Tables, are a series of seven bronze tablets from ancient Iguvium (modern Gubbio), Italy, written in the ancient Italic language Umbrian. The earliest tablets, written in the native Umbrian alphabet, were probably produced in the 3rd century BC, and the latest, written in the Latin alphabet, from the 1st century BC. The tablets contain religious inscriptions that memorialize the acts and rites of the Atiedian Brethren, a group of 12 priests of Jupiter with important municipal functions at Iguvium. The religious structure present in the tablets resembles that of the early stage of Roman religion, reflecting the Roman archaic triad and the group of gods more strictly related to Jupiter. Discovered in a farmer's field near Scheggia in the year 1444, they are currently housed in the Civic Museum of the Palazzo dei Consoli in Gubbio.

The Iguvine Tablets, also known as the Eugubian Tablets or Eugubine Tables, are a series of seven bronze tablets from ancient Iguvium (modern Gubbio), Italy, written in the ancient Italic language Umbrian. The earliest tablets, written in the native Umbrian alphabet, were probably produced in the 3rd century BC, and the latest, written in the Latin alphabet, from the 1st century BC. The tablets contain religious inscriptions that memorialize the acts and rites of the Atiedian Brethren, a group of 12 priests of Jupiter with important municipal functions at Iguvium. The religious structure present in the tablets resembles that of the early stage of Roman religion, reflecting the Roman archaic triad and the group of gods more strictly related to Jupiter. Discovered in a farmer's field near Scheggia in the year 1444, they are currently housed in the Civic Museum of the Palazzo dei Consoli in Gubbio. The tablets are the longest document of any of the Osco-Umbrian group of languages, which are closely related to Latin. The tablets shed light on the grammar of the language, and also on the religious practices of the ancient peoples of Italy, including the archaic religion of the Romans. Parts of tablets VI and VII appear to be written in an accentual metre, similar to the Saturnian metre that is encountered in the earliest Latin poetry. The complete text, together with a translation into Latin, was published in 1849 by Aufrecht and Kirkhoff, in London in 1863 by Francis Newman, and in 1931 by Albrecht von Blumenthal. G. Devoto's edition dates from 1948. James W. Poultney publishedThe Bronze Tables of Iguvium in 1959 (which received the Goodwin Award in 1961), which included English translations along with notes, a glossary, etc. Although the general meaning of the tablets is clear, there are still some debated points and issues. The main difficulty in understanding the text is insufficient knowledge of Umbrian vocabulary. These are the only documents with details of sacred rituals from the ancient religions of Europe which have survived in an almost complete state. Moreover, their content deals with the rituals (sacrifices and prayers) addressed to the highest gods of the local community and to some extent may reflect the common religious beliefs and practices of the Italic peoples. The modern Festival of Ceri, celebrated every year in Gubbio on May 15 in honor of Bishop Ubald or Ubaldo of Gubbio (1084–1160), shares certain features with the rites described in the text and so may be a survival of that ancient pre-Christian custom. It is also celebrated in Jessup, Pennsylvania, a town with a large number of immigrants from the Gubbio area, as Saint Ubaldo Day. Discovery There are two versions of the discovery of the tablets. The first one says that a farmer found them in a field near Scheggia in 1444. After his death, his son-in-law with his wife and his sister-in-law sold them to the city of Gubbio with a notarial deed on 25 August 1456 for two years' worth of farming rights. Since Scheggia was the site of the temple of Jupiter Apenninus, an important Umbrian sanctuary, it is conceivable that the plates were kept in the temple itself. The second version, first attested in the 17th century, states that the tablets were found in a basement of the Roman theater in Gubbio. However, given that all the actors involved in the sale of the tablets were natives of Scheggia, that the tradition of finding them in Scheggia has been attested in Scheggia itself since at least the early 1600s, and that the sources of the Gubbio find at the same time attested that the tablets were originally nine and that two of them, loaned to Venice, were never returned (which is patently false), it is likely that the latter version of the Gubbio find has a chauvinistic origin. Decipherment The content of the tablets concerns the religions and ceremonies that were celebrated at Iguvium, the town's religious organization and its boundaries. The first attempt at deciphering their meaning was made by Bernardino Baldi in the beginning of the 17th century, and he was followed by Adriaan van Schrieck, who believed the tablets were in the Low German language, and interpreted them accordingly. Olivieri recognized the name of Eugubium in one frequently recurring word. Louis Bourget pointed out that one of the tablets written in the Etruscan letters corresponded with two written in Roman letters. Karl Otfried Müller, in Die Etrusker, showed that in spite of the use of Etruscan letters, the language of the inscriptions was different from the Etruscan language. Lepsius added to the epigraphical criticism of the tablets, and Lassen and Grotefend made several successful attempts at interpretation. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, working off of their predecessors and under the scientific method, created a refined interpretation. The understanding of this text has been a key component in making progress in the decipherment of another ritual text, the Etruscan Liber Linteus. Epigraphic note The tablets are engraved on bronze. Analysis of the external appearance of the supporting material has led scholars to conclude that only tablets V, VI and VII were meant to be exposed in public. The other ones were cast as an archive document. They are inscribed in Italic alphabet derived from Etruscan (T. I to Vb 8) and in Latin alphabet (T. Vb 9 onwards, VI, VII). Date The study of the ductus (writing style), conducted by comparing the tablets with other inscriptions from the area of Central Italy, has allowed scholars to conclude that they date from no later than the end of the 3rd century for T. III and IV to the first half of the 1st century for the latest T. VI and VII. Content Tablets I to V present their topic in a concise, matter of fact manner. Tablets VI and VII repeat the same subject as Tablet I in a much more detailed and diluted way, with apparent literary and encomiastic intentions and overtones. The content of the tablets is given below, in their relative order of antiquity as established by Newman on the authority of Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, which is identical to that recently indicated by A. Maggiani. Tablets III and IV Sacrifice to Puemonos Popricos and Vesuna. General prescriptions concerning the holding of the sacrifice, sacrifice of the ovis (lamb) to Puemonos and Vesuna near a sacred grove. Containing details on the choice of the ohtur (auctor, head, perhaps augur) of the ceremony, the dispositions of the ritual instruments, the ritual invocations for the safety of the city to Iove Patre and Puemonos, the distribution of the sacrificial meat and the libations. Tablet II Side a (b of Lepsius) (Lacuna at the beginning of the text). Sacrifice of an ox to Iove Patre, of a ram to Iovio? (Iuno according to Newman), of a lamb to Iovio (Iuno) and of a boar to Marte. The Hondia (elements that pertain to ritual sacrifice to Hondus, an earth deity) Preparations made by the arfertur: readying of the victim(s), grains, strues, fertum; incense or meal, wine; salt, mola; mandraculum (white linen used to wrap the officiant's hand), vases; pure water; ignition of the fire at the ara. Petronian Feast to Hontos Iovios: sacrifice to Hontos Iovios of puppies, offers of wine, libation, partition of the meats and their exposition on a board. Holding and turning of the ara with the hands and offer of wine. Division of the wine, the strues and ferctum, the meats among the participants. Burning (or inhumation) of the puppies at the ara. Side b (a of Lepsius) Sacrifice and feast of the Attidian Brotherhood: Sacrifice of a pig and a ram to Iove at the time of the decuriae of month Semonius by the ten sets of families of each of the 12 regions. Sacred Epulum (feast) in honour of Iove Patre, started in town and profanated at the various fana with libations using the mandraculum. Vocian (Buck: Lucian) Feast to Iupater: Sacrifice of a calf to Iove Patre for the Vocian (Lucian?) gens of the Attidians. The sacrifice is conducted with the urfeta in one hand at the offering and the crencatro (augural implement comparable to the lituum but crossed (Newman), or toga wore slanted across the right shoulder (Buck)) in the right hand at the time of the slaughtering. Tablet I Side a Six triplet sacrifices to the Grabovian triad and the minor triad: After observing the birds before and the behind, three oxen are sacrificed to Iove Grabovius before (without) the Trebulana Gate. Behind (within) it three sows are sacrificed to Trebus Iovio. Before the Tesenaca Gate three oxen are sacrificed to Marte Grabovie. Behind it three pigs are sacrificed to Fisus Sancius. A libation ensues. Before the Vehiia Gate three white fronted oxen are sacrificed to Vofione Grabovie. Behind the Gate three ewe lambs are sacrificed to Tefre Iovie. After the profanation of the lambs, the rump is offered in expiation and a libation for the tota, local community, ensues, on the two sides separately starting with the right side. After the profanation of the rumps is over the backs shall be profanated. Side b Two more triplet sacrifices to Marte Hodie and Hondos Çerfios in atonement for the citadel: At the Jovian grove after the shearing of sheep three male calves shall be sacrificed to Marte Hodie for the Iguvine people and tota. At the Coreties (Quiritius or Curiatius) grove three male calves shall be sacrificed to Hontos Çerfios. Henceforth the citadel will be expiated. If any anything vicious happened in the discharge of the rite the birds shall be observed, the rite shall be reinstated once again after returning to the Trebulana Gate. Review of the city militia and expulsion (exterminatio) of the traditional enemies of Iguvium (Tadinates, Etruscans, Nahartes, Iapuzcoi) by the arfertur and the two prinovatus (augures or their attendants): Tadinates (tařinate(m)), refers to the Umbrians from Gualdo Tadino; Tusci (tursku(m)) refers to the Etruscans, with the possible meaning in Umbrian of boundary; Nahartes (Naharku(m)), refers to the Umbrians from around the Nera valley in southeastern Umbria, from Nahar the ancient name of the river Nera. According to another interpretation, it refers to the Sabines east of Nahar/Nera river. Iapuzcoi (Iapuzku(m), a tribe of unclear origin, on which there are various hypotheses: a people of the Adriatic side near Piceni at the borders with the Umbrians, Iapygians of southeastern Italy, or the Iapydes of Illyria. The first hypothesis is the most plausible.Four more triplet sacrifices: Near the small fontains three red boars shall be sacrificed to Çerfos Martios. On the Rubinian ager three she boars shall be sacrificed to Prestata Çerfia of Çerfos Martios. The sacred jugs, black and white, shall there be ordered and turned. Beyond the Sahata (Sahata is probably the area considered within the pomerium, possibly marked by a stream) three she calves shall be sacrificed to Tursa Çerfia of Çerfios Martios. The assignation of the place where to carry out the slaughter of the boars shall be decided according to the site upon which the officiant is watching, whether either behind on the Rubina or beyond on the Sahata. Three days later the people shall be assembled and three heifers sacrificed below the Forum of Sehemania (Semonia) to Tursa Iovia at Acedonia. One of the heifers shall be consecrated by the arfertur and two by the prinovatus. Tablet V Side a Duties of the arsfertur: The arsfertur must provide whatever is essential for the ceremony and select the victims. Fees to be levied for the performance of the rites. Whenever the banquet of the brotherhood takes place, the fratreks or the cvestor must put to votes whether the banquet was properly arranged. If the majority of those present think it was not, a further vote must be taken to fix the penalty for the arsfertur. Side b Contributions to be made by two gentes to the brethren, and portions of flesh to be awarded them by the brethren on the decurial festival. Tablet VI and VII These two tablets repeat the content of tablet I while expanding it to include and expound the minutest details of the rituals. See below for a sample text and translation of part of tablet six. VI Side a Lustration of the arx Introductory auspices: as in I the sacrifice is to be preceded by the taking of the auspices. Formulae passed between the augur and the arfertur (legum dictio); warning against noises, interruptions, meddling; boundaries of the augural templum; formulae of announcement of the auspices (conspectio, nuntiatio); prescriptions applying to the ensuing sacrifice concerning the military rod (pirsca arsmatia), the disposition of the pots and the fire. 1. Sacrifice of three oxen to Iove Grabovios before the Trebulan gate. An opening prayer is followed by three long prayers in identical words for each of the three offerings to the three Grabovian gods and these by a general prayer in conclusion. Then follow prayers especially devoted to the rites connected with the sacrifice. 2. Sacrifice of three pregnant sows to Trebos Iovios behind the Trebulan gate: the prayers used in the first sacrifice are to be repeated. Side b 3. Sacrifice of three oxen to Marte Grabovios before the Tesenaca gate. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated. 4. Sacrifice of three suckling pigs to Fisus Sancius behind the Tesenaca gate. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated. Then an offering of cakes accompanied by specific prayers and ceremonies ensues (involving the use of the mandraculum, white linen cloth wrapping the right hand of the officiant): special attention is given to Fisus Sancius, patron of the citadel (ocre Fisia). 5. Sacrifice of three oxen with a white forehead (calersuf) to Vofionos Grabovios before the Vehia gate. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated. 6. Sacrifice of three she lambs to Tefer Iovios behind the Vehia gate. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated. Then supplementary offerings follow, thereafter prayers and accompanying rites with vases on both sides of a trench. 7. Sacrifice of three bull calves to Marte Horse at the Iovian grove. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated. 8. Sacrifice of other three bull calves to Hondos Çerfios at the Coredian grove. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated. Rites for the lustration of the poplo (people, i. e. city militia) and execration of the enemies: The auspices are to be taken in the same way as for the lustration of the arx. Holding the perca arsmatia (ritual staff) and the cringatro the arsfertur lights the fire then with the two assistants (prinovatus), who hold rods of pomegranate wood, marches with the victims along the Augural Way to the district of Acedonia. Proclamation is made expelling the alien enemies. The Iguvines are ordered to form in companies. The arsfertur and the assistants march about them thrice with the victims and the fire. At the end a prayer is made invoking misfortune upon the aliens and blessings upon the Iguvinians. VII Side a Sacrifice of three boars to Çerfios Martios at the Fontuli, accompanied by the prayers used at the Trebulan gate. Sacrifice of three sows to Praestita Çerfia at Rubinia, with the prayers used at the Trebulan gate. Ceremonies with the black vessels and the white vessels, the former meant to bring misfortune to the aliens, the latter to avert it from the Iguvinians. Offering to Fisovius Sancius with the prayersw used behind the Tesenaca gate. Sacrifice of three female calves beyond the Sahata to Tursa Çerfia of the Çerfios of Marte. The prayers used at the Trebulan gate are to be repeated. The profanation of the offerings must take place where the nuntiatio happened: either in Rubinia or beyond the Sahata. After three days the holder of the perca arsmatia and the two assistants pray silently for the execration of the enemies and the safety of Iguvium from the shrine of Tursa. Then heifers are set free below the Forum of Sehemenia: the first person who has caught any of the first three shall sacrifice them to Tursa Iovia at Aceronia for Iguvium. The prayers and rituals (offer of cereals, strues, fertum, persea) used at the Trebulan gate are to be repeated. Side b Obligations of the fratrexs and entity of the fine he must pay in case of omissions (300 asses). The religion of the Umbrians as reflected in the Iguvine Tablets The triad of the Grabovii The triad of the Grabovii is the highest group of deities of the Iguvian pantheon and looks to be strictly aligned with the archaic triad of Roman religion. The epithet Grabovius seems to be related to Etruscan crapis, ceremonial litter, which might derive from a word meaning oakwood.The triad is composed by Iove or Iove Patre, Marte and Vofionos. The identity of the last has been understood as corresponding to Roman gods Quirinus or Liber, the latter from an IE root *h1leudh- meaning people, either directly from the Italic theonym Loifer or through the intermediary of the Italic or Etruscan interpretation of Greek god (Dionysos) Eleutheros, recorded also in the Etruscan theonym Tin Luth (=Iuppiter Liber) of the Piacenza Liver. The gods of the triad of the Grabovii receive in sacrifice three oxen (buf) outside the three town gates (Preveres Treblanes, Tesenaces, Vehiies before the Trebulan, Tesenacan, Vehiian Gate). Those to be offered to Vofionos are qualified as calersu, probably correspondent in meaning to Latin callidus, with a white forehead. The minor triad The gods of this triad receive sacrifices in correspondence with those of the major one but these gods are honoured within the town gates. Trebos Iovios corresponds to Iove Grabovios, Fisus Sancius to Marte Grabovios and Tefer Iovios to Vofionos Grabovios. They received sacrifices of three pregnant sows, three suckling pigs and three ewe lambs respectively. Only the identity of the second one is known with any degree of certainty from attestations of his existence in Rome and elsewhere in Italy. In Rome he is known as Semo Sancus Dius Fidius. It is odd that he is here associated with Mars while his association with Jupiter would seem more well grounded theologically. The topic has been the object of a study by Dominique Briquel: he opines the reason should lie in the repressive and henceforth military connotation of the notion of divine sanction of the law. This aspect is particularly relevant as to the divine sanction of the town wall, a fact which is of primary concern in the content of the Tablets. Trebos in Trebos Iovios is usually understood as corresponding in meaning to Latin trabs, ridge of the roof. Tefer of Tefer Iovios is often explained as burner, from the IE root *tep heat. This interpretation though is very debated.Both Benveniste and Dumézil have argued that the Iguvine triads are just another testimony of their three functional hypothesis of IE religion. In particular the sacrificial offerings roughly correspond to those of Rome in their three functional significance and the sixfold invocations of VIa 30 and 39, VIb 13 and 32 (nerf, arsmo; veiro, peiquo; castruo, fri: princes, priests; men, cattle; fields, land produce) show a direct connection to the sovereign, military and productive activities. Other deities Hondos Iovios Many scholars, from Bücheler to Prosdocimi, opine this deity is an underworld god of agricultural fertility and plenty on the grounds of the sacrifice of puppies he receives at his festival. Prosdocimi calls it the intermestruae cereales: the declaration of the dog is set at the climax of the feriae. Jörg Rüpke remarks the association of Hondos with Jupiter is one among the numerous in the tablets, in which a complex multilevel and hierarchic structure of relationship among theonyms is envisaged. This phenomenon would put the god into a sort of host–guest relationship with the one given in the attributive. In the case of Hondos this feature is apparent also in the fact that his cults at the Hondia festival take place in the Jovian Grove but those at the lustration of the citadel (when the god bears the epithet of Çerfios) in the Coredian Grove. It has been suggested that the theonym Hunte Çefi (Honde Serfi), referring to a chthonic god, derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰōm-to 'earth', a stem attested in several branches. Çerfos Martios, Praesta(o)ta Çerfia, Tursa Çerfia, Tursa Iovia These deities are invoked and receive sacrifices aimed at obtaining their favour for the protection of the arx itself, of the community and of the fields in connexion to the lustration rites of the Iguvian citadel at different locations of augural relevance. The rites concerning the Praestota and the two Tursae involve a complex of libations aimed at obtaining a twofold action: the safety for the Iguvine community and the offsetting and expulsion of its traditional enemies. The debated points are few as far as the Praestota and Tursa are concerned. The two theonyms correspond to the Latin Iuppiter Praestes, Iuppiter Praestitus, Iuppiter Praestabilis and the Lares Praestites. Tursa corresponds to god Terminus, being the deity that represents the boundaries of the city at different locations of augural relevance: these are without and within the city for Tursa Çerfia and Tursa Iovia respectively (TI I b; VII a). Such a meaning is connected to the Umbrian word for border, tuder: Tursa is written Tuda in the Etruscan tablets, the intervocalic d being pronounced as a weak rs (i.e.: ḍ). Dumézil on the other hand, on the grounds of the function of Tursa, a deity whose action is to scare, inspire terror into the enemies, opines the theonym derives from a verbal root equivalent to Latin terreo, I scare (interpreting accordingly tursitu, tremitu in VIb 60).There is no agreement among scholars on the meaning of the epithet Çerfios and as to whether this is also a theonym, i. e. Çerfos Martios is a god different from Mars or not. An inscription from Corfinium reads: Çerfom sacaracicer Semunes sua[d, "priest of the Çerfi and the Semones", placing side by side the two categories of entities, the çerfi and the semunes. Çerfos is most times associated to IE root *ker(s) and Latin theonyms Ceres and Cerus. This view though might create interpretative problems concerning the theology of Mars and of the two deities who in Rome are associated with the sphere of law and defence, i. e. gods Jupiter and Semo Sancus Dius Fidius. Georg Wissowa and Dumézil both underline that the derivation from root *ker(s) is not certain: Umbrian group -rf could have a different origin than -rs. Marte Hodie; Hondos Çerfios Marte and Hondos appear also under these epithets. Here too the only certain indication is from Roman Heres (or Here) Martea, connected with heres, he who inherits and also dominus, the position of master of the house. Some scholars though connect the epithet to Latin adjective fodius, he who destroys. The two gods both receive sacrifices of male calves in the rites for the lustration of the citadel at the Iovian and Coredian groves respectively; theirs are the last in the series of sacrifices after the two triads and before the execration of the enemies. God Hondos receives the epithet Iovios in II and that of Çerfios in VI. This fact raises the question of whether these epithets were used alternatively in connexion with local or temporal constraints. Another similar instance is that of Tursa Çerfia and Tursa Iovia, who are found without and within the pomerium respectively. Puemonos Pupricos and Vesuna of Puemonos Pupricos This divine couple appears only in tablets III and IV, the most ancient ones. Puemonos's name seems to be related with Roman goddess Pomona; moreover both the name itself and the epithet Popricos (Publicus) hint towards a universal fertility god, similar to Latin god Liber. Vesuna is also found on a coin from Marsian territory. General remarks on Iguvinian theonyms O. de Cazanove observes Iguvinian theonyms appear to be compound formations of two, three and four terms: they may consist of a substantive plus an epithet (e. g. Hondos Iovios, Tursa Iovia, Puemonos Podpricos), of a substantive plus a possessive phrase plus epithet (e. g. Vesuna of Puemonos Podpricos) and of a substantive plus epithet plus possessive phrase plus epithet (e. g. Prestota Çerfia of Çerfios Martios, Tursa Çerfia of Çerfios Martios). In his view this situation is comparable to that of Rome where are recorded purely functional deities in the pontifical books. These divinities were invoked in the prayers according to the Roman rite as mentioned by Gellius: "Lua Saturni, Salacia Neptuni, Hora Quirini, Virites Quirini, Maia Vulcani, Heries Iunonis, Moles Martis, Nerio Martis". These entities would be a concrete representation of the powers of their respective god. At Iguvium though the situation looks more complex and less fixed as Tursa and Hondos are alternatively Çerfian and Martian and Çerfian and Iovian respectively. Other theonyms Some other deities are known just because they are mentioned occasionally in specifying the limits of augural observation (included those of the town). These theonyms are for the most part known in Roman religion. They are Tursa and (possibly) Hulos in IV 17 and 19 respectively, Vestisios (Libasius) apparently god of libations (possibly related to Latin Vesta ), Hoios (cf. Latin Holus, Helus, Roman grove of Helernus in Ovid's Fasti II 67-68) god of vegetation and Padella (cf. Roman goddess Patella), goddess of opening sheaves in VIa 14. Possibly adjective deueia of Asa Deueia (VIa 9, 10) implies a cult of the sky under the name Dius, Dia, similar to that of Dea Dia outside Rome (Ancellotti & Cerri). Priesthoods The Attidian brethren had an arsfertur (literally the Umbrian equivalent of Latin adfertor, i. e. "he who carries something to somewhere", clearly referring to a role in the ceremonies, holder of the pirca arsmatia, ceremonial rod). Other mentioned offices include the fratrecs interpreted as curator arcae, the cvestor and the prinovatus, probably agrimensors, attendants of the person who takes the auspices. An ohtor (auctor) is mentioned in T. III and IV: the term denotes the person responsible for the ceremony. Rites The tablets record different sets of rites held on different festive occasions: the main and recorded in greatest detail one is the annual lustration of the citadel (ocre, Latin arx) of Iguvium (Tablets I, VI and VII). This rite includes sacrifices to the Grabovian (major) triad and the minor one near the gates of the town, sacrifices to Marte Hodie and Hondos Çerfios at the two sacred groves of Iove and Coredios (interpreted as Quiritius or Curiatius) respectively, the lustral review of the people of Iguvium in arms, i. e. the city militia, the execration and ritual expulsion (exterminatio) of the traditional enemies of Iguvium and final sacrifices to Çerfios Marti(os), the Praestita Çerfia and the two Tursae, Çerfia and Iovia, at various locations without and within the pomerium. Tablets VI and VII relate the ritual actions such as circumambulations, libations, kneelings and dance in minute detail recording all the prayers and the other augural formulae. The older tablet I gives a more concise record. The ritual triple (three time) circumambulation with fire and the victims about the city militia looks parallel to the Roman ritual performed by king Tullius as described by Dionysius of Halicarnassus.The most complex ceremonies are those concerning Tefer Iovios and Fisus Sancius. A summary is appended below. Tefer Iovios (VIb 22-42): Sacrifice of the ewe lambs with the usual prayers used for each god of the two triads. (23) Offering of the persondro sorsom (suine) at the right foot of the gate with accompanying libation. (24) Offering of the libations. (25-36) Prayer to Tefer Iovios with tripodium. (37) Offering of the persondro staflare (bovine or ovine) at the left foot of the gate. Prayer repeated. (38) Assigning of the prosecta (cuts of sacrificial meat). Assigning of the libation accompanying the persondro sorsale at the right foot where the sorso was offered to the god (profanated). Assigning of the libation accompanying the persondro staflare at the left foot as above. Burning or inhumation of the persondro sorsale. Burning or inhumation of the persondro staflare. (40) Throwing away over the head the vessels used for the persondro during the prayer on the incense (or cereal meal).Fisus Sancius (here appealed to also as Fisovius = Fiducius) (VIb 3-18): Sacrifice of three suckling piglets with the usual prayers, consecration with incense (or meal) and grains as at the Trebulan gate. Wearing of the mandraculum (white cloth) around the right hand by the officiant. Adding of the ficla and strucla to the prosecta. Placing of the sopo (offa) at the back. (5) The officiant while kneeling offers the libation, the mefa and the spefa spilling them from the vessels. (6) Prayers for the arx and the community. (16) During the prayers libation and tripodium. Offering of the libation. Distribution of the prosecta and of the libation while kneeling. (17) Crushing and spilling over the fire of the mefa, libation, sopa (possibly lower entrails). Milling while sitting, prayer over the milled incense or meal. (18) The two profane and the two sacred jugs are disposed in rows.The opening lines (1-14) of Tablet II records various sacrifices to Iove, Iovio (or Iovia? Newman: Iuno) and Marte to be held in atonement of possible unknown ritual faults: the Hondia festivals on which occasion dogs were offered in sacrifice to Hondos Iovios--apparently "Earthly Zeus" or "CHTHONIC Zeus"; the feast to Hondos Iovios held by the gens Petronia (these last two festivals might in fact be one); the sacrifice and feast of the sodalitas of the Fratres Atiedii on which rams and pigs were sacrificed to Iove by the ten sets of families of the twelfth pomperias, districts of Iguvium; finally the sacrifice of a calf at the feast of Iove Patre held by the gens Vocia (Lucia). The tablet might be fragmentary, i. e. record only the final part of a ritual at its beginning. Here is the summary of the ceremonies at the festival of Hondos with dog sacrifice (IIa 15-44) (oddly, in the following translation, katlu is translated both "kid" and "dog"): (15) the sum of money for the kid(s) is to be raised among the dining tables at the published price the arfertur makes preparations after observing the birds (18) the kid(s), grains, strues, fertum; incense, wine, salt, mola; mandraculum, vases (consecrated and not or wet and dry), water (or ointment) are to be prepared (the rite, proper, seems to begin here:) (19)--the fire is lit on the ara (probably "altar") the puni (incense) is consecrated (20) offering of the kid(s) to Hondos Iovios, declaration of its purity, for the gens Patrona among the Atiedian Brotherhood (22) the sopas (underparts?) of the kid are taken and the prosiciae (cutlets) divided upon the breadcrusts (23) empty baskets are placed behind and the cereals before at the foot (of the ara) offering of the incense libation and tripodium (25) tripodium near the vessels of wine chanting in turn nine times: "I honour Thee with incense and wine." (26) bringing of the crusts with the entrails (27) libation two cuts of the kid(s) are divided into three pieces or three times addition of strues and fertum (29) offering of the dog prayer over the [dog's] foot and over the uncut flesh addition [of strues and fertum] to the flesh cuts offering of the kid(s); prayer in front of it prayer on the flesh, both uncut and roastedoffering of the suppa on the plates prayer on the dedicatory jugs (31) libation, tripodium, moving and placing down of the offerings suppas are placed behind, the flesh is taken by hand (33) the incense is placed in two jars on the bracket breadcrusts, fried placentas, pots both containing water (ointment) and empty are brought over (34) libation to Hondos Iovios from the jugs for the gens Petronia of the Attidian Brethren beyond the bracket, prayer on the pure breadcrusts same prayer on the placentae, the pure jugs filled with water and the empty ones on the bracket (37) libation and tripodium the bracket is moved aside; prayer on the pure water (ointment) (38) hands are washed from the ara (or the ara is turned in the hands) (39) back to the ara, near it silent prayer on the pure wine (40) bringing and distribution of whatever the participants wish: wine, incense (41) grinding of the strues, fertum; spilling of the incense or meal on the jar (42) prayer on the whole and the ground grains the rite is proclaimed over (43) the kid(s) is burnt near the ara. Sacrifices of dogs were not common among ancient Italic people. Instances in Rome include the Lupercalia and a parallel may be found in the Augurium Canarium and the Robigalia, both held in late Spring for the propitiation of a good harvest and for the preservation of the grains from mildew respectively. According to the explanation given in Ovid by the flamen Quirinalis the dog was sacrificed because at the time in which the grains in the ears are in danger from the heat and draught, the sun enters the constellation of the Dog: this explanation is erroneous. Another ritual aimed at protecting corn in danger from fires concerned foxes which were set afire in the Circus Maximus on the last day of the Cerialia (Cerealia). Finally dogs were crucified on the Capitol at the beginning of August, time of the canicula to avert the rabies contagion or lessen their barking which disturbed sick people.The hymn has a fairly clear structure, with the central offering of the dog sacrifice and following prayer enveloped in sequence by offerings of strues and fertum, followed by two parallel offerings and prayers, and more distantly preceded and followed by two tripodia. Activities both before and after the formal period of the rite are specified. Prayers and libations are repetitively offered throughout, while consecrating and offering (presumably this involves lighting) of the incense is prominent near the beginning and ritual washing toward the end of the ceremony. Tablet III and IV record in minute detail the rituals of the festival of Puemonos Popricos and Vesuna at a sacred grove outside the town. Recently Michael Weiss has advanced the view that this was a new year ritual on the grounds of comparative material. Treatment of the offerings Latin sources concerning the cooking of the viscera underline the difference between the Etruscan and Roman customs distinguishing the exta aulicocta boiled in the olla extaris before the offering to the god, from the Tuscan exta roasted in veru and partly eaten during the sacrificial rite. At Iguvium the description of some sacrificial rites documents both the use of spits for the viscera and the presence of prosiciae displayed on the table of the offerings beside the fire and perhaps consecrated and burnt to the gods. Augury Augural practices are presented in the tablets, most notably in the last two ones. They include the praeire verba, i.e. the uttering of the words to be repeated by the arfertur, the legum dictio, the rules for the taking of the auspices such as silence (silentium) and the avoidance of other incidents, the definition of the boundaries of the augural templum, the nuntiatio, announcement of the appearance of the expected signs from birds, the circumambulation of the army with fire. Tablet VIa begins with an augural song. Here below is the text (VIa 1-5) with Poultney's translation of the passage: Rules for the observation of bird signs are given in VIa 15-18: below a certain boundary line (hondra esto tudero VIa 15) defined previously, the augur must see and hear the verse of a parfa (parrha) and a crow; above that line (supu) he must see and hear a woodpecker peiqu and a magpie peica. Augural terminology Aveis asseriates Ia 1; aves asseriates VIa 1: avibus observatis, "having observed the birds." persnaies, pusnaies Ia 1: antici, postici, "(in the part) before and behind. dersua VIa 1: dextera, "right hand, prosperous." The right hand was apparently seen as auspicious in Umbria as in Greece. Newman (Appendix II) cites the position of the augur in the inauguration of Numa, in which he faced east while Numa faced south. Right and left have both an auspicious and inauspicious meaning in Latin. One problem with this enticing analysis is that there is a distinct and separate word that means 'right (hand)' in Umbrian: destre/testre which is in the expected phonological form for a cognate of Latin dexter/dextra. Poultney suggests a possible relationship of Umbrian dersua to Latin dorsum 'back' since when oriented toward the rising sun, the west is to ones back. merstu VIa 1: iustissimus, "rightest, most correct, propitious," superlative of mersos. Adjective mersos, from meḍos (literally medius), means iustus (cf. Oscan meddix: supreme magistrate, iudex). Both words in Latin and Osco-Umbrian have a broader meaning than just, lawful: they may mean augurally correct, favourable, in agreement with the divine forces. But here again, the Umbrian word that fits this analysis: mers "law, right, custom" which is likely from the PIE root *med- as in Greek medomai "to think on". Also, Umbrian formed superlatives with -emo-/-temo-, not with -sto. The context seems to call for a direction that contrasts with destrua above. As Poultney points out, the most probable source here is PIE *merk- "spark" with cognates in Germanic meaning 'morning' (including that word itself). The semantic shift for words for "morning/sunrise" to words for "east" is, of course, ubiquitous. anglaf VIa 1: oscines, "giving signs through their voice." < *an-kla:-, compare Latin cla-mo "I cry (out)", cla-rus "famous" stiplo, anstiplatu VIa 2, 3: stipulare, leges dicere, "stipulate." mersta auei, mersta angla, esona VIa 3: "most propitious birds (auspices), most propitious singing, divine [signs]" or more likely "birds in the east, messengers in the east, divine [signs]" The last of these may refer to lightning, according to Poultney. stahmei stahmeitei VIa 5: statio statuta, templum designatum, "augural templum," the designated space of augural observation. neip mugatu VIa 6: ne mugito, muttito, "that nobody shall make utterances, murmur." Silence is essential in augural practises,nep arsir andersistu VIa 6: ne divis intersistito, "that nobody shall come in between, barge in," between the divine (signs) and the augur. disleralinsust VIa 7: alteravit (eṛali, erali=alter) "render irritual, impair the auspice"; attero VII a 11, 27: "bad, unlucky."verfale VIa 8: formula of the templum. According to a new etymology, de Vaan connects this noun to Latin cognate urbs, both having the meaning of defined space for augural observation, from a PIE root *u(o)rb(h) plus /d(h)-h(2) enclosure, enclosed area.stahmito VIa 8: statutum, "designated, established." tuderato VIa 8: finitum, "defined, provided with boundaries." From noun tuder boundary, Etruscan tular. vapersus auiehcleir VIa 9: lapididibus auguralibus (ablative), "(near) by the augural stones, rocks." Note the change from *l- to v- in Umbrian, also seen in Umbrian vuco versus Latin locus tuder VIa 9: "boundary, limit." anclar VIa 16: oscines "songbirds, messengers", literally "those who call out" < *an-kla:- compare Latin clamo "I cry (out)" combifiatu VIa 17: conspectum capito, nuntiato, "(the augur) shall announce the appearance of the auspices." Literally confidato "confide". popler anferener VIa 19: populi recensendi, lustrandi, "review of the levied army." Buck cites the parallel instance of the ritual circumambulation holding a lit torch performed by king Tullus Hostilius in Dionysius of Halicarnassus Roman Antiquities IV 22. perca arsmatia VIa 19: virga ritualis, "ritual (and/or military) rod." perne postne sepse sarsite uouse auie esone VIb 11: antice postice septe sarcte voce (et) ave (i. e. auspicio) divina, "from before and behind, clear and cut (fully, wholly) voice and bird sacred." Or ...voto, augurio, sacrificio "by vow, auspice and sacrifice."peiqu: picus "woodpecker"; peica perhaps "magpie;" parfa: parrha, perhaps oxifraga or "upupa/hoopoe"; curnace: cornix, "crow" (VIa 1 etc.). prinovatus: legatus, assistant to the arsfertur, possibly agrimensor, land-surveyor: probably from Greek πρινος, Celtic prinni oakwood.percaf poniçate Ib 15; perca poniçiater VIb 51: virgas Punicae-mali "rods," wands of pomegranate wood. fato fito VIb 11: it looks fito had an active meaning in Umbrian, i.e. "(having) become"; fato has been interpreted as a passive past participle of a verb corresponding to Latin fateor, thence fato fito: having become defined by utterance. Topography Studies have been devoted recently to identifying the location of the rituals described in the tablets, particularly of the Fisian Arx, which has been placed with certainty on Monte Ingino, to the southwest of Gubbio. Text samples From Tablet VII Here is a sample of their language and content, from Tablet VI a 26 ff. (note that there is no punctuation in the original texts): Here is the fuller text of Tablet VI a 22-34, being the first of three very repetitive and formulaic prayers that the head/officiating priest (arsfertur = "the one who carries [the sacred fire] to [the altar]) is instructed to say during the libation (line numbers in parentheses): (The chiastic--AB...BA--envelope construction, beginning with "Thee I invoke ... JG," and ending "JG, Thee I invoke" probably was a stylistic way to clearly mark that this was the end of the complete first prayer, to be followed by the second (below, ll. 35-44) and third (ll. 45-55) essentially identical prayers, both capping with the same phrase, and notably with the verb separated from the phrase at the opening of each of the next two prayers.) Note that veiro pequo...salua seritu "the men and cattle...keep safe" in lines 32-33 matches Latin pastores pecua salua seruassis "the herdsmen and cattle...keep safe" (in Varro, Rerum Rusticarum 2.1.12), and further afield, Avestan θrāθrāi pasuuå: viraiiå: "for the protection of cattle [and] men" (Yasht 13.10), suggesting that some form of the formula goes back to Proto-Indo-European.[ "Jupiter Grabovius, thee--with this perfect ox as a second propitiatory offering for the Fisian Mount, for the state of Iguvium, for the name of the mount, for the name of the state--I invoke. Jupiter Grabovius, by the effect of this ox bring it to pass, if on the Fisian Mount fire hath occurred or in the state of Iguvium the due rites have been omitted, that it be as not intended. Jupiter Grabovius, if in thy sacrifice there hath been any omission, any sin, any transgression, any damage, any delinquency, if in thy sacrifice there be any seen or unseen fault, Jupiter Grabovius, if it be right, with this perfect ox as a second propitiatory offering may purification be made. Jupiter Grabovius, purify the Fisian Mount, purify the state of Iguvium. Jupiter Grabovius, purify the name of the Fisian Mount, of the state of Iguvium, (40) purify the magistrates, the priesthoods, the lives of men and of beasts, the fruits. Be favourable and propitious with thy peace to the Fisian Mount, to the state of Iguvium, to the name of the mount, to the name of the state. Jupiter Grabovius, keep safe the Fisian Mount, keep safe the state of Iguvium. Jupiter Grabovius, keep safe the name of the Fisian Mount, of the state of Iguvium, keep safe the magistrates, the priesthoods, the lives of men and of beasts, the fruits. Be favourable and propitious with thy peace to the Fisian Mount, to the state of Iguvium, to the name of the mount, to the name of the state. Jupiter Grabovius, thee with this perfect ox as a second propitiatory offering for the Fisian Mount, for the state of Iguvium, for the name of the mount, for the name of the state, Jupiter Grabovius, thee I invoke. ] " From Tablets III and IV References Sources Bernardino Baldi (1613). In tabulam aeneam eugubinam lingua hetrusca veteri perscriptam, divinatio. Augusta Vindelicorum: ad insigne pinus. Simon Theodor Aufrecht and Adolf Kirchhof, Die umbrische Sprachdenkmäler : ein Versuch zur Deutung derselben, Berlin, 1849 and 1851 (2 voll.) Friedrich Panzerbieter, Questiones Umbricae, Meiningen, 1851 Eduard Huschke, Die iguvischen Tafeln nebst den kleineren umbrischen Inschriften : mit Hinzufügung einer Grammatik und eines Glossars der umbrischen Sprache, Leipzig, 1859 Francis William Newman, The Iguvine Tablets, London, 1863. Michel Bréal, Les Tables eugubines : texte, traduction et commentaire, avec une grammaire et une introduction historique, Paris, 1875 (2 voll.) Hermann Osthoff, "Umbrica" in Studien zur Griechische und Lateinische Grammatik, 9, 1876, pp. 273–284 Franz Bücheler, Umbrica, Bonn, 1883. Luigi Ceci, Tabulae Iguvinae in usum academicum, Turin, 1892 Robert von Planta, Grammatik der oskisch-umbrischen Dialekte, Strassburg, 1892-1897 (2 voll.) Robert S. Conway, The Italic dialects, Cambridge, 1897 Roland G. Kent, "Studies in the Iguvine Tables" in Classical Philology, 15, 1920, p. 353-369 Carl Darling Buck, A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, Boston, 1928 (2nd ed.) Albrecht von Blumenthal, Die iguvinische Tafeln : Text, Übersetzung, Untersuchungen, Stuttgart, 1931 Irene Rosenzweig, Ritual and cults in pre-Roman Iguvium : with an appendix giving the text of the Iguvine Tablets, London, 1937 Giacomo Devoto, Tabulae Iguvinae, Rome, 1940 (2nd ed.; reprinted in 1954) Giacomo Devoto, Le Tavole di Gubbio, Florence, 1948 Giovanni Battista Pighi, Umbrica. 1, La composizione del libro rituale di Gubbio ; 2, L'auspicio, Bologna, 1953 Gino Bottiglioni, Manuale dei dialetti italici, Bologna, 1954 Poultney, James W. "The Two Boar-Sacrifices in the Iguvine Tables." The American Journal of Philology 77, no. 2 (1956): 177-80. Accessed May 5, 2020. doi:10.2307/292478. Ugo Coli, Il diritto pubblico degli Umbri e le Tavole eugubine, Milan, 1958 James W. Poultney, The Bronze Tablets of Iguvium, Baltimore, 1959 Alfred Ernout, Le dialecte ombrien : lexique du vocabulaire des "Tables eugubines" et des inscriptions, Paris, 1961 Giacomo Devoto, Tabulae Iguvinae. Pars quinta : appendix, Rome, 1962 Ambros J. Pfiffig, Religio Iguvina : philologische und religionsgeschichtliche Studien zu den Tabulae Iguvinae : mit Text und Übersetzung, Vienna, 1964 Pio Paolucci (1966). Scheggia - Note Critico-Storiche (PDF) (in Italian). La Toscografica. Aldo Luigi Prosdocimi, Studi iguvini, Florence, 1969 Willy Alfred Borgeaud, Fasti Umbrici : études sur le vocabulaire et le rituel des Tables eugubines, Ottawa, 1982 Aldo Luigi Prosdocimi, Le Tavole iguvine. 1, Florence, 1984 (2 voll.) Gerhard Meiser, Lautgeschichte der umbrischen Sprache, Innsbruck, 1986 Williamson, Callie. "Monuments of Bronze: Roman Legal Documents on Bronze Tablets." Classical Antiquity 6, no. 1 (1987): 160-83. Accessed May 5, 2020. doi:10.2307/25010862. Augusto Ancellotti and Romolo Cerri, Le Tavole di Gubbio e la civiltà degli Umbri, Perugia, 1996 J. B. Wilkins, "The Iguvine Tables: problems in the interpretation of ritual text," in Malone/Stoddart (eds) 1994, 152-177. Franco Benucci, Studi di sintassi umbra : il verbo nelle Tavole iguvine e nelle iscrizioni minori, Padua, 1996 Augusto Ancillotti and Romolo Cerri, Le Tavole iguvine : fotografie a colori, facsimili, testo traslitterato, traduzione e commento, Perugia, 1997 Brigitte Schirmer, Studien zum Wortschatz der Iguvinischen Tafeln : die Verben des Betens und Sprechens, Frankfurt, 1998 Jürgen Untermann, Wörterbuch des Oskisch-Umbrischen. Indogermanische Bibliothek. Erste Reihe, Lehr- und Handbücher. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 2000. Simone Sisani, Tuta Ikuvina : sviluppo e ideologia della forma urbana a Gubbio, Rome, 2001 Helmut Rix, Sabellische Texte: die Texte des Oskischen, Umbrischen und Südpikenischen, Heidelberg 2002. Carlo D'Adamo, Il dio Grabo, il divino Augusto, e le Tavole iguvine riprodotte, traslitterate, tradotte e commentate, San Giovanni in Persiceto, 2004 Maria Luisa Porzio Gernia, Offerta rituale e mondo divino : contributo all'interpretazione delle Tavole di Gubbio, Alessandria, 2005 Maria Luisa Porzio Gernia, La pax divina : tra storia e preistoria linguistica : la testimonianza delle Tavole di Gubbio, Alessandria, 2007 Rex Wallace, The Sabellic Languages of Ancient Italy, Lincom, 2007 Michael L. Weiss, Language and ritual in Sabellic Italy : the ritual complex of the third and the fourth Tabulae Iguvinae, Leiden, 2010 Patrizia Castelli and Salvatore Geruzzi (edd.), Prima e dopo le Tavole eugubine : falsi e copie fra tradizione antiquaria e rivisitazioni dell’antico, Pisa, 2010 Lacam, J.-C. (2010). Vestiça and vestikatu: New comments on two related terms in the Iguvine Tablets. Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes. 84. 251-263. Nagy, Gregory, (2020) "The fire ritual of the Iguvine Tables: Facing a central problem in the study of ritual language" Classical World 100:151–157 https://chs.harvard.edu/curated-article/gregory-nagy-the-fire-ritual-of-the-iguvine-tables-facing-a-central-problem-in-the-study-of-ritual-language/ Further reading Dupraz, Emmanuel. "Ampentu dans les Tables Eugubines: «immoler» ?". In: L'antiquité classique, Tome 84, 2015. pp. 75–97. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/antiq.2015.3866]; www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_2015_num_84_1_3866 External links The text of the Iguveine inscriptions, with interlinear latin translation, and notes, Francis W. Newman (edit.), London: Trübner and co., 1864. Carl Darling Buck, A grammar of oscan and umbrian with a Collection of Inscriptions and a Glossary, Boston, USA, Ginn & Company, Publishers, 1904, pp. 260-310. Umbrian Tablets of Iguvium, English translation by J.W. Poultney,

Steve Jackson (American game designer)

Steve Jackson (born c. 1953) is an American game designer whose creations include the role-playing game GURPS and the card game Munchkin.

Steve Jackson (born c. 1953) is an American game designer whose creations include the role-playing game GURPS and the card game Munchkin. Education Steve Jackson is a 1974 graduate of Rice University, where he was a resident of Baker College before moving to Sid Richardson College when it opened in 1971. Jackson briefly attended the University of Texas School of Law, but left to start a game design career.: 102 Career 1970s: Metagaming Concepts While working at Metagaming Concepts, Jackson developed Monsters! Monsters! (ca. 1976) based on a design by Ken St. Andre connected to his Tunnels & Trolls role-playing game, and Godsfire (1976), a space conquest game by Lynn Willis.: 78  Jackson got his first design for the company published as Ogre (1977), followed by G.E.V. (1978), which were both set in a futuristic universe that Jackson created.: 79 Jackson became interested in Dungeons & Dragons, but did not like the various-sized dice or the combat rules, and bemoaned the lack of tactics, so he designed Melee in response.: 79  Jackson joined the SCA to gain a better understanding of combat, but as his interest grew he started fighting in SCA live-action combat as Vargskol, the Viking-Celt.: 79  Metagaming also published his game Wizard.Jackson realized that Melee could be expanded into a complete fantasy role-playing game, and started working on The Fantasy Trip before Melee was even published. The Fantasy Trip was initially scheduled for release in February 1978, but the design and development required more work than Jackson had anticipated and the game was not released until March 1980.: 79  Howard Thompson, owner of Metagaming, decided to release The Fantasy Trip as four separate books instead of a more expensive boxed set, and changed his production methods so that Jackson would be unable to check the final proofs of the game. As a result of these actions, Jackson left Metagaming and founded Steve Jackson Games later that year.: 79–80 1980s: Steve Jackson Games His game Raid on Iran was an immediate success. Jackson bought The Space Gamer from Metagaming, and sold the rights to The Fantasy Trip to Metagaming. However, Thompson sought legal action against SJG for the rights to the short wargame One-Page Bulge, and the lawsuit was settled with an agreement that was reached on November 26, 1981, leaving Jackson with the full rights to One-Page Bulge, and to Ogre and G.E.V. (whose ownership was questioned during the legal proceedings).: 80  Jackson wanted to purchase The Fantasy Trip from back Thompson after Metagaming closed down in April 1983, but Thompson declined the offered price of $250,000.: 81 Jackson designed or co-designed many of the games published by SJ Games, including minigames such as Car Wars (1981) and Illuminati (1983), Undead (1981), and a published version of an informal game played on college campuses, called Killer.: 103  Jackson wanted to get into computer gaming software in the early 1980s, but instead wound up licensing gaming rights to Origin Systems, which produced games such as Autoduel (1985) and Ogre (1986).: 104 Jackson had an idea in the middle of 1981 for designing and publishing a new detailed and realistic roleplaying system, intending it to be logical and organized well, and wanted it to adaptable for any kind of setting and play level.: 104  Jackson announced GURPS in 1983, although his time spent managing magazines delayed development of GURPS until 1984, making the combat system book Man to Man: Fantasy Combat from GURPS (1985) available for Origins 1985, and the full GURPS Basic Set appeared the next year in 1986.: 105  Sean Punch replaced Jackson in 1995 as the line editor for GURPS.: 110 Recent years Jackson also designed the strategy card games Munchkin (2001): 112  and Ninja Burger (2003), and the dice games Zombie Dice (2010) and Cthulhu Dice (2010), as well as Zombie Dice variants Trophy Buck (2011) and Dino Hunt Dice (2013). Jackson has exhibited his elaborate Chaos Machine at several science fiction or wargaming conventions, including the 2006 Worldcon.On May 11, 2012, Steve Jackson's Kickstarter funding project for the 6th Edition of his Ogre game became the highest grossing boardgame project at Kickstarter, with 5,512 backers pledging a total of $923,680. The success of the Ogre Designer's Edition project prompted the launch of a second successful project - running from Nov 29, 2019, through Jan 6, 2020 - to help re-launch the popular Car Wars franchise as well. The two "Steve Jacksons" Jackson is often mistaken for Steve Jackson, a British gamebook and video game writer who co-founded Games Workshop. The confusion is exacerbated by the fact that while the UK Jackson was co-creator of the Fighting Fantasy gamebook series, the US Jackson also wrote three books in this series (Scorpion Swamp, Demons of the Deep, and Robot Commando), and the books did not acknowledge that this was a different 'Steve Jackson'. 1990 Secret Service incident and legal actions The United States Secret Service raided the offices of Steve Jackson Games on March 1, 1990 based on suspicion of illegal hacker activity by game designer Loyd Blankenship, and seized (among other materials and media) his manuscript for GURPS Cyberpunk; when Jackson went to Secret Service headquarters the next day to ask them to return his book drafts, the Secret Service agents told him that they believed GURPS Cyberpunk was a "handbook for computer crime", despite his protestations that it was just a game. Through the newly created civil-rights organization Electronic Frontier Foundation, SJG filed a lawsuit against the government, which went to trial in early 1993 as Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service.: 108–109  SJG won the lawsuit, receiving $50,000 in damages. Personal interests Jackson is an avid collector of Lego (especially pirate-themed ) sets. He has written a miniatures game that uses Pirate sets, Evil Stevie's Pirate Game, and has run it at several conventions.Jackson has combined his fondness for model trains and LEGO through the LEGO train community and has been an active member of several LEGO users groups including TBRR (Texas Brick Railroad) and the Texas LEGO Users Group. Honors Jackson has received over a dozen Origins Awards. In 1982, he became the youngest game designer to be inducted into the Charles Roberts Awards Hall of Fame. His role-playing game GURPS and card game Munchkin were named to the Origins Hall of Fame for 1999 and 2012 respectively. He was honored as a "famous game designer" by being featured as the king of clubs in Flying Buffalo's 2011 Famous Game Designers Playing Card Deck. References External links Official website at SJgames.com Steve Jackson: Biography and Public Warning at SJgames.com Steve Jackson Games v. US Secret Service (1990 to 1993 legal case) at SJgames.com Steve Jackson, 1953– at Library of Congress, with no library catalog records Steve Jackson at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Steve Jackson at BoardGameGeek Interview by Tom Vasel, April 2005 Pen & Paper listing for Steve Jackson (US) at the Wayback Machine (archived May 6, 2009)

Central Government Complex (Hong Kong)

The Central Government Complex has been the headquarters of the Government of Hong Kong since 2011. Located at the Tamar site, the complex comprises the Central Government Offices, the Legislative Council Complex and the Office of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. The complex has taken over the roles of several buildings, including the former Central Government Offices (CGO), Murray Building and the former Legislative Council Building.

The Central Government Complex has been the headquarters of the Government of Hong Kong since 2011. Located at the Tamar site, the complex comprises the Central Government Offices, the Legislative Council Complex and the Office of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. The complex has taken over the roles of several buildings, including the former Central Government Offices (CGO), Murray Building and the former Legislative Council Building. History By 2001, existing government offices at Murray Building and the former Central Government Offices were considered to be too small.: 3  Maintenance of the buildings was also increasingly costly, and the age of the buildings limited the technology used in them.: 3  The Legislative Council Building on Jackson Road was also too small to house the entire LegCo Secretariat and all members' offices.: 3 A new government complex at Tamar was approved by the Executive Council on 30 April 2002 under the Tung Chee-hwa administration.: 1  The new complex was to be the headquarters of the government, the Legislative Council and other community facilities, including a gallery, leisure facilities, open spaces and a waterfront promenade.: 1–2  At the time, the construction was estimated to cost HK$6.4 billion. The building was delivered through a design-build contract won by the Gammon-Hip Hing joint venture. Construction was due to begin in mid-February 2008, for completion in 2011. It engaged more than 3,000 workers. Architecture The architect was Rocco Yim, who premised the massing on the concept of "door always open". The new government building uses neither Chinese nor European government building designs, but instead it is a mix of postmodern architecture and low-frills international design. The building initially had an open design, but has been heavily fortified after various protests. Public realm The complex was originally designed by Yim under the concept of "Door Always Open", symbolising the pride that Hong Kong holds in its "openness and transparency of governance". In keeping with this theme, the complex was meant to be accessible to the public and integrated with the surrounding urban context, and incorporates a range of public spaces. Tamar Park passes through the complex, leading to the waterfront promenade on Victoria Harbour. The Civic Square in front of the complex's East Wing has been blocked off from public access with a permanent fence. Components The complex consists of three blocks: Office Block While official use came into effect on 1 August 2011, administrative staff had moved in beginning 15 January 2011. References External links Virtual Tours: Central Government Complex Construction in Progress, Hong Kong Tamar Development Project

Palingenetic ultranationalism

Palingenetic ultranationalism is a definition of "true fascism" proposed by political theorist Roger Griffin. The phrase was first coined by Griffin in his 1991 book The Nature of Fascism. A key element is the belief that fascism can be defined by what Griffin posits in his book to be the true core myth of fascism, namely that of the need for a counter-revolution to occur first before a "national rebirth", palingenesis, could then take place.Griffin argues that the unique synthesis of palingenesis and ultranationalism differentiates fascism from para-fascism and other authoritarian, nationalist ideologies. He asserts that this is the "fascist minimum" without which, according to his definition, there can be no "true fascism". Griffin himself describes fascism as a political philosophy built on the "perverse mythic logic" of destruction, which the fascist believes will then be followed by some form of political rebirth.

Palingenetic ultranationalism is a definition of "true fascism" proposed by political theorist Roger Griffin. The phrase was first coined by Griffin in his 1991 book The Nature of Fascism. A key element is the belief that fascism can be defined by what Griffin posits in his book to be the true core myth of fascism, namely that of the need for a social revolution to occur first before a "national rebirth", palingenesis, could then take place.Griffin argues that the unique synthesis of palingenesis and ultranationalism differentiates fascism from para-fascism and other authoritarian, nationalist ideologies. He asserts that this is the "fascist minimum" without which, according to his definition, there can be no "true fascism". Griffin himself describes fascism as a political philosophy built on the "perverse mythic logic" of destruction, which the fascist believes will then be followed by some form of political rebirth. History The idea was first put forth in the 1991 book The Nature of Fascism and was expanded in the paper "Staging the Nation's Rebirth: The Politics and Aesthetics of Performance in the Context of Fascist Studies" in the 1994 volume Fascism and Theatre: The Politics and Aesthetics in the Era of Fascism. Griffin's theory of "true fascism" is a recent philosophical development and is not explicitly stated in earlier political treatises on fascism, such as in Mussolinni's "Doctrine of Fascism", and others. While earlier works do describe the idea of fascism as being "revolutionary", they do not list a "revolution" as being a necessary precursor to fascism.Roger Griffin argues that fascism uses the "palingenetic myth" to attract large masses of voters who have lost their faith in traditional politics and religion by promising them a brighter future under fascist rule. That promise is not made exclusively by fascists: other political ideologies also incorporate some palingenetic aspects in their party programs since politicians almost always promise to improve the situation. More radical movements often want to overthrow the old order, which has become decadent and alien to the common man. That powerful and energetic demolition of the old ways may require some form of revolution or battle, which is, however, represented as glorious and necessary. Such movements thus compare the (recent) past with the future, which is presented as a rebirth of society after a period of decay and misery. The palingenetic myth can also possibly stand for a return to a golden age in the country's history so that the past can be a guidebook to a better tomorrow, with an associated regime that superficially resembles a reactionary one. Fascism distinguishes itself by being the only ideology that focuses strongly on the revolution in its myth or, as Griffin puts it: the mythical horizons of the fascist mentality do not extend beyond this first stage. It promises to replace gerontocracy, mediocrity and national weakness with youth, heroism and national greatness, to banish anarchy and decadence and bring order and health, to inaugurate an exciting new world in place of the played-out one that existed before, to put government in the hands of outstanding personalities instead of non-entities. Through all of that, there would be one great leader who would battle the representatives of the old system with grassroots support. In the fascist utopia, one mass of people will supposedly appear who have only one goal: to create their new future. Such a fascist movement would ideally have infinite faith in its mythical hero who would stand for everything the movement believes in. According to this utopian ideology, under the guidance of their leader the country would then rise like a phoenix from the ashes of corruption and decadence. Contemporary examples National-anarchism has been argued to be a syncretic political ideology that was developed in the 1990s by former Third Positionists to promote a "stateless palingenetic ultranationalism". See also Eternal return (Eliade) Great Replacement Reactionary modernism References External links "Modernity, Modernism, and Fascism: A 'Mazeway Resynthesis'" "Staging the Nation's Rebirth" (PDF)

Oliver Lanard Fassig

Oliver Lanard Fassig (April 5, 1860 – December 6, 1936) was an American meteorologist and climatologist who worked for the United States Weather Bureau initially as part of the Signal Corps of the United States War Department and later affiliated with the United States Department of Agriculture.Oliver Lanard Fassig was born at Columbus, Ohio, on April 5, 1860, son of Mathias and Elizabeth (Lanard) Fassig. He attended Ohio State University and received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1882. He then studied at Johns Hopkins University under the guidance of American geologist William Bullock Clark, where in 1899 he received the first PhD in meteorology ever earned in the United States. His doctoral thesis was on the broad pressure relations of distinctive types of March weather over North America. On September 14, 1898, he married Ann Green McCoy, of Annapolis, Maryland.

Oliver Lanard Fassig (April 5, 1860 – December 6, 1936) was an American meteorologist and climatologist who worked for the United States Weather Bureau initially as part of the Signal Corps of the United States War Department and later affiliated with the United States Department of Agriculture.Oliver Lanard Fassig was born at Columbus, Ohio, on April 5, 1860, son of Mathias and Elizabeth (Lanard) Fassig. He attended Ohio State University and received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1882. He then studied at Johns Hopkins University under the guidance of American geologist William Bullock Clark, where in 1899 he received the first PhD in meteorology ever earned in the United States. His doctoral thesis was on the broad pressure relations of distinctive types of March weather over North America. On September 14, 1898, he married Ann Green McCoy, of Annapolis, Maryland. Meteorological service Fassig's official meteorological service began on January 12, 1883, when he entered the Signal Corps of the United States War Department in Washington, D.C. In May 1883, he was assigned to Fort Myer in Arlington County, Virginia, for instruction, but returned to the Central Office for duty in January 1884. In December 1885, he was sent to New Haven, Connecticut, to work as an assistant and study electrical methods at Yale University. In August 1887 he returned to the Central Office in Washington, D.C., where he worked as a bibliographer and librarian from June 1888 to February 1896. In 1889, he published an extensive bibliography titled the “Bibliography of Meteorology – A classed catalogue of the printed literature of meteorology from the origin of printing to the close of 1881”. He then served as an assistant in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and at Mount Weather, which is located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. He was made chairman of the section on History and Bibliography of the International Meteorological Congress, Chicago in 1893. His contacts with meteorologists from abroad led him to take a year's leave of absence to study in Germany, 1896-7, where he took special courses at the University of Berlin and became a member of the German Meteorological Society. He was in charge of the Baltimore station from June 5, 1900, to July 14, 1905; May 31, 1907, to April 2, 1909, and August 10, 1912, to April 14, 1919. While in Baltimore, he gave instruction in meteorology at the Johns Hopkins University and wrote "The Climate and Weather of Baltimore". He was in charge of the station at San Juan, Puerto Rico, from April 2, 1909, to August 10, 1912, and April 14, 1919, to June 10, 1930, where he had general charge of the West Indian and Caribbean service. On leaving San Juan he came once more to the Central Office, this time as Chief of the Climatological Division, which position he retained until his retirement on June 30, 1932. Fassig was a quiet, unassuming, unhurried scientist. His interests embraced many phases of science. Absolute fairness and sympathetic understanding characterized his dealings not only with his equals but with those under him. He had the courage to do what he thought right even at considerable personal sacrifice, as when he refused to enter politics on behalf of his chief.Fassig died at the Emergency Hospital in Washington, D.C., on Sunday evening, December 6, 1936, as a result of being struck by an automobile on November 20, 1936. List of publications Fassig, O.L. 1889. Bibliography of Meteorology. United States of America War Department, Signal Office, Washington DC, 475 pp. Fassig, O.L. 1893. Proceedings of the meteorological congress held at Chicago August 21–24, 1893. Monthly Weather Review 21(8):227. Fassig, O.L. 1895. Statistics of state weather services. Monthly Weather Review 23(6):209-212 Fassig, O.L. 1896. Automatic cloud photography. Monthly Weather Review 24(12):456-457. Fassig, O.L. 1896. Report of the International Meteorological Congress, held at Chicago, Il1inois, August 21–24, 1893, under the auspices of the Congress Auxiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition. United States Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau Bulletin No. 11, Part 2, 378 pp. Fassig, O.L. 1897. The Ninth Annual Convention of the Association of German Agricultural Experiment Stations, 1896. United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Experiment Station Record 8(6):447-453. Fassig, O.L. 1898. Meteorology at Johns Hopkins University. Monthly Weather Review 26(7):306-306. Fassig, O.L. 1899. Types of March weather in the United States. The relations existing between mean atmospheric pressure, the prevailing character of the weather, and the paths of storms. Doctoral thesis, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 340 pp. Fassig, O.L. 1899. Types of March weather in the United States. The relations existing between mean atmospheric pressure, the prevailing character of the weather, and the paths of storms. The American Journal of Science, Fourth Series, 8(47):319-338. Fassig, O.L. 1899. A sketch of the progress of meteorology in Maryland and Delaware. In: Clark, W.M. (ed), Maryland Weather Service, Vol. I, pp. 331–416. Fassig, O.L. 1900. The climate of Allegany County. In: Clark, W.M. (ed), Allegany County. Maryland Geological Survey. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, pp. 217–231. Fassig, O.L. 1901. The westward movement of the daily barometric wave. Monthly Weather Review 29(11):495-496. Fassig, O.L. 1902. The westward movement of the daily barometric wave. In: Berry, J. and Phillips, W.F.R. (eds), Proceedings of the Second Convention of Weather Bureau Officials held at Milwaukee, Wis., August 27,28, 29,1901. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Bulletin No. 31, pp. 62–65. Fassig, O.L. 1902. Maryland climatological studies. In: Berry, J. and Phillips, W.F.R. (eds), Proceedings of the Second Convention of Weather Bureau Officials held at Milwaukee, Wis., August 27,28, 29,1901. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Bulletin No. 31, pp. 200–202. Fassig, O.L. 1902. The climate of Cecil County. In: Clark, W.M. (ed), Cecil County. Maryland Geological Survey. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, pp. 249–261. Fassig, O.L. 1902. The climate of Garrett County. In: Clark, W.M. (ed), Garrett County. Maryland Geological Survey. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, pp. 253–273. Fassig, O.L. 1902. A waterspout at close range. Monthly Weather Review 30(6):302-302. Fassig, O.L. 1903. The meteorological work of the expedition to the Bahamas. Monthly Weather Review 31(7):320-320. Fassig, O.L. 1903. Kite flying in the tropics. Monthly Weather Review 31(12):582-587. Fassig, O.L. 1905. Climate of the Bahama Islands. In: Shattuck, G.B. (ed), The Bahama Islands, London: MacMillan, pp. 111–125. Fassig, O.L. 1905. Exploration of the upper atmosphere at Nassau, New Providence, by means of kites. In: Shattuck, G.B. (ed), The Bahama Islands, London: MacMillan, pp. 129–143. Fassig, O.L. 1905. Magnetic observations in the Bahama Islands. In: Shattuck, G.B. (ed), The Bahama Islands, London: MacMillan, pp. 99–108. Fassig, O.L. 1905. The Ziegler Relief Expedition. Monthly Weather Review 33(10):438-438. Fassig, O.L. 1906. Kite flight of April 5, 1906, at Mount Weather Observatory. Monthly Weather Review 34(3):125-126. Fassig, O.L. 1907. The climate and weather of Baltimore. In: Clark, W.B. (ed), Maryland Weather Service, Special Publication 11, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 515 pp. Fassig, O.L. 1907. The use of kites and balloons in the U. S. Weather Bureau. In: Navigating the Air. The Aero Club of America, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., pp. 204–212. Fassig, O.L. 1907. Guilbert's rules for weather prediction. Monthly Weather Review 35(5):210-211. Moore, W.L., Humphreys, W.J. and Fassig, O.L. 1907. New problems of the weather. Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture 1906, pp. 121–124. Fassig, O.L. 1909. Average annual rainfall of Porto Rico, West Indies. Monthly Weather Review 37(11):982-986. Fassig, O.L. 1911. The normal temperature of Porto Rico, West Indies. Monthly Weather Review 39(2):299-302. Fassig, O.L. 1911. The trade winds in Porto Rico. Monthly Weather Review 39(5):796-799. Fassig, O.L. 1911. The climate of Porto Rico, West Indies. United States Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau Bulletin, 20 pp. Fassig, O.L. 1913. Hurricanes of the West Indies. United States Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Bulletin 10, pp. 7–28. Fassig, O.L. 1914. Period of safe plant growth in Maryland and Delaware. Monthly Weather Review 42(3):152-158. Fassig, O.L. 1915. A revolving cloud camera. Monthly Weather Review 43(6):274-275. Fassig, O.L. 1915. A remarkable fall of hail in Maryland. Monthly Weather Review 43(9):446-448 Fassig, O.L. 1916. Tropical rains - their duration, frequency, and intensity. Monthly Weather Review 44(6):329-337. Fassig, O.L. 1917. The climate of Anne Arundel County. In: Clark, W.M. (ed), Anne Arundel County. Maryland Geological Survey. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, pp. 175–192. Fassig, O.L. 1917. Tropical rains - their duration, frequency, and intensity. In: Proceedings of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, Washington, U.S.A., Vol. II, pp. 460–473 Fassig, O.L. 1918. A signal corps school of meteorology. Monthly Weather Review 46(12):560-562. Fassig, O.L. 1919. The work of the U. S. Weather bureau in the West Indies. Monthly Weather Review 47(12):850-851. Fassig, O.L. 1924. Pilot-balloon observations at San Juan, Porto Rico. Monthly Weather Review 52(1):22-22. Fassig, O.L. 1925. Rainfall and temperature of Cuba. Washington DC: Tropical Plant Research Foundation, 32 pp. Fassig, O.L. 1928. San Felipe - The hurricane of September 13, 1928, at San Juan, P. R. Monthly Weather Review 56(9):350-352. Fassig, O.L. 1929. A tentative chart of annual rainfall over the island of Haiti-Santo Domingo. Monthly Weather Review 57(7):296-296. Fassig, O.L. 1929. Discussion. Monthly Weather Review 57(8):331-332. (Note: Tropical cyclones in Puerto Rico) Fassig, O.L. 1930. On the frequency of hurricanes in the vicinity of Porto Rico. Monthly Weather Review 58(8):326-327. References External links Works by or about Oliver Lanard Fassig at Internet Archive

Glenn Carle

Glenn Carle is an American writer and former intelligence officer. He is the author of The Interrogator: An Education (2011), which describes his involvement in the interrogation of a man at the time believed to be one of the top members of al-Qa'ida.

Glenn Carle is an American writer and former intelligence officer. He is the author of The Interrogator: An Education (2011), which describes his involvement in the interrogation of a man at the time believed to be one of the top members of al-Qa'ida. Biography Glenn Carle grew up in Brookline, a town part of greater Boston, in a house "where four generations of his family made their home". Carle received a B.A. in Government at Harvard and in 1985 an M.A. in European Studies and International Economics from Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), and completed further graduate work in Europe. He spent 20 years in clandestine field operations with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Carle retired as Deputy National Intelligence Officer for Transnational Threats from the National Intelligence Council. The Interrogator Carle is the author of The Interrogator: An Education (2011), a memoir which describes his involvement in the interrogation of a "high-value detainee" at a "black site" (off-the-books) prison. Carle tells the story of the brutal interrogation of a man who was believed to be a top al-Qaeda operative but later turned out to be innocent. Carle determined that the suspect was not who he was supposed to be, found the rendition "stupid, bad tradecraft" and the operation to be "a house of cards, like so much of the war on terrorism. Carle's superiors overruled him and sent the suspect to Hotel California, the CIA's most secret detention centre, to be tortured. The suspect at the center of Carle's story is supposed to be Haji Pacha Wazir, an Emirati citizen. He was freed in February 2010, eight years after his capture.In Carle's words, the CIA made him rewrite The Interrogator "literally a dozen times over" and its objections were some legitimate concerns "amply mixed with ludicrous pettifoggery and ass-covering", causing him to leave in the redacted bits, complete with black bars, and add the occasional withering explanatory footnote, like one that reads: "Apparently the CIA fears that the redacted passage would either humiliate the organization for incompetence or expose its officers to ridicule; unless the Agency considers obtuse incompetence a secret intelligence method."Johns Hopkins Magazine has found The Interrogator to be "unusually candid in its portrayal of the CIA's internal workings—and the toll the agency's moral gray zones take on its operatives". Carle's book was well received internationally and he was interviewed at the Sydney Writers' Festival in 2012. Ali Soufan, a renowned FBI Special Agent who was involved in counter-terrorism cases, reviewed The Interrogator for The Wall Street Journal and remarked that it pulled back part of the curtain on the so-called enhanced-interrogation program of the CIA. Post-CIA career as national/global security expert Carle is regarded as a leading expert on al-Qaeda and assessed the threat the organization poses 10 years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 on C-SPAN. Carle is a regular commentator for Al Jazeera and has appeared on Inside Story Americas. He was interviewed on The Listening Post to comment on the 'Zero Dark Thirty' controversy. In a 2011 interview with Democracy Now! Carle revealed how, in 2005, President George W. Bush's administration at least twice sought damaging personal information from the CIA on Juan Cole, an academic and prominent critic of the Iraq war. A CIA spokesman said in response to queries, "We've thoroughly researched our records, and any allegation that the C.I.A. provided private or derogatory information on Professor Cole to anyone is simply wrong." In an interview with New Zealand's Sunday Star-Times, he talked about the curtailment of freedom of speech under the Espionage Act of 1917, designed for foreign spies, which he claimed was being employed to prosecute at least six American former spies.Carle has appeared on MSNBC in Hardball with Chris Matthews in a discussion titled "Does torture work?" In an interview with Anderson Cooper 360° he made the point that "you don't define yourself by the practices and objectives of the enemy" but figure out who are we and what do we need to be?" Carle has repeatedly stated that torture doesn't work, is morally wrong and is clearly illegal under both international and U.S. law. He makes the point that the U.S. convicted many Japanese soldiers "for the express crime — the torture — of waterboarding" that it has euphemistically called waterboarding. Carle also appeared on The Diane Rehm Show on NPR to comment on intelligence gains from Osama bin Laden's compound after U.S. Navy SEALs killed the al-Qaeda leader in Abbottabad, Pakistan. He has also been interviewed on Hardtalk on the BBC.Before the presidential election of 2008, Carle argued in an influential Washington Post article that Senator John McCain, the Republican nominee, had overstated the threat of "radical Islamic extremism." Carle wrote that jihadists are "small, lethal, disjointed and miserable opponents" and that "We do not face a global jihadist 'movement' but a series of disparate ethnic and religious conflicts involving Muslim populations, each of which remains fundamentally regional in nature and almost all of which long predate the existence of al-Qaeda." He went on to say, "Osama bin Laden and his disciples are small men and secondary threats whose shadows are made large by our fears."Carle has spoken at many institutions, including the University of Ottawa, the Delta State University, Boston College, the University of Sydney, and the United States Naval Academy.Carle has been critical of President Donald Trump, particularly after Trump began to disparage American intelligence agencies' assessment of Russian influence over the 2016 presidential election. He told Newsweek, in an article dated December 21, 2017, that he believed that President Donald Trump was "actually working directly for the Russians." == References ==

Mobile PC (magazine)

Mobile PC was a monthly magazine covering mobile technology, including notebook computers, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, MP3 players, digital cameras, mobile game consoles, and other portable electronics.

Mobile PC was a monthly magazine covering mobile technology, including notebook computers, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, MP3 players, digital cameras, mobile game consoles, and other portable electronics. History and profile The magazine was published by Future Network USA, its first issue was released on 14 June 2004. Founded as Mobile PC in 2003, then changed to Mobile in June 2005. Christopher Null was the first editor-in-chief. A cease and desist order on the use of the confusingly similar magazine name and website domain MobileMagazine.com was sent to Future Network USA. The print publication Mobile ceased publication in November 2005 due to undetermined reasons and the domain name MobileMagazine.com was transferred to Pilato Private Consulting. The Mobile PC editorial staff included Christopher Null, Dylan Tweney, Robert Strohmeyer, Rachel Rosmarin, Roger Hibbert, and Mark McClusky. The design staff included Chris Imlay, Christina Empedocles, and Morgan McDermott. Mobile featured a monthly product design column by MAKE editor Mark Frauenfelder. Outstanding subscriptions to Mobile PC were fulfilled by subscriptions to Maximum PC, a sister technical magazine. == References ==

Oshun

Oshun (also Ọṣun, Ochún, and Oxúm) is an orisha, a spirit, a deity, or a goddess that reflects one of the manifestations of the Yorùbá Supreme Being in the Ifá oral tradition and Yoruba-based religions of West Africa. She is one of the most popular and venerated Orishas. Oshun is an important river deity among the Yorùbá people. She is the goddess of divinity, femininity, fertility, beauty, and love. She is connected to destiny and divination.During the life of the mortal Osun, she served as queen consort to King Shango of Oyo.

Oshun (also Ọṣun, Ochún, and Oxúm) is an orisha, a spirit, a deity, or a goddess that reflects one of the manifestations of the Yorùbá Supreme Being in the Ifá oral tradition and Yoruba-based religions of West Africa. She is one of the most popular and venerated Orishas. Oshun is an important river deity among the Yorùbá people. She is the goddess of divinity, femininity, fertility, beauty, and love. She is connected to destiny and divination.During the life of the mortal Osun, she served as queen consort to King Shango of Oyo. Following her posthumous deification, she was admitted to the Yoruba pantheon as an aspect of a primordial divinity of the same name. She is the patron saint of the Osun River in Nigeria, which bears her name. The river has its source in Ekiti State, in the west of Nigeria, and passes through the city of Osogbo, where Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove, the principal sanctuary of the deity, is located. Oṣun is honored at the Osun-Osogbo Festival, a two-week-long annual festival that usually takes place in August, at the Oṣun-Osogbo Sacred Grove on the banks of the river.Oṣun is one of the 401 Yoruba gods. Primordial Oṣun According to the Ifa Literary Corpus, Ọṣun was the only female Irunmole (primordial spirit) sent to assist Shango to create the world by Olodumare. The other spirits that were sent began the work and ignored Ọṣun. Ọṣun went to her partner Shango for guidance. Two versions of this story exist. One claims that female spirits were tempted to take matters into their own hands, but all of their creative attempts failed because they acted without male spiritual leadership. Another version, and this one more consistent with the beginning of the story, claims that the male spirits attempted to make the world without female influence, and this exclusion is what caused the world to fail. The former version appears to reflect a patriarchal influence on orisha narratives that sprang up with the influence of Abrahamic religions, while the second is more in line with traditional orisha beliefs, which revere feminine power. Both story versions end with Shango forcing the other spirits hand to respect Oṣun as they would him. Through her sacrifice, Olodumare - the Supreme God - granted her the powers of an Oriṣa. Mortal Oṣun While still a mortal, Oṣun is said to have gone to a drum festival one day and to have fallen in love with Shango. Since that day, Shango has been married to Oba, Oya, and Osun, though the last mentioned is said to be his favourite. Other stanzas in the Ifa Literary Corpus say that she was also married to Orunmila, who later became the Orisha of Wisdom and Divination. It is also said that Oṣun was the first woman to be referred to as an Iyalode. Ceremonies and ritual colors Osun is the orisha of the river. Her devotees leave her offerings and perform ceremonies at bodies of fresh water such as rivers, streams and canals. She is associated with the colors white, yellow, gold, and sometimes coral. Abẹ̀bẹ̀ The Abẹ̀bẹ̀ is the ritual object most associated with Ọṣun. The Abẹ̀bẹ̀ is a fan in circular form. Brazil Ọṣun is a female orishá adopted and worshiped in all Afro-Brazilian religions. She is the orishá of the fresh water of rivers and waterfalls; of wealth and prosperity; of love; and of beauty. Followers seek help for romantic problems from Osun; the orisha is also responsible for marriage and other relationships. As the orishá of financial life, she is also called the "Lady of Gold". This referred to copper at one time for being the most valuable metal of the time. Osun is worshiped at rivers and waterfalls, and more rarely, near mineral water sources. She is a symbol of sensitivity and is identified by weeping. Candomblé In Candomblé Bantu, Osun is called Nkisi Ndandalunda, the Lady of Fertility and Moon. Hongolo and Kisimbi have similarities with Osun, and the three are often confused. In Candomblé Ketu, Osun is the deity of fresh water; the patron of gestation and fecundity; and receives the prayers of women who wish to have children and protect them during pregnancy. Osun also protects small children until they begin to speak; she is affectionately called "Mamãe" ("Mama") by her devotees. Plants associated with Osun in Brazil are aromatic, sweet, and often yellow, reflecting the qualities of the Orisha. They include mints (Lamiacaea). Osun is associated with the folha-de-dez-réis (Hydrocotyle cybelleta), a plant of the pennywort family. Many species are brilliant yellow, reflecting Osun's association with gold and wealth. She is also associated with folha-da-fortuna, or Kalanchoe pinnata. Santeria Ozun is another major Orisha that is distinct from Oṣun, the latter whom is also called "Oshun" and "Ochún" in the Santería religion of the Caribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico and Trinidad) brought over by Yoruba people during the transatlantic slave trade. While Ozun is a masculine Orisha associated with John the Baptist, Ochún is syncretized with Our Lady of Charity. Violín for Osun A violín is a type of musical ceremony in Regla de Ocha performed for Osún. It includes both European classical music and Cuban popular music. Gallery References Further reading Ajiabde, G. Olusola. Negotiating Performance: Osun in the Verbal and Visual Metaphors, Bayreuth, Working Papers, 2005. Afolabi, Kayode. Osun Osogbo - Sacred People and Sacred Places, Charleston 2006. Badejo, Diedre, Oshun Seegesi: The Elegant Deity of Wealth, Power, and Femininity, Asmara 1996. De La Torre, Miguel A., "Dancing with Ochún: Imagining How a Black Goddess Became White," in Black Religion and Aesthetics: Religious Thought and Life in Africa and the African Diaspora, Anthony Pinn, ed., Cambridge University Press, pp. 113–134. Fakayode, Fayemi Fatunde, Osun: The Manly Woman, Athelia Henrietta Press 2004. Murphy, Joseph M.; Sanford, Mei-Mei. Osun Across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in African and the Americas. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. Probst, Peter, Osogbo and the Art of Heritage : Monuments, Deities, and Money. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011. External links Santeria.fr All about Oshun

Louis Bachelier Prize

The Louis Bachelier Prize is a biennial prize in applied mathematics jointly awarded by the London Mathematical Society, the Natixis Foundation for Quantitative Research and the Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles (SMAI) in recognition for "exceptional contributions to mathematical modelling in finance, insurance, risk management and/or scientific computing applied to finance and insurance. "The prize is named in honor of French mathematician Louis Bachelier, a pioneer in the field of probability and its use in financial modeling.

The Louis Bachelier Prize is a biennial prize in applied mathematics jointly awarded by the London Mathematical Society, the Natixis Foundation for Quantitative Research and the Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles (SMAI) in recognition for "exceptional contributions to mathematical modelling in finance, insurance, risk management and/or scientific computing applied to finance and insurance."The prize is named in honor of French mathematician Louis Bachelier, a pioneer in the field of probability and its use in financial modeling. Description The Louis Bachelier Prize was created in 2007 by the Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles [Society for Applied and Industrial Mathematics] in collaboration with the Natixis Quantitative Research Foundation and the French Academy of Sciences. The prize, of €20,000, is awarded biennially to a scientist with less than 25 years of postdoctoral experience. The candidates must be permanent residents of a country of the European Union. From its creation in 2015, the Louis Bachelier Prize was awarded by the French Academy of Sciences. Since 2015, the prize is administered by the London Mathematical Society. Winners 2022 : Beatrice Acciaio 2020 : Mathieu Rosenbaum 2018 : Pauline Barrieu 2016 : Damir Filipović 2014 : Josef Teichmann 2012 : Nizar Touzi 2010 : Rama Cont 2007 : Huyen Pham See also List of mathematics awards References External links Official website

Artaxerxes II

Arses (Greek: Ἄρσης; c. 445 – 359/8 BC), known by his regnal name Artaxerxes II (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂 Artaxšaçāʰ; Greek: Ἀρταξέρξης), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 405/4 BC to 358 BC. He was the son and successor of Darius II (r. 423 – 405/4 BC) and his mother was Parysatis. Soon after his accession, Artaxerxes II faced opposition from his younger brother Cyrus the Younger, who assembled an army composed of troops from his Lydian and Ionian satrapies as well as Greek mercenaries in his bid for the throne. The forces of the brothers clashed at Cunaxa in 401 BC, which resulted in the defeat and death of Cyrus. Following this, Artaxerxes II had to contend with several other revolts; a revolt by Evagoras I (r. 411–374 BC) in Cyprus between 391–380 BC, by the Phoenicians in c. 380 BC, and most importantly, the revolts by the western satraps (known as the Great Satraps' Revolt) in the 360s and 350s BC, led by distinguished figures such as Datames, Ariobarzanes, and Autophradates.

Arses (Greek: Ἄρσης; c. 445 – 359/8 BC), known by his regnal name Artaxerxes II (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂 Artaxšaçāʰ; Greek: Ἀρταξέρξης), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 405/4 BC to 358 BC. He was the son and successor of Darius II (r. 423 – 405/4 BC) and his mother was Parysatis. Soon after his accession, Artaxerxes II faced opposition from his younger brother Cyrus the Younger, who assembled an army composed of troops from his Lydian and Ionian satrapies as well as Greek mercenaries in his bid for the throne. The forces of the brothers clashed at Cunaxa in 401 BC, which resulted in the defeat and death of Cyrus. Following this, Artaxerxes II had to contend with several other revolts; a revolt by Evagoras I (r. 411–374 BC) in Cyprus between 391–380 BC, by the Phoenicians in c. 380 BC, and most importantly, the revolts by the western satraps (known as the Great Satraps' Revolt) in the 360s and 350s BC, led by distinguished figures such as Datames, Ariobarzanes, and Autophradates. The rulers of the Parthian Empire notably considered Artaxerxes II their progenitor. Name and etymology The given name of Artaxerxes II was, as rendered in Greek, Arses (Ἄρσης; Babylonian: Aršu), derived from the Old Persian *Ṛšā- ("man", "hero"). He was also widely known by the hypocorism Aršak, which is attested in several Greek forms including Arsikas (Plutarch), Arsakas and Arsaces (Persica). From Arsaces also derives the name of the Arsacid dynasty, which ruled the Parthian Empire and claimed descent from Artaxerxes II himself.Artaxerxēs (Αρταξέρξης) is the Greek rendition of the Old Persian Artaxšaçā ("whose reign is through truth"). It is known in other languages as; Elamite Ir-tak-ik-ša-iš-ša, Ir-da-ik-ša-iš-ša; Akkadian Ar-ta-ʾ-ḫa-šá-is-su; Middle Persian and New Persian Ardašīr.Greek authors gave Artaxerxes II the epithet "Mnemon" (Ancient Greek: Μνήμων; Old Persian: abiataka), meaning "remembering" or "having a good memory." Historiography The life and reign of Artaxerxes II is mostly attested in classical Greek sources, which generally focuses on the history of the western front. However, due to Artaxerxes II's younger brother Cyrus the Younger recruiting many Greeks during his rebellion against his brother, the reign of Artaxerxes II is well documented until Cyrus' death at the Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC. Following that, detailed information on the rest of Artaxerxes II's reign become much more sparse.Plutarch, when writing his Life of Artaxerxes II, used Ctesias, Dinon, Xenophon, and a few others as references. The work is the only biography of an Achaemenid king. According to the modern historian Carsten Binder, Plutarch's work is an "eloquent but hardly reliable source of information" and that it "should be treated with the greatest caution". Background and early life Arses was the eldest son of Darius II, who ruled the Persian Achaemenid Empire from 424 to 405/4 BC. His mother was Parysatis, a half-sister of Darius II. His age at death is variously given as 86 (Lucian) and 94 (Dinon) years, which would place his birth around 453 or 445 BC. Briant simply notes that Arses was born before his father's accession in 424, while another author states that he was "at least in his late seventies in the early 360s". Darius II and Parysatis had thirteen children, most of whom died prematurely. Thus the only known full siblings of Arsaces were his younger brothers Cyrus, Ostanes, Oxathres, and an older sister, Amestris.With the exception of Arsaces and Cyrus, not much is known about the children of Darius II and Parysatis. Cyrus was most likely born in 424/423 BC, just after the accession of Darius II. In 408 BC, at the age of 15 or 16, Cyrus was appointed the satrap of Lydia, Greater Phrygia, and Cappadocia. He also succeeded Tissaphernes as the commander-in-chief of the Persian force stationed at Castolus, east of the city of Sardis. Cyrus was given the title of karanos (Old Iranian: *Karana), which greatly expanded his authority both politically and militarily, and allowed him to become largely autonomous.Before his accession, Arsaces married Stateira, the daughter of the Persian nobleman Hydarnes, who was descended from Hydarnes, one of the seven Persian conspirators who overthrew the Pseudo-Smerdis. The marriage was part of a political alliance that Darius had sought during his early reign, due to facing opposition against his rule. Amestris was also married to Hydarnes' son Teritoukhmes, while Hydarnes was appointed the satrap of Hyrcania.When Darius II was on his deathbed, Arsaces was by his side. According to Xenophon, Darius II summoned Cyrus, who arrived with Tissaphernes and 300 Greek hoplites. Plutarch, however, reports that it was Parysatis who summoned Cyrus, as she favoured him over Arsaces. He further adds that she attempted to convince Darius II to choose Cyrus as his heir, as the position was still vacant. Modern historians question Plutarch's account, and state that Arsaces must have already been chosen as heir previously, probably several years earlier.During the coronation of Arsaces at the southern capital of Pasargadae, Cyrus allegedly attempted to have his brother assassinated. The plan was exposed by Tissaphernes, but Cyrus was spared following the intervention of Parysatis and sent back to Asia Minor. The authenticity of this event is deemed uncertain by modern historians. According to Binder, the transition of power between Darius II and Arsaces was seemingly peaceful. During his investiture, Arsaces adopted the throne name of Artaxerxes. Reign Dynastic conflict with Cyrus the Younger (401 BC) Tissaphernes noted that Cyrus the Younger's claims to be on a military expedition to attack the Pisidians had many flaws that led him to believe that Cyrus was planning to revolt. These claims became realized when Cyrus began to seek political support for his campaign. Cyrus found support from Sparta, who sent soldiers to aid the campaign against Artaxerxes II. Notably, Cyrus found support from a Persian kingdom of Cilicia, who contributed to the effort through funds. During this time, due to Tissaphernes' reports, Artaxerxes II began to build up a force to contend with his younger brother's revolt.By the time of Darius II's death, Cyrus had already been successful in defeating the Syrians and Cilicians and was commanding a large army made up of his initial supporters plus those who had joined him in Phrygia and beyond. Upon hearing of his father's death, Cyrus the Younger declared his claim to the throne, based on the argument that he was born to Darius and Parysatis after Darius had ascended to the throne, while Artaxerxes was born prior to Darius II's gaining the throne. Artaxerxes II initially wanted to resolve the conflict peacefully, but the negotiations fell through. Cyrus also ran into issues with the locals, who were loyal to Artaxerxes. Artaxerxes defended his position against his brother Cyrus the Younger, who with the aid of a large army of Greek mercenaries called the "Ten Thousand", attempted to usurp the throne. Though Cyrus' mixed army fought to a tactical victory at the Battle of Cunaxa in Babylon (401 BC), Cyrus himself was killed in the exchange by Mithridates, rendering his victory irrelevant. The Greek historian Xenophon, himself one of the leaders of the Greek troops, would later recount this battle in the Anabasis, focusing on the struggle of the now-stranded Greek mercenaries to return home. Conflict against Sparta (396-387 BC) Artaxerxes became involved in a war with Persia's erstwhile allies, the Spartans, during the Corinthian War (395-387 BC). The Spartans under their king Agesilaus II had started by invading Asia Minor in 396–395 BC. To redirect the Spartans' attention to Greek affairs, Artaxerxes subsidized their enemies through his envoy Timocrates of Rhodes; in particular, the Athenians, Thebans, and Corinthians received massives subsidies. Tens of thousands of darics, the main currency in Achaemenid coinage, were used to bribe the Greek states to start a war against Sparta. These subsidies helped to engage the Spartans in what would become known as the Corinthian War. According to Plutarch, Agesilaus said upon leaving Asia Minor, "I have been driven out by 10,000 Persian archers", a reference to "Archers" (Toxotai) the Greek nickname for the darics from their obverse design, because that much money had been paid to politicians in Athens and Thebes to start a war against Sparta.The Achaemenids, allied with Athens, managed to utterly destroy the Spartan fleet at the Battle of Cnidus (394 BC). After that, the Achaemenid satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, Pharnabazus II, together with former Athenian admiral Conon, raided the coasts of Peloponnesia, putting increased pressure on the Spartans. This encouraged the resurgence of Athens, which started to bring back under her control the Greek cities of Asia Minor, thus worrying Artaxerxes II that his Athenian allies were becoming too powerful. Final agreement with Sparta (387 BC) In 386 BC, Artaxerxes II betrayed his allies and came to an arrangement with Sparta, and in the Treaty of Antalcidas, he forced his erstwhile allies to come to terms. This treaty restored control of the Greek cities of Ionia and Aeolis on the Anatolian coast to the Persians, while giving Sparta dominance on the Greek mainland. In 385 BC, he campaigned against the Cadusians. Egypt campaign (373 BC) Although successful against the Greeks, Artaxerxes had more trouble with the Egyptians, who had successfully revolted against him at the beginning of his reign. An attempt to reconquer Egypt in 373 BC under the command of Pharnabazus, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, was completely unsuccessful, but in his waning years, the Persians did manage to defeat a joint Egyptian–Spartan effort to conquer Phoenicia. Unfolding of the Egyptian campaign In 377 BC, Pharnabazus was reassigned by Artaxerxes II to help command a military expedition into rebellious Egypt, having proven his ability against the Spartans. After four years of preparations in the Levant, Pharnabazus gathered an expeditionary force of 200,000 Persian troops, 300 triremes, 200 galleys, and 12,000 Greeks under Iphicrates. The Achaemenid Empire had also been applying pressure on Athens to recall the Greek general Chabrias, who was in the service of the Egyptians, but in vain. The Egyptian ruler Nectanebo I was thus supported by Athenian General Chabrias and his mercenaries.The Achaemenid force landed in Egypt with the Athenian general Iphicrates near Mendes in 373 BC. The expedition force was too slow, giving time to the Egyptians to strengthen defenses. Pharnabazus and Iphicrates appeared before Pelusium, but retired without attacking it, Nectanebo I, king of Egypt, having added to its former defences by laying the neighboring lands under water, and blocking up the navigable channels of the Nile by embankments. (Diodorus Siculus xv. 42; Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates c. 5.) Fortifications on the Pelusiac branch of the Nile ordered by Nectanebo forced the enemy fleet to seek another way to sail up the Nile. Eventually the fleet managed to find its way up the less-defended Mendesian branch. At this point, the mutual distrust that had arisen between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus prevented the enemy from reaching Memphis. Then, the annual Nile flood and the Egyptian defenders' resolve to defend their territory turned what had initially appeared as certain defeat for Nectanebo I and his troops into a complete victory.After several weeks, the Persians and their Greek mercenaries under Iphicrates had to re-embark. The expedition against Egypt had failed. It was the end of the career of Pharnabazus, who was now over 70 years old. Pharnabazus was replaced by Datames to lead a second expedition to Egypt, but he failed and then started the "Satraps' Revolt" against the Great King. Revolt of the Satraps (372-362 BC) The Achaemenid defeat in Egypt led to unrest among the Achaemenid nobility. From 372 BC, many western satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire started to rebel against Artaxerxes II, in the Great Satraps' Revolt, starting with the powerful satrap Datames. Following the failure of Pharnabazus II in Egypt, Datames had been entrusted by the Persian king with the chief command of a force designed for the recovery of Egypt, but the machinations of his enemies at the Persian court, and the risks to which he was in consequence exposed, induced him to change his plan, and throw off his allegiance to the king. He withdrew with the troops under his command into Cappadocia, and made common cause with the other satraps who were revolting from Persia. The Pharaoh Nectanebo provided financial support to the rebelling satraps and re-established ties with both Sparta and Athens. Artaxerxes II finally quashed the revolt of the satraps by 362 BC. Peace mediation in the Theban–Spartan War (368-366 BC) Artaxerxes again attempted to mediate in conflicts between the Greek city-states at the time of the Theban hegemony, especially the Theban–Spartan War. He sent Philiscus of Abydos, a hyparch (vice-regent) and military commander of the Achaemenid satrap Ariobarzanes, to Delphi in order to help the Greek negotiate peace. The objective of Philicus of Abydos was such to help broker a Common Peace between the Greek belligerents reunited at Delphi. The negotiation collapsed when Thebes refused to return Messenia to the Spartans.Before returning to Abydos, Philicus used Achaemenid funds to finance an army for the Spartans, suggesting that he was acting in support of the Spartans from the beginning. With the Achaemenid financing of a new army, Sparta was able to continue the war. Among the mercenaries whom he had recruited, Philiscus gave 2,000 to the Spartans. He also probably provided funds to the Athenians and promised them, on behalf of the King, to help them recover the Chersonese militarily. Both Philiscus and Ariobarzanes were made citizens of Athens, a remarkable honor suggesting important services rendered to the city-state.During autumn of 367 BCE, first the Spartans, soon followed by the Athenians, the Arcadians, the Argives, the Eleans, the Thebans, and other Greek city-states, sent envoys to Susa in attempts to obtain the support of Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II in the Greek conflict. The Achaemenid king proposed a new peace treaty, this time highly tilted in favour of Thebes, which required Messenia to remain independent and that the Athenian fleet to be dismantled. This Peace proposal was rejected by most Greek parties except Thebes.Sparta and Athens, dissatisfied with the Persian king's support of Thebes, decided to provide careful military support to the opponents of the Achaemenid king. Athens and Sparta provided support for the revolted satraps, in particular Ariobarzanes. Sparta sent a force to Ariobarzanes under an aging Agesilaus II, while Athens sent a force under Timotheus, which was however diverted when it became obvious that Ariobarzanes had entered frontal conflict with the Achaemenid king. An Athenian mercenary force under Chabrias was also sent to the Egyptian Pharao Tachos, who was also fighting against the Achaemenid king. Building projects Much of Artaxerxes' wealth was spent on building projects. He restored the Palace of Darius I at Susa, and also the fortifications; including a strong redoubt at the south-east corner of the enclosure and gave Ecbatana a new apadana and sculptures. Tomb at Persepolis The tomb of Artaxerxes II is located at Persepolis, and was built on the model of his predecessors at Naqsh-e Rustam. On the upper register of the tomb appear reliefs of the Emperor, supported by the soldiers of all ethnicities of the Empire. On the lintel over each figure appears a trilingual inscription describing each ethnicity. These are known collectively as "Inscription A2Pa". Religious policies Since the reign of Darius the Great (r. 522–486 BC), Achaemenid inscriptions make mention of unnamed gods alongside Ahura Mazda, who was considered the supreme god of the Zoroastrian pantheon by the royal family. It was first under Artaxerxes II that the identities of these gods were uncovered. In a trilingual inscription at Susa, he invokes the deities Anahita and Mithra alongside Ahura Mazda.Artaxerxes II was thus the first known Achaemenid king to recognize Anahita, who was the divinity of "the Waters" and hence associated with fertility, healing and wisdom. He promoted the worship of Anahita, erecting temples and statues of the goddess across the empire. This included the cities of Ecbatana, Susa, and Babylon.The temple of Anahita in Istakhr was also most likely founded by Artaxerxes II. At the start of the 3rd century AD, the temple was repaired and adorned by the Persian Sasanian family, who acted as the hereditary caretakers of the temple. Legacy The Persian Empire under Artaxerxes II was viewed as a political power that had many unfortunate complications, such as the many wars with Greece. One aspect of his legacy which would have great influence upon his successors was his conflict with Cyrus the Younger. This conflict was remembered due to the power vacuum that followed, allowing the Satrap Revolt and the rebellion of Egypt. Artaxerxes II was also remembered for his works to restore monuments of his predecessors. His largest restoration was that of the Palace of Darius in Susa. He would also be remembered for his tomb in Persepolis. The image of Artaxerxes from contemporary foreign sources depicts him in a similar light to his image among those in the Achaemenid Empire. The Greek portrayal highlights his long rule with many conflicts and shortcomings of Artaxerxes II in his ability to control his empire. Greek sources also focus on his problems in his court with his harem and eunuchs. Greek sources portray Artaxerxes II as sad in his reign. Identification The Jewish high priest Johanan is mentioned in the Elephantine papyri dated to 407 BC, i.e., during Darius II's reign, and is also mentioned in Ezra 10:6 after the reign of Darius (Ezra 6:1) and during the rule of Artaxerxes (Ezra 7:1), thereby supporting the chronological sequence. Amongst others, it has been suggested that Artaxerxes II was the Ahasuerus mentioned in the Book of Esther. Plutarch in his Lives (AD 75) records alternative names Oarses and Arsicas for Artaxerxes II Mnemon given by Deinon (c. 360–340 BC) and Ctesias (Artexerxes II's physician) respectively. These derive from the Persian name Khshayarsha as do "Ahasuerus" ("(Arta)Xerxes") and the hypocoristicon "Arshu" for Artaxerxes II found on a contemporary inscription (LBAT 162). These sources thus arguably identify Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II in light of the names used in the Hebrew and Greek sources and accords with the contextual information from Pseudo-Hecataeus and Berossus as well as agreeing with Al-Tabari and Masudi's placement of events. The 13th century Syriac historian Bar-Hebraeus in his Chronography, also identifies Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II citing the sixth century AD historian John of Ephesus. Issue Artaxerxes II is reported to have had a number of wives. His main wife was Stateira, until she was poisoned by Artaxerxes' mother Parysatis in about 400 BC. Artaxerxes II is said to have more than 115 sons from 350 wives. By Stateira Darius (probably aged over 50 in 366 BC) Ariaspes or Ariarathes Ochus (Artaxerxes III) Rhodogune, wife of satrap Orontes I Atossa, wife of Artaxerxes III Sisygambis, mother of Darius IIIBy other wives Arsames Mithridates Phriapatius(?), probable ancestor of Arsacids Amestris, wife of Artaxerxes II Apama, wife of Pharnabazus Ocha, mother of an unnamed wife of Artaxerxes III The unnamed wife of Tissaphernes 112 other unnamed sons See also The Anabasis Ten Thousand (Greek) References Sources Binder, Carsten (2008). Plutarchs Vita des Artaxerxes (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110209945. ISBN 978-3-11-020269-4. Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (1991). Beck, Roger (ed.). A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9004293915. Boyce, M.; Chaumont, M. L.; Bier, C. (1989). "Anāhīd". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9. pp. 1003–1011. Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1575060316. Brijder, Herman (2014). Nemrud Dağı: Recent Archaeological Research and Conservation Activities in the Tomb Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-713-9. Brosius, Maria (2020). A History of Ancient Persia: The Achaemenid Empire. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-444-35092-0. Chahin, M. (2001). The Kingdom of Armenia: A History. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0700714520. Clark, Jessica H.; Turner, Brian (2018). Brill's Companion to Military Defeat in Ancient Mediterranean Society. Brill. ISBN 978-9004298583. Dandamaev, Muhammad A. (1989). A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. Brill. ISBN 978-9004091726. Facella, Margherita (2021). "Orontids". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Frye, R. N. (1983). "The political history of Iran under the Sasanians". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Garsoian, Nina (2004). "Armeno-Iranian Relations in the pre-Islamic period". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Gershevitch, Ilya, ed. (1985). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2: The Median and Achaemenian periods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521200912. Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell Books. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8. Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (2021). A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1119174288. Kuhrt, A. (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136016943. Lewis, Sian (2006). Ancient Tyranny. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748621255. Lloyd, Alan B. (1994). "Egypt, 404–332 B.C.". The Fourth Century B.C. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. VI. ISBN 0-521-23348-8. Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2017). "The Achaemenid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. ISBN 9780692864401. Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2013). King and Court in Ancient Persia 559 to 331 BCE. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-7711-5. Marek, Christian (2016). In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691159799. Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021). Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.). Brill. ISBN 978-9004460751. Osborne, Michael J. (1973). "Orontes". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 22 (4): 515–551. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435366. Osborne, Michael J. (1971). "Athens and Orontes". Annual of the British School at Athens. 66: 297–321. doi:10.1017/S0068245400019213. ISSN 2045-2403. JSTOR 30103238. S2CID 163834297. Podrazik, Michał (2017). "Rebellions against the Great King in the Achaemenid Empire: Some Remarks". Anabasis. 8: 277–291. Russell, James R. (1987). Zoroastrianism in Armenia. Harvard University, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and National Association for Armenian Studies and Research. ISBN 978-0674968509. Ruzicka, Stephen (2012). Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525–332 BC. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–311. ISBN 9780199766628. Schmitt, Rüdiger (2004). "Hydarnes". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XII/6: Human migration II–Illuminationism. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 588–590. ISBN 978-0-933273-80-1. Schmitt, Rüdiger (2002). "Orontes". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Schmitt, Rüdiger (1993). "Cyrus vi. Cyrus the Younger". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VI/5: Čūb-bāzī–Daf(f) and Dāyera. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 524–526. ISBN 978-1-56859-003-5. Schmitt, R. (1986a). "Artaxerxes". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6. pp. 654–655. Schmitt, R. (1986b). "Artaxerxes II". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6. pp. 656–658. Schmitt, R. (1986c). "Artaxerxes III". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6. pp. 658–659. Shayegan, M. Rahim (2016). "The Arsacids and Commagene". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.). The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-78570-208-2. Stylianou, P.J. (1998). "Commentary". A Historical Commentary on Diodorus Siculus, Book 15. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815239-2. Troxell, Hyla A. (1981). "Orontes, Satrap of Mysia". Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau. 60: 27–41. ISSN 0035-4163. Waters, Matt (2017). Ctesias' Persica in Its Near Eastern Context. University of Wisconsin Pres. ISBN 978-0299310905. Waters, Matt (2014). Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521253697. Wiesehöfer, Joseph (1986). "Ardašīr I i. History". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 371–376.

Mariä Heimsuchung, Wiesbaden

Mariä Heimsuchung (Mary's Visitation) in Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany, is a Catholic church in Kohlheck, part of Wiesbaden's suburb of Dotzheim, consecrated in 1966. It is dedicated to the Visitation (Heimsuchung). The tall concrete building is a landmark of Wiesbaden. It features two large triptychs by the Wiesbaden painter Otto Ritschl. The parish Mariä Heimsuchung is now part of a larger parish, in the Diocese of Limburg.

Mariä Heimsuchung (Mary's Visitation) in Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany, is a Catholic church in Kohlheck, part of Wiesbaden's suburb of Dotzheim, consecrated in 1966. It is dedicated to the Visitation (Heimsuchung). The tall concrete building is a landmark of Wiesbaden. It features two large triptychs by the Wiesbaden painter Otto Ritschl. The parish Mariä Heimsuchung is now part of a larger parish, in the Diocese of Limburg. History After World War II, Catholics who came from further east settled in Wiesbaden. Bishop Wilhelm Kempf installed a new parish, Mariä Heimsuchung, in Wiesbaden-Dotzheim in 1960. The church was built on a design by the Berlin architect Johannes Lackel. It was consecrated on 3 July 1966, dedicated to the Visitation.The shape of the building is a stylised letter "M" as a symbol for Mary, the mother of Jesus, and the floor is the Star of David, indicating that she was Jewish. The materials are predominantly concrete as the common material at the time, also slate and glass. Light comes from the west and illuminates the high wall behind the altar in the east. The interior features two large triptychs by Otto Ritschl from Wiesbaden. The artist created the works in 1973 and 1976 as abstract paintings with large shapes in bold colours, intended to invite to prayer and meditation.The church is a landmark of Wiesbaden, nicknamed Fingerzeig Gottes (God's finger) or Seelenabschußrampe (launching ramp for souls). Since 1 January 2013, the parish has been part (Kirchort, church location) of the larger parish St. Peter und Paul in Wiesbaden-Schierstein, together with six other parishes in Wiesbaden's west. References External links Official website Den Fingerzeig Gottes erhalten / Wiesbadener Kirchen beim Tag des offenen Denkmals St. Bonifatius, Wiesbaden, 11 September 2016

Trawsfynydd Camp railway station

Trawsfynydd Camp railway station, sometimes referred to as Trawsfynydd Military station served the Trawsfynydd Artillery range at Bronaber, south of Trawsfynydd in Gwynedd, Wales. The station never opened for civilian traffic.

Trawsfynydd Camp railway station, sometimes referred to as Trawsfynydd Military station served the Trawsfynydd Artillery range at Bronaber, south of Trawsfynydd in Gwynedd, Wales. The station never opened for civilian traffic. Origins In 1882 the Bala and Ffestiniog Railway opened the line from Bala Junction to a temporary terminus at Festiniog, Trawsfynydd was one of the stations opened with the line. At Festiniog passengers had to transfer to narrow gauge trains if they wished to continue northwards. To do this people travelling from Trawsfynydd to Blaenau or beyond walked the few yards from the standard gauge train to the narrow gauge train much as they do today between the Conwy Valley Line and the Ffestiniog Railway at Blaenau Ffestiniog. The following year the narrow gauge line was converted to standard gauge, but narrow gauge trains continued to run until 5 September 1883 using a third rail. Standard gauge trains first ran through from Bala and Trawsfynydd to Blaenau Ffestiniog on 10 September 1883. The line was taken over by the Great Western Railway in 1910. Military usage The line through Trawsfynydd had been established for around twenty years when an artillery training camp was set up at Bryn Golau, on the southern outskirts of Trawsfynydd. It was replaced in 1906 by a larger camp further south at Rhiw Goch, which was more widely referred to as being at Bronaber, after the nearby settlement of that name. Artillery of the period required the transportation of men, horses, field guns and ammunition, together with supplies such as fodder. As a training camp the turnover of men in particular was considerable, many attending for two week "camps". The area is remote and roads remain few, so the railway was the obvious means to move men and materials. For a few years military traffic was handled at Trawsfynydd, but it was not well suited to the sharp and growing peaks of arrivals and departures. In 1910 the railway decided to build additional, specialised platforms and ramps on the northern side of the bridge which was at the northern end of the conventional station; these were opened in Summer 1911 and became known as "Trawsfynydd Camp station", though that name does not appear on documents such as Working Timetables.The station had no need of ticket offices or waiting rooms. All traffic was by booked special trains exclusively for military personnel, though the locomotives, rolling stock and crew were all Great Western. The only buildings were a corrugated iron warehouse, a guards' room and two lavatories. Three unusual features were provided: several water troughs on the wide and gently sloping approach road a wooden "screen" made of fencing material with all vertical timbers edge to edge. This was placed between the single track running line and the military station. Its purpose was said to be to prevent horses being frightened by the sight of passing locomotives. a "Gun Wharf" which consisted of a bay platform where open-ended vehicles carrying equipment such as artillery pieces could be wheeled straight off the end onto the platformPersonnel disembarked onto the "Troop Platform", which was an island with the screen to one side. Horses detrained onto the "Horse Landing" which led straight to the water troughs and the road to the camp. Guns and other large equipment was unloaded at the Gun Wharf, also known as the Gun Platform. The trains shown in published photographs often mixed carriages, horse boxes and wagons. They were routinely much the longest trains to use the line and needed double-heading or the use of more powerful locomotives normally excluded from the route.Traffic was heavy during the World Wars and considerable between. The Harlech Military Railway article mentions connections with the Trawsfynydd camp, but it is unlikely that this involved rail traffic, because the distance by road is short, but by rail is very long. Traffic reduced after 1945, but was considerable for some time as the camp was used to dispose of unused artillery shells by firing them on the range. Military traffic had petered out by the late 1950s and the camp was closed as a military establishment in 1957 or 1958, only to reopen "almost overnight" to house workers building Trawsfynydd nuclear power station. These people were bussed to work, bringing no custom to the railway except when coming to or leaving from their distant homes.The line from Bala north to Trawsfynydd was designated in the restrictive "Blue" weight limit, with the section from Trawsfynydd to Blaenau limited even more tightly to "Yellow". The literature conjectures on overweight classes being used on troop trains, but no solid claim or photograph has been published. Photos of heavy troop trains show 0-6-0STs double-heading, Only four steam age photos of the line show anything other than an 0-4-2 or 0-6-0 tank engine, three being of GWR 2251 Class 0-6-0s taken in the 1940s on ordinary civilian workings. The only one of anything larger is of a "43XX" 2-6-0 on a military train at Trawsfynydd Camp station. That class were nevertheless classified as "Blue". As the 1950s passed "5700" and "7400" 0-6-0PTs stole the show, exemplified by 9610 at Festiniog in the 1950s. 0-4-2T engines "..suffer[ed] from limited tank capacity and power."In 1907 an accident occurred involving a military train in which both drivers and two soldiers were injured.With the camp closed the station had no residual purpose except for siding space. Closure The line through the station closed to passengers in January 1960 and to freight a year later. In 1964 the line was still technically "operational" northwards from the station in case it reopened for freight or military traffic, but none materialised and the tracks were lifted northwards to the site of Trawsfynydd Lake Halt. Tracks north of that halt sprung back to life in 1964 to serve Trawsfynydd nuclear power station. By 2017 the site had been put to agricultural use and was hardly recognisable as a former station. References Sources Further material External links The station site on a navigable OS Map National Library of Scotland The station and line Rail Map Online The line LJT2 with mileages Railway Codes Remisinscences by a local railwayman Forgotten Relics Driver's view along the line to Blaenau YouTube The line in 2009 The Railway Muddler Deatails and photos of 22 Jan 1961 railtour Six Bells Junction The 1961 last train special YouTube An inspection saloon ride on the line, Part 1 YouTube An inspection saloon ride on the line, Part 2 YouTube Photos of the camp in use Keith O'Brien Modern photos of camp relics Keith O'Brien Photos of the camp in use Old UK Photos Soldiers driving through the camp Peoples' Collection Wales Remains of the station Geograph Signal box diagram Signalling Record Society

Lingan Generating Station

The Lingan Generating Station is a 620 MW Canadian coal-fired electrical generating station located in the community of Lingan in Nova Scotia's Cape Breton Regional Municipality. Lingan is operated by Nova Scotia Power Inc. and is their largest generating station. Lingan Generating Station rests on the shores of the Cabot Strait, open to Indian Bay, approximately 1.6 km (0.99 mi) south-west of the headland named North Head and 0.7 km (0.43 mi) north of the headland named Little Head. Its civic address is 2599 Hinchey Avenue, Lingan, NS. A thermal generating station, Lingan was opened by then-provincial Crown corporation Nova Scotia Power Corporation on November 1, 1979 at the height of the 1970s oil crisis.

The Lingan Generating Station is a 620 MW Canadian coal-fired electrical generating station located in the community of Lingan in Nova Scotia's Cape Breton Regional Municipality. Lingan is operated by Nova Scotia Power Inc. and is their largest generating station. Lingan Generating Station rests on the shores of the Cabot Strait, open to Indian Bay, approximately 1.6 km (0.99 mi) south-west of the headland named North Head and 0.7 km (0.43 mi) north of the headland named Little Head. Its civic address is 2599 Hinchey Avenue, Lingan, NS. A thermal generating station, Lingan was opened by then-provincial Crown corporation Nova Scotia Power Corporation on November 1, 1979 at the height of the 1970s oil crisis. It was designed to burn bituminous coal mined by the Cape Breton Development Corporation (DEVCO) at the nearby Lingan Colliery and the adjacent Phalen Colliery as a means of reducing Nova Scotia's reliance of foreign oil for electrical generation. History In the years following World War II, Nova Scotia, in common with many other areas of the world, turned to oil to fire its generating stations to such an extent that 70% of its electricity was then generated from oil. Formation of the OPEC cartel in 1973 brought an end to low-priced oil and the price of electricity produced from burning oil increased dramatically. Nova Scotia's solution to the international oil crisis was to exploit a provincial natural resource, coal. Technical characteristics The Lingan Generating Station consists of four 150 MW units commissioned between 1979 and 1984. The station burns bituminous coal and small amounts of petroleum coke in a variety of blends at each unit. The turbines and electric generators were manufactured by Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corporation. Unit 1 was commissioned in 1979, Unit 2 in 1980, Unit 3 in 1983, and Unit 4 in 1984. The capacities of the individual units average at 153 MW each, and range between 148 MW at Lingan 2 to 157 MW at Lingan 4. All units have over-fire air to control NOx and cold-side electrostatic precipitators to remove fly ash from the exhaust. As of 2010 there was no SO2, control. Fly ash is handled dry and bottom ash is handled wet. There are two 152 m (499 ft) chimneys for exhaust gas. These chimneys are tied with those at Tufts Cove Generating Station and Trenton Generating Station as the tallest structures in Nova Scotia, and tied as the 27th tallest in Canada. The plant uses sea water for cooling, from the adjacent Indian Bay.The plant consumes 1.5 million tonnes of coal per year and currently generates approximately twenty-five percent of the province's electricity, while producing roughly fifty percent of the province's air pollution, including hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, hexachlorobenzene and mercury. Emissions in the form of particulates are a frequent source of pollution complaints in the neighbourhood and region. 2001 shut down of local coal mines Until the 2001 shut down of coal production by DEVCO, Lingan was supplied almost exclusively with locally mined coal from the Sydney Coal Field. Following closure of its mines, Nova Scotia Power purchased the federal Crown corporation's surface assets, including shipping piers on Sydney Harbour and the Devco Railway which was used to haul coal to the Lingan Generating Station. Nova Scotia Power subcontracted with the Quebec Railway Corporation to operate this rail line as the Sydney Coal Railway. In order to meet emissions standards, the company now imports coal containing fewer pollutants from the United States and South America, which is hauled from the Port of Sydney by the SCR to the generating station. 2005 Upgrade and Scrubbers In 2005, Nova Scotia Power announced a $100 million upgrade for the Lingan Generating Station, including the installation of a scrubber for flue gas desulphurization (FGD) and low nitrogen oxide burners. The scrubbers were installed from 2006 to 2008 on all four units. At the same time, activated carbon injection was added to all the units to remove mercury from flue gas. 2015 renovations In 2015 Nova Scotia Power spent $15 million to give one of its four coal fired generators a major overhaul. The work involved completely tearing apart the turbine and the generator and then refurbishing and replacing numerous components as part of regular maintenance. Regularly about 120 people work at the Lingan power plant. About 130 additional workers were hired to help with the upgrades, with about 50 of those workers outside contractors. 1994 Near collision On April 14, 1994, a courier flight originating from Moncton and destined for Sydney Airport had a near collision event with the power plant. Witnesses reported that the plane had nearly struck the building on its approach to the airport. An investigation into the incidence later confirmed that the plane had dropped to 140 feet agl and came within 50 feet of the structure while traveling at over 300 mph. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) determined that the crew did not properly plan and fly their approach to the Sydney Airport, which resulted in a near collision with the Lingan power generating plant. Contributing factors to this occurrence were the flight crew's complacent attitude, their loss of situational awareness, their decision to continue an unstabilized approach, and the controller's lack of compliance with the radar vectoring procedures outlined in the Air Traffic Control (ATC) Manual of Operations (MANOPS). 2012 Reduced operation and shutdown Since 2012, the utility has been shutting down two of Lingan's generators during the summer months, due to lower residential and industrial demand, increased renewable energy use and to meet environmental requirements. Nova Scotia Power is also looking at permanently shutting down those generators in the near future. There is no timeline to retire the other two units, which have an end life ranging from 2024 to 2029. See also List of power stations in Canada List of tallest smokestacks in Canada References External links Aerial video of Lingan Generating Station and adjacent wind turbines

Chanig ar Gall

Chanig ar Gall (born Jeanne-Marie Guillamet; 5 May 1922 – 9 April 2012) was a French broadcaster, entertainer, and writer who specialised in Breton culture and, along with her husband Charlez ar Gall, was a pioneer in Breton-language broadcasting.

Chanig ar Gall (born Jeanne-Marie Guillamet; 5 May 1922 – 9 April 2012) was a French broadcaster, entertainer, and writer who specialised in Breton culture and, along with her husband Charlez ar Gall, was a pioneer in Breton-language broadcasting. Biography Chanig ar Gall was born Jeanne-Marie Guillamet on 5 May 1922 in the Saint-Cadou area of Sizun, a commune in Finistère, to a family of farmers from the Crozon Peninsula. In 1942, she married Charlez ar Gall, who at the time worked as a schoolteacher in nearby Argol, and they had two children.She joined her husband in Breton-language broadcasting after learning the language itself. In 1964, she became part of Radio Brest's Breton radio broadcasts, the first of their kind. In 1971, the two became part of the first Breton magazine programme, ORTF Télé-Bretagne (now France 3 Bretagne)'s Breiz o veva, with Chanig herself as the announcer. She and her husband would later be known as pioneers of Breton-language broadcasting.She was also an actress in the Breton-language Teatr Penn ar Bed theatrical troupe, and she participated in poetry readings in both the Breton and French languages, performing alongside Yann-Fañch Kemener, Kristen Noguès, and Triskell. In 1992, she wrote an autobiographical book, L'Argolienne; Fañch Broudig later said that in doing so, she had "testified to a fine quality of writing". Other works include Lagad an Heol, l'oeil du feu (a bilingual collection of poetry by Pêr-Jakez Helias) and contributions to Brud Nevez , a Breton literary magazine. Le Telegramme described her as "one of the great performers of Breton culture over the past fifty years".She and her husband were awarded with the Order of the Ermine in 1990. She was also awarded the Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.During her career, she was ill with cancer and made a recovery after having surgery for treatment in 1969. She later appeared at several Ligue nationale contre le cancer meetings to discuss breast cancer treatment.Chanig ar Gall died on 9 April 2012 in Brest, France, more than a year after her husband's death. Fañch Broudig recalled that she "was a woman of heart, a woman of Brittany and of her time." Her funeral service was held in Brest on 13 April, with hundreds in attendance. == References ==

List of birds of Zambia

This is a list of bird species recorded in Zambia. The avifauna of Zambia include a total of 858 species, of which one is endemic, and one has been introduced by humans. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Zambia.

This is a list of bird species recorded in Zambia. The avifauna of Zambia include a total of 858 species, of which one is endemic, and one has been introduced by humans. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Zambia. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Zambia (E) Endemic - a species endemic to Zambia (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Zambia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions Ostriches Order: Struthioniformes Family: Struthionidae The ostrich is a flightless bird native to Africa. It is the largest living species of bird. It is distinctive in its appearance, with a long neck and legs and the ability to run at high speeds. Common ostrich, Struthio camelus Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. Guineafowl Order: Galliformes Family: Numididae Guineafowl are a group of African, seed-eating, ground-nesting birds that resemble partridges, but with featherless heads and spangled grey plumage. Helmeted guineafowl, Numida meleagris Western crested guineafowl, Guttera verreauxi Southern crested guineafowl, Guttera edouardi Pheasants, grouse, and allies Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. Crested francolin, Ortygornis sephaena Coqui francolin, Campocolinus coqui White-throated francolin, Campocolinus albogularis Red-winged francolin, Scleroptila levaillantii Shelley's francolin, Scleroptila shelleyi Whyte's francolin, Scleroptila whytei Blue quail, Synoicus adansonii Common quail, Coturnix coturnix Harlequin quail, Coturnix delegorguei Red-billed francolin, Pternistis adspersus Natal francolin, Pternistis natalensis Hildebrandt's francolin, Pternistis hildebrandti Scaly francolin, Pternistis squamatus (A) Swainson's francolin, Pternistis swainsonii Red-necked francolin, Pternistis afer Flamingos Order: Phoenicopteriformes Family: Phoenicopteridae Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Greater flamingo, Phoenicopterus roseus Lesser flamingo, Phoenicopterus minor Grebes Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis Great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis (A) Pigeons and doves Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. Sandgrouse Order: Pterocliformes Family: Pteroclidae Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes. Namaqua sandgrouse, Pterocles namaqua Yellow-throated sandgrouse, Pterocles gutturalis Double-banded sandgrouse, Pterocles bicinctus Burchell's sandgrouse, Pterocles burchelli Bustards Order: Otidiformes Family: Otididae Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays. Kori bustard, Ardeotis kori (A) Denham's bustard, Neotis denhami White-bellied bustard, Eupodotis senegalensis Red-crested korhaan, Eupodotis ruficrista Black-bellied bustard, Lissotis melanogaster Turacos Order: Musophagiformes Family: Musophagidae The turacos, plantain eaters and go-away-birds make up the bird family Musophagidae. They are medium-sized arboreal birds. The turacos and plantain eaters are brightly coloured, usually in blue, green or purple. The go-away birds are mostly grey and white. Schalow's turaco, Tauraco schalowi Purple-crested turaco, Tauraco porphyreolophus Ross's turaco, Musophaga rossae Bare-faced go-away-bird, Corythaixoides personatus Gray go-away-bird, Corythaixoides concolor Cuckoos Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites. Nightjars and allies Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. Pennant-winged nightjar, Caprimulgus vexillarius Eurasian nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus Rufous-cheeked nightjar, Caprimulgus rufigena Fiery-necked nightjar, Caprimulgus pectoralis Montane nightjar, Caprimulgus poliocephalus Swamp nightjar, Caprimulgus natalensis Freckled nightjar, Caprimulgus tristigma Square-tailed nightjar, Caprimulgus fossii Swifts Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. Mottled spinetail, Telacanthura ussheri Bat-like spinetail, Neafrapus boehmi Scarce swift, Schoutedenapus myoptilus Alpine swift, Apus melba Mottled swift, Apus aequatorialis Common swift, Apus apus Pallid swift, Apus pallidus (A) African swift, Apus barbatus Little swift, Apus affinis Horus swift, Apus horus White-rumped swift, Apus caffer African palm-swift, Cypsiurus parvus Flufftails Order: Gruiformes Family: Sarothruridae The flufftails are a small family of ground-dwelling birds found only in Madagascar and sub-Saharan Africa. White-spotted flufftail, Sarothrura pulchra Buff-spotted flufftail, Sarothrura elegans Red-chested flufftail, Sarothrura rufa Chestnut-headed flufftail, Sarothrura lugens Streaky-breasted flufftail, Sarothrura boehmi Striped flufftail, Sarothrura affinis White-winged flufftail, Sarothrura ayresi (A) Rails, gallinules and coots Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. African rail, Rallus caerulescens Corn crake, Crex crex African crake, Crex egregia Spotted crake, Porzana porzana Lesser moorhen, Paragallinula angulata Eurasian moorhen, Gallinula chloropus Red-knobbed coot, Fulica cristata Allen's gallinule, Porphyrio alleni African swamphen, Porphyrio madagascariensis Striped crake, Amaurornis marginalis Black crake, Zapornia flavirostra Little crake, Zapornia parva Baillon's crake, Zapornia pusilla Finfoots Order: Gruiformes Family: Heliornithidae Heliornithidae is a small family of tropical birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of grebes and coots. African finfoot, Podica senegalensis Cranes Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". Gray crowned-crane, Balearica regulorum Wattled crane, Bugeranus carunculatus Thick-knees Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats. Water thick-knee, Burhinus vermiculatus Spotted thick-knee, Burhinus capensis Stilts and avocets Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. Black-winged stilt, Himantopus himantopus Pied avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta Plovers and lapwings Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. Painted-snipes Order: Charadriiformes Family: Rostratulidae Painted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured. Greater painted-snipe, Rostratula benghalensis Jacanas Order: Charadriiformes Family: Jacanidae The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. Lesser jacana, Microparra capensis African jacana, Actophilornis africanus Sandpipers and allies Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Buttonquail Order: Charadriiformes Family: Turnicidae The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young. Small buttonquail, Turnix sylvatica Black-rumped buttonquail, Turnix nanus Pratincoles and coursers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. Temminck's courser, Cursorius temminckii Double-banded courser, Smutsornis africanus Three-banded courser, Rhinoptilus cinctus Bronze-winged courser, Rhinoptilus chalcopterus Collared pratincole, Glareola pratincola Black-winged pratincole, Glareola nordmanni Rock pratincole, Glareola nuchalis Gulls, terns, and skimmers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. Skimmers are a small family of tropical tern-like birds. They have an elongated lower mandible which they use to feed by flying low over the water surface and skimming the water for small fish. Gray-hooded gull, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus (A) Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (A) Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (A) Little tern, Sternula albifrons (A) Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida Common tern, Sterna hirundo (A) African skimmer, Rynchops flavirostris Storks Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. African openbill, Anastomus lamelligerus Black stork, Ciconia nigra Abdim's stork, Ciconia abdimii African woolly-necked stork, Ciconia microscelis White stork, Ciconia ciconia Saddle-billed stork, Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis Marabou stork, Leptoptilos crumenifer Yellow-billed stork, Mycteria ibis Anhingas Order: Suliformes Family: Anhingidae Anhingas or darters are often called "snake-birds" because of their long thin neck, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving. African darter, Anhinga rufa Cormorants and shags Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful. Long-tailed cormorant, Microcarbo africanus Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo Pelicans Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes. Great white pelican, Pelecanus onocrotalus Pink-backed pelican, Pelecanus rufescens Shoebill Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Balaenicipididae The shoebill is a large bird related to the storks. Shoebill, Balaeniceps rex Hammerkop Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Scopidae The hammerkop is a medium-sized wading bird with a long shaggy crest. Its plumage is drab-brown all over. Hammerkop, Scopus umbretta Herons, egrets, and bitterns Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills. Ibises and spoonbills Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers. Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus African sacred ibis, Threskiornis aethiopicus Spot-breasted ibis, Bostrychia rara (A) Hadada ibis, Bostrychia hagedash African spoonbill, Platalea alba Secretarybird Order: Accipitriformes Family: Sagittariidae The secretarybird is a bird of prey in the order Falconiformes but is easily distinguished from other raptors by its long crane-like legs. Secretarybird, Sagittarius serpentarius Osprey Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. Osprey, Pandion haliaetus Hawks, eagles, and kites Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight. Barn-owls Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. African grass-owl, Tyto capensis Barn owl, Tyto alba Owls Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. African scops-owl, Otus senegalensis Southern white-faced owl, Ptilopsis granti Cape eagle-owl, Bubo capensis Spotted eagle-owl, Bubo africanus Verreaux's eagle-owl, Bubo lacteus Pel's fishing-owl, Scotopelia peli Vermiculated fishing-owl, Scotopelia bouvieri (A) Pearl-spotted owlet, Glaucidium perlatum African barred owlet, Glaucidium capense African wood-owl, Strix woodfordii Marsh owl, Asio capensis Mousebirds Order: Coliiformes Family: Coliidae The mousebirds are slender greyish or brown birds with soft, hairlike body feathers and very long thin tails. They are arboreal and scurry through the leaves like rodents in search of berries, fruit and buds. They are acrobatic and can feed upside down. All species have strong claws and reversible outer toes. They also have crests and stubby bills. Speckled mousebird, Colius striatus Blue-naped mousebird, Urocolius macrourus Red-faced mousebird, Urocolius indicus Trogons Order: Trogoniformes Family: Trogonidae The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colourful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage. Narina trogon, Apaloderma narina Bar-tailed trogon, Apaloderma vittatum Hoopoes Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Upupidae Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head. Eurasian hoopoe, Upupa epops Woodhoopoes and scimitarbills Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Phoeniculidae The woodhoopoes are related to the kingfishers, rollers and hoopoes. They most resemble the hoopoes with their long curved bills, used to probe for insects, and short rounded wings. However, they differ in that they have metallic plumage, often blue, green or purple, and lack an erectile crest. Green woodhoopoe, Phoeniculus purpureus Black scimitarbill, Rhinopomastus aterrimus Common scimitarbill, Rhinopomastus cyanomelas Ground-hornbills Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Bucorvidae Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured. Southern ground-hornbill, Bucorvus leadbeateri Hornbills Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Bucerotidae Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured. Crowned hornbill, Lophoceros alboterminatus Bradfield's hornbill, Lophoceros bradfieldi African gray hornbill, Lophoceros nasutus Pale-billed hornbill, Lophoceros pallidirostris Southern yellow-billed hornbill, Tockus leucomelas Southern red-billed hornbill, Tockus rufirostris Silvery-cheeked hornbill, Bycanistes brevis Trumpeter hornbill, Bycanistes bucinator Kingfishers Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. Half-collared kingfisher, Alcedo semitorquata Shining-blue kingfisher, Alcedo quadribrachys Malachite kingfisher, Corythornis cristatus White-bellied kingfisher, Corythornis leucogaster African pygmy kingfisher, Ispidina picta Gray-headed kingfisher, Halcyon leucocephala Woodland kingfisher, Halcyon senegalensis Mangrove kingfisher, Halcyon senegaloides (A) Blue-breasted kingfisher, Halcyon malimbica Brown-hooded kingfisher, Halcyon albiventris Striped kingfisher, Halcyon chelicuti Giant kingfisher, Megaceryle maximus Pied kingfisher, Ceryle rudis Bee-eaters Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar. White-fronted bee-eater, Merops bullockoides Little bee-eater, Merops pusillus Blue-breasted bee-eater, Merops variegatus Swallow-tailed bee-eater, Merops hirundineus White-throated bee-eater, Merops albicollis (A) Böhm's bee-eater, Merops boehmi Blue-cheeked bee-eater, Merops persicus Madagascar bee-eater, Merops superciliosus European bee-eater, Merops apiaster Northern carmine bee-eater, Merops nubicus (A) Southern carmine bee-eater, Merops nubicoides Rollers Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. European roller, Coracias garrulus Lilac-breasted roller, Coracias caudata Racket-tailed roller, Coracias spatulata Rufous-crowned roller, Coracias naevia Broad-billed roller, Eurystomus glaucurus African barbets Order: Piciformes Family: Lybiidae The African barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured. Crested barbet, Trachyphonus vaillantii White-eared barbet, Stactolaema leucotis Whyte's barbet, Stactolaema whytii Anchieta's barbet, Stactolaema anchietae Moustached tinkerbird, Pogoniulus leucomystax Yellow-rumped tinkerbird, Pogoniulus bilineatus Yellow-fronted tinkerbird, Pogoniulus chrysoconus White-chested tinkerbird, Pogoniulus makawai Miombo barbet, Tricholaema frontata Pied barbet, Tricholaema leucomelas Spot-flanked barbet, Tricholaema lachrymosa Chaplin's barbet, Lybius chaplini (E) Black-collared barbet, Lybius torquatus Black-backed barbet, Lybius minor Honeyguides Order: Piciformes Family: Indicatoridae Honeyguides are among the few birds that feed on wax. They are named for the greater honeyguide which leads traditional honey-hunters to bees' nests and, after the hunters have harvested the honey, feeds on the remaining contents of the hive. Green-backed honeyguide, Prodotiscus zambesiae Wahlberg's honeyguide, Prodotiscus regulus Pallid honeyguide, Indicator meliphilus Least honeyguide, Indicator exilis Lesser honeyguide, Indicator minor Scaly-throated honeyguide, Indicator variegatus Greater honeyguide, Indicator indicator Woodpeckers Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla Rufous-necked wryneck, Jynx ruficollis Cardinal woodpecker, Chloropicus fuscescens Bearded woodpecker, Chloropicus namaquus Stierling's woodpecker, Chloropicus stierlingi Olive woodpecker, Chloropicus griseocephalus Brown-eared woodpecker, Campethera caroli Green-backed woodpecker, Campethera cailliautii Bennett's woodpecker, Campethera bennettii Golden-tailed woodpecker, Campethera abingoni Falcons and caracaras Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. Old World parrots Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from 8 cm (3.1 in) to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand. Lilian's lovebird, Agapornis lilianae Black-cheeked lovebird, Agapornis nigrigenis African and New World parrots Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from 8 cm (3.1 in) to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Most of the more than 150 species in this family are found in the New World. Brown-necked parrot, Poicephalus fuscicollis Meyer's parrot, Poicephalus meyeri Brown-headed parrot, Poicephalus cryptoxanthus African and green broadbills Order: Passeriformes Family: Calyptomenidae The broadbills are small, brightly coloured birds, which feed on fruit and also take insects in flycatcher fashion, snapping their broad bills. Their habitat is canopies of wet forests. African broadbill, Smithornis capensis Pittas Order: Passeriformes Family: Pittidae Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates. African pitta, Pitta angolensis Cuckooshrikes Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured. Gray cuckooshrike, Coracina caesia White-breasted cuckooshrike, Coracina pectoralis Black cuckooshrike, Campephaga flava Red-shouldered cuckooshrike, Campephaga phoenicea Purple-throated cuckooshrike, Campephaga quiscalina Old World orioles Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles. Eurasian golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus African golden oriole, Oriolus auratus African black-headed oriole, Oriolus larvatus Wattle-eyes and batises Order: Passeriformes Family: Platysteiridae The wattle-eyes, or puffback flycatchers, are small stout passerine birds of the African tropics. They get their name from the brightly coloured fleshy eye decorations found in most species in this group. Black-throated wattle-eye, Platysteira peltata Chestnut wattle-eye, Platysteira castanea Boulton's batis, Batis margaritae Cape batis, Batis capensis Woodward's batis, Batis fratrum Chinspot batis, Batis molitor Pale batis, Batis soror Vangas, helmetshrikes, and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Vangidae The helmetshrikes are similar in build to the shrikes, but tend to be colourful species with distinctive crests or other head ornaments, such as wattles, from which they get their name. White helmetshrike, Prionops plumatus Retz's helmetshrike, Prionops retzii Chestnut-fronted helmetshrike, Prionops scopifrons African shrike-flycatcher, Megabyas flammulatus (A) Black-and-white shrike-flycatcher, Bias musicus Bushshrikes and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Malaconotidae Bushshrikes are similar in habits to shrikes, hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush. Although similar in build to the shrikes, these tend to be either colourful species or largely black; some species are quite secretive. Drongos Order: Passeriformes Family: Dicruridae The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground. Common square-tailed drongo, Dicrurus ludwigii Fork-tailed drongo, Dicrurus adsimilis Monarch flycatchers Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching. African crested-flycatcher, Trochocercus cyanomelas Black-headed paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone rufiventer African paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone viridis Shrikes Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio Lesser gray shrike, Lanius minor Magpie shrike, Lanius melanoleucus Northern fiscal, Lanius humeralis Southern fiscal, Lanius collaris Souza's shrike, Lanius souzae White-crowned shrike, Eurocephalus anguitimens Crows, jays, and magpies Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. Cape crow, Corvus capensis Pied crow, Corvus albus White-necked raven, Corvus albicollis Hyliotas Order: Passeriformes Family: Hyliotidae The members of this small family, all of genus Hyliota, are birds of the forest canopy. They tend to feed in mixed-species flocks. Yellow-bellied hyliota, Hyliota flavigaster Southern hyliota, Hyliota australis Fairy flycatchers Order: Passeriformes Family: Stenostiridae Most of the species of this small family are found in Africa, though a few inhabit tropical Asia. They are not closely related to other birds called "flycatchers". Fairy flycatcher, Stenostira scita (A) White-tailed blue flycatcher, Elminia albicauda White-tailed crested-flycatcher, Elminia albonotata Tits, chickadees, and titmice Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. White-winged black-tit, Melaniparus leucomelas Rufous-bellied tit, Melaniparus rufiventris Southern black-tit, Melaniparus niger Miombo tit, Melaniparus griseiventris Ashy tit, Melaniparus cinerascens Penduline-tits Order: Passeriformes Family: Remizidae The penduline-tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores. African penduline-tit, Anthoscopus caroli Southern penduline-tit, Anthoscopus minutus Larks Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. Nicators Order: Passeriformes Family: Nicatoridae The nicators are shrike-like, with hooked bills. They are endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. Western nicator, Nicator chloris (A) Eastern nicator, Nicator gularis African warblers Order: Passeriformes Family: Macrosphenidae African warblers are small to medium-sized insectivores which are found in a wide variety of habitats south of the Sahara. Red-capped crombec, Sylvietta ruficapilla Red-faced crombec, Sylvietta whytii Cape crombec, Sylvietta rufescens Moustached grass-warbler, Melocichla mentalis Cape grassbird, Sphenoeacus afer Cisticolas and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub. Reed warblers and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa. Papyrus yellow-warbler, Calamonastides gracilirostris Eastern olivaceous warbler, Iduna pallida African yellow-warbler, Iduna natalensis Mountain yellow-warbler, Iduna similis Olive-tree warbler, Hippolais olivetorum Icterine warbler, Hippolais icterina Sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Marsh warbler, Acrocephalus palustrisCommon reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus Lesser swamp warbler, Acrocephalus gracilirostris Greater swamp warbler, Acrocephalus rufescens Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus Grassbirds and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over. Bamboo warbler, Locustella alfredi River warbler, Locustella fluviatilis Common grasshopper-warbler, Locustella naevia Fan-tailed grassbird, Catriscus brevirostris Barratt's warbler, Bradypterus barratti Evergreen-forest warbler, Bradypterus lopezi Cinnamon bracken-warbler, Bradypterus cinnamomeus Little rush warbler, Bradypterus baboecala White-winged swamp warbler, Bradypterus carpalis (A) Swallows Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. Bulbuls Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests. Leaf warblers Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with grayish-green to grayish-brown colors. Willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus Yellow-throated woodland-warbler, Phylloscopus ruficapillus Laura's woodland-warbler, Phylloscopus laurae Bush warblers and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Scotocercidae The members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. Their taxonomy is in flux, and some authorities place genus Erythrocerus in another family. Livingstone's flycatcher, Erythrocercus livingstonei Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Sylviidae The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. Eurasian blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla Garden warbler, Sylvia borin African hill babbler, Sylvia abyssinica Chestnut-vented warbler, Curruca subcoerulea Brown parisoma, Curruca lugens Greater whitethroat, Curruca communis White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye. Southern yellow white-eye, Zosterops anderssoni Ground babblers and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Pellorneidae These small to medium-sized songbirds have soft fluffy plumage but are otherwise rather diverse. Members of the genus Illadopsis are found in forests, but some other genera are birds of scrublands. Thrush-babbler, Illadopsis turdina Laughingthrushes and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Leiothrichidae The members of this family are diverse in size and coloration, though those of genus Turdoides tend to be brown or grayish. The family is found in Africa, India, and southeast Asia. Arrow-marked babbler, Turdoides jardineii Southern pied-babbler, Turdoides bicolor Hartlaub's babbler, Turdoides hartlaubii Treecreepers Order: Passeriformes Family: Certhiidae Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. African spotted creeper, Salpornis salvadori Oxpeckers Order: Passeriformes Family: Buphagidae As both the English and scientific names of these birds imply, they feed on ectoparasites, primarily ticks, found on large mammals. Red-billed oxpecker, Buphagus erythrorhynchus Yellow-billed oxpecker, Buphagus africanus Starlings Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. Thrushes and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. Rufous flycatcher-thrush, Neocossyphus fraseri Orange ground-thrush, Geokichla gurneyi Groundscraper thrush, Turdus litsitsirupa Abyssinian thrush, Turdus abyssinicus Kurrichane thrush, Turdus libonyana Olive thrush, Turdus olivaceus African thrush, Turdus pelios Old World flycatchers Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. Sugarbirds Order: Passeriformes Family: Promeropidae The two species in this family are restricted to southern Africa. They have brownish plumage, a long downcurved bill, and long tail feathers. Gurney's sugarbird, Promerops gurneyi Sunbirds and spiderhunters Order: Passeriformes Family: Nectariniidae The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed. Weavers and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Ploceidae The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season. Waxbills and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns. Indigobirds Order: Passeriformes Family: Viduidae The indigobirds are finch-like species which usually have black or indigo predominating in their plumage. All are brood parasites, which lay their eggs in the nests of estrildid finches. Pin-tailed whydah, Vidua macroura Broad-tailed paradise-whydah, Vidua obtusa Eastern paradise-whydah, Vidua paradisaea Shaft-tailed whydah, Vidua regia Village indigobird, Vidua chalybeata Variable indigobird, Vidua funerea Purple indigobird, Vidua purpurascens Green indigobird, Vidua codringtoni Parasitic weaver, Anomalospiza imberbis Old World sparrows Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I) Cape sparrow, Passer melanurus Northern gray-headed sparrow, Passer griseus Southern gray-headed sparrow, Passer diffusus Yellow-throated bush sparrow, Gymnoris superciliaris Wagtails and pipits Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country. Finches, euphonias, and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. Yellow-fronted canary, Crithagra mozambicus Western citril, Crithagra frontalis Southern citril, Crithagra hyposticutus Black-faced canary, Crithagra capistratus Black-throated canary, Crithagra atrogularis Lemon-breasted seedeater, Crithagra citrinipectus Brimstone canary, Crithagra sulphuratus Yellow canary, Crithagra flaviventris (A) Streaky seedeater, Crithagra striolatus Yellow-browed seedeater, Crithagra whytii Black-eared seedeater, Crithagra mennelli Streaky-headed seedeater, Crithagra gularis Reichard's seedeater, Crithagra reichardi Yellow-crowned canary, Serinus flavivertex Old World buntings Order: Passeriformes Family: Emberizidae The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. Cabanis's bunting, Emberiza cabanisi Golden-breasted bunting, Emberiza flaviventris Cape bunting, Emberiza capensis Vincent's bunting, Emberiza vincenti Lark-like bunting, Emberiza impetuani (A) Cinnamon-breasted bunting, Emberiza tahapisi See also List of birds Lists of birds by region References Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of Birds of Zambia". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 27 January 2020. Clements, James F. (2000). Birds of the World: A Checklist. Cornell University Press. p. 880. ISBN 0-934797-16-1. External links Birds of Zambia - World Institute for Conservation and Environment

List of vulnerable amphibians

In September 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed 670 vulnerable amphibian species. Of all evaluated amphibian species, 10% are listed as vulnerable. No subpopulations of amphibians have been evaluated by the IUCN. For a species to be assessed as vulnerable to extinction the best available evidence must meet quantitative criteria set by the IUCN designed to reflect "a high risk of extinction in the wild". Endangered and critically endangered species also meet the quantitative criteria of vulnerable species, and are listed separately.

In September 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed 670 vulnerable amphibian species. Of all evaluated amphibian species, 10% are listed as vulnerable. No subpopulations of amphibians have been evaluated by the IUCN. For a species to be assessed as vulnerable to extinction the best available evidence must meet quantitative criteria set by the IUCN designed to reflect "a high risk of extinction in the wild". Endangered and critically endangered species also meet the quantitative criteria of vulnerable species, and are listed separately. See: List of endangered amphibians, List of critically endangered amphibians. Vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered species are collectively referred to as threatened species by the IUCN. Additionally 1567 amphibian species (24% of those evaluated) are listed as data deficient, meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status. As these species typically have small distributions and/or populations, they are intrinsically likely to be threatened, according to the IUCN. While the category of data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made for the taxa, the IUCN notes that it may be appropriate to give them "the same degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed".This is a complete list of vulnerable amphibian species evaluated by the IUCN. Salamanders There are 93 salamander species assessed as vulnerable. Lungless salamanders Asiatic salamanders Mole salamanders Salamandrids True salamanders and newts Proteids Olm (Proteus anguinus) Torrent salamanders Olympic torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton olympicus) Frogs There are 573 frog species assessed as vulnerable. Water frogs Robber frogs Shrub frogs Cryptic forest frogs True toads Fleshbelly frogs Glass frogs Batrachylids Litter frogs Screeching frogs Hemiphractids Poison dart frogs Mantellids Ceratobatrachids Fork-tongued frogs Narrow-mouthed frogs True frogs Australian water frogs Puddle frogs Hylids Includes tree frog species and their allies. African reed frogs Other frog species Gymnophiona See also Lists of IUCN Red List vulnerable species List of least concern amphibians List of near threatened amphibians List of endangered amphibians List of critically endangered amphibians List of recently extinct amphibians List of data deficient amphibians == References ==

The Wire (India)

The Wire is an Indian nonprofit news and opinion website which publishes in English, Hindi, Marathi, and Urdu. It was founded in 2015 by Siddharth Varadarajan, Sidharth Bhatia, and M. K. Venu. The publication's reporters have won several national and international awards, including three Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards and the CPJ International Press Freedom Award. It counts among the news outlets that are independent of the Indian government, and has been subject to several defamation suits by businessmen and politicians. In 2022, it fired one of its reporters who was alleged to have fabricated several news stories.

The Wire is an Indian nonprofit news and opinion website which publishes in English, Hindi, Marathi, and Urdu. It was founded in 2015 by Siddharth Varadarajan, Sidharth Bhatia, and M. K. Venu. The publication's reporters have won several national and international awards, including three Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards and the CPJ International Press Freedom Award. It counts among the news outlets that are independent of the Indian government, and has been subject to several defamation suits by businessmen and politicians. In 2022, it fired one of its reporters who was alleged to have fabricated several news stories. History Siddharth Varadarajan resigned from his position as editor at The Hindu citing the return of the editorship of the paper to being family run in 2013. On 11 May 2015, The Wire was started by Siddharth Varadarajan, Sidharth Bhatia and M. K. Venu who had initially funded the website. Later it was made part of the Foundation for Independent Journalism, a non-profit Indian company. The Independent and Public Spirited Media Foundation has provided The Wire with funding as well.Varadarajan claims that the publication was created as a "platform for independent journalism", and that its non-corporate structure and funding sources aim to free it from the "commercial and political pressures" which supposedly afflict mainstream Indian news outlets. The Wire's founding is construed to be a result of and a reaction to a political environment which has "discouraged dissent" against the present Indian ruling Bharatiya Janata Party. Content According to a 2017 article of the Mint, the websites coverage primarily focused on the topics of development, foreign policy, political economy, politics and science. Karan Thapar's regular show The Interview with Karan Thapar covers current affairs and events on The Wire. Reception Dheeraj Mishra, Seemi Pasha Win Ramnath Goenka Awards for 2019 Reports for 'The Wire'. Three journalists working for The Wire, have won the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards. Neha Dixit, reporting on extrajudicial killings and illegal detentions, won the CPJ International Press Freedom Award in 2017, Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons in 2016, and the Lorenzo Natali Journalism Prize. A story published in the Columbia Journalism Review in late 2016 identified The Wire as one of several independent and recently founded internet-based media platforms-a group that also included Newslaundry, Scroll.in, The News Minute, The Quint and ScoopWhoop-that were attempting to challenge the dominance of India's traditional print and television news companies and their online offshoots.Siddharth Vardarajan was awarded with the Shorenstein Prize in 2017; jury member of the award Nayan Chanda mentioned Vardarajan's independent web-based journalism-venture and distinguished body of well-researched reports to be an epitome of journalistic excellence and innovation. In November 2019, The Network of Women in Media, India criticised The Wire for providing a platform to Vinod Dua for making fun of an allegation of sexual harassment against him. A December 2019 article by Dexter Filkins of The New Yorker, noted that The Wire is one of the few small outfits and the most prominent (other than The Caravan), to have engaged in providing aggressive coverage of the current Indian Govt ruled by BJP at a time when mainstream media is failing to do so.In September 2021, The Wire received the 2021 Free Media Pioneer Award given by the International Press Institute for being 'an unflinching defender of independent, high-quality journalism'. Meta/XCheck Story On 10 October 2022, The Wire alleged Meta (formerly Facebook) provided Amit Malviya, the head of the Information Technology Cell of the incumbent ruling party in India, with the ability to delete any post on Instagram bypassing the usual content moderation system. The article says Amit Malviya had these privileges since his account had the XCheck tag. Facing Meta's categorical denials, the publication went on to publish a purported "internal message" from Andy Stone, the Communications Director, expressing frustration at the leak of Malviya's privileges. A further detailed report was also published which featured email-communication from two anonymous "experts" verifying the integrity of Stone's email and a semi-redacted video of an in-house moderation tool attesting to Malviya's privileges.Soon, numerous flaws were spotted in the evidence that pointed to fabrication and skeptics, including former Facebook whistle-blowers, began to cast doubts. Afterwards, as both the anonymous experts denied involvement with The Wire, the reports were subject to an internal review and retracted by The Wire; later the publication conceded its failure to verify the evidence and accused the reporter, Devesh Kumar, of deceit. The developments also brought back focus on the publication's earlier investigative coverage of an app called Tek Fog—supposedly used by the ruling party to spread disinformation and harass dissenters, that Kumar had been responsible for. This story also was removed from the site, and The Wire issued a formal apology, admitting to have rushed the story without having it double checked independently.Editors Guild of India also later retracted their coverage of Tek Fog, which was solely based on The Wire's reporting. The Guild in its statement, urged newsrooms 'to resist the temptation of moving fast on sensitive stories, circumventing due journalistic norms.' The Guild also called the lapses by The Wire 'condemnable' in a subsequent statement. Litigation Reliance Infrastructure In response to one of their video-shows covering the Rafale deal controversy, Reliance Infrastructure lodged a defamation case in Ahmedabad civil court for a cost of ₹60 billion (US$750 million). It was part of a slew of defamation cases, filed against multiple media-organisations and were perceived by some to fall under the category of strategic lawsuits against public participation. Rajeev Chandrasekhar Rajeev Chandrasekhar, a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) MP in the Rajya Sabha and venture capitalist, filed a defamation suit in a Bangalore civil court after two articles–Arnab's Republic, Modi's Ideology by Sandeep Bushan, and In Whose Interests Do Our Soldiers March? by Sachin Rao–were published suggesting that Chandrasekhar's major investments in the Indian media and defence industries represented conflicts of interest with some of his roles as a legislator. The court eventually ruled in favour of The Wire. Jay Shah In 2017, Indian home minister Amit Shah's son Jay Shah filed a criminal defamation case against the editors of The Wire for publishing an article titled The Golden Touch of Jay Amit Shah, an investigative story by Rohini Singh. The article alluded to possible irregularities in Jay Shah's business dealings, claiming that the turnover of a company owned by him increased 16,000 times over in the year following the 2014 Indian general election. After various court mandated injunctions and appeals to higher courts, the Wire legal team withdrew a plea before the Supreme court in August 2019. As of August 2019, the trial on the case was still pending, with Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra ordering that the trial be completed "as expeditiously as possible". Amit Malviya In response to the now retracted article in The Wire related to Meta XCheck, Amit Malviya, the BJP's IT Department Head, filed a police complaint against The Wire and its editors. In response to the complaint, Delhi Police searched the residences of the founding editors Siddharth Varadarajan, MK Venu, Sidharth Bhatia, Jahnavi Sen as well as The Wire's offices. The raids were condemned by the International Press Institute. Adityanath government During the COVID-19 pandemic, The Wire came under the Yogi Adityanath government's crackdown on journalists reporting on administrative failures and humanitarian crises, a part of a pattern of escalating press freedom violations in Uttar Pradesh, use of the Epidemics Diseases Act of 1897 to pressurise journalists, and democratic backsliding in India. Between April 2020 and June 2021, four separate FIRs alleging false information were lodged by the Uttar Pradesh Police against various journalists working for the news outlet, including against one of its founding editors. According to Reporters sans frontieres, the cases had no tangible evidence and amounted to harassment through litigation. In September 2021, the Supreme Court of India responding to a petition against the FIRs, extended a 2 month protection from arrest to the journalists at The Wire over press freedom concerns but declined to quash them, instead directed the petitioners to approach the Allahabad High Court. Bharat Biotech In February 2022, Bharat Biotech filed a defamation lawsuit of ₹100 crore (US$13 million) against The Wire and its editors over 14 articles that had reported on the pharmaceutical company and Covaxin, the Covid-19 vaccine developed by it. The defamation suit also named all those who had contributed to the articles which included several journalists and medical professionals. Citing that the articles would lead to vaccine hesitancy, a district court in Rangareddy, Telangana passed a temporary, ex parte injunction to take down the articles. As of March 2022, the court was scheduled to hear the matter. See also Tek Fog References External links Official website

Tartarus

In Greek mythology, Tartarus (; Ancient Greek: Τάρταρος, romanized: Tártaros) is the deep abyss that is used as a dungeon of torment and suffering for the wicked and as the prison for the Titans. Tartarus is the place where, according to Plato's Gorgias (c. 400 BC), souls are judged after death and where the wicked received divine punishment. In Hesiod's Theogony, Tartarus is described as one of the earliest beings to exist, alongside Chaos, Gaia (Earth) and Eros (Love).

In Greek mythology, Tartarus (; Ancient Greek: Τάρταρος, romanized: Tártaros) is the deep abyss that is used as a dungeon of torment and suffering for the wicked and as the prison for the Titans. Tartarus is the place where, according to Plato's Gorgias (c. 400 BC), souls are judged after death and where the wicked received divine punishment. In Hesiod's Theogony, Tartarus is described as one of the earliest beings to exist, alongside Chaos, Gaia (Earth) and Eros (Love). Greek mythology In Greek mythology, Tartarus is both a deity and a place in the underworld. As a deity In the Greek poet Hesiod's Theogony (c. late 8th century BC), Tartarus was the third of the primordial deities, following after Chaos and Gaia (Earth), and preceding Eros, and was the father, by Gaia, of the monster Typhon. According to Hyginus, Tartarus was the offspring of Aether and Gaia. As a location Hesiod asserts that a bronze anvil falling from heaven would fall nine days before it reached the earth. The anvil would take nine more days to fall from earth to Tartarus. In the Iliad (c. 8th century BC), Zeus asserts that Tartarus is "as far beneath Hades as heaven is above earth." Similarly the mythographer Apollodorus, describes Tartarus as "a gloomy place in Hades as far distant from earth as earth is distant from the sky."While according to Greek mythology the realm of Hades is the place of the dead, Tartarus also has a number of inhabitants. When Cronus came to power as the King of the Titans, he imprisoned the three ancient one-eyed Cyclopes and only the hundred-armed Hecatonchires in Tartarus and set the monster Campe as its guard. Campe was part scorpion and had a ring of animal heads around her waist, snapping at anyone who dared to get near. She also carried a whip to torture the Cyclopes and the hundred-armed ones. Zeus killed Campe and released these imprisoned giants to aid in his conflict with the Titans. The gods of Olympus eventually triumphed. Cronus and many of the other Titans were banished to Tartarus, though Prometheus, Epimetheus, and female Titans such as Metis were spared. Other gods could be sentenced to Tartarus as well. In the Homeric hymn to Hermes, Apollo threatens to throw Hermes into Tartarus. Apollo himself was almost condemned to Tartarus by Zeus for the act of killing the Cyclops. The Hecatonchires became guards of Tartarus's prisoners. Later, when Zeus overcame the monster Typhon, he threw him into "wide Tartarus". Residents Originally, Tartarus was used only to confine dangers to the gods of Olympus. In later mythologies, Tartarus became a space dedicated to the imprisonment and torment of mortals who had sinned against the gods, and each punishment was unique to the condemned. For example: King Sisyphus was sent to Tartarus for killing guests and travelers at his castle in violation of his hospitality, seducing his niece, and reporting one of Zeus' sexual conquests by telling the river god Asopus of the whereabouts of his daughter Aegina (who had been taken away by Zeus). But regardless of the impropriety of Zeus' frequent conquests, Sisyphus overstepped his bounds by considering himself a peer of the gods who could rightfully report their indiscretions. When Zeus ordered Thanatos to chain up Sisyphus in Tartarus, Sisyphus tricked Thanatos by asking him how the chains worked and ended up chaining Thanatos; as a result there was no more death. This caused Ares to free Thanatos and turn Sisyphus over to him. Sometime later, Sisyphus had Persephone send him back to the surface to scold his wife for not burying him properly. Sisyphus was forcefully dragged back to Tartarus by Hermes when he refused to go back to the Underworld after that. In Tartarus, Sisyphus was forced forever to try to roll a large boulder to the top of a mountain slope, which, no matter how many times he nearly succeeded in his attempt, would always roll back to the bottom. This constituted the punishment (fitting the crime) of Sisyphus for daring to claim that his cleverness surpassed that of Zeus. Zeus's cunning punishment demonstrated quite the opposite to be the case, condemning Sisyphus to a humiliating eternity of futility and frustration. King Tantalus also ended up in Tartarus after he cut up his son Pelops, boiled him, and served him as food when he was invited to dine with the gods. He also stole the ambrosia from the Gods and told his people its secrets. Another story mentioned that he held onto a golden dog forged by Hephaestus and stolen by Tantalus' friend Pandareus. Tantalus held onto the golden dog for safekeeping and later denied to Pandareus that he had it. Tantalus' punishment for his actions (now a proverbial term for "temptation without satisfaction") was to stand in a pool of water beneath a fruit tree with low branches. Whenever he reached for the fruit, the branches raised his intended meal from his grasp. Whenever he bent down to get a drink, the water receded before he could get any. Over his head towered a threatening stone like that of Sisyphus. Ixion was the king of the Lapiths, the most ancient tribe of Thessaly. Ixion grew to hate his father-in-law and ended up pushing him onto a bed of coal and wood committing the first kin-related murder. The princes of other lands ordered that Ixion be denied the cleansing of his sin. Zeus took pity on Ixion and invited him to a meal on Olympus. But when Ixion saw Hera, he fell in love with her and did some under-the-table caressing until Zeus signaled him to stop. After finding a place for Ixion to sleep, Zeus created a cloud-clone of Hera named Nephele to test him to see how far he would go to seduce Hera. Ixion made love to her, which resulted in the birth of Centaurus, who mated with some Magnesian mares on Mount Pelion and thus engendered the race of Centaurs (who are called the Ixionidae from their descent). Zeus drove Ixion from Mount Olympus and then struck him with a thunderbolt. He was punished by being tied to a winged flaming wheel that was always spinning: first in the sky and then in Tartarus. Only when Orpheus came down to the Underworld to rescue Eurydice did it stop spinning because of the music Orpheus was playing. Ixion's being strapped to the flaming wheel represented his burning lust. In some versions, the Danaïdes murdered their husbands and were punished in Tartarus by being forced to carry water in a jug to fill a bath which would thereby wash off their sins. But the jugs were filled with cracks, so the water always leaked out. The giant Tityos attempted to rape Leto on Hera's orders, but was slain by Apollo and Artemis. As punishment, Tityos was stretched out in Tartarus and tortured by two vultures who fed on his liver. This punishment is extremely similar to that of the Titan Prometheus. King Salmoneus was also mentioned to have been imprisoned in Tartarus after passing himself off as Zeus, causing the real Zeus to smite him with a thunderbolt. Arke is the sister of Iris who sided with the Titans as their messenger goddess. Zeus removed her wings following the gods' victory over the Titans and she was thrown into Tartarus with the Titans. Ocnus was condemned in Tartarus perpetually to weave a rope of straw which, as fast as he weaves it, is just as quickly eaten by a donkey. There is no mention of what he did to deserve this fate. When his pregnant daughter Coronis was killed by either Artemis or Apollo, King Phlegyas set fire to the Apollonian temple at Delphi and was killed by Apollo. He was punished in Tartarus by being entombed in a rock and starved in front of an eternal feast as he shouts to the other inhabitants not to despise the gods.According to Plato (c. 427 BC), Rhadamanthus, Aeacus and Minos were the judges of the dead and chose who went to Tartarus. Rhadamanthus judged Asian souls, Aeacus judged European souls and Minos was the deciding vote and judge of the Greek. Souls regarded as unjust or perjured would go to Tartarus. Those who committed crimes seen as curable would be purified there, while those who committed crimes seen as uncurable would be eternally damned, and demonstrate a warning example for the living. In Gorgias, Plato writes about Socrates telling Callicles, who believes might makes right, that doing injustice to others is worse than suffering injustice, and most uncurable inhabitants of Tartarus were tyrants whose might gave them the opportunity to commit huge crimes. Archelaus I of Macedon is mentioned as a possible example of this, while Thersites is said to be curable, because of his lack of might. According to Plato's Phaedo, the uncurable consisted of temple robbers and murderers, while sons who killed one of their parents during a status of rage but regretted this their whole life long, and involuntary manslaughterers, would be taken out of Tartarus after one year, so they could ask their victims for forgiveness. If they should be forgiven, they were liberated, but if not, would go back and stay there until they were finally pardoned. In the Republic, Plato mentions the Myth of Er, who is said to have been a fallen soldier who resurrected from the dead, and saw their realm. According to this, the length of a punishment an adult receives for each crime in Tartarus, who is responsible for a lot of deaths, betrayed states or armies and sold them into slavery or had been involved in similar misdeeds, corresponds to ten times out of a hundred earthly years (while good deeds would be rewarded in equal measure).There were a number of entrances to Tartarus in Greek mythology. One was in Aornum. Roman mythology In Roman mythology, sinners (as defined by the Roman societal and cultural norms of their time) are sent to Tartarus for punishment after death. Virgil describes Tartarus in great detail in the Aeneid, Book VI. He described it as expansive. It is surrounded by three perimeter walls, beyond which flows a flaming river named the Phlegethon. Drinking from the Phlegethon will not kill a mortal and it will heal while causing great pain. To further prevent escape, a hydra with fifty black, gaping jaws sits atop a gate that screeches when opened. They are flanked by adamantine columns, a substance that, like diamond, was believed to be so hard that nothing can cut through it.Inside the walls of Tartarus sits a wide-walled castle with a tall, iron turret. Tisiphone, one of the Erinyes, who represents vengeance, stands sleepless guard at the top of the turret lashing her whip. Roman mythology describes a pit inside extending down into the earth twice as far as the distance from the lands of the living to Olympus. The twin sons of the Titan Aloeus were said to be imprisoned at the bottom of this pit. Biblical pseudepigrapha Tartarus occurs in the Septuagint translation of Job (40:20 and 41:24) into Koine Greek, and in Hellenistic Jewish literature from the Greek text of the Book of Enoch, dated to 400–200 BC. This states that God placed the archangel Uriel "in charge of the world and of Tartarus" (20:2). Tartarus is generally understood to be the place where 200 fallen Watchers (angels) are imprisoned.Reference to the watchers of the book of Enoch is also observed in Jude 1:6-7 where scripture describes Angels being bound by chains under everlasting darkness, and 2 Peter 2:4 which further describes fallen angels committed to chains in Tartarus. In Hypostasis of the Archons (also translated 'Reality of the Rulers'), an apocryphal gnostic treatise dated before 350 AD, Tartarus makes a brief appearance when Zōē (life), the daughter of Sophia (wisdom) casts Ialdabaōth (demiurge) down to the bottom of the abyss of Tartarus.In The Book of Thomas, Tartaros is claimed by Jesus to be the place where those who hear the word of Judas Thomas and "turn away or sneer" are to be sent. These damned will be handed over to the angel or power Tartarouchos. New Testament In the New Testament, the noun Tartarus does not occur but tartaroō (ταρταρόω, "throw to Tartarus"), a shortened form of the classical Greek verb kata-tartaroō ("throw down to Tartarus"), does appear in 2 Peter 2:4. Liddell–Scott provides other sources for the shortened form of this verb, including Acusilaus (5th century BC), Joannes Laurentius Lydus (4th century AD) and the Scholiast on Aeschylus' Eumenides, who cites Pindar relating how the earth tried to tartaro "cast down" Apollo after he overcame the Python. In classical texts, the longer form kata-tartaroo is often related to the throwing of the Titans down to Tartarus.The English Standard Version is one of several English versions that gives the Greek reading Tartarus as a footnote: For if God did not spare angels when they sinned, but cast them into hell(a) and committed them to chains(b) of gloomy darkness to be kept until the judgment; Adam Clarke reasoned that Peter's use of language relating to the Titans was an indication that the ancient Greeks had heard of a Biblical punishment of fallen angels. Some Evangelical Christian commentaries distinguish Tartarus as a place for wicked angels and Gehenna as a place for wicked humans on the basis of this verse. Other Evangelical commentaries, in reconciling that some fallen angels are chained in Tartarus, yet some not, attempt to distinguish between one type of fallen angel and another. See also Greek mythology in popular culture Erebus Charon Lake of fire Duat Hell Orcus Sheol The Golden Bough (mythology) The tartaruchi of the non-canonical Apocalypse of Paul. Tzoah Rotachat References Bibliography Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2). Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1. Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books. Hesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website. Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PhD in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Homer. Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website. Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project. Pindar, Odes translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Pindar, The Odes of Pindar including the Principal Fragments with an Introduction and an English Translation by Sir John Sandys, Litt.D., FBA. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1937. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Publius Vergilius Maro, Aeneid. Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). ISBN 069022608X.

Ameena case

Ameena case was the 1991 selling of a 10-year young girl, Ameena from Hyderabad, India, to a person from Saudi Arabia. The child bride was rescued on 10 August 1991 by the air hostess Amrita Ahluwalia when Ameena was being taken to Saudi Arabia. Later it was found Badruddin and his wife Sabira Begum had sold their 10-year-old daughter Ameena into marriage for a reported $240 to a 60-year-old Saudi Arabian. The case unearthed bride shopping in Hyderabad by persons from the Middle East and raised a lot of attention at that time.

Ameena case was the 1991 selling of a 10-year young girl, Ameena from Hyderabad, India, to a person from Saudi Arabia. The child bride was rescued on 10 August 1991 by the air hostess Amrita Ahluwalia when Ameena was being taken to Saudi Arabia. Later it was found Badruddin and his wife Sabira Begum had sold their 10-year-old daughter Ameena into marriage for a reported $240 to a 60-year-old Saudi Arabian. The case unearthed bride shopping in Hyderabad by persons from the Middle East and raised a lot of attention at that time. In popular culture The movie Yahan Ameena Bikti Hai starring Rekha Rana as Ameena was released in 2016 which was based on her real life. References Bibliography Abraham, Taisha (2002). "3. The Ameena Case (by Rajeshwari Sundar Ranjan)". Women and the Politics of Violence. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 45–75. ISBN 978-81-241-0847-5. Collective, The Feminist Review (2005). "2. To Whom Does Ameena Belong?". Debating Discourses, Practising Feminisms: Feminist Review. Routledge. pp. 25–56. ISBN 978-1-134-71887-0.

Karlskirche, Kassel

The Karlskirche in Kassel (also Oberneustädter Kirche) is a Protestant church built by Paul du Ry in 1710 for the local Huguenot community.The church was the location of a hundred-day sound installation by John Cage in 1987. == References ==

The Karlskirche in Kassel (also Oberneustädter Kirche) is a Protestant church built by Paul du Ry in 1710 for the local Huguenot community.The church was the location of a hundred-day sound installation by John Cage in 1987. == References ==

Battle of Scheveningen

The Battle of Scheveningen was the final naval battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War. It took place on 31 July 1653 between the fleets of the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic. The Dutch fleet suffered heavy losses.

The Battle of Scheveningen was the final naval battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War. It took place on 31 July 1653 between the fleets of the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic. The Dutch fleet suffered heavy losses. Background After their victory at the Battle of the Gabbard in June 1653, the English fleet of 120 ships under General at Sea George Monck on his flagship Resolution blockaded the Dutch coast, capturing many merchant vessels. The Dutch economy began to collapse, with mass unemployment and a severe economic downturn affecting it. On 24 July, Dutch Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp put to sea in Brederode with a fleet of 100 ships, to lift the blockade at the island of Texel, where Vice-Admiral Witte de With's 27 ships were blockaded by the English. Five days later, the English sighted Tromp and pursued to the south, sinking two Dutch ships before dark but allowing De With to slip out and rendezvous the next day with Tromp off Scheveningen, right next to the small village of Ter Heijde, after Tromp had positioned himself by some brilliant maneuvering to the north of the English fleet. Battle The winds were fierce on 30 July and overnight, giving both fleets pause. Around 7:00 a.m. on 31 July, the Dutch gained an advantage from the weather and attacked, led by Brederode. The fleets moved through each other four times. Tromp was killed early in the fight by a sharpshooter in the rigging of Sir William Penn's ship. His death was kept secret to keep up the morale of the Dutch but by late afternoon, twelve of their ships had either been sunk or captured and many were too damaged to continue the fight. In the end, morale broke and a large group of vessels under the command of merchant captains fled to the north. De With tried to halt their flight but had to limit himself to covering the retreat to the island of Texel. The English fleet was also badly damaged and with many wounded in urgent need of treatment, returned to port to refit and were unable to maintain the blockade. Aftermath Both sides claimed a victory: the English because of their tactical superiority, the Dutch because the strategic goal of their attack, the lifting of the blockade, had been achieved. However, Tromp's death was a severe blow to the Dutch – few now expected to beat the English; the Orangist faction lost political influence and Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt was willing to give formal treaty assurances to Cromwell that the infant William III of Orange would never become stadtholder, thus turning the Netherlands into a base for a Stuart restoration. Peace negotiations began in earnest, leading to the 1654 Treaty of Westminster. The damage done to the Dutch fleet effectively ended the first war. Footnotes References Sources Lawrence, Richard Russell (2003), The mammoth book of eyewitness naval battles (illustrated, reprint ed.), Carroll & Graf, pp. 92–94, ISBN 9780786712380 Plant, David (15 March 2010), The Battle of Scheveningen 1653, BCW Project, retrieved 1 November 2013 Rickard, J. (19 August 2009), Battle of Scheveningen, 31 July 1653, retrieved 1 November 2013 Palmer, M. A.J. (April 1997). "The 'Military Revolution' Afloat: The Era of the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Transition to Modern Warfare at Sea". War in History. 4 (2): 123–149. doi:10.1177/096834459700400201. JSTOR 26004420. S2CID 159657621. Prud'homme van Reine, Ronald (2009). Opkomst en Ondergang van Nederlands Gouden Vloot – Door de ogen van de zeeschilders Willem van de Velde de Oude en de Jonge. Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers. ISBN 978-90-295-6696-4. Blok, P.J. (1928). Michiel de Ruyter (PDF) (in Dutch). Martinus Nijhof.

Jiang Gongfu

Jiang Gongfu (Chinese: 姜公輔, Vietnamese: Khương Công Phụ; 731–805) was a Chinese poet, politician, and Taoist monk during the Tang dynasty who served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong.

Jiang Gongfu (Chinese: 姜公輔, Vietnamese: Khương Công Phụ; 731–805) was a Chinese poet, politician, and Taoist monk during the Tang dynasty who served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong. Biography It is not known when Jiang Gongfu was born, but it is known that his family was from Ái Châu (愛州, in modern Thanh Hóa Province, Vietnam), although the family claimed to be originally from Tianshui. Jiang Gongfu's grandfather Jiang Shenyi (姜神翊) served as a prefectural prefect, but his father Jiang Ting (姜挺) was not listed with any official titles. He had at least one younger brother, Jiang Fu (姜復).After Jiang Gongfu passed the imperial examinations he was made Xiaoshulang (校書郎), an editor at the Palace Library. After he passed a special examination on policy proposals, he was made Zuo Shiyi (左拾遺), an advisor at the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng), and he was also made an imperial scholar at Hanlin Pavilion (翰林館). After more than a year, when he was to be given a different office, he submitted a petition, citing the poverty of his household and the agedness of his mother, requesting to be also made the census officer under the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the region of the capital Chang'an), because the census officer, while a low-level position, had a high salary, and his petition was granted. He was said to be capable and sensible, and whenever he met Emperor Dezong to make suggestions, Emperor Dezong often followed his suggestions.In 783, with Emperor Dezong waging wars against several warlords in the east, the soldiers from Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), were at Chang'an to await deployment to the east. They were angered that they were not given rewards that they felt they deserved, and they mutinied. Emperor Dezong sent his son Li Yi (李誼) the Prince of Pu and Jiang to try to calm the soldiers, but the soldiers merely got angrier, and Emperor Dezong, in panic, decided to flee Chang'an. As he was ready to do so, Jiang tried to warn him about the dangers of leaving the senior general Zhu Ci in the city – as Emperor Dezong had removed Zhu Ci from his command in 782 due to his brother Zhu Tao's rebelling against imperial authority – and had served as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Jingyuan Circuit before, and therefore might receive the Jingyuan soldiers' support. He suggested to Emperor Dezong that either he should kill Zhu Ci before leaving or ask Zhu to accompany him. Emperor Dezong, in panic, could not carry out either action, and left Zhu in the city. Emperor Dezong fled to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), and Jiang followed him there.Emperor Dezong issued emergency edicts seeking aid from the nearby circuits. Meanwhile, the Jingyuan soldiers did as Jiang predicted and supported Zhu as their leader. Zhu initially claimed that he was merely calming the situation at Chang'an and was ready to welcome Emperor Dezong back to Chang'an, but soon there were rumors that Zhu was planning to claim imperial title himself and attack Emperor Dezong at Fengtian. In light of this, some officials who had fled to Fengtian suggested that Fengtian's defenses be shored up, but the chancellor Lu Qi, misjudging the situation, argued to Emperor Dezong that Zhu would surely remain faithful to Tang and advocated taking no precautions at all and stopping the incoming aid troops. It was only at Jiang's advice Emperor Dezong continued to receive the aid troops into Fengtian. At suggestion of Lu and Bai Zhizhen (白志貞) the commander of the imperial guards, Emperor Dezong sent his granduncle Wu Xu (吳漵) to Chang'an to communicate with Zhu. Zhu initially welcomed Wu as an honored imperial emissary, but soon put Wu to death. He declared himself emperor of a new state of Qin. He put Fengtian under siege, and during the siege, Emperor Dezong made Jiang Jianyi Daifu (諫議大夫), a high-level advisor at the examination bureau, and gave him the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor de facto. During chancellorship In 784, because the general Li Huaiguang also rebelled, Emperor Dezong fled further to Liang Prefecture (梁州, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi), and Jiang Gongfu accompanied him. On the way to Liang Prefecture, Emperor Dezong's oldest daughter Princess Tang'an died at Chenggu (城固, in modern Hanzhong). After Emperor Dezong reached Liang Prefecture, he wanted to build a pagoda for Princess Tang'an and bury her with great wealth. Jiang submitted a petition stating: Soon, the capital will be recaptured, and the princess will be able to be reburied properly. We are now on the road, and we need to be frugal and use the money on the soldiers. Emperor Dezong became angry and wanted to remove Jiang. Despite the intercession of Emperor Dezong's trusted advisor Lu Zhi, Emperor Dezong soon removed Jiang and made him a member of the staff of his crown prince Li Song. After chancellorship Jiang Gongfu's mother soon died, and he left governmental service to observe a period of mourning for her. After the period of mourning, he was returned to Li Song's staff, but went a long time without being promoted. By 792, Lu Zhi was a chancellor. Because he and Lu Zhi were colleagues while they were imperial scholars, Jiang met Lu to request his help. Lu secretly responded: I had heard that Chancellor Dou [(i.e., Dou Can, who had recently been removed and exiled by Emperor Dezong)] had recommended you a number of times. The Emperor refused, and had a number of angry words about you. In fear, Jiang offered to resign and asked to become a Taoist monk. When Emperor Dezong inquired as to the reason and found out that he was fearful, he did not dare to state that Lu had told him this information, and instead claimed that Dou told him the information. Angry that his words had been leaked, Emperor Dezong demoted Jiang to be the secretary general of Quan Prefecture (泉州, in modern Quanzhou, Fujian), and sent imperial eunuch messengers to Dou, in exile, to rebuke him. After Emperor Dezong died in 805 and was succeeded by Li Song (as Emperor Shunzong), Jiang was slightly promoted, to be the prefect of Ji Prefecture (吉州, in modern Ji'an, Jiangxi). He soon died, and was posthumously honored by Emperor Shunzong's son and successor Emperor Xianzong (to whom Emperor Shunzong, then seriously ill, passed the throne to in 805 as well). References Sources Old Book of Tang, vol. 138. New Book of Tang, vol. 152. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 228, 230, 234.

Dnevni avaz

Dnevni avaz (Bosnian pronunciation: [dnêːʋniː ǎʋaːz]; English: Daily Voice) is the Bosnian national daily newspaper, published in Sarajevo. Their news website Avaz.ba is the third most visited website in Bosnia and Herzegovina, after Google and YouTube.

Dnevni avaz (Bosnian pronunciation: [dnêːʋniː ǎʋaːz]; English: Daily Voice) is the Bosnian national daily newspaper, published in Sarajevo. Their news website Avaz.ba is the third most visited website in Bosnia and Herzegovina, after Google and YouTube. Background Dnevni avaz evolved from a weekly publication Bošnjački avaz which was first published in September 1993. In 1994, it became known simply as Avaz and was published weekly in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Germany. In 1995, it was reestablished by Fahrudin Radončić as a daily newspaper.Dnevni avaz is part of the "avaz-roto press" publishing house, the biggest media house in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper is based in Sarajevo and has a relative pro-Bosniak and pro-Bosnian stances (centre-right).In 2006, the Avaz publishing house was expanded with the start of the construction of the Avaz Twist Tower, a 175 m skyscraper in Sarajevo’s Marijin Dvor neighborhood, in the Centar Municipality of Sarajevo. As of 2016, it was the tallest skyscraper in Bosnia and Herzegovina.The company's former headquarters, the Avaz Business Centre, has been converted into a hotel, Radon Plaza Hotel. Supplements Dnevni avaz has published The New York Times International Weekly on Thursdays since 2009. This 8-page supplement features a selection of English language articles from The New York Times. Avaz assets Avaz Twist Tower Hotel Radon Plaza (formerly: Avaz Business Center) References External links Official website (in Bosnian)

Indian classical dance

Indian classical dance, or Shastriya Nritya, is an umbrella term for different regionally-specific Indian classical dance traditions, rooted in predominantly Hindu musical theatre performance, the theory and practice of which can be traced to the Sanskrit text Natya Shastra. The number of Indian classical dance styles ranges from eight to twelve, or more, depending on the source and scholar; the main organisation for Indian arts preservation, the Sangeet Natak Academy (as well as India’s Ministry of Culture), recognizes eight – Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathakali, Sattriya, Manipuri and Mohiniyattam. Additionally, the Indian Ministry of Culture includes Chhau in its list, recognising nine total styles. Scholars such as Drid Williams add Chhau, Yakshagana and Bhagavata Mela to the list. Each dance tradition originates and comes from a different state and/or region of India; for example, Bharatanatyam is from Tamil Nadu in the south of India, Odissi is from the east coast state of Odisha, and Manipuri is from the northeastern state of Manipur.

Indian classical dance, or Shastriya Nritya, is an umbrella term for different regionally-specific Indian classical dance traditions, rooted in predominantly Hindu musical theatre performance, the theory and practice of which can be traced to the Sanskrit text Natya Shastra. The number of Indian classical dance styles ranges from eight to twelve, or more, depending on the source and scholar; the main organisation for Indian arts preservation, the Sangeet Natak Academy (as well as India’s Ministry of Culture), recognizes eight – Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathakali, Sattriya, Manipuri and Mohiniyattam. Additionally, the Indian Ministry of Culture includes Chhau in its list, recognising nine total styles. Scholars such as Drid Williams add Chhau, Yakshagana and Bhagavata Mela to the list. Each dance tradition originates and comes from a different state and/or region of India; for example, Bharatanatyam is from Tamil Nadu in the south of India, Odissi is from the east coast state of Odisha, and Manipuri is from the northeastern state of Manipur. The music associated with these different dance performances consists many compositions in Hindi, Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Sanskrit, Tamil, Odia, Telugu, and many other Indian-Subcontinent languages; they represent a unity of core ideas, and a diversity of styles, costumes and expression. Summary Indian classical dancing started around 200 BCE in India, as a joyful and celebratory activity often in devotion to Hindu deities. Many of the performances are choreographed to retell stories of the gods and other historical accounts. All styles of Indian classical dance are vibrant, expressive and spiritual. Dance performances usually take place at festivals, universities, various cultural events, and more. The dancers who perform these styles are usually professionals who have devoted years of study and practice in their respective style of Indian classical dance. In performances, the dancers move to the beat of the song or music that is playing; in some styles, such as Kathak, bells are worn around the ankles at times for added rhythmic effect when the feet are stomped. The dancer takes the role of the character that they are portraying in the performance, the composition being specific, and become emotionally connected with the story and the audience.When dancers perform classical Indian dancing they wear traditional clothes including sarees, lenghas, and kurtas. Usually, women are the main performers in Indian classical dancing, though men are not absent from the tradition. The costume for women usually consists of a long, colorful, handmade gown (worn without shoes), with an intricately embroidered pattern(s) and beading on it. For accessories, there is the use of much ornate jewelry, such as necklaces, rings, earrings, nose-rings, bracelets and anklets, sometimes with bells attached which ring each time the dancer stomps their foot in rhythm. The costume also includes a head-piece or some form of scarf, depending on the style. The women usually wear considerable amounts of facial makeup, not only to be noticeable from the audience, but to fully embody their character. Types of classical dances The Natya Shastra is the foundational treatise for classical dances of India, and this text is attributed to the ancient scholar Bharata Muni. Its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE, but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE. The most studied version of the Natya Shastra text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters. The text, states Natalia Lidova, describes the theory of Tāṇḍava dance (Shiva), the theory of rasa, of bhāva, expression, gestures, acting techniques, basic steps, standing postures – all of which are part of Indian classical dances. Dance and performance arts, states this ancient text, are a form of expression of spiritual ideas, virtues and the essence of scriptures. While the Natya Shastra is the revered ancient text in the Hindu tradition, there are numerous other ancient and medieval Sanskrit dance-drama related texts that further discuss and expand on the classical repertoire of performance arts, such as the Abhinaya Darpana, Abhinava Bharati, Natya Darpana, Bhava Prakasa and many others. The term "classical" (Sanskrit: "Shastriya") denotes the ancient Indian Shastra-based performing arts. The text Natya Shastra describes religious arts as a form as margi, or a "spiritual traditional path" that liberates the soul, while the folk entertainment is called desi, or a "regional popular practice".Indian classical dances are traditionally performed as an expressive drama-dance form of religious performance art, related to Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, pan-Hindu Epics and the Vedic literature, or a folksy entertainment that includes story-telling from Sanskrit or regional language plays. As a religious art, they are either performed inside the sanctum of a Hindu temple, or near it. Folksy entertainment may also be performed in temple grounds or any fairground, typically in a rural setting by travelling troupes of artists; alternatively, they have been performed inside the halls of royal courts or public squares during festivals.However, this is not the case for Kathak, Manipuri and Chhau as it has their own uniqueness. Kathak can be also performed on courtyards of mosques and had Muslim elements while Manipuri had the huyen langlon genre which focuses on combat. Like Manipuri, Chhau also had elements on combat. Dance forms The Natya Shastra mentions four Pravrittis (traditions, genres) of ancient dance-drama in vogue when it was composed – Avanti (Ujjain, central), Dakshinatya (south), Panchali (north, west) and Odra-Magadhi (east).Sources differ in their list of Indian classical dance forms. Encyclopædia Britannica mentions six dances. The Sangeet Natak Akademi has given recognition to eight Indian dances. The Indian government's Ministry of Culture includes nine dance forms. Scholars such as Drid Williams and others include Yakshagana and Bhagavata Mela to the nine classical Indian dances in the Sangeet Natak Akademi list.The classical dance forms recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi and the Ministry of Culture are: Classical dances recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi and the Ministry of Culture Bharatanatyam, from Tamil Nadu Kathak, from Uttar Pradesh Kathakali, from Kerala Kuchipudi, from Andhra Pradesh Manipuri, from Manipur Mohiniyattam, from Kerala Odissi, from Odisha Sattriya, from assam Other dances also recognised by the Ministry of Culture Chhau, from Eastern India (Odisha, Jharkhand, and West Bengal) Gallery some of the famous Indian classical dancers are : Bharatanatyam - Rukmini Devi, Padma Subrahmanyam, Vyjayanthimala, Sheema Kermani, Padmini, etc. Kathak - Birju Maharaj, Nahid Siddiqui, Lacchu Maharaj, Gopi Krishna, Saswati Sen, Manjari Chaturvedi etc. Kathakali - Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair, etc. Kuchipudi - Mallika Sarabhai, V. Satyanarayana Sarma, Deepa Shashindran, etc. Manipuri - Guru Bipin Singh, Darshana Jhaveri, Jhaveri Sisters, Devjani Chaliha, Amala Shankar Mohiniyattam - Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma, Shobhana, Sunanda Nair, Kalamandalam Radhika, Thankamani, Kalamandalam Hymavathy Odissi - Sujata Mohapatra, Madhavi Mudgal, Kelucharan Mohapatra, Surendra Nath Jena, Shobana Sahajananan, Minati Mishra Shared aspects All major classical Indian dance forms include in repertoire, three categories of performance in the Natya Shastra. These are Nritta, Nritya and Natya: The Nritta performance is an abstract, fast and rhythmic aspect of the dance. The viewer is presented with pure movement, wherein the emphasis is the beauty in motion, form, speed, range and pattern. This part of the repertoire has no interpretative aspect, no telling of the story. It is a technical performance, and aims to engage the senses (Prakriti) of the audience. The Nritya is slower and expressive aspect of the dance that attempts to communicate feelings, storyline particularly with spiritual themes in Hindu dance traditions. In a Nritya, the dance-acting expands to include silent expression of words through gestures and body motion set to musical notes. The actor articulates a legend or a spiritual message. This part of the repertoire is more than sensory enjoyment, it aims to engage the emotions and mind of the viewer. The Natyam is a play, typically a team performance, but can be acted out by a solo performer where the dancer uses certain standardized body movements to indicate a new character in the underlying story. A Natya incorporates the elements of a Nritya.All classical dances of India used similar symbolism and rules of gestures in abhinaya (acting). The roots of abhinaya are found in the Natyashastra text which defines drama in verse 6.10 as that which aesthetically arouses joy in the spectator, through the medium of actor's art of communication, that helps connect and transport the individual into a super sensual inner state of being. A performance art, asserts Natyashastra, connects the artists and the audience through abhinaya (literally, "carrying to the spectators"), that is applying body-speech-mind and scene, wherein the actors communicate to the audience, through song and music. Drama in this ancient Sanskrit text, this is an art to engage every aspect of life, to glorify and gift a state of joyful consciousness.The communication through symbols is in the form of expressive gestures (mudras or hastas) and pantomime set to music. The gestures and facial expressions convey the ras (sentiment, emotional taste) and bhava (mood) of the underlying story. In Hindu classical dances, the artist successfully expresses the spiritual ideas by paying attention to four aspects of a performance: Angika (gestures and body language), Vachika (song, recitation, music and rhythm), Aharya (stage setting, costume, make up, jewelry), Sattvika (artist's mental disposition and emotional connection with the story and audience, wherein the artist's inner and outer state resonates). Abhinaya draws out the bhava (mood, psychological states). See also Culture of India Hindu texts Languages of India Puranas Vedas Yajna Footnotes References Bibliography Ambrose, Kay (1984). Classical Dances and Love of India. Palgrave Macmillan. Ragini Devi (1990). Dance Dialects of India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0674-0. Natalia Lidova (2014). "Natyashastra". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071. Natalia Lidova (1994). Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1234-5. Williams, Drid (2004). "In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing" (PDF). Visual Anthropology. Routledge. 17 (1): 69–98. doi:10.1080/08949460490274013. S2CID 29065670. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-08-05. Tarla Mehta (1995). Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1057-0. Reginald Massey (2004). India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-434-9. Emmie Te Nijenhuis (1974). Indian Music: History and Structure. BRILL Academic. ISBN 90-04-03978-3. Kapila Vatsyayan (2001). Bharata, the Nāṭyaśāstra. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-1220-6. Kapila Vatsyayan (1977). Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts. Sangeet Natak Akademi. OCLC 233639306., Table of Contents Kapila Vatsyayan (1974). Indian classical dance. Sangeet Natak Akademi. OCLC 2238067. Kapila Vatsyayan (2008). Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-8187586357. OCLC 286469807. Kapila Vatsyayan. Dance In Indian Painting. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-153-9. Wallace Dace (1963). "The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory". Educational Theatre Journal. 15 (3): 249–254. doi:10.2307/3204783. JSTOR 3204783. Farley P. Richmond; Darius L. Swann; Phillip B. Zarrilli (1993). Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0981-9. Revealing the Art of Natyasastra by Narayanan Chittoor Namboodiripad ISBN 9788121512183 "Andhra Pradesh Portal: Dance". Andhra Pradesh Government. Archived from the original on 2010-12-04. Retrieved 2010-11-03. Aryan Sing (2021) Guide to Indias History New Forest High School External links Media related to Classical dance genres of India at Wikimedia Commons Classical Indian dance at Curlie

Sebastian Dawnay

Sebastian Hugo Dawnay (born 3 October 1975) is a professional polo player who holds a 4-goal handicap outdoors and an 8-goal arena polo handicap. Sebastian has played for the England Arena Polo Team on several occasions as well as winning the Arena Gold Cup at The Royal County of Berkshire Polo Club. He has also played in some of the major outdoor polo competitions in the UK winning the British Open for the Gold Cup at Cowdray park with CS Brooks in 1996.Sebastian is the son of the polo coach Major Hugh Dawnay and grandson of the British Olympic polo player David Dawnay. == References ==

Sebastian Hugo Dawnay (born 3 October 1975) is a professional polo player who holds a 4-goal handicap outdoors and an 8-goal arena polo handicap. Sebastian has played for the England Arena Polo Team on several occasions as well as winning the Arena Gold Cup at The Royal County of Berkshire Polo Club. He has also played in some of the major outdoor polo competitions in the UK winning the British Open for the Gold Cup at Cowdray park with CS Brooks in 1996.Sebastian is the son of the polo coach Major Hugh Dawnay and grandson of the British Olympic polo player David Dawnay. == References ==

Tom Gores

Tom Gores (born Tewfiq Georgious, Arabic: توفيق جورجيوس; July 31, 1964) is an American billionaire businessman. He is the founder of Platinum Equity, a private equity firm headquartered in Beverly Hills, California. In June 2011, Gores and Platinum Equity became the owners of the National Basketball Association's Detroit Pistons. He became the sole owner in 2015. As of March 2022, his net worth was estimated at US$6.0 billion.

Tom Gores (born Tewfiq Georgious, Arabic: توفيق جورجيوس; July 31, 1964) is an American billionaire businessman. He is the founder of Platinum Equity, a private equity firm headquartered in Beverly Hills, California. In June 2011, Gores and Platinum Equity became the owners of the National Basketball Association's Detroit Pistons. He became the sole owner in 2015. As of March 2022, his net worth was estimated at US$6.0 billion. Early life and education Gores was born in Nazareth, Israel on July 31, 1964. He was the fifth of six children in a practicing Catholic family with a father of Greek descent and a mother of Lebanese descent. When he was around five years old, he and his family left Nazareth and settled in Genesee, Michigan located 10 miles northeast of Flint. His first job involved stocking shelves at his uncle's grocery store in Genesee. While a student at Genesee High School, Gores played defensive back in football, middle infielder in baseball, and guard in basketball.After high school, he attended Michigan State University, where he worked as a janitor and telemarketer to make ends meet. He graduated in 1986 with a bachelor's degree in construction management. Career Early career and Platinum Equity After college, Gores had a short stint at Continental Telephone before helping found a lumber-logistics software firm (Ventech). In 1989, he and his wife drove from Michigan to Los Angeles in a used Cadillac to run the firm's West Coast operations. In 1995, Gores founded Platinum Equity in his home in Sherman Oaks. At the outset, Gores cold-called businesses to see if they had any divisions they were looking to offload. He found his first project with Litigation Services, Inc. (LSI), a then unprofitable firm that created computer-generated re-creations of accidents for courtroom evidence and testimony. He acquired it for $200,000, reorganized some of the corporate structure, and returned it to profitability within six months. Between 1996 and 2001, Gores led 32 acquisitions, including those of Pilot Software, Racal, and Williams Communications. By the following year, Platinum Equity's portfolio included units of Motorola, Fujitsu, and Alcatel.Gores was first listed on the Forbes 400 list of the wealthiest Americans in 2002. In 2006, he led a deal to acquire PNA Steel, ultimately selling it to Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. in 2008 for a net profit of $512 million. In May 2009, Gores purchased The San Diego Union-Tribune for an estimated $30 million (the newspaper was sold in 2011 for $110 million). By 2009, Gores had facilitated in excess of 100 deals through Platinum Equity. Acquisition of the Detroit Pistons Gores had shown interest in purchasing and was one of the front runners to become the owner of the NBA's Detroit Pistons after the death of the long-time owner, Bill Davidson, in 2009. In October 2010, it was reported that then-Detroit Red Wings and Detroit Tigers owner, Mike Ilitch, would purchase Detroit's NBA franchise. But, after Ilitch's exclusive 30-day negotiating period with Davidson's widow (Karen) ended, Gores showed renewed interest. He secured an exclusive negotiating period of his own in January 2011 and was presumed to become the next owner of the Pistons.On June 1, 2011, Gores and Platinum Equity bought Palace Sports and Entertainment (PS&E) (the parent company of the Pistons and their former arena, The Palace of Auburn Hills) becoming the third owner in the franchise's 70-year history. The purchase price of $325 million was referred to as a "shocking bargain" by Crain's Detroit Business, although, in January 2011, Forbes had valued it at only $35 million more than eventual purchase price. Early in his tenure as owner, Gores approved $10-million worth of renovations to the Palace of Auburn Hills. He also instituted programs like "Seats for Soldiers"—which provides free tickets for PS&E events to U.S. military members and their families— and "Come Together"—a program celebrating community service, leadership, and volunteerism throughout Michigan.In September 2015, Gores purchased Platinum Equity's stake in the Pistons to become the franchise's sole owner. He had previously held a 51% stake while Platinum held 49%. MLS expansion, further work with Pistons, and other business dealings In April 2016, Gores and Cleveland Cavaliers owner, Dan Gilbert, announced their intention to bring a Major League Soccer franchise to Detroit, although that deal is currently in limbo as the MLS considers multiple expansion options.Later in 2016, Gores reached an agreement with the Ilitches (who own Olympia Entertainment and the Detroit Red Wings and Tigers) to allow the Pistons to share the new Little Caesars Arena in downtown Detroit with the Red Wings. The deal went into effect at the beginning of the 2017 season and marked the first time the Pistons regularly played in the city of Detroit proper since 1978. Gores and the Ilitches entered into another joint venture with their businesses (PS&E and Olympia Entertainment) called "313 Presents." The new business schedules shows and handles production, marketing, and media for the six Detroit-area venues owned between the two companies.As of February 2018, the Pistons were valued at $1.1 billion, a gain of $775 million since Gores' purchase in 2011. In June 2018, Gores hired former Toronto Raptors head coach and the reigning NBA Coach of the Year, Dwane Casey. Outside of sports, he has also acquired numerous properties usually in the Los Angeles area, including 301 North Carolwood Drive in Holmby Hills. Philanthropy In 2016, Gores launched FlintNOW, an organization designed to raise up to $10 million to provide relief to residents of Flint, Michigan, affected by the city's water crisis. Since 2009, Gores has donated toys to children in Detroit and Flint through the Toys for Tots program. Other Detroit area organizations to which Gores has given substantial support include the Jalen Rose Leadership Academy and S.A.Y Detroit. At the conclusion of the Pistons 2018–2019 season he made a donation of $255,000 to S.A.Y Detroit which was the result of a pledge Gores made during the annual radiothon to donate $5,000 for every Pistons win during the regular season and a $50,000 bonus for making the Playoffs.Gores supports several philanthropic and charitable organizations. He served on the board of trustees of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) until October 2020 and was also a member of the board of directors at both St. Joseph's Hospital and the UCLA Medical Center. Gores and his family help to support Children's Hospital Los Angeles and, in particular, the Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy. In 2016, Gores and his wife Holly donated $5 million to the hospital to establish the Gores Family Allergy center, which helps provide comprehensive care and research in allergy studies.In 2022, Gores gifted $20 million in order to construct a community center in Detroit's River Rouge Park. The announcement came as one of the first in a run of initiatives for the Gores Family Foundation. The Center is a 25,000-square-foot multi-use facility and will be the hosting location for a diverse range of programming for the area. The foundation worked with Detroit's Parks and Recreation Department. Personal life Gores lives in Beverly Hills, California, with his wife Holly and three children. He also has a condo in Birmingham, Michigan.In 2016, Gores purchased the former Disney Estate, a contemporary-style mansion in the Holmby Hills area of LA. The property (worth $100 million) sits on 3.2 acres of land and has over 30,000 square feet of interior space, with ten bedrooms and twenty bathrooms across both the main and guest house. The property also includes a wine room, lounge, theatre complex, spa, pool, and steam rooms. References External links Official website Platinum Equity profile of Tom Gores

Longyuan Power

China Longyuan Power Group Limited (SEHK: 916), or Longyuan Power, is the largest wind power producer in China and Asia. It is mainly engaged in designing, developing, managing and operating wind power plants, and selling the electricity generated by its plants to its sole customers. As of June 2013, the company had installed wind power plants with a total capacity of 10,661 MW.Longyuan Power is a partially owned subsidiary of the state-owned China Energy Investment, and is responsible for China Energy's renewable energy assets. It had a 24 percent share of China's wind power market in terms of total installed capacity as of the end of 2008. It was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange as H share in December 2009 with an IPO price of HK$8.16 per share.

China Longyuan Power Group Limited (SEHK: 916), or Longyuan Power, is the largest wind power producer in China and Asia. It is mainly engaged in designing, developing, managing and operating wind power plants, and selling the electricity generated by its plants to its sole customers. As of June 2013, the company had installed wind power plants with a total capacity of 10,661 MW.Longyuan Power is a partially owned subsidiary of the state-owned China Energy Investment, and is responsible for China Energy's renewable energy assets. It had a 24 percent share of China's wind power market in terms of total installed capacity as of the end of 2008. It was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange as H share in December 2009 with an IPO price of HK$8.16 per share. See also Wind power in China References External links China Longyuan Power Group Limited (in Chinese and English)

Block Club Chicago

Block Club Chicago is an online newspaper that reports local and neighborhood news in Chicago. The website operates as a non-profit, subscription-based service.After DNAinfo was shut down in November 2017, Block Club Chicago was founded by three former DNAinfo Chicago editors – Shamus Toomey, Stephanie Lulay, and Jen Sabella. The new online publication was initially funded with a Kickstarter campaign and with capital from the Civil publishing platform. The Kickstarter was, at the time, the most successful local news Kickstarter campaign. Block Club Chicago went live on June 12, 2018.Block Club Chicago was founded in order to supply a neighborhood-focused coverage.

Block Club Chicago is an online newspaper that reports local and neighborhood news in Chicago. The website operates as a non-profit, subscription-based service.After DNAinfo was shut down in November 2017, Block Club Chicago was founded by three former DNAinfo Chicago editors – Shamus Toomey, Stephanie Lulay, and Jen Sabella. The new online publication was initially funded with a Kickstarter campaign and with capital from the Civil publishing platform. The Kickstarter was, at the time, the most successful local news Kickstarter campaign. Block Club Chicago went live on June 12, 2018.Block Club Chicago was founded in order to supply a neighborhood-focused coverage. It therefore adopted a geographic, rather than topical, structure, in which each reporter is assigned a "neighborhood beat".As of 2021, Block Club Chicago had a newsletter circulation of 140,000 and a paid subscribership of 15,500. It had ten reporters and five editors.As of 2023, the website had 20,000 paid subscribers, and offered news coverage of 45 of Chicago's 77 community areas. References External links Official website

Martijn Koster

Martijn Koster (born ca 1970) is a Dutch software engineer noted for his pioneering work on Internet searching. Koster created ALIWEB, the Internet's first search engine, which was announced in November 1993 while working at Nexor and presented in May 1994 at the First International Conference on the World Wide Web. Koster also developed ArchiePlex, a search engine for FTP sites that pre-dates the Web, and CUSI, a simple tool that allowed you to search different search engines in quick succession, useful in the early days of search when services provided varying results. Koster also created the Robots Exclusion Standard. == References ==

Martijn Koster (born ca 1970) is a Dutch software engineer noted for his pioneering work on Internet searching. Koster created ALIWEB, the Internet's first search engine, which was announced in November 1993 while working at Nexor and presented in May 1994 at the First International Conference on the World Wide Web. Koster also developed ArchiePlex, a search engine for FTP sites that pre-dates the Web, and CUSI, a simple tool that allowed you to search different search engines in quick succession, useful in the early days of search when services provided varying results. Koster also created the Robots Exclusion Standard. == References ==

San Giuseppe, Parma

San Giuseppe is a Baroque church in Parma. The church was built from 1626 to 1666 under the designs of Girolamo Rainaldi. Work was interrupted by the plague affecting the city. The façade was completed in 1782 from a design by Antonio Brianti.The interior has canvases featuring St Cecilia by Paolo Ferrari and John the Baptist and S. Francesco di Sales by Giuseppe Peroni, paintings acquired after the suppression of the parochial church of Santa Cecilia. == References ==

San Giuseppe is a Baroque church in Parma. The church was built from 1626 to 1666 under the designs of Girolamo Rainaldi. Work was interrupted by the plague affecting the city. The façade was completed in 1782 from a design by Antonio Brianti.The interior has canvases featuring St Cecilia by Paolo Ferrari and John the Baptist and S. Francesco di Sales by Giuseppe Peroni, paintings acquired after the suppression of the parochial church of Santa Cecilia. == References ==

List of statutory instruments of the United Kingdom, 1991

This is an incomplete list of the 2,945 statutory instruments published in the United Kingdom in the year 1991.

This is an incomplete list of the 2,945 statutory instruments published in the United Kingdom in the year 1991. 1–100 Valuation and Community Charge Tribunals (Amendment)(London) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1 Farm Diversification Grant (Variation) Scheme 1991 SI 1991/2 Apple Orchard Grubbing Up Regulations 1991 SI 1991/3 Occupational Pension Schemes (Transitional Provisions and Savings) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/4 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Radioactivity in Sheep) (Wales) Order 1991 SI 1991/5 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Radioactivity in Sheep) (England) Order 1991 SI 1991/6 Blood Tests (Evidence of Paternity) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/12 Companies (Defective Accounts) (Authorised Person) Order 1991 SI 1991/13 Act of Adjournal (Consolidation Amendment) (Extradition Rules and Backing of Irish Warrants) 1991 SI 1991/19 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Radioactivity in Sheep) Order 1991 SI 1991/20 Act of Sederunt (Applications in the Sheriff Court in respect of Defective Company Accounts) 1991 SI 1991/24 London-Holyhead Trunk Road (A5) (Ty-nant to Dinmael) Order 1991 SI 1991/26 Industrial Training (Construction Board) Order 1964 (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/28 Banking Act 1987 (Exempt Transactions) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/29 Cholderton (Pipelaying and Other Works) (Code of Practice) Order 1991 SI 1991/31 Public Telecommunications System Designated (Cable Enfield Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/32 Public Telecommunications System Designated (Cable North (Forth District) Limited) (Falkirk and West Lothian) Order 1991 SI 1991/33 Public Telecommunications System Designated (Cablevision Communications Company Limited) (Central Hertfordshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/34 Buckinghamshire County Council Downhead Park to Willen Park (Canal Bridge) Scheme 1989 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/37 Buckinghamshire County Council H8 Standing Way (V8-V10) Dualling (Canal Bridge) Scheme 1990 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/38 Standard Community Charge (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/41 Non-Domestic Rates (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/42 Caledonian MacBrayne Limited (Arinagour Pier) Harbour Revision Order 1990 SI 1991/43 Buckinghamshire County Council H5 Portway (V9-V10) Dualling (Canal Bridge) Scheme 1990 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/45 Community Charges (Registration) (Scotland) (No. 2) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/51 Customs and Excise (Community Transit) (No.2) Regulations 1987 (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/52 General Medical Council (Registration (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations) Order of Council 1991 SI 1991/53 Public Telecommunications System Designation (East London Telecommunications Limited) (Waltham Forest) Order 1991 SI 1991/54 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Starside Network Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/55 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Stort Valley Cable Limited) (Harlow and Bishops Stortford) Order 1991 SI 1991/56 Combined Probation Areas (Essex) Order 1991 SI 1991/57 Export of Sheep (Prohibition) Order 1991 SI 1991/58 Gaming (Amendment) Act 1990 (Commencement) Order 1991 SI 1991/59 Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) Order 1991 SI 1991/60 Lotteries (Gaming Board Fees) Order 1991 SI 1991/61 Relevant Population (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/64 Merchant Shipping (Pilot Boats) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/65 Banking Act 1987 (Exempt Persons) Order 1991 SI 1991/66 Combined Probation Areas (Cornwall) Order 1991 SI 1991/68 Combined Probation Areas (Greater Manchester) Order 1991 SI 1991/69 National Savings Bank (Amendment)Regulations 1991 SI 1991/72 Premium Savings Bonds (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/73 Savings Certificates (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/74 Savings Certificates (Yearly Plan) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/75 Savings Contracts (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/76 Immigration (Variation of Leave) Order 1991 SI 1991/77 Local Government Superannuation (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/78 General Optical Council (Registration and Enrolment (Amendment No. 2) Rules) Order of Council 1991 SI 1991/79 Housing Renovation etc. Grants (Prescribed Forms and Particulars) (Welsh Forms and Particulars) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/80 Public Telecommunications System Designation (Cable Communications (Liverpool) Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/81 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Staffordshire Cable Limited) (Stoke-on-Trent and Newcastle under Lyme) Order 1991 SI 1991/82 A30 Trunk Road (Okehampton to Launceston Improvement and Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/84 A30 Trunk Road (Okehampton to Launceston Improvement)(Detrunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/85 Electricity (Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1976) (Exemptions) Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/88 Employment Act 1990 (Commencement and Transitional Provisions) Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/89 Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1991 SI 1991/96 Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Rate of Discount for 1991/92) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/97 Food Safety (Improvement and Prohibition-Prescribed Forms) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/100 101–200 Sealink (Transfer of Fishbourne Terminal) Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/106 Sealink (Transfer of Ryde Pier) Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/107 Sealink (Transfer of Landing Stage at Portsmouth Harbour) Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/108 Northern Devon Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/109 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Lead in Cattle) (England) (No. 2) (Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/110 Litter (Fixed Penalty Notices) Order 1991 SI 1991/111 A158 Trunk Road (Lincolnshire) (Detrunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/112 Ermine Street (A15) (North Lincolnshire) (Trunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/113 Non-Domestic Rates (Scotland) (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/114 River Awe Salmon Fishery District (Baits and Lures) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/116 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Sheffield Cable Media Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/117 Community Charges and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/118 Petty Sessional Divisions (Essex) Order 1991 SI 1991/121 Education (Grants) (Travellers and Displaced Persons) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/131 Government Trading Act 1990 (Appointed Day) Order 1991 SI 1991/132 A423 Trunk Road (Southam Bypass) Order 1990 SI 1991/133 Bitton Light Railway Order 1991 SI 1991/134 Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors (Registration) Modification Rules Approved Order 1991 SI 1991/135 Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Quota Measures) Order 1991 SI 1991/138 Sea Fishing (Days in Port) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/139 Community Charges (Administration and Enforcement) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/140 Non-Domestic Rating (Collection and Enforcement) (Local Lists) (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provision) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/141 Non-Domestic Rating (Collection and Enforcement) (Central Lists) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/142 Act of Sederunt (Applications under Part VII of the Companies Act 1989) 1991 SI 1991/145 Financial Assistance (Sewerage Improvements) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/146 Town and Country Planning (General Development) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/147 Community Charges and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (England) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/148 Community Charges and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (City of London) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/149 International Fund for Agricultural Development (Third Replenishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/150 Returning Officers (Parliamentary Constituencies) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/152 Combined Probation Areas (Essex) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/156 Building Standards (Relaxation by Local Authorities) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/158 Building (Procedure) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/159 Building (Forms) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/160 M5 Birmingham-Exeter Motorway (Strensham Re-Located Northbound Service Area) Connecting Roads Scheme 1991 SI 1991/162 Contracting-Out (Protection of Pensions) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/166 Occupational Pension Schemes (Preservation of Benefit) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/167 Occupational Pension Schemes (Revaluation) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/168 Public Telecommunication System Designation (British Cable Services Limited) (Cardiff) Order 1991 SI 1991/172 Public Telecommunication System Designation (United Artists Communications (South Thames Estuary) Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/173 City of London (Non-Domestic Rating Multiplier) Order 1991 SI 1991/182 British Nationality (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/183 Education (London Residuary Body) (Capital Money) Order 1991 SI 1991/184 Rates and Precepts (Final Adjustments) Order 1991 SI 1991/185 Value Added Tax Tribunals (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/186 European Communities (Designation) Order 1991 SI 1991/187 Transfer of Functions (Minister for the Civil Service and Treasury) Order 1991 SI 1991/188 Air Navigation (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/189 Foreign Compensation (Financial Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/190 Broadcasting Act 1990 (Guernsey) Order 1991 SI 1991/191 Broadcasting Act 1990 (Isle of Man) Order 1991 SI 1991/192 Broadcasting Act 1990 (Jersey) Order 1991 SI 1991/193 Health and Personal Social Services(Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/194 Health and Personal Social Services(Northern Ireland Consequential Amendments)Order 1991 SI 1991/195 Redundancy Fund (Abolition) (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/196 Road Traffic (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/197 Civil Aviation (Canadian Navigation Services) (Third Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/198 Price Indications (Method of Payment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/199 Financial Services Act 1986 (Delegation) Order 1991 SI 1991/200 201–300 Copyright Tribunal (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/201 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Cable Communications (St Helens and Knowsley) Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/202 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Cablevision North Bedfordshire Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/203 Isles of Scilly (Functions) Order 1991 SI 1991/205 Price Marking (Petrol) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/206 Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) Order 1991 SI 1991/207 Avon and Somerset Police (Amalgamation) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/209 Valuation and Community Charge Tribunals (Amendment) (Allowances) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/210 Personal Community Charge (Relief) (Wales) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/212 Drivers' Hours (Passenger and Goods Vehicles) (Exemption) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/213 Community Drivers' Hours (Passenger and Goods Vehicles) (Temporary Exception) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/214 Upper Spey and Associated Waters Protection (Renewal) Order 1991 SI 1991/215 Community Charges (Information Concerning Social Security) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/223 Community Charges (Information Concerning Social Security) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/224 Kent County Council (Dartford Creek Bridge) Scheme 1990 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/225 Health Education Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/226 Race Relations Code of Practice (Rented Housing) Order 1991 SI 1991/227 Non-Domestic Rating (Collection and Enforcement) (Local Lists) (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provision) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/228 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Cablevision (Scotland) plc) (Edinburgh) Order 1991 SI 1991/229 Personal Community Charge (Reductions) (England) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/230 Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Competition) (Wales) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/232 Assured and Protected Tenancies (Lettings to Students) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/233 Community Charge Benefits (General) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/234 Housing Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/235 Income Support (General) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/236 Sealink (Transfer of Folkestone Harbour) Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/237 Whitehaven Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/238 Plant Health (Great Britain) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/240 Local Government Finance (Miscellaneous Provisions) (England) Order 1991 SI 1991/241 Community Charges and Non-Domestic Rating(Miscellaneous Provisions) (England) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/242 Local Government (Direct Labour Organisations) (Competition) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/243 Housing Support Grant (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/244 Housing Support Grant (Scotland) Variation Order 1991 SI 1991/245 Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/251 Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) (No.1) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/252 Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No. 1) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/253 Fire Precautions (Sub-surface Railway Stations) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/259 Statutory Sick Pay Act 1991 (Commencement) Order 1991 SI 1991/260 Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (Wales) Order 1991 SI 1991/262 Industrial Training (Offshore Petroleum Board) (Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/263 Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hampshire, Oxfordshire and Surrey (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/264 Avon and Gloucestershire (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/271 Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No. 1) (Fees of Solicitors) 1991 SI 1991/272 Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/273 Lyon Court and Office Fees (Variation) Order 1991 SI 1991/274 Community Health Councils (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/275 Building Societies (General Charge and Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/277 Valuation for Rating (Former Enterprise Zones) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/278 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Cablevision Communications Company of Hertfordshire Limited) (East Hertfordshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/279 Gloucestershire (District Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/281 Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Cambridgeshire (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/282 Scottish Enterprise and Highlands and Islands Enterprise (Transfer of Property, Rights and Liabilities) Order 1991 SI 1991/283 Hereford and Worcester and Shropshire (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/284 North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/285 Dorset and Somerset (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/286 Durham and North Yorkshire (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/287 Traffic Areas (Reorganisation) Order 1990 S.I. 1991/28 SI 1991/288 Fresh Meat Export (Hygiene and Inspection) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/289 Act of Sederunt (Fees of Sheriff Officers) 1991 SI 1991/290 Act of Sederunt (Fees of Messengers-at-Arms) 1991 1991/29 SI 1991/291 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Heartland Cablevision (UK) Limited) (Warwick & Stratford-on Avon) Order 1991 SI 1991/293 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Heartland Cablevision II (UK) Limited) (Rugby) Order 1991 SI 1991/294 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Jones Cable Group of Leeds Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/295 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Telecable of Calderdale Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/296 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Telecable of Macclesfield Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/297 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Telecable of Stockport Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/298 Drivers' Hours (Passenger and Goods Vehicles) (Exemption) (Revocation) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/299 Community Drivers' Hours (Passenger and Goods Vehicles)(Temporary Exception) (Revocation) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/300 301–400 The Cheltenham, Cotswold and Gloucester (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/301 The Chorley (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/302 The Newbury (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/303 The Northampton (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/304 The Wansdyke (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/305 The West Wiltshire (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/306 Social Security (Invalid Care Allowance) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/307 Offshore Installations (Well Control) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/308 Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Warwickshire (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/309 Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, Northamptonshire and Oxfordshire (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/310 Cheshire, Derbyshire, Hereford and Worcester and Staffordshire (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/311 Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (England) Order 1991 SI 1991/312 Revenue Support Grant (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/323 Control of Pollution (Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/324 National Health Service (District Health Authorities) Order 1991 SI 1991/325 National Health Service (Determination of Districts) Order 1991 SI 1991/326 National Health Service Training Authority (Abolition) Order 1991 SI 1991/327 National Health Service Training Authority and Disablement Services Authority Regulations 1991 SI 1991/328 Regional and District Health Authorities (Membership and Procedure) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/329 Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/330 High Court of Justiciary Fees Amendment Order SI 1991/331 Court of Session etc. Fees Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/332 Sheriff Court Fees Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/333 Industrial Training (Plastics Processing Board) (Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/334 Sea Fishing (Days in Port) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/335 Removal, Storage and Disposal of Vehicles (Prescribed Sums and Charges etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/336 Highway Litter Clearance and Cleaning (Transfer of Duties) Order 1991 SI 1991/337 Vehicles (Charges for Release from Immobilisation Devices) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/338 Misuse of Drugs (Licence Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/339 Stock Transfer (Specified Securities) Order 1991 SI 1991/340 Fire Services (Appointments and Promotion) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/343 Local Government and Housing Act 1989 (Commencement No.11 and Savings) Order 1991 SI 1991/344 Health Education Board for Scotland (Transfer of Officers) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/345 Control of Pollution (Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/346 General Lighthouse Authorities (Beacons: Hyperbolic Systems) Order 1991 SI 1991/347 Finance Act 1985 (Interest on Tax) (Prescribed Rate) Order 1991 SI 1991/348 Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/351 Personal Community Charge (Reductions) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/352 Education (Grant-maintained Schools) (Finance) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/353 Attachment of Earnings (Employer's Deduction) Order 1991 SI 1991/356 Building Societies (Designation of Qualifying Bodies) Order 1991. SI 1991/357 National Health Service Trusts (Consultation before Establishment) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/358 Islwyn (Pontllanfraith and Blackwood Communities) Order 1991 SI 1991/366 Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Variation of Schedule) Order 1991 SI 1991/367 Eastbourne, Newcastle and Gateshead and North Surrey (Pipelaying and Other Works)(Codes of Practice) Order 1991 SI 1991/368 Fire Services (Appointments and Promotion) (Amendment) Regulation 1991 SI 1991/369 Imported Food (Peruvian Foodstuffs) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/370 Value Added Tax (Refunds for Bad Depts) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/371 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Britannia Cablesystems Wirral Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/372 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Newport Cablevision) Order 1991 SI 1991/373 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Tayside Cable Systems Limited) (Dundee) Order 1991 SI 1991/374 Oxfordshire (District Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/379 Insolvency (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/380 Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/381 Local Government (Non-Domestic District Rates and District Community Charges) (Scotland) Amendment Regulation 1991 SI 1991/382 Education (Listed Bodies) Order 1991 SI 1991/383 Education (Recognised Bodies) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/384 Local Authority Stocks and Bonds (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/385 The Oxford (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/386 Enterprise (Scotland) Consequential Amendments Order 1991 SI 1991/387 National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 (Commencement No. 7) Order 1991 SI 1991/388 Disablement Services Authority (Consequential Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/389 Hill Livestock (Compensatory Allowances) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/392 Sugar Beet (Research and Education) Order 1991 SI 1991/393 Local Authorities Etc. (Allowance) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/397 Central and Tayside Regions and Clackmannan and Perth and Kinross Districts (Crook of Devon and Rumbling Bridge) Boundaries Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/398 (S. 40) 401–500 Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/404 Poultry Flocks, Hatcheries and Processed Animal Protein (Fees) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/405 National Health Service (Vocational Training) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/406 United Kingdom Transplant Support Service Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Order 1991 SI 1991/407 United Kingdom Transplant Support Service Authority Regulations 1991 SI 1991/408 Education Reform Act 1988 (Commencement No. 9) Order 1991 SI 1991/409 Education (Variation of Standard Numbers for Primary Schools) Order 1991 SI 1991/410 Education (Publication of Proposals for Reduction in Standard Number) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/411 Petty Sessional Divisions (Powys) Order 1991 SI 1991/412 Sea Fish Industry Authority (Levy) (Amendment) Regulations 1990 Confirmatory Order 1991 SI 1991/417 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Cheshire Cable Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/422 Public Airport Companies (Capital Finance) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/423 International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/425 Rent Officers (Additional Functions) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/426 Guaranteed Minimum Pensions Increase Order 1991 SI 1991/427 Statutory Sick Pay (Small Employers' Relief) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/428 State Scheme Premiums (Actuarial Tables) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/429 Community Charges and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (Wales) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/434 Income Tax (Employments) (No. 20) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/435 Wireless Telegraphy (Television Licence Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/436 National Assistance (Charges for Accommodation) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/437 National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/438 Local Government Reorganisation (Capital Money) (Greater London) Order 1991 SI 1991/439 Housing Benefit and Community Charge Benefit (Subsidy) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/441 Common Council and New Successor Bodies (Chief Finance Officer) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/445 Isles of Scilly (Members' Allowances) Order 1991 SI 1991/446 Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/447 Public Telecommunications System Designation (East London Telecommunications Limited) (Havering) Order 1991 SI 1991/448 Education (Special Educational Needs) (Approval of Independment Schools) Regulation 1991 SI 1991/449 Education (Approval of Special Schools) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/450 Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/454 Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/455 Public Service Vehicles (Conditions of Fitness, Equipment, Use and Certification) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/456 Passenger and Goods Vehicles (Recording Equipment) (Approval of Fitters and Workshops) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/457 International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/458 International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR Carnets (Fees) (Amendments) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/459 Abortion (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/460 North West (Pipelaying and Other Works) (Code of Practice) Order 1991 SI 1991/461 International Development Association (Ninth Replenishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/462 Employment Protection (Variation of Limits) Order 1991 SI 1991/464 Industrial Training Levy (Construction Board) Order 1991 SI 1991/465 Unfair Dismissal (Increase of Compensation Limit) Order 1991 SI 1991/466 Unfair Dismissal (Increase of Limits of Basic and Special Awards) Order 1991 SI 1991/467 Civil Aviation (Navigation Services Charges) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/470 Non-Domestic Rating (Caravan Sites) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/471 Environmental Protection (Prescribed Processes and Substances) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/472 Local Government (Promotion of Economic Development) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/473 Standard Community Charge and Non-Domestic Rating (Definition of Domestic Property) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/474 Non-Domestic Rating (Electricity Generators) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/475 Litter (Relevant Land of Principal Litter Authorities and Relevant Crown Land) Order 1991 SI 1991/476 Radioactive Substances (Smoke Detectors) Exemption (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/477 Wildlife and Countryside (Registration and Ringing of Certain Captive Birds) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/478 Wildlife and Countryside (Registration to Sell etc. Certain Dead Wild Birds) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/479 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provision) Order 1991 SI 1991/480 National Health Service (Remuneration and Conditions of Service) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/481 National Health Service Trusts (Public Meetings) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/482 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Wakefield Cable Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/483 Certification Officer (Amendment of Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/484 Motor Vehicles (Driving Licenses) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/485 Driving Licences (Community Driving Licence) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/486 Merchant Shipping (Light Dues) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/487 Companies Act 1989 (Commencement No. 9 and Saving and Transitional Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/488 Financial Services Act 1986 (Restriction of Right of Action) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/489 London Residuary Body (Transfer of Compensation Functions) Order 1991 SI 1991/490 A1 London-Edinburgh-Thurso Trunk Road (North Shotton Slip Road) Order 1991 SI 1991/491 Financial Services Act 1986 (Miscellaneous Exemptions) Order 1991 SI 1991/493 Bankruptcy and Companies (Department of Trade and Industry) Fees (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/494 Insolvency (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/495 Insolvency Fees (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/496 Education (London Residuary Body) (Property Transfer) Order 1991 SI 1991/497 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Lead in Cattle) (England) Order 1991 SI 1991/498 Abortion Regulations 1991 SI 1991/499 Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/500 501–600 Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Approved Investments) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/501 Child Benefit and Social Security (Fixing and Adjustment of Rates) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/502 Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order 1991 SI 1991/503 Social Security (Contributions) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/504 Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating) Order 1991 SI 1991/505 Statutory Sick Pay (Rate of Payment) Order 1991 SI 1991/506 Environmental Protection (Applications, Appeals and Registers) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/507 Disposal of Controlled Waste (Exceptions) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/508 National Health Service Trusts (Pharmaceutical Services Remuneration—Special Arrangement) Order 1991 SI 1991/509 National Bus Company (Dissolution) Order 1991 SI 1991/510 Income Tax (Building Societies) (Annual Payments) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/512 Environmental Protection (Authorisation of Processes) (Determination Periods) Order 1991 SI 1991/513 Leicester-Great Yarmouth Trunk Road (A47) (Narborough Bypass) Detrunking Order 1991 SI 1991/514 Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Large Goods and Passenger-Carrying Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/515 Merseyside Traffic Control System (Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/516 West Yorkshire Residuary Body (Winding Up) Order 1991 SI 1991/517 Capital Allowances (Corresponding Northern Ireland Grants) Order 1991 SI 1991/518 Friendly Societies (Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/519 Industrial and Provident Societies (Amendment of Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/520 Industrial and Provident Societies (Credit Unions) (Amendment of Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/521 Third Country Fishing (Enforcement) Order 1991 SI 1991/522 Internal Drainage Boards (Finance) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/523 Civil Legal Aid (General) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/524 County Court (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/525 County Court (Forms) (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/526 Legal Advice and Assistance at Police Stations (Remuneration) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/527 Legal Advice and Assistance (Duty Solicitor) (Remuneration) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/528 Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/529 Matrimonial Causes (Costs) (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/530 Rules of the Supreme Court (Amendment) 1991 SI 1991/531 Value Added Tax (Annual Accounting) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/532 Rent Officers (Additional Functions) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/533 National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/534 National Health Service Trusts (Membership and Procedure) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/535 Social Work (Provision of Social Work Services in the Scottish Health Service) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/536 National Health Service (Remuneration and Conditions of Service) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/537 Financial Services Act 1986 (Restriction of Right of Action) (Friendly Societies) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/538 Industrial Assurance (Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/539 Sealink (Transfer of Lymington Pier) Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/540 Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/542 Child Benefit (Different Rates) Order 1991 SI 1991/543 Income Support (General) Amendment No. 2 Regulations 1991 SI 1991/544 Social Security Benefits Up-rating Regulations 1991 SI 1991/545 Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Dependency) (Permitted Earnings Limits) Order 1991 SI 1991/546 Social Security (Overlapping Benefits) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/547 Lee Valley Regional Park Authority (Capital Finance) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/548 Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989 (Continuance) Order 1991 SI 1991/549 Education (Thames Valley College of Higher Education Corporation) (Dissolution) Order 1991 SI 1991/550 Local Authorities (Borrowing) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/551 Isles of Scilly (Community Care) Order 1991 SI 1991/552 National Health Service (Appellate Functions) (Directions to Authorities) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/553 National Health Service Functions (Directions to Authorities and Administration Arrangements) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/554 National Health Service (General Medical and Pharmaceutical Services) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/555 National Health Service (Indicative Amounts) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/556 National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/557 Social Security Act 1990 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/558 Education (Inner London Education Authority) (Tranisitional and Supplementary Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/559 Litter (Designated Educational Institutions) Order 1991 SI 1991/561 Large Combustion Plant (Control of Emissions) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/562 Radioactive Substances (Smoke Detectors) Exemption (Scotland) Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/563 Common Services Agency (Membership and Procedure) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/564 Civil Legal Aid (Scotland)(Fees) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/565 Criminal Legal Aid (Scotland) (Fees) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/566 Advice and Assistance (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/567 Legal Aid (Scotland) (Fees in Civil Proceedings) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/568 National Health Service (Dental Services) (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/569 Functions of Health Boards (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/570 National Health Service (General Medical and Pharmaceutical Services) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/572 National Health Service (Fund-Holding Practices) (General) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/573 National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/574 National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/575 National Health Service (Vocational Training) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/576 Channel Tunnel (Emergency Medical Services) Order 1991 SI 1991/577 Clinical Standards Advisory Group Regulations 1991 SI 1991/578 National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/579 National Health Service (Dentists' Remuneration-Special Arrangement) Order 1991 SI 1991/580 National Health Service (Dental Services) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/581 National Health Service (Fund-holding Practices) (General) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/582 National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/583 National Health Service Superannuation, Premature Retirement and Injury Benefits (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/584 Welfare Food Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/585 Petty Sessional Divisions (Wiltshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/586 Housing Benefit and Community Charge Benefit (Subsidy) Order 1991 SI 1991/587 Personal and Occupational Pension Schemes (Pensions Ombudsman) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/588 Statutory Sick Pay (National Health Service Employees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/589 Statutory Maternity Pay (National Health Service Employees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/590 601–700 Grants to Voluntary Organisations (Greater London) (Expenditure Limit) Order 1991 SI 1991/606 National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 (Commencement No. 8 and Transitional Provisions) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/607 Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/608 Parliamentary Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/609 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Wessex Cable Limited) (Salisbury) Order 1991 SI 1991/610 Income Tax (Interest Relief) (Qualifying Lenders) Order 1991 SI 1991/618 Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) Order 1991 SI 1991/619 Insurance (Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/621 A39 Trunk Road (Wadebridge Bypass) Order 1991 SI 1991/628 Control of Gold, Securities, Payments and Credits (Kuwait) (Revocation) Directions 1991 SI 1991/629 A39 Trunk Road (Wadebridge Bypass) (Detrunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/630 Disease of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/631 Medicines (Fees Relating to Medicinal Products for Animal Use) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/632 Medicines (Exemptions from Licences and Animal Test Certificates) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/633 Traffic Areas (Reorganisation) Order 1991 SI 1991/634 Civil Legal Aid (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/635 Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/636 Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/637 Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/638 Social Security (Contributions) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/639 Social Security (Contributions) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/640 Statutory Maternity Pay (Compensation of Employers) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/641 The Wealden (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/644 Non-Domestic Rates (Levying) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/645 Electricity Generators (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/646 Scottish Hydro-Electric plc (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/647 Scottish Nuclear Limited (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/648 Scottish Power plc (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/649 Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 2)Order 1991 SI 1991/650 Plant Breeders' Rights (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/655 Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/656 Seeds (National Lists of Varieties) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/657 Lands Tribunal for Scotland (Amendment) (Fees) Rules 1991 SI 1991/658 Scottish Land Court (Fees) Order 1991 SI 1991/659 Buckinghamshire County Council Campbell Park to Newlands (Canal Bridge) Scheme 1990 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/661 Patent Office (Address) Rules 1991 SI 1991/675 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Middlesex Cable Limited) (Hillingdon and Hounslow) Order 1991 SI 1991/676 Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Geography) (England) Order 1991 SI 1991/678 Offshore Installations (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/679 Submarine Pipe-lines (Inspectors and Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/680 Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in History) (England) Order 1991 SI 1991/681 Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes Order 1991 SI 1991/682 Pensions Increase (Review) Order 1991 SI 1991/684 Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Commencement No. 6 and Appointed Day) Order 1991 SI 1991/685 National Assistance (Charges for Accommodation) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/686 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Jones Cable Group of Aylesbury and Chiltern Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/687 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Tayside Cable Systems Ltd) (Perth) Order 1991 SI 1991/688 Value Added Tax (General) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/691 Statutory Sick Pay Act 1991 (Consequential) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/694 District of Welwyn Hatfield (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1991 SI 1991/695 (A696) Ponteland Road Roundabout (Trunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/696 (A6125) North Brunton Roundabout (Trunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/697 701–800 Building Societies (Deferred Shares) Order 1991 SI 1991/701 Building Societies (Designated Capital Resources) (Permanent Interest Bearing Shares) Order 1991 SI 1991/702 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Lead in Cattle) (England) (Revocation) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/703 Social Security (Mobility Allowance and Adjudication) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/706 Contracts (Applicable Law) Act 1990 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/707 Personal Injuries (Civilians) Amendment Scheme 1991 SI 1991/708 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Britannia Cablesystems Teesside Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/709 West Midlands Residuary Body (Winding Up) Order 1991 SI 1991/710 A6119 and A677 Leeds-Halifax-Burnley-Blackburn-East of Preston Trunk Road (Whitebirk to Samlesbury) (Detrunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/716 Caribbean Development Bank (Further Payments) Order 1991 SI 1991/717 Workmen's Compensation (Supplementation) Amendment Scheme 1991 SI 1991/718 Litter Etc. (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/719 Borough of Langbaurgh (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1991 SI 1991/720 M65 Motorway (Bamber Bridge to Whitebirk Section, Blackburn Southern Bypass) and Connecting Roads Scheme 1991 SI 1991/722 Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Central Lists) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/723 High Court and County Courts Jurisdiction Order 1991 SI 1991/724 National Health Service Contracts (Dispute Resolution) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/725 Income Tax (Indexation) Order 1991 SI 1991/732 Personal Equity Plan (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/733 Retirement Benefits Schemes (Indexation of Earnings Cap) Order 1991 SI 1991/734 Inheritance Tax (Indexation) Order 1991 SI 1991/735 Capital Gains Tax (Annual Exempt Amount) Order 1991 SI 1991/736 Value Added Tax (Charities) Order 1991 SI 1991/737 Value Added Tax (Increase of Registration Limits) Order 1991 SI 1991/738 Personal Community Charge (Hospital Patients) Order 1991 SI 1991/739 Civil Legal Aid (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/745 Advice and Assistance (Scotland) (Prospective Cost) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/746 Merger Situation (Stora/Swedish Match/Gillette) (Interim Provision) Order 1991 SI 1991/750 Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Geography) (Wales) Order 1991 SI 1991/751 Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in History) (Wales) Order 1991 SI 1991/752 A16 Trunk Road (Spalding to Sutterton Improvement) Order 1991 SI 1991/753 A16 Trunk Road (Spalding to Sutterton Improvement) (Detrunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/754 European Communities (Designation) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/755 Antarctic Treaty (Specially Protected Areas) Order 1991 SI 1991/756 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Immunities and Privileges) Order 1991 SI 1991/757 European Communities (Definition of Treaties) (Fourth ACP-EEC Convention of Lome) Order 1991 SI 1991/758 Appropriation (Northern 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Inspectorate Trading Fund Order 1991 SI 1991/773 Agricultural, Fishery and Aquaculture Products (Improvement Grant) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/777 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Diamond Cable (Mansfield) Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/778 Northern Ireland (Emergency and Prevention of Terrorism Provisions) (Continuance) Order 1991 SI 1991/779 Highlands and Islands Rural Enterprise Programme Regulations 1991 SI 1991/780 Merchant Shipping (Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/784 Supply of Razors and Razor Blades (Interim Provision) Order 1991 SI 1991/785 Pensions Increase (Judicial Pensions)(Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/786 Pensions Increase (Past Prime Ministers) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/787 Pensions Increase (Speakers' Pensions) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/788 Costs in Criminal Cases (General) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/789 Legal Aid Act 1988 (Commencement No. 4) Order 1991 SI 1991/790 Combined Probation Areas (Powys) Order 1991 SI 1991/791 Gloucestershire Districts (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1991 SI 1991/793 Combined Probation Areas (Wiltshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/794 Census (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/796 A17 Trunk Road (Leadenham Bypass) Order 1991 SI 1991/797 A17 Trunk Road (Leadenham Bypass) (Detrunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/798 King's Lynn-Newark Trunk Road (Leadenham By-Pass and Slip Roads) (Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/799 801–900 Merseyside Traffic Control System (Revocation) (No. 2) Order SI 1991/808 Health Boards (Membership and Procedure) (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/809 Appellants (Increase in Expenses) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/810 Department of Transport (Fees) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/811 District of South Herefordshire (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1991 SI 1991/816 Consumer Credit (Period of Standard Licence) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/817 Redundancy Payments (Local Government) (Modification) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/818 Home Purchase Assistance (Price-limits) Order 1991 SI 1991/819 Motor Vehicles (Type Approval) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/820 Act of Sederunt (Amendment of Summary Cause and Small Claim Rules) 1991 SI 1991/821 Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 (Commencement No.4) Order 1991 SI 1991/822 Companies Act 1985 (Mutual Recognition of Prospectuses) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/823 European Communities (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/824 Imprisonment and Detention (Air Force) (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/825 Imprisonment and Detention (Army) (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/826 Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/827 Children Act 1989 (Commencement and Transitional Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/828 Education (Student Loans) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/829 Education (Fees and Awards) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/830 State Awards (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/831 Dairy Produce Quotas (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/832 Education (Fees and Awards, Allowances and Bursaries) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/834 Personal Community Charge (Relief) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/835 Environmental Protection (Amendment of Regulations) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/836 Legal Aid in Contempt Proceedings (Remuneration) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/837 Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/838 Blood Tests (Evidence of Paternity) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/839 Community Charges (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/841 Community Charges and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/842 Community Charges and Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (City of London) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/843 Personal Community Charge (Reductions) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/844 Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No.3) (Solicitors' Fees) 1991 SI 1991/846 Act of Adjournal (Consolidation Amendment No.1) 1991 SI 1991/847 Act of Sederunt (Fees of Solicitors in the Sheriff Court) (Amendment) 1991 SI 1991/848 Community Charge Benefits (General) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/849 Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1991 SI 1991/850 Lloyd's Underwriters (Tax) (1988–89) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/851 Electricity Act 1989 (Scottish Power plc) Extinguishment of Loans Order 1991 SI 1991/852 Electricity Act 1989 (Scottish Hydro-Electric plc) Extinguishment of Loans Order 1991 SI 1991/853 Personal Community Charge (Reduction for 1990–91) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/854 Personal Community Charge (Reduction for 1991–92) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/855 Community Charges (Levying, Collection and Payment) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/856 Central Office of Information Trading Fund Order 1991 SI 1991/857 Public Lending Right (Increase of Limit) Order 1991 SI 1991/858 Estate Agents (Provision of Information) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/859 Estate Agents (Specified Offences) Order 1991 SI 1991/860 Estate Agents (Undesirable Practices) Order 1991 SI 1991/861 Superannuation (Children's Pensions) (Earnings Limit) Order 1991 SI 1991/862 Gaming Act (Variation of Monetary Limits) Order 1991 SI 1991/870 Gaming Clubs (Hours and Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/871 Gaming Clubs (Multiple Bingo) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/872 Measuring Instruments (EEC Requirements) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/873 Wireless Telegraphy Apparatus (Approval) (Test Fees) Order 1991 SI 1991/874 Buying Agency Trading Fund Order 1991 SI 1991/875 Property Services Agency Supplies Trading Fund Order 1976 (Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/876 Community Charges (Demand Notices) (Additional Provisions) (Wales) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/877 Companies Act 1989 (Commencement No. 10 and Saving Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/878 Companies (Forms) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/879 Financial Markets and Insolvency Regulations 1991 SI 1991/880 Broadcasting (Channel 3 Transmission and Shared Distribution Costs) Order 1991 SI 1991/881 Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/889 Arrangements for Placement of Children (General) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/890 Contact with Children Regulations 1991 SI 1991/891 Definition of Independent Visitors (Children) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/892 Placement of Children with Parents etc. Regulations 1991 SI 1991/893 Representations Procedure (Children) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/894 Review of Children's Cases Regulations 1991 SI 1991/895 Housing Renovation etc. Grants (Reduction of Grant) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/897 Housing Renovation etc. Grants (Prescribed Forms and Particulars) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/898 Pneumoconiosis etc. (Workers' Compensation) (Payment of Claims) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/899 Common Services Agency (Withdrawal and Amendment of Functions) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/900 901–1000 Foster Placement (Children) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/910 Injuries in War (Shore Employments) Compensation (Amendment) Scheme 1991 SI 1991/911 Scottish Nuclear Limited (Rateable Values) (Scotland) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/914 Caravan Sites and Pitches (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/915 Mines and Quarries (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/916 Industrial and Freight Transport (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/917 A18 Trunk Road (Barnetby Top to East of Ermine Street) (Detrunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/924 North Tyneside Steam Railway Light Railway Order 1991 SI 1991/933 Vaccine Damage Payments Act 1979 Statutory Sum Order 1991 SI 1991/939 British Gas plc. (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/940 British Telecommunications plc. (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/941 Water Undertakings (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/942 Electricity Generators (Rateable Values) (Scotland) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/943 Glasgow Underground (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/944 British Alcan Primary and Recycling Ltd. (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/945 Mercury Communications Ltd. (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/946 Scottish Power plc (Rateable Values) (Scotland) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/947 British Railways Board (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/948 Lochaber Power Company (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/949 Scottish Hydro-Electric plc (Rateable Values) (Scotland) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/950 Representation of the People (Variation of Limits of Candidates' Election Expenses) Order 1991 SI 1991/951 Adopted Persons (Contact Register) (Fees) Rules 1991 SI 1991/952 Local Government and Housing Act 1989 (Commencement No. 12) Order 1991 SI 1991/953 Housing Act 1988 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/954 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Britannia Cablesystems Surrey Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/955 Electricity Industry (Rateable Values) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/959 New Street Byelaws (Extension of Operation) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/960 Litter (Animal Droppings) Order 1991 SI 1991/961 Medicines (Products Other Than Veterinary Drugs) (Prescription Only) Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/962 Education (London Residuary Body) (Property Transfer) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/964 Immigration (Registration with Police) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/965 Employment Protection Code of Practice (Time Off) Order 1991 SI 1991/968 International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/969 City of Bradford Metropolitan Council (Salts Mill to Otley Road Link Road, Canal Bridge) Scheme 1990 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/970 Revenue Support Grant (Scotland) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/971 Fertilisers (Sampling and Analysis) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/973 Housing (Prescribed forms) (No. 2) (Welsh Forms) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/974 Inspection of Premises, Children and Records (Independent Schools) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/975 Community Charges (Notices) (Substitute Charges) (England) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/979 Immigration (Variation of Leave) (Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/980 Petroleum (Production) (Landward Areas) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/981 Houses in Multiple Occupation (Charges for Registration Schemes) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/982 Local Government Finance (Consequential Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/983 Slaughterhouses (Hygiene) and Meat Inspection (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/984 Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (Commencement No. 4) Order 1991 SI 1991/985 Gaming Act (Variation of Monetary Limits) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/986 Gaming Clubs (Hours and Charges) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/987 Caribbean Territories (Abolition of Death Penalty for Murder) Order 1991 SI 1991/988 Employment Code of Practice (Trade Union Ballots on Industrial Action) Order 1991 SI 1991/989 PARLIAMENT SI 1991/992 Portsmouth Mile End Quay Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/993 Naval Medical Compassionate Fund (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/994 Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) Order 1991 SI 1991/995 Consular Fees (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/996 Spain (Extradition) (Dependent Territories) Order 1991 SI 1991/997 Broadcasting Act 1990 (Isle of Man) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/998 Trustee Investments (Additional Powers) Order 1991 SI 1991/999 1001–1100 Immigration Act 1988 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1001 County Council of Humberside (Old River Ancholme Bridge) Scheme 1990 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/1002 City of Westminster (Ladbroke Grove Canal Bridge Widening and Harrow Road Junction Improvement) Scheme 1988 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/1020 Motor Vehicles (Type Approval for Goods Vehicles) (Great Britain) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1021 Motor Vehicles (Type Approval) (Great Britain) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1022 Special Hospitals Service Authority (Functions and Membership) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1025 Pilotage Act 1987 (Abolition of Pilotage Commission: Appointed Day) Order 1991 SI 1991/1028 Pilotage Act 1987 (Commencement No. 4) Order 1991 SI 1991/1029 Swine Fever (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1030 Savings Certificates Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1031 Estate Agents (Undesirable Practices) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1032 Income Support (General) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1033 Education (Particulars of Independent Schools) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1034 North Yorkshire County Council (Rampart Bridge) Scheme 1986 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/1035 Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Commencement No. 7) Order 1991 SI 1991/1042 Litter (Statutory Undertakers) (Designation and Relevant Land) Order 1991 SI 1991/1043 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Alphavision Communications Grim-Clee Limited) (Grimsby and Cleethorpes) Order 1991 SI 1991/1044 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Telecommunications Network Limited) (Bromley) Order 1991 SI 1991/1045 Personal Community Charge (Reductions) (England) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1061 Manchester Ship Canal Harbour Revision Order 1990 SI 1991/1063 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Alphavision Communications Lincoln Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1069 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Greater Manchester Cablevision Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1070 Football Spectators Act 1989 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/1071 Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/1072 Magistrates' Courts (Criminal Justice (International Co-operation)) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1074 London-Brighton Trunk Road (A23 Hickstead) Order 1987, Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/1075 London–Brighton Trunk Road (A23 Hickstead Slip Roads) Order 1987, Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/1076 London-Brighton Trunk Road (A23 Hickstead Slip Roads) (No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/1077 Finance Act 1985 (Interest on Tax) (Prescribed Rate) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1078 State Awards (State Bursaries for Adult Education) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1079 Income Tax (Employments) (No. 21) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1080 Income Tax (Sub-contractors in the Construction Industry) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1081 Caledionian MacBrayne Limited (Gott Bay Pier) Harbour Revision Order 1990 SI 1991/1082 Immigration (Variation of Leave) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1083 Estate Agents (Specified Offences) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1091 Civil Legal Aid (Financial Conditions) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1094 Advice and Assistance (Financial Conditions) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1095 Advice and Assistance (Scotland) (Prospective Cost) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1096 Firemen's Pension Scheme (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1097 1101–1200 Health Promotion Authority for Wales Constitution Order 1991 SI 1991/1102 Health Promotion Authority for Wales Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1103 Financial Services Act 1986 (Extension of Scope of Act) Order 1991 SI 1991/1104 Montrose (Pilotage) Harbour Revision Order 1990 SI 1991/1106 County Council of Humberside (Newland Bridge) Scheme 1990 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/1107 Social Security Revaluation of Earnings Factors Order 1991 SI 1991/1108 Protection of Wrecks (Designation No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/1110 Yorkshire Dales Light Railway Order 1991 SI 1991/1111 Children (Admissibility of Hearsay Evidence) Order 1991 SI 1991/1115 Copyright (Recording for Archives of Designated Class of Broadcasts and Cable Programmes) (Designated Bodies) Order 1991 SI 1991/1116 Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1120 Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1121 Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Large Goods and Passenger-Carrying Vehicles) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1122 Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work (Functions) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1123 Gipsy Encampments (District of Tandridge) Order 1991 SI 1991/1125 County Court (Amendment No. 2) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1126 Community Charges and Non-Domestic Rating (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1127 Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1129 County Court (Forms) (Amendment No.2) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1132 A5 Trunk Road (Kilsby Diversion) Order 1991 SI 1991/1133 Education (Teachers) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1134 Act of Sederunt (Shorthand Writers' Fees) 1991 SI 1991/1135 Teachers (Entitlement to Registration) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1136 A11 Trunk Road (Newmarket to Red Lodge Dualling) Detrunking Order 1991 SI 1991/1137 A11 Trunk Road (Newmarket to Red Lodge Dualling) Slip Roads Order 1991 SI 1991/1138 Local Loans (Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1139 Public Works Loans (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1140 Charities (John Lyon Road Trust) Order 1991 SI 1991/1141 Data Protection Registration Fee Order 1991 SI 1991/1142 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Diamond Cable (Newark) Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1143 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Subscription to Capital Stock) Order 1991 SI 1991/1144 Stock Transfer (Gilt-Edged Securities) (Exempt Transfer) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1145 A585 Trunk Road (Fleetwood Diversion) Order 1991 SI 1991/1146 A585 Trunk Road (Fleetwood Diversion) (Detrunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/1147 Specified Diseases (Notification) Order 1991 SI 1991/1155 Control of Pollution (Continuation of Byelaws) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1156 Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No.2) (Miscellaneous) 1991 SI 1991/1157 Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No.4) (Shorthand Writers' Fees) 1991 SI 1991/1158 Data Protection (Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1160 Tanfield Railway (Causey Extension) Light Railway Order 1991 SI 1991/1162 Cod (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1991 SI 1991/1163 Industrial Training Levy (Engineering Board) Order 1991 SI 1991/1164 Social Security (Earnings Factor) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1165 Superannuation (Scottish Legal Services Ombudsman) Order 1991 SI 1991/1166 Diseases of Animals (Fees for the Testing of Disinfectants) Order 1991 SI 1991/1168 Local Elections (Declaration of Acceptance of Office) (Welsh Forms) Order 1991 SI 1991/1169 Water Act 1989 (Commencement No. 5) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1172 Control of Pollution Act 1974 (Commencement No. 20) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1173 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Kingdom Cablevision Limited) (Glenrothes ad Kirkcaldy) Order 1991 SI 1991/1174 Income-related Benefits Schemes and Social Security (Recoupment) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1175 Broadcasting (Restrictions on the Holding of Licences) Order 1991 SI 1991/1176 Financial Assistance (UK 2000 Scotland) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1179 Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No.5) (Prevention of Terrorism) 1991 SI 1991/1183 County Courts (Interest on Judgment Debts) Order 1991 SI 1991/1184 National Health Service (Service Committees and Tribunal) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1188 Valuation and Community Charge Tribunals (Amendment) (Allowances) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1189 Representation of the People (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1198 Electricity (Supply, Transmission and Generating Companies) (Target Investment Limits) Order 1991 SI 1991/1199 1201–1300 International Organisations (Tax Exempt Securities) Order 1991 SI 1991/1202 Local Government Superannuation (Reserve Forces) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1203 Companies (Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1206 Common Investment Scheme 1991 SI 1991/1209 High Court (Distribution of Business) Order 1991 SI 1991/1210 Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act 1984 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1991 SI 1991/1211 Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Effective Joining) Order 1991 SI 1991/1212 Veterinary Surgeons Qualifications (EEC Recognition) (German Democratic Republic Qualifications) Order 1991 SI 1991/1218 Dangerous Vessels (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1219 Planning(Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1220 European Communities (Employment in the Civil Service) Order 1991 SI 1991/1221 County Court Remedies Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1222 Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Designation of Prosecuting Authorities) Order 1991 SI 1991/1224 Coal Industry (Restructuring Grants) Order 1991 SI 1991/1225 Representation of the People (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1226 Court Funds (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1227 European Economic Interest Grouping (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1228 Charge Limitation (England) (Maximum Amounts) Order 1991 SI 1991/1230 Food (Miscellaneous Revocations) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1231 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) Order 1991 SI 1991/1235 Channel Tunnel (Emergency Medical Services) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1236 European Parliamentary Elections (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1243 Representation of the People Act 1990 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/1244 Administration of Justice Act 1982 (Commencement No. 6) Order 1991 SI 1991/1245 Cable (Excepted Programmes) Order 1991 SI 1991/1246 Family Proceedings Rules 1991 SI 1991/1247 Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1248 Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1249 Inheritance Tax (Delivery of Accounts) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1250 Movement of Animals (Restrictions) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1251 Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 (Commencement No. 6) Order 1991 SI 1991/1252 Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 (Licensing of Houses in Multiple Occupation) Order 1991 SI 1991/1253 Motor Vehicles (Wearing of Seat Belts in Rear Seats by Adults) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1255 Financial Services Act 1986 (Delegation) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1256 Sealink, (Transfer of Newhaven Harbour) Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/1257 Sealink (Transfer of Heysham Harbour) Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/1258 Companies (Forms) (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1259 Registration of Births, Still-Births and Deaths (Prescription of Errors) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1260 Adopted Children Register (Form of Entry) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1261 A23 Trunk Road (Pease Pottage and Handcross Trunk Road and Slip Road) Order 1991 SI 1991/1263 Employment Codes of Practice (Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/1264 Education (Information on School Examination Results) (England) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1265 Education (School Curriculum and Related Information) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1278 New Towns (Transfer of Housing Stock) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1281 Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1282 A638 Trunk Road (Doncaster North Bridge Relief Road) Order 1991 SI 1991/1283 Fruit Juices and Fruit Nectars (England, Wales and Scotland) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1284 Controlled Drugs (Substances Useful for Manufacture) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1285 Customs Duty (Personal Reliefs) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1286 Customs and Excise Duties (Personal Reliefs for Goods Permanently Imported) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1287 Crown Court (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1288 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Comment Cablevision North East Partnership) (Tyneside) Order 1991 SI 1991/1292 Customs and Excise Duties (Personal Reliefs for Goods Temporarily Imported) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1293 Lee Valley and South Staffordshire (Pipelaying and Other Works) (Codes of Practice) Order 1991 SI 1991/1294 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1295 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.3) Order 1991 SI 1991/1296 Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Exercise of Powers) Order 1991 SI 1991/1297 Merchant Shipping (Load Lines) (Exemption) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1298 Education (Student Loans) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1299 Merchant Shipping (Life-Saving Appliances) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1300 1301–1400 London Cab Order 1991 SI 1991/1301 Home-Grown Cereals Authority Levy (Variation) Scheme (Approval) Order 1991 SI 1991/1302 Home-Grown Cereals Authority (Rate of Levy) Order 1991 SI 1991/1303 Police Pensions (Additional Voluntary Contributions) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1304 Industrial Training (Engineering Construction Board) Order 1991 SI 1991/1305 Motor Vehicles (Type Approval and Approval Marks) (Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1318 Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Commencement No. 8) Order 1991 SI 1991/1319 Nursing Homes Registration (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1320 Street Litter Control Notices Order SI 1991/1324 Litter Control Areas Order 1991 SI 1991/1325 Gipsy Encampments (City of Worcester) Order 1991 SI 1991/1326 Norfolk Ambulance National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/1327 County Court (Amendment No. 3) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1328 Rules of the Supreme Court (Amendment No. 2) 1991 SI 1991/1329 Value Added Tax (General) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1332 Water Supply (Water Quality) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1333 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Britannia Cablesystems Solent Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1334 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Clyde Cablevision) (Paisley and Renfrew) Order 1991 SI 1991/1335 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Telford Telecommunications Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1336 Premium Savings Bonds (Amendment No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1337 Farm and Conservation Grant (Variation) Scheme 1991 SI 1991/1338 Farm Diversification Grant (Variation) (No. 2) Scheme 1991 SI 1991/1339 County Court (Forms) (Amendment No. 3) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1340 Merchant Shipping (Radio and Radio-Navigational Equipment Survey) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1341 Fishing Vessels (Safety Provisions) (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1342 Food Hygiene (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1343 Electricity (Standards of Performance) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1344 A1 Trunk Road (Haringey) Red Route Experimental Traffic (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1345 A1 Trunk Road (Islington) Red Route Experimental Traffic (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1346 National Health Service Trusts (Consultation on Dissolution) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1347 National Health Service (General Dental Services) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1348 National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1349 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Clyde Cablevision) (Greater Glasgow) Order 1991 SI 1991/1350 Building Societies (Designation of Qualifying Bodies) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1358 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Britannia Cablesystems Darlington Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1359 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Clyde Cablevision) (Bearsden and Milngavie) Order 1991 SI 1991/1360 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Clyde Cablevision) (Inverclyde) Order 1991 SI 1991/1361 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Diamond Cable (Melton Mowbray) Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1362 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Videotron Harrow Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1363 Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1991 SI 1991/1364 Merchant Shipping Act 1970 (Unregistered Fishing Vessels) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1365 Merchant Shipping Act 1970 (Unregistered Ships) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1366 Merchant Shipping Act 1988 (unregistered Ships) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1367 Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment No.3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1377 Sea Fish (Specified Sea Areas) (Regulation of Nets and Other Fishing Gear) Order 1991 SI 1991/1380 Blue Eared Pig Disease Order 1991 SI 1991/1381 Price Marking Order 1991 SI 1991/1382 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No. 3) Revocation Order 1991 SI 1991/1386 Education Reform Act 1988 (Application of Section 122 to Institutions in Wales) Order 1991 SI 1991/1391 Medicines (Veterinary Drugs) (Prescription Only) Order 1991 SI 1991/1392 Consumer Credit (Exempt Agreements) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1393 Family Proceedings Courts (Children Act 1989) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1395 Eggs (Marketing Standards) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1396 Act of Sederunt (Messengers-at-Arms and Sheriff Officers Rules) 1991 SI 1991/1397 Local Government (Committees and Political Groups) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1398 Crop Residues (Restrictions on Burning) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1399 1401–1500 Erskine Bridge Tolls Extension Order 1991 SI 1991/1402 Housing Renovation etc. Grants (Prescribed Forms and Particulars) (Welsh Forms and Particulars) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1403 Merchant Shipping (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1404 Family Proceedings Courts (Constitution) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1405 Farm Business Non-Capital Grant (Variation) Scheme 1991 SI 1991/1406 Savings Certificates (Children's Bonus Bonds) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1407 Broadcasting (Independent Productions) Order 1991 SI 1991/1408 Water (Compulsory Works Powers) (Notice) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1409 County Council of Humberside (River Hull Tunnel) Scheme 1989 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/1411 Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 (Schedule 3 Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1412 Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No.6) (Discharge of Judicial Factors) 1991 SI 1991/1413 Emergency Protection Order (Transfer of Responsibilities) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1414 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/1415 Family Proceedings Courts (Constitution) (Metropolitan Area) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1426 Education (University Commissioners) Order 1991 SI 1991/1427 Trade Marks and Service Marks (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1431 Hill Livestock (Compensatory Allowances) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1439 A406 London North Circular Trunk Road (Improvement between Silver Street and Hall Lane, Supplementary Trunk Road and Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/1446 A406 London North Circular Trunk Road (Improvement between Silver Street and Hall Lane Trunk Roads, Slip Roads and Bridge) Order 1991 SI 1991/1447 Companies Act 1989 (Commencement No. 11) Order 1991 SI 1991/1452 Education (Inner London Education Authority) (Transfer of Functions) Order 1991 SI 1991/1457 Education (School Teachers' Pay and Conditions) Order 1991 SI 1991/1459 Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1461 Cinemas (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1462 Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Enforcement of Overseas Forfeiture Orders) Order 1991 SI 1991/1463 Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Enforcement of Overseas Forfeiture Orders) (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1464 Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (Designated Countries and Territories) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1465 Fisheries (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1466 Confiscation of the Proceeds of Drug Trafficking (Designated Countries and Territories) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1467 Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Enforcement of Overseas Forfeiture Orders) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1468 Merchant Shipping (Categorisation of Registries of Overseas Territories) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1469 Gas (Meters) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1471 Finance Act 1985 (Interest on Tax) (Prescribed Rate) (No.3) Order 1991 SI 1991/1472 Cod (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1473 Medicines (Products for Human Use — Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1474 Feeding Stuffs (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1475 Food Safety (Exports) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1476 Welfare of Pigs Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1477 Parental Responsibility Agreement Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1478 North Surrey Water Company (Constitution and Regulation) Order 1991 SI 1991/1479 Winchester–Preston Trunk Road (A34) (Newbury Bypass) Order 1991 SI 1991/1480 Winchester-Preston Trunk Road (A34) (Newbury Bypass Detrunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/1481 Winchester-Preston Trunk Road (A34) (Newbury Bypass) Slip Roads Order 1991 SI 1991/1482 Winchester-Preston Trunk Road (A34) (Newbury Bypass) Slip Roads (No 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1483 Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances Order 1991 SI 1991/1487 Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances (Terms of Office) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1488 St Mary's Music School (Aided Places) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1494 Education (Assisted Places) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1495 Immigration (Carriers' Liability Prescribed Sum) Order 1991 SI 1991/1497 1501–1600 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Videotron South Limited) (Winchester) Order 1991 SI 1991/1503 Children (Secure Accommodation) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1505 Children's Homes Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1506 Refuges (Children's Homes and Foster Placements) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1507 Education (School Teacher Appraisal) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1511 Prosecution of Offences (Custody Time Limits) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1515 Financial Services Act 1986 (Schedule 1 (Amendment) and Miscellaneous Exemption) Order 1991 SI 1991/1516 Police Pensions (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1517 Building Societies Act 1986 (Continuance of section 41) Order 1991 Approved by both Houses of Parliament SI 1991/1518 Disability Living Allowance and Disability Working Allowance Act 1991 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/1519 Family Credit (General) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1520 Rent Regulation (Forms and Information etc.) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1521 Students' Allowances (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1522 Wireless Telegraphy Apparatus (Low Power Devices) (Exemption) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1523 Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1525 Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 1) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1526 Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1527 Building (Procedure) (Scotland) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1528 Tobacco Products Labelling (Safety) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1530 Control of Explosives Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1531 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.4) Order 1991 SI 1991/1533 Town and Country Planning General Development (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1536 Seed Potatoes (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1537 Northern Ireland Act 1974 (Interim Period Extension) Order 1991 SI 1991/1538 Public Works Loans (Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1539 Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Statutory Storage Period) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1540 Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Large Goods and Passenger-Carrying Vehicles) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1541 North-West of Doncaster-Kendal Trunk Road (Airedale Route) (Bingley to Cottingley Bar Section and Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/1542 North-West of Doncaster—Kendal Trunk Road (Airedale Route—Bingley to Kildwick and Link Road) Order 1982 Variation (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1543 North-West of Doncaster-Kendal Trunk Road (Airedale Route) (Crossflatts to Cottingley Bar Section) (De-Trunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/1544 Immigration Appeals (Procedure) (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1545 A5 Trunk Road (Fazeley Two Gates Wilnecote Bypass and Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/1558 Income Support (General) Amendment No. 4 Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1559 British Shipbuilders Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1560 A40 Trunk Road (Gipsy Corner Junction Improvement, Trunk Road and Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/1561 A40 Trunk Road (Western Circus Junction Improvement, Trunk Road and Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/1562 Football (Offences) Act 1991 (Commencement) Order 1991 SI 1991/1564 Football (Offences) (Designation of Football Matches) Order 1991 SI 1991/1565 Companies Act 1989 (Register of Auditors and Information about Audit Firms) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1566 Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1567 Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Commencement No. 9) Order 1991 SI 1991/1577 A38 Trunk Road (Improvement at Twowatersfoot) Order 1991 SI 1991/1581 Education (Pupils' Attendance Records) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1582 Export of Goods (Control) (Amendment No. 7) Order 1991 SI 1991/1583 Access to Personal Files (Social Services) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1587 Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Special Exemptions) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1588 Crop Residues (Restrictions on Burning) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1590 Hormonal Substances (Food Sources) (Animals) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1593 Leeds General Infirmary and Associated Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Change of Name) Order 1991 SI 1991/1594 Child Benefit and Social Security (Fixing and Adjustment of Rates) Amendment No. 2 Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1595 Essex Water Company (Constitution and Regulation) Order 1991 SI 1991/1596 Bathing Waters (Classification) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1597 Housing Benefit and Community Charge Benefits (Miscellaneous) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1599 Income Support (Transitional) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1600 1601–1700 Fodder Plant Seeds (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1601 Oil and Fibre Plant Seeds (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1602 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.5) Order 1991 SI 1991/1608 Bathing Waters (Classification) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1609 Retirement Benefits Schemes (Restriction on Discretion to Approve) (Small Self-administered Schemes) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1614 County Council of Somerset (Bridgwater Bypass) (North) (River Parrett Bridge) Scheme 1988 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/1615 Dartmoor National Park (Restriction of Agricultural Operations) Order 1991 SI 1991/1616 Social Security (Overlapping Benefits) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1617 Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989 (Commencement) Order 1991 SI 1991/1618 Isle of Wight Light Railway Order 1991 SI 1991/1619 Construction Products Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1620 Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No.7) (Patents Rules) 1991 SI 1991/1621 Controlled Waste (Registration of Carriers and Seizure of Vehicles) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1624 Recovery of Tax in Summary Proceedings (Financial Limits) Order 1991 SI 1991/1625 Design Right (Proceedings before Comptroller) (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1626 Patents (Fees) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1627 Registered Designs (Fees) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1628 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Oxford Cable Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1629 Farm and Conservation Grant Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1630 Farm Woodland (Variation) Scheme 1991 Approved by both Houses of Parliament SI 1991/1631 Social Security (Contributions) Amendment (No.4) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1632 Broads Authority (Pilotage Powers) Order 1991 SI 1991/1633 Representation of the People Act 1991 (Commencement) Order 1991 SI 1991/1634 Import and Export (Plant Health Fees) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1640 North Hull Housing Action Trust (Area and Constitution) Order 1991 Approved by both Houses of Parliament SI 1991/1641 Human Organ Transplants and the United Kingdom Transplant Support Service Authority (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1645 Companies (Disclosure of Interests in Shares) (Orders imposing restrictions on shares) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1646 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Mercury Personal Communications Network Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1647 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Microtel Communications Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1648 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Unitel Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1649 Income Support (General) Amendment (No. 5) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1656 Education (National Curriculum) (Exceptions) (Wales) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1657 Education (School Curriculum and Related Information) (Wales) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1658 Treasury Bills (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1667 Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in History) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1668 Civil Aviation Authority Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1672 Police (Discipline) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1673 Representation of the People (Northern Ireland) (Variation of Specified Documents and Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1674 European Parliamentary Elections (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1675 Slaughter of Poultry (Licences and Specified Qualifications) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1676 Children (Allocation of Proceedings) Order 1991 SI 1991/1677 Air Navigation (Restriction of Flying) (High Security Prisons) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1679 National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1680 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.6) Order 1991 SI 1991/1681 Testing in Primary Schools (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1682 Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Welsh) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1683 Deposit Protection Board (Increase of Borrowing Limit) Order 1991 SI 1991/1684 House of Commons Members' Fund (Variation) Order 1991 SI 1991/1685 Representation of the People Act 1990 (Commencement No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1686 Returning Officers' Charges Order 1991 SI 1991/1687 Returning Officer's Charges (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1688 Child Minding and Day Care (Applications for Registration) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1689 Price Marking (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1690 Public Telecommunication System Designation (General Cable Limited)(Bradford) Order 1991 SI 1991/1691 A11 Trunk Road (Besthorpe to Wymondham Improvement) Detrunking Order 1991 SI 1991/1692 A11 Trunk Road (Besthorpe to Wymondham Improvement and Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/1693 International Organisations (Miscellaneous Exemptions) Order 1991 SI 1991/1694 Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment No. 4) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1695 Army, Air Force and Naval Discipline Acts (Continuation) Order 1991 SI 1991/1696 Air Navigation (Overseas Territories) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1697 Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) (Amendment) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1698 Extradition (Aviation Security) Order 1991 SI 1991/1699 Extradition (Designated Commonwealth Countries) Order 1991 SI 1991/1700 1701–1800 Extradition (Drug Trafficking) Order 1991 SI 1991/1701 Extradition (Torture) Order 1991 SI 1991/1702 Merchant Shipping Act 1988 (Bermuda) Order 1991 SI 1991/1703 Vienna Document (Privileges and Immunities) Order 1991 SI 1991/1704 Dentists Act 1984 (Dental Auxiliaries) Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/1705 Dental Auxiliaries (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1706 Access to Personal Files and Medical Reports (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1707 Appropriation (No. 2) (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1708 Broadcasting Act 1990 (Guernsey) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1709 Broadcasting Act 1990 (Jersey) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1710 Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1711 Disability Living Allowance and Disability Working Allowance (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1712 Fair Employment (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1713 Genetically Modified Organisms (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1714 Local Elections (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1715 Nuclear Material (Offences) Act 1983 (Commencement) Order 1991 SI 1991/1716 Nuclear Material (Offences) Act 1983 (Guernsey) Order 1991 SI 1991/1717 Nuclear Material (Offences) Act 1983 (Jersey) Order 1991 SI 1991/1718 Nuclear Material (Offences) Act 1983 (Isle of Man) Order 1991 SI 1991/1719 Extradition (Protection of Nuclear Material) Order 1991 SI 1991/1720 Statistics (Confidentiality) (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1721 Territorial Sea Act 1987 (Isle of Man) Order 1991 SI 1991/1722 Family Law Act 1986 (Dependent Territories) Order 1991 SI 1991/1723 Reciprocal Enforcement of Foreign Judgments (Canada) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1724 Films Co-Production Agreements (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1725 Air Navigation (Second Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1726 Motor Vehicles (International Circulation) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1727 Transfer of Functions (Returning Officers' Charges) Order 1991 SI 1991/1728 Building Societies Act 1986 (Modifications) Order 1991 SI 1991/1729 Local Government Finance (Repeals and Consequential Amendments) Order 1991 SI 1991/1730 National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1731 Hearing Aid Council (Disciplinary Proceedings) Legal Assessor (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1732 Mid Southern Water Company (Constitution and Regulation) Order 1991 SI 1991/1733 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Northampton Cable Television Limited) (Northeast Northamptonshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/1734 Agricultural Marketing Act 1958 and Milk Marketing Schemes (Amendment) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1735 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (Limit on Borrowing) Order 1991 SI 1991/1736 Free Zone (Birmingham Airport) Designation Order 1991 SI 1991/1737 Free Zone (Liverpool) Designation Order 1991 SI 1991/1738 Free Zone (Prestwick Airport) Designation Order 1991 SI 1991/1739 Free Zone (Southampton) Designation Order 1991 SI 1991/1740 Finance Act 1991 (Savings-related Share Option Schemes) (Appointed Day) Order 1991 SI 1991/1741 Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 (Commencement and Appointed Day) Order 1991 SI 1991/1742 Dangerous Dogs (Designated Types) Order 1991 SI 1991/1743 Dangerous Dogs Compensation and Exemption Schemes Order 1991 SI 1991/1744 Montrose Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/1745 Disability Living Allowance Advisory Board Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1746 Social Security (Severe Disablement Allowance) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1747 Legal Aid (Disclosure of Information) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1753 Value Added Tax Act 1983 (Interest on Overpayments etc.) (Prescribed Rate) Order 1991 SI 1991/1754 Car Tax (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1755 Ecclesiastical Judges and Legal Officers (Fees) Order 1991 SI 1991/1756 Legal Officers (Annual Fees) Order 1991 SI 1991/1757 Parochial Fees Order 1991 SI 1991/1758 Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1759 River Colne Barrier (Wivenhoe) Order 1991 SI 1991/1760 Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1767 Education (Training Grants) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1768 Diseases of Animals (Approved Disinfectants) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/1770 Swansea Bay Port Health Authority Order 1991 SI 1991/1773 Weights and Measures (Local and Working Standard Weights and Testing Equipment) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1775 Banking Act 1987 (Meaning of Deposit) Order 1991 SI 1991/1776 Plant Health (Great Britain) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1777 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Videotron Thamesmead Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1778 Public Telecommunication System Designation (West Midlands Cable Communications Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1779 Local Government (Interest on Repayments of Rates) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1780 Administration of Justice Act 1982 (Commencement No. 7) Order 1991 SI 1991/1786 Building Societies (Liquid Asset) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1785 Administration of Justice Act 1982 (Commencement No. 7) Order 1991 SI 1991/1786 Education (London Residuary Body) (Property Transfer) (No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/1787 Companies House Trading Fund Order 1991 SI 1991/1795 Patent Office Trading Fund Order 1991 SI 1991/1796 Merchant Shipping (Light Dues) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1797 Gaming Licence Duty Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1798 A49 Trunk Road (Onibury to Stokesay Improvement) Order 1991 SI 1991/1799 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.2 Partial Revocation) and (Nos.4 and 5 Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/1800 1801–1900 Children (Allocation of Proceedings) (Appeals) Order 1991 SI 1991/1801 Education (Bursaries for Teacher Training) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1804 Dartford-Thurrock Crossing (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1805 Dartford-Thurrock Crossing Tolls Order 1991 SI 1991/1808 Civil Courts (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1809 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.7) Order 1991 SI 1991/1810 Forth Ports Authority (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1811 Caledonian MacBrayne Limited (Rateable Values) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1812 Education (School Curriculum and Related Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1813 The Halton (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/1814 Register of County Court Judgments (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1815 Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Detention and Forfeiture of Drug Trafficking Cash) Order 1991 SI 1991/1816 Merchant Shipping (Certification of Deck Officers and Marine Engineer Officers) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1819 Broadcasting (Prescribed Countries) Order 1991 SI 1991/1820 Petty Sessional Divisions (Hampshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/1828 Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1830 Education (Grants) (Music and Ballet Schools) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1831 Family Proceedings (Costs) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1832 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Windsor Television Limited) (Iver Heath and Laleham) Order 1991 SI 1991/1833 Water Supply (Water Quality) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1837 Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1838 Education (Fees and Awards) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1839 Education (Teachers) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1840 A12 Trunk Road (Eastern Avenue, Redbridge) (Prohibition of Right Turn and U-Turns) Order 1991 SI 1991/1842 Temporary Set-Aside Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1847 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.2) Order 1991 Revocation Order 1991 SI 1991/1848 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.8) Order 1991 SI 1991/1849 Education (National Curriculum) (Assessment Arrangements for Welsh Second Language) (Key Stage 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/1851 Newport (Gwent) Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/1852 Falmouth Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/1853 Education (National Curriculum) (Assessment Arrangements for English, Welsh, Mathematics and Science) (Key Stage 1) (Wales) Order 1991 SI 1991/1860 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Poisonous Substances in Cattle) (Wales) Order 1991 SI 1991/1863 M6 Motorway (Widening and Improvements Between Junctions 30 and 32) and Connecting Roads Scheme 1991 SI 1991/1873 School Teachers' Pay and Conditions Act 1991 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/1874 A38 Trunk Road (Bell Bridge to Alrewas Improvements) (Fradley Lane Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/1875 Non-Contentious Probate (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1876 County Court Appeals Order 1991 SI 1991/1877 Social Security (Adjudication) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1878 Sheep Scab (National Dip) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1879 Adoption (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1880 Children Act 1989 (Consequential Amendment of Enactments) Order 1991 SI 1991/1881 County Court (Amendment No. 4) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1882 Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (Commencement No. 6) Order 1991 SI 1991/1883 Rules of the Supreme Court (Amendment No. 3) 1991 SI 1991/1884 Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) Order 1991 SI 1991/1888 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (Licence Committees and Appeals) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1889 Education (Financial Delegation for Primary Schools) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1890 Gaming (Records of Cheques) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1892 Restrictive Trade Practices (Standards and Arrangements) (Goods) Order 1991 SI 1991/1896 Restrictive Trade Practices (Standards and Arrangements) (Services) Order 1991 SI 1991/1897 Trade Marks and Service Marks (Fees) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1898 Housing (Change of Landlord) (Payment of Disposal Cost by Instalments) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1899 1901–2000 Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 (Commencement No.7) Order 1991 SI 1991/1903 Civil Legal Aid (Scotland) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1904 Soft Fruit Plants (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/1905 Agriculture (Power Take-off) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1913 Notification of New Substances (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1914 Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No.8) (Discharge of Judicial Factors) 1991 SI 1991/1915 Act of Adjournal (Consolidation Amendment No. 2) (Evidence of Children) 1991 SI 1991/1916 Combined Probation Areas (Hampshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/1917 Act of Sederunt (Proceedings in the Sheriff Court under the Debtors (Scotland) Act 1987) (Amendment) 1991 SI 1991/1920 Health and Safety (Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1921 Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/1922 Magistrates' Courts (Detention and Forfeiture of Drug Trafficking Cash) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1923 Legal Aid Act 1988 (Children Act 1989) Order 1991 SI 1991/1924 Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1925 Domestic Property (Valuation) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1934 Social Security (Contributions) Amendment (No. 5) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1935 Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Specified Day for Repeals) Order 1991 SI 1991/1937 Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1938 Protection from Eviction (Excluded Licences) Order 1991 SI 1991/1943 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Poisonous Substances in Cattle) (Wales) (Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/1944 Land Registration Fees Order 1991 SI 1991/1948 Consumer Credit (Exempt Agreements) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1949 Social Security (Adjudication) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1950 Gipsy Encampments (District of Corby) Order 1991 SI 1991/1951 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.10) Order 1991 SI 1991/1958 Pilotage Act 1987 (Cessation of Temporary Arbitration Procedure) Order and Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1959 Police (Promotion) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1961 Leicester North Station Light Railway Order 1991 SI 1991/1965 Justices of the Peace (Size and Chairmanship of Bench) (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1966 Goods Vehicles (Operators' Licences, Qualifications and Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1969 Motor Vehicles (Type Approval for Goods Vehicles) (Great Britain) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1970 Motor Vehicles (Type Approval) (Great Britain) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1971 Barnet (Prescribed Route) (No. 3) Traffic Order 1970 (Variation) Order 1991 SI 1991/1972 Education (Grant) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1975 Education (Higher Education Corporations) (Wales) Order 1991 SI 1991/1976 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Diamond Cable (Grantham) Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/1977 Scottish Agricultural Securities Corporation (Specified Day for Repeals) Order 1991 SI 1991/1978 Motor Vehicles (Designation of Approval Marks) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1979 Telford Development Corporation (Transfer of Property and Dissolution) Order 1991 SI 1991/1980 Adopted Persons (Birth Records) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1981 Foreign Fields (Specification) Order 1991 SI 1991/1982 Foreign Fields (Specification) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/1983 Foreign Fields (Specification) (No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/1984 Children Act 1989 (Commencement No. 2—Amendment and Transitional Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/1990 Family Proceedings Courts (Matrimonial Proceedings etc.) Rules 1991 SI 1991/1991 Blue Eared Pig Disease (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1992 Set-Aside (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1993 Milk Quota (Calculation of Standard Quota) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/1994 Employment Action (Miscellaneous Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/1995 Companies Act 1989 (Commencement No. 12 and Transitional Provision) Order 1991 SI 1991/1996 Companies Act 1989 (Eligibility for Appointment as Company Auditor) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1997 Companies (Inspection and Copying of Registers, Indices and Documents) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1998 Insurance Companies Regulations 1981 (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/1999 Official Listing of Securities (Change of Competent Authority) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2000 2001–2100 National Health Service Supplies Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Order 1991 SI 1991/2001 National Health Service Supplies Authority Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2002 Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2003 Road Traffic Accidents (Payments for Treatment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2005 Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Competition) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2006 River Tweed (Baits and Lures) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2007 Tendring Hundred Waterworks Company (Constitution and Regulation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2018 Weighing Equipment (Non-automatic Weighing Machines) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2019 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No. 11) Order 1991 SI 1991/2020 Extension of the Vehicles (Excise) Act 1971 to Northern Ireland (Commencement) Order 1991 SI 1991/2021 Domestic Property (Valuation) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2022 Adoption Allowance Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2030 Children and Young Persons (Designation of Isle of Man Orders) Order 1991 SI 1991/2031 Children (Prescribed Orders — Northern Ireland, Guernsey and Isle of Man) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2032 Children (Representations, Placements and Reviews) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2033 Children (Secure Accommodation) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2034 Probation (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/2035 Civil Legal Aid (General) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2036 Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (Costs) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2037 Legal Aid in Family Proceedings (Remuneration) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2038 National Health Service (Determination of Districts) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2039 National Health Service (District Health Authorities) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2040 Regional and District Health Authorities (Membership and Procedure) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2041 Maintenance Enforcement Act 1991 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/2042 Gaming (Records of Cheques) (Scotland) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2047 Petty Sessional Divisions (Devon) Order 1991 SI 1991/2048 A11 Trunk Road (Four Went Ways to Newmarket Dualling) Slip Roads Order 1991 SI 1991/2049 Children (Private Arrangements for Fostering) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2050 Guardians Ad Litem and Reporting Officers (Panels) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2051 Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2052 Mortgage Indemnities (Recognised Bodies) Order 1991 SI 1991/2053 Road Traffic Act 1991 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/2054 Medicines (Fees Relating to Medicinal Products for Animal Use) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2063 Planning and Compensation Act 1991 (Commencement No.1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/2067 Taxes (Interest Rate) (Amendment No. 5) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2070 Child Minding and Day Care (Registration and Inspection Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2076 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No. 12) Order 1991 SI 1991/2077 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No. 7 and No. 10) Orders 1991 Revocation Order 1991 SI 1991/2078 Cod and Sole (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1991 SI 1991/2085 Building Societies (Accounts and Related Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2086 Excise Duties (Goods Imported for Testing, etc.) Relief Order 1991 SI 1991/2089 Planning and Compensation Act 1991 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2092 Fees in the Registers of Scotland Order 1991 SI 1991/2093 Disqualification for Caring for Children Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2094 M25 Motorway (A13 to A12 Section) (Mar Dyke Connecting Roads) Scheme 1975 and the M25 Motorway (A13 to A12 Section and Connecting Roads) Scheme 1975, Variation Scheme 1991 SI 1991/2095 Magistrates' Courts (Costs Against Legal Representatives in Civil Proceedings) Rules 1991 SI 1991/2096 Packaging of Explosives for Carriage Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2097 Agricultural or Forestry Tractors and Tractor Components (Type Approval) (Fees) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2098 Juvenile Courts (Constitution) (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/2099 2101–2200 Child Benefit (General) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2105 Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2108 Non-Domestic Rating (Payment of Interest) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2111 Legal Aid in Family Proceedings (Remuneration) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2112 Family Proceedings (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/2113 Family Proceedings Fees Order 1991 SI 1991/2114 Annual Close Time (River Nairn Salmon Fishery District) Order 1991 SI 1991/2115 Broadcasting (Foreign Satellite Programmes) (Specified Countries) Order 1991 SI 1991/2124 Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2125 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.8) Order 1991 Revocation Order 1991 SI 1991/2126 Companies Act 1985 (Disclosure of Remuneration for Non-Audit Work) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2128 Child Minding and Day Care (Applications for Registration and Inspection Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2129 Adoption Allowance (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2130 The Stroud (Parishes) (No. 2) Order 1990 S.I. 1991/2133 Bure Valley Railway Light Railway (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2136 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Broadland Cablevision Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/2141 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Kirklees Cable) Order 1991 SI 1991/2142 Public Telecommunication System Designation (Stafford Communications Limited) Order 1991 SI 1991/2143 Merchant Shipping (Crew Agreements, Lists of Crew and Discharge of Seamen) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2144 Merchant Shipping (Official Log Books) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2145 Local Government (Assistants for Political Groups) (Remuneration) Order 1991 SI 1991/2150 Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 (Commencement No. 8) Order 1991 SI 1991/2151 Assignation Statement (Prescribed Information) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2152 Agricultural Holdings (Specification of Forms) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2154 Education (South West London College Higher Education Corporation) (Dissolution) Order 1991 SI 1991/2155 Banking Act 1987 (Exempt Transactions) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2168 Education (National Curriculum) (Assessment Arrangements for English, Mathematics and Science) (Key Stage 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/2169 Education (National Curriculum) (Assessment Arrangements for Technology) (Key Stage 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/2170 The Cotswold (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/2171 A12 Trunk Road (Eastern Avenue, Redbridge) (Prescribed Routes) Order 1991 SI 1991/2172 Companies Act 1989 (Commencement No. 13) Order 1991 SI 1991/2173 Amusements with Prizes (Variation of Fees) Order 1991 SI 1991/2174 Betting, Gaming and Lotteries Act 1963 (Variation of Fees) Order 1991 SI 1991/2175 Betting, Gaming and Lotteries Act 1963 (Variation of Fees) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2176 Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2177 Lotteries (Registration Authority Fees) Order 1991 SI 1991/2178 A13 Trunk Road (Ripple Road, Barking and Dagenham) (Prescribed Routes) Order 1991 SI 1991/2180 Natural Heritage (Scotland) Act 1991 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/2187 Broadcasting (Local Delivery Services) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2188 River Cree Salmon Fishery District (Baits and Lures) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2192 Kirklees Light Railway Order 1991 SI 1991/2194 Finance Act 1985 (Interest on Tax) (Prescribed Rate) (No. 4) Order 1991 SI 1991/2195 Sea Fish Licensing (Variation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2196 Fertilisers Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2197 Hops Certification (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2198 2201–2300 Act of Sederunt (Rules for the Registration of Custody Orders of the Sheriff Court) (Amendment) 1991 SI 1991/2205 Seed Potatoes Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2206 Criminal Justice Act 1991 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/2208 Grimsby and Louth Light Railway Order 1991 SI 1991/2210 Civil Courts (Amendment No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2211 Petty Sessional Divisions (Cheshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/2212 Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No.9) (International Commercial Arbitration) 1991 SI 1991/2213 Act of Sederunt (Proceedings in the Sheriff Court under the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration) 1991 SI 1991/2214 Petty Sessional Divisions (Cambridgeshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/2215 Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2229 Dairy Produce Quotas Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2232 Rivers Tweed and Eye Protection (Renewal) Order 1991 SI 1991/2234 River Tummel Catchment Area Protection (Renewal) Order 1991 SI 1991/2235 River Lunan Catchment Area Protection (Renewal) Order 1991 SI 1991/2236 Design Right (Semiconductor Topographies) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2237 Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment No.2 Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2238 Goods Vehicles (Operators' Licences, Qualifications and Fees) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2239 Education (Teachers) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2240 National Health Service (General Medical and Pharmaceutical Services) (Scotland) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2241 Beef Carcase (Classification) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2242 A406 London North Circular Trunk Road (East London River Crossing (A13 to A2) No. 2 Bridge) Order 1991 SI 1991/2244 A406 London North Circular Trunk Road (East London River Crossing (A13 to A2) Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/2245 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Order 1991 SI 1991/2246 Dorset, Hampshire, West Sussex and Wiltshire (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/2247 Charging Authorities (Notification of Precept Population) (Wales) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2259 Charging Authorities (Population for Precepts) (Wales) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2260 National Health Service (General Medical and Pharmaceutical Services) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2263 Town and Country Planning General Development (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2268 Skye Salmon Fishery District Designation Order 1991 SI 1991/2271 Planning and Compensation Act 1991 (Commencement No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/2272 Occupational Pension Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2273 Registration of Births and Deaths (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2275 A41 London–Birmingham Trunk Road (Aston Clinton Bypass and Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/2280 A41 London–Birmingham Trunk Road (East of Aylesbury to West of Tring) Detrunking Order 1991 SI 1991/2281 Value Added Tax Act 1983 (Interest on Overpayments etc.) (Prescribed Rate) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2282 The Forest of Dean (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/2283 Social Security (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2284 Water (Prevention of Pollution) (Code of Practice) Order 1991 SI 1991/2285 New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 (Commencement No. 1) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2286 New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/2288 European Communities (Designation) (No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/2289 Arms Control and Disarmament (Inspections) (Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia) Order 1991 SI 1991/2290 Consular Fees (Amendment) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2291 Dangerous Dogs (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2292 Friendly Societies Act 1984 (Guernsey) Order 1991 SI 1991/2293 Social Security (Contributions)(Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2294 Access to Health Records (Steps to Secure Compliance and Complaints Procedures) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2295 Local Government Reorganisation (Consequential Provision) Order 1991 SI 1991/2296 Dangerous Dogs Compensation and Exemption Schemes (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2297 2301–2400 Legal Advice and Assistance (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2305 Value Added Tax (Input Tax) (Person Supplied) Order 1991 SI 1991/2306 Education (Polytechnics and Colleges Funding Council) (Prescribed Expenditure) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2307 Milk Quota (Calculation of Standard Quota) (Scotland) Amendment Order 1991 SI 1991/2309 Value Added Tax (General) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2312 Bristol Waterworks Company (Constitution and Regulation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2313 Aintree Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2316 Airedale National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2317 Allington National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2318 Ashford Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2319 Avon Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2320 Aylesbury Vale Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2321 Barnet Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2322 Barnsley Community and Priority Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2323 Barts National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2324 Basildon and Thurrock General Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2325 Bassetlaw Hospital and Community Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2326 Bath and West Community National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2327 Bath Mental Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2328 Bedford Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2329 Bradford Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2330 Burnley Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2331 Central Sheffield University Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2332 Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2333 Income Support (General) Amendment No.6 Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2334 Cleveland Ambulance National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2335 Dacorum and St Albans Community National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2336 Devon Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2337 Doncaster Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2338 Dorset Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2339 Ealing Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2340 East Berkshire National Health Service Trust for People with Learning Disabilities (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2341 East Birmingham Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2342 East Hertfordshire Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2343 Eastbourne Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2344 Essex Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2345 Essex Rivers Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2346 Exeter and District Community Health Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2347 Forest Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2348 Frenchay Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2349 Frimley Park Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2350 Gateshead Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2351 Gloucestershire Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2352 Harefield Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2353 Harrogate Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2354 Harrow Community Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2355 Hastings and Rother National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2356 Heatherwood and Wexham Park Hospitals' National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2357 Herefordshire Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2358 Hillingdon Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2359 Hinchingbrooke Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2360 Horizon National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2361 King's Healthcare National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2362 King's Lynn and Wisbech Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2363 Lancaster Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2364 Lancaster Priority Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2365 Liverpool Obstetric and Gynaecology Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2366 Luton and Dunstable Hospital Trust National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2367 Maidstone Priority Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2368 Mersey Regional Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2369 Mid Essex Hospital Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2370 Milton Keynes Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2371 Milton Keynes General National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2372 Mulberry National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2373 New Possibilities National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2374 North East Essex Mental Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2375 North Mersey Community National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2376 North Tees Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2377 Northallerton Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2378 Northgate National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2379 Nottingham City Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2380 Nottingham Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2381 Oldham National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2382 Optimum Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2383 Parkside National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2384 Phoenix National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2385 Plymouth Community Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2386 Poole Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2387 Premier Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2388 Ravensbourne Priority Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2389 Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2390 Royal Cornwall Hospitals and West Cornwall Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2391 Royal United Hospital, Bath, National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2392 Royal Victoria Infirmary and Associated Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2393 St Helens and Knowsley Community Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2394 St Mary's National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2395 St Peter's Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2396 St Thomas' Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2397 Scarborough and North East Yorkshire Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2398 Sheffield Children's Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2399 South Bedfordshire Community Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2400 2401–2500 South Downs Health National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2401 South Tees Acute Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2402 South Warwickshire Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2403 South Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance and Paramedic Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2404 Southend Community Care Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2405 Southmead Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2406 Southport and Formby National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2407 Staffordshire Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2408 Thameslink Healthcare Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2409 Walsgrave Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2410 Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2411 Wellhouse National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2412 West Lambeth Community Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2413 Weston Park Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2414 Weybourne Community National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2415 Wiltshire Health Care National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2416 Wrightington Hospital National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2417 York Health Services National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2418 Pensions Increase (Approved Schemes) (National Health Service) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2419 Export and Investment Guarantees Act 1991 (Commencement) Order 1991 SI 1991/2430 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2431 (A6) London–Carlisle Trunk Road and the (A46) Bath–Lincoln Trunk Road (Leicester Western Bypass) (Detrunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/2432 (M1) London–Yorkshire Motorway (A46 Leicester Western Bypass) Connecting Roads (Supplementary) Scheme 1991 SI 1991/2433 (A46) Bath–Lincoln Trunk Road (Leicester Western Bypass and Slip Roads) (Supplementary) Order 1991 SI 1991/2434 (A46) Bath–Lincoln Trunk Road (Leicester Western Bypass and Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/2435 Rules of the Air Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2437 Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemption) (England) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2438 Social Fund Cold Weather Payments (General) Amendment No. 3 Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2448 Fees for Cinema Licences (Variation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2462 South Staffordshire Waterworks Company (Constitution and Regulation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2463 Derbyshire and Greater Manchester (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/2464 National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) Amendment (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2465 Local Government Superannuation (Interchange) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2471 Blood Tests (Evidence of Paternity) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2472 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.12 Partial Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2482 Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No.10) (Miscellaneous) 1991 SI 1991/2483 Police (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2484 Imported Food and Feedingstuffs (Safeguards against Cholera) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2486 National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) (Scotland) Amendment (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2487 Criminal Procedure (Insanity and Unfitness to Plead) Act 1991 (Commencement) Order 1991 SI 1991/2488 Electricity (Non-Fossil Fuel Sources) (England and Wales) Order 1991 SI 1991/2490 Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Heavy Goods and Public Service Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2491 Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Large Goods and Passenger-Carrying Vehicles) (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2492 Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2493 Hampshire and Surrey (County Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/2494 Betting, Gaming and Lotteries Act 1963 (Variation of Fees) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2495 Betting, Gaming and Lotteries Act 1963 (Variation of Fees) (Scotland) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2496 Amusements with Prizes (Variation of Fees) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2497 Lotteries (Registration Authority Fees) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2498 Gaming Act (Variation of Fees) (Scotland) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2499 Children and Young Persons (Protection from Tobacco) Act 1991 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/2500 2501–2600 Combined Probation Areas (Devon) Order 1991 SI 1991/2501 Residential Care Homes (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2502 Value Added Tax (Special Provisions) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2503 The South Bucks (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/2504 Social Security (Contributions) Amendment (No. 6) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2505 Croydon Community National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1991 SI 1991/2507 Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991 (Commencement) Order 1991 SI 1991/2508 Coal Mining Subsidence (Notices and Claims) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2509 Coal Mining Subsidence (Preventive Measures and Rates of Interest) Order 1991 SI 1991/2510 Insurance Companies (Linked Contracts) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2511 Ancient Monuments (Claims for Compensation) (England) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2512 Collieston Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/2513 Local Government Superannuation (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2522 Import and Export (Plant Health Fees) (Forestry) (Great Britain) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2523 Mining Industry Act 1926 (Metrication) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2531 Nursing Homes and Mental Nursing Homes (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2532 Value Added Tax (Piped Gas) (Metrication) Order 1991 SI 1991/2534 Value Added Tax (Small Non-Commercial Consignments) Relief (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2535 Control of Pollution (Radioactive Waste) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2539 Antioxidants in Food (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2540 Lifecare National Health Service Trust (Transfer of Trust Property) Order 1991 SI 1991/2541 Neath–Abergavenny Trunk Road (A465) (Improvement from Aberdulais to Glynneath and Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/2542 Merchant Shipping (Load Lines) Act 1967 (Unregistered Ships) Order 1991 SI 1991/2543 Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Competition and Specified Periods) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2548 A2 Trunk Road (Old Dover Road, Barham) Detrunking Order 1991 SI 1991/2550 A435 Trunk Road (Norton–Lenchwick Bypass) Order 1991 SI 1991/2551 A435 Trunk Road (South of Norton to Arrow) De-Trunking Order 1991 SI 1991/2552 A422 Trunk Road (South of Alcester) De-Trunking Order 1991 SI 1991/2553 Bolton, Bury and Salford (District Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/2555 Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Geography) (England) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2562 Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Modern Foreign Languages) Order 1991 SI 1991/2563 Spirits Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2564 Sea Fishing (Specified Western Waters) (Restrictions on Landing) (Variation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2565 Insurance Brokers Registration Council (Registration and Enrolment) (Amendment) Rules Approval Order 1991 SI 1991/2566 Education (National Curriculum) (Modern Foreign Languages) Order 1991 SI 1991/2567 Medicines (Veterinary Drugs) (Prescription Only) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2568 Value Added Tax (Buildings and Land) Order 1991 SI 1991/2569 Electrical Equipment for Explosive Atmospheres (Certification) (Amendment) Regualtions 1991 SI 1991/2570 International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2571 Water Byelaws (Milngavie Waterworks, Loch Katrine, Loch Arklet, Glen Finglas) Extension Order 1991 SI 1991/2573 The Derbyshire Dales (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/2574 The Doncaster (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/2575 Electricity (Scottish Electricity Companies) (Target Investment Limits) Order 1991 SI 1991/2579 Building Societies (Liquid Asset) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2580 Building Societies (Designation of Qualifying Bodies) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2581 Building Societies (Prescribed Contracts) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2582 Customs Duties (ECSC) (Amendment No. 6) Order 1991 SI 1991/2583 The Macclesfield (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/2588 Hartlepool (Parishes) Order 1991 SI 1991/2587 Education (Bursaries for Teacher Training) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2589 The Pendle (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/2590 Dog Racecourse Totalisator (Percentage) Order 1991 SI 1991/2592 Cod and Sole (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) (Variation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2593 Folkestone-Honiton Trunk Road (A27 Brighton By-Pass and Slip Roads) Order 1984, Variation Order 1991 SI 1991/2594 The Mid Devon (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/2600 2601–2700 Income Tax (Interest Relief) (Qualifying Lenders) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2604 Medicines (Pharmacies) (Applications for Registration and Fees) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2605 Occupational Pensions (Revaluation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2606 Act of Sederunt (Access to Health Records Rules) 1991 SI 1991/2607 Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Geography) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2608 Sealink (Transfer of Portsmouth Harbour Railway Jetty) Harbour Revision Order 1991 SI 1991/2609 Disability Living Allowance And Disability Working Allowance Act 1991 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2617 Public Lending Right Scheme 1982 (Commencement of Variations) Order 1991 SI 1991/2618 Chester-Bangor Trunk Road (A55) (Aber Improvement and Slip Roads) Order 1991 SI 1991/2622 Local Authorities (Armorial Bearings) Order 1991 SI 1991/2623 Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/2624 Arms Control and Disarmament (Inspections) Act 1991 (Guernsey) Order 1991 SI 1991/2625 Arms Control and Disarmament (Inspections) Act 1991 (Isle of Man) Order 1991 SI 1991/2626 Arms Control and Disarmament (Inspections) Act 1991 (Jersey) Order 1991 SI 1991/2627 Child Support(Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2628 Consular Fees (Amendment) (No.3) Order 1991 SI 1991/2629 Immigration (Isle of Man) Order 1991 SI 1991/2630 Judicial Pensions (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2631 Suckler Cow Premium Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2632 Natural Heritage (Scotland) Act 1991 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2633 Land Registration (District Registries) Order 1991 SI 1991/2634 Agriculture Act 1986 (Commencement No. 5) Order 1991 SI 1991/2635 Dangerous Dogs Compensation and Exemption Schemes (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2636 Petty Sessional Divisions (Leicestershire) Order 1991 SI 1991/2637 Conservation of Seals (Common Seals) (Shetland Islands Area) Order 1991 SI 1991/2638 Central Regional Council (Gartmorn Reservoir) Byelaws Extension Order 1991 SI 1991/2639 Goods Vehicles (Authorisation of International Journeys) (Fees) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2646 Ancient Monuments (Claims for Compensation) (Wales) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2647 Merger Reference (Medicopharma NV and AAH Holdings plc) Order 1991 SI 1991/2648 Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) (Designated Ports) Order 1991 SI 1991/2649 Police (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2650 North Yorkshire and West Yorkshire (County and District Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/2651 Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No.11) (Applications under the Access to Health Records Act 1990) 1991 SI 1991/2652 The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/2660 The South Somerset (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/2661 The West Lindsey (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/2662 Export of Goods (Control) Order 1991 SI 1991/2666 Magistrates' Courts (Remands in Custody) Order 1991 SI 1991/2667 Rainhill Stoops to Queensway Trunk Road (A568 Widnes Eastern Bypass Southern Extension) Order 1991 SI 1991/2668 Offshore Installations (Safety Zones) (No. 4) Order 1991 SI 1991/2669 Rules of the Supreme Court (Amendment No. 4) 1991 SI 1991/2671 Act of Adjournal (Consolidation Amendment No.3) 1991 SI 1991/2676 Act of Adjournal (Consolidation Amendment No. 4) (Supervised Attendance Orders) 1991 SI 1991/2677 Capital Gains Tax (Gilt-edged Securities) Order 1991 SI 1991/2678 Public Supply Contracts Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2679 Public Works Contracts Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2680 Motor Vehicles (Type Approval) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2681 Saundersfoot Steam Railway (Light Railway)Order 1991 SI 1991/2682 Administration of Justice Act 1985 (Commencement No. 7) Order 1991 SI 1991/2683 Solicitors' Incorporated Practices Order 1991 SI 1991/2684 Housing (Change of Landlord) (Payment of Disposal Cost by Instalments) (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2685 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Commencement No. 4) Order 1991 SI 1991/2686 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Tape-recording of Interviews) (No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/2687 Petty Sessional Divisions (Norfolk) Order 1991 SI 1991/2689 Heating Appliances (Fireguards) (Safety) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2693 Goods Vehicles (Authorisation of International Journeys) (Fees) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2694 Income-related Benefits Schemes (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2695 Goods Vehicles (Operators' Licences)(Temporary Use in Great Britain) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2696 Pembrokeshire National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2697 Planning (Consequential Provisions) Act 1990 (Appointed Day No. 1 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/2698 Tribunals and Inquiries (Specified Tribunals) Order 1991 SI 1991/2699 Gloucestershire Districts (Electoral Arrangements) (Variation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2700 2701–2800 Mid Devon, Torridge and West Devon (District Boundaries) Order 1991 SI 1991/2701 Merger Reference (Medicopharma NV and AAH Holdings plc) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2702 Bank Accounts Directive (Miscellaneous Banks) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2704 Companies Act 1985 (Bank Accounts) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2705 Criminal Justice Act 1991 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/2706 Social Security (Graduated Retirement Benefit) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2707 Disabled Persons (Badges for Motor Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2708 Local Authorities' Traffic Orders (Exemptions for Disabled Persons) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2709 Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) (No. 5) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2710 Local Government Act 1988 (Competition) (Leeds City Council) (Refuse Collection) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2711 Library Charges (England and Wales) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2712 A6 London–Inverness Trunk Road (Rothwell Interchange) Detrunking Order 1991 SI 1991/2713 Local Authorities' Traffic Orders (Exemptions for Disabled Persons) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2714 Armed Forces Act 1991 (Commencement No.1) SI 1991/2719 Armed Forces (Compensation Limits) Order 1991 SI 1991/2720 British Technology Group Act 1991 (Appointed Day) Order 1991 SI 1991/2721 British Technology Group Act 1991 (Nominated Company) Order 1991 SI 1991/2722 A428 Trunk Road (Bedford Southern Bypass) Order 1991 SI 1991/2723 Customs Controls on Importation of Goods Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2724 Customs Warehousing Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2725 Customs Warehousing (Victualling) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2726 Free Zone Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2727 Planning and Compensation Act 1991 (Commencement No. 4 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/2728 Partnerships (Unrestricted Size) No. 8 Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2729 Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (Commencement No. 7) Order 1991 SI 1991/2730 Judicial Pensions (Widowers' and Children's Benefits) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2731 Acquisition of Land (Rate of Interest after Entry) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2732 Acquisition of Land (Rate of Interest after Entry) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2733 Banking Act 1987 (Exempt Persons) Order 1991 SI 1991/2734 Town and Country Planning (Fees for Applications and Deemed Applications) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2735 Insurance Companies (Accounts and Statements) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2736 Naval Courts-Martial General Orders (Royal Navy) 1991 SI 1991/2737 Building Societies Act 1986 (Modifications) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2738 Civil Aviation (Route Charges for Navigation Services) (Third Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2739 Social Security (Attendance Allowance) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2740 Social Security (Claims and Payments) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2741 Disability Living Allowance and Disability Working Allowance (Consequential Provisions) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2742 Protection of Wrecks (Designation No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2746 Electrically, Hydraulically and Oil-Electrically Operated Lifts (Components) (EEC Requirements) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2748 Simple Pressure Vessels (Safety) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2749 Stansted Airport London (Cargo Area Designation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2750 Town and Country Planning (Fees for Applications and Deemed Applications) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2765 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Radioactivity in Sheep) Partial Revocation Order 1991 SI 1991/2766 Haddock (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1991 SI 1991/2767 Building Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2768 Petty Sessional Divisions (Avon) Order 1991 SI 1991/2769 Hearing Aid Council Investigating and Disciplinary Committee Rules Approval Instrument 1991 SI 1991/2770 A13 Trunk Road (Movers Lane Flyover, Barking and Dagenham) (Weight Restriction) Order 1991 SI 1991/2771 Social Security (Credits) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2772 Waltham Forest Housing Action Trust (Area and Constitution) Order 1991 SI 1991/2773 Personal Equity Plan (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2774 Housing Revenue Account General Fund Contribution Limits (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2775 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Radioactivity in Sheep) (England) (Partial Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2776 Education (London Residuary Body) (Property Transfer) (No. 4) Order 1991 SI 1991/2778 Provision of Confidential Statistical Informationto the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Restriction on Disclosure) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2779 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Radioactivity in Sheep) (Wales) (Partial Revocation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2780 Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2781 Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Competition) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2782 Local Government Act 1988 (Defined Activities) (Exemptions) (England) (No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/2783 Civil Legal Aid (General) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2784 Rules of Procedure (Air Force) (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/2786 Rules of Procedure (Army) (Amendment) Rules 1991 SI 1991/2787 Standing Civilian Courts (Areas) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2788 A406 London North Circular Trunk Road (A1 Great North Way/Falloden Way, A598 Regents Park Road/Finchley Road Junctions Improvements) Trunk Roads and Slip Roads Order 1991 SI 1991/2789 Private Water Supplies Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2790 Motor Vehicles (Tests) (Amendment)(No. 5) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2791 Civil Aviation (Joint Financing) (Third Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2792 Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (England) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2793 Town and Country Planning (Development Plan) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2794 2801–2900 Town and Country Planning (Enforcement Notices and Appeals) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2804 Town and Country Planning General Development (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/2805 Sole (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1991 SI 1991/2806 Personal Community Charge (Reduction Scheme) (England) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2807 Income Tax (Purchased Life Annuities) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2808 Peak Rail Light Railway Order 1991 SI 1991/2812 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (Exemption of Special Treatment for Lone Parents) Order 1991 SI 1991/2813 Anthrax Order 1991 SI 1991/2814 Domestic Property (Valuation) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2815 Marriage Fees (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2816 Registration of Births, Deaths, Marriages and Divorces (Fees) (Scotland) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2817 Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Fees) (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2818 Western Isles Islands Council (Hushinish) Water Order 1991 SI 1991/2819 Western Isles Islands Council (Govig) Water Order 1991 SI 1991/2820 Lancashire County Council (New Shard Bridge) Scheme 1988 Confirmation Instrument 1991 SI 1991/2823 Fertilisers (Sampling and Analysis) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2824 Food Premises (Registration) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2825 Electrical Equipment for Explosive Atmospheres (Certification) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2826 The Northavon (Parishes) Order 1991 S.I. 1991/2827 Scottish Seed Potato Development Council (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2828 Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Commencement No. 10) Order 1991 SI 1991/2829 Motor Vehicles (Type Approval) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2830 Registered Foreign Lawyers Order 1991 SI 1991/2831 A1 Trunk Road (Islington) Red Route Experimental Traffic (Amendment) (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2838 Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2839 Feeding Stuffs Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2840 Animals, Meat and Meat Products (Examination for Residues and Maximum limits) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2843 Consumer Credit (Exempt Agreements) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 1991 SI 1991/2844 Education (School Government) (Amendment) Regulations SI 1991/2845 Mackerel (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1991 SI 1991/2849 British Railways (Penalty Fares) Act 1989 (Activating No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2853 A50 and A453 Trunk Roads (Flagstaff Interchange and Link Road) Detrunking Order 1991 SI 1991/2859 Finance Act 1990, section 46, (Appointed Day) Order 1991 SI 1991/2860 Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1990 (Commencement No. 9) Order 1991 SI 1991/2862 Saithe (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing) Order 1991 SI 1991/2863 Broadcasting (Programme Contractors' Additional Payments) Order 1991 SI 1991/2868 Police (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2869 Child Abduction and Custody (Parties to Conventions) (Amendment) (No. 4) Order 1991 SI 1991/2870 Virgin Islands (Constitution) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2871 Children and Young Persons (Protection from Tobacco) (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2872 Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Designated Countries and Territories) Order 1991 SI 1991/2873 Disability Living Allowance and Disability Working Allowance (Northern Ireland Consequential Amendments) Order 1991 SI 1991/2874 Merchant Shipping Act 1988 (Guernsey) Order 1991 SI 1991/2875 Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Czechoslovakia) Order 1991 SI 1991/2876 Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Denmark) Order 1991 SI 1991/2877 Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Finland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2878 Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Iceland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2879 Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Isle of Man) Order 1991 SI 1991/2880 Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Morocco) Order 1991 SI 1991/2881 Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (Papua New Guinea) Order 1991 SI 1991/2882 Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1975 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1991 SI 1991/2883 Maximum Number of Judges (Scotland) Order 1991 SI 1991/2884 Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Oil Pollution) (Amendment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2885 Ministerial and other Salaries Order 1991 SI 1991/2886 Disability Working Allowance (General) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2887 Guaranteed Minimum Pensions Increase (No.2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2888 Social Security (Adjudication) Amendment (No. 3) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2889 Social Security (Disability Living Allowance) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2890 Social Security (Introduction of Disability Living Allowance) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2891 Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) Order 1991 SI 1991/2892 A1 Trunk Road (Brownieside De-Trunking) Order 1991 SI 1991/2893 A1 Trunk Road (Brownieside Improvement) Order 1991 SI 1991/2894 Domestic Property (Valuation) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2895 Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Mathematics) Order 1991 SI 1991/2896 Education (National Curriculum) (Attainment Targets and Programmes of Study in Science) Order 1991 SI 1991/2897 South Ayrshire Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2898 Foresterhill Hospitals National Health Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2899 Milk and Dairies and Milk (Special Designation) (Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2900 2901–3000 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No. 13) Order 1991 SI 1991/2901 Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No. 14) Order 1991 SI 1991/2902 Planning and Compensation Act 1991 (Commencement No. 5 and Transitional Provisions) Order 1991 SI 1991/2905 Non-Domestic Rating (Ports of London and Tilbury) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2906 Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors (Registered Fever Nurses and Nurses with Ortopaedic and Ophthalmic Qualifications) Amendment Rules Approval Order 1991 SI 1991/2907 Tees and Hartlepool Port Authority Scheme 1991 Confirmation Order 1991 SI 1991/2908 Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2909 Social Security Benefits Up-rating (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2910 Statutory Sick Pay (Rate of Payment) (No. 2) Order 1991 SI 1991/2911 Wrexham and East Denbighshire Water Order 1991 SI 1991/2912 Milford Port Health Authority Order 1991 SI 1991/2913 Petty Sessional Divisions (Staffordshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/2914 Combined Probation Areas (Staffordshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/2915 Combined Probation Areas (Cheshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/2916 Combined Probation Areas (Cambridgeshire) Order 1991 SI 1991/2917 Combined Probation Areas (Avon) Order 1991 SI 1991/2918 Combined Probation Areas (Norfolk) Order 1991 SI 1991/2919 Teachers (Education, Training and Registration) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2921 Nature Conservancy Council (Dissolution) Order 1991 SI 1991/2923 Non-Domestic Rating (Appropriate Fraction and Rateable Values) Order 1991 SI 1991/2924 Customs Duties (ECSC) (Quota and other Reliefs) Order 1991 SI 1991/2925 Rochdale Healthcare National Service Trust (Establishment) Order 1991 SI 1991/2926 Imported Food and Feedingstuffs (Safeguards against Cholera) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2934 Tayside Regional Council (Allt Girnaig, Moulin) (Amendment) Water Order 1991 SI 1991/2939 Local Government and Housing Act 1989 (Commencement No. 13) Order 1991 SI 1991/2940 Education Support Grants (Amendment) Regulations 1991 SI 1991/2943 Teachers' Pay and Conditions Act 1987 (Continuation) Order 1991 SI 1991/2944 Companies Act 1989 (Commencement No. 14 and Transitional Provision) Order 1991 SI 1991/2945 See also List of statutory instruments of the United Kingdom External links Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk

List of airports in Costa Rica

This is a list of airports in Costa Rica, sorted by location. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country is divided into seven provinces, which are subdivided into 81 cantons and 463 districts. Costa Rica's capital and largest city is San José.

This is a list of airports in Costa Rica, sorted by location. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country is divided into seven provinces, which are subdivided into 81 cantons and 463 districts. Costa Rica's capital and largest city is San José. Airports See also Transport in Costa Rica List of airports by ICAO code: M#MR - Costa Rica Wikipedia: WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: North America#Costa Rica References Dirección General de Aviación Civil - Costa Rica (in Spanish) AIP Costa Rica: Part 3 Aerodromes "ICAO Location Indicators by State" (PDF). International Civil Aviation Organization. 17 September 2010. "IATA Airline and Airport Code Search". International Air Transport Association. "UN Location Codes: Costa Rica". UN/LOCODE 2012-1. UNECE. 14 September 2012. – includes IATA codes "Airports in Costa Rica". World Aero Data. Archived from the original on 2013-01-23. Retrieved 2006-02-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) "Airports in Costa Rica". Great Circle Mapper.

Aeon

The word aeon , also spelled eon (in American and Australian English), originally meant "life", "vital force" or "being", "generation" or "a period of time", though it tended to be translated as "age" in the sense of "ages", "forever", "timeless" or "for eternity". It is a Latin transliteration from the ancient Greek word ὁ αἰών (ho aion), from the archaic αἰϝών (aiwon) meaning "century". In Greek, it literally refers to the timespan of one hundred years. A cognate Latin word aevum or aeuum (cf. αἰϝών) for "age" is present in words such as longevity and mediaeval.Although the term aeon may be used in reference to a period of a billion years (especially in geology, cosmology and astronomy), its more common usage is for any long, indefinite period.

The word aeon , also spelled eon (in American and Australian English), originally meant "life", "vital force" or "being", "generation" or "a period of time", though it tended to be translated as "age" in the sense of "ages", "forever", "timeless" or "for eternity". It is a Latin transliteration from the ancient Greek word ὁ αἰών (ho aion), from the archaic αἰϝών (aiwon) meaning "century". In Greek, it literally refers to the timespan of one hundred years. A cognate Latin word aevum or aeuum (cf. αἰϝών) for "age" is present in words such as longevity and mediaeval.Although the term aeon may be used in reference to a period of a billion years (especially in geology, cosmology and astronomy), its more common usage is for any long, indefinite period. Aeon can also refer to the four aeons on the geologic time scale that make up the Earth's history, the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and the current aeon, Phanerozoic. Astronomy and cosmology In astronomy, an aeon is defined as a billion years (109 years, abbreviated AE).Roger Penrose uses the word aeon to describe the period between successive and cyclic Big Bangs within the context of conformal cyclic cosmology. Philosophy and mysticism In Buddhism, an "aeon" or mahakalpa (Sanskrit: महाकल्प) is often said to be 1,334,240,000 years, the life cycle of the world.Christianity's idea of "eternal life" comes from the word for life, zōḗ (ζωή), and a form of aión (αἰών), which could mean life in the next aeon, the Kingdom of God, or Heaven, just as much as immortality, as in John 3:16.According to Christian universalism, the Greek New Testament scriptures use the word aión (αἰών) to mean a long period and the word aiṓnion (αἰώνιον) to mean "during a long period"; thus, there was a time before the aeons, and the aeonian period is finite. After each person's mortal life ends, they are judged worthy of aeonian life or aeonian punishment. That is, after the period of the aeons, all punishment will cease and death is overcome and then God becomes the all in each one (1Cor 15:28). This contrasts with the conventional Christian belief in eternal life and eternal punishment. Occultists of the Thelema and Ordo Templi Orientis (English: "Order of the Temple of the East") traditions sometimes speak of a "magical Aeon" that may last for perhaps as little as 2,000 years. Gnosticism In many Gnostic systems, the various emanations of God, who is also known by such names as the One, the Monad, Aion teleos ("The Broadest Aeon", Greek: αἰών τέλεος), Bythos ("depth or profundity", Greek: βυθός), Proarkhe ("before the beginning", Greek: προαρχή), Arkhe ("the beginning", Greek: ἀρχή), Sophia ("wisdom"), and Christos ("the Anointed One"), are called Aeons. In the different systems these emanations are differently named, classified, and described, but the emanation theory itself is common to all forms of Gnosticism. In the Basilidian Gnosis they are called sonships (υἱότητες huiotetes; singular: υἱότης huiotes); according to Marcus, they are numbers and sounds; in Valentinianism they form male/female pairs called "syzygies" (Greek συζυγίαι, from σύζυγοι syzygoi). See also Aion (deity) Century – Unit of time lasting 100 years Kalpa (aeon) Millennium – Time period of 1000 years Saeculum – comparable Latin concept Young's Literal Translation § Eternity or age == References ==

Maria Tam

Maria Tam Wai-chu (Chinese: 譚惠珠; born 2 November 1945) is a senior Hong Kong politician and lawyer. She is a member of the Committee for the Basic Law of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) since 1997 and the chairman of the Operations Review Committee of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) since 2015. As a successful politician early on, Tam was a member of the four different levels of representative councils, Executive Council, Legislative Council, Urban Council and Central and Western District Board in colonial Hong Kong in the 1980s. She was also a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee and took up various appointments from the Beijing government after she departed from the colonial government over the conflict of interest scandal in 1991. Since 1997, she has become one of the most recognisable spokespersons and "most loyal mouthpieces" for the Beijing authorities on constitutional matters such as the interpretations of the Basic Law and constitutional reforms, in which she has always firmly stood and defended all of Beijing's decisions.

Maria Tam Wai-chu (Chinese: 譚惠珠; born 2 November 1945) is a senior Hong Kong politician and lawyer. She is a member of the Committee for the Basic Law of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) since 1997 and the chairman of the Operations Review Committee of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) since 2015. As a successful politician early on, Tam was a member of the four different levels of representative councils, Executive Council, Legislative Council, Urban Council and Central and Western District Board in colonial Hong Kong in the 1980s. She was also a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee and took up various appointments from the Beijing government after she departed from the colonial government over the conflict of interest scandal in 1991. Since 1997, she has become one of the most recognisable spokespersons and "most loyal mouthpieces" for the Beijing authorities on constitutional matters such as the interpretations of the Basic Law and constitutional reforms, in which she has always firmly stood and defended all of Beijing's decisions. Early colonial career Tam was born on 2 November 1945 in Hong Kong to Tam Chung, a senior police officer. She graduated from the St. Paul's Co-educational College before she obtained a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London and her admission as a barrister at the Gray's Inn.She first stepped into politics when she ran in the 1979 Urban Council election as an advocate for women's rights. She was elected with more than 5,000 votes, the third ranked in the election behind veteran Urban Councillors Elsie Elliott and Denny Huang. She was soon appointed to sit on the Legislative Council in 1981. She was one of the recipients of the Ten Outstanding Young Persons Award and was appointed Justice of the Peace in 1982. She became the appointed member of the Central and Western District Board when the board was first created in 1982 under the district administration reform by Governor Murray MacLehose. She became a member of four different levels of representative councils in Hong Kong when she was appointed to the Executive Council, the top advisory body in the colonial government in 1983. Transition period During her era the Sino-British negotiations over the Hong Kong sovereignty after 1997 took place. She was one of the members of the delegation of the unofficial members of the Executive and Legislative Councils (UMELC) led by Sir Chung Sze-yuen to London and Beijing to lobby for the interests of the Hong Kong people. In December 1984 when she met with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, she raised the question of the proposed Sino-British Joint Declaration and the "possible incompatibility between the Chinese constitution and the basic law", especially the protection of human rights.She was appointed by the Beijing government to sit on the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in 1985 which was responsible for the drafting of the Basic Law of Hong Kong, the mini-constitution of the post-1997 Hong Kong. She was also awarded an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1985, and a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1988.She founded both the Federation of Women Lawyers and the Junior Police Officers' Association. As the colonial government intended to introduce greater representative democracy in the transition period, Tam also founded the Progressive Hong Kong Society (PHKS) in 1985 to participate in the elections. The Progressive Hong Kong Society became the backbone of the Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong (LDF) set by a group of conservative business and professional elites in 1990 for the preparation of the first direct election of the Legislative Council in 1991, of which she became the vice-chairman of the new party.However, Tam's political career seemed to come to an end when she was found to be in a potential conflict of interest as she was involved in her family's taxi company while also being a member and former chairman of the Transport Advisory Committee. Although she eventually abandoned her shares in the company under pressure, she was not re-appointed by Governor David Wilson in the Executive and Legislative Councils after the incident. A new set of guidelines was also introduced requiring members of the councils to declare their business interests. Pro-Beijing career After her departure from the colonial government, she found favour from the Beijing authorities. She accepted various appointments in the run up to 1997, including to the Preparatory Committee for the HKSAR, and as a Hong Kong Affairs Advisor and member of the Selection Committee. She was elected to the Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) installed by Beijing. She subsequently resigned from the PLC to take a seat on the Basic Law Committee of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) in 1997. In that capacity, Tam became one of the most loyal mouthpieces of the Beijing authorities on legal matters, especially in defence of controversial interpretations of the Basic Law and in the constitutional reform debate after 1997.In 1997, she led the Liberal Democratic Federation to merge with the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA), another pro-business pro-Beijing party. In 2005 when the Progressive Alliance was merged into the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB), Tam became the party vice-chairman from 2005 to 2007. She also held various public positions at the time, such as member of the Urban Renewal Authority and the Airport Authority Hong Kong.During the highly controversial national security legislation of the Basic Law Article 23 which later caused a record number of more than 500,000 people demonstration on 1 July 2003, Tam supported the government's decision to pass the bill. She even said that anyone who did not support the Article 23 legislation was not fit to be Chinese. In the constitutional reform debates in 2005 and 2010, Tam led the opposition against the pro-democrats' demand for the universal suffrage of Chief Executive and Legislative Council and defended the government's proposals. In February 2006, Tam joined the board of subsequently Hong Kong-listed mainland Nine Dragons Paper Holdings Limited, one of the world's largest paperboard manufacturers, whose conditions for workers at its plants were sharply criticised in the 2008 human rights report by the US Congressional-Executive Commission on China and by Hong Kong's Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour (SACOM). Recent career Tam became the convenor of National People's Congress Hong Kong delegation from March 2013. On the matter of the universal suffrage of the Chief Executive, Tam said the United Nations' International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights indicated that the right to be elected is not universal. She also suggested that an interpretation of the Basic Law by Beijing could be the last option for determining how universal suffrage could be implemented for the 2017 Chief Executive election. In the 2014 constitutional reform debate, Tam actively opposed the pro-democrats' campaign for the "public nomination" of the Chief Executive, saying that was against the Basic Law, which states that candidates shall be put forward by a nominating committee. She received the Grand Bauhinia Medal (GBM), the highest award under the HKSAR honours and awards system, on 1 July 2013.In 2015, Tam was appointed chairman of the Operations Review Committee of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) by Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying. Under her spell, high-flying head of investigations Rebecca Li Bo-lan was controversially sacked. The sudden dismissal came during Li's enquiry into possible impropriety relating to a $50 million payment made to Leung Chun-ying.In 2017, Tam was the founding president of the Junior Police Officers’ Association fund which raised over HK$10 million for the families of the seven police officers who were convicted and jailed for two years for beating activist Ken Tsang Kin-chiu at the height of the Occupy protests in 2014.In November 2020, following the expulsion of 4 pro-democracy lawmakers from the Legislative Council, Tam said that NPCSC decisions are not challengeable, and that any judicial review would almost certainly fail.Tam supported the arrests of 53 pro-democracy figures in January 2021, and when asked about whether they were doing something illegal, she responded "All I can tell is that it is not 'nothing.' There is something. It is only a matter of whether more evidence is there."In February 2021, following the 2020 Hong Kong Legislative Council mass resignations, Tam claimed that there were not enough members of the Legislative Council to decide on reforms of the electoral system, and therefore the NPCSC would take charge of such reforms.In December 2021, during the 2021 Hong Kong legislative election, Tam played down the record-low voter turnout. Tam said that the 30% voter turnout was "quite good" and within her expectations.In December 2022, after the NPCSC ruled that the Chief Executive could ban foreign lawyers from defending national security cases, in response to Jimmy Lai attempting to hire Tim Owen, Tam supported the NPCSC's decision and said Hong Kong courts were still independent and "no criticism were made against Hong Kong courts at all."In February 2023, Tam said that Hong Kong was "far more powerful and democratic" than when it was under British rule, and also said that "We have universal suffrage. We can impeach the chief executive. We have checks and balances in respect of the laws or the budget that's been put forward by the executive." See also Rita Fan References External links Maria Tam interview

Gaspare Pacchierotti

Gaspare Pacchierotti (21 May 1740 – 28 October 1821) was a mezzo-soprano castrato, and one of the most famous singers of his time.

Gaspare Pacchierotti (21 May 1740 – 28 October 1821) was a mezzo-soprano castrato, and one of the most famous singers of his time. Training and first appearances Details of his early life are scarce. It is possible that he studied with Mario Bittoni, maestro di cappella in the cathedral of his home city, Fabriano. Under the stage name of Porfirio Pacchierotti, he made his début in Baldassare Galuppi's opera Le nozze di Dorina at the Teatro dei Nobili in Perugia during the carnival season of 1759, playing, as young castrati often did, a female role: Livietta. He made further appearances under his assumed name in Venice (1764) and Innsbruck (1765). On this latter occasion he sang Acronte in Hasse's Romolo ed Ersilia on the occasion of the marriage of Peter Leopold of Habsburg-Lorraine, future Grand Duke of Tuscany and Holy Roman Emperor, and the Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain. Here, for the first time, he encountered the famous castrato Gaetano Guadagni, then at the height of his career. Early career By the late 1760s Pacchierotti was well established in Venice, both as an opera singer and member of the choir of St Mark's, where Galuppi was Director of Music. His first success as primo uomo (lead male singer) was in that composer's Il re pastore, in which he first sang the role of Agenore at the Teatro San Benedetto, Venice, in the summer of 1769. In that city he also received further vocal tuition from Ferdinando Bertoni, the composer and singing teacher, who became a lifelong friend. In 1770, he was at Palermo, where he sang alongside the famous and notoriously capricious soprano, Caterina Gabrielli, whose every feat of virtuosity he not only equalled but so far surpassed that he earned that redoubtable lady's admiration. The following year saw him performing at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples, perhaps the most famous opera house in Italy at this time. Here he remained for some five years, performing in twenty operas. His prima donna was often Anna de Amicis, and soon their respective adoring fans caused the sparks to fly. One supporter of the soprano, an officer in the Royal Guard called Francesco Ruffo, saw fit to insult Pacchierotti publicly, and a duel was fought as a result. Because of Ruffo's royal connection (and also because, as a nobleman, he was immune from prosecution), the poor singer spent several days in prison, but apparently the noble youth himself obtained his release. There is another version of this story in which Ruffo was the lover (cavalier servente) of a certain Marchesa Santa Marca, who had become infatuated with Pacchierotti on hearing him sing in Schuster's Didone abbandonata. His honour insulted, Ruffo again challenged the singer to a duel, and this time it was none other than the King of Naples who ordered Gaspare to be released from prison. Career in northern Italy After such adventures, it is hardly surprising that Pacchierotti left Naples in 1776, never to sing there again. For the next fifteen years he worked in northern Italy, especially Milan, Venice, Genoa, Padua and Turin. In Milan, he famously appeared at the inauguration of the Teatro alla Scala on 3 August 1778, taking the protagonist's role of Asterio in Europa riconosciuta by Antonio Salieri. While appearing at Venice in 1785, he sang at the funeral of his old patron Galuppi, remarking that "I sang very devoutly indeed to obtain a quiet for his soul". Visits to London Pacchierotti also visited London on several occasions between 1778 and 1791. There he was universally adored, perhaps even more by real opera cognoscenti than by the public in general. One of the former, Lord Mount Edgcumbe, left a detailed description of the singer's many merits: Pacchierotti's voice was an extensive soprano, full and sweet in the highest degree: his powers of execution were great, but he had far too good taste and good sense to make a display of them where it would have been misapplied, ... conscious that the chief delight of singing and his own supreme excellence lay in touching expression and exquisite pathos. Yet he was so thorough a musician that nothing came amiss to him; every style was to him equally easy, and he could sing, at first sight, all songs of the most opposite characters, not merely with the facility and correctness which a complete knowledge of music must give, but entering at once into the views of the composer, and giving them all the spirit and expression he had designed. Such was his genius in his embellishments and cadences, that their variety was inexhaustible. ... As an actor, with many disadvantages of person ... he was nevertheless forcible and impressive ... His recitative was inimitably fine, so that even those who did not understand the language could not fail to comprehend, from his countenance, voice and action, every sentiment he expressed. As a concert singer, and particularly in private society, he shone almost more than on the stage ... he was a worthy and good man, modest and diffident to a fault ... He was unpresuming in his manners, grateful and attached to all his numerous friends and patrons. During his visits to London, Pacchierotti mainly performed in operas by his friend Bertoni, now well known as a composer in the genre. In spite of the "many disadvantages of person" remarked on by Mount Edgcumbe, the singer continued to have ladies fall in love with him, notably Susanna Burney, daughter of the music historian Charles Burney, who described his singing as "divine". Known as "sweet Pacc" to Susanna and her sister Fanny (herself a well-known author and later Madame d'Arblay), he also earned their respect during the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots of June 1780 by refusing to remove his name from his door and, though an Italian Catholic, insisting on walking the streets openly while the mob yelled "No Popery!" As to further emotional entanglements, the notorious William Beckford wrote of one noblewoman, Lady Mary Duncan, that she was "more preciously fond" of the singer "than a she-bear of its suckling". Pacchierotti had met Beckford in 1780 at Lucca, during the young aristocrat's grand tour, and the following year he became involved in a performance marking that dissolute young nobleman's twenty-first birthday. This was of a cantata entitled Il tributo, by a fellow castrato, Venanzio Rauzzini, long settled in England, and took place at Beckford's mansion Fonthill Splendens, near Bath. The third soloist was another castrato, Giusto Fernando Tenducci, a friend of Gainsborough. On 27 May 1784 Pacchierotti sang various arias by Handel at the centenary celebrations of the composer's birth held in the London Pantheon. His last visit to London in 1791 has become famous to posterity for his numerous performances of Haydn's cantata Arianna a Naxos to the composer's own piano accompaniment. Return to Italy His first appearance on his final return to Italy was for the inauguration of another opera house: the new Teatro la Fenice in Venice, where on 16 May 1792 he sang the leading role of Alceo in I giuochi d'Agrigento by Paisiello alongside Brigida Banti. The following season he made his last operatic appearance in the same theatre, in the premiere production of Giuseppe Giordani's Ines de Castro, which opened on 27 January 1793, during the Carnival season. Pacchierotti retired to Padua, but on 2 May 1797, in the Teatro Nuovo of that city, was obliged to perform again at a concert for the all-conquering Napoleon. Never reconciled to the destruction of his beloved Venetian Republic by the French, Pacchierotti's patriotism got him into trouble. In a letter to his colleague Angelica Catalani he referred to "the splendid miseries of victory." This was unfortunately intercepted by the French police, and the singer was once more imprisoned. Retirement and old age Famous even in retirement, Pacchierotti was visited by many well-known figures, including Rossini. On the singer's complaining that the latter's music was too noisy, the composer retorted: "Give me another Pacchierotti and I will know how to write for him!" Another visitor was Stendhal, who remarked that: "I learned more about music in six conversations with this great artist, than from any book; it was the soul speaking to the soul." Though now out of the limelight, Pacchierotti continued to practise, being particularly devoted to the Psalm settings of Benedetto Marcello, from which he averred "to have learned the little that he knew". On 28 June 1814, he underwent the emotional experience of singing in Saint Mark's Basilica in Venice at the funeral service held in honour of his old friend and favourite composer, Ferdinando Bertoni. He last sang in public on 19 October 1817, at the age of seventy-seven, performing a motet in the church of Mirano, a few miles west of Venice. Famous for this remark that "he who knows how to breathe, knows how to sing", he also taught singing, and it is likely that a treatise by Antonio Calegari, entitled Modi generali del canto and published in Milan in 1836, is at least partly based on Pacchierotti's own methods. In and around Padua, the singer bought several properties, the best known being the Ca' Farsetti, said to have been once owned by Pietro Bembo. He also built an extraordinary neo-Gothic mansion, the Castello Pacchierotti, the ruins of which were much later (1881) described by the English writer Violet Page (alias Vernon Lee): " ... in this remote corner of Padua we stumbled one day into a beautiful tangle of trees and grass and flowers ... and were informed by a gardener's boy that this garden had once belonged to a famous singer, by name Gasparo Pacchierotti ... The gardener led us into the house, a battered house, covered with creepers and amphorae, and sentimental inscriptions from the works of the poets and philosophers in vogue a hundred years ago ... He showed us into a long narrow room, in which was a large slender harpsichord ... which had belonged to ... the singer. It was open, and looked as if it might just have been touched, but no sound could be drawn from it. The gardener then led us into a darkened lumber-room, where hung the portrait of the singer, thickly covered with dust: a mass of dark blurs, from out of which appeared scarcely more than the pale thin face – a face with deep dreamy eyes and tremulously tender lips, full of a vague, wistful, contemplative poetry..."Stricken by dropsy, Pacchierotti died at the age of eighty-one. His grave was recently discovered in an ancient oratory adjoining Villa Pacchierotti-Zemella in Padua. In his still seminal work, The Castrati in Opera, Angus Heriot wrote: "Today we can but guess what the great singers of the past can have sounded like; but one might hazard a guess that of all the castrati, could we hear them, Pacchierotti would please us most …" Roles created The following list is not complete (it misses out, for instance, Pacchiarotti's performances in Palermo, the première of Bertoni's Artaserse, etc.), but is indicative of the wide extent of the singer's career. Notes References Further reading Kathleen Kuzmick Hansell: "Pacchierotti, Gaspare", Grove Music Online, ed L. Macy (Accessed 22 February 2007) (subscription required) External links Media related to Gaspare Pacchierotti at Wikimedia Commons

Edwin J. Houston

Edwin James Houston (July 9, 1847 – March 1, 1914) was an American electrical engineer, academic, businessman, inventor and writer.

Edwin James Houston (July 9, 1847 – March 1, 1914) was an American electrical engineer, academic, businessman, inventor and writer. Biography Houston was born July 9, 1847, to John Mason and Mary (Lamour) Houston in Alexandria, Virginia. He graduated from Central High School of Philadelphia (a degree-granting institution rather than an ordinary high school) in 1864. He received both his Bachelor of Arts and master's degree from the same Central High School, where he then became professor of civil engineering for a short period before holding its chair of Natural Philosophy and Physical Geography. Princeton University awarded him an honorary doctoral degree. He also served as emeritus professor of physics at the Franklin Institute and professor of physics at the Medico-Chirurgical College.While teaching physics at Central High School in Philadelphia, he helped design an arc light generator with his former student colleague Elihu Thomson. Together, they created the Thomson-Houston Electric Company in 1882 which soon after moved to Lynn, Massachusetts. He served as chief electrician of Philadelphia's International Electrical Exhibition in 1884. In 1892, Thomson-Houston merged with the Edison General Electric Company to form General Electric, with management from Thomson-Houston largely running the new company. In 1894, Houston formed a consulting firm in electrical engineering with Arthur Kennelly. He and Kennelly had also jointly published a series called "Primers of Electricity" in 1884. Houston was twice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (1893–1895). He was a member of the United States Electrical Commission, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Philosophical Society and many others. He also authored books for a series called "The Wonder Books of Science" to include The Wonder Book of Volcanoes and Earthquakes, The Wonder Book of the Atmosphere, The Wonder Book of Light, and the Wonder Book of Magnetism. He died from heart failure in Philadelphia on March 1, 1914. Works Works by Houston (Edited list, drawn from January 21, 1911 Electrical Review and Western Electrician p. 125) Outlines of Natural Philosophy Easy Lessons in Natural Philosophy The Measurement of Electric Current Recent Types of Dynamo-Electric Machinery Elements of Physical Geology Eldredge & Brother (1878, 1901, 1904) Intermediate Lessons in Natural Philosophy Eldredge & Brother (1881, 1884) Elements of Chemistry: for the use of Schools, Academies, and Colleges Eldredge & Brother (1883, 1898) Primers of Electricity (1884) International Electric Exhibition of 1884 Short Course in Chemistry (1884) Electric Furnaces (1888) Electrical Measurements and Other Advanced Primers of Electricity W.J. Johnston Company, Limited (1893) The Electric Transmission of Intelligence: and other Advanced Primers of Electricity W. J. Johnston Company, Limited (1893) Primers of Forestry (1893) Outlines of Forestry (1893) Electricity One Hundred Years Ago and Today W.J. Johnston Company, Ltd. (1894) A Dictionary of Electrical Words, Terms and Phrases (1894) (New York : P. F. Collier, 1902) Vol.1, Vol.2 Electrical Engineering Leaflets (1895) Alternating Currents (1897, 1906) Elements of Natural Philosophy (1897) Arc Lighting (1897, 1906) Incandescent Lighting (1897, 1906) Electric Telegraphy McGraw Publishing Co. (1897, 1906) Pocket Electrical Dictionary (1898) Electricity and Magnetism: being a Series of Advanced Primers McGraw Publishing Co. (1899) Electricity in Everyday Life (1904) Vol.3 (1905) Franklin as a Man of Science (1906) The Boy Geologist:at School and in Camp Henry Altemus Company (1907) The Boy Electrician (1907) The Wonder Book of Volcanoes and Earthquakes Frederick A. Stokes Company (1907, 1908) The Wonder Book of the Atmosphere Frederick A. Stokes Company (1907) The Search for the North Pole (1907) The Discovery of the North Pole (1907) Cast Away at the North Pole (1907) In Captivity in the Pacific (1907) The Wonder Book of the Light (1908) The Wonder Book of the Magnetism (1908) Five Months on a Derelict (1908) Wrecked on a Coral Island (1908) At School in the Cannibal Islands (1909) A Chip of the Old Block (1910) Works by Houston & Kennelly Alternating Electric Currents The W.J. Johnston Company (1895) Electrical Engineering Leaflets : Advanced Grade Electrical World & Engineer (1895) Electrical Engineering Leaflets : Intermediate Grade Electrical World & Engineer (1895) Electric Heating The W.J. Johnston Company (1895, 1897, 1906) Electricity in Electro-Therapeutics McGraw Publishing Co. (1896, 1897, 1898, 1903, 1906) Electric Incandescent Lighting The W.J. Johnston Company (1896) The Electric Motor and the Transmission Power The W.J. Johnston Company (1896, 1906) Electric Street Railways The W.J. Johnston Company (1896, 1897, 1906) Electro-dynamic Machinery for Continuous Currents The W.J. Johnston Company (1896) Algebra Made Easy American technical Book Company (1897, 1898) Magnetism McGraw Publishing Company (1897, 1906) The Electric Telephone McGraw Publishing Company (1897, 1902, 1906) Electricity Made Easy: by Simple Language and Copious Illustration American Technical Book Company (1898) Interpretation of Mathematical Formulæ McGraw Publishing Co. (1898, 1900) Electric Arc Lighting Electrical World & Engineer (1902, 1906) Works with other collaborators Louis Gathmann, Rain Produced At Will Louis Gathmann (1891) Alfred Newlin Seal, The Elements of Physics Hinds, Noble & Eldredge (1912) See also Thomson-Houston Electric Company References External links Works by Edwin J. Houston at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Edwin J. Houston at Internet Archive

Tetsuro Watsuji

Tetsuro Watsuji (和辻 哲郎, Watsuji Tetsurō, March 1, 1889 – December 26, 1960) was a Japanese historian and moral philosopher.

Tetsuro Watsuji (和辻 哲郎, Watsuji Tetsurō, March 1, 1889 – December 26, 1960) was a Japanese historian and moral philosopher. Early life Watsuji was born in Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture to a physician. During his youth he enjoyed poetry and had a passion for Western literature. For a short time he was the coeditor of a literary magazine and was involved in writing poems and plays. His interests in philosophy came to light while he was a student at First Higher School in Tokyo, although his interest in literature would always remain strong throughout his life. In his early writings (between 1913 and 1915) he introduced the work of Søren Kierkegaard to Japan, as well as working on Friedrich Nietzsche, but in 1918 he turned against this earlier position, criticizing Western philosophical individualism, and attacking its influence on Japanese thought and life. This led to a study of the roots of Japanese culture, including Japanese Buddhist art, and notably the work of the medieval Zen Buddhist Dōgen. Watsuji was also interested in the famous Japanese writer Natsume Sōseki, whose books were influential during Watsuji's early years. Career In the early 1920s Watsuji taught at Toyo, Hosei and Keio universities, and at Tsuda Eigaku-juku (now, Tsuda University).The issues of hermeneutics attracted his attention, especially the hermeneutics of Boeckh and Dilthey.In March 1925, Watsuji became a lecturer at Kyoto Imperial University, joining the other leading philosophers of the time, Nishida Kitaro, Tanabe Hajime and Nishitani Keiji. These three philosophers were members of the Kyoto School. While Watsuji joined their department, he is not typically considered a member of the School due to the intellectual independence in his work. In July, he was promoted to associate professor of ethics. In January 1927, it was decided that he would go to Germany for 3 years for his research on the history of moral thought. He departed on 17th February and finally arrived in Berlin in early April. In the beginning of summer, he read Heidegger’s Being and Time which had just come out. He then went to Paris. He left Paris in early December and arrived in Genoa on the 12th of that month. From January to March 1928, he travelled to Rome, Naples, Sicily, Florence, Bologna, Ravenna, Padua and Venice. He then cut his trip short, returning to Japan in early July. So his stay in Europe only lasted for roughly a year. In March 1931, he was promoted to full professor at Kyoto Imperial University. He then moved to the Tokyo Imperial University in July 1934 and held the chair in ethics until his retirement in March 1949.During World War II his theories (which claimed the superiority of Japanese approaches to and understanding of human nature and ethics, and argued for the negation of self) provided support for Japanese nationalism, a fact which, after the war, he said that he regretted. Watsuji died at the age of 71. Work Watsuji's three main works were his two-volume 1954 History of Japanese Ethical Thought, his three-volume Ethics, first published in 1937, 1942, and 1949, and his 1935 Climate. The last of these develops his most distinctive thought. In it, Watsuji argues for an essential relationship between climate and other environmental factors and the nature of human cultures, and he distinguished three types of culture: pastoral, desert, and monsoon.Watsuji wrote that Kendo involves raising a struggle to a life-transcending level by freeing oneself from an attachment to life. List of works Collected Works [和辻哲郎全集], 27 vols. (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1961-91) [CW]. CW1 Studies on Nietzsche [ニイチェ研究] (Uchida Rôkakuho [内田老鶴圃], 1913), reprinted in CW1:1-391. Søren Kierkegaard [ゼエレン・キェルケゴオル] (Uchida Rôkakuho [内田老鶴圃], 1915), reprinted in CW1:393-679.CW2 Pilgrimages to the Ancient Temples [古寺巡礼] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1919), reprinted in CW2:1-192. Katsura Imperial Villa: Investigating the Background Behind Its Style [桂離宮——様式の背後を探る] (Chûô Kôronsha [中央公論社], 1958), reprinted in CW2:192-386.Originally published as Katsura Imperial Villa: Reflections on Its Construction Process [桂離宮——製作過程の考察] (Chûô Kôronsha [中央公論社], 1955), it was significantly rewritten after receiving criticism from the architectural historian Ôta Hirotarô.‘Eyes of the Haniwa Statue’ [人物埴輪の眼] (Sekai [世界], January 1956), reprinted in CW2:387-392. ‘What the Maijishan Grottoes Tell Us’ [麦積山塑像の示唆するもの] (Preface to Natori Yōnosuke, Bakusekizan Sekkutsu [麦積山石窟], Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1957), reprinted in CW2:392-400.CW3 Ancient Japanese Culture [日本古代文化] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1920), reprinted in CW3:1-305. The Hidden Japan [埋もれた日本] (Shinchôsha [新潮社], 1951), reprinted in CW3:307-507.CW4 Studies on Japanese Intellectual History, Vol. 1 [日本精神史研究] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1926), reprinted in CW4:1-271. Studies on Japanese Intellectual History, Vol. 2 [続日本精神史研究] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1935), reprinted in CW4:273-551.CW5 The Practical Philosophy of Early Buddhism [原始仏教の実践哲学] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1927), reprinted in CW5:1-293. The Beginnings of Buddhist Philosophy [仏教哲学の最初の展開] (Kokoro [心], June 1955-May 1958), reprinted in CW5:295-568. ‘Reply to Kimura Taiken’s Criticisms’ [木村泰賢氏の批評に答う] (Shisō [思想], April 1927), reprinted in CW5:569-580.CW6 Professor Koeber [ケーベル先生] (Kôbundô [弘文堂], 1948), reprinted in CW6:1-39. Critique of Homer [ホメーロス批判] (Kaname Shobô [要書房], 1946), reprinted in CW6:41-255. Confucius [孔子] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1938), reprinted in CW6:257-355. Forerunners of the Modern Philosophy of History: Vico and Herder [近代歴史哲学の先駆者——ヴィコとヘルダー] (Kôbundô [弘文堂], 1950), reprinted in CW6:357-421.On Vico among others.CW7 The Cultural Significance of Early Christianity [原始キリスト教の文化的意義] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1926), reprinted in CW7:1-150. Ethics of Humanity in the Polis [ポリス的人間の倫理学] (Hakujitsu Shoin [白日書院], 1948), reprinted in CW7:151-350.CW8 Climate: Philosophico-Anthropological Reflections [風土——人間学的考察] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1935), reprinted in CW8:1-256. Pilgrimages to the Ancient Temples of Italy [イタリア古寺巡礼] (Kaname Shobô [要書房], 1950), reprinted in CW8:257-408.CW9 Ethics as the Study of Humanity [人間の学としての倫理学] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1934), reprinted in CW9:1-192. Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason [カント実践理性批判] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1935), reprinted in CW9:193-315. Personality and Human Nature [人格と人類性] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1938), reprinted in CW9:317-479.CW10 Ethics, Vol. 1 [倫理学(上)] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1937-42), reprinted in CW10:1-659.CW11 Ethics, Vol. 2 [倫理学(下)] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1949), reprinted in CW11:1-448.CW12 A History of Japanese Ethical Thought, Vol. 1 [日本倫理思想史(上)] (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1952), reprinted in CW12:1-514.CW13 A History of Japanese Ethical Thought, Vol. 2 [日本倫理思想史(下)] (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1952), reprinted in CW13:1-496.CW14 Royalist Thought and Its Tradition [尊皇思想とその伝統] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1943), reprinted in CW14:1-294. The Way of the Imperial Subject in Japan [日本の臣道] (Chikuma Shobô [筑摩書房], 1944), reprinted in CW14:295-312.Published together with The National Character of the United States [アメリカの国民性]. The book was ordered banned from sale by SCAP during the US Occupation.The Symbol of National Unification [国民統合の象徴] (Keisô Shobô [勁草書房], 1948), reprinted in CW14:313-396.CW15 Sakoku: Japan’s Tragedy [鎖国——日本の悲劇] (Chikuma Shobô [筑摩書房], 1950), reprinted in CW15:1-562.CW16 Studies on the History of Japanese Art: Kabuki and Jōruri [日本芸術史研究——歌舞伎と操り浄瑠璃] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1955), reprinted in CW16:1-716.CW17 The Revival of the Idol [偶像再興] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1918), reprinted in CW17:1-284. Mask and Persona [面とペルソナ] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1937), reprinted in CW17:285-450. The National Character of the United States [アメリカの国民性] (Chikuma Shobô [筑摩書房], 1944), reprinted in CW17:451-481.Published together with The Way of the Imperial Subject in Japan [日本の臣道].CW18 An Attempt at Autobiography [自叙伝の試み] (Chûô Kôronsha [中央公論社], 1961), reprinted in CW18:1-458.Unfinished work, posthumous publication.CW19 A History of Buddhist Ethical Thought [仏教倫理思想史]Previously unpublished work.CW20-24 EssaysCW25 LettersCW26 Lecture NotesCW27 Notes and Miscellanea English translations 1961: Climate and Culture: A Philosophical Study trans. from Fūdo (風土) by Geoffrey Bownas (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press) 1969: Japanese Ethical Thought in the Noh Plays of the Muromachi Period trans. from chapter 4 of Nihon Rinri Shisōshi (日本倫理思想史) by David A. Dilworth (Monumenta Nipponica 24:4, 467-498) [1] 1971: The Significance of Ethics As the Study of Man trans. from the introduction to Rinrigaku (倫理学) vol. 1 by David A. Dilworth (Monumenta Nipponica 26:3/4, 395-413) [2] 1996: Watsuji Tetsurō's Rinrigaku: Ethics in Japan trans. from the first half of Rinrigaku (倫理学) vol. 1 by Seisaku Yamamoto & Robert Carter (Albany: State University of New York Press) 1998: Various essays in Sourcebook for Modern Japanese Philosophy by David Dilworth and Valdo Viglielmo with Agustin Jacinto Zavala. 2009: Mask and Persona trans. from Men to Perusona (面とペルソナ) by Carl M. Johnson [3] 2009: The Psychology of Idol Worship trans. from Gūzō Sūhai no Shinri (偶像崇拝の心理) by Carl M. Johnson [4] 2011: Purifying Zen: Watsuji Tetsurō's Shamon Dōgen trans. from Shamon Dōgen (沙門道元) by Steve Bein (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press) [5] 2011: Pilgrimages to the Ancient Temples in Nara trans. from Koji Junrei (古寺巡礼) by Hiroshi Nara (Portland, ME: MerwinAsia) (2012)[6] 2021: “Professor Koeber” trans. K.M.J. Shuttleworth and Sayaka Shuttleworth. Journal of East Asian Philosophy 1: 75–99 (2021).[7] 2021: “Middle School” from Attempt at an Autobiography trans. K.M.J. Shuttleworth and Sayaka Shuttleworth. European Journal of Japanese Philosophy 6: 267–322 (2021).[8] 2021: “America’s National Character” trans. K.M.J. Shuttleworth and Sayaka Shuttleworth. Philosophy East and West 71 (4):1005-1028 (2021)[9] 2023: "A Consideration of National Character' trans. K.M.J. Shuttleworth. Journal East Asian Philosophy (2023).[10] See also Kuki Shūzō Notes References Maraldo, John C. (2001). "Watsuji" in A Companion to the Philosophers (Robert L. Arrington, editor). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22967-1 Marra, Michael F. (2002). Japanese hermeneutics: Current Debates on Aesthetics and Interpretation. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824824570; OCLC 237578040 Mayeda, Graham. Japanese Philosophers on Society and Culture: Nishida Kitarō, Watsuji Tetsurō, and Kuki Shūzō. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2020. ISBN 978-1-4985-7208-8 ———. (2006). Time, Space and Ethics in the Philosophy of Watsuji Tetsurō, Kuki Shūzō, and Martin Heidegger. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97673-1 (alk. paper). Hans Peter Liederbach (2001): Martin Heidegger im Denken Watsuji Tetsuros, München: Iudicium, ISBN 3-89129-363-1 External links Carter, Robert. "Watsuji Tetsurô". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Dix Dam

The Dix Dam is a dam on the Dix River located between Mercer and Garrard County, Kentucky. It was constructed to generate hydroelectricity and prevent flooding of the Kentucky River but is better known for creating Herrington Lake.

The Dix Dam is a dam on the Dix River located between Mercer and Garrard County, Kentucky. It was constructed to generate hydroelectricity and prevent flooding of the Kentucky River but is better known for creating Herrington Lake. History Dix Dam was built to create a reservoir for operating a hydroelectric generating station. The dam also helped mitigate flooding on the Kentucky River by holding water in Herrington Lake during critical periods. Construction began in the fall of 1923, impoundment of water began on March 17, 1925, and the project was completed and power generation began in October 1927. The project cost more than US $7 million.Dix Dam was constructed by Kentucky Utilities, a private corporation prior to the Great Depression. Consequently, Kentucky Utilities owns the land beneath Herrington Lake up to the maximum possible lake level of 760 feet (230 m) above sea level. It also owns Dix Dam.When Dix Dam was built, it was the largest rock filled dam in the world. The top of the dam is 287 feet (87 m) above the riverbed and 1,087 feet (331 m) across and is 24 feet (7.3 m) wide at the top and 750 feet (230 m) wide at its base. Herrington Lake is the deepest lake in Kentucky. It is 35 miles (56 km) long, up to 1,200 feet (370 m) wide, covers 2,335 acres (945 ha) and has 325 miles (523 km) of shoreline. It is deepest near the Dix Dam with water depth of 249 feet (76 m) and has a mean depth of 78 feet (24 m). The estimated capacity of the lake is 175,000,000,000 US gallons (660,000,000 m3).The hydroelectric generating station was originally designed to produce 30 megawatts of power. Over time other generating plants were constructed near the dam and the facility was named E. W. Brown Generating Station. A coal-fired generator was added to the Brown Plant in 1957. More recently, a combustion turbine generating facility was added with six turbine units - four more are planned. They are fueled by either natural gas or fuel oil.Kentucky Utilities' systems control center has been located inside the Dix Dam plant since the 1920s. In 1954, they built a new control center near the dam. Subsequently, they have modernized and computerized the control center.In 1991, Kentucky Utilities constructed a fish ladder in the Dix River near the dam as part of the Aquatic Habitat Enhancement Project, with the aim of protecting and increasing the trout population in the Dix River. Current status The original hydroelectric plant is now used mainly when heavy rainfall results in above normal lake elevation. The plant was overhauled in 2010 and now produces up to 33 megawatts of power with all three units on. The three coal-fired generators can produce 700 megawatts of electricity, more than one-fifth of KU's total capacity. An average of 15,000,000 short tons (1.4×1010 kg) of coal is burned annually at Brown Station. Four of the combustion turbine units can deliver 110 megawatts each; the other two can produce 164 megawatts each. During periods of high demand, the combustion turbines can be started and come to full load in just 30 minutes. References External links Kentucky Utilities

Metropolitan Tower (Chicago)

The Metropolitan Tower, developed by Metropolitan Properties of Chicago, is a skyscraper located at 310 S. Michigan Avenue in Chicago's East Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District in the Loop community area in Cook County, Illinois, United States and has been renovated as a condominium complex with 242 units. Residences range in size from 1,200 square feet (110 m2) to 4,000 square feet (370 m2). Penthouses feature 360 degree city views and private elevators. Prices run from $300,000 for a 762 square feet (70.8 m2) one-bedroom unit to $1.365 million for a 1,932 square feet (179.5 m2) three-bedroom. The Metropolitan Tower was also for a time home to a branch of Chase Bank.

The Metropolitan Tower, developed by Metropolitan Properties of Chicago, is a skyscraper located at 310 S. Michigan Avenue in Chicago's East Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District in the Loop community area in Cook County, Illinois, United States and has been renovated as a condominium complex with 242 units. Residences range in size from 1,200 square feet (110 m2) to 4,000 square feet (370 m2). Penthouses feature 360 degree city views and private elevators. Prices run from $300,000 for a 762 square feet (70.8 m2) one-bedroom unit to $1.365 million for a 1,932 square feet (179.5 m2) three-bedroom. The Metropolitan Tower was also for a time home to a branch of Chase Bank. The space now houses a branch of CVS. History Designed by Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, the Metropolitan Tower was named the Straus Building when completed in 1924. Though it was the first building in Chicago with 30 or more floors, it was never officially designated Chicago's tallest building since the Chicago Temple Building, also completed in 1924, is taller by 92 feet (28 m) but has seven fewer floors. The Straus Building and the Chicago Temple Building were the first to take advantage of the 1923 zoning ordinance; before then, no building in Chicago could be taller than 260 feet (79 m).The Metropolitan Tower was at one time called the Continental National Insurance Company Building (later Continental Center I). From 1980 to 2004 it was called the Britannica Building when that company was its tenant. Characteristics, past and present This 30 story building, standing at 475 feet (145 m) in height, fronts Chicago's Michigan Avenue and Grant Park. The 40-foot (12 m) pyramid at the top of the building (which Schulze & Harrington, authors of Chicago's Famous Buildings, compare with the Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus), with its new zinc-coated stainless steel sheathing, is peaked by a 20-foot (6 m) glass "beehive" ornament containing a blue glass box filled with six 1000-watt lightbulbs which emits a deep blue light, a prominent feature of Chicago's nighttime skyline. The beehive is supported by four limestone bisons. Because of this ornament, the building is sometimes referred to as the "Beehive Building."Just beneath the beehive are four carillon bells ranging in weight from 1,500 to 7,000 pounds, unused for many years until restored in 1979 for the Chicago visit of Pope John Paul II. At one time, the bells chimed the well-known Cambridge Quarters on the quarter-hours. The base has been altered from its original design: rectangular window openings replaced giant arches on Michigan Avenue and Jackson Boulevard. At one time, the thirtieth floor was the Straus Tower Observatory, which was open to the public for viewing the city.The original main entrance was a pair of elaborately carved bronze doors set in a marble portal flanked by bas-reliefs and used to be in the center of the east side, through the largest of the archways.In 2007, the building was converted into 234 condominium units. In 2009, the Metropolitan Tower won a "Best Adaptive Reuse" award from the Friends of Downtown, a planning and urban design organization for downtown Chicago. Amenities include: 24 hour lobby and maintenance staff; on-site management staff; deeded indoor parking; Amazon package deliver lockers; contractors storage area for remodeling projects; two hotel type guest suites; workout facilities with sauna, steam, and showers; children's playroom; extra storage opportunities and imagination rooms; and a two story event/party room with adjacent access to a rooftop garden deck including an outdoor grill and dining area for entertaining guests, with views of Millennium Park and Navy Pier Fireworks. Symbolism The original owner of the Metropolitan Tower was S. W. Straus and Company, a dealer of investment bonds and one of the leading financers of major real estate in Chicago during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The tower's crown has many symbols for characteristics the company wanted to portray. The pyramid symbolized longevity and permanence and the beehive stood for industry and thrift. When first installed, the beehive also contained four directional beacons, a metaphor for the company's global reach. The pyramid is supported by the four bisons, a traditional symbol for the American West. Straus was hoping to use these symbols to instill trust in their customers, to reassure them that their investments would be handled actively and carefully by an institution that could be trusted over the long term. Ironically, the firm failed during the Great Depression and closed fewer than ten years after lighting the beacon. Area The Metropolitan Tower is located a block from the entrance to the Art Institute and is within two blocks of stations for all downtown CTA train lines. The Symphony Center, Millennium Park, Harold Washington Library, and the Lake Michigan shore are within a half mile. The south end of the Magnificent Mile shopping district is less than a mile away. Dozens of fine restaurants and other eateries are in the neighborhood, and Grant Park is across the street. Position in Chicago's skyline Metropolitan Tower appears in front of Chase Tower (Chicago) in the diagram below. References External links Original floor plans from Architectural Forum (1924)

Peter Kollock

Peter Enrique Kollock (November 1, 1959 – January 10, 2009) was an American sociologist and an associate professor and vice chair in the department of sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Peter Enrique Kollock (November 1, 1959 – January 10, 2009) was an American sociologist and an associate professor and vice chair in the department of sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles. Background Kollock was born on November 1, 1959, in Zaragoza, Spain but came to the United States when he was a year old. He grew up in Seattle, Washington and attended Blanchet High School. Later, he received his B.A. in 1982, M.A in 1984, and Ph.D. in 1990 from the department of sociology at the University of Washington. He joined the department of sociology at UCLA in 1989 and stayed there throughout his entire career. Career His research interests lay in "determining the basis of trust and cooperation in collective action." One aspect of this research explored collaboration and online participation in virtual communities, arguing that cooperation is sustained by credit and relatively loose accounting systems. He was a practicing Buddhist and taught the popular fiat lux seminar, “Zen and the Art of Mindfulness.” Following a retreat at the Deer Park Monastery, Kollock proposed a new undergraduate course, "The Sociology of Mindfulness," which became very popular. He was also a motorcycle enthusiast.Kollock died on 10 January 2009 in a motorcycle accident on highway 101 near Calabasas, California. According to Buddhist Monk Phap De, "Peter was a very skillful and careful motorcycle rider. He had just said good-bye to his wife, Ellen, and, apparently, was on his way from Calabasas to UCLA. According to the police, Peter, was hit by a powerful cross wind, causing him to hit the curb. His body was catapulted into a tree, killing him instantly." The Peter Kollock Memorial Ride was held on 14 January 2009, a 65-mile/two-hour route that ended at the UCLA campus in time for the memorial service. The department of sociology at UCLA now offers the Peter Kollock Memorial Teaching Award. Works Book Smith, Marc, and Peter Kollock (editors). 1999. Communities in Cyberspace. London: Routledge. Selected papers Kollock, Peter, and Marc Smith. 1996. "Managing the Virtual Commons: Cooperation and Conflict in Computer Communities." pp. 109–128 in Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social, and Cross-Cultural Perspectives, edited by Susan Herring. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Kollock, Peter. 1996. "Design Principles for Online Communities." Harvard Conference on the Internet and Society. Also published in PC Update 15(5): 58–60. June 1998. Kollock, Peter. 1998. "Annual Review of Sociology - Social Dilemmas: Anatomy of Cooperation" Kollock, Peter. 1999. "The Production of Trust in Online Markets." Advances in Group Processes (Vol. 16), edited by E. J. Lawler, M. Macy, S. Thye, and H. A. Walker. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Kollock, Peter, and Marc Smith. 1999. "Introduction: Communities in Cyberspace." pp. 3–25 in Communities in Cyberspace, edited by Marc Smith and Peter Kollock. London: Routledge. Kollock, Peter (1999). "The Economies of Online Cooperation: Gifts and Public Goods in Cyberspace". In Smith, Marc; Kollock, Peter (eds.). Communities in Cyberspace. London: Routledge. pp. 220–239. Kollock, Peter, and E. Russell Braziel. 2006. “How Not to Build an Online Market: The Sociology of Market Microstructure.” Advances in Group Processes: Social Psychology of the Workplace, edited by S. R. Thye and E. J. Lawler. New York: Elsevier Science. Presentations and videos IFTF/Stanford University Humanities lab lecture by Kollock - hosted by Howard Rheingold Peter Kollock on Social Dilemmas on YouTube - 2005 lecture for a Stanford seminar on "A new literacy of cooperation" - conducted by Andrea Saveri and Howard Rheingold. Notes Further reading Knefel, Elizabeth. "From 'Craig's List' to virtual community." CNN, March 25, 1998. O'Brien, Jodi. "Remembering Peter Kollock". Social Psychology: Newsletter of the Social Psychology Section of the American Sociological Association Vol 13, No. 1, Spring 2009. Pages 3 and 6. O'Brien, Jodi. "Epilogue". The Production of Reality, 5th Edition. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press, 2011: 517–18.

John Ponsonby (colonel)

John Ponsonby (1608–1678) was a colonel in Oliver Cromwell's army during the Irish Confederate Wars, a member of parliament for two different Irish counties following the Parliamentarian's victory and a significant landowner granted confiscated properties in Counties Donegal, Kilkenny and Limerick. He was born in 1608 at Haugh-Heale, near Whitehaven, Cumbria, the son of Dorothy Sands and Henry Ponsonby. He was listed as the proprietor of lands at Iverk, Kilkenny in 1641, but not resident there. He arrived at Drogheda in 1641, captain of a group of seventy-five which joined Sir Henry Tichborne's regiment the following year. In 1645, he and others plotted to seize Drogheda and place it under the control of the Scots but he was arrested when the plot was foiled and imprisoned in Dublin.

John Ponsonby (1608–1678) was a colonel in Oliver Cromwell's army during the Irish Confederate Wars, a member of parliament for two different Irish counties following the Parliamentarian's victory and a significant landowner granted confiscated properties in Counties Donegal, Kilkenny and Limerick. He was born in 1608 at Haugh-Heale, near Whitehaven, Cumbria, the son of Dorothy Sands and Henry Ponsonby. He was listed as the proprietor of lands at Iverk, Kilkenny in 1641, but not resident there. He arrived at Drogheda in 1641, captain of a group of seventy-five which joined Sir Henry Tichborne's regiment the following year. In 1645, he and others plotted to seize Drogheda and place it under the control of the Scots but he was arrested when the plot was foiled and imprisoned in Dublin. The English Parliament negotiated his release. On his return to England, he commanded a cavalry regiment of the northern army. On 15 June 1647, he raised a regiment of horse for the English Commonwealth, having first petitioned Parliament. The regiment arrived in Ireland a few months later and in 1649 was amalgamated into Charles Coote's regiment under the direction of Cromwell; Ponsonby's younger brother, Henry was a regular soldier in the army. Cromwell aimed to suppress the alliance of the Catholic Confederacy and the previously defeated English Royalists. Ponsonby was made governor of Dundalk in 1649 and impressed Cromwell with his strategy to capture Carrick in November that year. During the campaign, he was promoted from major to colonel. The English army had won by 1653, but the Act of Settlement of Ireland had been prepared the year before and required a property survey, the Down Survey, which was executed by William Petty. Landowners were variously dispossessed, some as punishment for supporting the Confederation. The land was redistributed as payment in lieu of wages for the British soldiers, who had been without pay for 18 months. Ponsonby was appointed as a commissioner to receive depositions from Protestants concerning "murders" committed by the Irish during the battles. Between 1654 and 1655, he was sheriff of Wicklow and Kildare. When Charles II was installed as King of England in 1660, Ponsonby was appointed a commissioner on 19 March for executing the king's declaration for the settlement of Ireland. He became a member of parliament for Kilkenny from 1661 to 1666, was knighted and as "Sir John Ponsonby of Kidalton" became member of parliament for Tipperary the following year.In 1662, he received a pardon from for any treasons, rebellions, levying of war etc., committed before and until December 29, 1660, a pardon which applied equally to his younger brother. He also received two grants of lands under the settlement that he was instrumental in arranging. He received properties of a townland in Dublin county, two townlands in Limerick, sixteen in Donegal and forty-six in Kilkenny, particularly the castle and lands of the Kidalton Estate in Kilkenny which alone included 3223 acres previously owned by the Dalton family. Those dispossessed of the many thousands of acres involved were a mixture of Protestants and Catholics. He received land in County Donegal from debentures purchased from others. He also had a grant of lands in the same barony - Clanmaurice - that his younger brother Henry had benefited from, but his own claim was overriden by that of Colonel David Crosbie. Additionally, he had to surrender part of his estate when some of the Butler family was restored.Ponsonby renamed Kidalton Castle as Bessborough House in honour of his second wife Elizabeth ('Bess') (née Folliott), daughter of Anne Strode and Henry Folliott (the current house, now Kidalton College, was built seventy-seven years after his death). They had three children, Elizabeth, Henry and William (who was the first in the Ponsonby line of earls). Ponsonby died in 1678, aged 60, and was buried in the church at Fiddown. == References ==

Battista Farina

Battista "Pinin" Farina (later Battista Pininfarina; 2 November 1893 – 3 April 1966) was an Italian automobile designer and the founder of the Carrozzeria Pininfarina coachbuilding company, a name associated with many well known postwar cars.

Battista "Pinin" Farina (later Battista Pininfarina; 2 November 1893 – 3 April 1966) was an Italian automobile designer and the founder of the Carrozzeria Pininfarina coachbuilding company, a name associated with many well known postwar cars. Early life Battista Farina was born in Cortanze, Italy. The tenth of eleven children, his nickname, "Pinin" (the youngest/smallest (brother), in Piedmontese), referred to his being the baby of the family, and in later years it also referred to his short stature of 5 feet (1.5 meters). He started working in his brother Giovanni's body shop at the age of 12, and it was there that his interest in cars was born. He stayed at Giovanni's Stabilimenti Farina for decades, learning bodywork and beginning to design his own cars. Carrozzeria Pininfarina and career He formed Carrozzeria Pinin Farina in 1930 to focus on design and construction of new car bodies, and quickly gained prominence. Only Carrozzeria Touring was more sought-after in the 1930s. His work for Ferrari, starting in 1952, would become his most famous though much of it was managed by his son, Sergio, who ran the firm until shortly before his death, on 3 July 2012. Some time in the early 1950s, Stabilimenti Farina was absorbed into the by now much larger Carrozzeria Pinin Farina. The last design he contributed to was the 1600 Duetto for Alfa Romeo with Aldo Brovarone, which debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1966. He died less than a month later, on 3 April. Personal life and family He officially changed his name to "Battista Pininfarina" in 1961. The change was authorized by the President of the Italian Republic, acting on a proposal made by the Minister of Justice. His nephew, Nino Farina, was the first Formula One world champion. Honours and namesakes He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2004. The Pininfarina Battista all-electric battery-powered sports car is named in his honour. See also Carrozzeria Pininfarina, the company he founded in 1930 Automobili Pininfarina, a subsidiary company References External links Biography at Company's Official Website European Automotive Hall of Fame Inductee

List of birds of Mauritius

This is a list of the bird species recorded in Mauritius. The avifauna of Mauritius include a total of 156 species, of which 28 are endemic, and 22 have been introduced by humans. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Mauritius.

This is a list of the bird species recorded in Mauritius. The avifauna of Mauritius include a total of 156 species, of which 28 are endemic, and 22 have been introduced by humans. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Mauritius. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Mauritius (E) Endemic - a species endemic to Mauritius (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Mauritius as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions (Ex) Extirpated - a species that no longer occurs in Mauritius although populations exist elsewhere (X) Extinct - a species that was found on Mauritius but is no longer found alive globally Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. Mauritius shelduck, Alopochen mauritiana (X) Garganey, Spatula querquedula Meller's duck, Anas melleri (I) Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (A) Mauritius duck, Anas theodori (X) Guineafowl Order: Galliformes Family: Numididae Guineafowl are a group of African, seed-eating, ground-nesting birds that resemble partridges, but with featherless heads and spangled grey plumage. Helmeted guineafowl, Numida meleagris (I) Pheasants, grouse, and allies Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. Ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus (I) Gray francolin, Ortygornis pondicerianus (I) Chinese francolin, Francolinus pintadeanus (I) Blue-breasted quail, Synoicus chinensis (Ex) Common quail, Coturnix coturnix (I) Jungle bush-quail, Perdicula asiatica (Ex) Flamingos Order: Phoenicopteriformes Family: Phoenicopteridae Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually 1–1.5 m (3 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in), found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down. Greater flamingo, Phoenicopterus roseus (A) Lesser flamingo, Phoenicopterus minor (A) Pigeons and doves Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I) Mauritius wood-pigeon, Columba thiriouxi (X) Pink pigeon, Nesoenas mayeri (E) Mauritius turtle-dove, Nesoenas cicur (X) Rodrigues turtle-dove, Nesoenas rodericanus (X) Malagasy turtle-dove, Nesoenas picturatus (I) Spotted dove, Streptopelia chinensis (I) Laughing dove, Streptopelia senegalensis (A) Zebra dove, Geopelia striata (I) Dodo, Raphus cucullatus (X) Rodrigues solitaire, Pezophaps solitaria (X) Mauritius blue-pigeon, Alectroenas nitidissimus (X) Rodrigues blue-pigeon, Alectroenas payandeei (X) Swifts Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. White-throated needletail, Hirundapus caudacutus (A) Mascarene swiftlet, Aerodramus francicus Rails, gallinules and coots Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. White-throated rail, Dryolimnas cuvieri Red rail, Aphanapteryx bonasia (X) Rodrigues rail, Erythromachus leguati (X) Buff-banded rail, Gallirallus philippensis (A) Eurasian moorhen, Gallinula chloropus Mascarene coot, Fulica newtonii (X) Allen's gallinule, Porphyrio alleni (A) African swamphen, Porphyrio madagascariensis (A) Plovers and lapwings Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola Lesser sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus (A) Greater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius (A) Sandpipers and allies Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Buttonquail Order: Gruiformes Family: Turnicidae The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young. Madagascar buttonquail, Turnix nigricollis (I) Crab-plover Order: Gruiformes Family: Dromadidae The crab-plover is related to the waders. It resembles a plover but with very long grey legs and a strong heavy black bill similar to a tern's. It has black-and-white plumage, a long neck, partially webbed feet, and a bill designed for eating crabs. Crab-plover, Dromas ardeola Pratincoles and coursers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. There are 17 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Mauritius. Collared pratincole, Glareola pratincola (A) Oriental pratincole, Glareola maldivarum (A) Madagascar pratincole, Glareola ocularis Skuas and jaegers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki (A) Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus Gulls, terns, and skimmers Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. Brown noddy, Anous stolidus Lesser noddy, Anous tenuirostris White tern, Gygis alba Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus Little tern, Sternula albifrons (A) White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus (A) Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii Common tern, Sterna hirundo Great crested tern, Thalasseus bergii (A) Lesser crested tern, Thalasseus bengalensis (A) Tropicbirds Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Phaethontidae Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings. White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus Red-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon rubricauda Albatrosses Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds. There are 21 species worldwide and 5 species which occur in Mauritius. Yellow-nosed albatross, Thalassarche chlororhynchos White-capped albatross, Thalassarche cauta (A) Sooty albatross, Phoebetria fusca (A) Light-mantled albatross, Phoebetria palpebrata (A) Wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans Southern storm-petrels Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus White-faced storm-petrel, Pelagodroma marina (A) White-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta grallaria Black-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta tropica Shearwaters and petrels Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. Frigatebirds Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Fregatidae Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week. Lesser frigatebird, Fregata ariel Great frigatebird, Fregata minor (A) Boobies and gannets Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Sulidae The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish. Masked booby, Sula dactylatra Brown booby, Sula leucogaster Red-footed booby, Sula sula (A) (Ex) Abbott's booby, Papasula abbotti (Ex) Herons, egrets, and bitterns Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ardeidae The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills. Intermediate egret, Ardea intermedia (A) Little egret, Egretta garzetta (A) Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis (A) Squacco heron, Ardeola ralloides (A) Striated heron, Butorides striata Mauritius night-heron, Nycticorax mauritianus (X) Rodrigues night-heron, Nycticorax megacephalus (X) Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax (A) Hawks, eagles, and kites Order: Falconiformes Family: Accipitridae Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight. Eurasian marsh-harrier, Circus aeruginosus (A) Madagascar fish-eagle, Haliaeetus vociferoides (A) Owls Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. Rodrigues scops-owl, Otus murivorus (X) Mauritius scops-owl, Otus sauzieri (X) Rollers Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. Broad-billed roller, Eurystomus glaucurus Falcons and caracaras Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. Lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni (A) Mauritius kestrel, Falco punctatus (E) Eleonora's falcon, Falco eleonorae Sooty falcon, Falco concolor (A) Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus Old World parrots Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from 8 cm (3.1 in) to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand. Lesser vasa parrot, Coracopsis nigra (I) Rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri (I) Echo parakeet, Psittacula eques (E) Newton's parakeet, Psittacula exsul (X) Mauritius gray parrot, Lophopsittacus bensoni (X) Broad-billed parrot, Lophopsittacus mauritianus (X) Rodrigues parrot, Necropsittacus rodricanus (X) Gray-headed lovebird, Agapornis canus (Ex) Cuckooshrikes Order: Passeriformes Family: Campephagidae The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured. Mauritius cuckooshrike, Coracina typica (E) Monarch flycatchers Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching. Mascarene paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone bourbonnensis Crows, jays, and magpies Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. House crow, Corvus splendens (I) Reed warblers and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa. Rodrigues warbler, Acrocephalus rodericanus (E) Swallows Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. Mascarene martin, Phedina borbonica (N) Bulbuls Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests. Red-whiskered bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus (I) Mauritius bulbul, Hypsipetes olivaceus (E) White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye. Mauritius white-eye, Zosterops chloronothos (E) Mauritius gray white-eye, Zosterops mauritianus (E) Starlings Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. Rodrigues starling, Necropsar rodericanus (X) Common myna, Acridotheres tristis (I) Weavers and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Ploceidae The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season. Village weaver, Ploceus cucullatus (I) Red fody, Foudia madagascariensis (I) Mauritius fody, Foudia rubra (E) Rodrigues fody, Foudia flavicans (E) Waxbills and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns. Scaly-breasted munia, Lonchura punctulata (I) Common waxbill, Estrilda astrild (I) Red avadavat, Amandava amandava (Ex) Old World sparrows Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I) Finches, euphonias, and allies Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. Yellow-fronted canary, Crithagra mozambica (I) See also List of birds Lists of birds by region References Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of Birds of Mauritius". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 27 August 2021. Clements, James F. (2000). Birds of the World: A Checklist. Cornell University Press. p. 880. ISBN 0-934797-16-1. External links Birds of Mauritius

JetBlue Flight 191

JetBlue Flight 191 was a scheduled domestic commercial passenger flight from New York to Las Vegas, United States. On March 27, 2012, the Airbus A320 serving the route diverted to Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport, in Amarillo, Texas, after the captain, suffering from an apparent mental breakdown, started behaving erratically and making disturbing and incoherent statements, leading to the first officer tricking him into entering the cabin where he was restrained by staff and passengers. There were no fatalities.

JetBlue Flight 191 was a scheduled domestic commercial passenger flight from New York to Las Vegas, United States. On March 27, 2012, the Airbus A320 serving the route diverted to Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport, in Amarillo, Texas, after the captain, suffering from an apparent mental breakdown, started behaving erratically and making disturbing and incoherent statements, leading to the first officer tricking him into entering the cabin where he was restrained by staff and passengers. There were no fatalities. Incident Captain Clayton Osbon (49), was locked out of the cockpit by First Officer Jason Dowd (41), and was subdued by staff and passengers after he started acting erratically and ranting about terrorists and 9/11 and apparently suffered from an unspecified mental breakdown. The aircraft was then diverted to Amarillo. Osbon received medical treatment by Northwest Texas Healthcare System.Dowd grew concerned when Osbon made comments such as "We need to take a leap of faith", "We're not going to Vegas", and "I can't be held responsible when this plane crashes." Osbon began giving what the first officer described as a sermon. Realizing Osbon was unfit for duty, Dowd tricked him into going to the passenger compartment, then locked the cockpit door and changed the security code. Osbon, agitated that he was no longer able to enter the cockpit, rushed at the cockpit door in a rage and railed at passengers about Jesus, Al-Qaeda, countries in the Middle East, and a possible bomb on board. Alarmed staff and passengers tackled him and tied him up with seat belt extenders. An off-duty JetBlue pilot who was travelling as a passenger joined Dowd in the cockpit and the plane landed about 20 minutes later in Amarillo. Osbon was arrested and charged with "interference with a flight crew."The 49-year-old Osbon was suspended from work after being with JetBlue for 12 years. He had attended Carnegie Mellon University and graduated in 1987 from Nathaniel Hawthorne College, an aeronautics and aviation college located in New Hampshire. Trial and lawsuits On Tuesday, July 3, 2012, Osbon was found not guilty by reason of insanity of the charge of interference with the flight crew by an Amarillo, Texas-based federal judge, Judge Mary Lou Robinson. Mr. Osbon was then ordered to be held pending a further investigation; he was then immediately transferred to a mental health facility in Fort Worth for additional treatment.After Osbon was evaluated in a federal mental health facility in North Carolina, on November 9, 2012, US District Judge Robinson freed him under the provisions that he continue mental health treatment, follow a prescribed medication regime, and meet a variety of other conditions. Osbon must continue to be monitored by his probation officer for an undetermined amount of time. "This is a bad situation for you and your family, but you are very fortunate to have the type of immediate support you have," Robinson said. "Good Luck, Mr. Osbon."In March 2015, Osbon filed a suit against JetBlue for $14.9 million, claiming that the airline did not ensure he was fit to fly, and endangered the lives of the crew and the passengers. The suit was filed three days after the Germanwings Flight 9525 crash, in which the co-pilot deliberately crashed the plane killing all the people aboard. The passenger suit was settled the following month; terms of the settlement were not disclosed to the public. Causes of illness The cause of Osbon's mental breakdown remains unknown. Possibilities suggested included the onset of a psychotic disorder, a neurological event that compromised his brain function, or intoxication due to medication. In his March 2015 lawsuit against JetBlue, Osbon claimed the incident was caused by a complex partial brain seizure. See also List of air rage incidents == References ==

Pinky Cole

Aisha "Pinky" Cole (born December 8, 1987) is an American restaurateur. She is the owner and operator of Slutty Vegan, a plant-based burger restaurant chain in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2023, she was added to the Time magazine 100 Next list, recognizing individuals with an outsized influence on American culture.

Aisha "Pinky" Cole (born December 8, 1987) is an American restaurateur. She is the owner and operator of Slutty Vegan, a plant-based burger restaurant chain in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2023, she was added to the Time magazine 100 Next list, recognizing individuals with an outsized influence on American culture. Early life and education Cole was born and raised in Baltimore. Her parents are Jamaican immigrants and Rastafarians; her mother Ichelle Cole is a musician in the reggae group Strykers' Posse and follows the traditional Rastafarian vegetarian diet. Her mother is a wealth adviser at PNC Bank Her father served prison time for the first 20 years of her life and was then deported to Jamaica. Cole became a vegetarian in 2007, and a vegan in 2014.Cole received her bachelor's degree from Clark Atlanta University. She was elected “Miss Clark Atlanta” in 2008 and is a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. After college, Cole moved first to Los Angeles to become an actress, and then to New York to work in television production. Career In 2010, she moved to Los Angeles and worked as a producer on the reality show Judge Karen’s Court.Her first restaurant, Pinky’s Jamaican and American Restaurant, operated in Harlem for two years, until she shuttered it in 2016 after a grease fire. Cole moved back to Atlanta and worked as a casting director for programs such as Iyanla: Fix My Life. Slutty Vegan In July 2018, Cole sold her first vegan burgers through delivery apps and opened the Slutty Vegan food truck in September of that year. In January 2019, she opened the first Slutty Vegan brick-and-mortar restaurant in the Westview neighborhood of Atlanta. In 2023, Slutty Vegan had 11 locations in Georgia, New York City, Birmingham, Ala., and Dallas.Cole was inspired to create the vegan restaurant Slutty Vegan due to her own cravings for vegan junk food. All of Slutty Vegan's products are titled with some form of sexual connotation, including "One Night Stand," "Fussy Hussy," "Sloppy Toppy," and "Chick'N Head".In 2023, when Time magazine named her to its 100 Next list, Danny Meyer wrote that "Her myriad fans adore her sassy, sexy attitude that has not only reinvented the way people think about a vegan restaurant, but also turned classic roadside burger fare into a rollicking party." Cookbook In November 2022, Cole began a five-city tour to promote her new cookbook, Eat Plants, B*tch: 91 Vegan Recipes That Will Blow Your Meat-Loving Mind. The book was published by Simon & Schuster. Oprah Daily published four recipes from the book in December 2022. BET said the cookbook has "food combinations that will make you forget about meat altogether." Personal life Cole met entrepreneur Derrick Hayes in 2020. The couple became engaged on July 2, 2022, and married on June 10, 2023 at The St. Regis Hotel in Atlanta. The ceremony was covered by the New York Times. Hayes is the owner of Big Dave's Cheesesteaks, a non-vegan cheesesteak restaurant based in Atlanta. They have a daughter, D'Ella (born 2021), and son, Derrick Jr. (born 2022). Hayes has two daughters from a previous relationship, Dallas and Denver. At their 2023 wedding, the couple announced Cole was pregnant and they are expecting a third child, a boy, in December. Philanthropy Cole and fellow alumna Stacy Lee paid the tuition of 30 Clark Atlanta University seniors in September 2019.In May 2022, Cole gifted an LLC to every graduating student at the Clark Atlanta University commencement ceremony.Cole runs her own philanthropic organization, The Pinky Cole Foundation, which focuses on providing financial support and educational programs for children of color. References External links Pinky Cole on Instagram Official website for Slutty Vegan

Mariana van Zeller

Mariana van Zeller (born May 7, 1976) is a Portuguese journalist and correspondent for National Geographic Channel. She was the chief correspondent for Fusion (until the channel ceased its operations in December 2021), and is a former correspondent for the Vanguard documentary series on the former Current TV. She's a recipient of the Peabody Award.

Mariana van Zeller (born May 7, 1976) is a Portuguese journalist and correspondent for National Geographic Channel. She was the chief correspondent for Fusion (until the channel ceased its operations in December 2021), and is a former correspondent for the Vanguard documentary series on the former Current TV. She's a recipient of the Peabody Award. Biography Born on May 7, 1976, in Cascais, Portugal, van Zeller studied international relations at the Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa. After graduation, she says she spent two years working at SIC, which was at that time the first and largest Portuguese private television network. She began working in the travel and international departments of the main networks channel and later joined SIC Notícias, the network's news channel.She applied for a master's degree at Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism three times: her first application was rejected, and her second was wait-listed. According to van Zeller herself, after her third application, in 2001, she flew to New York City and knocked on the dean's door, explaining her dream of becoming a journalist in the United States. The dean was impressed, according to her, and allowed her to enroll.One month after she moved to New York City, the September 11 attacks took place. She was contacted that morning by a producer from SIC Notícias, where she had previously interned, and was directed to meet a news crew atop the CBS Building in Midtown Manhattan, where she would go live in three hours. Before going on air, she was told, "Prepare yourself. The whole of Portugal is watching you."After receiving her degree from Columbia, van Zeller moved to London to work for a documentary producer, with hopes of covering the Iraq War. With London as her new base, she studied Arabic at Damascus University in Syria in order to better seek out stories in the Middle East. Over the next two years, her freelance documentaries from Syria appeared on PBS's Frontline/World, the CBC, and Channel 4 (United Kingdom). In 2005, she joined Current TV as a correspondent and producer for the Vanguard documentary series.Van Zeller claims fluency in Portuguese, English, Spanish, Italian, and French. She also speaks some Arabic. Personal life Van Zeller is married to her former Columbia classmate Darren Foster, who is a series producer and director with National Geographic Channel. In July 2010, she gave birth to their child, a son named Vasco.She became an American citizen on March 17, 2015. Filmography Vanguard (2008–2013) Narco Bling (2012) Obama's Army El Chapo: CEO of Crime (2013) Inside: Secret America (2013), also known as Undercover USA Pimp City: A Journey to the Center of the Sex Slave Trade (2014) Trafficked (2020–2023) Awards "The OxyContin Express" also received the 2010 Television Academy Honor, a Prism Award and an Emmy nomination. References External links National Geographic profile

Mehrabi

Mehrabi (Persian: مهرابی or محرابی) is a toponym and a Persian habitational surname for a person from one of two Iranian villages named Mehrab. It may refer to: Kalareh-ye Mehrabi, a village in Kermanshah Province, Iran Tolombeh-ye Fathabad-e Mehrabi, a village in Kerman Province, Iran

Mehrabi (Persian: مهرابی or محرابی) is a toponym and a Persian habitational surname for a person from one of two Iranian villages named Mehrab. It may refer to: Kalareh-ye Mehrabi, a village in Kermanshah Province, Iran Tolombeh-ye Fathabad-e Mehrabi, a village in Kerman Province, Iran People with the surname Ehsan Mehrabi (born 1978), Iranian journalist Kaveh Mehrabi (born 1982), Iranian badminton player Massoud Mehrabi (1954–2020), Iranian journalist, writer and caricaturist Zahra Mehrabi (1965–2011), dual Dutch and Iranian citizen who was executed in Iran for drug trafficking See also Mehrab (disambiguation) Mihrab

Tanzanian woolly bat

The Tanzanian woolly bat or Dobson's painted bata (Kerivoula africana) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is found only in Tanzania. Locally, it is known as the "popo" or "tunge".

The Tanzanian woolly bat or Dobson's painted bata (Kerivoula africana) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is found only in Tanzania. Locally, it is known as the "popo" or "tunge". Taxonomy and etymology It was initially described by Irish zoologist George Edward Dobson in 1878. He described the species based on a specimen collected by French zoologist Achille Raffray in 1875 in Zanzibar. Its species name "africana" is a Neo-Latin derivative of Latin āfricānus, meaning "African". Description In his 1878 description of the species, Dobson stated that its ears and tragus were similar in appearance to that of Hardwicke's woolly bat, Kerivoula hardwicki. It lacks fur between its eyes, but has a fringe of longer hairs along its lips. Its dorsal fur is bicolored, with the base of individual hairs dark brown and the tip grayish brown. Fur on the ventral surface is also bicolored, but the color is lighter overall. Its head and body is 1.35 in (34 mm) long; its tail is also 1.35 in (34 mm) long; its ear is 0.5 in (13 mm) long; its tragus is 0.3 in (7.6 mm) long; its forearm is 1.1 in (28 mm) long; its foot is 0.25 in (6.4 mm) long. Its dental formula is 2.1.3.33.1.3.3 for a total of 38 teeth. At the time of its description, it was the smallest species of its genus known. Range and habitat It is endemic to Tanzania, and is only found on the country's eastern coast. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Coastal wetlands are lost via conversion to subsistence agriculture and coastal forests being subject to logging by the timber industry and local use. Conservation It is currently evaluated as endangered by the IUCN, a designation it has maintained since 2004. From 1988 to 1996, it was evaluated as possibly extinct, and from 1996 to 2004 it was evaluated as data deficient. It meets the criteria to be listed as an endangered species because its area of occupancy is likely less than 500 km2 (190 sq mi), all individuals are likely in fewer than five locations, and the extent of its habitat is in decline. In 1999, MacPhee and Flemming considered it allegedly extinct since roughly 1878, though it was rediscovered shortly after their paper was published, in 2000. In addition to habitat destruction, this species is also threatened by collection for use in traditional medicine. The Sukuma people believe that pneumonia can be treated by burning the body of a Tanzanian woolly bat and inhaling the smoke. One bat is supposed to be burned and inhaled per day for three days. References External links Photographs of the skull of the holotype, in the Paris Museum of Natural History Collections

Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction Centre

The Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction Centre (PASPC), is tasked with forecasting weather for the public and mariners in the Canadian Prairie Provinces, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut Territory, and adjacent domestic waters. The PASPC operations are split between an office in Winnipeg, Manitoba and an office in Edmonton, Alberta. The agency provides continuous weather monitoring and issues weather forecasts, weather warnings and weather watches as a part of this process. Daily severe weather discussions are issued to give additional information on a region that is becoming a severe weather threat, stating whether a watch or warning is likely and details thereof. The agency is one of five weather forecast centres for the Meteorological Service of Canada.

The Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction Centre (PASPC), is tasked with forecasting weather for the public and mariners in the Canadian Prairie Provinces, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut Territory, and adjacent domestic waters. The PASPC operations are split between an office in Winnipeg, Manitoba and an office in Edmonton, Alberta. The agency provides continuous weather monitoring and issues weather forecasts, weather warnings and weather watches as a part of this process. Daily severe weather discussions are issued to give additional information on a region that is becoming a severe weather threat, stating whether a watch or warning is likely and details thereof. The agency is one of five weather forecast centres for the Meteorological Service of Canada. The other four weather centres are the Pacific and Yukon Storm Prediction Centre (Vancouver, British Columbia), the Ontario Storm Prediction Centre (Toronto, Ontario), the Quebec Storm Prediction Centre (Montreal, Quebec), and the Atlantic Storm Prediction Centre (Dartmouth, Nova Scotia). The Atlantic Storm Prediction Centre also houses the Canadian Hurricane Centre plus manages the Newfoundland and Labrador Weather Office (Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador). Each storm prediction centre provides continuous public and marine forecasts and warnings for various parts of Canada's sovereign territory. Aviation weather forecasts are produced separately by the two offices (Edmonton and Montreal) of the Canadian Meteorological Aviation Centre. The PASPC has the largest forecast area of responsibility among the five Storm Prediction Centres, covering a region greater than the other four offices combined; approximately 8,270,000 km² of Canada's territorial land and water.The Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction Center is part of the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), operating under the control of the Canadian federal department of Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). History The Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction was created in 2003. Prior to that, weather forecasting for the Canadian Prairies and the Canadian Arctic had evolved significantly over the previous century. The PASPC's creation was the culmination of decades of transition within the Canadian weather service during this period. The Meteorological Service of Canada was founded in 1871. The first forecasts were prepared in 1876 and 1887 from Toronto, Ontario. These forecasts were primarily for marine interests along the Canadian Atlantic coast and the Great Lakes. As the observing and telegraph networks expanded westward to the Prairie provinces, regular forecasts for southern Manitoba were established in 1899 and for Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1903. By this time, a second weather forecast had opened in Victoria, British Columbia but only produced forecasts for that province. The number of forecast offices, including one in Winnipeg, expanded in the late 1930s to support Trans-Canada Airlines which was established in 1937. During the war, additional weather centres, including ones in Edmonton, Whitehorse (Yukon Territory), Lethbridge, Alberta, and CFB Rivers (Manitoba), were added in support of Canadian civilian aviation and military operations. The Winnipeg office provided some basic forecasts for the Canadian public in the Prairies. The Lethbridge office also provided "storm forecasts" for parts of southern Alberta.After the war, the public weather forecast system, which was still being done out of Toronto for all of Canada east of the Rockies, was decentralized. Regional forecast centres were established in 1946 in Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax. The Edmonton office was responsible for Alberta, Yukon, and the western half of Saskatchewan, while the Winnipeg office was now responsible for eastern Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Northwestern Ontario.The advent of numerical weather prediction in the early 1960s changed the forecasting system in Canada to one of large regional forecast centres, called "Weather Centrals", with local support offices called "Weather Offices". For the Canadian prairie provinces and the arctic territories, the Prairie Weather Central was established in Winnipeg by 1967. The smaller Weather Offices in support of the Prairie Weather Central included Edmonton, Whitehorse and Regina, Saskatchewan.In 1971, the weather service was moved to Environment Canada, a new Federal Department. The Weather Centrals became "Weather Centres". The newly renamed Prairie Weather Centre (PrWC) still operated out of Winnipeg and its area of responsibility was the provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba and Northwestern Ontario. In Edmonton, the forecast responsibilities were expanded to two new co-located weather offices: the Arctic Weather Centre (ArWC) and the Alberta Weather Centre (AlWC). Forecasts for the Yukon were now formally provided by the Yukon Weather Office. The Regina Weather Office remained open but was eventually closed in 1979.In 1993 and 1994, the Canadian weather service consolidated its 54 smaller weather briefing offices and eight weather centres into 17 new "Environmental Services Centres". The Prairie Weather Centre was broken up into the Saskatchewan Environmental Services Centre, based in Saskatoon, the Manitoba Environmental Services Centre in Winnipeg and the Northwestern Ontario Environmental Services Centre in Thunder Bay. The Alberta Weather Centre was split into the Northern Alberta Environmental Services Centre in Edmonton and the Southern Alberta Environmental Services Centre is Calgary. Arctic weather forecasting continued to be done out of Arctic Weather Centre in Edmonton (co-located with the Northern Alberta Environmental Services Centre) and the Yukon Weather office. In 1998, the Edmonton, Calgary, Saskatoon and Winnipeg offices were consolidated into the new Prairie Storm Prediction Centre (PSPC) based in Winnipeg. The new office was responsible for all public and marine forecasts and warnings for the three Prairie Provinces. However, the aviation forecasting responsibilities for these offices were moved to the new Prairie and Arctic Aviation Weather Centre (PAAWC) in Edmonton. The PAAWC was also responsible for all public and marine forecasts and warnings for the Northwest Territories, Nunavut Territory and adjacent waters in the Canadian Arctic. The Yukon Weather Office was closed and the Yukon forecasts were transferred to the Kelowna (British Columbia) Environmental Services Office. The new PSPC was the only office in the Canadian weather service to adopt the "Storm Prediction Centre" name; a name to reflect the office's greater operational focus on hazardous weather. In 2003, another MSC restructuring amalgamated the PSPC, the PAAWC and all of the 11 remaining Canadian Environmental Services Centres into five Storm Prediction Centres; adopting the naming convention and forecasting approach pioneered five years earlier by the PSPC. The public and marine forecast and warning responsibilities from the PSPC and the PAAWC were combined into the new Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction Centre (PASPC). The aviation responsibilities for all of western Canada and the Arctic now fell under the responsibility of the new Canadian Meteorological Aviation Centre (CMAC - West). The Yukon Territory forecasts were transferred from Kelowna to the renamed Pacific Storm Prediction Centre in Vancouver. The PASPC amalgamation was preceded with controversy. Leaked information prior to the official announcement indicated that only five public and marine weather forecast offices across the country would remain open. The information indicated that the Winnipeg location, home of the Prairie Storm Prediction Centre, was to close and that all of its forecasting responsibilities would move to the new PASPC in Edmonton. Public and political backlash resulted in a modest change to the original plan. The officially announced plan resulted in the new Prairie and Arctic Storm Prediction Centre having its staff split between the Winnipeg and Edmonton locations.In 2007, meteorologists from the PASPC assessed the damage of a tornado at Elie, Manitoba to be F5 on the Fujita Scale. The Elie, Manitoba tornado was Canada's first recorded F5 tornado.In 2011, the Canadian Government announced that the PASPC would be responsible for new Arctic Ocean METAREA forecasts for METAREA XVII and METAREA XVIII. == References ==

Philoxenus of Eretria

Philoxenus of Eretria (Greek: Φιλόξενος ὁ Ἐρετριεύς) was a painter from Eretria. He was a disciple of Nicomachus of Thebes, whose speed in painting he imitated and even surpassed, having discovered new and rapid methods of coloring. According to Pliny, a picture of his was inferior to none, in particular his depiction of a battle between Alexander the Great and Darius, which he painted for King Cassander. A similar subject is represented in the celebrated Alexander Mosaic found in the House of the Faun in Pompeii. As a disciple of Nicomachus, who flourished about 360 BC, and as the painter of the battle of Issus (333 BC) (or possibly the battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC; Pliny simply states that it was "a picture representing one of the battles between Alexander and Darius"), Philoxenus must have flourished in the age of Alexander, from about 330 BC and onwards.

Philoxenus of Eretria (Greek: Φιλόξενος ὁ Ἐρετριεύς) was a painter from Eretria. He was a disciple of Nicomachus of Thebes, whose speed in painting he imitated and even surpassed, having discovered new and rapid methods of coloring. According to Pliny, a picture of his was inferior to none, in particular his depiction of a battle between Alexander the Great and Darius, which he painted for King Cassander. A similar subject is represented in the celebrated Alexander Mosaic found in the House of the Faun in Pompeii. As a disciple of Nicomachus, who flourished about 360 BC, and as the painter of the battle of Issus (333 BC) (or possibly the battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC; Pliny simply states that it was "a picture representing one of the battles between Alexander and Darius"), Philoxenus must have flourished in the age of Alexander, from about 330 BC and onwards. The words of Pliny, "Cassandro regi", "Cassander being king", if taken literally, would mean that the creation of the original picture must have taken place some time after 317-315 BC, during the reign of Cassander in Macedon. References This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

Pericles's Funeral Oration

"Pericles's Funeral Oration" (Ancient Greek: Περικλέους Επιτάφιος) is a famous speech from Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. The speech was supposed to have been delivered by Pericles, an eminent Athenian politician, at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (BC 431–404) as a part of the annual public funeral for the war dead.

"Pericles's Funeral Oration" (Ancient Greek: Περικλέους Επιτάφιος) is a famous speech from Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. The speech was supposed to have been delivered by Pericles, an eminent Athenian politician, at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (BC 431–404) as a part of the annual public funeral for the war dead. Background It was an established Athenian practice by the late BC 5th century to hold a public funeral in honour of all those who had died in war. The remains of the dead were left in a tent for three days so that offerings could be made. Then a funeral procession was held, with ten cypress coffins carrying the remains, one for each of the Athenian tribes, and another left symbolically empty for the missing or those whose remains were unable to be recovered. Finally they were buried at a public grave (at Kerameikos). The last part of the ceremony was a speech delivered by a prominent Athenian citizen chosen by the state. Several funeral orations from classical Athens are extant, which seem to corroborate Thucydides' assertion that this was a regular feature of Athenian funerary custom in wartime.The Funeral Oration was recorded by Thucydides in book two of his famous History of the Peloponnesian War. Although Thucydides records the speech in the first person as if it were a word for word record of what Pericles said, there can be little doubt that he edited the speech at the very least. Thucydides says early in his History that the speeches presented are not verbatim records, but are intended to represent the main ideas of what was said and what was, according to Thucydides, "called for in the situation". We can be reasonably sure that Pericles delivered a speech at the end of the first year of the war, but there is no consensus as to what degree Thucydides's record resembles Pericles's actual speech. Another confusing factor is that Pericles is known to have delivered another funeral oration in BC 440 during the Samian War. It is possible that elements of both speeches are represented in Thucydides's version. Nevertheless, Thucydides was extremely meticulous in his documentation, and records the varied certainty of his sources each time. Significantly he begins recounting the speech by saying: "Περικλῆς ὁ Ξανθίππου… ἔλεγε τοιάδε", i.e. "Pericles, son of Xanthippos, spoke like this". Had he quoted the speech verbatim, he would have written "τάδε" ("this", or "these words") instead of "τοιάδε" ("like this" or "words like these"). The authorship of the Funeral Oration is also not certain. Plato, in his Menexenus, ascribes authorship to Pericles's companion, Aspasia. Content of the speech The Funeral Oration is significant because it differs from the usual form of Athenian funeral speeches. David Cartwright describes it as "a eulogy of Athens itself...". The speech glorifies Athens' achievements, designed to stir the spirits of a state still at war. Proemium (2.35) The speech begins by praising the custom of the public funeral for the dead, but criticises the inclusion of the speech, arguing that the "reputations of many brave men" should "not be imperilled in the mouth of a single individual". Pericles argues that the speaker of the oration has the impossible task of satisfying the associates of the dead, who would wish that their deeds be magnified, while everyone else might feel jealous and suspect exaggeration. Praise of the dead in war (2.36 – 2.42) Pericles begins by praising the dead, as the other Athenian funeral orations do, by regard the ancestors of present-day Athenians (2.36.1 – 2.36.3), touching briefly on the acquisition of the empire. At this point, however, Pericles departs most dramatically from the example of other Athenian funeral orations and skips over the great martial achievements of Athens' past: "That part of our history which tells of the military achievements which gave us our several possessions, or of the ready valour with which either we or our fathers stemmed the tide of Hellenic or foreign aggression, is a theme too familiar to my hearers for me to dwell upon, and I shall therefore pass it by." Instead, Pericles proposes to focus on "the road by which we reached our position, the form of government under which our greatness grew, and the national habits out of which it sprang". This amounts to a focus on present-day Athens; Thucydides' Pericles thus decides to praise the war dead by glorifying the city for which they died. The greatness of Athens "If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences...if a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. The freedom we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life. There, far from exercising a jealous surveillance over each other, we do not feel called upon to be angry with our neighbour for doing what he likes..." These lines form the roots of the famous phrase "equal justice under law." The liberality of which Pericles spoke also extended to Athens' foreign policy: "We throw open our city to the world, and never by alien acts exclude foreigners from any opportunity of learning or observing, although the eyes of an enemy may occasionally profit by our liberality..." Yet Athens' values of equality and openness do not, according to Pericles, hinder Athens' greatness, indeed, they enhance it, "...advancement in public life falls to reputations for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit...our ordinary citizens, though occupied with the pursuits of industry, are still fair judges of public matters...at Athens we live exactly as we please, and yet are just as ready to encounter every legitimate danger."In the climax of his praise of Athens, Pericles declares: "In short, I say that as a city we are the school of Hellas; while I doubt if the world can produce a man, who, where he has only himself to depend upon, is equal to so many emergencies, and graced by so happy a versatility as the Athenian." Finally, Pericles links his praise of the city to the dead Athenians for whom he is speaking, "...for the Athens that I have celebrated is only what the heroism of these and their like have made her...none of these men allowed either wealth with its prospect of future enjoyment to unnerve his spirit, or poverty with its hope of a day of freedom and riches to tempt him to shrink from danger. No, holding that vengeance upon their enemies was more to be desired than any personal blessings, and reckoning this to be the most glorious of hazards, they joyfully determined to accept the risk... Thus, choosing to die resisting, rather than to live submitting, they fled only from dishonour..." The conclusion seems inevitable: "Therefore, having judged that to be happy means to be free, and to be free means to be brave, do not shy away from the risks of war". With the linkage of Athens' greatness complete, Pericles moves to addressing his audience. Praise for the military of Athens In his speech, Pericles states that he had been emphasising the greatness of Athens in order to convey that the citizens of Athens must continue to support the war, to show them that what they were fighting for was of the utmost importance. To help make his point he stated that the soldiers whom he was speaking of gave their lives to a cause to protect the city of Athens, and its freedom. He praised Athens for its attributes that stood out amongst their neighbours such as its democracy when he elaborates that trust is justly placed on the citizens rather than relying only on the system and the policy of the city. Where citizens boast a freedom that differs from their enemies' the Lacedaemonians. He regards the soldiers who gave their lives as truly worth of merit. That if anyone should ask, they should look at their final moments when they gave their lives to their country and that should leave no doubt in the mind of the doubtful. He explained that fighting for one's country was a great honour, and that it was like wearing a cloak that concealed any negative implications because his imperfections would be outweighed by his merits as a citizen. He praises the soldiers for not faltering in their execution during the war. That the soldiers put aside their desires and wishes for the greater cause. Because as they are described by Pericles, Athenian citizens were distinct from the citizens of other nations – they were open minded, tolerant, and ready to understand and follow orders. Where their system of democracy allowed them to have a voice amongst those who made important decisions that would affect them. Therefore, he proceeds to point out that the greatest honour and act of valour in Athens is to live and die for freedom of the state Pericles believed was different and more special than any other neighbouring city. Exhortation to the living (2.43 – 2.45) Pericles then turns to the audience and exhorts them to live up to the standards set by the deceased, "So died these men as becomes Athenians. You, their survivors, must determine to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a happier outcome."Pericles addresses the widows of the dead only here, telling them that "the greatest glory for a woman is not to be spoken of at all, either for good or ill." This passage is often cited as characteristic of Athenian attitudes to women's role in public life, but is also connected to the standard behaviour of women as mourners at private funerals. Epilogue (2.46) Pericles ends with a short epilogue, reminding the audience of the difficulty of the task of speaking over the dead. The audience is then dismissed. Language and translations Thucydides' Greek is notoriously difficult, but the language of Pericles Funeral Oration is considered by many to be the most difficult and virtuosic passage in the History of the Peloponnesian War. The speech is full of rhetorical devices, such as antithesis, anacoluthon, asyndeton, anastrophe, hyperbaton, and others; most famously the rapid succession of proparoxytone words beginning with e ("τὸ εὔδαιμον τὸ ἐλεύθερον, τὸ δ' ἐλεύθερον τὸ εὔψυχον κρίναντες" [judging courage freedom and freedom happiness]) at the climax of the speech (43.4). The style is deliberately elaborate, in accord with the stylistic preference associated with the sophists. There are several different English translations of the speech available. Peter Aston wrote a choral version, So they gave their bodies, published in 1976. Comparison to the Gettysburg Address The American Civil War scholars Louis Warren and Garry Wills have addressed the parallels of Pericles's funeral oration to Abraham Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address. Lincoln's speech, like Pericles's: Begins with an acknowledgement of revered predecessors: "Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent..." Praises the uniqueness of the State's commitment to democracy: "...a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal...government of the people, by the people, and for the people..." Addresses the difficulties faced by a speaker on such an occasion, "...we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground" Exhorts the survivors to emulate the deeds of the dead, "It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the great task remaining before us" Contrasts the efficacy of words and deeds, "The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract...The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here."It is uncertain to what degree, if any, Lincoln was directly influenced by Pericles's funeral oration. Wills never claims that Lincoln drew on it as a source, though Edward Everett, who delivered a lengthy oration at the same ceremony at Gettysburg, began by describing the "Athenian example". Notes References External links Works related to Pericles's Funeral Oration at Wikisource An English translation of Pericles's Funeral Oration The original Greek text of the speech

Frank Edward Brown

Frank Edward Brown (b. LaGrange, Illinois, USA, May 24, 1908; d. Marco Island, Florida, February 28, 1988) was a preeminent Mediterranean archaeologist.

Frank Edward Brown (b. LaGrange, Illinois, USA, May 24, 1908; d. Marco Island, Florida, February 28, 1988) was a preeminent Mediterranean archaeologist. Education Educated at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, (B.A. 1929), Brown went on to receive his doctorate at Yale University, with a dissertation on Plautus (Ph.D. 1938). He would then serve as Assistant Professor of Classics there until the United States entered World War II, during which time he served the Office of War Information in Syria and Lebanon. In 1945 he became Director-General of Antiquities of the Republic of Syria. Brown first came to Rome and to the American Academy in 1931 as a graduate student of Yale University. Early a fellow of the American Academy in Rome, Brown went to Syria in 1932 to excavate at Dura-Europos with the joint Yale University- Académie des Inscriptions (France) mission under the direction of Franz Cumont and Michael Rostovtzeff and became field director at Dura in 1935. Fieldwork and career His return to the American Academy in Rome from Syria in 1947 marked the beginning of the Academy's involvement in archaeological fieldwork in Italy with the excavations of the Latin colony of Cosa (Ansedonia) in southwestern Tuscany. Brown saw Cosa as a site that was useful a template for the archaeology of Latin colonies and mid-Republican Rome itself. Brown remained at the Academy as Professor-in-Charge of the Classical School and Director of Excavations from 1947–1952 and then returned to Yale as Professor of Classics where in addition to his teaching responsibilities he continued to be active in the publication of Dura-Europus and in the life of the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR), the offices of which were then in New Haven. He was Secretary of ASOR, 1955–1962; Master of Jonathan Edwards College, 1953–1956; and in collaboration with his Yale colleagues, Professors Lawrence Richardson, Jr. and Emeline Richardson, produced the second volume of the Cosa excavation reports, The Temples of the Arx (MAAR 1960). A generation of American Classical archaeologists and historians received their training under Brown at Cosa; notable among them are Lawrence Richardson, Jr., Emeline Hill Richardson, Russell T. Scott, and Stephen L. Dyson. The third volume on Cosa's forum and municipal buildings appeared after Brown's death.In the same period Brown served the Archaeological Institute of America as Trustee and Norton Lecturer. In 1963, however, Brown left Yale to return permanently to the American Academy in Rome, resuming the positions of Professor-in-Charge and Director of Excavations to which were added the responsibilities of the directorship of the Academy in 1965-1969. Nevertheless, these years saw him characteristically active both in Rome and in Ansedonia. In 1963 he made soundings in the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli. At the invitation of the Archaeological Superintendency of Rome, he returned in 1964 to the Regia in the Roman Forum, a building of which he had made an architectural study during his years as a Fellow. The excavation of the Regia was to yield the most substantial evidence for early organization and development of the Forum since the work of Giacomo Boni at the turn of the century. In 1965 he resumed work at Cosa supervising fieldwork and the preparation of additional publications of the Cosa series, and the design, construction, and outfitting of the site museum, since 1981 the National Museum of Cosa. From Rome he was also able to further the work of other American archaeologists in Italy and Yugoslavia, as well as the corpus of Roman mosaics in North Africa and the international project to safeguard the Punic and Roman antiquities of Carthage. While Director of the Academy, he was also President of the International Union of the Institutes of Archaeology, History, and the History of Art in Rome in 1966-1967, and he was active in the affairs of the International Association for Classical Archaeology throughout his years in Rome. Scholarship Having resigned from the directorship of the Academy in 1969, Brown remained Professor in Charge of the Classical School until his retirement in 1976, when he received the Academy's Medal of Merit for his many years of outstanding service to that institution. He continued to serve the Academy thereafter as Thomas Spencer Jerome Lecturer in 1979, from which series came the book Cosa: The Making of a Roman Town (University of Michigan Press, 1980), and as the leader of a summer seminar sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities on the early colonies of Rome in 1980. In 1982 he was Senior Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts of the National Gallery in Washington where he continued to work on Vitruvius and returned to the study of the architecture of the Hierothesion of Antiochus I of Commagene at Nemrud Dagh, a project he had helped develop for ASOR in the 1950s. His last years in Rome were given over to the preparation of final reports on the excavations in the forum of Cosa and the Regia in the Roman Forum. On 21 April 1983, he was honored for his services to Italian archaeology by the city of Rome as a "Cultore di Roma". Honors In Italy he was a foreign member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei and of the Società Nazionale di Scienze, Lettere e Arti in Napoli, and the Istituto di Studi Etruschi ed Italici (Firenze), and a member of the Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia and the German Archaeological Institute. In America, he was a member of ASOR, Archaeological Institute of America, and the American Philological Association. In March 1987 Frank Brown took leave of Rome and the American Academy to join his wife of 50 years, the former Jaquelin Goddard, in Florida. He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Eastleigh in 1986. Publications Plautus, Titus Maccius. T. Macci Plauti Pseudolus, edited, with an introduction and notes, by Edgar H. Sturtevant in collaboration with Frank E. Brown, Frederick W. Schaefer and John P. Showerman. New Haven, Yale university press; London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1932. The excavations at Dura-Europos, conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters. Final report ..., New Haven, Yale University Press, 1943- Brown, F.E., Richardson E. H. and Richardson, L. jr. "Cosa I, History and Topography." MAAR 20, 1951, 5-113. Cosa II: The temples of the Arx By Frank Edward Brown, Emeline Hill Richardson and L. Richardson. Rome: American Academy in Rome, 1960. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome v. 26 Roman architecture. New York: G. Braziller, 1961. Cosa: the making of a Roman town. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1980. Cosa III: the buildings of the forum: colony, municipium, and village. By Frank Edward Brown, Emeline Hill Richardson, L. Richardson. University Park, Pa. : Published for the American Academy in Rome by Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome v. 37 Eius virtutis studiosi: classical and postclassical studies in memory of Frank Edward Brown (1908-1988) edited by Russell T. Scott and Ann Reynolds Scott. Washington : National Gallery of Art, 1993. Necrology "Frank E. Brown Dies; Archeologist Was 79" The New York Times D-20 March 3, 1988 References Adapted from: R. T. Scott. "Frank Edward Brown, 1908-1988." American Journal of Archaeology 92 (1988).

Superman: Brainiac Attacks

Superman: Brainiac Attacks is a 2006 American animated superhero film from Warner Bros. Animation. Released on June 20, 2006, as a marketing tie in with Superman Returns, the film features Superman battling the forces of Lex Luthor and Brainiac, and his relationship with Lois Lane.

Superman: Brainiac Attacks is a 2006 American animated superhero film from Warner Bros. Animation. Released on June 20, 2006, as a marketing tie in with Superman Returns, the film features Superman battling the forces of Lex Luthor and Brainiac, and his relationship with Lois Lane. Plot Brainiac crash lands back on Earth and hijacks Lex Labs to collect Earth's data and amass the power of its weapons systems. Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen are sent to one of Lex Luthor's laboratories after Brainiac arrives on Earth on a meteor, successfully dodging attempts made by Luthor's satellite to destroy him in an attempt to boost his popularity against Superman. Superman shortly arrives and finds Brainiac downloading data from the computers with information relating to LexCorp weaponry. After a battle, Superman seemingly destroys Brainiac with his ice breath. Witnessing the incident, and seeing how his satellite could be used as an effective weapon against Superman, Luthor finds Brainiac's still intact brain chip and uses it to reactivate him. He then proposes that Brainiac, with the technology of LexCorp as well as Kryptonite, defeat Superman, and then Luthor would step in to chase Brainiac away from the Earth, making him appear to be a hero, where he will then be free to conquer other planets, leaving Luthor in charge of Earth. Brainiac accepts the agreement, and proceeds to rebuild and improve himself. Meanwhile, Clark Kent contemplates revealing his secret identity to Lois. The opportunity presents itself when editor Perry White, due to staff shortages, sends both Kent and Lois to review a restaurant in Metropolis. During this time, however, Brainiac returns, injuring Superman and Lois with his Kryptonite rays. It is revealed that Lois has been infected with a kryptonite, metallic-based poison that if not treated, would prove fatal. Feeling guilty, Superman obtains a sample of Lois' blood from the hospital and returns to the Fortress of Solitude to analyze it, discovering that the only cure for her condition is the chemical Argonium 44, obtained from the Phantom Zone. However, Brainiac is able to locate Superman in his Antarctic retreat, and attempts to download the information of Krypton from his computer. Superman then initiates a self-destruct sequence and escapes to the Phantom Zone, with Brainiac presuming him to be dead. Brainiac returns to Metropolis where Luthor awaits to fulfill their agreement. Jimmy investigates Lex and realizes that he is working with Brainiac. Brainiac, however, intends to kill Luthor to conquer Earth, and had even removed the self-destructive component that Luthor had planted should Brainiac betray him. Superman seemingly returns through a portal and cures Lois, but when bringing her out of the hospital, he realizes this is an illusion created by the Phantom Zone. After this, he is chased and attacked by several Phantoms before escaping. Returning to Metropolis, Superman and Brainiac engage in a lengthy battle, during which Luthor is injured in the crossfire. Mercy Graves discovers Jimmy looking for evidence against Luthor and brutally attacks him. Eventually he takes over one of Lex's robot exoskeletons and knocks her unconscious. Unfortunately, his camera is destroyed by his attack, preventing him from obtaining evidence of Lex's schemes. Superman seemingly defeats Brainiac and then returns to the hospital to cure Lois. But before Lois can take the cure, Brainiac attacks the hospital and smashes the cure, before Superman destroys him by breaking his brain chip. With the cure now destroyed, Lois faces certain death. Superman, regretting never telling Lois his true feelings then embraces her. It is then that his tears, containing Argonium 44 that had healed him earlier, makes contact with Lois, curing her. She presumes him to be Clark, but Superman convinces her otherwise. Later, Superman recovers a piece of his destroyed Kryptonian technology, planning to use it to rebuild his fortress. He then vows to quit his job at the Daily Planet in an attempt to prevent future harm to his loved ones, should any of his enemies discover his secret identity. The film ends with an injured Luthor facing criminal prosecution from his involvement in Brainiac's attack, and Lois racing to cover the appearance of Mister Mxyzptlk in Metropolis. Seeing Lois' eagerness to put herself in harm's way to cover a story, Superman goes back on his earlier decision to quit the Daily Planet so he can be with her. Cast Tim Daly as Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman Lance Henriksen as Brainiac Powers Boothe as Lex Luthor Dana Delany as Lois Lane George Dzundza as Perry White David Kaufman as Jimmy Olsen Mike Farrell as Jonathan Kent Shelley Fabares as Martha Kent Tara Strong as Mercy Graves Production The film was directed by Curt Geda, who worked on Superman: The Animated Series. The classic style was desired by Warner Bros, with Geda adding more humor and romance than previously explored in the animated series. Despite the film's visual style and much of its voice cast being the same as Superman: The Animated Series, writer Duane Capizzi has stated the film was not intended to be part of the DC Animated Universe. Additionally, DCAU cast members Clancy Brown (Lex Luthor), Corey Burton (Brainiac) and Lisa Edelstein (Mercy Graves) are absent from the film, with Powers Boothe, Lance Henriksen and Tara Strong voicing their respective characters instead. Notably, this depiction of Lex Luthor, rather than being the cold, calculating industrialist portrayed in Superman: The Animated Series, seems to incorporate elements of Gene Hackman's less serious portrayals of the character in live-action films, making Luthor more light-hearted and darkly whimsical. See also List of animated feature-length films References External links Duane Capizzi on Superman: Brainiac Attacks, Interview Conducted by Jim Harvey Director Talks Superman: Brainiac Attacks Superman: Brainiac Attacks - IGN Superman: Brainiac Attacks at IMDb Superman: Brainiac Attacks at AllMovie