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William Wirt Clayton

William Wirt Clayton (1812–1885) was the son of noted Georgia politician Augustin Smith Clayton. In Atlanta, Georgia, W. W. Clayton became a judge, director of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, tax collector for Fulton County, Georgia and an officer of the Georgia National Bank. == References ==

William Wirt Clayton (1812–1885) was the son of noted Georgia politician Augustin Smith Clayton. In Atlanta, Georgia, W. W. Clayton became a judge, director of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, tax collector for Fulton County, Georgia and an officer of the Georgia National Bank. == References ==

The Legend of Korra (video game)

The Legend of Korra is a 2014 third-person action beat 'em up video game developed by PlatinumGames and published by Activision, based on the animated television series of the same name which aired on Nickelodeon from 2012 to 2014. It was released in October 2014 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox 360 and Xbox One, and received mixed reviews. The game is one of two video games based on the same plot from the series. The other, The Legend of Korra: A New Era Begins, is a turn-based strategy game for the Nintendo 3DS. The game was removed from sale on all digital storefronts three years after its release on December 21, 2017.

The Legend of Korra is a 2014 third-person action beat 'em up video game developed by PlatinumGames and published by Activision, based on the animated television series of the same name which aired on Nickelodeon from 2012 to 2014. It was released in October 2014 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox 360 and Xbox One, and received mixed reviews. The game is one of two video games based on the same plot from the series. The other, The Legend of Korra: A New Era Begins, is a turn-based strategy game for the Nintendo 3DS. The game was removed from sale on all digital storefronts three years after its release on December 21, 2017. Gameplay The Legend of Korra is a third-person action game, supporting single-player play only. Players control Korra, the series' heroine, as she fights villains from the first two seasons of the series with the bending arts, a spiritual and physical practice similar in appearance to Eastern martial arts by which practitioners move and alter the elements of water, earth, fire and air. Korra can switch between four different elements on the fly, each with its own combat styles and special moves. Waterbending is acquired first and specializes in ranged attacks. Earthbending, acquired next, features slow attacks that are very powerful and cannot be blocked. Firebending is a balanced style that once upgraded, features all three forms of attacks: Fast combos, slow but powerful, and ranged. Airbending, acquired late in the game, features fast and powerful attacks that can affect all surrounding targets. Korra also acquires the "avatar state" near the end of the game; it lasts a shorts period, but grants Korra powerful attacks that combine all four elements. The game tries to persuade the player into using counterattacks. The player can initiate a counterattack by blocking an enemy attack just before it connects. Counterattacks are orders of magnitude more powerful than direct attacks. Counterattacking is the only way of defeating bosses in a reasonable amount of time, as defeating them with direct attacks can take hours. Electrical and earth-based attacks cannot be countered. The game takes about four to six hours to play through, but contains "a New Game+ of sorts". These include an endless runner with Naga, and pro-bending matches, where teams of three try to bend each other out of an arena. This mode, which implements the pro-bending rules depicted in the series, is available after completing the game, with the player controlling the "Fire Ferrets" team made up of Korra and her friends Mako and Bolin. Setting and plot The game takes place in the two weeks between the second and third seasons of the series, which aired in 2013 and 2014 respectively. Korra is opposed by a "chi-blocker" who, at the start of the game, strips Korra of her bending abilities, which she has to regain over the course of the game. The game's main villain, Hundun, is named after a chaotic entity in Chinese mythology. An ancient, evil being previously trapped in the spirit world, he was released into the physical world by Korra's opening of the spirit portals at the end of the second season. The game sees him sow chaos in the world and pursue his grudge against the Avatar. Development The Legend of Korra, the animated drama TV series on which the game is based, aired on Nickelodeon and online from 2012 to 2014 as a sequel to the series Avatar: The Last Airbender. It received critical acclaim, and was commissioned to run for four seasons and a total of 52 episodes. The game based on the series was announced in June 2014. It was developed by PlatinumGames, known for the Bayonetta series of action games among others, and published by Activision. The game is scripted by Tim Hedrick, a writer of the TV series, who collaborated with series creators Bryan Konietzko and Michael Dante DiMartino on the plot and main villain. The cutscenes are animated by Titmouse, Inc., and the cover art (chosen by public vote) is by series character designer Christie Tseng. The game made use of the voice actors and the music of the TV series.Robert Conkey of Activision explained that they chose Platinum on account of their record of developing action games, which he described as having a "very smooth, very flashy, and very cool" style. Platinum producer Atsushi Kurooka said that Platinum chose to adapt The Legend of Korra, a series unknown in Japan, after watching it with the aid of translated scripts, and being impressed by the series's blend of "interesting action, a really good story, comedy, and romance". According to Kurooka, the studio aimed to make the game emulate the look and feel of the television series as closely as possible, including its visual and sound direction: Kurooka said that screenshots of the game were indistinguishable from those of the series. Reception Pre-release Appraisals of the game during development were positive. After playing an alpha build of the game in June 2014, Destructoid described the game as a "pretty solid action brawler". The reviewer praised the thorough implementation of the various bending styles, the detailed and fluid combat system, and the cel-shaded art style. GameSpot's reporter was "encouraged by the art style and some aspects of the combat", but uncertain whether the developers would be able to balance the demands of faithfulness to a franchise and the expectations of quality combat gameplay raised by their previous titles. IGN described the early version as having "all the depth I’d expect to see from this developer bundled with a faithful artistic interpretation" of the source material, noting the "surprisingly deep" combat system and the "tastefully re-created animations" from the series. Post-release The Legend of Korra received "mixed or average" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. It was panned by Dan Stapleton of IGN as a "poorly made tie-in that can’t even stand up as a competent third-person action game". The reviewer noted the game's simplistic combat, the absence of the series' wit and charm, and the low-quality cutscenes. Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot was also highly critical of the game, writing that it "tries its best to boot M. Night Shyamalan's The Last Airbender film out of its rightful position as 'worst Avatar-related thing yet produced.'" Chris Carter at Destructoid summed up the game as a "nice but brief romp" with no real narrative that "plays out like a 'light' version of Platinum's previous games". At Polygon, Philip Kollar described the game as a "shallow, short experience full of segments that feel poorly designed and ill-considered", with frustrating mechanics and annoying mini-games. Paul Tassi of Forbes, noting the "scathing" reviews the game received, wrote that, like other adaptations of the series, it showed "a fundamental misunderstanding of the source material, all but completely devoid of a plot and other characters outside Korra herself". For Eurogamer's Simon Parkin, the game's shortcomings were the "hallmarks of a work-for-hire project rushed to meet a Christmas deadline", and he considered the game "a misfire that means Platinum's name no longer guarantees quality". Notes References External links Official website

Channel World

Channel World is owned and published by IDG and covers the sales channel. The magazine is published monthly. It is published in local versions in Belgium, Czech Republic, India (since 2007) and Netherlands (made from a merger of Channel Partner and Retail Partner in 2007).

Channel World is owned and published by IDG and covers the sales channel. The magazine is published monthly. It is published in local versions in Belgium, Czech Republic, India (since 2007) and Netherlands (made from a merger of Channel Partner and Retail Partner in 2007). References External links Indian edition website

Svorka Energi

Svorka Energi AS is a Norwegian power company owned by the municipalities of Surnadal (41%), Heim (17%), Rindal (17%), and Møre og Romsdal (25%). Its registered office is at Skei. The company's annual sales are approximately 200 million kroner. The company is headed by Halvard Fjeldvær, who succeeded Erlend Eriksen in 2013.The company consists of: Svorka Produksjon AS (a power generation company) Svorka Energi AS (a power supplier) Svorka Aksess (an internet service provider)

Svorka Energi AS is a Norwegian power company owned by the municipalities of Surnadal (41%), Heim (17%), Rindal (17%), and Møre og Romsdal (25%). Its registered office is at Skei. The company's annual sales are approximately 200 million kroner. The company is headed by Halvard Fjeldvær, who succeeded Erlend Eriksen in 2013.The company consists of: Svorka Produksjon AS (a power generation company) Svorka Energi AS (a power supplier) Svorka Aksess (an internet service provider) Svorka Produksjon Svorka Produksjon AS is a power generation company in Møre og Romsdal with its registered office in Surnadal. The company currently has an ownership interest in the following power plants: Valsøyfjord Hydroelectric Power Station (100% ownership) Svorka Hydroelectric Power Station (50% ownership, Statkraft 50%) Nordsvorka Hydroelectric Power Station (50% ownership, Statkraft 50%) Svorka District Heating Plant (75% ownership, Landbrukshuset 25%) Brandåa Hydroelectric Power Station (100% ownership) Grytdalen Hydroelectric Power Station (100% ownership) References External links Svorka Energi

American International School of Abuja

American International School of Abuja (AISA) is a coeducational international day school in Abuja, Nigeria serving grades Pre-School through Grade 12.The school year runs from August to June, with 180 student contact days. At the end of the 2015–2016 school year, the student population was 470 spanning from over 40 countries.

American International School of Abuja (AISA) is a coeducational international day school in Abuja, Nigeria serving grades Pre-School through Grade 12.The school year runs from August to June, with 180 student contact days. At the end of the 2015–2016 school year, the student population was 470 spanning from over 40 countries. History The American International School of Abuja was founded in 1993 when a group of parents and U.S. Embassy of officials recognized the need for a school that would adequately prepare international and Nigerian students to continue their education under a US-based curriculum. In the August 2006 school year, the school opened the year in a brand new purpose-built facility with spacious grounds and ample room for growth. The student population rose from 150 students at the close of the 2005 school year to its current enrollment of 470 students, preschool through grade 12. With the increase in the student population, a full high school program was added and AISA graduated its first senior class in June 2009. Governance and organization The school is governed by an elected Board of Governors who oversee the affairs of the school. The Board of Governors is responsible for hiring and evaluating the Head of School who oversees the day-to-day running of the school. The Elementary School is headed by a Principal as well as an Assistant Principal. The Middle and High School is headed by a Principal. Each division has its support services such as Counselling, English Language Learner, and Learning Support Services. Community Some of the events held are the Craft Sale, the International Food Fair, the Fall Carnival, Scavenger Hunts, Nigerian Day, and the AIDS Run/Walk. Staff and student body AISA employs the services of 43 expatriate teachers, 6 local teachers, 2 division principals, an assistant principal, a curriculum coordinator, a technology director and an assistant technology director, an athletics director, a business manager, a security manager, a registrar and admissions coordinator, and admin support staff. At the end of the 2015–16 school year, there were 474 students from nearly 40 different countries. Facilities 34 Classrooms 2 Music Rooms 2 Art Rooms Snack bar Science Lab Library Multipurpose Hall Computer Lab 41 Smartboards Elementary School Playground Early Childhood Playground Swimming Pool Technology All classrooms are equipped with an interactive whiteboard and students have access to Macbooks and IPads. Academic year The academic year runs from August to June and is made up of 2 semesters. The 1st semester runs from August through December and the 2nd semester runs from January through June. Extra-curricular activities AISA provides a wide range of after school activities popularly known as clubs to its early childhood and elementary school students. After school clubs include but are not limited to ballet, gymnastics, cook and bake, karate, mad science, soccer, basketball, and board games. In the secondary school, AISA offers several activities, including athletics (volleyball, basketball, soccer and swimming), a very active student council and service-learning clubs. Students in athletics have the opportunity to compete in the West African International Schools Activities League where they enjoy travel opportunities to compete with other participating schools in the West African Region. == References ==

Jessica Marie Watkins

Jessica Marie Watkins (born 1982 or 1983) is an American militia founder and former Oath Keeper leader, Army veteran and bar owner who took part in the January 6 United States Capitol attack.

Jessica Marie Watkins (born 1982 or 1983) is an American militia founder and former Oath Keeper leader, Army veteran and bar owner who took part in the January 6 United States Capitol attack. Early life and career Watkins was raised in Ohio and upstate New York. She enlisted in the U.S. Army in 2001 following her high school graduation, completing a Ranger course and then serving in Afghanistan until 2003 when she left the military. She has stated that she attempted suicide by gun when a close friend died in combat, but that the bullet misfired. She went absent without leave from the Army when her transgender identity was revealed in 2022, moving to Alaska due to non-acceptance of her identity by her family.She later worked as a first responder in Fayetteville, North Carolina. By 2019, she was the co-owner of the Jolly Rogers Bar and Grill, a pirate-themed bar in Woodstock, Ohio with her fiancé. That year, she also set up the Ohio State Regular Militia for aid work after tornadoes cut off electricity to tens of thousands of residents. Business declined at the bar in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Followng the Murder of George Floyd, she led her militia as self-appointed security guards during the resulting protests in Ohio and Kentucky. On November 7, 2020, when Joe Biden was declared winner of the 2020 U.S. presidential election, she appeared on the front lawn of the Ohio Statehouse with two other militia members, between two rival protest groups. January 6 United States Capitol attack In 2021, Watkins attended the January 6 Capitol attack with her militia, coordinating with the Oath Keepers of which she was also a leader, and wearing military armour and tactical military style clothing. At the U.S. Capitol building, members of the militia encouraged rioters to forcibly enter the building. In 2021, while facing criminal trial, she disavowed the Oath Keepers.Watkins went on trial with codefendants Kelly Meggs and Stewart Rhodes. In 2022, Watkins was the only one of the three acquitted of seditious conspiracy but was found guilty of conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding and interfering with police. While in jail, she became a close friend of fellow Capitol rioter Guy Reffitt through playing the card game Magic: The Gathering, and became convinced of the false belief that the riot itself was "a setup" conducted by U.S. law enforcement.In May 2023, Watkins was sentenced by Judge Amit Mehta to 8.5 years in prison, criticising her initial lack of remorse, but acknowledging a more recent apology. A cited justification for her long sentence compared to other rioters was her role in recruiting at least three other rioters. Personal life Watkins was born in 1982 or 1983 under a different name, taking the name Jessica Marie Watkins in 2003 or 2004. She grew up with her mother and her four-years-younger sister. Her parents disavowed her when she revealed her gender identity to them. Watkins is a trans woman and spoke at her trial about her struggle with her gender identity was a factor that led her towards paranoia, fear and conspiracy theories.She has lived in Rochester, New York and in Fayetteville, North Carolina before moving to Woodstock, Ohio. See also Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack == References ==

Marguerite S. Chang

Marguerite Shue-wen Chang (張葉學文; June 21, 1923 – May 5, 2012) was a Chinese-born American research chemist and inventor, awarded the Federal Woman's Award in 1973 for her work in the United States Naval Ordnance Laboratory, based in Maryland.

Marguerite Shue-wen Chang (張葉學文; June 21, 1923 – May 5, 2012) was a Chinese-born American research chemist and inventor, awarded the Federal Woman's Award in 1973 for her work in the United States Naval Ordnance Laboratory, based in Maryland. Personal life Early life Marguerite Shue-wen Ye was born in Nanjing in 1923. She earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry at Wuhan University. She earned a master's degree and a Ph.D. in organic chemistry at Tulane University, where she was an associate member of the Sigma Xi honor society. Her dissertation advisor was Joseph H. Boyer. Adulthood Marguerite S. Chang was married to George K. Chang. The couple moved to the United States together in 1946, and had two sons while Marguerite Chang was a graduate student at Tulane University. The Changs decided to stay in the United States after 1949. Marguerite S. Chang died in 2012, aged 88 years, in Palo Alto, California. Career Chang moved to the United States in 1946. From 1959 she worked at the United States Naval Ordnance Laboratory in Maryland, developing propellants for missiles and rockets, working on safety procedures for the manufacture and use of propellants. She was named as an inventor on several patents, assigned to the United States government between 1976 and 1986, for processes, production methods and chemical compositions.Chang's scientific publications included "The Identification of C32H20N4O8, a Product from Acetophenone and Nitric Acid" (Journal of the American Chemical Society 1960, with Joseph H. Boyer), and "Bis(cyclopropanecarbonyl)furoxan" (Journal of Organic Chemistry 1968, with James U. Lowe Jr.). Chang is included in Conversations 760-009 and 871-009 of the White House Tapes, in the Oval Office for a photo sessions with President Richard Nixon and others in August 1972 and March 1973. She was one of the six women to receive the Federal Woman's Award in 1973. == References ==

David Rollo (politician)

David Rollo (July 1919 – 18 September 2006) was a Scottish nationalist political activist. Born in Lenzie, Rollo studied at Lenzie Academy and played for Lenzie Rugby Club. During World War II, he joined the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers and rose to become a sergeant, completing more than fifty parachute jumps. In 1943, he gained admittance to the University of Glasgow to study electrical engineering and, although his time was interrupted by a year recuperating from tuberculosis, he qualified and spent the remainder of his career in the industry.Rollo joined the Scottish National Party (SNP) and was elected as its treasurer in 1953, serving until 1965. This was a difficult time for the party's finances, and he often used his personal funds to pay the office secretary.Believing that the BBC was biased against Scottish nationalism, Rollo used his electrical engineering experience worked with Alvaro Rossi to build a radio transmitter which broadcast sound on the BBC Television frequency.

David Rollo (July 1919 – 18 September 2006) was a Scottish nationalist political activist. Born in Lenzie, Rollo studied at Lenzie Academy and played for Lenzie Rugby Club. During World War II, he joined the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers and rose to become a sergeant, completing more than fifty parachute jumps. In 1943, he gained admittance to the University of Glasgow to study electrical engineering and, although his time was interrupted by a year recuperating from tuberculosis, he qualified and spent the remainder of his career in the industry.Rollo joined the Scottish National Party (SNP) and was elected as its treasurer in 1953, serving until 1965. This was a difficult time for the party's finances, and he often used his personal funds to pay the office secretary.Believing that the BBC was biased against Scottish nationalism, Rollo used his electrical engineering experience worked with Alvaro Rossi to build a radio transmitter which broadcast sound on the BBC Television frequency. In 1956, they used this to launch "Radio Free Scotland", based in Rollo's home town of Kirkintilloch. It broadcast a mix of political comedy and patriotic music after the BBC finished at 11pm. Rollo stood for the party at the 1959 general election in Hamilton, by which time he was head of the SNP's broadcasting committee. After the SNP was not given the opportunity to make an election broadcast, he used the radio station to make party political broadcasts to Hamilton, He stood but his campaign was ultimately unsuccessful, taking only 6.2% of the vote. The radio was considered a success, and he built a similar transmitter for Plaid Cymru to use for "Radio Free Wales".Rollo stood again for the SNP in Glasgow Woodside at the 1970 general election, taking 8.4% of the vote, then in Paisley at the February, October 1974 general elections, achieving 21% and then 33% of the vote, although he was not elected. He stood a final time in 1979, but his vote share fell to 15.7%.Rollo remained active in the SNP, and in 2004 published Lockerbie: a bum rap?, exploring questions around the Lockerbie disaster. == References ==

China Huadian Corporation

China Huadian Corporation (Huadian Group; 华电集团) is one of the five largest state-owned power generation enterprises in China, administered by SASAC for the State Council. It engages in the generation and supply of electricity and heat, and the development of power-related primary energy. It produces about 10% of China's power along with Huaneng Group, Datang Group, SPIC and China Energy.

China Huadian Corporation (Huadian Group; 华电集团) is one of the five largest state-owned power generation enterprises in China, administered by SASAC for the State Council. It engages in the generation and supply of electricity and heat, and the development of power-related primary energy. It produces about 10% of China's power along with Huaneng Group, Datang Group, SPIC and China Energy. Subsidiaries Huadian Power International (华电国际电力股份有限公司) (SEHK: 1071, SSE: 600027, A share), which is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Shanghai Stock Exchange, is the Group's major subsidiary company. It operates thermal powers stations in China. Huadian Energy is an electric power subsidiary based in Harbin, Heilongjiang province. Huadian New Energy Development Company Limited (华电新能源发展有限公司) is the Group's main renewables subsidiary. China Fortune International Trust (100%) References External links Official website

Henry Howard, 19th Earl of Suffolk

Henry Molyneux Paget Howard, 19th Earl of Suffolk, 12th Earl of Berkshire (13 September 1877 – 21 April 1917) was a British peer, styled Viscount Andover until 1898.

Henry Molyneux Paget Howard, 19th Earl of Suffolk, 12th Earl of Berkshire (13 September 1877 – 21 April 1917) was a British peer, styled Viscount Andover until 1898. Early life The eldest son of Henry Howard, 18th Earl of Suffolk and Mary Eleanor Lauderdale Coventry (1847–1928). His siblings were Hon. James Knyvett Estcourt Howard, Lady Mary Howard, Lady Eleanor Howard, Lady Agnes Howard, and Lady Katharine Howard.His paternal grandparents were Charles Howard, 17th Earl of Suffolk and his wife, Isabella Howard (daughter of Lord Henry Howard, and niece of Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk). His maternal grandparents were Capt. Hon. Henry Amelius Coventry (son of George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry and Lady Mary Beauclerk, the only daughter of Aubrey Beauclerk, 6th Duke of St Albans) and the former Caroline Stirling Dundas (second daughter of James Dundas, 28th of Dundas Castle and Hon. Mary Tufton Duncan, a daughter of Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan).He was educated at Winchester College. Career He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 4th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (The Royal North Gloucestershire Militia) on 12 February 1896 and was promoted lieutenant on 2 February 1897. He succeeded his father as Earl of Suffolk in March 1898. On 16 December 1898, he was seconded as an extra aide-de-camp to George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Viceroy of India, and was promoted captain while serving as ADC on 11 April 1900.He resigned his commission on 28 January 1907. On 9 June 1908, he was commissioned as a major, commanding the Wiltshire Battery, 3rd Wessex Brigade, Royal Field Artillery This Territorial unit was sent to India at the beginning of World War I and subsequently provided drafts to units fighting in the Mesopotamian campaign.On 21 April 1917, at the Battle of Istabulat, Suffolk was killed by shrapnel through the heart while commanding a battery. He is buried at Basra War Cemetery, Iraq. Personal life On 26 December 1904, Suffolk married the American, Margaret Hyde "Daisy" Leiter (1880–1968), the second daughter and youngest child of Levi Zeigler Leiter of Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C. Daisy was the sister of Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston and sister-in-law of Lord Curzon, by whom he had three children: Charles Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk (1906–1941), who married American-born ballet dancer, Mimi Forde-Piggott, known as "Mimi Crawford", daughter of Alfred George Forde-Piggott. Hon. Cecil John Arthur Howard (1908–1985), who married Frances Drake Dean, daughter of Edwin Morgan Dean, without issue. Lt. Cdr. Hon. Greville Reginald Howard (1909–1987), who married Mary Ridehalgh, daughter of William Smith Ridehalgh of Broughton Lodge.Lord Suffolk was succeeded by his son Charles Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk. His widow survived him by over fifty years until her death on 5 March 1968. She died at Antelope Valley Hospital in Lancaster, California. References External links David Leighton, "Street Smarts: Neighborhood, road named for Lady Suffolk," Arizona Daily Star, Oct. 21, 2014

Embodiment of Evil

Embodiment of Evil (Portuguese: Encarnação do Demônio) is a 2008 Brazilian horror film directed by and starring José Mojica Marins. It is the third installment in his Coffin Joe trilogy, featuring Marins reprising his role as Zé do Caixão (in English, Coffin Joe). The film is preceded by At Midnight I'll Take Your Soul (1964) and This Night I'll Possess Your Corpse (1967).A flashback scene in the film reveals that the young Coffin Joe (portrayed in the scene by Raymond Castile) survived after submerging in a swamp at the end of the previous film. After serving 40 years in a prison mental ward, Coffin Joe (José Mojica Marins) is released to the streets of modern-day São Paulo. Immediately after his release, Coffin Joe renews his lifelong obsession to sire a male child with a woman whom he perceives to be of exceptional qualities capable of continuing his bloodline, which he feels to be "superior" above all others.

Embodiment of Evil (Portuguese: Encarnação do Demônio) is a 2008 Brazilian horror film directed by and starring José Mojica Marins. It is the third installment in his Coffin Joe trilogy, featuring Marins reprising his role as Zé do Caixão (in English, Coffin Joe). The film is preceded by At Midnight I'll Take Your Soul (1964) and This Night I'll Possess Your Corpse (1967).A flashback scene in the film reveals that the young Coffin Joe (portrayed in the scene by Raymond Castile) survived after submerging in a swamp at the end of the previous film. After serving 40 years in a prison mental ward, Coffin Joe (José Mojica Marins) is released to the streets of modern-day São Paulo. Immediately after his release, Coffin Joe renews his lifelong obsession to sire a male child with a woman whom he perceives to be of exceptional qualities capable of continuing his bloodline, which he feels to be "superior" above all others. Plot After being released from the prison mental ward, Coffin Joe is greeted at the gate by his old and loyal servant Bruno (Rui Rezende), who takes him to a secluded basement below a favela in São Paulo. As well as Bruno, the hideout is populated by four fanatics who are obsessed with Coffin Joe's history and ideas, and have been waiting and preparing for his arrival in order that they may faithfully serve him. After questioning their motives and testing their loyalty, Coffin Joe immediately orders the followers to begin kidnapping women so he can renew his murderous quest for "the continuation of the blood", his lifelong obsession to find who he determines to be a perfect woman who will bear him a son. His first victim is Dr. Hilda (Cléo De Páris), a controversial eugenicist who Bruno kidnaps. Coffin Joe tests her will by injecting her with drugs and she has hallucinations of Coffin Joe cutting off her buttock and presenting it to her after which she willingly eats it. Meanwhile, Coronel Claudiomiro Pontes (Jece Valadão), a fervently Roman Catholic police captain who holds an old grudge against Coffin Joe for blinding his eye, and Father Eugênio (Milhem Cortaz), a mentally unstable priest (the son of one of Coffin Joe's past victims, Dr. Rudolfo in At Midnight I'll Take Your Soul) learn about Coffin Joe's release, and decide to join forces to seek Coffin Joe and kill him once and for all. On his first night, Coffin Joe starts to be haunted by ghostly visions of his previous victims, including Terezinha and Lenita from At Midnight I'll Take Your Soul, and Laura from This Night I'll Possess Your Corpse. However, he convinces himself that they are just his imagination although they continue to haunt him throughout the film. He later singles out a young gypsy woman named Elena (Nara Sakarê), who has also been intrigued with him since his appearance at the favela. Elena's aunts, Cabíria (Helena Ignez) and Lucrécia (Débora Muniz), knowing of his evil history, perform a ritual to protect Elena from Coffin Joe and place a curse on him. After Joe kills the two aunts, Elena offers herself to him, although while having sex with her he has a vision where he finds himself in another dimension which is a bloody, intestine-like maze. There he is met by a figure called the Mystifier (José Celso Martinez Corrêa), who takes him to an arid, surreal landscape called Purgatory. The Mystifier shows Coffin Joe horrific visions of human depravity, suffering, and perversion, as well as a female figure of Coffin Joe's death. Greatly disturbed, Joe sends his followers to quickly kidnap several more women and proceeds to torture them through sadistic ordeals to test their endurance and willingness to succumb to his perceived superiority. When the police find Coffin Joe's hideout that night they find it deserted, except for the gruesome remains of his victims. Joe escapes through the dark woods with Colonel Pontes and Father Eugênio after him. Joe arrives at the closed amusement park, Playcenter, where Joe kills the policemen, but is wounded by Father Eugênio, who impales Coffin Joe through the heart with a large crucifix. Although relieved thinking he has killed Coffin Joe, Father Eugênio is immediately pursued by shadows and the voice of Coffin Joe as he leaves the amusement park. As Father Eugênio leaves, Elena appears. She pulls the crucifix out of Coffin Joe, removes her clothes and has sexual intercourse with him. The final scene takes place at Coffin Joe's funeral, where it is revealed that Coffin Joe achieved his goal in the end, as the women who survived his ordeals, including Hilda and Elena, gathered at his funeral, are all pregnant. Cast Reception During the Paulinia Film Festival, held July 5–12, 2008 in Paulinia, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Embodiment of Evil won 7 of 15 categories for fictional films. Marins was presented the Critics Choice award for best film. Other awards were best photography (José Roberto Eliezer), best film editing (Paulo Sacramento), best sound editing (Ricardo Reis), best soundtrack (André Abujamra and Márcio Nigro), best art direction (Cássio Amarante). References External links Official film site (in English and Portuguese) Embodiment of Evil at IMDb Embodiment of Evil at AllMovie Official José Mojica Marins site (in Portuguese) Production diary by Raymond Castile

Richardson v. Perales

Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389 (1971), was a case heard by the United States Supreme Court to determine and delineate several questions concerning administrative procedure in Social Security disability cases. Among the questions considered was the propriety of using physicians' written reports generated from medical examinations of a disability claimant, and whether these could constitute "substantial evidence" supportive of finding nondisability under the Social Security Act.

Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389 (1971), was a case heard by the United States Supreme Court to determine and delineate several questions concerning administrative procedure in Social Security disability cases. Among the questions considered was the propriety of using physicians' written reports generated from medical examinations of a disability claimant, and whether these could constitute "substantial evidence" supportive of finding nondisability under the Social Security Act. Issues 1.) Do written reports by physicians who have examined a claimant for disability benefits under the Social Security Act constitute “substantial evidence”? 2.) Are such reports allowable to support a finding of non-disability? 3.) Are such reports hearsay under the rules of evidence in administrative law hearings? 4.) Is cross-examination of the authors of such reports allowable under the subpoena rules of administrative law? 5.) Does the failure of the claimant to exercise subpoena power, and call hostile witnesses for cross examination at a hearing constitute a violation of due process requirements? 6.) Are federal administrative law judges allowed to seek opinion evidence, or case advisement from neutral observers whom they hire, without the permission of the claimant? 7.) What is the status of “stacked hearsay,” where opinion reports are created based on other opinions about the claimant, but without examining the claimant? 8.) Is the Social Security Act to be interpreted liberally in matters of disability determination? 9.) Are Social Security disability benefits an entitlement subject to the due process protections of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, as delineated in Goldberg v. Kelly? Holdings 1.) Written reports submitted by physicians in the treatment and evaluation of patients are admissible, and should be considered substantial evidence in disability hearings under the Social Security Act, even though by their nature, they are ‘hearsay.” 2.) Hearsay evidence is admissible up to the point of relevancy in such hearings. 3.) Subpoena of witnesses is within the jurisdiction and allowable under the rules of procedure in Social Security disability hearings. 4.) Reliance on “stacked hearsay” - where written records are reviewed by others who have not examined the patient, but issue reports based on their review, which then are followed by more generation of reports by individuals who have reviewed the record should be discouraged. 5.) It is within the jurisdiction of administrative law judges to hire outside case consultants or advisors to review the issues of the case and offer reports and testimony in the furtherance of resolution. This is a practice that is advisable, in particular in those cases where the medical records and testimony are conflicting, or the medical issues are not clear. 6.) The Social Security Act is to be interpreted liberally in favor of the claimant. 7.) Social Security disability is different from welfare entitlements and does not require the same level of due process protections under the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution as the court delineated in Goldberg v. Kelly Facts and background In 1966 Pedro Perales, a San Antonio truck driver, then aged 34, height 5' 11", weight about 220 pounds, filed a claim for disability insurance benefits under the Social Security Act. Judicial review, as noted in the statute relates, "The findings of the Secretary as to any fact, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive . . . ." Pedro Perales had claimed he had received a back injury by lifting an object at work. Some of his doctors were unable to find an objective neurological explanation for his continuing pain. His doctors' medical reports were submitted to the state Division of Disability Determination, which ordered a consultative examination, which was unfavorable to him. At an agency hearing, the division had called an independent "medical advisor", Dr. Leavitt to assess the medical reports from Mr. Perales' doctors. Dr. Leavitt did not examine Perales but stated that the consensus of the medical reports was that Perales had suffered an impairment of only mild severity. The division denied Perales' claim for disability benefits. The issue here is whether physicians' written reports of medical examinations they have made of a disability claimant may constitute "substantial evidence" supportive of a finding of nondisability, within the 205 (g) standard, when the claimant objects to the admissibility of those reports and when the only live testimony is presented by his side and is contrary to the reports. Perales injured his back and subsequently had lumbar spinal surgery. He was deemed to have had a successful result by his physician and others who reviewed his case. Perales contended the surgery had been unsuccessful, in that he was unable to return to work. He presented an opinion from a physician confirming the belief that he was unemployable. Despite this, the administrative hearing found that he was not eligible for Social Security Disability. Perales did not subpoena the doctors who had written unfavorable reports and cross examine them in the course of his hearing, despite having the opportunity to do so. Later, he claimed this failure, on his part had denied him of a fair hearing, and hence claimed a violation of his constitutional right to due process. Majority Opinion by Mr. Justice Blackmun BLACKMUN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C. J., and HARLAN, STEWART, WHITE, and MARSHALL, JJ., joined. DOUGLAS, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which BLACK and BRENNAN, JJ., joined. Part I In his claim Perales asserted that on September 29, 1965, he became disabled as a result of an injury to his back sustained in lifting an object at work. He was seen by a neurosurgeon, Dr. Ralph A. Munslow, who first recommended conservative treatment. Surgery to the lumbar spine was performed, but without relief. The patient was dismissed from the practice of Dr. Munslow on January 25, 1966, with a final diagnosis of "Neuritis, lumbar, mild."Mr. Perales continued to complain, but examining physicians were unable to find any objective neurologic explanations for his complaints. He was advised to return to work. Perales then filed his claim. As required by 221 of the Act the claim was referred to the state agency for determination. The agency obtained the hospital records and a report from Dr. Morales. The report set forth no physical findings or laboratory studies, but the doctor again gave as his diagnosis: "Back sprain - lumbo-sacral spine," this time "moderately severe," with "Ruptured disk not ruled out." The agency arranged for a medical examination, at no cost to the patient, by Dr. John H. Langston, an orthopedic surgeon. This was done May 25. Dr. Langston's ensuing report to the Division of Disability Determination was devastating from the claimant's standpoint. There was little evidence of any pathology which would render the claimant disabled.The state agency denied the claim. Perales requested reconsideration. Other physicians were unable to establish a diagnosis consistent with disability. A psychological assessment opined he had a hostile personality The agency again reviewed the file. The Bureau of Disability Insurance of the Social Security Administration made its independent review. The report and opinion of Dr. Morales, as the claimant's attending physician, were considered, as were those of the other examining physicians. The claim was again denied. Perales requested a hearing before a hearing examiner. The requested hearing was set for January 12, 1967, in San Antonio. Written notice thereof was given to the claimant with a copy to his attorney. The notice contained a definition of disability, advised the claimant that he should bring all medical and other evidence not already presented, afforded him an opportunity to examine all documentary evidence on file prior to the hearing, and told him that he might bring his own physician or other witnesses and be represented at the hearing by a lawyer. Two hearings were held on January 12 and March 31, 1967. The claimant appeared at the first hearing with his attorney and with Dr. Morales. The attorney formally objected to the introduction of the several unfriendly reports of examining physicians. Counsel asserted, among other things, the reports were hearsay. At the two hearings oral testimony was submitted by claimant Perales, by Dr. Morales, by a former fellow employee of the claimant, by a vocational expert, and by Dr. Lewis A. Leavitt, a physician board-certified in physical medicine and rehabilitation, and chief of, and professor in, the Department of Physical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine. Dr. Leavitt was called by the hearing examiner as an independent "medical adviser," that is, as an expert who does not examine the claimant but who hears and reviews the medical evidence and who may offer an opinion. The adviser is paid a fee by the Government. The claimant, through his counsel, objected to any testimony by Dr. Leavitt not based upon examination or upon a hypothetical. Dr. Leavitt testified over this objection and was cross-examined by the claimant's attorney. He stated that the consensus of the various medical reports was that Perales had a mild low-back syndrome of musculo-ligamentous origin.The claimant then made a request for review by the Appeals Council and submitted as supplemental evidence a judgment dated June 2, 1967, in Perales' favor against an insurance company for workmen's compensation benefits. The Appeals Council ruled that the decision of the hearing examiner was correct. Upon this adverse ruling the claimant instituted the present action for review pursuant to 205 (g). The case was remanded for a new hearing before a different examiner. Perales v. Secretary On appeal the Fifth Circuit noted the absence of any request by the claimant for subpoenas and held that, having this right and not exercising it, he was not in a position to complain that he had been denied the rights of confrontation and of cross-examination. It held that the hearsay evidence in the case was admissible under the Act; that, specifically, the written reports of the physicians were admissible in the administrative hearing; that Dr. Leavitt's testimony also was admissible; but that all this evidence together did not constitute substantial evidence when it was objected to and when it was contradicted by evidence from the only live witnesses.On rehearing, the Court of Appeals observed that it did not mean by its opinion that uncorroborated hearsay could never be substantial evidence supportive of a hearing examiner's decision adverse to a claimant. It emphasized that its ruling that uncorroborated hearsay could not constitute substantial evidence was applicable only when the claimant had objected and when the hearsay was directly contradicted by the testimony of live medical witnesses and by the claimant in person. Certiorari was granted in order to review and resolve this important procedural due process issue. Part II This is a case in which there is conflicting medical evidence. This is a commonly encountered situation. The trier of fact has the duty to resolve that conflict. We have, on the one hand, an absence of objective findings, an expressed suspicion of only functional complaints, of malingering, and of the patient's unwillingness to do anything about remedying an unprovable situation. We have, on the other hand, the claimant's and his personal physician's earnest pleas that significant and disabling residuals from the mishap of September 1965 are indeed present. The issue revolves, however, around a system which produces a mass of medical evidence in report form. May material of that kind ever be "substantial evidence" when it stands alone and is opposed by live medical evidence and the client's own contrary personal testimony? The courts below have held that it may not. Part III The Social Security Act has been with us since 1935. The system's administrative structure and procedures, with essential determinations numbering into the millions, are of a size and extent difficult to comprehend. But, as the Government's brief here accurately pronounces, "Such a system must be fair - and it must work." Congress has provided that the Secretary "shall have full power and authority to make rules and regulations and to establish procedures . . . necessary or appropriate to carry out such provisions, and shall adopt reasonable and proper rules and regulations to regulate and provide for the nature and extent of the proofs and evidence and the method of taking and furnishing the same in order to establish the right to benefits hereunder."Section 205 (b) directs the Secretary to make findings and decisions; on request to give reasonable notice and opportunity for a hearing; and in the course of any hearing to receive evidence. It then provides: "Evidence may be received at any hearing before the Secretary even though inadmissible under rules of evidence applicable to court procedure." In carrying out these statutory duties the Secretary has adopted regulations that state, among other things: "The hearing examiner shall inquire fully into the matters at issue and shall receive in evidence the testimony of witnesses and any documents which are relevant and material to such matters. . . . The . . . procedure at the hearing generally . . . shall be in the discretion of the hearing examiner and of such nature as to afford the parties a reasonable opportunity for a fair hearing."From this it is apparent that (a) the Congress granted the Secretary the power by regulation to establish hearing procedures; (b) strict rules of evidence, applicable in the courtroom, are not to operate at social security hearings so as to bar the admission of evidence otherwise pertinent; and (c) the conduct of the hearing rests generally in the examiner's discretion. There emerges an emphasis upon the informal rather than the formal. This, we think, is as it should be, for this administrative procedure, and these hearings, should be understandable to the layman claimant, should not necessarily be stiff and comfortable only for the trained attorney, and should be liberal and not strict in tone and operation. This is the obvious intent of Congress so long as the procedures are fundamentally fair. Part IV Next, the court will turn to the statutory standard of "substantial evidence" prescribed by 205 (g). The Court has considered this very concept in other, yet similar, contexts. The National Labor Relations Act, 10 (e), in its original form, provided that the NLRB's findings of fact "if supported by evidence, shall be conclusive." 49 Stat. 454. The Court said this meant "supported by substantial evidence" and that this was "more than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." The Court has adhered to that definition in varying statutory situations. Part V It is acceptable that the propositions advanced by the claimant, some of them long established, that procedural due process is applicable to the adjudicative administrative proceeding involving "the differing rules of fair play, which through the years, have become associated with differing types of proceedings," that "the `right' to Social Security benefits is in one sense `earned,'" and that the "extent to which procedural due process must be afforded the recipient is influenced by the extent to which he may be `condemned to suffer grievous loss' . . . . Accordingly . . . `consideration of what procedures due process may require under any given set of circumstances must begin with a determination of the precise nature of the government function involved as well as of the private interest that has been affected by governmental action.'" The question, then, is as to what procedural due process requires with respect to examining physicians' reports in a social security disability claim hearing. A written report by a licensed physician who has examined the claimant and who sets forth in his report his medical findings in his area of competence may be received as evidence in a disability hearing and, despite its hearsay character and an absence of cross-examination, and despite the presence of opposing direct medical testimony and testimony by the claimant himself, may constitute substantial evidence supportive of a finding by the hearing examiner adverse to the claimant, when the claimant has not exercised his right to subpoena the reporting physician and thereby provide himself with the opportunity for cross-examination of the physician. The following can be concluded: 1. The identity of the five reporting physicians is significant. Each report presented here was prepared by a practicing physician who had examined the claimant. A majority (Drs. Langston, Bailey, and Mattson) were called into the case by the state agency. Although each received a fee, that fee is recompense for his time and talent otherwise devoted to private practice or other professional assignment. We cannot, and do not, ascribe bias to the work of these independent physicians, or any interest on their part in the outcome of the administrative proceeding beyond the professional curiosity a dedicated medical man possesses. 2. The vast workings of the social security administrative system make for reliability and impartiality in the consultant reports. We bear in mind that the agency operates essentially, and is intended so to do, as an adjudicator and not as an advocate or adversary. This is the congressional plan. We do not presume on this record to say that it works unfairly. 3. One familiar with medical reports and the routine of the medical examination, general or specific, will recognize their elements of detail and of value. The particular reports of the physicians who examined claimant Perales were based on personal consultation and personal examination and rested on accepted medical procedures and tests. The operating neurosurgeon, Dr. Munslow, provided his pre-operative observations and diagnosis, his findings at surgery, his post-operative diagnosis, and his post-operative observations. Dr. Lampert, the neurologist, provided the history related to him by the patient, Perales' complaints, the physical examination and neurologic tests, and his professional impressions and recommendations. Dr. Langston, the orthopedist, did the same post-operatively, and described the orthopedic tests and neurologic examination he performed, the results and his impressions and prognosis. Dr. Mattson, who did the post-operative electromyography, described the results of that test, and his impressions. And Dr. Bailey, the psychiatrist, related the history, the patient's complaints, and the psychiatric diagnosis that emerged from the typical psychiatric examination. These are routine, standard, and unbiased medical reports by physician specialists concerning a subject whom they had seen. That the reports were adverse to Perales' claim is not in itself bias or an indication of nonprobative character. 4. The reports present the impressive range of examination to which Perales was subjected. A specialist in neurosurgery, one in neurology, one in psychiatry, one in orthopedics, and one in physical medicine and rehabilitation add up to definitive opinion in five medical specialties, all somewhat related, but different in their emphases. It is fair to say that the claimant received professional examination and opinion on a scale beyond the reach of most persons and that this case reveals a patient and careful endeavor by the state agency and the examiner to ascertain the truth. 5. So far as we can detect, there is no inconsistency whatsoever in the reports of the five specialists. Yet each result was reached by independent examination in the writer's field of specialized training. 6. Although the claimant complains of the lack of opportunity to cross-examine the reporting physicians, he did not take advantage of the opportunity afforded him under 20 CFR 404.926 to request subpoenas for the physicians. The five-day period specified by the regulation for the issuance of the subpoenas surely afforded no real obstacle to this, for he was notified that the documentary evidence on file was available for examination before the hearing and, further, a supplemental hearing could be requested. In fact, in this very case there was a supplemental hearing more than two and a half months after the initial hearings. This inaction on the claimant's part supports the Court of Appeals' view that the claimant as a consequence is to be precluded from now complaining that he was denied the rights of confrontation and cross-examination. 7. Courts have recognized the reliability and probative worth of written medical reports even in formal trials and, while acknowledging their hearsay character, have admitted them as an exception to the hearsay rule. Notable is Judge Parker's well-known ruling in the Warrisk Insurance case of Long v. United States which deserves quotation here, but which, because of its length, we do not reproduce. The Second Circuit has made a like ruling in White v. Zutell and in so doing, relied on the Business Records Act,8. Past treatment by reviewing courts of written medical reports in social security disability cases is revealing. Until the decision in this case, the courts of appeals, including the Fifth Circuit, with only an occasional criticism of the medical report practice, uniformly recognized reliability and probative value in such reports. The courts have reviewed administrative determinations, and upheld many adverse ones, where the only supporting evidence has been reports of this kind, buttressed sometimes, but often not, by testimony of a medical adviser such as Dr. Leavitt. In these cases admissibility was not contested, but the decisions do demonstrate traditional and ready acceptance of the written medical report in social security disability cases. 9. There is an additional and pragmatic factor which, although not controlling, deserves mention. This is what Chief Judge Brown has described as "[t]he sheer magnitude of that administrative burden," and the resulting necessity for written reports without "elaboration through the traditional facility of oral testimony." Page v. Celebrezze With over 20,000 disability claim hearings annually, the cost of providing live medical testimony at those hearings, where need has not been demonstrated by a request for a subpoena, over and above the cost of the examinations requested by hearing examiners, would be a substantial drain on the trust fund and on the energy of physicians already in short supply. Part VI 1. Perales relies heavily on the Court's holding and statements in Goldberg v. Kelly, supra, particularly the comment that due process requires notice "and an effective opportunity to defend by confronting any adverse witnesses . . . ." Kelly, however, had to do with termination of AFDC benefits without prior notice. It also concerned a situation, the Court said, "where credibility and veracity are at issue, as they must be in many termination proceedings." The Perales proceeding is not the same. We are not concerned with termination of disability benefits once granted. Neither are we concerned with a change of status without notice. Notice was given to claimant Perales. The physicians' reports were on file and available for inspection by the claimant and his counsel. And the authors of those reports were known and were subject to subpoena and to the very cross-examination that the claimant asserts he has not enjoyed. Further, the specter of questionable credibility and veracity is not present; there is professional disagreement with the medical conclusions, to be sure, but there is no attack here upon the doctors' credibility or veracity. Kelly affords little comfort to the claimant. 2. Perales also, as the Court of Appeals stated would describe the medical reports in question as "mere uncorroborated hearsay" and would relate this to Mr. Chief Justice Hughes' sentence in Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB: "Mere uncorroborated hearsay or rumor does not constitute substantial evidence." Although the reports are hearsay in the technical sense, because their content is not produced live before the hearing examiner, we feel that the claimant and the Court of Appeals read too much into the single sentence from Consolidated Edison. The contrast the Chief Justice was drawing, at the very page cited, was not with material that would be deemed formally inadmissible in judicial proceedings but with material "without a basis in evidence having rational probative force." This was not a blanket rejection by the Court of administrative reliance on hearsay irrespective of reliability and probative value. The opposite was the case. 3. The claimant, the District Court, and the Court of Appeals also criticize the use of Dr. Leavitt as a medical adviser. Inasmuch as medical advisers are used in approximately 13% of disability claim hearings, comment as to this practice is indicated. We see nothing "reprehensible" in the practice, as the claimant would describe it. The trial examiner is a layman; the medical adviser is a board-certified specialist. He is used primarily in complex cases for explanation of medical problems in terms understandable to the layman-examiner. He is a neutral adviser. This particular record discloses that Dr. Leavitt explained the technique and significance of electromyography. He did offer his own opinion on the claimant's condition. That opinion, however, did not differ from the medical reports. Dr. Leavitt did not vouch for the accuracy of the facts assumed in the reports. No one understood otherwise. See Doe v. Department of Transportation. We see nothing unconstitutional or improper in the medical adviser concept and in the presence of Dr. Leavitt in this administrative hearing. 4. Finally, the claimant complains of the system of processing disability claims. He suggests, and is joined in this by the briefs of amici, that the Administrative Procedure Act, rather than the Social Security Act, governs the processing of claims and specifically provides for cross-examination. The claimant goes on to assert that in any event the hearing procedure is invalid on due process grounds. He says that the hearing examiner has the responsibility for gathering the evidence and "to make the <ref.>[402 U.S. 389, 409]</ref> Government's case as strong as possible"; that naturally he leans toward a decision in favor of the evidence he has gathered; that justice must satisfy the appearance of justice, citing Offutt v. United States and In re Murchison: and that an "independent hearing examiner such as in the" Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act should be provided. We need not decide whether the APA has general application to social security disability claims, for the social security administrative procedure does not vary from that prescribed by the APA. Indeed, the latter is modeled upon the Social Security Act. See Final Report of the Attorney General's Committee on Administrative Procedure, contained in Administrative Procedure in Government Agencies These provisions conform, and are consistent with, rather than differ from or supersede, the authority given the Secretary by the Social Security Act's 205 (a) and (b) "to establish procedures," and "to regulate and provide for the nature and extent of the proofs and evidence and the method of taking and furnishing the same in [402 U.S. 389, 410] order to establish the right to benefits," and to receive evidence "even though inadmissible under rules of evidence applicable to court procedure." ‘’‘Hearsay, under either Act, is thus admissible up to the point of relevancy.’‘’ The matter comes down to the question of the procedure's integrity and fundamental fairness. We see nothing that works in derogation of that integrity and of that fairness in the admission of consultants' reports, subject as they are to being material and to the use of the subpoena and consequent cross-examination. This precisely fits the statutorily prescribed "cross-examination as may be required for a full and true disclosure of the facts." That is the standard. It is clear and workable and does not fall short of procedural due process. Neither are we persuaded by the advocate-judge-multiple-hat suggestion. It assumes too much and would bring down too many procedures designed, and working well, for a governmental structure of great and growing complexity. The social security hearing examiner, furthermore, does not act as counsel. He acts as an examiner charged with developing the facts. The 44.2% reversal rate for all federal disability hearings in cases where the state agency does not grant benefits attests to the fairness of the system and refutes the implication of impropriety. We therefore reverse and remand for further proceedings. We intimate no view as to the merits. It is for the District Court now to determine whether the Secretary's findings, in the light of all material proffered and admissible, are supported by "substantial evidence" within the command of 205 (g). It is so ordered. Concurring and dissenting opinion MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, with whom MR. JUSTICE BLACK and MR. JUSTICE BRENNAN concur, dissenting. This claimant for social security disability benefits had a serious back injury. The doctor who examined him testified that he was permanently disabled. His case is defeated, however, by hearsay evidence of doctors and their medical reports about this claimant. Only one doctor who examined him testified at the hearing. Five other doctors who had once examined the claimant did not testify and were not subject to cross-examination. But their reports were admitted in evidence. Still another doctor testified on the hearsay in the documents of the other doctors. All of this hearsay may be received, as the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 556 (d) (1964 ed., Supp. V)) provides that "[a]ny oral or documentary evidence may be received." But this hearsay evidence cannot by itself be the basis for an adverse ruling. The same section of the Act states that "[a] party is entitled . . . to conduct such cross-examination as may be required for a full and true disclosure of the facts." As a consequence the Court of Appeals said: "Our opinion holds, and we reaffirm, that mere uncorroborated hearsay evidence as to the physical condition of a claimant, standing alone and without more, in a social security disability case tried before a hearing examiner, as in our case, is not substantial evidence that will support a decision of the examiner adverse to the claimant, if the claimant objects to the hearsay evidence and if the hearsay evidence is directly contradicted by the testimony of live medical witnesses and by the claimant who [testifies] in person before the examiner, as was done in the case at bar." 416 F.2d 1250, 1251. Cross-examination of doctors in these physical injury cases is essential to a full and fair disclosure of the facts. The conclusion reached by the Court of Appeals that hearsay evidence alone is not "substantial" enough to sustain a judgment adverse to the claimant is supported not only by the Administrative Procedure Act but also by the Social Security Act itself. Although Congress provided in the Social Security Act that "[e]vidence may be received at any hearing before the Secretary even though inadmissible under rules of evidence applicable to court procedure," Congress also provided that findings of the Secretary were to be conclusive only "if supported by substantial evidence." Uncorroborated hearsay untested by cross-examination does not by itself constitute "substantial evidence." Particularly where, as in this case, a disability claimant appears and testifies as to the nature and extent of his injury and his family doctor testifies in his behalf supporting the fact of his disability, the Secretary should not be able to support an adverse determination on the basis of medical reports from doctors who did not testify or the testimony of an HEW employee who never even examined the claimant as a patient. One doctor whose word cast this claimant into limbo never saw him, never examined him, never took his vital statistics or saw him try to walk or bend or lift weights. He was a "medical adviser" to HEW. The use of circuit-riding doctors who never see or examine claimants to defeat their claims should be beneath the dignity of a great nation. Three other doctors who were not subject to cross-examination were experts retained and paid by the Government. Some, we are told, who were subject to no cross-examination were employed by the workmen's compensation insurance company to defeat respondent's claim.Judge Spears who first heard this case said that the way hearing officers parrot "almost word for word the conclusions" of the "medical adviser" produced "nausea" in him. Judge Spears added: "[H]earsay evidence in the nature of ex parte statements of doctors on the critical issue of a man's present physical condition is just a violation of the concept with which I am familiar and which bears upon the issue of fundamental fair play in a hearing. "Then, when you pyramid hearsay from a so-called medical advisor, who, himself, has never examined the man who claims benefits, then you just compound it - compound a situation that I simply cannot tolerate in my own mind, and I can't see why a hearing examiner wants to abrogate his duty and his responsibility and turn it over to some medical advisor." Review of the evidence is of no value to us. The vice is in the procedure which allows it in without testing it by cross-examination. Those defending a claim look to defense-minded experts for their salvation. Those who press for recognition of a claim look to other experts. The problem of the law is to give advantage to neither, but to let trial by ordeal of cross-examination distill the truth. The use by HEW of its stable of defense doctors without submitting them to cross-examination is the cutting of corners - a practice in which certainly the Government should not indulge. The practice is barred by the rules which Congress has provided; and we should enforce them in the spirit in which they were written. I would affirm this judgment. "The right of cross-examination extends, in a proper case, to written evidence submitted pursuant to the last sentence of the subsection as well as to cases in which oral or documentary evidence is received in open hearing. . . . To the extent that cross-examination is necessary to bring out the truth, the party should have it. . . ." The House Judiciary Committee expressed a like view. "The provision on its face does not confer a right of so-called `unlimited' cross-examination. Presiding officers will have to make the necessary initial determination whether the cross-examination is pressed to unreasonable lengths by a party or whether it is required for the `full and true disclosure of the facts' stated in the provision. Nor is it the intention to eliminate the authority of agencies to confer sound discretion upon presiding officers in the matter of its extent. The test is - as the section states - whether it is required [402 U.S. 389, 412] `for a full and true disclosure of the facts.'. . . The right of cross-examination extends, in a proper case, to written evidence submitted pursuant to the last sentence of the section as well as to cases in which oral or documentary evidence is received in open hearing. . . . To the extent that cross-examination is necessary to bring out the truth, the party must have it. . . ." While the Administrative Procedure Act allows statutory exceptions of procedures different from those in the Act there is no explicit ban in the Social Security Act against the right of cross-examination. And the Regulations of the Secretary provide that there must be "a reasonable opportunity for a fair hearing."Reversed and remanded. Discussion The Supreme Court held that Dr. Leavitt's interpretation of the medical data was acceptable evidence in an agency hearing, even if it would have been inadmissible under rules of evidence applicable to court procedure. Justice Douglas joined by Justice Black and Justice Brennan dissented saying that although Section 556(d) of the Administrative Procedure Act provided that "[a]ny oral or documentary evidence may be received," which could include hearsay evidence, hearsay evidence could not by itself be the basis for an adverse ruling. Written reports by physicians who have examined claimant for disability insurance benefits under Social Security Act constitute "substantial evidence" supporting a nondisability finding within the standard of 205 (g) of the Act, notwithstanding the reports' hearsay character, the absence of cross-examination (through claimant's failure to exercise his subpoena rights), and the directly opposing testimony by the claimant and his medical witness; and procedure followed under Act does not violate due process requirements. This case distinguishes the termination of welfare benefits already granted Goldberg v. Kelly and the due process requirements in termination from Social Security disability benefits not yet granted. The hearsay nature of medical records does not preclude their use in determining the disability status of a claimant in a social security case. The use of medical or case advisors to clarify complex medical issues is also encouraged. The court was critical of so-called “stacked hearsay” - situations where medical reports are generated from review of other medical reports, without examination of the patient. The practice of hiring doctors by HEW and Social Security to render unfavorable opinions toward claimants, without ever examining them, was condemned by the Court. The Social Security statute is to be interpreted liberally. References External links Text of Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389 (1971) is available from: CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar Justia Library of Congress Oyez (oral argument audio)

Shussan Shaka

Shussan Shaka (Japanese: 出山釈迦 shussan shaka; Chinese: 出山釋迦 chūshān shìjiā; English: Śākyamuni Descending from the Mountain) is a subject in East Asian Buddhist art and poetry, in which Śākyamuni Buddha returns from six years of asceticism in the mountains, having realized that ascetic practice is not the path to enlightenment. The story of Shussan Shaka is an important subject in painting from both China and Japan, but rarely or never found in Buddhist art outside of East Asia, where a mountain retreat is not part of the story of this part of the Buddha's life. According to the story, Śākyamuni, after leaving his palace, retreated into the mountains to seek enlightenment. Accompanied by five other ascetics, he meditated and fasted to a severe extent, his body becoming thin and emaciated. After six years, Sujata, a young girl, gave Śākyamuni a quantity of milk rice, which he ate.

Shussan Shaka (Japanese: 出山釈迦 shussan shaka; Chinese: 出山釋迦 chūshān shìjiā; English: Śākyamuni Descending from the Mountain) is a subject in East Asian Buddhist art and poetry, in which Śākyamuni Buddha returns from six years of asceticism in the mountains, having realized that ascetic practice is not the path to enlightenment. The story of Shussan Shaka is an important subject in painting from both China and Japan, but rarely or never found in Buddhist art outside of East Asia, where a mountain retreat is not part of the story of this part of the Buddha's life. According to the story, Śākyamuni, after leaving his palace, retreated into the mountains to seek enlightenment. Accompanied by five other ascetics, he meditated and fasted to a severe extent, his body becoming thin and emaciated. After six years, Sujata, a young girl, gave Śākyamuni a quantity of milk rice, which he ate. Once he made this decision to end his fast, the five people practicing asceticism with him were disappointed and left him. So, a solitary Śākyamuni descended the mountain, left the life of extreme austerity behind him, and traveled instead to Gaya, the city that would become known as the famous site of his enlightenment under the bodhi tree.As a subject in art, Shussan Shaka is distinctive in its emphasis on the humanity of the historical Buddha, who in this and some other East Asian subjects is often given a beard, and a realistic, rather thin and dishevelled appearance, in contrast to traditional depictions of the Buddha in art. Key interpretive debates about paintings on this theme pivot on the question of whether the artist portrays Śākyamuni as enlightened or not. Origins Emergence in China Since different Buddhist traditions have different beliefs about Śākyamuni's journey to enlightenment, there is no universal version of the biography of the historical Buddha. The story of Shussan Shaka is not present in traditional Mahayana Buddhist texts or artwork, indicating that this part of Śākyamuni's biography was a Chan Buddhist innovation of the tenth century. While reference to Śākyamuni's six years of asceticism is present in the Buddhacarita, no mountain locale is mentioned in that text, and indeed the traditional locations for Śākyamuni's life after the Great Departure are all broadly in the Indo-Gangetic plain, although the Vulture Peak in the Rajgir Hills in Bihar was a favourite place in his later life. The mountain setting was likely of Chinese origin because in Chinese Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism alike, mountains are believed to be holy places, and Daoist sages in particular often retreated to mountains for meditation.Shussan Shaka was popularized as a subject in painting in the thirteenth century during the Chinese Song Dynasty (960–1279), the period during which Chan reached its height in China. It became a particularly prevalent feature of paintings produced in the Chan temples of Zhejiang Province. The artist credited with initiating this motific tradition is the Northern Song literatus Li Gonglin (1049–1106). Though not extant, Li Gonglin's Shussan Shaka is referenced in inscriptions on other Shussan Shaka paintings, which have led scholars to this conclusion. Li's painting style involved fine lines and precise brushwork. In general, Chinese paintings of Shussan Shaka followed one of two styles: the first was the traditional Chinese style that featured color, thin outlines, and detailed depictions of figure and landscape, while the second was the characteristically Zen style of monochrome painting, thicker lines with a 'spontaneous' quality, and fewer landscape elements. The former was the earlier style, common in the Song Dynasty, while into the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) it was the latter style that prevailed. Transmission to Japan Chan Buddhism was transmitted from China to Japan (where it is known as Zen) during the thirteenth century, along with the unique styles and motifs of the Chan painting tradition. For example, in the fourteenth century, the famous Shussan Shaka by Chinese painter Liang Kai (ca. 1140-ca. 1210) was transported by Zen monks to Japan, where it inspired later Japanese paintings. Hence, early Japanese renditions of Shussan Shaka were based closely on Chinese models. Since Japanese priests were often the ones transporting paintings back to their home country, Chinese Shussan Shaka paintings often ended up in Japanese monasteries, and subsequent copies or imitations were created in monastery ateliers. In Japan, Shussan Shaka became particularly associated with the Rinzai sect of Zen Buddhism and saw more prolonged popularity as a painting subject than in China, even into the Edo Period. In Japan, unlike in China, this Zen painting motif was on rare occasions translated to other forms of art, such as print illustration and sculpture. Significance Role in Early Chan/Zen Though part of a broader tradition in Buddhist art and literature across Asia of depicting Śākyamuni during his years of asceticism, the story of Shussan Shaka in particular is unique to Zen. Typically, Zen spurned iconographic depictions of Buddhist deities as seen in the art of other sects. However, early Zen placed great emphasis on the centrality of Śākyamuni Buddha, whose role had become downplayed in recent Mahayana Buddhism. This emphasis was tied to the task of establishing an authoritative Zen patriarchal lineage traceable all the way back to the historical Buddha. Hence, according to Helmut Brinker and Hiroshi Kanazawa, the chief function of the motif of Shussan Shaka is to demonstrate "Śākyamuni's role as earthly religion founder." For this reason, portrayals of Śākyamuni descending the mountain after asceticism generally call viewers' attention to the human frailty of this important figure, grounding him in the earthly as opposed to deifying him. Śākyamuni appears starved and tired, his body is gaunt and bony, and his face may bear a dismayed expression. He is also commonly depicted as a monk.In addition to its relevance to lineage claims, Shussan Shaka also reflects important beliefs and practices of the Zen religious tradition. For instance, Śākyamuni's weariness as he walks down from the mountain suggests that enlightenment does not come easily. The solitariness of Śākyamuni's descent reflects Zen teaching about the importance of individual spirituality and solitary meditation. At the same time, his return to society after retreating to the mountains may also suggest that self-realization is fostered by living in community with others. That Śākyamuni's hands are always concealed by the folds of his robe rather than forming a mudra resonates with the Zen Buddhist virtue of wordlessness. Finally, the narrative of the story itself in conjunction with artists' emphasis on earthliness suggests, in accordance with Zen teaching, that enlightenment is not found by completely cutting off oneself from the world.Historically, paintings on this motif had a relatively small audience, circulating among the overlapping networks of literati elites and Chan monks. In ritual use, Shussan Shaka paintings are hung on the walls of Rinzai Zen temples during the holiday celebrating the enlightenment of Śākyamuni Buddha. Seven days of meditation begin on the eighth day of the twelfth month, at the conclusion of which an image of Shussan Shaka is displayed and the mantra of Great Compassion said before it. This practice suggests that Śākyamuni's years of asceticism and self-denial in the mountains are indeed tied to his enlightenment in the religious understanding of these Zen practitioners. Interpretive Debates In interpreting Chinese and Japanese paintings of Shussan Shaka, a key question for scholars is whether the Śākyamuni depicted is the already enlightened Buddha or simply a man disillusioned with austerities but yet to become the "enlightened one." Among scholars, two opposing schools of thought persist on this issue. However, Zen adherents tend to favor the former view: that Śākyamuni attained enlightenment during his time in the mountains. This would suggest that Śākyamuni is portrayed as a bodhisattva, forestalling nirvana and descending from the mountain to assist others on the path to enlightenment. In light of this reading, Śākyamuni's subsequent meditation and what is conventionally understood as his enlightenment under the bodhi tree at Gaya then also poses an interpretive challenge to scholars.Although Shussan Shaka paintings indeed present viewers with the emaciated frame of a distinctly human Śākyamuni, the question of enlightenment is complicated by the presence in some paintings of symbols and iconography indicating holiness. Some artists paint Śākyamuni with a halo, an uṣṇīṣa, or an urna, each of which may signify enlightenment. In Japanese Shussan Shaka paintings, the baldness on top of Śākyamuni's head can also represent an uṣṇīṣa. Most Chinese Shussan Shaka paintings do not feature a halo, which scholars therefore understand as primarily a Japanese innovation. Apart from the use of religious symbols, poetic inscriptions also animate discussions on the enlightened status of Śākyamuni in a given painting. For instance, according to Helmut Brinker, the following colophon by the Zen master Zhongfeng Mingben (1263–1323) suggests an interpretation of Shussan Shaka as an enlightened Buddha returning to the world to spread his wordless teaching: He who emerges from the mountains and has entered the mountains:That is originally You.If one calls him "You"It still is not he.The venerable master Shijia (Śākyamuni) comes.Ha, ha, ha...! He glances over ten million miles of billows.Huanzhu Mingben salutes with respectfully folded hands. While some Zen masters' inscriptions situate them in the same camp as Mingben, Brinker suggests that still others favor the alternative reading of Shussan Shaka as a portrait of a man still seeking self-realization, or at least to cast doubt on the completeness of his enlightenment. One example is the following colophon by Songyuan Chongyo (1132–1202): At midnight he passed over the city wallWith the beauty of a dragon and the air of a phoenix.He got loose from foolery and let go silliness.[But] the Honorable [Śākyamuni] was not aware of it.The day he came out of the mountains [because] hecould no [longer] bear hunger and cold,He forcibly spoke of the six years as the time of completing his way. In Chinese Painting Liang Kai's Shussan Shaka Liang Kai's Śākyamuni Descending the Mountain After Asceticism, from the first half of the 13th century and now in the Tokyo National Museum, is one of the oldest extant Shussan Shaka paintings, and the most famous. Produced under the patronage of Emperor Ningzong or Emperor Lizong of the Southern Song dynasty, it is a classic example of a Shussan Shaka in the Chinese orthodox style. There is no inscription on this painting other than the artist's signature, which identifies him as "Painter-in-Attendance" at the Imperial Academy.Liang Kai was not a Zen monk painter, but after he abandoned his position at the Imperial Academy and turned to a lifestyle of heavy drinking, his portraits came to suggest influences of the Chan painting tradition. Since his Shussan Shaka pre-dates this move, however, it bears the mark of his earlier work: a carefully planned and executed "academic" style. According to the analysis of Hiroshi Kanazawa, Liang Kai's Shakyamuni Descending the Mountain After Asceticism presents the viewer with an as yet unenlightened Śākyamuni. The Cleveland Shussan Shaka The painting of Shussan Shaka at the Cleveland Museum of Art is the oldest extant ink monochrome rendition of this theme. Although its artist is unknown, the work is based on the style of the painter Li Que. A member of the Southern Song literati who interacted closely with Chan priests, Li Que had in turn studied Liang Kai's later work, and was known for his spontaneous painting style.Although depicting the same subject, the Cleveland Shussan Shaka differs radically in style from Liang Kai's version. In contrast to Liang Kai's Shussan Shaka, the Cleveland version includes only the ground and no other landscape elements. There is also much sparser detail on Śākyamuni's face and body. The artist has employed mostly light, washy ink tonalities with some dark details for an effect known as "apparition painting."The Cleveland Shussan Shaka bears an inscription attributed to the Zen priest Chijue Daochong, (1170–1251), which reads: Since entering the mountain, too dried out and emaciatedFrosty cold over the snow,After having a twinkling of revelation with impassioned eyesWhy then do you want to come back to the world?In Brinker's view, Chijue Daocheng's poem exhibits an interpretation of this image as a portrait of the Buddha returning to society having already attained enlightenment, or "revelation," in the mountains. However, Carla M. Zainie notes that Chijue Daochong's tone of questioning leaves this point open to debate. The Freer Shussan Shaka Scholars date the Chinese Shussan Shaka painting at the Freer Gallery of Art between 1239 and 1260, most likely close to 1250. This painting of Śākyamuni Emerging from the Mountains has been dubiously attributed to Hu Zhifu, a man about whom little historical information is available.This monochrome Shussan Shaka is characteristic of Chan painting style in the late-Southern Song and Yuan Dynasties. While the work overall appears very carefully composed and executed, the fine detail of Sakyamuni's face and body is juxtaposed with the less meticulous character of his robes. The painter of the Freer Shussan Shaka went yet further than the painter of the Cleveland Shussan Shaka by eschewing background and landscape elements altogether.The painting bears an inscription by Xiyan Liaohui (1198–1262), a Chan abbot originally from Sichuan. Xiyan Liaohui's inscription, brushed in the "running script" style and emulating the hand of Wuzhun Shifan, reads: At midnight he saw the morning star.In the mountains his cold words had increased.Before his feet emerged from the mountainsThese words were running through the world:"I see that all living [creatures] are completed into Buddhas since some time.There is only You, old fellow, who is still lacking complete Enlightenment. Helmut Brinker characterizes the tone of this colophon as "desperate" and "despairing," belying "frustration" and "discontent," presenting to the reader a Śākyamuni who has not yet reached his goal. In Japanese Painting The Seattle Shussan Shaka This anonymous work housed at the Seattle Art Museum is the earliest known Japanese Shussan Shaka painting in existence today. It is a 13th century Japanese painting based on a 12th century Chinese prototype. In turn, this important painting was used as a model for subsequent versions in Japan. A seal on the Seattle Shussan Shaka, along with its style and materials, associates it with the painting workshops of Kozanji, a monastery in Kyoto.This Shussan Shaka has the simple, abbreviated quality of a sketch. Like the Cleveland Shussan Shaka, the only landscape element depicted on this hanging scroll is the ground on which Śākyamuni walks. The Choraku-ji Shussan Shaka Although the artist of the Choraku-ji Shussan Shaka is unknown, the style of the painting leads scholars to infer that the creator of this work was a Zen priest rather than a trained painter.While Hiroshi Kanazawa posits that this portrait of Shussan Shaka is modeled after Liang Kai's famous rendition, Carla M. Zainie suggests it is evidently inspired by the Cleveland Shussan Shaka, to which it also bears stylistic similarities. For instance, the monochrome Choraku-ji painting is characterized by variations in ink tonality and dynamically modulated brushstrokes like the Cleveland version. The inscriber of this work was also a Zen priest, identified as Dongming Huizhi (Japanese: Tōmyō E'nichi), who lived from 1272–1340. In 1309, this priest of Chinese origin relocated to Japan, where he went on to establish a monastery in Kamakura. His inscription reads:He enters the mountains and returns from the mountains. In the East it flows rapidly, in the West it disappears. He has the bearing of a Phoenix and the manner of a Dragon. He is draped in silk, but emaciated to the bone. This is what he achieved in six years of asceticism: He became utterly confused.According to Helmut Brinker, Huizhi's emphasis on Śākyamuni's state of confusion suggests that the man in the painting has not yet achieved self-realization. Yet, Carla M. Zainie suggests that Huizhi's colophon remains open to interpretation due to the fact that "confused" could alternatively be taken to signify a kind of spiritual revelation. Mori Sosen's Shussan Shaka The motif of Shussan Shaka saw renewed popularity in art and worship during the Edo Period (1603–1868), when Zen painting came to exert its influence on broader Japanese art and culture. Hence, Mori Sosen's Shaka Descending from the Mountains at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art constitutes not only an example of a much later (ca. 1800) Shussan Shaka painting, but also a significant divergence in composition and style from conventional representations of this motif. It may be inspired by an earlier Shussan Shaka from the Kano School. The artist Mori Sosen was not a Zen monk but rather a professional "town painter" supported by patronage. He is most well known for his realistic paintings of monkeys, which artistic background Patricia J. Graham suggests allowed him to bring an element of playfulness to the religious subject matter of Shussan Shaka. His portrayal of Śākyamuni in a humble and somewhat whimsical manner suggest the influence of the iconoclastic strain of Zen art. Like its predecessors, Mori Sosen's Shussan Shaka stresses the humanity and ordinariness of the historical Buddha. In her analysis, Graham suggests that this resonates with the egalitarian quality of Zen beliefs about universal buddha-nature and the accessibility of enlightenment. References Bibliography Brinker, Helmut. "Shussan Shaka in Sung and Yüan Painting." Arts Orientalis 9 (1973): 21–40. Brinker, Helmut. "Zen Masters in Words and Images." Art of Japan: Paintings, Prints and Screens: Selected articles from Orientations 1984–2002, 195–204. Hong Kong: Orientations Magazine, Ltd., 2002. Brinker, Helmut and Hiroshi Kanazawa. "Themes and Genres of Zen Painting: The Historical Buddha Sakyamuni." Zen: Masters of Meditation in Images and Writings, trans. Andreas Lesinger, 131–135. Zurich: Artibus Asiae, 1997. Cummings, Mary. "Austerities." The Lives of the Buddha in the Art and Literature of Asia., 153–161. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, 1982. Graham, Patricia J. "Professional Icon-Makers." Faith and Power in Japanese Buddhist Art, 1600–2005, 127–249. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007. Kanazawa, Hiroshi. "Shaka Descending the Mountain." Japanese Ink Painting: Early Zen Masterpieces, trans. Barbara Ford, 84–87. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd., 1979. Kuwayama, George. "The Buddha Image in China." Light of Asia: Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian Art, ed. Pratapaditya Pal, 165–174. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1984. Pal, Pratapaditya. "The Legendary Life of Buddha Sakyamuni." Light of Asia: Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian Art, ed. Pratapaditya Pal, 37–128, but mainly 96-100. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1984. Poster, Amy G. "The Buddha Image in Japan." Light of Asia: Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian Art, ed. Pratapaditya Pal, 183–250. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1984. Zainie, Carla M. "Sources for Some Early Japanese Ink Paintings." The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 65, no. 7 (Sep., 1978): 232–246.

Hochtief

Hochtief AG is a German construction company based in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Hochtief is Germany's largest construction company and operates globally, ranking as one of the largest general construction companies in the United States through its Turner subsidiary, and in Australia through a 90% shareholding in CIMIC Group. In 2010 it employed more than 70,000 employees across five corporate divisions. One of these, Hochtief Concessions, is a major airport operator. The others are involved with construction project planning, finance, construction and operation.

Hochtief AG is a German construction company based in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Hochtief is Germany's largest construction company and operates globally, ranking as one of the largest general construction companies in the United States through its Turner subsidiary, and in Australia through a 90% shareholding in CIMIC Group. In 2010 it employed more than 70,000 employees across five corporate divisions. One of these, Hochtief Concessions, is a major airport operator. The others are involved with construction project planning, finance, construction and operation. Work done in 2010 was €23.23 billion, with more than 80% coming from operations outside Germany.The company's history dates back to 1874 and includes engineering feats such as the transplantation of the Abu Simbel rock temples in Egypt (saving them from the rise of the River Nile caused by the Aswan High Dam), and infrastructure projects like the new Athens International Airport and Germany's first nuclear power plant. It is also noted for its involvement with the Bauhaus movement, particularly for its work at Zollverein colliery and the reconstruction of the Kandinsky-Klee house in Dessau; both World Heritage Sites. During World War II it deployed forced labor on construction projects. It built the Führerbunker in Berlin, the scene of Adolf Hitler's suicide, as well as Hitler's home in Berghof and the Wolfsschanze headquarters. More recent constructions have included Bosphorus Bridge (Turkey), King Abdulaziz International Airport (Saudi Arabia), and the Messeturm and Commerzbank Tower in Frankfurt. In late 2010, Spanish construction company ACS Group, which already owned a 30 percent stake of Hochtief, launched a bid that would allow ACS to acquire an additional 20 percent stake of Hochtief. The bid was approved by the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) on 29 November 2010. ACS increased its stake in Hochtief to 50.16 percent in June 2011, effectively taking over control of Hochtief. History Early years The company was probably founded in 1874 (its first mention in the local address book) as Gebrüder Helfmann, Bauunternehmer by the Kelsterbach-born brothers Philipp and Balthasar Helfmann, a lumber merchant and mechanic respectively, in Bornheim near Frankfurt am Main. While Balthasar focused on the completion of construction contracts, Philipp developed the financing side of the business. Their first major contract was for the University of Giessen in 1878. By the 1880s the company had begun to produce its own construction materials but was still only a regional player. Shortly after the death of Balthasar, Philipp converted the company into a joint stock corporation, Aktiengesellschaft für Hoch- und Tiefbauten ("Construction and Civil Engineering Corporation", though literally the "Corporation for High - Hoch and Deep - Tief Construction - Bauten). A major development was the contract for the spa project in Bad Orb in 1899, with the corporation not simply erecting buildings but also to provide infrastructure like roads and gardens, to arrange the finances for the project, and to maintain some responsibilities for operating the project after its construction. Also in 1899, another turnkey project, a new grain silo in Genoa, Italy, was both the firm's first international venture and its first project using reinforced concrete. Philipp Helfmann died in the same year, with his son-in-law, Hans Weidmann, taking over as Chief Executive. After the Helfmann brothers The firm grew rapidly, but was not comparable with the major German construction concerns of the era. In 1921 it attracted investment from the industrialist Hugo Stinnes (described by Time as the "New Emperor of Germany" for his wealth and influence) and in 1922 the firm moved its base to Essen as part of its integration into the Stinnes group. Stinnes planned to use Hochtief for all his construction projects, while the Hochtief saw an opportunity to profit from the Treaty of Versailles, organising the delivery of construction materials to France as part of German reparations for World War I. Fate intervened as Stinnes died in 1924 and within a year his industrial empire collapsed, while the French occupation of the Ruhr destroyed the chance to profit from the reparations contract that had been made with the French industrialist Guy Louis Jean de Lubersac. With the help of several banks, the company (now known as Hochtief Aktiengesellschaft für Hoch- und Tiefbauten vorm. Gebrüder Helfmann) avoided insolvency. In the aftermath of the Stinnes collapse, the major utility RWE and electrical equipment producer AEG became major share-holders in Hochtief, and Hans Weidmann stepped down in 1927.A series of major construction projects ensued, including the Echelsbach Bridge (then Germany's largest single span reinforced concrete bridge), the Schluchsee dam and work at the Zollverein colliery. The Zollverein architects Fritz Schupp and Martin Kremmer seem to be influenced by the Bauhaus, one of the reasons the complex became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The iconic Shaft 12 at the colliery was named after Albert Vögler, CEO of the Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG, which was owner of the colliery since 1926. There was also canal work: the Moselle Canal in France and the Albert Canal in Belgium. From Nazi Germany to Reconstruction Under the Third Reich, Jewish members of the Supervisory Board were expelled under the Nuremberg Laws in 1935. The CEO, Eugen Vögler, did not join the Nazi party until 1937, however, he did offer his services to the Nazis as leader of the "Construction Industry Business Group" and took a position in the Hitler Youth. The construction business flourished under the Four year plan, with its vast public works programme, including the Autobahn network, and the industrial build-up in preparation for war, for example the construction of a new truck factory for Opel in Brandenberg. Hochtief also worked on a new centre for Nazi rallies in Nuremberg. In 1936 it moved its Essen headquarters from the Pferdemarkt to its current location in Rellinghauser Straße. As war became imminent, the company began work on the Westwall defensive network. During World War II, it later worked on the Atlantic Wall defences, and a range of infrastructure projects across German-dominated Europe. Hochtief also constructed buildings for Hitler himself, notably his Bavarian Alpine retreat, the Berghof, his Wolf's Lair headquarters in Rastenburg, and the Führerbunker in Berlin, where Hitler ultimately committed suicide.After 1939 the firm began to use forced labour extensively on its projects, as did many other German industrial concerns at the time. Hochtief's slave workers suffered from malnutrition, beating and constant abuse. The consortium-led nature of construction projects obscures the firm's exact involvement, as does the destruction of many records.During the closing stages of the war, most of the company's branch offices were destroyed, and employees in the East fled the Soviet advance. The head office in Essen suffered a direct hit from a bomb in March 1945, and regional offices and construction centres in Danzig, Halle, Katowice, Königsberg, Kraków, Leipzig and Magdeburg were lost as the territory they were in was allotted to Poland or the Soviet Zone of occupation. As Eugen Vögler was on the run from the new authorities, he was replaced as CEO by Artur Konrad.During the initial post-war period, a shortage of machinery, tools, and materials, as well as a dearth of new orders, hampered operations. Some salvage work occurred, as well as rubble-clearance and basic repairs. One of the first, rare, major contracts was for a university hospital in Bonn, 1946–49. The introduction of the German mark in 1948 and the beginning of the Wirtschaftswunder brought more new work. Revival and international expansion Josef Müller took over as CEO in 1950. A decision was taken to undertake more international projects, following a period of essentially domestic work after World War II. This included a series of power infrastructure works in Turkey and bridge and smelting works construction in Egypt during the early 1950s. Many projects from this period were undertaken outside of the First World, often funded from development aid budgets.A high-profile success for the company came in the 1960s, again in Egypt. The rising waters of the River Nile (a result of the construction of the Aswan High Dam) threatened the ancient Abu Simbel temples complex. The entire site was dismantled and reassembled 200 m further from the river, and 65 m higher, at a cost of around US$36 million. The focus of the company began to switch away from purely construction and towards more turnkey work and service provision, for example the 1961-3 Hilton Hotel, Athens, project. Most work was domestic, driven by Germany's strong economic growth, with a particular strength in power plant construction. This included the construction of the Federal Republic of Germany's first nuclear power plant, Kahl Nuclear Power Plant, near Dettingen am Main. The construction contract had been awarded by AEG, which had been commissioned by the utility company RWE to build the plant. The plant began to feed its electricity to the grid in June 1961. By contrast, the first East German nuclear plant, at Rheinsberg, was connected to the grid in 1966.There was also considerable transport infrastructure activity, including on the Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel, Argentina in the 1960s and the New Elbe Tunnel in Hamburg in the 1970sBy the mid-1970s, foreign work (such as the Bosporus Bridge in Turkey, completed 1974) was accelerating while domestic orders were receding, according to the company's annual report of 1975. By 1980, foreign work accounted for more than 50% of Hochtief's business. A major factor was the contract for King Abdulaziz International Airport (completed 1981), the largest airport in Saudi Arabia, and the most valuable contract Hochtief had ever been involved with. The architecture of the airport is highly rated aesthetically, and it has several unusual features, including Terminal Three, used only during the Hajj, reserved for pilgrims travelling to Mecca. It has a tent-shaped fibreglass roof, contains a mosque, can accommodate 80,000 travellers at once, and is believed to be the largest terminal in the world. The 1980s were a difficult time financially, with less foreign work coming through; though they headed the consortium that built the Mosul Dam in Iraq from 1981 to 1984. There was domestic growth, highlighted by the architecturally radical Messe Torhaus in Frankfurt, completed in 1984. It was later involved in the construction of the Messeturm in the same city; once completed in 1991 it was Europe's tallest building. In the mid-1990s, Hochtief was involved in yet another major skyscraper development in Frankfurt, the Commerzbank Tower, which overtook the Messeturm to become Europe's tallest building, losing the record to Triumph-Palace in Moscow in 2003.The 1990s brought an opportunity to expand operations in the airport management sector, as many countries privatised their airports. When Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport needed upgrading in the early 1990s, LOT Polish Airlines was unable to afford the cost, so a complex financing arrangement was established whereby a bank would pay Hochtief two-thirds of the costs to upgrade the airport, while the airline assigned to the bank the revenues from aircraft using Polish airspace for a period. The company began to take responsibility for more operational aspects of projects, including service provision, financing, facility management and software development, following a concept of being a "system leader", as set out by CEO Hans-Peter Keitel. These tasks were felt to be higher up the value chain, and would help the firm shake off the slowdown that had followed the initial boom of German reunification. These concepts were notably put into action during the construction of the new Athens International Airport in the late 1990s.In 1999, Hochtief made big inroads into the United States market through its merger with Turner Corporation, while in 2000 it celebrated its 125th anniversary. A part of those celebrations was the DM 1 million donation to the restoration of the Kandinsky-Klee House in Dessau, a project for which it was the general contractor. The house had been used by the Bauhaus movement as an example of a "Meisterhaus", but Nazi persecution of the Bauhaus, and subsequent neglect, had left significant damage. The house was re-opened on 4 February 2000, after a two-year restoration programme. It forms part of the UNESCO Bauhaus World Heritage Site.In May 2013, Hochtief sold its airports division to Canada's Public Sector Pension Investment Board for 1.1 billion euros. Structure and ownership Hochtief is an Aktiengesellschaft, roughly equivalent to a public limited company in the United Kingdom. Its shares are traded on all the German stock exchanges, including the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and Börse München, using the Xetra system. Hochtief is a component of the MDAX share index. The major shareholders are ACS Group with 61%, and Qatar Investment Authority, with more than 10%.As of January 2011, Hochtief has streamlined its corporate operations. The group is now divided into four divisions: Hochtief Americas Hochtief Asia-Pacific Hochtief Europe Hochtief ConcessionsThe European division plans, develops, implements, operates and manages real estate and infrastructure facilities in Europe and in selected regions worldwide.The Asia-Pacific division includes the activities of CIMIC Group (formerly known as Leighton Holdings prior to April 2015) in Australia and Asia. CIMIC does not only provide construction and construction services but is also the world's largest contract miner. The Americas division co-ordinates the United States subsidiaries Turner Construction (acquired in 1999), Flatiron Construction (acquired in 2007) and E.E. Cruz (acquired in 2010).Hochtief Concessions develops and implements concession projects. Its business areas include airports, roads, social infrastructure and further public-private partnership projects. One of its subsidiaries, Hochtief Airports, holds stakes in Athens International Airport, Düsseldorf Airport, Hamburg Airport, Sydney Airport, Budapest Airport and Rinas Mother Teresa Airport (Tirana). Timeline of notable construction projects 1927-1932: Zollverein colliery (Shaft XII), Essen 1928-1929: Echelsbach Bridge, near Echelsbach, Bavaria 1929-1931: Schluchsee Dam, Schluchsee, Black Forest 1930-1934: Albert Canal, Belgium 1938-1945: Projects included the Westwall and Atlantic Wall defenses, and Hitler's Berghof, Wolf's Lair and Führerbunker1946-1949: Bonn University Hospital, Bonn 1952-1956: Sariyar Hydroelectric plant, Ankara, Turkey 1958-1961: Kahl Nuclear Power Plant, Dettingen am Main 1960-1969: Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel, Argentina 1961-1963: Hilton Hotel, Athens, Greece 1963-1968: Abu Simbel temples transplanted, Egypt 1969-1975: New Elbe Tunnel, Hamburg 1970-1974: Bosphorus Bridge, Turkey 1974-1981: King Abdulaziz International Airport, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 1981-1984: Mosul Dam, Iraq 1984-1985: Messe Torhaus, Frankfurt am Main 1988-1991: Messeturm, Frankfurt am Main 1990-1992: Terminal One, Warsaw Airport, Poland 1994-1996: Commerzbank Tower, Frankfurt am Main 1996-2000: Athens International Airport, Greece 1998-2000: Kandinsky-Klee house restoration, Dessau 2002-2004: Katima Mulilo Bridge, Zambia and Namibia 2004-2008: Opera Krakowska, Kraków, Poland 2005-2008: Dnipro Stadium, Ukraine 2014-2019: Expansion of King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaThe company is also working on the Chacao Channel bridge due to be completed in 2025. Notes and references External links Official website de:Albert Vögler de:Zeche Zollverein Documents and clippings about Hochtief in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Chaitra

Chaitra (Sanskrit: चैत्र, romanized: Caitra) is a month of the Hindu calendar. In the standard Hindu calendar and India's national civil calendar, Chaitra is the first month of the year. It is the last month in the Bengali calendar, where it is called Choitro. Chaitra or Chait is also the last month in the Nepali calendar (the Vikram Samvat), where it commences in mid-March. Chittirai is the first month in the Tamil calendar.

Chaitra (Sanskrit: चैत्र, romanized: Caitra) is a month of the Hindu calendar. In the standard Hindu calendar and India's national civil calendar, Chaitra is the first month of the year. It is the last month in the Bengali calendar, where it is called Choitro. Chaitra or Chait is also the last month in the Nepali calendar (the Vikram Samvat), where it commences in mid-March. Chittirai is the first month in the Tamil calendar. In the Sindhi calendar, this month is referred to as Chet and is marked by the celebration of the Cheti Chand (birth of Jhulelal, an incarnation of Vishnu). In the Vaishnava calendar, Vishnu governs this month. In solar religious calendars, Chaitra begins with the Sun's entry into Pisces.In the more traditional reckoning, the first month commences in March or April of the Gregorian calendar, depending upon whether the adhika masa (extra month for alignment of lunar or solar calendar) was observed in the year. The first day of Chaitra is marked as the Chaitra Navaratri, the Hindu lunar new year. Names Festivals The month of Chaitra is also associated with the departure of spring. Holi, the Hindu spring festival of colours, is celebrated on the full moon day (Purnima) of Phalguna, the month before Chaitra, exactly six days after which the Chaiti form of the Chhath festival is observed. In Chandramana (lunar) religious calendars, Chaitra begins with the new moon in March−April and is the first month of the year. The nine-day festival Chaitra Navratri or Navadurga (or "Nava Durga", the 'nine forms of the Goddess Durga') starts from Chaitra Shukla Pratipada. The first day of month Chaitra is celebrated as Hindu New Year's Day, known as Gudi Padwa in Maharashtra, Puthandu in Tamil Nadu and Ugadi in Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh. In West Bengal, Basanti Puja, Annapurna Puja, Ram Nabami, Neel Puja and Chorok Puja (a.k.a. 'Gajon') are held consecutively before the beginning of Bengali New Year on Poila Baishakh. See also Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar Chitragupta Hindu units of measurement Hindu astronomy Jyotisha Nisan References External links Chaitra Navratri (in Hindi)

Anglocentrism

Anglocentrism refers to the perceived cultural, economical, historical, political and social bias, ethnocentrism or dominance in favor of Anglo-Saxon or Anglophone perspectives, often to the marginalization of other cultures in various aspects of global affairs. Historically, the phenomenon stems from the British Empire's extensive influence and the global spread of the English language that often manifests encompassing various aspects of life, including literature, media, politics, and cultural norms on a global scale. Critics argue that anglocentrism can contribute to a limited worldview and hinder global inclusivity by overshadowing the rich diversity of global cultures and histories, and highlight the acknowledgement of the contributions of various societies beyond the Anglosphere. Proponents may assert its role in shaping major global institutions and fostering common linguistic and legal frameworks. The term is subject to ongoing discourse and analysis in discussions surrounding cultural diversity, globalization, and international relations.Anglocentrism often manifests in the prioritization of occidentalist perspectives in international discourse, media, and diplomacy.

Anglocentrism refers to the perceived cultural, economical, historical, political and social bias, ethnocentrism or dominance in favor of Anglo-Saxon or Anglophone perspectives, often to the marginalization of other cultures in various aspects of global affairs. Historically, the phenomenon stems from the British Empire's extensive influence and the global spread of the English language that often manifests encompassing various aspects of life, including literature, media, politics, and cultural norms on a global scale. Critics argue that anglocentrism can contribute to a limited worldview and hinder global inclusivity by overshadowing the rich diversity of global cultures and histories, and highlight the acknowledgement of the contributions of various societies beyond the Anglosphere. Proponents may assert its role in shaping major global institutions and fostering common linguistic and legal frameworks. The term is subject to ongoing discourse and analysis in discussions surrounding cultural diversity, globalization, and international relations.Anglocentrism often manifests in the prioritization of occidentalist perspectives in international discourse, media, and diplomacy. It is important to note that while this phenomenon is commonly associated with cultural imperialism, it can also be unintentional. Historic context The historical roots of Anglocentrism can be traced back to the widespread influence of the British Empire during the 19th and 20th centuries which spanned several centuries, controlled vast swathes across the globe, and had a profound impact on global culture and power dynamics. At its zenith, the English language became a dominant force, contributing to the propagation of anglocentric cultural norms and values.This historic legacy continues to reinforcing the perception of its superiority today. Cultural and linguistic imperialism Anglocentrism is often evident in the global linguistic landscape, i.e media, movies, music; in international business, communication, diplomacy; and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics where English language serves as the global lingua franca. This linguistic imperialism can impact the representation of diverse cultures and languages, potentially marginalizing non-anglophone perspectives, and contributing to a global communication imbalance where non-native English speakers may face challenges in having their voices heard, and accessing resources and opportunities. Hollywood, for example, has played a pivotal role in shaping global popular culture, sometimes overshadowing local cultural expressions.The global dissemination of anglophone movies and TV shows contributes to the perception of English culture as normative.This phenomenon has raised debates about cultural imperialism and the preservation of diverse cultural identities. Neocolonialism Anglocentrism also extends into the political and economic realms, where anglophone countries often hold significant influence in intergovernmental organizations like United Nations and financial institutions like International Monetary Fund and World Bank.This influence has implications for global policies, trade agreements, and the distribution of resources, prompting discussions about fairness and representation. Criticism and challenges Critics argue that Anglocentrism may perpetuate to cultural homogenization, stifling linguistic and cultural diversity through educational systems that prioritize anglocentric literature and history, leading to a distorted worldview that hinders mutual understanding among diverse societies. Additionally, some contend that it perpetuates an anglocentric worldview, limiting the understanding of alternative cultural paradigms. It may lead to the permanent indigenous linguicide and the marginalization of non-anglophone communities. In conclusion, Anglocentrism remains a complex and debated phenomenon with far-reaching implications for global society. Acknowledging and addressing its impact is crucial for fostering inclusivity, understanding, and a more equitable world. Counteraction and awareness Efforts to counteract Anglocentrism include promoting multilingualism, encouraging the translation of literature from indigenous languages, advocating representation of various cultures in global media and fostering a more inclusive approach of diverse cultural narratives in international relations. Global initiatives seek to create a more inclusive discourse that recognizes the value of non-English languages and perspectives. == References ==

Fat Head's Brewery

Brewmaster Matt Cole partnered with Glenn Benigni, owner of Fat Head's Saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to open Fat Head's Brewery & Saloon in Cleveland, Ohio in 2009, with Cole supplying beer to the Pittsburgh location. A production brewery opened in Middleburg Heights, Ohio in March 2012 and another brewpub location opened in Portland, Oregon in November 2014, which has since closed. Fat Head's is known for their signature beers Head Hunter IPA and Bumble Berry Honey Blueberry Ale.

Brewmaster Matt Cole partnered with Glenn Benigni, owner of Fat Head's Saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to open Fat Head's Brewery & Saloon in Cleveland, Ohio in 2009, with Cole supplying beer to the Pittsburgh location. A production brewery opened in Middleburg Heights, Ohio in March 2012 and another brewpub location opened in Portland, Oregon in November 2014, which has since closed. Fat Head's is known for their signature beers Head Hunter IPA and Bumble Berry Honey Blueberry Ale. Background Fat Head's Saloon opened in the historic South Side of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1992 and grew to be known for its selection of craft beer and large sandwiches, called "headwiches."Brewer Matt Cole apprenticed at Baltimore Brewing Co., then worked at Penn Brewery and Great Lakes Brewing Company before joining Rocky River Brewing Company. Cole spent more than a decade there, winning several awards at both Great American Beer Festival and World Beer Cup. Fat Head's Brewery & Saloon Fat Head's Brewery & Saloon opened in North Olmsted, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, on April 7, 2009. The brewpub has a 35-seat bar and a 200-seat dining room. There are 30 rotating tap handles that serve beers from Fat Head's as well as guest breweries. There is also a game room with a video games, a vintage bowling machine, pool tables, and dart boards. Derek Wilson, formerly of Great Lakes Brewing Company, heads the kitchen. In addition to the signature headwiches, a staple at the Pittsburgh Saloon, Wilson added stone oven pizzas, smoke house wings, and pulled pork to the menu.Fat Head's Brewery opened in March, 2012 in a warehouse in Middleburg Heights, Ohio. The production brewery supplies beer for the Fat Head's restaurants in Pittsburgh and North Olmsted, as well as bottles and kegs for distributes. As of 2013, the brewery has a BrauKon brewhouse that was purchased from Tröegs Brewing Company. A tasting room and retail shop opened on October 18, 2013. Fat Head's Portland Fat Head's opened in the Pearl District of Portland, Oregon on November 3, 2014. In 2018, the location changed owners and became Von Ebert Brewing, a Portland-based company. The brewpub had 278 seats throughout the bar and dining room and 42 rotating tap hands that served beers from Fat Head's as well as guest breweries. The brewery featured a 10-barrel JVNW brewhouse with 13 fermentors and 12 bright tanks. Matt Cole was the brewmaster, with Eric Van Tassel who served as the head brewer. They served Fat Head's signature beers, including Bumble Berry Honey Blueberry Ale and Head Hunter IPA, as well as some of their own creations, including Zoobomb Dortmunder and Ultra Pils North German-Stlyle Pilsner. Awards See also Beer and breweries by region Beer in the United States List of breweries in Ohio List of microbreweries List of breweries in the United States References External links Fat Head's Saloon Pittsburgh Fat Head's Brewery & Saloon Cleveland Fat Head's Brewery Fat Head's Brewery & Saloon Portland

Don't Let Me Down (Will Young song)

"Don't Let Me Down" is a song by English singer Will Young. It was written by Young, Richard Stannard, Julian Gallagher, Dave Morgan, and Simon Hale and released as his fourth single on 18 November 2002 along with the track "You and I." The song reached number two on the UK Singles Chart. The double A-side single was released in aid of Children in Need.

"Don't Let Me Down" is a song by English singer Will Young. It was written by Young, Richard Stannard, Julian Gallagher, Dave Morgan, and Simon Hale and released as his fourth single on 18 November 2002 along with the track "You and I." The song reached number two on the UK Singles Chart. The double A-side single was released in aid of Children in Need. Track listings Credits and personnel Credits are lifted from the UK CD1 liner notes.Studios Recorded and mixed at Biffco Studios (Dublin, Ireland) Mastered at Transfermation (London, England)Personnel Charts Certifications Release history == References ==

Sudwerk

Sudwerk is a brewery in Davis, California. It has been crafting German-style lagers since 1989. It was a pioneer of lager in microbrewing, following the strict requirements of the German Reinheitsgebot, and it continues to specialize in craft lagers.

Sudwerk is a brewery in Davis, California. It has been crafting German-style lagers since 1989. It was a pioneer of lager in microbrewing, following the strict requirements of the German Reinheitsgebot, and it continues to specialize in craft lagers. Beer The beers made by Sudwerk include California Dry Hop Lager, which was created by replacing the German hops with Pacific Northwestern hops in the recipe of the Helles Lager; Northern Pilsner; Märzen Amber Lager; Hefeweizen Bavarian Wheat; Cascaderade India Pale Lager; and 3 Best Friends. Seasonal beers include Mai Bock Spring Lager in spring, Fest Harvest Lager in fall, and Doppel Bock Ulimator in winter. The Helles Lager, Northern Pilsner, Marzen Amber Lager, and Hefeweizen are brewed using the same family recipes originally brought to California by Sudwerk's first German Brewmeister. History Ron Broward and Dean Unger founded Sudwerk in 1989 as Sudwerk Privatbrauerei Hubsch. It was the first brewpub in Davis, and the only one there until the 2015 opening of another brewpub, the Three Mile Brewing Company. By 1993, when it went through a major expansion, Sudwerk had become the largest microbrewery in the US. Jay Prahl was hired as brewmaster in 2003, and Broward and Unger sold off the associated restaurant in 2006. After the two founders died in 2011 and 2013, the brewery was sold to Unger's grandson, Trent Yackzan, and his friend Ryan Fry, who quickly promoted long-time employee Mike Hutson to brewmaster. In 2015, they began distributing their beer to states outside California, beginning in Missouri. The restaurant which operated independently from the brewery closed at the end of June, 2016.As of 2018, Sudwerk has won a total of 13 medals at the Great American Beer Festival including three gold medals. In 2021, Sudwerk won the "Brewery of the Year" award at the Great American Beer FestivalThe brewery maintains close ties to the University of California, Davis, where Prahl and Hutson were educated, and its facilities include classrooms used by extension classes at UC Davis. References External links Official website

Barbara Turpin

Barbara Jo Turpin is an American chemist who is a Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her research considers aerosol science and environmental engineering. Turpin studies the formation of organic particulate matter via aqueous chemistry. She was awarded the 2018 American Chemical Society Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology. Turpin is a Fellow of the American Association for Aerosol Research, American Geophysical Union and American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Barbara Jo Turpin is an American chemist who is a Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her research considers aerosol science and environmental engineering. Turpin studies the formation of organic particulate matter via aqueous chemistry. She was awarded the 2018 American Chemical Society Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology. Turpin is a Fellow of the American Association for Aerosol Research, American Geophysical Union and American Association for the Advancement of Science. Early life and education Turpin earned her bachelor's degree in engineering at the California Institute of Technology. She was a member of Dabney House. She completed her undergraduate research on air pollution. She was a doctoral student at the OGI School of Science and Engineering, where she studied the secondary formation of organic aerosols. Turpin moved to the University of Minnesota as a postdoctoral research associate, working on particle characterization. As a young woman she was a champion epeeist, and member of the United States Fencing Team. She was a National Champion in 1992. Research and career In 1994, Turpin was appointed to the faculty at Rutgers University, where she was promoted to full professor in 2005. She moved to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2015, where she was promoted to Chair of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering the following year.Turpin's research has considered organic particulate matter and the impact of airborne particles on human health. She was a member of the United States Environmental Protection Agency Particulate Matter Review Panel. The panel, which, under the Clean Air Act, is required to review air pollutants and their impact on human health, was disbanded by Trump in 2018.In 2018, Turpin was honored by the American Chemical Society for her Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Turpin studied the airborne transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. She gave advice on how to stay safe when dealing with a virus spread by airborne particles. Awards and honors 2009 Haagen Smit Prize 2010 American Association for Aerosol Research David Sinclair Award 2011 Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 2012 Promoted to President of the American Association for Aerosol Research 2013 Elected Fellow of the American Geophysical Union 2014 Elected Fellow of the American Association for Aerosol Research 2018 American Chemical Society Award for Creative Advances in Environmental Science and Technology for “revealing the importance of aqueous-phase chemistry in the formation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol,”. Selected publications Turpin, Barbara J.; Lim, Ho-Jin (2001). "Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass". Aerosol Science and Technology. 35 (1): 602–610. doi:10.1080/02786820119445. ISSN 0278-6826. Turpin, Barbara J.; Saxena, Pradeep; Andrews, Elisabeth (2000). "Measuring and simulating particulate organics in the atmosphere: problems and prospects". Atmospheric Environment. 34 (18): 2983–3013. doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00501-4. ISSN 1352-2310. Ervens, B.; Turpin, B. J.; Weber, R. J. (2011-08-08). "Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA): a review of laboratory, field and model studies". doi:10.5194/acpd-11-22301-2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) == References ==

Einin

Einin (永仁) was a Japanese era name (年号,, nengō,, lit. "year name") after Shōō and before Shōan. This period spanned the years from August 1293 through April 1299. The reigning emperors were Fushimi-tennō (伏見天皇) and Go-Fushimi-tennō (後伏見天皇).

Einin (永仁) was a Japanese era name (年号,, nengō,, lit. "year name") after Shōō and before Shōan. This period spanned the years from August 1293 through April 1299. The reigning emperors were Fushimi-tennō (伏見天皇) and Go-Fushimi-tennō (後伏見天皇). Change of era 1293 Einin gannen (永仁元年): The new era name was created to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Shō'ō 6. Events of the Einen era August 30, 1298 (Einin 6, 22nd day of the 7th month): In the 11th year of Fushimi-tennō's reign (伏見天皇11年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his son. November 17, 1298 (Einin 6, 13th day of the 10th month): Emperor Go-Fushimi is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui) and the nengō was changed to Shōan to mark the beginning of a new emperor's reign. 1299 (Einin 7): The 8th rector of the nunnery at Hokkeji died. Notes References Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 6042764 External links National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane

Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane is a fluorocarbon liquid—a perfluorinated derivative of the hydrocarbon 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane. It is chemically and biologically inert.

Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane is a fluorocarbon liquid—a perfluorinated derivative of the hydrocarbon 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane. It is chemically and biologically inert. Manufacture Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane can be manufactured by the Fowler process, which involves moderating the action of elemental fluorine with cobalt fluoride in the gas phase from meta-xylene. This is preferred as the starting material over 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane as less fluorine is required. Properties Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane is chemically inert and thermally stable (to over 400 °C). It is a clear, colorless liquid, with a relatively high density, low viscosity and low surface tension that will rapidly evaporate. It is a relatively good solvent for gases, but a poor solvent for solids and liquids.In common with other cyclic perfluorocarbons, perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane can be detected at extremely low concentrations, making it ideal as a tracer. Applications Heat transfer agent Dielectric fluid Perfluorocarbon tracer == References ==

Murder of Daniel Morcombe

Daniel James Morcombe (19 December 1989 – 7 December 2003) was an Australian boy who was abducted from the Sunshine Coast, Queensland on 7 December 2003 when he was 13 years old. Eight years later, Brett Peter Cowan (born 18 September 1969), a former Sunshine Coast resident, was charged with Morcombe's murder. In the same month, DNA tests confirmed bones in the Glass House Mountains were Morcombe's. On 13 March 2014, Cowan was found guilty of the murder, and was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder, indecently dealing with a child, and interference with a corpse.

Daniel James Morcombe (19 December 1989 – 7 December 2003) was an Australian boy who was abducted from the Sunshine Coast, Queensland on 7 December 2003 when he was 13 years old. Eight years later, Brett Peter Cowan (born 18 September 1969), a former Sunshine Coast resident, was charged with Morcombe's murder. In the same month, DNA tests confirmed bones in the Glass House Mountains were Morcombe's. On 13 March 2014, Cowan was found guilty of the murder, and was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder, indecently dealing with a child, and interference with a corpse. Disappearance Morcombe was abducted from an unofficial bus stop under the Kiel Mountain Road overpass in the Woombye district of the Sunshine Coast approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the Big Pineapple on Sunday, 7 December 2003. Witnesses reported seeing Morcombe at approximately 2:10 pm under the overpass. Morcombe planned to catch the 1:35 pm bus to the Sunshine Plaza Shopping Centre for a haircut and to buy Christmas presents, but the bus had broken down. When a replacement bus eventually arrived, it did not stop, because it was behind schedule and the stop was unofficial. The driver radioed the depot for another bus to go and pick up Morcombe. The driver and other witnesses later reported seeing two men near Morcombe. When the second bus arrived three minutes later, Morcombe and the men were gone. Investigation Morcombe's disappearance was one of the most extensively investigated crimes in Queensland's history. By 12 December 2008, rewards of A$250,000 from the Government and A$750,000 donated privately had been offered. The private reward expired at midnight on 31 May 2009. That day, the Seven Network reported that a known paedophile, Douglas Jackway, could be of interest to the police. Jackway had been released from prison one month before Morcombe's disappearance. The Queensland Government came under criticism over Jackway's release; independent Queensland MP Peter Wellington claimed the Supreme Court had presented clear evidence of Jackway's risk of reoffending. This publicity prompted civil liberties groups to call for laws banning media outlets from naming people linked to criminal cases. Earlier in the month, a full-size clay model of the man believed to be involved in Morcombe's abduction was placed at the spot where he disappeared. Within a few days more than 300 tips were received.In July 2009, Morcombe's parents called for a coronial inquest into his disappearance. Of particular interest to the family were several criminals who had told police they knew who killed Morcombe. A coronial inquest was held between October 2010 and April 2011. The inquest called as witnesses the bus driver who had failed to stop for Morcombe at the overpass, a woman who had seen a man loitering near Morcombe, and several persons of interest.On 13 August 2011, after an extensive Mr. Big police operation, police took Brett Peter Cowan into custody and charged him with Morcombe's murder, child stealing, deprivation of liberty, indecent treatment of a child under 16, interfering with a corpse, and other offences after having led undercover detectives to Morcombe's remains. In 2006, Cowan had been interviewed over the Morcombe case and had admitted to police that he travelled along Kiel Mountain Road on his way to purchase marijuana from a drug dealer on the day of the disappearance. Cowan confessed to having seen and approached Morcombe to offer him a lift to the shopping centre, having parked his car in a nearby car-park of the church he attended.Around this time, a white Mitsubishi Pajero was seized from a property on Russell Island. The vehicle was believed to have been involved in Morcombe's abduction after a witness at the coronial inquest reported seeing a vehicle of similar description parked 100 metres (330 ft) north of the site where Morcombe was last seen. Remains found On 21 August 2011, two shoes and three human bones were found at a search site at Glass House Mountains. The shoes were similar to the ones that Morcombe was wearing when he disappeared. Underpants and a belt were also found. However, Morcombe also owned a distinctive fob style pocket watch with "Dan" engraved on it, which has not been found. By the end of the investigation, seventeen bones had been found, including a rib, hip, leg, arm, and vertebrae. They were all confirmed as belonging to Morcombe using DNA from his toothbrush to make the match. As a result of the find, Morcombe's funeral was held at Siena Catholic College on 7 December 2012. More than 2,000 people attended it. Trial On 7 February 2014, Cowan was ordered to stand trial. He was charged with murder, indecently dealing with a child under the age of 16, and improperly dealing with a corpse. The trial, at the Supreme Court of Queensland, began on 10 February 2014 under Justice Roslyn Atkinson. The prosecution closed its case on 7 March. 116 witnesses gave evidence, and over 200 exhibits were tendered in evidence. Cowan pleaded not guilty and declined to give evidence.On 13 March 2014, Cowan was found guilty of all charges. Cowan had two previous convictions for child sex offences. On 14 March 2014, he was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole after 20 years. He was also sentenced to three-and-a-half years' imprisonment for indecently dealing with Morcombe, and two years for interfering with his corpse, those sentences to be served concurrently. Judge Roslyn Atkinson said "I don't think you should be released in 20 years' time". Cowan appealed his sentence to the Queensland Court of Appeal, under Justice Margaret McMurdo, seeking to have his conviction overturned. His legal team argued "... that the confession elicited through an undercover sting by police was inadmissible as evidence at trial". On 21 May 2015, Cowan's appeal was dismissed. The former Queensland Attorney-General Jarrod Bleijie had appealed to have Cowan's 20-year minimum sentence increased. This was also dismissed. Impact The Daniel Morcombe Foundation The Morcombe family started the "Daniel Morcombe Foundation", and put its resources into keeping Morcombe's disappearance in the public eye and trying to find out what happened to their son. The foundation is committed to educating children about personal safety, and to raising awareness throughout Australia of the dangers of predatory criminals. These efforts are supported by the Australian media, especially on each anniversary of Morcombe's disappearance when a "Day for Daniel" is held to promote awareness of the vulnerability of children. An accompanying event is the "Ride for Daniel", which covers 50 km of the Sunshine Coast, held each year since 2005.In 2015, Bruce Morcombe spoke to the family of another missing child, William Tyrrell, and warned them that psychics would descend on them with "bizarre and offbeat ... distracting information". He called it distressing and said that although they received hundreds of leads telling them that there was a "shed or a water tank", none were of any help, but still couldn't be ignored in case they included a "disguised confession". Capturing data from CCTV and ATM cameras was more helpful, as once the police have a person of interest it may help disprove an alibi. Morcombe's advice was to "remain positive, that's all you can do, the police will be working hard, they want to solve it as well". Media Morcombe's murder was the focus of the Crime Investigation Australia season 1 episode "Tears for Daniel" aired in 2005. A film based on Morcombe's murder, titled Where is Daniel?, was planned. Directed by Peter Cousens and cinematography by Dean Cundey. On 2 July 2017, the case was covered by Casefile True Crime Podcast.Morcombe's father, Bruce Morcombe, appears in a series six episode of the ABC's You Can't Ask That focused on "Families of Missing Persons". In this episode, Morcombe describes the family's perspective on the events, as well as the aftermath. The Stranger, a film that fictionalises the undercover police operation to catch the murderer, was released in October 2022. In July 2022, Morcombe's parents "demanded" that the filmmakers stop using his name to market the film and were upset that they continued to do so. See also List of kidnappings List of solved missing person cases References External links Daniel Morcombe Foundation Day for Daniel Queensland Police Reward Casefile True Crime Podcast - Case 54: Daniel Morcombe - 1 July 2017

Amanda Tipples

Dame Amanda Jane Tipples, (born 18 December 1966) is a British High Court judge assigned to the King's Bench Division. Tipples was born in Pembury, England and was educated at Roedean School. She then attended Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where she studied zoology and specialised in molecular biology, graduating with a BA degree in 1989. She completed her legal education at the Council of Legal Education.She was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1991 and practised from Maitland Chambers. She served as a recorder from 2009 and took silk in 2011.

Dame Amanda Jane Tipples, (born 18 December 1966) is a British High Court judge assigned to the King's Bench Division. Tipples was born in Pembury, England and was educated at Roedean School. She then attended Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where she studied zoology and specialised in molecular biology, graduating with a BA degree in 1989. She completed her legal education at the Council of Legal Education.She was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1991 and practised from Maitland Chambers. She served as a recorder from 2009 and took silk in 2011. In 2013, she was appointed a deputy High Court judge, hearing cases in the Chancery Division, and served as Lieutenant Bailiff of Guernsey from 2016 to 2019.On 2 December 2019, Tipples was appointed a judge of the High Court, replacing Sir Paul Walker, and assigned to the Queen's Bench Division (later the King's Bench Division). She received the customary damehood in the same year. Since 2022, she has been Presiding Judge of the Midland Circuit. == References ==

List of Allied traitors during World War II

The following is an incomplete list of people from Allied countries suspected of treachery or treason during World War II. It is not a list of Nazi war criminals.

The following is an incomplete list of people from Allied countries suspected of treachery or treason during World War II. It is not a list of Nazi war criminals. Canada Kanao Inouye - Guilty of treason, executed on 27 August 1947 Edwin Barnard Martin - Member of British Free Corps - Guilty of aiding the enemy, sentenced to 25 years imprisonment. New Zealand Captain Patrick Stanley Vaughan Heenan - Guilty of treason, shot on 13 February 1942, at Keppel Harbour, Singapore (extrajudicial execution). Roy Nicolas Courlander - a British-born New Zealand soldier with a history of petty crime, he was taken prisoner during the Greece campaign in April 1941. Attracted by his anti-communist views, the Germans recruited him for the Waffen-SS British Free Corps, where Courlander reached the rank of Unterscharführer. He was tried at the end of the war by court martial by the New Zealand military authorities in Westgate-on-Sea near Margate in Kent, England, and sentenced to 15 years of prison. Soviet Union Vladimir Boyarsky - Summarily executed by partisans on 7 May 1945. Mikhail Bulanov - Guilty of treason and war crimes, executed on 19 December 1943. Sergei Bunyachenko - Guilty of treason, executed on 2 August 1946. Semyon Bychkov - Guilty of treason, executed on 4 November 1946. Herberts Cukurs - Assassinated by Mossad on 23 February 1965. Feodor Fedorenko - Guilty of war crimes, executed on 28 July 1987. Israfil Israfilov - Guilty of treason, executed in 1946. Bronislav Kaminski - Guilty of stealing the property of the Reich, executed by German military court on 28 August 1944. Ignaty Kladov - Guilty of treason and war crimes, executed on 18 July 1943. Sultan Klych-Girey - Guilty of treason, executed on 17 January 1947. Ivan Kotomtsev - Guilty of treason and war crimes, executed on 18 July 1943. Pyotr Krasnov - Guilty of treason, executed on 17 January 1947. Mikhail Lastovina - Guilty of treason and war crimes, executed on 18 July 1943. Antonina Makarova - Guilty of treason and war crimes, executed on 11 August 1979. Vasily Malyshkin - Guilty of treason, executed on 1 August 1946. Ivan Marchenko - Disappeared 1945. Mikhail Meandrov - Guilty of treason, executed on 1 August 1946. Vasyl Meleshko - Guilty of war crimes, executed in 1975. Grigory Misan - Guilty of treason and war crimes, executed on 18 July 1943. Yunus Napotsk - Guilty of treason and war crimes, executed on 18 July 1943. Ivan Paramonov - Guilty of treason and war crimes, sentenced to 20 years penal servitude. Vassily Pavlov - Guilty of treason and war crimes, sentenced to 20 years penal servitude. Nikolai Pushkarev - Guilty of treason and war crimes, executed on 18 July 1943. Ivan Rechkalov - Guilty of treason and war crimes, executed on 18 July 1943. Konstantin Rodzaevsky - Guilty of counter-revolutionary activities, executed on 30 August 1946. Nikolay Shalayev - Guilty of treason, executed at an unknown date. Andrei Shkuro - Guilty of treason, executed on 17 January 1947. Vassily Tishchenko - Guilty of treason and war crimes, executed on 18 July 1943. Fyodor Truhin - Guilty of treason, executed on 1 August 1946. Grigory Tuchkov - Guilty of treason and war crimes, sentenced to 20 years penal servitude. Hryhoriy Vasiura - Guilty of war crimes, executed on 2 October 1987. Andrey Vlasov - Guilty of treason, executed on 2 August 1946. United Kingdom John Amery - Civilian - Guilty of treason, executed on 19 December 1945 George Johnson Armstrong - Civilian - Guilty of treachery, executed on 10 July 1941 Norman Baillie-Stewart - Civilian - Guilty of aiding the enemy, sentenced to five years in prison. Kenneth Berry - Member of Waffen-SS British Free Corps - Guilty of aiding the enemy, sentenced to nine months of hard labour. James Brady - Member of Waffen-SS - Guilty of aiding the enemy, sentenced to fifteen years imprisonment. William Brittain - Member of Waffen-SS British Free Corps - Guilty of aiding the enemy, sentenced to ten years imprisonment but released for ill health after two months. Harold Cole - Soldier - A con man, thief and deserter who betrayed escaped airmen and French Resistance members to the Gestapo - killed by French police in 1946. Thomas Haller Cooper - member of Waffen-SS - Guilty of treason, sentence of death was commuted to life imprisonment - released in 1953 Raymond Davies Hughes - RAF airman - Informer at Dulag Luft POW camp and Nazi propagandist - Guilty of aiding the enemy, five-year prison sentenced reduced to two years Philip Jackson - Soldier - Offered to guide German bombers to targets in Britain - Guilty of treachery, sentenced to death but on appeal the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Oswald John Job - Civilian - London-born son of German parents - "may well have been an informer" within St Denis internment camp- Guilty of treachery, executed on 16 March 1944. William Joyce - Civilian - American-born with Irish ancestry. The Attorney General, Sir Hartley Shawcross, successfully argued that Joyce's possession of a British passport, even though he had misstated his nationality to get it, entitled him until it expired to British diplomatic protection in Germany, and therefore he owed allegiance to the King at the time he commenced working for the Germans. Guilty of treason, executed on 3 January 1946. Nicknamed "Lord Haw-Haw." Frank McLardy - Member of Waffen-SS British Free Corps - Guilty of aiding the enemy, sentenced to life imprisonment but released 1953. Alfred Minchin - Member of Waffen-SS British Free Corps - Guilty of aiding the enemy, sentenced to seven years hard labour. Dorothy O'Grady - Civilian - Guilty of treachery, sentenced to death but on appeal the sentence was commuted to 14 years’ penal servitude. Eric Pleasants - Member of Waffen-SS British Free Corps - Imprisoned by Soviet Union until 1954. Roy Walter Purdy - Merchant Navy officer, propaganda broadcaster and informer at Colditz - guilty of treason - reports of his prosecution and trial in The Times available at "reprieved on the grounds that [he] had been [a follower] in treason rather than [a leader] ... released from prison ... in December 1954... went to live with his ‘wife’ and child in Germany" - died in 1982. An alternative version is that 'Instead of trying to trace his German wife Margarete and his son, Purdy married his childhood sweetheart, never revealing his childhood past to his wife. For many years he worked as a quality control inspector in an Essex car factory. He died from lung cancer in 1982. A third version is that 'Walter Purdy was released from jail in 1954. He had a child called Stephan by a woman called Margaret Weitemeir born near Ravensbruck on 5 April 1945. Purdy planned to return to her but this never happened. He married his childhood sweetheart called Muriel in 1957 but she soon died. He married another lady in about 1960 and had a son. Walter Purdy died in Southend in 1982. Theodore Schurch - Soldier - Guilty of treachery, executed on 4 January 1946 Duncan Scott-Ford - Merchant seaman - Guilty of treachery, executed on 3 November 1942 Irma Stapleton - Civilian - Stole experimental munitions and attempted to sell them to a German agent, who was really an MI5 agent in disguise - Guilty of aiding the enemy, sentenced to ten years imprisonment. Henry Alfred Symonds - Member of Waffen-SS British Free Corps - Guilty of aiding the enemy, sentenced to fifteen years imprisonment Gibraltar (UK Crown Dependency) Jose Estelle Key - Civilian - Guilty of treachery, executed on 7 July 1942 at Wandsworth Prison, London, England Alphonse Timmerman - Civilian - Guilty of treachery, executed on 7 July 1942 at Wandsworth Prison, London, England Czech Republic (British Special Operations Executive operation) Karel Čurda - Soldier - Guilty of treachery, executed on 29 April 1947. Betrayer of the Anglo-Czechoslovak army agents responsible for the assassination of top Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich in Prague. British India (Crown Colony) Subhas Chandra Bose - Leader of Indian National Army - Died in plane crash on 18 August 1945. Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon - Member of Indian National Army - Guilty of treason, not sentenced. Shah Nawaz Khan - Member of Indian National Army - Guilty of treason, not sentenced. Prem Sahgal - Member of Indian National Army - Guilty of treason, not sentenced. Occupied France (British Special Operations Executive operation) Henri Déricourt (allegedly) - Accused double agent, may have betrayed the Prosper spy network to the Germans - Not guilty, died a free man in 1962 United States Robert Henry Best - Guilty, sentenced to life in prison. Died in prison in 1952. Ernest Peter Burger - Guilty, death sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Released 1948 and deported to West Germany. Herbert John Burgman - Guilty, died in prison in 1953. Douglas Chandler - Guilty, sentenced to life imprisonment, released 1963. William Colepaugh - Guilty, sentenced to life imprisonment, released 1960. Iva Toguri D'Aquino - Guilty, sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, released 1956. Donald S. Day - German propagandist - Charges dropped in return for information about Soviet spies. Velvalee Dickinson - Guilty, sentenced to 10 years in prison. Released in 1951, and died in 1980. Fritz Joubert Duquesne - Guilty, sentenced to 18 years in prison. Served 14 years and died in 1956. Mildred Gillars - Guilty, jailed, released in 1961. Known as Axis Sally, died in 1988. Herbert Hans Haupt - Guilty, executed in 1942. Tomoya Kawakita - Guilty, sentenced to death, commuted to life imprisonment, released in 1963, and deported to Japan. Tyler Kent - Guilty, sentenced to seven years in prison. Simon Emil Koedel - Guilty, sentenced to 15 years in prison. Marie Koedel - Guilty, sentenced to 7.5 years in prison. Carl Krepper - Guilty, sentenced to 12 years in prison, released 1951. Kurt Frederick Ludwig - Guilty, sentenced to 20 years in prison. Martin James Monti - Guilty and served time in prison post World War II twice 1946-1947 and from 1948 to 1960. Died in 2000. Ezra Pound - Poet and fascist propagandist - Deemed mentally unfit to stand trial. Died in 1972. Anastasy Vonsiatsky - Guilty, sentenced to five years in prison. Notes and references Notes === References ===

Lauriston Castle

Lauriston Castle is a 16th-century tower house with 19th-century extensions overlooking the Firth of Forth, in Edinburgh, Scotland. It lies on Cramond Road South, between Cramond, Davidson's Mains, and Silverknowes. The substantial grounds, Lauriston Castle Gardens, operate as a local park. The castle was bequeathed to the Edinburgh Corporation (post 1975 known as Edinburgh City Council) and hosts the Lord Provost's annual Garden Party. The house is a Category A listed building and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.

Lauriston Castle is a 16th-century tower house with 19th-century extensions overlooking the Firth of Forth, in Edinburgh, Scotland. It lies on Cramond Road South, between Cramond, Davidson's Mains, and Silverknowes. The substantial grounds, Lauriston Castle Gardens, operate as a local park. The castle was bequeathed to the Edinburgh Corporation (post 1975 known as Edinburgh City Council) and hosts the Lord Provost's annual Garden Party. The house is a Category A listed building and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland. History A Lauriston Castle stood on this site in medieval times but was almost totally destroyed in the raids on Edinburgh in 1544 by the Earl of Hertford's troops.A tower house was rebuilt around 1590 by Sir Archibald Napier of Merchiston, father of John Napier, for his first son by his second marriage, also named Archibald (1575–1600), known as Napier of Woolmet. Logically, this would be no earlier than 1596, the age of legal majority then being 21. There is no evidence that he ever occupied Lauriston Castle, and he was murdered in 1600, returning to his home, Woolmet House, south of Edinburgh. It is likely that Lauriston was instead occupied by William Napier (c. 1577–1622), the second son of his second marriage. What is certain is that in 1622 the property was inherited by Alexander Napier (the third son of the second marriage) who four years later adopted the title "Lord Laurieston". Lord Laurieston died in 1629, but the house continued to be occupied by his widow and three young children.In 1683, the estate was purchased by Edinburgh goldsmith and financier William Law, father of infamous economist John Law (1671–1729), shortly before his death. John Law then inherited the estate and it stayed in the family until 1823 when sold to banker and mineralogist Thomas Allan. There is no evidence that the Law family ever resided at Lauriston during their 140 years of ownership. In 1827, Allan commissioned William Burn (1789–1870) to extend the house in the Jacobean style. Subsequent owners were the Right Hon. Andrew Lord Rutherfurd (1791–1854), and Thomas Macknight Crawfurd of Cartsburn and Lauriston Castle, 8th Baron of Cartsburn from 1871 to 1902.On 3 December 1827 Sir Walter Scott wrote in his journal: "Went with Tom Allan to see his building at Lauriston where he has displayd [sic] good taste; supporting instead of tearing down or destroying the old Chateau which once belonged to the famous Mississippi Law. The additions are in very good taste and will make a most comfortable house." William Robert Reid, proprietor of Morison & Co., an Edinburgh cabinetmaking business, acquired Lauriston Castle in 1902, installed modern plumbing and electricity, and he and his wife Margaret filled the house with a collection of fine furniture and artwork. The Reids, being childless, left their home to Scotland on the condition that it should be preserved unchanged. The City of Edinburgh Council has administered the house since Mrs Reid's death in 1926, which today offers a glimpse of Edwardian life in a Scottish country house. Lauriston Castle was bequeathed to the nation of Scotland in 1926 and is held in Trust by the City of Edinburgh Council. It holds many similarities with the Estate of John and Mabel Ringling, left to the State of Florida in 1926. In 1925, John Fairley, who was to become a Trustee of Lauriston Castle Estate and its first live onsite curator wrote a limited edition book, of 350 copies, entitled "Lauriston Castle" detailing the history of the Castle and Estate - the holy grail for Lauriston Castle enthusiasts. In 1905, during one of its numerous refurbishments, a stone carving of an astrological horoscope was installed in the outer wall, on the south-west corner. The horoscope was reputedly done by John Napier for his brother. It can be seen in some pictures on the front wall, beneath the leftmost stair tower, near the ground. In 2013 it was suggested that the castle could be renovated and turned into an official residence for the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, but the proposal did not go ahead due to costs and other reasons. Design Lauriston Castle was originally a four-storey, stone L plan tower house, with a circular stair tower, with two-storey angle turrets complete with gun loops. A Jacobean range was added in 1827, to convert it to a country manor. This was designed by the prominent architect William Burn. The majority of the interior is Edwardian. Gardens The extensive gardens at Lauriston are open to the public at no charge and include a number of different styles and forms. The most recent addition is a notable Japanese garden of one hectare. The garden, built by Takashi Sawano, and dedicated as the Edinburgh–Kyoto Friendship Garden, opened in August 2002.At the back of the castle, there are beautiful views of the Firth of Forth and beyond to Fife, which are enjoyed by members of the Edinburgh Croquet Club on the three croquet lawns laid out on the castle grounds between 1950 and 1955. To the north-east, the gardens include some excellent mature examples of monkey puzzle trees (Araucaria araucana). The site is also famed for its bluebell wood but the size of this was much reduced by the formation of the Japanese Garden. Ghost Lauriston Castle, like many other Scottish castles, is reputedly haunted. It is said that the sound of ghostly footsteps can be heard. References External links Description of Lauriston with photo Lauriston Castle official website Edinburgh Croquet Club Friendship Garden "Stravaiging Around Scotland: 'Lauriston Castle'" Engraving of Lauriston Castle by James Fittler in the digitised copy of Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland, 1804 at National Library of Scotland

Henry Smith (regicide)

Henry Smith (1620–1668) was an English Member of Parliament and one of the regicides of King Charles I. He was born in Withcote, Leicestershire in 1620; son of Henry Smith born in 1589 and Frideswide (Fritzjoyce) Wright. He studied at Oxford University and Lincoln's Inn. He married miss Holland. In 1640 he was elected MP for Leicestershire.

Henry Smith (1620–1668) was an English Member of Parliament and one of the regicides of King Charles I. He was born in Withcote, Leicestershire in 1620; son of Henry Smith born in 1589 and Frideswide (Fritzjoyce) Wright. He studied at Oxford University and Lincoln's Inn. He married miss Holland. In 1640 he was elected MP for Leicestershire. In January 1649, as a commissioner of the High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I at the trial of King Charles, he was 19th of the 59 signatories on the death warrant of the King. After the Restoration in 1660 he was brought to trial for regicide and was sentenced to death. He successfully appealed the sentence which was then commuted to life imprisonment. He was held at the Tower of London until 1664, and was then transported to Jersey where he is thought to have died in 1668 in Mont Orgueil castle. References Biography of Henry Smith, regicide British Civil Wars website. External links "Smith, Henry (1620-1668?)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

Kujō Michitaka

Kujō Michitaka (九条 道孝, June 11, 1839 – January 4, 1906), son of regent Kujō Hisatada and adopted son of his brother, Kujō Yukitsune, was a kuge or Japanese court noble of the late Edo period and politician of the early Meiji era who served as a member of the House of Peers. One of his daughters, Sadako married Emperor Taishō. He was the maternal grandfather of Emperor Showa. In the bakumatsu period, Kujō supported the Shogunate policy as one of highest courtier of the imperial court and hence lost the power at the very beginning of Meiji restoration when the annihilation of the Shogunate was announced on 1868-01-03. His right to show at the imperial court was halted.

Kujō Michitaka (九条 道孝, June 11, 1839 – January 4, 1906), son of regent Kujō Hisatada and adopted son of his brother, Kujō Yukitsune, was a kuge or Japanese court noble of the late Edo period and politician of the early Meiji era who served as a member of the House of Peers. One of his daughters, Sadako married Emperor Taishō. He was the maternal grandfather of Emperor Showa. In the bakumatsu period, Kujō supported the Shogunate policy as one of highest courtier of the imperial court and hence lost the power at the very beginning of Meiji restoration when the annihilation of the Shogunate was announced on 1868-01-03. His right to show at the imperial court was halted. Soon later in the same year he was rehabilitated and appointed of the clan master of Fujiwara clan. During the Boshin War, he had nominal leadership of the imperial army's Northern Pacification Command (奥羽鎮撫総督府), and spent the latter part of the war in northern Japan. He was elevated to princedom in 1869 as the family head of Kujō family, when the Meiji government founded Kazoku peerage system. Family Father: Kujō Hisatada Mother: Karahashi Meiko (1796–1881) Foster Father: Kujō Yukitsune (1823–1859) Wife: Sō Kazuko Concubine: Noma Ikuko Children: Kujo Michizane (1870–1933) Noriko (1878–1901) married Prince Yamashina Kikumaro by Ikuko Kujo Sekiyuki Kazuko (1882–1911) married Otani Kozui Empress Teimei married Emperor Taishō by Ikuko Ryuko married Shibutani Ryukyo Kinuko married Otani Koaki Ancestry References ネケト. 九条家（摂家） (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-08-26.

Tom Pettitt

Tom Pettitt ((1859-12-19)19 December 1859 - (1946-10-17)17 October 1946) was the real tennis world champion from 1885 to 1890.

Tom Pettitt ((1859-12-19)19 December 1859 - (1946-10-17)17 October 1946) was the real tennis world champion from 1885 to 1890. Biography Born in Beckenham, Kent, England, Pettitt emigrated to Boston, Massachusetts, United States, as a penniless teenager. He quickly rose from being the dressing-room boy at a private court on Buckingham Street, to being its head professional at age seventeen. He began playing matches in Great Britain and France to improve his game, and finally challenged George Lambert at the Royal Tennis Court, Hampton Court Palace, for the world championship in 1885. He defended his title in Dublin in 1890, then retired the title the same year. He is credited with inventing the railroad, a fast overarm service that runs the length of the penthouse with a reverse twist. Pettitt continued to work in Boston at various clubs, retiring from the Tennis and Racquet Club in 1927 after half a century of service. He also taught lawn tennis at the Newport Casino during the summers from 1876–1929, and afterwards continued as a supervisor there. Pettitt died in Newport, Rhode Island. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1982. See also List of real tennis world champions References External links Tom Pettitt at the International Tennis Hall of Fame 1890 World Championship match

Chaos (cosmogony)

Chaos (Ancient Greek: χάος, romanized: Kháos) is the mythological void state preceding the creation of the universe (the cosmos) in Greek creation myths. In Christian theology, the same term is used to refer to the gap or the abyss created by the separation of heaven and earth.

Chaos (Ancient Greek: χάος, romanized: Kháos) is the mythological void state preceding the creation of the universe (the cosmos) in Greek creation myths. In Christian theology, the same term is used to refer to the gap or the abyss created by the separation of heaven and earth. Etymology Greek kháos (χάος) means 'emptiness, vast void, chasm, abyss', related to the verbs kháskō (χάσκω) and khaínō (χαίνω) 'gape, be wide open', from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂n-, cognate to Old English geanian, 'to gape', whence English yawn.It may also mean space, the expanse of air, the nether abyss or infinite darkness. Pherecydes of Syros (fl. 6th century BC) interprets chaos as water, like something formless that can be differentiated. Chaoskampf The motif of Chaoskampf (German: [ˈkaːɔsˌkampf]; lit. 'struggle against chaos') is ubiquitous in myth and legend, depicting a battle of a culture hero deity with a chaos monster, often in the shape of a serpent or dragon. Parallel concepts appear in the Middle East and North Africa, such as the abstract conflict of ideas in the Egyptian duality of Maat and Isfet or the battle of Horus and Set. Greco-Roman tradition Hesiod and the Pre-Socratics use the Greek term in the context of cosmogony. Hesiod's Chaos has been interpreted as either "the gaping void above the Earth created when Earth and Sky are separated from their primordial unity" or "the gaping space below the Earth on which Earth rests." Passages in Hesiod's Theogony suggest that Chaos was located below Earth but above Tartarus. Primal Chaos was sometimes said to be the true foundation of reality, particularly by philosophers such as Heraclitus. Archaic Period In Hesiod's Theogony, Chaos was the first thing to exist: "at first Chaos came to be" (or was), but next (possibly out of Chaos) came Gaia, Tartarus, and Eros (elsewhere the name Eros is used for a son of Aphrodite). Unambiguously "born" from Chaos were Erebus and Nyx. For Hesiod, Chaos, like Tartarus, though personified enough to have borne children, was also a place, far away, underground and "gloomy," beyond which lived the Titans. And, like the earth, the ocean, and the upper air, it was also capable of being affected by Zeus's thunderbolts.The notion of the temporal infinity was familiar to the Greek mind from remote antiquity in the religious conception of immortality. The main object of the first efforts to explain the world remained the description of its growth, from a beginning. They believed that the world arose out from a primal unity, and that this substance was the permanent base of all its being. Anaximander claims that the origin is apeiron (the unlimited), a divine and perpetual substance less definite than the common elements (water, air, fire, and earth) as they were understood to the early Greek philosophers. Everything is generated from apeiron, and must return there according to necessity. A conception of the nature of the world was that the earth below its surface stretches down indefinitely and has its roots on or above Tartarus, the lower part of the underworld. In a phrase of Xenophanes, "The upper limit of the earth borders on air, near our feet. The lower limit reaches down to the "apeiron" (i.e. the unlimited)." The sources and limits of the earth, the sea, the sky, Tartarus, and all things are located in a great windy-gap, which seems to be infinite, and is a later specification of "chaos". Classical Greece In Aristophanes's comedy Birds, first there was Chaos, Night, Erebus, and Tartarus, from Night came Eros, and from Eros and Chaos came the race of birds. At the beginning there was only Chaos, Night, dark Erebus, and deep Tartarus. Earth, the air and heaven had no existence. Firstly, blackwinged Night laid a germless egg in the bosom of the infinite deeps of Erebus, and from this, after the revolution of long ages, sprang the graceful Eros with his glittering golden wings, swift as the whirlwinds of the tempest. He mated in deep Tartarus with dark Chaos, winged like himself, and thus hatched forth our race, which was the first to see the light. That of the Immortals did not exist until Eros had brought together all the ingredients of the world, and from their marriage Heaven, Ocean, Earth, and the imperishable race of blessed gods sprang into being. Thus our origin is very much older than that of the dwellers in Olympus. We [birds] are the offspring of Eros; there are a thousand proofs to show it. We have wings and we lend assistance to lovers. How many handsome youths, who had sworn to remain insensible, have opened their thighs because of our power and have yielded themselves to their lovers when almost at the end of their youth, being led away by the gift of a quail, a waterfowl, a goose, or a cock. In Plato's Timaeus, the main work of Platonic cosmology, the concept of chaos finds its equivalent in the Greek expression chôra, which is interpreted, for instance, as shapeless space (chôra) in which material traces (ichnê) of the elements are in disordered motion (Timaeus 53a–b). However, the Platonic chôra is not a variation of the atomistic interpretation of the origin of the world, as is made clear by Plato's statement that the most appropriate definition of the chôra is "a receptacle of all becoming – its wetnurse, as it were" (Timaeus 49a), notabene a receptacle for the creative act of the demiurge, the world-maker.Aristotle, in the context of his investigation of the concept of space in physics, "problematizes the interpretation of Hesiod's chaos as 'void' or 'place without anything in it'. Aristotle understands chaos as something that exists independently of bodies and without which no perceptible bodies can exist. 'Chaos' is thus brought within the framework of an explicitly physical investigation. It has now outgrown the mythological understanding to a great extent and, in Aristotle's work, serves above all to challenge the atomists who assert the existence of empty space." Roman tradition For Ovid, (43 BC – 17/18 AD), in his Metamorphoses, Chaos was an unformed mass, where all the elements were jumbled up together in a "shapeless heap". Before the ocean and the earth appeared— before the skies had overspread them all— the face of Nature in a vast expanse was naught but Chaos uniformly waste. It was a rude and undeveloped mass, that nothing made except a ponderous weight; and all discordant elements confused, were there congested in a shapeless heap. According to Hyginus: "From Mist (Caligo) came Chaos. From Chaos and Mist, came Night (Nox), Day (Dies), Darkness (Erebus), and Ether (Aether)." An Orphic tradition apparently had Chaos as the son of Chronus and Ananke. Biblical tradition Chaos has been linked with the term abyss / tohu wa-bohu of Genesis 1:2. The term may refer to a state of non-being prior to creation or to a formless state. In the Book of Genesis, the spirit of God is moving upon the face of the waters, displacing the earlier state of the universe that is likened to a "watery chaos" upon which there is choshek (which translated from the Hebrew is darkness/confusion).The Septuagint makes no use of χάος in the context of creation, instead using the term for גיא, "cleft, gorge, chasm", in Micah 1:6 and Zacharia 14:4. The Vulgate, however, renders the χάσμα μέγα or "great gulf" between heaven and hell in Luke 16:26 as chaos magnum. This model of a primordial state of matter has been opposed by the Church Fathers from the 2nd century, who posited a creation ex nihilo by an omnipotent God.In modern biblical studies, the term chaos is commonly used in the context of the Torah and their cognate narratives in Ancient Near Eastern mythology more generally. Parallels between the Hebrew Genesis and the Babylonian Enuma Elish were established by Hermann Gunkel in 1910. Besides Genesis, other books of the Old Testament, especially a number of Psalms, some passages in Isaiah and Jeremiah and the Book of Job are relevant. Hawaiian tradition In Hawaiian folklore, a triad of deities known as the "Ku-Kaua-Kahi" (a.k.a. "Fundamental Supreme Unity") were said to have existed prior to and during Chaos ever since eternity, or put in Hawaiian terms, "mai ka po mai," meaning "from the time of night, darkness, Chaos." They eventually broke the surrounding Po ("night"), and light entered the universe. Next the group created three heavens for dwelling areas together with the Earth, Sun, Moon, stars, and assistant spirits. Gnosticism According to the Gnostic On the Origin of the World, Chaos was not the first thing to exist. When the nature of the immortal aeons was completed, Sophia desired something like the light which first existed to come into being. Her desire appears as a likeness with incomprehensible greatness that covers the heavenly universe, diminishing its inner darkness while a shadow appears on the outside which causes Chaos to be formed. From Chaos every deity including the Demiurge is born. Alchemy and Hermeticism The Greco-Roman tradition of prima materia, notably including the 5th- and 6th-century Orphic cosmogony, was merged with biblical notions (Tehom) in Christianity and inherited by alchemy and Renaissance magic.The cosmic egg of Orphism was taken as the raw material for the alchemical magnum opus in early Greek alchemy. The first stage of the process of producing the philosopher's stone, i.e., nigredo, was identified with chaos. Because of association with the Genesis creation narrative, where "the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters" (Gen. 1:2), Chaos was further identified with the classical element of Water. Ramon Llull (1232–1315) wrote a Liber Chaos, in which he identifies Chaos as the primal form or matter created by God. Swiss alchemist Paracelsus (1493–1541) uses chaos synonymously with "classical element" (because the primeval chaos is imagined as a formless congestion of all elements). Paracelsus thus identifies Earth as "the chaos of the gnomi", i.e., the element of the gnomes, through which these spirits move unobstructed as fish do through water, or birds through air. An alchemical treatise by Heinrich Khunrath, printed in Frankfurt in 1708, was entitled Chaos. The 1708 introduction states that the treatise was written in 1597 in Magdeburg, in the author's 23rd year of practicing alchemy. The treatise purports to quote Paracelsus on the point that "The light of the soul, by the will of the Triune God, made all earthly things appear from the primal Chaos." Martin Ruland the Younger, in his 1612 Lexicon Alchemiae, states, "A crude mixture of matter or another name for Materia Prima is Chaos, as it is in the Beginning." The term gas in chemistry was coined by Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont in the 17th century directly based on the Paracelsian notion of chaos. The g in gas is due to the Dutch pronunciation of this letter as a spirant, also employed to pronounce Greek χ. Modern usage The term chaos has been adopted in modern comparative mythology and religious studies as referring to the primordial state before creation, strictly combining two separate notions of primordial waters or a primordial darkness from which a new order emerges and a primordial state as a merging of opposites, such as heaven and earth, which must be separated by a creator deity in an act of cosmogony. In both cases, chaos referring to a notion of a primordial state contains the cosmos in potentia but needs to be formed by a demiurge before the world can begin its existence. Use of chaos in the derived sense of "complete disorder or confusion" first appears in Elizabethan Early Modern English, originally implying satirical exaggeration. "Chaos" in the well-defined sense of chaotic complex system is in turn derived from this usage. Popular culture has depicted the Chaos Greek deity in multiple instances. A modern instance is the popular 2020 video game Hades in which Chaos is represented as a genderless non-binary deity which dwells above the foundation of the underworld or "creation" itself. See also Emergent Universe Ginnungagap Greek primordial deities Nu Tiamat Tohu va bohu The Void Footnotes Notes References Aristophanes (1938). "Birds". In O'Neill, Jr, Eugene (ed.). The Complete Greek Drama. Vol. 2. New York: Random House – via Perseus Digital Library. Aristophanes (1907). Hall, F.W.; Geldart, W.M. (eds.). Aristophanes Comoediae (in Greek). Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press – via Perseus Digital Library. Bishop, Robert (2017): Chaos. In: Zalta, Edward N. (ed.): The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/chaos/. Bremmer, Jan N. (2008). Greek Religion and Culture, the Bible and the Ancient Near East. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16473-4. LCCN 2008005742. Caldwell, Richard, Hesiod's Theogony, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). ISBN 978-0-941051-00-2. Clifford, Richard J (April 2007). "Book Review: Creation and Destruction: A Reappraisal of the Chaoskampf Theory in the Old Testament". Catholic Biblical Quarterly. 69 (2). JSTOR 43725990. Day, John (1985). God's conflict with the dragon and the sea: echoes of a Canaanite myth in the Old Testament. Cambridge Oriental Publications. ISBN 978-0-521-25600-1. Gantz, Timothy (1996). Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9. Guthrie, W. K. (April 1952). "The Presocratic World-picture". The Harvard Theological Review. 45 (2): 87–104. doi:10.1017/S0017816000020745. S2CID 162375625. Hesiod (1914). "Theogony". The Homeric Hymns and Homerica (in English and Greek). Translated by Evelyn-White, Hugh G. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press – via Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website. Hyginus. Grant, Mary (ed.). Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus. Translated by Grant, Mary. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies – via Topos Text Project. Jaeger, Werner (1952). The theology of the early Greek philosophers: the Gifford lectures 1936. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 891905501. Kirk, G. S.; Raven, J. E.; Schofield, M. (2003). The Presocratic philosophers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27455-9. Lobenhofer, Stefan (2020): Chaos. In: Kirchhoff, Thomas (ed.): Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature / Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie, doi: 10.11588/oepn.2019.0.68092; https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/oepn/article/view/69709. Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-530805-1. Most, G. W., Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Loeb Classical Library, No. 57, Cambridge, MA, 2006 ISBN 978-0-674-99622-9. Online version at Harvard University Press. Ogden, Daniel (2013). Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and early Christian Worlds: A sourcebook. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992509-4. Publius Ovidius Naso (1892). Magnus, Hugo (ed.). Metamorphoses (in Latin). Gotha, Germany: Friedr. Andr. Perthes – via Perseus Digital Library. Publius Ovidius Naso (1922). Metamorphoses. Translated by More, Brookes. Boston: Cornhill Publishing Co – via Perseus Digital Library. Smith, William (1873). "Chaos". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London – via Perseus Digital Library.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Szulakowska, Urszula (2000). The alchemy of light: geometry and optics in late Renaissance alchemical illustration. Symbola et Emblemata - Studies in Renaissance and Baroque Symbolism. Vol. 10. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11690-0. Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). ISBN 0-690-22608-X.* West, M. L. (1966), Hesiod: Theogony, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814169-6. Wyatt, Nick (2005) [1998]. "Arms and the King: The Earliest Allusions to the Chaoskampf Motif and their Implications for the Interpretation of the Ugaritic and Biblical Traditions". There's such divinity doth hedge a king: selected essays of Nicolas Wyatt on royal ideology in Ugaritic and Old Testament literature. Society for Old Testament Study monographs, Ashgate Publishing. pp. 151–190. ISBN 978-0-7546-5330-1. Further reading Miller, Robert D. "Tracking the Dragon across the Ancient Near East." In: Archiv Orientální 82 (2014): 225-45.

List of airports in Bahrain

This is a list of airports in Bahrain, sorted by location.

This is a list of airports in Bahrain, sorted by location. Airports See also Transport in Bahrain List of the busiest airports in the Middle East List of airports by ICAO code: O#OB - Bahrain Wikipedia: WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Asia#Bahrain References "ICAO Location Indicators by State" (PDF). International Civil Aviation Organization. 17 September 2010. "UN Location Codes: Bahrain". UN/LOCODE 2011-2. UNECE. 28 February 2012. – includes IATA codes Airport records for Bahrain at Landings.com. Retrieved 8 August 2013

Gilani

Gilani, Gillani or Geelani is a toponymic surname (nisba) linked to the Gilan Province in Iran. It is also used by people indicating association with the founder of the Qadiriyya Sufi order Abdul Qadir Gilani. Some members refer to themselves as Kilani, however they maintain the same lineage. The Zoubi's also share the same lineage as the Gilani and the Kilani, owing to their ancestor Ahmad Ali Al Gilani who was later titled Al-Zoubi. Notable people with the surname (or variants) include: Sayyed Abdul-Qadir Gilani (1077–1166), 12th century Muslim Saint, Scholar and Author of books on spirituality Sayyed Abdullah Awn ibn Yala al Hashimi al Gilani (c. 1028–1099), medieval Persian Sufi, preacher and religious scholar Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gilani (1841–1927), first Prime Minister of Iraq in 1920 Rashid Ali al-Gilani (1892–1965), Prime Minister of Iraq in 1933 and 1941 Abdul Qader al-Keilani (1874–1948), early 20th century Syrian statesman and religious authority Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani (born 1952), Prime Minister of Pakistan from March 24, 2008, to April 26, 2012 Ahmed Gailani (born 1932), Afghan politician Bahadur Khan Gilani, officer of the Gujarat Sultanate in India Benjamin Gilani (born 1946), Indian theatre and television actor Daood Gilani, pseudonym of David Headley, Pakistani−American convict for the 2008 Mumbai attacks Faleh Al-Kilani (born 1944), Iraqi scholar, poet, and writer Fatima Gailani (born 1954), Afghan political leader and women's rights activist Fauzia Gailani (born 1971), Afghan politician Haji Gilani (died 2003), participant in the 2001 Afghan war Hamid Raza Gilani, Pakistani politician Ikram Ali Shah Gelani (1947-2017) Architect, Author and Founder Director of School of Architecture & Design (UET Lahore) Imtiaz Gilani (born 1947), Pakistani engineer and academic Jamila Gilani (born 1960), Pakistani politician and leader of the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement Kamel al-Kilani (born 1958), minister in the Iraqi Interim Council Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Indian Muslim philosopher from Gilan, Bihar Mian Ghulam Jilani (1914–2004), critic of the Bhutto government Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani (born 1928), Iranian cleric and religious authority Mubarak Ali Gilani, Hanafi, Qadiri sheikh Nezam al-Din Ahmad Gilani (1585 – c. 1662), philosopher and physician during the Deccan Sultanate in India Syeda Sarwat Gilani (born 1982), Pakistani actress and model Syed Ali Shah Geelani, separatist leader, important member of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference Sayed Ishaq Gailani (born 1954), Afghan Politician Syed Mumtaz Alam Gillani (born 1940), Pakistani lawyer and politician Zahed Gilani (1216–1301), 13th century leader of the Zahediyeh Sufi order Syed Iftikhar Hussain Gillani, Pakistani Former Federal Minister for Law and Justice Toqeer Gilani, Kashmiri leader and president of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front

Gilani, Gillani or Geelani is a toponymic surname (nisba) linked to the Gilan Province in Iran. It is also used by people indicating association with the founder of the Qadiriyya Sufi order Abdul Qadir Gilani. Some members refer to themselves as Kilani, however they maintain the same lineage. The Zoubi's also share the same lineage as the Gilani and the Kilani, owing to their ancestor Ahmad Ali Al Gilani who was later titled Al-Zoubi. Notable people with the surname (or variants) include: Sayyed Abdul-Qadir Gilani (1077–1166), 12th century Muslim Saint, Scholar and Author of books on spirituality Sayyed Abdullah Awn ibn Yala al Hashimi al Gilani (c. 1028–1099), medieval Persian Sufi, preacher and religious scholar Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gilani (1841–1927), first Prime Minister of Iraq in 1920 Rashid Ali al-Gilani (1892–1965), Prime Minister of Iraq in 1933 and 1941 Abdul Qader al-Keilani (1874–1948), early 20th century Syrian statesman and religious authority Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani (born 1952), Prime Minister of Pakistan from March 24, 2008, to April 26, 2012 Ahmed Gailani (born 1932), Afghan politician Bahadur Khan Gilani, officer of the Gujarat Sultanate in India Benjamin Gilani (born 1946), Indian theatre and television actor Daood Gilani, pseudonym of David Headley, Pakistani−American convict for the 2008 Mumbai attacks Faleh Al-Kilani (born 1944), Iraqi scholar, poet, and writer Fatima Gailani (born 1954), Afghan political leader and women's rights activist Fauzia Gailani (born 1971), Afghan politician Haji Gilani (died 2003), participant in the 2001 Afghan war Hamid Raza Gilani, Pakistani politician Ikram Ali Shah Gelani (1947-2017) Architect, Author and Founder Director of School of Architecture & Design (UET Lahore) Imtiaz Gilani (born 1947), Pakistani engineer and academic Jamila Gilani (born 1960), Pakistani politician and leader of the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement Kamel al-Kilani (born 1958), minister in the Iraqi Interim Council Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Indian Muslim philosopher from Gilan, Bihar Mian Ghulam Jilani (1914–2004), critic of the Bhutto government Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani (born 1928), Iranian cleric and religious authority Mubarak Ali Gilani, Hanafi, Qadiri sheikh Nezam al-Din Ahmad Gilani (1585 – c. 1662), philosopher and physician during the Deccan Sultanate in India Syeda Sarwat Gilani (born 1982), Pakistani actress and model Syed Ali Shah Geelani, separatist leader, important member of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference Sayed Ishaq Gailani (born 1954), Afghan Politician Syed Mumtaz Alam Gillani (born 1940), Pakistani lawyer and politician Zahed Gilani (1216–1301), 13th century leader of the Zahediyeh Sufi order Syed Iftikhar Hussain Gillani, Pakistani Former Federal Minister for Law and Justice Toqeer Gilani, Kashmiri leader and president of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front See also Gilaki (disambiguation) Gilak (disambiguation) Jilan (disambiguation) Gilan (disambiguation) List of people from Gilan == References ==

Cathie Black

Cathleen Prunty "Cathie" Black (born April 26, 1944) is a former New York City Schools Chancellor. On April 7, 2011, Black stepped down from her position after 95 days on the job. Her appointment to replace longtime Chancellor Joel Klein was announced on November 9, 2010 by Mayor Michael Bloomberg and became effective on January 3, 2011. Black required a waiver to replace Klein, as she did not possess the education administration experience required by New York State's Education Department. She was replaced by New York City Deputy Mayor Dennis Walcott.

Cathleen Prunty "Cathie" Black (born April 26, 1944) is a former New York City Schools Chancellor. On April 7, 2011, Black stepped down from her position after 95 days on the job. Her appointment to replace longtime Chancellor Joel Klein was announced on November 9, 2010 by Mayor Michael Bloomberg and became effective on January 3, 2011. Black required a waiver to replace Klein, as she did not possess the education administration experience required by New York State's Education Department. She was replaced by New York City Deputy Mayor Dennis Walcott. Black was previously chair of Hearst Magazines, a division of Hearst Corporation, where she was also president for 15 years. Hearst Magazines publishes 20 titles in the U.S., including Harper's Bazaar, Cosmopolitan, Esquire, ELLE and O, The Oprah Magazine, and more than 300 editions around the world. She is also the author of BASIC BLACK and is a former president and publisher of USA Today. Early life and education Black was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 26, 1944, to James Hamilton and Margaret (née Harrington) Black. She holds a degree from Trinity College (class of 1966) in Washington, DC, and 10 honorary degrees from:St. Mary's College, South Bend, Ind.; Capitol College, Laurel, Md.; Ithaca College, Ithaca, N.Y.; Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.; Simmons College, Boston, Mass.; Trinity Washington University, Washington, D.C.; Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.; Marymount College, Tarrytown, N.Y.; Loyola University, New Orleans, La. and Hamilton College in Clinton, NY. Business career Black began her career at Holiday Magazine, went on to work at New York Magazine, City magazine, Ms. Magazine and eventually return to New York Magazine as publisher, the first woman publisher of a weekly consumer magazine.She later worked for USA Today starting in 1983, the year after it was launched. She served as both president and publisher of USA Today, spending eight years at the newspaper. Black was also a board member and executive vice president/marketing of Gannett, its parent company. As President and CEO of the Newspaper Association of America from 1991 to 1996, Black, along with newspaper industry leaders on the NAA Board, conceived of the idea of a national newspaper network to stimulate demand from major national advertisers. Black oversaw Newspaper National Network's founding, raised funding, and hired the first management team.Black became president of Hearst Magazines in 1996. She was president of Hearst Magazines until 2010, when she became chairman. During her tenure at Hearst Magazines, the company expanded to publish 200 editions around the globe, launched O, The Oprah Magazine and Food Network Magazine, formed COMAG MARKETING GROUP (CMG) with Condé Nast and acquired the assets of Gruner+Jahr U.K., Seventeen, Veranda magazine and iCrossing, a digital marketing agency. She has been a member of the board of directors of IBM and The Coca-Cola Company, Hearst Corporation, Advertising Council, United Way of America and Gannett Co. Inc. She is a member of the Council on Foreign RelationsShe is also on the National Leadership Board of Harlem Village Academies and a Trustee of the University of Notre Dame.In Black's nearly 20 years on the Coke board and on "a company committee that focused on policy issues including obesity and selling soda to children," Bloomberg and others opposed the company and other manufacturers' sales efforts in schools. Black resigned her position on the Coke board after the NYC nomination, citing potential conflicts of interest. She was paid over $2 million in cash and stock over her tenure on the board, and still owns over $3 million worth of company stock. The mayor reiterated both the school policy against soda sales and his support for Black when the subject was raised after the nomination. Donald McHenry, "a longtime Coke board member and a professor at Georgetown University who sat on the committee" with Black, confirmed that the issue had faced the board continuously but did not address Black's position or individual role in the internal company debates, decisions and actions. Schools chancellor As chancellor, Black was head of the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States, which serves more than 1.1 million students in more than 1,600 schools. She resigned, after much controversy, on April 7, 2011. Controversy Having neither three years of teaching experience nor a master's degree nor a professional degree in educational management, Black required a waiver from the New York State Education Department under Education Commissioner David M. Steiner. The waiver was granted by Steiner, with Black's shortfall in formal qualifications "offset by the appointment of a chief academic officer to serve by her side [as well as her] 'exceptional record of successfully leading complex organizations and achievement of excellence in her endeavors.'" Black appointed Shael Polakow-Suransky to the academic-officer role, and assumed her post January 1, 2011. Steiner announced his own resignation the very same afternoon, but did not disclose any reason. Before her appointment was approved, Bloomberg's office announced supporters of his choice included former Mayors Rudy Giuliani and Ed Koch, State Senator Malcolm Smith, City Council Majority Leader Joel Rivera. Oprah Winfrey has also publicly supported Black as the chancellor.After taking office, Black upset parents on January 14, 2011, when responding to a question from a parent about overcrowded classrooms in New York City by jokingly suggesting that the solution to future overcrowding may be birth control. Black also said at the same meeting that making decisions about satisfying classroom space concerns is like making "many Sophie's Choices" – a reference to a novel in which a mother is forced to choose which of her children is killed at Auschwitz concentration camp. A spokesman for the Department of Education later said Black cares about overcrowding, and "regrets if she left a different impression by making an off-handed joke in the course of that conversation."As schools chancellor, Black presided over meetings on February 1 and February 3, 2011, to close 22 schools that the city classified as failing. Towards the end of the meeting on February 1, Black spoke to the crowd of parents. At that meeting Black told the crowd "I can't speak if you're shouting," and after the crowd continued to boo Black, she responded by imitating the crowd's jeers in a "mocking" fashion. As a result, at the following meeting on February 3, Black was booed by parents and criticized by members of the New York City Council.Mayor Bloomberg and Black engaged in a campaign to build support for Black's appointment by appealing to celebrities such as Oprah Winfrey. Numerous emails documented this campaign, however mayor Bloomberg resisted release of the emails. In April 2013 Bloomberg lost his legal resistance to the release and the emails were released. Personal Black has been married since 1982 to Thomas E. Harvey, an attorney, and has two children. Bibliography Black, Cathie P. (2007). Basic Black: The Essential Guide for Getting Ahead at Work (and in Life). Crown Business. ISBN 978-0-307-35110-4.BASIC BLACK reached No. 1 on the Wall Street Journal Business Books list (Nov. 6, 2007) and Business Week best-seller list (Jan. 3, 2008), and No. 3 on the New York Times Business Books List (Nov. 11, 2007). The book has been licensed for translated editions in 12 countries including China, Mexico, Brazil, Japan, Russia, Korea, Poland, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Romania and Croatia. The paperback edition debuted Sept. 9, 2008. References External links Bloomberg Taps Wealthy Media Exec to Replace Joel Klein as NYC School Chief - video report by Democracy Now!

Pat Crow

Pat Crow (born April 11, 1966) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.Crow was a qualifier for the main draw of the 1991 US Open and faced Michael Joyce in the opening round. He lost in four sets. == References ==

Pat Crow (born April 11, 1966) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.Crow was a qualifier for the main draw of the 1991 US Open and faced Michael Joyce in the opening round. He lost in four sets. == References ==

Potter v Minahan

Potter v Minahan is a landmark decision of the High Court of Australia which was the first to recognise the principle of legality, the notion that without specific legislative language to do otherwise, courts should uphold fundamental rights. The case is also noted for recognising the right to freedom of movement.

Potter v Minahan is a landmark decision of the High Court of Australia which was the first to recognise the principle of legality, the notion that without specific legislative language to do otherwise, courts should uphold fundamental rights. The case is also noted for recognising the right to freedom of movement. Background Occurring within the context of the White Australia policy, which restricted Chinese and Asian migration to Australia, the case concerned James Frances Kitchen Minahan, who had been born in Australia in 1876 to a Chinese father and an Australian-born Irish mother, but from the age of five had lived in China. In 1908, following his father's death, Minahan returned to Australia, and despite holding an Australian birth certificate, was arrested and gaoled on the grounds of being a prohibited immigrant under the Immigration Restriction Act. In April 1908, before the Victorian Court of Petty Sessions, Minahan was recognised to have remained domiciled in Victoria since birth and therefore could not be considered an immigrant under the Act. The Commonwealth appealed the decision to the High Court. Minahan was represented by Frank Gavan Duffy, later Chief Justice, and William Ah Ket, the first Chinese-Australian barrister. Decision The majority concurred with the lower court and held that Minahan had maintained his domicile in Australia since birth. Section 51 of the Australian constitution (immigration power) was ruled not to give the Commonwealth the capacity to restrict the entry of people who already had established their right of residency. == Notes ==

Ceres Community Project

The Ceres Community Project is a U.S. non-profit organization that mentors teens in nutrient-dense food preparation as well as chef, employment, and business skills, then works with volunteers to deliver the food to people with life-threatening illnesses and their families. Ceres also includes a garden to grow produce for the program. The organization has also partnered with other non-profit organizations such as the Work Horse Organic Agriculture (WHOA), which supplies organic produce and eggs to Ceres.The program has had significant impacts on both the teen chefs and the clients, with increases of fruit and vegetables and decreases in unhealthy food consumption in both groups. Ceres has also served as a model for similar projects in other communities such as in Chicago and Cleveland.

The Ceres Community Project is a U.S. non-profit organization that mentors teens in nutrient-dense food preparation as well as chef, employment, and business skills, then works with volunteers to deliver the food to people with life-threatening illnesses and their families. Ceres also includes a garden to grow produce for the program. The organization has also partnered with other non-profit organizations such as the Work Horse Organic Agriculture (WHOA), which supplies organic produce and eggs to Ceres.The program has had significant impacts on both the teen chefs and the clients, with increases of fruit and vegetables and decreases in unhealthy food consumption in both groups. Ceres has also served as a model for similar projects in other communities such as in Chicago and Cleveland. History Cathryn Couch, a former professional chef, founded Ceres after taking a friend's daughter as an apprentice to cook for a friend who had stage 2 breast cancer. References Bibliography Couch, Cathryn; DeNicola, JoEllen (2011) [2009]. Nourshing Connections Cookbook: The Healing Power of Food & Community (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA, US: Ceres Community Project. ISBN 9780615465487. OCLC 743804722. External links Official website Ceres Community Project on Facebook "Interview with Cathryn Couch on Why Service and Gratitude are Important: the Ceres Community Project" (mp3). breastcancerwellness.org. April 2014. Retrieved 2016-01-31. "Nourishing Connections - The Ceres Community Project Story" on YouTube

William G. Kerckhoff

William George Kerckhoff (1856–1929) was an American businessman.

William George Kerckhoff (1856–1929) was an American businessman. Early life Kerckhoff was born on March 30, 1856, in Terre Haute, Indiana, the son of George W.B. Kerckhoff (1823–1896), an immigrant from Lingen in the Kingdom of Hanover, and Philippine Newhart (1831–1870). Career Kerckhoff moved to Los Angeles County, California, from Indiana in 1878-1879 and worked for the Jackson Lumber Company. In 1887, along with James Cuzner of the Kerckhoff-Cuzner Lumber Company, he built the Pasadena. It was the first ocean-going vessel to use oil for fuel. In the 1890s, he founded the San Gabriel Power Company, a hydroelectric power company in Los Angeles. By the turn of the century, together with A.C. Balch, he owned half the stock of Henry E. Huntington's Pacific Light & Power Company used to provide electricity to Pacific Electric, and he served as its president. In 1902, they purchased the San Joaquin Electric Company. They also founded Southern California Gas Corporation in 1910, and built a 120-mile pipeline from the San Joaquin Valley to Los Angeles.In 1906, with Burton E. Green (1868-1965), Charles A. Canfield (1848-1913), Max Whittier (1867–1928), Frank H. Buck (1887-1942), Henry E. Huntington (1850-1927), William F. Herrin (1854-1927), W.S. Porter and Frank H. Balch, known as the Amalgamated Oil Company, he purchased Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas from the heirs of Henry Hammel and Andrew H. Denker. After drilling for oil and only finding water, they reorganized their business into the Rodeo Land and Water Company to develop a new residential town later known as Beverly Hills, California. As president of the South Coast Land Company, he also helped found the city of Del Mar, California. and the small town of Biola, California. Personal life Kerckhoff married Louisa Eshman of Terre Haute in 1883. They lived in a grand mansion at 734 West Adams Boulevard designed by the architects Sumner Hunt (1865-1938), Abraham Wesley Eager (1864-1930) and Silas Reese Burns (1855-1940). Originally donated to the University of Southern California for use as the Louise E. Kerckhoff Medical Sciences Laboratory, it now stands at the center of USC's Annenberg Research Park. Death and legacy Kerckhoff died in Los Angeles on February 22, 1929.The Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory in Corona del Mar, Newport Beach is named in his honor, as are the "Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research - W.G. Kerckhoff Institute" and the "Kerckhoff-Klinik" (a hospital for cardiology, cardiac surgery, pulmology, thoracic surgery, and rheumatology, affiliated with the University of Giessen School of Medicine and part of the William G. Kerckhoff Foundation), both in Bad Nauheim, Germany. The William G. Kerckhoff Laboratories of the Biological Sciences at Caltech were built in 1928 to house the Institute's new biology division. Kerckhoff Hall, designed by Allison & Allison, is home to various student media, clubs, and organizations on the UCLA campus. It was the result of a US$815,000 ($100,000 for furnishing) donation from his widow Louisa. == References ==

Sant'Agostino, Mondolfo

Sant'Agostino is a Roman Catholic church, located on Via Cavour in Mondolfo, region of Marche, Italy.

Sant'Agostino is a Roman Catholic church, located on Via Cavour in Mondolfo, region of Marche, Italy. History The church and convent was initially built in 13th century, when it was located just inside the town walls, near the Porta Santa Maria, and affiliated with the Augustinian order, likely derived from the Abbey of Piaggiolino.By 1427, Bella, the widow of Allevuccio Mencoli, and her daughter Antonia commissioned Gigliolo da Parma to paint frescoes in a chapel dedicated to St Anthony Abbot, patron of pilgrims. The church was damaged during the various conflicts in the region. In 1466, the comune funded reconstruction the church, using designs submitted by Antonio di Pietro of Vercelli, architect for Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta in Senigallia.The convent flourished at the end of the 15th and start of the 16th centuries. The church was refurbished and enlarged starting in 1586 - 1593, and rededicated to the Madonna del Soccorso. Construction lasted till the end of the 18th-century. In 1726 the facade gained three elegant portals; in 1732, the chapel of San Nicola da Tolentino was built; and in 1760, the apse rebuilt.The Chapel of St Nicola has a 17th-century canvas depicting San Nicola by an anonymous local painter and a Miracle of the Procession in time of the Plague with the Madonna and Child with Saints Nicola and Francis by Alessandro Tiarini. In the Church, a canvas depicting the Madonna della Gatta is a copy by his studio of a Federico Barocci painting. The third and fourth altarpieces (after 1621) depict St Anthony Abbot and Paul the Hermit and a Madonna and Child with St John the Baptist and John the Evangelist by Claudio Ridolfi. The fifth altar has an altarpiece depicting the Martyrdom of Saints Simon and Judas (1649) by Giovanni Francesco Guerrieri. The sixth altar on the right has 15 small canvases by an anonymous local 17th-century painter, depicting the Mysteries of the Rosary and an atavistic Byzantine 16th-century icon of the Madonna del Buon Consiglio. The church also has artworks by Girolamo Cialdieri, Giuliano Presutti, and Sebastiano Ceccarini. One of the courtyards has frescoed lunettes (17th century) depicting the Life of St Augustine. In 2015, the convent is used for cultural activities, including a museum. == References ==

Joint Nature Conservation Committee

The Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) is the public body that advises the UK Government and devolved administrations on UK-wide and international nature conservation. Originally established under the Environmental Protection Act 1990, JNCC was reconstituted by the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006. JNCC is led by the Joint Committee, which brings together members from the nature conservation bodies for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and independent members appointed by the Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs under an independent chair. Support is provided to the committee by a company set up and controlled by the Committee solely for that purpose. The company employs around 130 people.

The Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) is the public body that advises the UK Government and devolved administrations on UK-wide and international nature conservation. Originally established under the Environmental Protection Act 1990, JNCC was reconstituted by the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006. JNCC is led by the Joint Committee, which brings together members from the nature conservation bodies for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and independent members appointed by the Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs under an independent chair. Support is provided to the committee by a company set up and controlled by the Committee solely for that purpose. The company employs around 130 people. They bring together scientific and technical expertise, extensive knowledge of policy at global, European and national levels and skills in working with other organisations. Staff are based in offices in Peterborough and Aberdeen. The Joint Committee leads JNCC and has overall responsibility for its work. The Accountability Framework Document, Management Statement and Financial Memorandum provide the legal, administrative and financial framework within which the Joint Committee operates. The membership of the committee is defined in schedule 4 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006. Current members are as below. The committee meets four times in March, June, September and November. Members discuss strategic nature conservation and organizational issues as well as making high-level advice, strategy, funding and planning decisions. The committee is committed to the principle of open government and has been holding open meetings since 2001. Members of the public are welcome to attend meetings as observers except when confidential issues are being discussed. Agendas and committee papers are made available one week ahead of meetings and draft minutes six weeks later. Inter-sessional papers, provided between committee meetings, are also available. Meetings are run in accordance with a set of standing orders. Chairs and Current Members Peter Bridgewater (2007–2014) Chris Gilligan (2014-2020) See also Geological Conservation Review Seabird Colony Register External links JNCC Official website rECOrd (Local Biological Records Centre for Cheshire)

Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam

Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited (GUVNL) is a state electricity regulation board in the Indian state of Gujarat,India owned by the Government of Gujarat. It was established in May 1999 and is registered under the Companies Act 2013. The company was incorporated under the Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) as wholly-owned subsidiary. The company aims towards restructuring the power sector and improving efficiency of its management and distribution of various services to consumers. As a part of the power reform process, the Electricity Act, 2003, was passed by the Government of India and Gujarat Electricity Industry (Re-organization & Regulation) Act, 2003, was passed by the Government of Gujarat to organize and administer the electricity industry with an aim to improve efficiency in management and delivery of services to consumers.

Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited (GUVNL) is a state electricity regulation board in the Indian state of Gujarat,India owned by the Government of Gujarat. It was established in May 1999 and is registered under the Companies Act 2013. The company was incorporated under the Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) as wholly-owned subsidiary. The company aims towards restructuring the power sector and improving efficiency of its management and distribution of various services to consumers. As a part of the power reform process, the Electricity Act, 2003, was passed by the Government of India and Gujarat Electricity Industry (Re-organization & Regulation) Act, 2003, was passed by the Government of Gujarat to organize and administer the electricity industry with an aim to improve efficiency in management and delivery of services to consumers. The government of Gujarat framed the Gujarat Electricity Industry Re-organization & Comprehensive Transfer Scheme, 2003, (the Transfer Scheme) vide Government Notification on November 2003, for the transfer of assets/liabilities etc.,while Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) to the successor entities. Accordingly, GEB was reorganized effective from 1 April 2005 into seven companies with functional responsibilities of trading, generation, transmission and distribution. The companies incorporated are as under: The Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited was incorporated as a Gujarat Electricity Board. Since 100% Shares in the other six companies are held by GUVNL w.e.f 1 April 2005 they have become subsidiary companies of GUVNL as per the provisions of the Companies Act,1956. The GUVNL is engaged in the business of bulk purchase and sale of electricity, supervision, co-ordination and facilitation of the activities of its six subsidiary companies. The GSECL is engaged in the business of Generation of Electricity. The GETCO is engaged in the business of transmission of electricity. The UGVCL, DGVCL, MGVCL and PGVCL are engaged in the business of Distribution of Electricity in the Northern, Southern, Central and Western areas of Gujarat respectively. Functions of GUVNL The company was incorporated to take over the assets, liabilities and personnel of the GEB in accordance with Schedule G of the Main Transfer Scheme Notification dated 24 October 2003. The company has to carry out the residual functions (including power trading) of the defunct GEB. One of the functions of the company includes coordination of the activities of its subsidiaries, business, and works to determine their economic and financial objectives and targets and to review, control, guide and direct their performance with a view to secure optimum utilization of all resources placed at their disposal. Subsidiary companies Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited (GSEC) Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Limited (GETCO) State Load Dispatch Center (SLDC) Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Limited (DGVCL) Madhya Gujarat Vij Company Limited (MGVCL) Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Limited (PGVCL) Uttar Gujarat Vij Company Limited (UGVCL) == External links ==

Edmund Dunch (Whig)

Edmund Dunch (or Dunche; 14 December 1677 – 31 May 1719) of Little Wittenham, Berkshire and Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, was an English Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1701 and 1719. He was Master of the Royal Household to Queen Anne.

Edmund Dunch (or Dunche; 14 December 1677 – 31 May 1719) of Little Wittenham, Berkshire and Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, was an English Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1701 and 1719. He was Master of the Royal Household to Queen Anne. Early life Dunch was the only son of Hungerford Dunch MP of Little Wittenham and Down Ampney and his wife, Catherine Oxton (married 18 April 1677), daughter of William Oxton of Hertfordshire. He was born in Little Jermyn Street, London, 14 December 1677, and baptised 1 January 1678.The freedom of the borough Wallingford was conferred on him on 17 October 1695, and he was at one time proposed as its high steward, but was defeated by Lord Abingdon, who polled fifteen votes to his six. On 2 May 1702, Dunch married Elizabeth Godfrey, one of the maids of honour to the queen, and one of the two daughters and coheiresses of Colonel Charles Godfrey, by Arabella Churchill, sister to the Duke of Marlborough. Her elder sister Charlotte, married Hugh Boscawen, afterwards Lord Falmouth. Political career Dunch joined heartily in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and seems to have been a Whig throughout life. He was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for the borough of Cricklade at the two elections in January and November 1701 but was defeated in a contest in July 1702. He was re-elected MP for Cricklade in the general elections of 1705, 1708 and 1710. At the 1713 general election he was returned unopposed as MP for Boroughbridge in Yorkshire. He was elected MP for Wallingford, a constituency which several of his ancestors had served in parliament at the 1715 general election and sat until his death four years later.It was rumoured in June 1702 that Dunch would be created a baron of England. Gossip also asserted in April 1704 that his father-in-law Colonel Charles Godfrey would become Cofferer of the Household and that Dunch would succeed Godfrey as Master of the Jewel Office. A third rumour, in 1708, was that Dunch would be made Comptroller of the Household. In fact the reward for his services was the position of Master of the Household to Queen Anne on 6 October 1708. When the comptrollership fell vacant on Sir Thomas Felton's death, in March 1709, Dunch tried for it in vain. He was deprived of the mastership in 1710, but was reappointed on 9 October 1714.Dunch was a member of the Kit-Kat Club, a dining and gathering point for Whigs supporters and as was the custom of the club his portrait was duly painted and engraved. He also had a reputation as a gambler and bon-vivant and is said to have clipped his fortunes by his gambling. Dunch died on 31 May 1719 and was buried in the family vault at Little Wittenham Church on 4 June, near Wallingford, in Oxfordshire (then Berkshire), in the village where the family had had their seat for over 170 years. Family Many of Edmund's forebears had been parliamentarians, particularly representing Wallingford. William Dunch, auditor to the Mint for Henry VIII and Edward IV, represented Wallingford (1563), and was High Sheriff of Berkshire (1569–1570). It was William who bought the manor of Little Wittenham in 1552, which was the family seat. His son, Sir Edmund Dunch (1551–1623), represented Wallingford in 1571 and was High Sheriff of Berkshire (1586–1587). His son Sir William Dunch (1578–1611) represented Wallingford in 1603. He married Mary Cromwell in 1599, the daughter of Sir Henry Cromwell and aunt to Oliver Cromwell. William's brother, Samuel (1592–1666), represented Wallingford in 1620. William's son, Edmund (1603–1678), was Governor of Wallingford Castle, and later became Baron Burnell of East Wittenham, though he lost this title at the Restoration (this being the only title conferred by the Protector and not confirmed by Charles II). He, too, represented Wallingford in 1627 and 1640, and was High Sheriff of Berkshire. Edmund's son Hungerford Dunch (1639–1680) was returned for Wallingford in 1660 but elected to serve for Cricklade. Hungerford's son was this Edmund Dunch (1657–1719). Dunch had no sons, and was the last Dunch to represent Wallingford. With his death, the male line of this branch of the Dunch family became extinct. He had cut off the entail of the property and left it to his four daughters. Catherine died young and unmarried Elizabeth married in 1729 Sir George Oxenden, 5th Baronet (1694–1775) (MP for Sandwich 1720–1754) Harriet married on 3 April 1735 Robert Montagu, 3rd Duke of Manchester. Arabella married on 6 February 1725 Yorkshire politician Edward Thompson. Her fate is told by Lord Hervey, in his Memoirs of the Reign of George II, ii. 346. According to this chronicler she had two children by Sir George Oxenden, and on his account was separated from her husband, and died in childbirth. An elegy to Mrs. Thompson was written by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and is printed in her 'Letters' (1861 ed.), ii. 484–5.Dunch was first cousin twice removed of Oliver Cromwell. His wife, who was one of the beauties commemorated in the Kit-Cat Club verses, was half-sister to the illegitimate children of James II. Notes References Annells, P. (2006). "The Berkshire Dunches". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Byrne, R. H. (1848). The Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland. London: John Olliver. pp. . Hedges, John Kirby (1881). Wallingford History, in the County of Berks: From the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the present time. Vol. 1. London: Wm Clowes. pp. 103, 104, 239, 255.Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Courtney, William Prideaux (1888). "Dunch, Edmund". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 16. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 175. This article cites: Noble, Mark (1806). A biographical history of England, from the revolution to the end of George I's reign: being a continuation of the Rev. J. Granger's work. Vol. 3. W. Richardson. p. 175. Memoirs of Kit-Cat Club (1821), p. 209; Nichols's Collection of Poems, v. 171–2; Lady M. W. Montagu's Letters (1861), i. 481, ii. 298; Mark Noble's Cromwell, ii. 155–6; Wentworth Papers, p. 78; Hedges's Wallingford, ii. 211, 239; Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs (1857) v. 169, 185, 419; Bliss's Rel. Hearniaræ (1857), i. 429–30; Burn's Fleet Marriages, p. 75. External links Wallingford History Gateway

Castell Coch Woodlands and Road Section

Castell Coch Woodlands and Road Section is a Site of Special Scientific Interest to the north of Cardiff, Wales, significant for both its biological and geological interest. The SSSI (located at grid reference ST131827) covers an area of 17 hectares (42 acres) around the Victorian gothic castle of Castell Coch, 5 miles, 8 km north-west of Cardiff. The steep south and west facing slopes have extensive beech woodlands - thought to be the furthest west that such woods occur. The mature beech woodland supports a ground flora that reflects the ancient nature of the woodland, with bird's-nest orchid, butterfly orchid, dog's mercury, ramsons and sanicle locally abundant.Geologically, the steep slopes reveal a sequence of rock bedding from the Devonian Old Red Sandstone into the Carboniferous Limestone. Unlike other exposures in South Wales, where the coal measures intervene, the lowest carboniferous limestone beds directly onto the older Devonian rocks.

Castell Coch Woodlands and Road Section is a Site of Special Scientific Interest to the north of Cardiff, Wales, significant for both its biological and geological interest. The SSSI (located at grid reference ST131827) covers an area of 17 hectares (42 acres) around the Victorian gothic castle of Castell Coch, 5 miles, 8 km north-west of Cardiff. The steep south and west facing slopes have extensive beech woodlands - thought to be the furthest west that such woods occur. The mature beech woodland supports a ground flora that reflects the ancient nature of the woodland, with bird's-nest orchid, butterfly orchid, dog's mercury, ramsons and sanicle locally abundant.Geologically, the steep slopes reveal a sequence of rock bedding from the Devonian Old Red Sandstone into the Carboniferous Limestone. Unlike other exposures in South Wales, where the coal measures intervene, the lowest carboniferous limestone beds directly onto the older Devonian rocks. Much of the SSSI is open for public access, and adjoins the large area of Forestry Commission woodland known as Fforest Fawr. References See also List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Mid & South Glamorgan

Benjamin Minge Duggar

Benjamin Minge Duggar (September 1, 1872 – September 10, 1956) was an American plant physiologist. : 72  Surprisingly, he is best remembered for his contribution to another discipline, through his discovery in 1945 of chlortetracycline (Aureomycin), the first of the tetracycline antibiotics, from a soil bacterium growing in allotment soil.

Benjamin Minge Duggar (September 1, 1872 – September 10, 1956) was an American plant physiologist.: 72  Surprisingly, he is best remembered for his contribution to another discipline, through his discovery in 1945 of chlortetracycline (Aureomycin), the first of the tetracycline antibiotics, from a soil bacterium growing in allotment soil. Biography Benjamin Minge Duggar was born at Gallion, Hale County, Alabama on September 1, 1872. He studied at several Southern schools, including the University of Alabama (1887-1889), Mississippi A & M College (B.S., 1891), and Alabama Polytechnic Institute (M.S., 1892); at Harvard and Cornell (Ph.D., 1898) and in Europe.As a specialist in botany, he held various positions in experiment stations and colleges until 1901, when he was appointed physiologist in the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. He was professor of botany at the University of Missouri from 1902 to 1907 and spent a sabbatical at institutions in Germany, Italy, and France (1905-1906).From 1907 to 1912 Duggar held the chair of plant physiology at Cornell University. In 1912 he became a research professor of plant physiology at Washington University, working with the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis. From 1917 to 1919, he was acting professor of biological chemistry at the Washington University School of Medicine. In 1927 he left Washington University to become professor of botany at the University of Wisconsin.Duggar published many articles and books on a wide range of topics including mycology, mushroom growing, and plant physiology and pathology. He wrote extensively on plant diseases including Ravenelia, Rhizoctonia, cotton root rot disease, crown gall, and particularly tobacco mosaic virus. His comprehensive American textbook on plant pathology Fungous Diseases of Plants (1909') became a standard text on the topic. It was followed by the textbook Plant Physiology (1911)After becoming an Emeritus Professor, he continued to carry out research. One project was war work with Lederle Laboratories, part of American Cyanamid, looking for a treatment for malaria based on a species of Rhododendron which he found at the New York Botanical Gardens. Another project resulted in the discovery of Streptomyces aureus n. sp. a fungus producing a strong antibiotic. As a result of his work on chlortetracycline (Aureomycin), the first of the tetracycline antibiotics, he personally met with both the Pope and the Mikado of Japan.Duggar was vice president of the Botanical Society of America in 1912 and 1914 and president in 1923. He also served as president of the American Society of Plant Physiologists in 1947.Duggar died on September 10, 1956, in New Haven, Connecticut. See also Tetracycline == References ==

Mara Keisling

Mara Keisling (born September 29, 1959) is an American transgender rights activist and founding executive director of the National Center for Transgender Equality. She is a trans woman who began transitioning in her early 40s. In 2003, Keisling founded the National Center for Transgender Equality to advocate for the rights of transgender people in the United States.

Mara Keisling (born September 29, 1959) is an American transgender rights activist and founding executive director of the National Center for Transgender Equality. She is a trans woman who began transitioning in her early 40s. In 2003, Keisling founded the National Center for Transgender Equality to advocate for the rights of transgender people in the United States. Early life and education Keisling was born to William and Elaine Keisling in Scranton, Pennsylvania, as one of seven siblings. She graduated with a Bachelor of Social Science degree from the Pennsylvania State University, and did graduate work in American Government at Harvard University. She has worked for 25 years in social marketing and public opinion research, while also teaching government as an adjunct faculty member at George Mason University and Marymount University. Activist career After coming out as a transgender woman, Keisling moved home to Pennsylvania, where she became a transgender rights activist. She first co-chaired the Pennsylvania Gender Rights Coalition, during which time she recognized the need for a professional activist presence in Washington for transgender people. She moved back to Washington in 2002 and established the National Center for Transgender Equality in 2003.In addition to her work as executive director of the National Center for Transgender Equality, Keisling has also served on the board of directors of LGBTQ youth group Common Roads and on the steering committee of the Statewide Pennsylvania Rights Coalition.In recognition of her activism, Keisling has won awards from PFLAG; the Equality Forum; GayLaw; the Transgender Law Center; the Harvard Bisexual, Gay, Lesbian, Transgender and Supporters Alliance; and Out for Work, among others. In 2017, she was included on Ms. Magazine's list of "45 Feminist Women to Follow on Twitter." National Center for Transgender Equality During her tenure as executive director, the National Center for Transgender Equality has had numerous political victories. In 2007, Keisling and NCTE co-led "United ENDA," a coalition of over 400 LGBTQ rights organizations lobbying for a version of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act that had explicit protections for transgender individuals. Although the bill ultimately failed to pass, it was the first-ever transgender-inclusive legislation to be proposed to the U.S. Congress and yielded the first-ever Congressional hearing on transgender rights issues. Under the Obama administration, NCTE also successfully lobbied for the modification of State Department regulations, allowing transgender people to change the gender marker on their passport without necessarily having undergone genital reconstruction surgery.In 2008, NCTE partnered with the National LGBTQ Task Force to launch the National Transgender Discrimination Survey (NTDS). Then the largest study of transgender individuals in the United States, the NTDS surveyed 6,450 transgender residents about their experiences of discrimination in areas such as employment, housing, health care, and education, among others. The findings of the NTDS have since informed public policy in the United States, such as at the Department of Housing and Urban Development, which based new housing regulations to protect LGBTQ people on the study.In 2015, NCTE followed up the NDTS by launching the U.S. Transgender Survey (USTS), thus far the largest survey of transgender individuals in the United States. Nearly 28,000 transgender residents participated in the survey, which covered a broad range of topics pertaining to family life, health, housing, income, employment, discrimination, harassment and violence, military service, political participation, and others. In addition to the full national report, NCTE has released various breakout reports focusing on specific states.In her capacity as executive director of NCTE, Keisling has been an oft-cited source of political commentary in mainstream American media. She has appeared as a guest on news channels such as CNN, C-SPAN, Fox News, and MSNBC. She is frequently quoted in newspapers, news magazines, and online news sources, including The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Guardian, Time, BuzzFeed, and The Huffington Post. Keisling has also published op-eds in numerous outlets, including The New York Times, Time, NBC, CNN, and The Huffington Post. Arrest in North Carolina In 2016, North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory signed the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act into law, thereby eliminating anti-discrimination protections for LGBTQ people and legislating that, in government buildings, individuals may only use restrooms and changing facilities that correspond to the sex listed on their birth certificates. In an act of protest while visiting the North Carolina State Capitol to ask the governor to repeal the law, Keisling used the women's restroom in the governor's office, posting a photo of the restroom door to social media. As she recounted to BuzzFeed News, other women in the restroom did not respond negatively to her presence and a state police officer in the area took no action to prevent or reprimand her. Keisling was subsequently arrested along with other demonstrators for holding a sit-in at the North Carolina State Legislative Building. References External links National Center for Transgender Equality Twitter page Mara Keisling on Conversations from Penn State A Review of the National Center for Transgender Equality’s Decade of Accomplishment

William Benjamin Ross

William Benjamin K.C. Ross (December 12, 1855 – January 10, 1929) was a Canadian politician, lawyer and businessman. A lawyer by training, Ross practised law in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He also pursued business interests such as helping found the Halifax Electric Tramway Company Limited. Ross was appointed to the Senate of Canada as a Conservative in 1912 by Sir Robert Borden.

William Benjamin K.C. Ross (December 12, 1855 – January 10, 1929) was a Canadian politician, lawyer and businessman. A lawyer by training, Ross practised law in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He also pursued business interests such as helping found the Halifax Electric Tramway Company Limited. Ross was appointed to the Senate of Canada as a Conservative in 1912 by Sir Robert Borden. In January 1926, he was appointed Leader of the Opposition in the Canadian Senate by Tory leader Arthur Meighen, and served briefly as Government Leader in the Canadian Senate when Meighen formed a short-lived government later that year. After the Conservatives lost the 1926 election, Ross resumed his position as Opposition Leader. Ross remained in that position until his death in 1929. External links William Benjamin Ross – Parliament of Canada biography

Androcalva procumbens

Androcalva procumbens is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to central New South Wales. It is a prostrate shrub covered with star-shaped hairs, and with slender, trailing stems, egg-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped or lance-shaped leaves with scalloped or lobed edges, and clusters of 4 to 10 white, pink and yellow flowers.

Androcalva procumbens is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to central New South Wales. It is a prostrate shrub covered with star-shaped hairs, and with slender, trailing stems, egg-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped or lance-shaped leaves with scalloped or lobed edges, and clusters of 4 to 10 white, pink and yellow flowers. Description Androcalva procumbens is a prostrate shrub with sleder, trailing stems up to 30 cm (12 in) long, its new growth densely covered with star-shaped hairs. The leaves are egg-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped or lance-shaped, 20–50 mm (0.79–1.97 in) long and 15–25 mm (0.59–0.98 in) wide on a petiole 3–12 mm (0.12–0.47 in) long with narrowly triangular stipules 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long at the base. The edges of the leaves are scalloped, lobed or regularly toothed, the lower surface densely covered with woolly, white hairs. The flowers are arranged in clusters of 4 to 10 on a peduncle 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long, with a narrowly triangular bract 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) long at the base. The flowers are about 6 mm (0.24 in) in diameter with 5 white petal-like sepals with a pink base and about 2 mm (0.079 in) long, and pink petals about 2 mm (0.079 in) long with a yellow base, the ligule white. There are up to 3 egg-shaped staminodes between each pair of stamens. Flowering occurs from August to December and the fruit is a densely hairy capsule 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long. Taxonomy This species was first formally described in 1898 by Joseph Maiden and Ernst Betche who gave it the name Rulingia procumbens in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. In 2011, Carolyn Wilkins and Barbara Whitlock assigned it to the new genus Androcalva in Australian Systematic Botany. The specific epithet (procumbens) means "procumbent". Distribution and habitat Androcalva procumbens grows in sandy soil mainly in the Dubbo, Mendooran and Gilgandra districts, but also in the Pilliga and Nymagee districts in central New South Wales. Conservation status Androcalva procumbens is listed as "vulnerable" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. == References ==

ǁŨǁʼe language

ǁŨǁʼe, also rendered ǁKu-ǁʼe or ǁKuǁe, is an extinct ǃKwi language or dialect of South Africa, spoken near Theunissen in South Africa, and recorded by Dorothea Bleek in 1928. It was labeled "SIIc" in her classification. It is closely related to Seroa, but analysis of the recorded data has not been enough to determine the boundary between language and dialect. == References ==

ǁŨǁʼe, also rendered ǁKu-ǁʼe or ǁKuǁe, is an extinct ǃKwi language or dialect of South Africa, spoken near Theunissen in South Africa, and recorded by Dorothea Bleek in 1928. It was labeled "SIIc" in her classification. It is closely related to Seroa, but analysis of the recorded data has not been enough to determine the boundary between language and dialect. == References ==

The Harappa Files

The Harappa files is a 2011 graphic novel by Indian graphic artist Sarnath Banerjee. It is the author's third graphic novel after Corridor and The Barn Owl's Wondrous Capers. The book is introduced as a set of "loosely bound graphic commentaries" produced in a period of three years.

The Harappa files is a 2011 graphic novel by Indian graphic artist Sarnath Banerjee. It is the author's third graphic novel after Corridor and The Barn Owl's Wondrous Capers. The book is introduced as a set of "loosely bound graphic commentaries" produced in a period of three years. Plot The Greater Harappa Rehabilitation, Reclamation & Redevelopment Commission (GHRRR) is a secret committee of elite bureaucrats, historians, ethnographers, social scientists, law enforcers, retired diplomats and policymakers. The committee has had the responsibility of conducting a survey of the "current ethnography and urban mythologies of a country on the brink of great hormonal changes." The author Sarnath Banerjee is assigned by the committee to disseminate information about the findings. However, Banerjee is afraid that the Harappa Recommendations will eventually make it mandatory for all the citizens to sign a draconian form "28b". Selected "files" The files are fragmentary narratives dealing with commonplace cultural artifacts from a post-liberalized India."Nano" talks about two friends, Vipin Mathur and Naman Doshi, who have known each other since childhood but are unable to meet because neither dares to cross the road. It dreams up a Delhi saturated with so many cars that pedestrians "can finally cross the road" when the jam ceases to move. It goes on to discuss Jaguar's acquisition by Tata Motors. "The Dept of Surplus Emotion", written in collaboration with Samit Basu, equates bureaucrats to gargoyles and pays attention to the essential tools of the Indian bureaucracy: the Mystic Stone Paperweight, the Hermes Supersonic Pen, the Triangular Bermuda file, the Kumar Bros. Tiffin Carrier. "Jessie" talks about Jagadish Chandra Bose, who in 1904, received patents for making microwave receivers to detect radio waves. But the news of Bose's discovery reached late due to bureaucratic delays and Banerjee stipulates this might have costed India a Nobel Prize. "Nehru's Children" talks about the over-reliance on remote, obscure General Knowledge and ends with a pastiche of the ubiquitous I.I.T. Tuition Classes' posters."Boroline", "Calomine X", 'Lifebuoy, Bullworker, VICCO, discuss the signs and significations of the products and their advertisements."Rakhaldas Banerjee's Plot" is a story of Girish, the psychic plumber, and tangentially, Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay, the man credited with discovering Mohenjo-daro. "Tea" places the text of an apocryphal tale about Bodhidharma's life with the images of a tea auction. "Single Malt, Single Woman" discusses how after a threesome there is disappointment since "it is now one fantasy less." References Further reading Varughese, E. Dawson (2016). "'The cracks of post-liberalized India': Storying the 'New Society' through Banerjee's The Harappa Files (2011)". Journal of Postcolonial Writing. 52 (4): 494–509. doi:10.1080/17449855.2016.1228270. S2CID 216091698. External links The Harappa Files – GraphicShelf

List of hospitals in West Virginia

List of hospitals in West Virginia (U.S. state), sorted by hospital name. Beckley Appalachian Regional Hospital - Beckley, West Virginia (Raleigh County) Braxton County Memorial Hospital - Gassaway, West Virginia (Braxton County) Bluefield Regional Medical Center - Bluefield, West Virginia (Mercer County) Boone Memorial Hospital - Madison, West Virginia (Boone County) Broaddus Hospital - Philippi, West Virginia (Barbour County) Cabell Huntington Hospital - Huntington, West Virginia (Cabell and Wayne Counties) Camden Clark Medical Center - Parkersburg, West Virginia (Wood County) Charleston Area Medical Center – Charleston, West Virginia (Kanawha County) unless otherwise indicated CAMC General Division CAMC Memorial Division CAMC Women and Children's Hospital CAMC Teays Valley Hospital – Teays Valley (postal address Hurricane, West Virginia) (Putnam County) City Hospital - Martinsburg, West Virginia (Berkeley County) Davis Memorial Hospital - Elkins, West Virginia (Randolph County) Fairmont Regional Medical Center - Fairmont, West Virginia (Marion County) Grafton City Hospital - Grafton, West Virginia (Taylor County) Grant Memorial Hospital- Petersburg, West Virginia (Grant County) Greenbrier Valley Medical Center - Ronceverte, West Virginia (Greenbrier County) Hampshire Memorial Hospital - Romney, West Virginia (Hampshire County) HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital - Huntington, West Virginia (Cabell and Wayne Counties) Highland-Clarksburg Hospital - Clarksburg, West Virginia (Harrison County) Highland Hospital - Charleston, West Virginia (Kanawha County) Hoops Family Children's Hospital - Huntington, West Virginia Jackson General Hospital - Ripley, West Virginia (Jackson County) Jefferson Memorial Hospital - Ranson, West Virginia (Jefferson County) Logan Regional Medical Center - Logan, West Virginia (Logan County) Man Appalachian Regional Hospital (closed) Man, West Virginia (Logan County) Marmet Hospital for Crippled Children (closed) Marmet, West Virginia (Kanawha County) Mildred Mitchell-Bateman Hospital - Huntington, West Virginia Minnie Hamilton Health Center - Grantsville, West Virginia (Calhoun County) Mon Health Medical Center - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Montgomery General Hospital - Montgomery, West Virginia (Fayette and Kanawha Counties) Ohio Valley Medical Center (OVMC) - Wheeling, West Virginia (Marshall and Ohio Counties) Plateau Medical Center - Oak Hill, West Virginia (Fayette County) Pleasant Valley Hospital- Point Pleasant, West Virginia (Mason County) Pocahontas Memorial Hospital - Buckeye, West Virginia (Pocahontas County) Potomac Valley Hospital - Keyser, West Virginia Preston Memorial Hospital - Kingwood, West Virginia (Preston County) Princeton Community Hospital Princeton, West Virginia (Mercer County) Raleigh General Hospital - Beckley, West Virginia (Raleigh County) Reynolds Memorial Hospital - Glen Dale, West Virginia (Marshall County) Richwood Area Community Hospital (closed) - Richwood, West Virginia (Nicholas County) River Park Hospital - Huntington, West Virginia (Cabell and Wayne Counties) Roane General Hospital - Spencer, West Virginia (Roane County) St. Francis Hospital - Charleston, West Virginia (Kanawha County) St. Joseph's Hospital (Buckhannon, West Virginia) - Buckhannon, West Virginia (Upshur County) St. Joseph's Hospital (Parkersburg, West Virginia)(closed) - Parkersburg, West Virginia (Wood County) St. Mary's Medical Center - Huntington, West Virginia (Cabell and Wayne Counties) Select Specialty Hospital - Morgantown, Virginia Sistersville General Hospital - Sistersville, West Virginia (Tyler County) Stonewall Jackson Memorial Hospital - Weston, West Virginia (Lewis County) Summers County Appalachian Regional Hospital - Hinton, West Virginia (Summers County) Summersville Memorial Hospital - Summersville, West Virginia (Nicholas County) Stevens Clinic Hospital (closed) Welch, West Virginia (McDowell County) Thomas Memorial Hospital - South Charleston, West Virginia (Kanawha County) United Hospital Center - Clarksburg, West Virginia (Harrison County) Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Beckley, West Virginia (Raleigh County) Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Louis A. Johnson VAMC) - Clarksburg, West Virginia (Harrison County) Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Huntington, West Virginia (Cabell and Wayne Counties) Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Martinsburg, West Virginia (Berkeley County) War Memorial Hospital - Berkeley Springs, West Virginia (Morgan County) Webster County Memorial Hospital - Webster Springs, West Virginia (Webster County) Weirton Medical Center - Weirton, West Virginia (Brooke and Hancock Counties) Welch Community Hospital - Welch, West Virginia (McDowell County) West Virginia University Health System - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) J.W. Ruby Memorial Hospital - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Chestnut Ridge Center - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Jon Michael Moore Trauma Center - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute Innovation Center - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) WVU Medicine Children’s - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Wetzel County Hospital - New Martinsville, West Virginia (Wetzel County) Wheeling Hospital - Wheeling, West Virginia (Marshall and Ohio Counties) Williamson Memorial Hospital - Williamson, West Virginia (Mingo County) Wyoming General Hospital (closed in 1990) - Mullens, West Virginia (Wyoming County) == References ==

List of hospitals in West Virginia (U.S. state), sorted by hospital name. Beckley Appalachian Regional Hospital - Beckley, West Virginia (Raleigh County) Braxton County Memorial Hospital - Gassaway, West Virginia (Braxton County) Bluefield Regional Medical Center - Bluefield, West Virginia (Mercer County) Boone Memorial Hospital - Madison, West Virginia (Boone County) Broaddus Hospital - Philippi, West Virginia (Barbour County) Cabell Huntington Hospital - Huntington, West Virginia (Cabell and Wayne Counties) Camden Clark Medical Center - Parkersburg, West Virginia (Wood County) Charleston Area Medical Center – Charleston, West Virginia (Kanawha County) unless otherwise indicated CAMC General Division CAMC Memorial Division CAMC Women and Children's Hospital CAMC Teays Valley Hospital – Teays Valley (postal address Hurricane, West Virginia) (Putnam County) City Hospital - Martinsburg, West Virginia (Berkeley County) Davis Memorial Hospital - Elkins, West Virginia (Randolph County) Fairmont Regional Medical Center - Fairmont, West Virginia (Marion County) Grafton City Hospital - Grafton, West Virginia (Taylor County) Grant Memorial Hospital- Petersburg, West Virginia (Grant County) Greenbrier Valley Medical Center - Ronceverte, West Virginia (Greenbrier County) Hampshire Memorial Hospital - Romney, West Virginia (Hampshire County) HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital - Huntington, West Virginia (Cabell and Wayne Counties) Highland-Clarksburg Hospital - Clarksburg, West Virginia (Harrison County) Highland Hospital - Charleston, West Virginia (Kanawha County) Hoops Family Children's Hospital - Huntington, West Virginia Jackson General Hospital - Ripley, West Virginia (Jackson County) Jefferson Memorial Hospital - Ranson, West Virginia (Jefferson County) Logan Regional Medical Center - Logan, West Virginia (Logan County) Man Appalachian Regional Hospital (closed) Man, West Virginia (Logan County) Marmet Hospital for Crippled Children (closed) Marmet, West Virginia (Kanawha County) Mildred Mitchell-Bateman Hospital - Huntington, West Virginia Minnie Hamilton Health Center - Grantsville, West Virginia (Calhoun County) Mon Health Medical Center - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Montgomery General Hospital - Montgomery, West Virginia (Fayette and Kanawha Counties) Ohio Valley Medical Center (OVMC) - Wheeling, West Virginia (Marshall and Ohio Counties) Plateau Medical Center - Oak Hill, West Virginia (Fayette County) Pleasant Valley Hospital- Point Pleasant, West Virginia (Mason County) Pocahontas Memorial Hospital - Buckeye, West Virginia (Pocahontas County) Potomac Valley Hospital - Keyser, West Virginia Preston Memorial Hospital - Kingwood, West Virginia (Preston County) Princeton Community Hospital Princeton, West Virginia (Mercer County) Raleigh General Hospital - Beckley, West Virginia (Raleigh County) Reynolds Memorial Hospital - Glen Dale, West Virginia (Marshall County) Richwood Area Community Hospital (closed) - Richwood, West Virginia (Nicholas County) River Park Hospital - Huntington, West Virginia (Cabell and Wayne Counties) Roane General Hospital - Spencer, West Virginia (Roane County) St. Francis Hospital - Charleston, West Virginia (Kanawha County) St. Joseph's Hospital (Buckhannon, West Virginia) - Buckhannon, West Virginia (Upshur County) St. Joseph's Hospital (Parkersburg, West Virginia)(closed) - Parkersburg, West Virginia (Wood County) St. Mary's Medical Center - Huntington, West Virginia (Cabell and Wayne Counties) Select Specialty Hospital - Morgantown, Virginia Sistersville General Hospital - Sistersville, West Virginia (Tyler County) Stonewall Jackson Memorial Hospital - Weston, West Virginia (Lewis County) Summers County Appalachian Regional Hospital - Hinton, West Virginia (Summers County) Summersville Memorial Hospital - Summersville, West Virginia (Nicholas County) Stevens Clinic Hospital (closed) Welch, West Virginia (McDowell County) Thomas Memorial Hospital - South Charleston, West Virginia (Kanawha County) United Hospital Center - Clarksburg, West Virginia (Harrison County) Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Beckley, West Virginia (Raleigh County) Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Louis A. Johnson VAMC) - Clarksburg, West Virginia (Harrison County) Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Huntington, West Virginia (Cabell and Wayne Counties) Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Martinsburg, West Virginia (Berkeley County) War Memorial Hospital - Berkeley Springs, West Virginia (Morgan County) Webster County Memorial Hospital - Webster Springs, West Virginia (Webster County) Weirton Medical Center - Weirton, West Virginia (Brooke and Hancock Counties) Welch Community Hospital - Welch, West Virginia (McDowell County) West Virginia University Health System - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) J.W. Ruby Memorial Hospital - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Chestnut Ridge Center - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Jon Michael Moore Trauma Center - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute Innovation Center - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) WVU Medicine Children’s - Morgantown, West Virginia (Monongalia County) Wetzel County Hospital - New Martinsville, West Virginia (Wetzel County) Wheeling Hospital - Wheeling, West Virginia (Marshall and Ohio Counties) Williamson Memorial Hospital - Williamson, West Virginia (Mingo County) Wyoming General Hospital (closed in 1990) - Mullens, West Virginia (Wyoming County) == References ==

Saint-Florent Cathedral

Saint-Florent Cathedral or Nebbio Cathedral (Cathédrale Santa-Maria-Assunta, also known as Cathédrale du Nebbio) is a former Roman Catholic church located in the town of Saint-Florent in Corsica, France. The cathedral is a national monument and is now the church of Santa Maria Assunta. The cathedral was the seat of the Bishop of Nebbio until 1801, when the diocese was merged into the Diocese of Ajaccio.

Saint-Florent Cathedral or Nebbio Cathedral (Cathédrale Santa-Maria-Assunta, also known as Cathédrale du Nebbio) is a former Roman Catholic church located in the town of Saint-Florent in Corsica, France. The cathedral is a national monument and is now the church of Santa Maria Assunta. The cathedral was the seat of the Bishop of Nebbio until 1801, when the diocese was merged into the Diocese of Ajaccio. History The ancient region of the Nebbio, or Nebbiu, on Corsica formed a Christian bishopric from the 5th century onwards. The former cathedral, now the church of Santa Maria Assunta, located at the edge of the town of Saint-Florent on the road that leads to Poggio d'Oletta, is a heavily-restored Romanesque structure. The date of its construction is put at between about 1125 and 1140. The building has had protected status since 1840 as a national monument.The first clear documentary reference to this cathedral is in a deed dated 1176 transcribed in the cartulary of Calci Charterhouse, although it may well be referred to in two earlier documents of 1138 and 1145. Because of the insecurity of the coasts and the malaria which was endemic in the marshes that surrounded the foot of the hill on which the cathedral stands, it was abandoned by the bishops. At the beginning of the 16th century the humanist Agostino Giustiniani, bishop of Nebbio, had the cathedral repaired. It was also at this time that the belltower was almost certainly added which was destroyed by the 19th-century restorers. Despite these works, the cathedral was abandoned again in 1576. It was described as being roofless during a visitation by Mgr Sauli, the then Bishop of Aleria. In 1611 Mgr Ruscone had a new episcopal palace built next to the cathedral, later destroyed, and later still re-constructed in 1714 by Mgr Aprosio. Both cathedral and palace were occupied in 1748 by Genoese troops. The last bishop of Nebbio was Mgr Santini, from 1776 to 1801, when the bishopric of Nebbio was incorporated into that of Ajaccio, and the cathedral lost its status. Gallery References External links Location Catholic Hierarchy: Diocese of Nebbio

Sue Gordon

Sue Gordon is an Aboriginal retired magistrate from Western Australia who has been locally and nationally honoured for her work with Aboriginal people and in community affairs. She is known for being chair of the Gordon Inquiry (the Inquiry into response by government agencies to complaints of family violence and child abuse in Aboriginal communities) in 2002.

Sue Gordon is an Aboriginal retired magistrate from Western Australia who has been locally and nationally honoured for her work with Aboriginal people and in community affairs. She is known for being chair of the Gordon Inquiry (the Inquiry into response by government agencies to complaints of family violence and child abuse in Aboriginal communities) in 2002. Early life Born at Belele Station, near Meekatharra, Western Australia in 1943, she was separated from her mother and family at the age of four and raised at Sister Kate's home in Queens Park, Western Australia. After leaving school, she joined the army as a full-time soldier and between 1961 and 1964 was a full-time member of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC) based mostly in the eastern states. Administrative career Following her army career she worked in various administrative positions around Australia and, in the early 1970s, started a long association with the Pilbara region, working mostly in Aboriginal Affairs with both urban and traditional people. She was awarded the National Aboriginal Overseas Study Award to study employment programs with a number of Native American communities in the United States in 1977.She was appointed as Commissioner for Aboriginal Planning in 1986, becoming the first Aboriginal person to head a government department in Western Australia, and in 1988 was appointed as a magistrate in the Perth Children's Court, at which time she was the first full-time and first Aboriginal magistrate in the state's history.In 1990, she was appointed as one of the first five commissioners of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC), for one year.In 2002, she was appointed to head an inquiry into family violence and child abuse in Western Australian Aboriginal communities by the Premier of Western Australia, Geoff Gallop. The Inquiry into response by government agencies to complaints of family violence and child abuse in Aboriginal communities, which became known as the Gordon Inquiry, resulted in the closure of the controversial Swan Valley Noongar Camp. The inquiry had been instigated as a result of a November 2001 report by the State Coroner on the death of a teenage girl at the Swan Valley Camp. The coroner found that the girl had encountered "sexual violation, violence, and the ravages of alcohol and substance abuse. In desperation, and despite contact with several government agencies, she died in tragic circumstances at the age of 15". The report by the Inquiry ran to over 640 pages and made 197 findings and recommendations.On 15 April 2004, Senator Amanda Vanstone, Minister for Indigenous Affairs appointed her as head of the new National Indigenous Council, an advisory body to the Federal Government, following the winding down of ATSIC. Following her appointment, she was interviewed and asked for her views on the Stolen Generation, and whether she would seek an apology from Prime Minister, John Howard, to which she replied: "No. I personally didn't want an apology because it should have gone to my mother. But my mother's passed away now, so it's too late. And what's an apology going to achieve now?"Gordon chaired the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Taskforce from June 2007 to June 2008.In 2010 she joined the Jawun board. Also that year, she accepted the position of president of the Federation of Western Australian Police and Community Youth Centres (WA PCYC) and, as of July 2017, still holds the position.As of 2018, she was President of The Graham (Polly) Farmer Foundation, an educational not-for-profit founded in 1995. Honours Gordon has a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the University of Western Australia and, in 2003, received an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters (Hon.DLitt) from the same university. Other awards include the Aboriginal Development Commission Australia Day Council Award in 1986, the Paul Harris Fellow from the Rotary Club of Perth in 1994 and, in 2003, the Centenary Medal for service to the community, particularly the Aboriginal community.She received the Order of Australia award in 1993 in recognition of her work with Aboriginal people and community affairs. See also Select Committee on Reserves (Reserve 43131) Bill 2003 References Citations Other sources Emerson, Daniel (28 April 2007). "Blessed is the Peacemaker". The West Australian. Society liftout, pp 6–7. Dorante, Karen (27 October 2002). "Sue Gordon". Retrieved 28 April 2007. "Children's Court". Department of the Attorney General (Western Australia). Retrieved 2 May 2007. ""Lunch with Sue Gordon", by Ellen Fanning". The Bulletin (10 August 2007), pp 26–29. Retrieved 1 November 2007.

Philoctetes (Sophocles play)

Philoctetes (Ancient Greek: Φιλοκτήτης, Philoktētēs; English pronunciation: , stressed on the third syllable, -tet-) is a play by Sophocles (Aeschylus and Euripides also each wrote a Philoctetes but theirs have not survived). The play was written during the Peloponnesian War. It is one of the seven extant tragedies by Sophocles. It was first performed at the City Dionysia in 409 BC, where it won first prize. The story takes place during the Trojan War (after the majority of the events of the Iliad, but before the Trojan Horse).

Philoctetes (Ancient Greek: Φιλοκτήτης, Philoktētēs; English pronunciation: , stressed on the third syllable, -tet-) is a play by Sophocles (Aeschylus and Euripides also each wrote a Philoctetes but theirs have not survived). The play was written during the Peloponnesian War. It is one of the seven extant tragedies by Sophocles. It was first performed at the City Dionysia in 409 BC, where it won first prize. The story takes place during the Trojan War (after the majority of the events of the Iliad, but before the Trojan Horse). It describes the attempt by Neoptolemus and Odysseus to bring the disabled Philoctetes, the master archer, back to Troy from the island of Lemnos. Background When Heracles was near his death, he wished to be burned on a funeral pyre while still alive. In the play Philoctetes, Sophocles references the myth in which no one but Philoctetes would light Heracles' funeral pyre, and in return for this favor Heracles gave Philoctetes his bow (seen in later texts, such as Ovid's Metamorphoses). Philoctetes left with the Greeks to participate in the Trojan War, but was bitten on the foot by a snake while walking on Chryse, a sacred ground. The bite caused him constant agony, and emitted a horrible smell. For this reason he was left by Odysseus and the Atreidai (sons of Atreus) on the desert island Lemnos. Ten years pass, and the Greeks capture the Trojan seer Helenus, son of Priam. He foretells that they will need the master archer Philoctetes and the bow of Heracles to win the war. Odysseus sails back to Lemnos with Neoptolemus (son of Achilles) to get Philoctetes. The task is not easy, as Philoctetes bitterly hates Odysseus and the Greeks for leaving him there. Synopsis Sophocles' Philoctetes begins with their arrival on the island. Odysseus explains to Neoptolemus that he must perform a shameful action in order to garner future glory—to take Philoctetes by tricking him with a false story while Odysseus hides. Neoptolemus is portrayed as an honorable boy, and so it takes some persuading to get him to play this part. To gain Philoctetes' trust, Neoptolemus tricks Philoctetes into thinking he hates Odysseus as well. Neoptolemus does this by telling Philoctetes that Odysseus has his father's (Achilles) armor. He tells Philoctetes that this armor was his right by birth, and Odysseus would not give it up to him. After gaining Philoctetes' trust and offering him a ride home, Neoptolemus is allowed to look at the bow of Heracles. Neoptolemus holds the bow while Philoctetes is going into an unbearable fit of pain in his foot. Feeling ashamed, Neoptolemus debates giving it back to him. Odysseus appears, and a series of arguments ensue. Eventually Neoptolemus' conscience gains the upper hand, and he returns the bow. After many threats made on both sides, Odysseus flees. Neoptolemus then tries to talk Philoctetes into coming to Troy by his own free will, but Philoctetes does not agree. In the end, Neoptolemus consents to take Philoctetes back to Greece, even though that will expose him to the anger of the army. This appears to be the conclusion of the play—however, as they are leaving, Heracles (now a deity) appears above them and tells Philoctetes that if he goes to Troy, he will be cured and the Greeks will win. Philoctetes willingly obeys him.The play ends here. When Philoctetes later fights in Troy, his foot is healed, and he wins glory, killing many Trojans (including Paris). Themes and ideas The concept of having a moral high ground is a key aspect in this play. The play makes the spectator question what morality means to each person. Furthermore, the play makes one question the struggle between what is right for the individual versus what is right for the group. It is possible that this struggle is irreconcilable. More specifically, one can see this struggle by looking at what has happened to Philoctetes versus what the Greeks need. Another theme is that of trauma. Philoctetes suffers wounds that do not heal. Furthermore, Philoctetes' suffering is now what defines him, yet Neoptolemus pretends not to know Philoctetes at first. In other words, Philoctetes' suffering should at least make him known, but it is as if his story is dead. Contemporary adaptations The Theatre of War Project The story of Philoctetes, dealing with the wounded man and the interwoven relationships with others, has been frequently noted. In 2005 Bryan Doerries, writer and director, began a series of readings of the play in the New York City area, noting the reactions of the audience to the reading, especially related to the reactions of audience members to the interaction of the suffering soldier and the conflicted caregiver. The project revolves around presenting such readings, especially to audiences of medical professionals and students. A number of readings were followed by a panel discussion about doctor-patient relationships, involving presenters in psychiatry, physicians, and military medical personnel.The concept has also been extended to training of medical students, such as a presentation also in 2007 to the first year medical class at Weill Medical College of Cornell University.In 2008, at a conference dedicated to finding new ways to help US Marines recover from post-traumatic stress and other disorders after serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, four New York actors presented a dramatic reading from Philoctetes and Ajax. Fictional adaptations Philoctetes also figures in Les Aventures de Télémaque (1699) by François Fénelon. The Cure at Troy by Seamus Heaney, based on Philoctetes Neutral Ground by Tom Stoppard, loosely based on Philoctetes (as stated in the introduction to Stoppard's collected television plays). The Man in the Maze by Robert Silverberg, a retelling of the play in a science fictional idiom. Heracles' Bow (short story) by Madeline Miller New Amsterdam (2018 TV series) season 2 episode 7 2019 episode Good Soldiers Paradise by Kae Tempest, performed at the Royal National Theatre in London in 2021 Translations Thomas Francklin, 1759 – verse: full text Richard C. Jebb, 1904 – prose: full text Francis Storr, 1912 – verse Kathleen Freeman, 1948 – verse OCLC 10111365 E.F. Watling, 1953 - verse and prose David Grene, 1957 – verse Kenneth McLeish, 1979 – verse Gregory McNamee, 1986 – prose: full text Christopher Webber, 1989 – verse and prose Desmond Egan, 1991 poetic prose Seth L. Schein, 2003 – verse and prose Carl Phillips, 2003 Ian C. Johnston, 2008 - verse: full text George Theodoridis, 2009 – prose: full text Bryan Doerries, 2014 – verse Notes Further reading Austin, N. 2011. Sophocles' Philoctetes and the Great Soul Robbery. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press. Doerries, B. 2015. The Theater of War: What Ancient Tragedies Can Teach us Today. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Falkner, T. M. 1998. "Containing Tragedy: Rhetoric and Self-representation in Sophocles’ Philoctetes". Classical Antiquity 17:25–58. Gardiner, C. P. 1987. The Sophoclean Chorus: A Study of Character and Function. Iowa City: Univ. of Iowa Press. Gill, C. 1980. "Bow, Oracle, and Epiphany in Sophocles' Philoctetes". Greece & Rome 27:137–146. Hall, E. 2012. "Ancient Greek Responses to Suffering: Thinking with Philoctetes". In Perspectives on Human Suffering. Edited by J. Malpas and N. Likiss, 155–169. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, and New York: Springer. Heaney, S. 1990. The Cure at Troy: A Version of Sophocles’s Philoctetes. London: Faber and Faber. Heath, M. 1999. "Sophocles’ Philoctetes: A Problem Play?" In Sophocles Revisited: Essays Presented to Sir Hugh Lloyd-Jones. Edited by J. Griffin, 137–160. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Jameson, M. H. 1956. "Politics and the Philoctetes". Classical Philology 51:217–227. Long, A. A. 1968. Language and Thought in Sophocles: A Study of Abstract Nouns and Poetic Technique. University of London Classical Studies 6. London: Athlone. Schein, S. L. 2006. "The Iliad and Odyssey in Sophocles’ Philoctetes: Generic Complexity and Ethical Ambiguity". In Greek Drama III. Essays in Honour of Kevin Lee. Edited by J. F. Davidson, F. Muecke, and P. Wilson, 129–140. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies supplement 87. London: Institute of Classical Studies. External links Philoctetes at Perseus Digital Library Theatre of War - Readings and Discussion from Philoctetes Philoctetes public domain audiobook at LibriVox

Bute House

Bute House (Gaelic: Taigh Bhòid) is the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland located within Charlotte Square in Edinburgh. Alongside two other personal offices at the Scottish Parliament Building and St. Andrew's House, Bute House also contains a smaller office used by the First Minister when in official residence.Located at 6 Charlotte Square in the New Town, it is the central house on the north side of the square and was designed by Robert Adam. Bute House was conveyed to the National Trust for Scotland by the Marquess of Bute in 1966. Between 1970 and 1999, it served as the official residence of the Secretary of State for Scotland. Since July 1999, it has been the official residence of the First Minister.The four-storey house contains the Cabinet Room, offices and conference, reception, sitting and dining rooms where the First Minister works and where Scottish Government ministers, official visitors and guests are received and entertained.

Bute House (Gaelic: Taigh Bhòid) is the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland located within Charlotte Square in Edinburgh. Alongside two other personal offices at the Scottish Parliament Building and St. Andrew's House, Bute House also contains a smaller office used by the First Minister when in official residence.Located at 6 Charlotte Square in the New Town, it is the central house on the north side of the square and was designed by Robert Adam. Bute House was conveyed to the National Trust for Scotland by the Marquess of Bute in 1966. Between 1970 and 1999, it served as the official residence of the Secretary of State for Scotland. Since July 1999, it has been the official residence of the First Minister.The four-storey house contains the Cabinet Room, offices and conference, reception, sitting and dining rooms where the First Minister works and where Scottish Government ministers, official visitors and guests are received and entertained. The second and third floors contain the private residence of the First Minister. As well as serving as the official residence of the First Minister, Bute House is frequently used by the First Minister to hold press conferences, media briefings, meetings of the cabinet of the Scottish Government and appointing members to the Scottish Cabinet. History of the building Early occupants Charlotte Square was designed by Scottish architect Robert Adam. The Lord Provost and Edinburgh Town Council commissioned Adam to draw up plans for the square in 1791 as the culmination of Edinburgh's first New Town. However, Adam died in 1792, and his completed designs had to be realised by others. The north side of the square was built first and is faithful to his intentions.The plot where Bute House now stands was sold in 1792 by public roup (auction) to Orlando Hart, a shoemaker, prominent member of the Town Council and deacon-convener of the trades in Edinburgh, for £290. The house was occupied by John Innes Crawford, who lived there between 1796 and 1800. He was born in Jamaica on 27 October 1776. In 1781 he inherited the Bellfield estate in St James, Jamaica, from his father, John Crawford. The Bellfield sugar plantation, with its six hundred enslaved workers, generated a net income of £3,000 a year. He later moved to 91 George Street, Edinburgh where he lived between 1801 and 1825. He died on 22 November 1839.In 1806, Sir John Sinclair, 1st Baronet bought the newly completed house for £2,950. Sinclair was a Whig politician and a writer on finance and agriculture. He was also responsible for the compilation of the First Statistical Account of Scotland. Sinclair sold the house in 1816 to Lieutenant Colonel William Gabriel Davy.In May 1818, the house was purchased from Davy by Henry Ritchie of Busbie. Ritchie was a Glasgow merchant, a partner in the Thistle Bank, and the owner of landed estates in Lanarkshire and Ayrshire. He sold his Charlotte Square townhouse to Charles Oman, a hotel keeper and vintner, in May 1825. Oman, a native of Caithness, had owned various hotels and coffee houses in Edinburgh over the decades, including the Waterloo Hotel on the city's Waterloo Place, up until his purchase of 6 Charlotte Square. Oman turned his new townhouse into Oman's Hotel, which was to remain for over 20 years. The fixings for the letters of the hotel's name can still be seen today on the exterior wall above the front entrance door of Bute House.Oman died in August 1826, but the hotel continued to operate under the ownership of his widow, Mrs Grace Oman (née Burns). The exiled Charles X of France stayed at the hotel for a brief time in 1832, during his second period of exile in Edinburgh. Following Mrs Oman's death in 1845, 6 Charlotte Square was sold by her heirs to Alexander Campbell of Cammo, who lived in the house with his family until his death in 1887. Campbell commissioned David Rhind to make various alterations and additions to the house in 1867. The house's next owner was Sir Mitchell Mitchell-Thomson, 1st Baronet, who was to make it his home for the next 30 years. A partner in his family's timber business, and a director of the Bank of Scotland, he also served as the Lord Provost of Edinburgh from 1897 until 1900. In 1889, Mitchell-Thomson employed the architect Thomas Leadbetter to carry out further alterations. Bute family: 1922–66 The 4th Marquess of Bute had a particular enthusiasm for the amenity value of the Scottish townscape. From the early 1900s onwards, he began to buy up the central houses on the north side of Charlotte Square to restore Adam's original design, which 19th-century intrusions had compromised, including dormer windows and alterations to the proportions of the first-floor windows. Lord Bute acquired the house at No. 5 first, in 1903, and thoroughly restored its interior in an Adam Revival style, furnishing the principal rooms with antique furniture so that it could function as the Butes' townhouse in Edinburgh. He subsequently acquired No. 6 in 1922 and No. 7 in 1927. Lord Bute's enthusiasm for Charlotte Square was given permanent expression when the City of Edinburgh invoked the Town Planning (Scotland) Act 1925 to effect the Edinburgh Town Planning (Charlotte Square) Scheme Order, 1930. The Bute family thereafter moved from the house at No. 5 to the neighbouring property at No. 6, taking many of the contents of No. 5 with them. Transfer to the National Trust for Scotland In May 1966, the Treasury accepted Nos. 5, 6 and 7 Charlotte Square in lieu of part payment of death duties on the estate of the 5th Marquess of Bute, who had died in August 1956. The three houses became the property of the National Trust for Scotland, which proposed to lease No. 6 to a new trust which would administer the house as an official residence for the Secretary of State for Scotland, as a building where he could reside when in Edinburgh and where distinguished visitors could be received and entertained. The Bute House Trust was formed in 1966 to bring this idea to fruition. The Trustees raised the £40,000 required for the alteration and redecoration of the house and its furnishings. The interior decoration and colour schemes were the responsibility of Lady Victoria Wemyss and Colin McWilliam. Because funding was tight, the interior refurbishment of Bute House was dependent on a number of loans.Bute House is not owned by the Scottish Government but remains in the ownership of the National Trust for Scotland, a charitable organisation dedicated to the preservation of historic buildings and sites of natural significance across the country. The property is also legally under the supervision of the Bute House Trustees, a group whose existence was provided for in the original trust deed passing ownership from the Bute family. Official residence From 1970 onwards, after the House was refurbished after its previous owners had given it and two adjoining houses to the National Trust for Scotland, Bute House became the grace-and-favour residence in Edinburgh of the Secretary of State for Scotland, the UK government minister charged with looking after Scotland's interests in Westminster, who remained as a resident in it until devolution in 1999. It is now the setting for the weekly meeting of the Scottish Government's Cabinet, which meets in what used to be the Secretary of State's study.Willie Ross was the first Secretary of State for Scotland to occupy Bute House in May 1966. The Secretary of State for Scotland ceased the ability to reside in Bute House in 1999 following the establishment of the office of First Minister of Scotland. In 1999, Donald Dewar became the first First Minister of Scotland and the first occupant of Bute House in the office of First Minister. Dewar died whilst in office in October 2000, and since then, Bute House has been occupied by successive first ministers; Henry McLeish (2000–2001), Jack McConnell (2001–2007), Alex Salmond (2007–2014), Nicola Sturgeon (2014–2023) and Humza Yousaf (2023–present). A portrait of each of the first ministers are currently on display in the main staircase of Bute House. Repairs and restoration In 2017, following extensive survey work on the condition of the building undertaken by the building's conservators, Bute House was closed for urgent repairs, with the First Minister having to decant the building until necessary work was completed. The work to Bute House was coordinated by Historic Environment Scotland, with "temporary measures" put in place for the First Minister to reside and for meetings of the Cabinet whilst the building was being restored. Rooms and features Front door and vestibule Bute House is unusual for an Edinburgh New Town house because it has a central front door. The main entrance door for most New Townhouses would more normally be placed on the same side as the staircase. However, the central door of Bute House was a necessary function of Adam's palace front. The wide, four-panelled entrance door is made of polished black oak. Between the top sets of panels are the brass Roman numerals "VI". Below the numerals, between the bottom sets of panels, there is a brass letter box on the left-hand side of the door and a brass door knocker on the right-hand side. The door is framed by small side windows and adorned with a semicircular fanlight window. A black ironwork fence runs along the front of the house and up each side of the flight of six steps leading up to the entrance door. The fence rises on either side of the front step to support iron gas lamps.As the vestibule does not open directly into the stairwell, Balfour Paul sought to ensure that it would not appear dark and forbidding by deciding to greet the visitor with a welcoming central chimneypiece in white marble facing the front door. The plan of the vestibule is T-shaped, with archways leading through from the right-hand and left-hand sides of the fireplace. The vestibule features a rosette ceiling, highly decorative plasterwork in the Adam Revival style, and a floor of polished flagstones in octagons and black squares. Drawing room The room features original elaborate ceiling plasterwork, with the frieze repeating the same festoons found in the ceiling decoration. In 1923, Lord Bute and Balfour Paul complemented this ceiling by introducing new doorcases in the same Adam style, together with an inlaid chimneypiece with a central tablet depicting Venus and Cupid and vases carried by dolphins. The new single-leafed doors replaced 19th-century double doors, which connected this large drawing room at the front of Bute House, to the back drawing-room that is now the cabinet room. The fine gilded rococo mirror is attributed to the London cabinet-maker John Mackie. The 18th-century mirror was originally made for the drawing room of Duff House in Banffshire. Cabinet room When Bute House was first furnished as an official residence in 1970, this room was intended as the Library or private study of the Secretary of State. With the establishment of the Scottish Government in 1999, it became the cabinet room. The room's original appearance, with its robust colour scheme picking up the brown marble of the chimneypiece, is recorded in Harry More Gordon's conversation piece portraying all the successive Secretaries of State for Scotland. This room retains its original cornice, but the chimneypiece and the shaped treatment of the south wall, which replaces the 19th-century double folding doors that led into the front drawing room, were introduced in the 1920s by Lord Bute and Balfour Paul.Colin McWilliam designed a desk and a bookcase incorporating copies of the portrait medallion of Robert Adam by James Tassie for this room. The modern reproduction Georgian ladder back chairs were intended to complement the existing suite of dining chairs at Bute House. The chandelier was originally in the Butes’ dining room on the ground floor. The dining room The dining room in Bute House today is thought to have been the original dining room used in Bute House since its construction. In 1967, the Bute House Trust commissioned the reproduction furniture in this room: the chairs are from Whytock and Reid.The cornice is thought to be original design from the original construction of the house, however, a shallow recess to allow a sideboard to be included was added at some point by Lord Bute. The gilded curtain boxes features above each of the windows in the drawing room were commissioned by Lord Bute and were modelled on designs produced by Robert Adam for the 3rd Earl of Bute’s house located in Luton.Art work to feature in the drawing room include a painting by Thomas Faed titled Sir Walter Scott and his Friends. The Millennium Silverware Collection, pieces of silverware art from fifteen of Scotland’s top silversmiths which were created to mark the reopening of the Scottish Parliament also feature in the drawing room. The silverware collection is on permanent loan to Bute House from the Scottish Goldsmiths Trust. Security and incidents In 2002, a drunken woman was able to enter Bute House and attend a private function that was taking place within Bute House. During this incident, neither then-First Minister Jack McConnell nor his wife were in residence at Bute House.In 2004, it was reported, incorrectly, that a bomb had been found close to Bute House whilst McConnell was serving as First Minister. After an investigation, it was concluded that the suspect was indeed carrying nothing that could be deemed harmful and was later sectioned under the Mental Health Act.In 2016, a man walked up to the front door of Bute House and began to shout abuse, asking if Nicola Sturgeon was inside the building. Sturgeon was not in residence at Bute House during this incident, but the man was later found guilty of two charges of breach of the peace.As a result of further restrictions to tackle rising COVID-19 cases in Scotland, 70 protesters gathered outside Bute House to protest against further restrictions in Scotland, claiming that it was a "conspiracy theory". Four men were later arrested for breaking the coronavirus lockdown restrictions that were currently in place within the Edinburgh area at the time of the protest. Notes References Bute House Guidebook (PDF). Edinburgh: Scottish Government. 2017. Gifford, John; McWilliam, Colin & Walker, David (1984). Edinburgh: The Buildings of Scotland. (Pevsner Architectural Guides.) New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09672-9. Paton, Hugh (1842). A Series of Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings by the late John Kay. Edinburgh: Hugh Paton. Youngson, A. J. (2001). The Companion Guide to Edinburgh and the Borders. Companion Guides. ISBN 978-1-900-63938-5. External links Office of the First Minister of Scotland The Scottish Government History at Random Blog: The History of Bute House – Home to the First Minister of Scotland

Abraham of Cyrrhus

Saint Abraham (Cyrrhus, Syria, c. 350–Constantinople, 422) (also known as Abraames, Abraham of Charres and Abraham the Apostle of Lebanon was a Syrian hermit and bishop of Harran.

Saint Abraham (Cyrrhus, Syria, c. 350–Constantinople, 422) (also known as Abraames, Abraham of Charres and Abraham the Apostle of Lebanon was a Syrian hermit and bishop of Harran. Life Abraham was born and educated at Carrhae (modern Harran) in Syria, and preached the Gospel in the valley of Mount Lebanon, where he lived as a hermit. His life was described by Theodoret of Cyr (393-466 A.D.), the Bishop of Cyrrhus, who named him among the other thirty religious men and women in his book "Historia Religiosa" (Religious History). He spent the first part of his life in the desert of Chalcis where he lived an ascetic life, he tried his body by fasting and still standing and was so exhausted that could not move. But then he left for Lebanon as a merchant and helped the inhabitants of the village where he stayed to pay the taxes with the help of his friends. The name of the village is not known but it is believed to be Aqura- Afka. "It was probably located in Aqura near the river Adonis." He was asked by the villagers to become their tutor and he accepted providing they would build the Christian church. He stayed in this village for three years as a priest and then returned to his ascetic life as a hermit.He was later elected bishop of Harran in Mesopotamia (Carrhae), where he worked vigorously to reduce the existing abuses. He died in Constantinople in 422 after going there to consult with Theodosius II, although some argue that it may have instead occurred in 390 under Theodosius II's predecessor, Theodosius I. His body was transferred back to Harran, to the city of Antioch where he was buried. His feast day is 14 February. According to Alban Butler, He was a holy solitary, who, going to preach to an idolatrous village on Mount Libanus, overcame the persecutions of the heathens by meekness and patience. When he had narrowly escaped death from their hands, he borrowed money, wherewith to satisfy the demands of the collectors of the public taxes, for their failure in which respect they were to be cast into prison; and by this charity, he gained them all to Christ. After instructing them for three years, he left them in the care of a holy priest and returned to his desert. He was some time after the ordained bishop of Carres, in Mesopotamia, which country he cleared of idolatry, dissensions, and other vices. He joined the recollection and penance of a monk with the labors of his functions, and died at Constantinople, in 422, having been sent for to court by Theodosius the Younger, and there treated with the greatest honor on account of his sanctity. That emperor kept one of his mean garments, and wore it himself on certain days, out of respect. See also Abraham River Afqa Aqoura References == External links ==

Balmoral Castle

Balmoral Castle () is a large estate house in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and a residence of the British royal family. It is near the village of Crathie, 9 miles (14 km) west of Ballater and 50 miles (80 km) west of Aberdeen. The estate and its original castle were bought from the Farquharson family in 1852 by Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria. Soon afterwards the house was found to be too small and the current Balmoral Castle was commissioned. The architect was William Smith of Aberdeen, and his designs were amended by Prince Albert.

Balmoral Castle () is a large estate house in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and a residence of the British royal family. It is near the village of Crathie, 9 miles (14 km) west of Ballater and 50 miles (80 km) west of Aberdeen. The estate and its original castle were bought from the Farquharson family in 1852 by Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria. Soon afterwards the house was found to be too small and the current Balmoral Castle was commissioned. The architect was William Smith of Aberdeen, and his designs were amended by Prince Albert. Balmoral remains the private property of the monarch and is not part of the Crown Estate. It was the summer residence of Queen Elizabeth II, who died there on 8 September 2022.The castle is an example of Scottish baronial architecture, and is classified by Historic Environment Scotland as a category A listed building. The new castle was completed in 1856 and the old castle demolished shortly thereafter. The Balmoral Estate has been added to by successive members of the royal family, and now covers an area of approximately 50,000 acres (20,000 hectares). It is a working estate, including grouse moors, forestry and farmland, as well as managed herds of deer, Highland cattle, sheep and ponies. Etymology Balmoral is pronounced or sometimes locally . It was first recorded as 'Bouchmorale' in 1451, and it was pronounced [baˈvɔrəl] by local Scottish Gaelic speakers. The first element in the name is thought to be the Gaelic both, meaning "a hut", but the second part is uncertain. Adam Watson and Elizabeth Allan wrote in The Place Names of Upper Deeside that the second part meant "big spot (of ground)". Alexander MacBain suggested this was originally the Pictish *mor-ial, "big clearing" (c.f. Welsh mawr-ial). Alternatively, the second part could be a saint's name. History King Robert II of Scotland (1316–1390) had a hunting lodge in the area. Historical records also indicate that a house at Balmoral was built by Sir William Drummond in 1390. The estate was later tenanted by Alexander Gordon, second son of the 1st Earl of Huntly. A tower house was built on the estate by the Gordons.In 1662, the estate passed to Charles Farquharson of Inverey, brother of John Farquharson, the "Black Colonel". The Farquharsons were Jacobite sympathisers and James Farquharson of Balmoral was involved in both the 1715 and 1745 rebellions. He was wounded at the Battle of Falkirk in 1746. The Farquharson estates were forfeit, and passed to the Farquharsons of Auchendryne. In 1798, James Duff, 2nd Earl Fife, acquired Balmoral and leased the castle. Sir Robert Gordon, a younger brother of the 4th Earl of Aberdeen, acquired the lease in 1830. He made major alterations to the original castle at Balmoral, including baronial-style extensions that were designed by John Smith of Aberdeen. Royal acquisition Queen Victoria and Prince Albert first visited Scotland in 1842, five years after she acceded to the throne and two years after their marriage. During this first visit they stayed at Edinburgh, and at Taymouth Castle in Perthshire, the home of the Marquess of Breadalbane. They returned in 1844 to stay at Blair Castle, and in 1847, when they rented Ardverikie House by Loch Laggan. Frequent rain during the last trip led Sir James Clark, the queen's doctor, to recommend Deeside instead, for its healthier climate.Sir Robert Gordon died in 1847 and his lease on Balmoral reverted to Lord Aberdeen. In February 1848 an arrangement was made that Prince Albert would acquire the remaining part of the lease on Balmoral, together with its furniture and staff, without having seen the property first.: 5 The royal couple arrived for their first visit on 8 September 1848. Victoria found the house "small but pretty", and recorded in her diary that: "All seemed to breathe freedom and peace, and to make one forget the world and its sad turmoils". The surrounding hilly landscape reminded them of Thuringia, Albert's homeland in Germany.: 5 The house was soon confirmed to be too small, and in 1848, John and William Smith were commissioned to design new offices, cottages, and other ancillary buildings. Improvements to the woodlands, gardens and estate buildings were also being made, with the assistance of the landscape gardener James Beattie, and possibly the painter James Giles.Major additions to the old house were considered in 1849, but by then negotiations were under way to purchase the estate from the trustees of the deceased Earl Fife. After seeing a corrugated iron cottage at the Great Exhibition of 1851, Prince Albert ordered a prefabricated iron building for Balmoral from E. T. Bellhouse & Co., to serve as a temporary ballroom and dining room. It was in use by 1 October 1851, and would serve as a ballroom until 1856.The sale was completed in June 1852, the price being £32,000 (equivalent to £3,700,000 in 2021) and Prince Albert formally took possession that autumn.: 8  The neighbouring estate of Birkhall was bought at the same time, and the lease on Abergeldie Castle secured as well. To mark the occasion, the Purchase Cairn was erected in the hills overlooking the castle, the first of many cairns on the estate. Construction of the new house Space was needed for the growing family of Victoria and Albert, for additional staff, and for accommodation for visiting friends and official visitors such as cabinet members. Thus extension of the existing structure would not provide enough space, and a larger house needed to be built. In early 1852, this was commissioned from William Smith. The son of John Smith (who designed the 1830 alterations of the original castle), William Smith was the city architect of Aberdeen from 1852. On learning of the commission, William Burn sought an interview with the prince, apparently to complain that Smith previously had plagiarised his work, however, Burn was unsuccessful in depriving Smith of the appointment. William Smith's designs were amended by Prince Albert, who took a close interest in details such as turrets and windows. Construction began in mid-1853, on a site some 100 yards (90 metres) northwest of the original building that was considered to have a better vista. Another consideration was that during construction the family would still be able to use the old house.: 9  Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone on 28 September 1853, during her annual autumn visit. By the autumn of 1855, the royal apartments were ready for occupancy, although the tower was still under construction and the servants had to be lodged in the old house. By coincidence, shortly after their arrival at the estate that autumn, news circulated about the fall of Sevastopol, ending the Crimean War, resulting in wild celebrations by royalty and locals alike. While visiting the estate soon afterwards, Prince Frederick of Prussia asked for the hand of Princess Victoria.: 11  The new house was completed in 1856, and the old castle was later demolished. By autumn 1857, a new bridge across the Dee, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel linking Crathie and Balmoral was finished.: 11 Balmoral Castle is built from granite quarried at Invergelder on the estate. It consists of two main blocks, each arranged around a courtyard. The southwestern block contains the main rooms, while the northeastern contains the service wings. At the southeast is an 80-foot-tall (24-metre) clock tower topped with turrets, one of which has a balustrade similar to a feature at Castle Fraser. Being similar in style to the demolished castle of the 1830s, the architecture of the new house is considered to be somewhat dated for its time when contrasted with the richer forms of Scots baronial being developed by William Burn and others during the 1850s. As an exercise in Scots baronial, it is sometimes described as too ordered, pedantic, and even Germanic as a consequence of Prince Albert's influence on the design.However, the purchase of a Scottish estate by Victoria and Albert and their adoption of a Scottish architectural style were influential for the ongoing revival of Highland culture. They decorated Balmoral with tartans and attended highland games at Braemar. Queen Victoria expressed an affinity for Scotland, even professing herself to be a Jacobite. Added to the work of Sir Walter Scott, this became a major factor in promoting the adoption of Highland culture by Lowland Scots. Historian Michael Lynch comments that "the Scottishness of Balmoral helped to give the monarchy a truly British dimension for the first time". Victoria and Albert at Balmoral Even before the completion of the new house, the pattern of the life of the royal couple in the Highlands was soon established. Victoria took long walks of up to four hours daily and Albert spent many days hunting deer and game. In 1849, diarist Charles Greville described their life at Balmoral as resembling that of gentry rather than royalty. Victoria began a policy of commissioning artists to record Balmoral, its surroundings, and its staff. Over the years, numerous painters were employed at Balmoral, including Edwin and Charles Landseer, and Carl Haag.During the 1850s, new plantations were established near the house and exotic conifers were planted on the grounds. Prince Albert had an active role in these improvements, overseeing the design of parterres, the diversion of the main road north of the river via a new bridge, and plans for farm buildings. These buildings included a model dairy that he developed in 1861, the year of his death. The dairy was completed by Victoria. Subsequently, she also built several monuments to her husband on the estate. These include a pyramid-shaped cairn built a year after Albert's death, on top of Craig Lurachain. A large statue of Albert with a dog and a gun by William Theed, was inaugurated on 15 October 1867, the twenty-eighth anniversary of their engagement.: 20–21 Following Albert's death, Victoria spent increasing periods at Balmoral, staying for as long as four months a year during early summer and autumn. She placed numerous mementos of Albert on display.Few further changes were made to the grounds, with the exception of some alterations to mountain paths, the erection of various cairns and monuments, and the addition of some cottages (Karim Cottage and Baile na Coille) built for senior staff.: 18  It was during this period that Victoria began to depend on her servant, John Brown. He was a local ghillie from Crathie, who became one of her closest companions during her long mourning.: 23 In 1887, Balmoral Castle was the birthplace of Victoria Eugenie, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. She was born to Princess Beatrice, the fifth daughter of Victoria and Albert. Victoria Eugenie became queen of Spain when she married King Alfonso XIII in 1906.In September 1896, Victoria welcomed Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra, a granddaughter of Victoria, to Balmoral. Four years later Victoria made her last visit to the estate, three months before her death on 22 January 1901. After Victoria After Victoria's death, the royal family continued to use Balmoral during annual autumn visits. George V had substantial improvements made during the 1910s and 1920s, including formal gardens to the south of the castle.During the Second World War, royal visits to Balmoral ceased. In addition, due to the conflict with Germany, Danzig Shiel, a lodge built by Victoria in Ballochbuie, was renamed Garbh Allt Shiel and the "King of Prussia's Fountain" was removed from the grounds.: 25 In the 1950s, Prince Philip added herbaceous borders and a water garden. During the 1980s, new staff buildings were built close to the castle. Death of Queen Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II had been at the castle since July 2022 for her annual summer holiday and had been receiving medical care there. In a break with tradition, Balmoral Castle, rather than Buckingham Palace, was the location of the appointment of British Prime Minister Liz Truss on 6 September 2022, due to concerns regarding the Queen's mobility issues. Elizabeth died at Balmoral at 15:10 BST on 8 September 2022 at the age of 96. She was the first monarch to die at Balmoral, and this was the first time a monarch had died in Scotland since James V died in 1542 at Falkland Palace. The Queen's coffin lay in repose in the ballroom of the castle for three days, to allow the Royal Family, estate staff and neighbours to pay their respects. On 11 September, the coffin was transported to the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh for the start of the state funeral proceedings. Architecture Though called a castle, Balmoral's primary function is that of a country house. It is a "typical and rather ordinary" country house from the Victorian period. The tower and "pepper pot turrets" are characteristic features of the residence's Scottish baronial style. The seven-storey tower is an architectural feature borrowed from medieval defensive tower houses. The "pepper pot" turrets were influenced by the style of 16th-century French châteaux. Other features of the Scottish baronial style are the crow-stepped gables, dormer windows, and battlemented porte-cochère. Ownership Balmoral is private property and, unlike the monarch's official residences, is not the property of the Crown. It was originally purchased privately by Prince Albert, for Queen Victoria, meaning that no revenues from the estate go to Parliament or the public purse, as would otherwise be the case for property owned outright by the monarch by the Civil List Act 1760. Along with Sandringham House in Norfolk, ownership of Balmoral was inherited by Edward VIII on his accession in 1936. When he abdicated later the same year, however, he retained ownership of them. A financial settlement was devised, under which Balmoral and Sandringham were purchased by Edward's brother and successor to the Crown, George VI.Elizabeth II inherited the Balmoral estate from her father, and then after her death, ownership passed to her eldest son King Charles III, but the estate is managed by trustees under Deeds of Nomination and Appointment. Estate Extent and operation Balmoral Estate is within the Cairngorms National Park and is partly within the Deeside and Lochnagar National Scenic Area. The 50,000-acre (20,000-hectare) estate contains a wide variety of landscapes, from the Dee river valley to open mountains. There are seven Munros (hills in Scotland over 3,000 ft or 914.4 m) within the estate, the highest being Lochnagar at 3,789 ft (1,155 m). This mountain was the setting for a children's story, The Old Man of Lochnagar, told originally by Prince Charles to his younger brothers, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward. The story was published in 1980, with royalties accruing to The Prince's Trust.: 35–51  The estate also incorporates the 7,500-acre (3,000-hectare) Delnadamph Lodge estate, bought by Elizabeth II in 1978. The estate extends to Loch Muick in the southeast where an old boat house and the Royal Bothy (hunting lodge) now named Glas-allt-Shiel, built by Victoria, are located.The working estate includes grouse moors, forestry, and farmland, as well as managed herds of deer, Highland cattle, and ponies.: 38–47  It also offers access to the public for fishing (paid) and hiking during certain seasons.: 36–37 Approximately 8,000 acres (3,200 hectares) of the estate are covered by trees, with almost 3,000 acres (1,200 hectares) used for forestry that yields nearly 10,000 tonnes of wood per year. Ballochbuie Forest, one of the largest remaining areas of old Caledonian pine growth in Scotland, consists of approximately 3,000 acres (1,200 hectares). It is managed with only minimal or no intervention.: 48, 51  The principal mammal on the estate is the red deer with a population of 2,000 to 2,500 head.: 44 The areas of Lochnagar and Ballochbuie were designated in 1998 by the Secretary of State for Scotland as Special Protection Areas (SPA) under the European Union (EU) Birds Directive. Bird species inhabiting the moorlands include red grouse, black grouse, ptarmigan, and the capercaillie.: 38  Ballochbuie is also protected as a Special Area of Conservation by the EU Habitats Directive, as "one of the largest remaining continuous areas of native Caledonian Forest". In addition, there are four sites of special scientific interest on the estate.The royal family employs approximately 50 full-time and 50–100 part-time staff to maintain the working estate.There are approximately 150 buildings on the estate,: 35  including Birkhall, formerly home to Elizabeth the Queen Mother. Craigowan Lodge is regularly used by the family and friends of the royal family and has also been used while Balmoral Castle was being prepared for a royal visit. Six smaller buildings on the estate are let as holiday cottages. Public access to gardens and castle grounds In 1931, the gardens and castle grounds were opened to the public for the first time. They are now open daily between April and the end of July, after which royal family members arrive at the castle for their annual stay. The ballroom is the only room in the castle that may be viewed by the public. Craigowan Lodge Craigowan Lodge is a seven-bedroom stone house approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from the main castle in Balmoral. More rustic than the castle, the lodge was often used by Prince Charles and Princess Diana when they visited. In May 1981 Charles and Diana posed for a photo at the lodge before their July 1981 wedding.In the obituary of Prince Michael Andreevich of Russia in 2008, it was noted that his family spent most of World War II at Craigowan Lodge.The lodge has been in the news periodically since 2005 because Elizabeth II and Prince Philip often spent the first few days of their summer holiday there. During the summer, the castle is a lucrative source of income from tourists. Sometimes, the Queen arrived at Balmoral before the tourist season was over. In popular culture Parts of the films Mrs Brown (1997) and The Queen (2006) were based on events at Balmoral. In both films, substitute locations were used: Blairquhan Castle in The Queen and Duns Castle in Mrs Brown. In the Netflix series The Crown, Ardverikie House was used as a stand-in. In the sci-fi film The Day After Tomorrow (2004), three helicopters of the Royal Air Force crash in Scotland during an attempt to evacuate the Royal Family from Balmoral Castle.An illustration of the castle features on the reverse of £100 notes issued by the Royal Bank of Scotland. See also Ardverikie House, often used as a stand-in for Balmoral Castle in film Crathie Kirk List of British royal residences Scottish castles Alatskivi Castle, an Estonian castle influenced by the Balmoral Castle style References Citations General and cited references Millar, Delia (1985). Queen Victoria's Life in the Scottish Highlands: Depicted by Her Watercolour Artists. London: Philip Wilson. ISBN 0-85667-194-0. External links Official website

Time in Guinea-Bissau

Time in Guinea-Bissau is given by a single time zone, denoted as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT; UTC±00:00). Guinea-Bissau shares this time zone with several other countries, including fourteen in western Africa. Guinea-Bissau does not observe daylight saving time (DST).

Time in Guinea-Bissau is given by a single time zone, denoted as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT; UTC±00:00). Guinea-Bissau shares this time zone with several other countries, including fourteen in western Africa. Guinea-Bissau does not observe daylight saving time (DST). IANA time zone database In the IANA time zone database, Guinea-Bissau is given one zone in the file zone.tab – Africa/Bissau. "GW" refers to the country's ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code. Data for Guinea-Bissau directly from zone.tab of the IANA time zone database; columns marked with * are the columns from zone.tab itself: See also Time in Africa List of time zones by country References External links Current time in Guinea-Bissau at Time.is Time in Guinea-Bissau at TimeAndDate.com

Champakulam Pachu Pillai

Champakulam Pachu Pillai is a Kathakali exponent from Kerala, India. He was a specialist in the thadi or bearded roles in kathakali. He has been honored with several noted awards including the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 1983, Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award 1969 and Kerala Kalamandalam Award 1991.

Champakulam Pachu Pillai is a Kathakali exponent from Kerala, India. He was a specialist in the thadi or bearded roles in kathakali. He has been honored with several noted awards including the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 1983, Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award 1969 and Kerala Kalamandalam Award 1991. Biography Pachu Pillai was born in Perumanur family in Champakulam village of Alappuzha district in 1907 as eldest son of Madhaviyamma and Kaipilly Sankarapilla. The Perumannur family was one of the main tributaries of the Kaplinjedal Kathakalichitta known as the Southern Chitta in Kathakali performance. Guru Gopinath, a famous dancer and choreographer, is his younger brother. Pillai started learning kathakali from his maternal uncle Champakulam Sanku Pillai at the age of 14. He made his debut at the age of 16, as Rukman in Rukminiswayamvaram kathakali performed at the Nedumudi Mathur Bhagwati Temple. According to the Guru's wishes, Patchu Pillai joined the Mathur Kathakali yogam in which he was also a member. The 1993 Kathakali Festival organized by Sangeet Natak Academy in Delhi was inaugurated by Patchu Pillai.Pachu Pillai's notable roles include rough and heroic characters like Dushasana, Bali, Trigarthan Bakan, Kali and Nakrathundi.He died on 10 May 2004, at the age of 98. Awards and honors Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award 1969 Kerala Kalamandalam Award 1991 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 1983 Kerala state Kathakali Award 2002 Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship 1982 Gold Medal at Kerala Kalamandalam Silver Jubilee Celebrations Patchupillai was honored by rulers of Travancore like Thirunal Maharani and Chithira Thirunal Maharaja. == References ==

Ceroessa

In Greek mythology, Ceroessa (Ancient Greek: Κερόεσσα Keroessa means "the horned") was a heroine of the foundational myth of Byzantium. She was the daughter of Io and Zeus; elder sister of Epaphus; and mother of Byzas, founder of Byzantium, with her uncle, Poseidon.

In Greek mythology, Ceroessa (Ancient Greek: Κερόεσσα Keroessa means "the horned") was a heroine of the foundational myth of Byzantium. She was the daughter of Io and Zeus; elder sister of Epaphus; and mother of Byzas, founder of Byzantium, with her uncle, Poseidon. Story According to the historian Hesychius of Miletus, as Io, changed into a heifer and being chased by a gadfly on behalf of the jealous Hera, was passing through Thrace, she gave birth to a girl, Keroessa, on the banks of the Golden Horn, by the altar of the nymph Semystra. According to legend, Keroessa's birthplace is called Semystra (today Eyüp district), where the rivers Kydaros (today Alibeyköy Stream) and Barbyses (today Kağıthane Stream) flow into the sea at the end of Chrysokeras (Golden Horn or Haliç). Semystra takes its name from the Semystra Altar, where today Eyyub El Ensari's tomb is located, and its water is believed to have healing powers. Keroessa was reared by Semystra and grew up surpassing other local maidens in beauty. She had intercourse with Poseidon and in due course gave birth to a son, whom she named Byzas. He became the founder of Byzantium (today Sarayburnu, where Topkapı Palace was built) and named the Golden Horn (Greek Χρυσόκερας) after his mother. Ceroessa also had another son named Strombos. Strombos fought with his brother and the Byzantines.According to Nonnus, Keroessa's birthplace was the same as that of her brother Epaphus, i. e. Egypt. References External links History of Istanbul and Keroessa by Prof. Dr. Erendiz Ozbayoglu (in English) Turkish Numismatic Society Bulletin No: 33 (in Turkish; Keroessa and History of Istanbul explained, together with the Istanbul Mint) Foundation of Istanbul, Virtual Istanbul Loves of Zeus (in English) History of Istanbul, Istanbul Life (in English) Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism (in English)

Theodore Sourkes

Theodore Lionel Sourkes, (February 21, 1919 – January 17, 2015) was a Canadian biochemist and neuropsychopharmacologist who helped advance the treatment of Parkinson's disease and hypertension.Born in Montreal, Quebec, Sourkes received a Bachelor of Science degree in Nutritional Sciences from McGill University in 1939. Unable to fight in Canadian Army during World War II due to his poor eyesight, he worked in a chemical engineering factory in Toronto during the war. After the war, he received a Master of Science degree from McGill studying under Earle Wilcox Crampton. He received a Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1948 working with James B. Sumner. He worked briefly as assistant professor in pharmacology at Georgetown University before joining the Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research.

Theodore Lionel Sourkes, (February 21, 1919 – January 17, 2015) was a Canadian biochemist and neuropsychopharmacologist who helped advance the treatment of Parkinson's disease and hypertension.Born in Montreal, Quebec, Sourkes received a Bachelor of Science degree in Nutritional Sciences from McGill University in 1939. Unable to fight in Canadian Army during World War II due to his poor eyesight, he worked in a chemical engineering factory in Toronto during the war. After the war, he received a Master of Science degree from McGill studying under Earle Wilcox Crampton. He received a Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1948 working with James B. Sumner. He worked briefly as assistant professor in pharmacology at Georgetown University before joining the Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research. While there, he helped in the development of α-methyldopa, an antihypertensive drug. In 1953, he returned to McGill University in the Department of Psychiatry where he stayed for the rest of his career.He died of pneumonia on January 17, 2015, at the Montreal General Hospital. He was buried at the Montreal Workers' Circle section of the Baron de Hirsch Cemetery, Montreal. "His archives are held at McGill University in the Osler Library of the History of Medicine Family life He married Shena Rosenblatt on January 17, 1943. They had three children: Doreen, who died of Tay–Sachs disease when she was 3, Barbara, and Myra. Honours In 1971, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1992, he was made an Officer of Order of Canada. In 1998, he was awarded the Government of Quebec's Prix Wilder-Penfield. == References ==

Aurore Gagnon

Marie-Aurore-Lucienne Gagnon, simply known as Aurore Gagnon (31 May 1909 – 12 February 1920), was a Canadian girl who was a victim of child abuse. She died of exhaustion and blood poisoning from some 52 wounds inflicted by her stepmother, Marie-Anne Houde, and her father, Télesphore Gagnon. The story of l'enfant martyre (English translation: The Child Martyr) received great attention in the media and Aurore became an icon of Quebec sociological and popular culture.

Marie-Aurore-Lucienne Gagnon, simply known as Aurore Gagnon (31 May 1909 – 12 February 1920), was a Canadian girl who was a victim of child abuse. She died of exhaustion and blood poisoning from some 52 wounds inflicted by her stepmother, Marie-Anne Houde, and her father, Télesphore Gagnon. The story of l'enfant martyre (English translation: The Child Martyr) received great attention in the media and Aurore became an icon of Quebec sociological and popular culture. Life Gagnon was born into and raised in a Roman Catholic family. She was the second of five children of farmer Télesphore Gagnon and his first wife Marie-Anne Caron, whom he had married in September 1906. They lived in Fortierville, Quebec, a small village on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River, 100 kilometers southwest of Quebec City. The Gagnons' first child, Marie-Jeanne, was born in August 1907. Aurore's birth was quickly followed by that of Lucina, then Georges-Étienne in 1910 and Joseph in 1915.In 1916, not long after Joseph's birth, Marie-Anne Caron was hospitalized for tuberculosis. Marie-Anne Houde, the widow of a cousin of Télesphore, soon moved into the Gagnon home, saying that she wanted to "take care of the house and children." She was a 30-something-year-old mother of two sons, Gérard and Henri-Georges. She was born in Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard, a neighbouring municipality of Fortierville, Quebec. On 6 November 1917, two-year-old Joseph was found dead in his bed; a coroner's inquest deemed it a natural death.On 23 January 1918, Marie-Anne Caron died of her illness at the Beauport Asylum. Since Télesphore could not take care of the farm and his children all by himself, he married Houde in a private ceremony the following week. The Gagnon children went to live with their grandparents for a few months in Leclercville, another neighbouring municipality. The children returned to their father's home in the summer of 1919; it was then that Aurore began to be abused. Houde did not abuse her stepdaughter only physically; several eyewitnesses testified that she had once tried to poison Aurore by urging her to drink detergent. In September 1919, 10-year-old Aurore was hospitalized for more than a month at the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec with a severe leg infection that was caused by her stepmother branding her with a metal poker. Upon her release, the beatings resumed. Death Aurore died on 12 February 1920. Her autopsy was conducted in the church sacristy by Dr. Albert Marois, who noticed around 54 wounds all over her body. The wounds were a result of several blows administered over time. The most severe wound was located on the side of Aurore's skull. Her scalp was caked in dried blood and pus, and her left thigh was swollen. The skin on her hands and wrists had been ripped off down to the bone.Aurore Gagnon's funeral took place on 14 February 1920; the Mass was led by Fr. Ferdinand Massé. After the funeral, Télesphore and Houde were arrested and charged with killing Aurore. Houde was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. Although the jury did not recommend mercy, her sentence was commuted to life in prison. Houde was paroled on health grounds on 3 July 1935. She died of breast and brain cancer on 12 May 1936, at age 46. Télesphore was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to life in prison. The jury decided not to convict him of murder since they believed his wife had manipulated him into abusing his daughter. Télesphore was paroled in 1925, on the grounds of good behaviour. He also had a throat tumor, which doctors thought would kill him within a few months. However, Télesphore survived and returned to his hometown and previous life. He wrote several letters to Marie-Anne Houde, who was still in prison. After her death, Télesphore remarried. He died on 30 August 1961, at age 78.Télesphore spent most of the remainder of his life in obscurity. However, his name returned to the public spotlight because of an upcoming film about the case. Télesphore and his family unsuccessfully tried to stop the release of the film on the grounds that it would damage their reputation.Aurore's older sister Marie-Jeanne died in Shawinigan in 1986. In popular culture Aurore Gagnon remains a popular cultural icon in Quebec, with almost mythical status. 1921 play The trials attracted significant attention from the public, and dozens of people had to be turned away at every hearing. The press coverage of the case inspired two actors, Henri Rollin and Léon Petitjean, to write a play titled Aurore, l'enfant martyre (Aurore, the Child Martyr). The play premiered on 21 January 1921 at the Théâtre Alcazar in Montreal; it was a smash hit. After having performed the play at five other Montreal theatres, the cast and crew toured all of Quebec and also performed in Ontario and the seaside provinces. In the span of 25 years, the play was performed over 6,000 times and was seen by about 180,000 people.The following actresses took turns playing Marie-Anne Houde: Amanda d'Estrée, Germaine Germain, Nana de Varennes, Rose Rey-Duzil, Henriette Berthier, and Lucie Mitchell. The role of Aurore was most often played by Thérèse McKinnon. 1950 film In 1950, the success of the play could still be felt; this inspired producers of the Alliance cinématographique canadienne to make a film about Aurore Gagnon's life. Jean-Yves Bigras was hired to direct the film. Filming took place during the summer of 1951 in Sainte-Dorothée, a small municipality on the Île Jésus in northern Montreal. Lucie Mitchell reprised her role as Marie-Anne Houde, whereas Paul Desmarteaux played Télesphore Gagnon. Thérèse McKinnon, who had played Aurore on stage, ended up playing Marie-Anne Caron, Aurore's biological mother, in the film. The role of Aurore was played by Yvonne Laflamme. The film was slated to be released in the fall of 1951, but Télesphore Gagnon tried to obtain an injunction to prevent this. The Court ruled in favour of the producers, citing, among other things, the fact that Télesphore had never objected to the release of the play in 1921. The film, titled La petite Aurore: l'enfant martyre, premiered on 25 April 1952 at the Théâtre Saint-Denis. It was sold out for the first few weeks of its release, which was a first for a Québécois film. The film would later be dubbed into eight languages. 1984 play A remake of the play, titled simply Aurore, was performed in 1984. This remake was directed by René Richard Cyr and starred Adèle Reinhardt as Aurore and Louison Danis as her stepmother. 2005 film In 2004, a new film about Aurore Gagnon was announced; it was produced by Denise Robert and directed by Luc Dionne. In September of that year, about 10,000 child actresses auditioned for the role of Aurore; the role eventually went to Marianne Fortier, who was ten years old at the time. The film was released on 8 July 2005. Acting alongside Fortier were Serge Postigo as Télesphore Gagnon, Hélène Bourgeois-Leclerc as Marie-Anne Houde, Sarah-Jeanne Labrosse as Marie-Jeanne Gagnon, Yves Jacques as Father Antoine Leduc, and Rémy Girard as Justice of the Peace Oréus Mailhot. Like the 1951 film, the 2005 film was a box office hit, making a total of CA$972,582 during the first weekend of showings; at the time, this was a summer record for a Québécois film.The 2005 film is noteworthy for implying that the village priest, Ferdinand Massé (named Antoine Leduc in the film), was complicit in Aurore's death, which is false. In the film, Leduc repeatedly claims that Aurore is a difficult child as well as a compulsive liar; he also dismisses other villagers' concerns for Aurore and even discourages them from intervening. Other developments The case of Aurore Gagnon is well-documented in the historic literature of Quebec. Many still consider her case to be a turning point for children's rights in Quebec and even in all of Canada. Indeed, the case helped to spark public interest in the realities of domestic violence and child abuse. Many Quebecers think of Aurore's death as a reminder that silence in the face of injustice often does more harm than good. On 7 December 2015, the town of Fortierville recognized Aurore as a historical figure (French: personnage historique). See also Cinderella effect Child murder References External links Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online Aurore! The Mystery of the Martyred Child – Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History Genealogy of Aurore Gagnon Aurore Gagnon at Find a Grave

Junkers J 2

The Junkers J 2 was the first all-metal aircraft intended as a dedicated military aircraft design, the first all-metal aircraft meant to be a fighter aircraft, and was the direct descendant of the pioneering J 1 all-metal aircraft technology demonstrator design of 1915.

The Junkers J 2 was the first all-metal aircraft intended as a dedicated military aircraft design, the first all-metal aircraft meant to be a fighter aircraft, and was the direct descendant of the pioneering J 1 all-metal aircraft technology demonstrator design of 1915. Background Only some two weeks after the last known recorded flight, on 18 January 1916, of the J 1 "technology demonstrator" design of 1915, the Junkers firm had impressed Hauptmann Felix Wagenführ, head of IdFlieg' Prüfanstalt und Werft der Fliegertruppe ("Test Establishment and Workshop of the Aviation Troops") department, enough for him to contract the Junkers firm to build six all-metal monoplanes, intended as fighter prototypes. Each was to be powered by the Mercedes D.II inline engine (as the J 1 had been), and armed with one 7.92 mm (.312 in) lMG 08 Spandau synchronized machine gun. The aircraft were allocated IdFlieg serial numbers E.250/16 to E.255/16. The specification was for an aircraft that had: A top speed of 145 kilometres per hour (90 mph). A flight duration of 90 minutes. The ability to climb to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) within 20 minutes.The contract also specified that "the greatest manoeuvrability and nimbleness in flight must be achieved by the aircraft", expressing a possible concern of the German governmental agency concerning the use of the heavy electrical steel sheet that made up the earlier J 1's structure. Junkers began wind tunnel and design work promptly upon receipt of the contract, and, by the end of the spring of 1916, the first example was completed. Design The J 2 differed from the J 1 in having a cowling that almost entirely enclosed the engine, a rounded upper and lower fuselage section instead of the rectangular section of the J 1., and a narrower and deeper ventral radiator enclosure, and had a horizontal stabilizer planform shape that would become familiar on later, all-duralumin Junkers monoplane designs to be built during 1917–18. The "all-moving" rudder still possessed no fixed fin, like the J 1. A faired-in headrest was provided for, as well as the possibly pioneering appearance of a "roll bar" for an open-cockpit aircraft, placed above the headrest for additional pilot protection in case of the aircraft overturning during landing. The landing gear was of the usual vee-type, but taller than that of the J 1's, and having the upper ends of the legs anchored not onto the lower longerons as on the J 1, but to the first wing rib bay beyond the wing root, with a long tailskid that emerged from the lower rear fuselage directly below the stabilizer's leading edge root. The wings had at least three different airfoil changes between root and tip, and had sections of them electrically roll-welded for stronger, more continuous bonding for greater strength. The resulting aircraft was intended to be smaller than the J 1 demonstrator, but with its steel structure, it almost equalled the J 1's completed weight. One feature pioneered in the J 2 that would also be used in later all-metal monoplanes designed and built by Junkers in World War I, was a "unitized" forward fuselage structure, combining the engine mount, wing roots and cockpit framing into a single structure. Operational history The first production example of the J.2, (serial number E.250/16) was delivered to Adlershof on 2 July 1916, and started its IdFlieg-mandated static load testing. Otto Mader, one of the J 2's designers, then promised IdFlieg that the following example, E.251/16, would have even greater structural strength than that of the E.250's airframe. Leutnant Theodor Mallinckrodt, the pilot who had first "hopped" the J 1 some seven months previously, flew E.251/16 for the type's maiden flight on 11 July 1916. Mallinckrodt gave the aircraft a good overall evaluation, judging it as "very manoeuverable", with good turning qualities and safe aerodynamic behaviour. A short time later, IdFlieg test pilots Unteroffiziers Wendeler and Max Schade, began performing full flight evaluation tests on the six examples of the J 2 as they arrived at Adlershof . Schade would eventually take one of the test aircraft on a flight from Berlin to Dessau later in the summer of 1916, achieving a speed of 180 kilometres per hour (110 mph) with the aircraft, which was some 16 kilometres per hour (9.9 mph) faster than the contemporary French Nieuport 11, but, as the J 2 test aircraft still seemed to come up short in climbing performance tests when evaluated against wood structure designs like the then new Albatros D.I, the steel structure of the J 2 made it just too heavy to be able to compete in air combat over the Front. At least one example (E.253/16) of the J 2 was fitted with slightly longer wings and matching longer ailerons, possibly in an effort to decrease the wing loading of the initial J 2 design, and at least one of the aircraft was fitted with the then-new 119-kilowatt (160 hp) Mercedes D.III engine, achieving 200 kilometres per hour (120 mph) at full throttle. Shortcomings of an "iron aircraft" Despite the attempts to improve the J 2's performance and handling, by late in the summer of 1916, Hugo Junkers had come to the realization that the continued use of sheet electrical steel was no longer practical for aircraft construction, writing in his diary that: "As a result of the first (J 1) and second (J 2) aircraft, one would ascertain that the aerodynamic efficiency was very good. We thought we [the Junkers designers] were over the hill. This, unfortunately, was not the case. We had to start again from the very beginning. The reason was that, in spite of the favorable horizontal speed, the aircraft could not meet the military climb specifications...we had to develop an aircraft that not only had low drag for ease of manoeuver in the horizontal plane, but that could climb well-an aircraft with a low weight to power ratio... ...This could not be achieved with iron, and we had to choose a new material...light-weight metal. But not only the choice of iron had resulted in high weight. We had built too heavy because we wanted a safe aircraft and partially because we had not extracted the optimum structural strength from the material". Unteroffizier Schade, after making the record Berlin-Dessau flight, would later lose his life in a crash, from entering a spin on 23 September 1916 in one of the J 2s, and this event, combined with the substandard climbing performance of the J 2 series of test aircraft, caused IdFlieg to withdraw any further governmental support (effectively ending the J 2's contract) for the Junkers firm's advanced monoplane designs until a lighter metal, such as duralumin, was selected for such designs. The first attempt to use duralumin for airframe construction by the Junkers firm was the never-completed J 3 mid-wing, rotary engine-powered, aluminum tubing fuselage single-seat monoplane design, of which only the corrugated sheet duralumin-covered wing structures and "bare" tubular fuselage framing, primarily as an engineering exercise, were finished shortly before the end of 1916. It is also thought that the contrasting promise of the advanced, low drag features of the Junkers monoplane aircraft designs, versus the Junkers firm's usage of experimental non-traditional sheet metal materials, and the firm's habit of almost constant experimentation obstructing any future hope of producing its advanced designs for the Luftstreitkräfte, compelled IdFlieg to create the Junkers-Fokker Aktiengesellschaft, abbreviated as Jfa and pronounced as if spelled "iefa" in German, on 20 October 1917, to allow Anthony Fokker, who even flew one of the J 2 aircraft in tests late in December 1916, to improve the future producibility of the advanced designs of the Junkers firm. Operators German EmpireLuftstreitkrafte Specifications General characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 7.43 m (24 ft 4.5 in) Wingspan: 11.70 m (38 ft 4.67 in) Height: 3.13 m (10 ft 3.25 in) Wing area: 19.00 m2 (204.52 sq ft) Empty weight: 920 kg (2,028 lb) Gross weight: 1,165 kg (2,568 lb) Powerplant: 1 × Mercedes D.III water-cooled engine , 119 kW (160 hp)Performance Maximum speed: 200 km/h (124 mph, 108 kn) Range: 615 km (382 mi, 332 nmi) Service ceiling: 4,500 m (14,760 ft)Armament 1 × 7.92 mm (.312 in) lMG 08/15 machine gun References The Complete Book of Fighters. Godalming, UK: Salamander Books. p. 302. Bibliography Grosz, Peter and Gerard Terry. "The Way to the World's First All-Metal Fighter", AirEnthusiast Twenty-Five, 1984, Pilot Press, pp. 63–64. ISSN 0143-5450. Owers, Colin A. (2018). Junkers Aircraft of WWI: Volume 1: Junkers J.1–J.4: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes. Great War Aviation Centennial Series. Vol. 30. n.p.: Aeronaut Books. ISBN 978-1-935881-65-0. External links Photo of second example of J 2 produced, E.251/16 Junkers J2 (Hugo Junkers Homepage)

Shihezi University

Shihezi University (SHZU; Chinese: 石河子大学) is a public university located in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China. Founded in 1996, it is affiliated with the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and co-sponsored by the Ministry of Education and the Corps. The university is part of Project 211 and the Double First Class University Plan.In August 2000, the Central Government designated Shihezi University as a key institution to develop in northwestern China. The university has been developing with the support of several leading institutions in China, including Peking University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Chongqing University, Jiangnan University, University of International Business and Economics, Nanjing Normal University, and South China Agricultural University.It became a "Double First Class University‘ identified by the Ministry of Education of China in 2017. The Best Chinese Universities Ranking, also known as the "Shanghai Ranking", placed the university the 2nd best university in Xinjiang, China.

Shihezi University (SHZU; Chinese: 石河子大学) is a public university located in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China. Founded in 1996, it is affiliated with the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and co-sponsored by the Ministry of Education and the Corps. The university is part of Project 211 and the Double First Class University Plan.In August 2000, the Central Government designated Shihezi University as a key institution to develop in northwestern China. The university has been developing with the support of several leading institutions in China, including Peking University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Chongqing University, Jiangnan University, University of International Business and Economics, Nanjing Normal University, and South China Agricultural University.It became a "Double First Class University‘ identified by the Ministry of Education of China in 2017. The Best Chinese Universities Ranking, also known as the "Shanghai Ranking", placed the university the 2nd best university in Xinjiang, China. History Shihezi University was officially formed in September 1996 with the merge of Shihezi Medical College (est. 1949), Shihezi Agricultural College (est. 1959), XPCC Vocational College of Economics (est. 1959), and XPCC Vocational College of Education (est. 1960). Academics Shihezi University offers 10 specialties—Agriculture, Medicine, Engineering, Economics and Trade, Management, Literature and Arts, Sciences, Education, Law, and History. It has 23 colleges, offering 10 doctorate degrees, 60 master's degrees, 97 bachelor's degrees, 1 pre-university senior middle school program, five specialties that enroll on-job-teachers for master's degrees, two post-doctoral scientific work stations, four post-doctoral mobile stations. The university has jointly set up graduate education bases with Peking University and Tianjin University, as well as a program for culture-oriented quality education. The university has 11 disciplines: Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC), three key laboratories co-constructed and supported by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the XPCC. It has two key laboratories of XPCC, two key bases for art and scientific research, and 24 graduate schools and research centers. The university has become a key scientific research base of XPCC and XUAR. Rankings and reputation The Best Chinese Universities Ranking, also known as the "Shanghai Ranking", placed the university 138th in China and the 2nd best university in Xinjiang after Xinjiang University.It was ranked 901-1000th globally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU). Faculty and students The university has 2,600 staff. There are 1,894 full-time teachers including two academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, 355 professors, 706 associate professors, 58 experts and scholars receiving outstanding achievement awards at national and provincial level, and 81 distinguished experts and scholars receiving special subsidies from the government. It employs more than 10 foreign experts and teachers every year. Students come from 31 provinces and regions. The student population is currently 41,000, including 22,462 undergraduates, 6482 postgraduates and 415 international students from countries such as the United States, India, Russia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, etc. Campus The campus covers 1,802,000 square meters. It has 1,214,000 square meters of building, and the area of its laboratories is 184,100 square meters. The library has a collection of 3,000,000 Chinese and foreign books and periodicals, and is only one model project in Xinjiang, as university digital libraries in State High-tech Project 863. It has a book collection spot of the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Location The university is located in Shihezi, the Garden City, by the river of Manas on the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. References Shihezi University (Official site for International Students) Further reading McGregor, Richard. The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers. Harper Perennial: New York, 2012. ISBN 978-0-06-170876-3. Originally published in 2010 by Allen Lane, a Penguin Books imprint. External links Shihezi University (in English)

Visual communication

Visual communication is the use of visual elements to convey ideas and information which include (but are not limited to) signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, industrial design, advertising, animation, and electronic resources. Visual communication has been proven to be unique when compared to other verbal or written languages because of its more abstract structure. It stands out for its uniqueness, as the interpretation of signs varies on the viewer's field of experience. The interpretation of imagery is often compared to the set alphabets and words used in oral or written languages. Another point of difference found by scholars is that, though written or verbal languages are taught, sight does not have to be learned and therefore people of sight may lack awareness of visual communication and its influence in their everyday life.

Visual communication is the use of visual elements to convey ideas and information which include (but are not limited to) signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, industrial design, advertising, animation, and electronic resources. Visual communication has been proven to be unique when compared to other verbal or written languages because of its more abstract structure. It stands out for its uniqueness, as the interpretation of signs varies on the viewer's field of experience. The interpretation of imagery is often compared to the set alphabets and words used in oral or written languages. Another point of difference found by scholars is that, though written or verbal languages are taught, sight does not have to be learned and therefore people of sight may lack awareness of visual communication and its influence in their everyday life. Many of the visual elements listed above are forms of visual communication that humans have been using since prehistoric times. Within modern culture, there are several types of characteristics when it comes to visual elements, they consist of objects, models, graphs, diagrams, maps, and photographs. Outside the different types of characteristics and elements, there are seven components of visual communication: color, shape, tones, texture, figure-ground, balance, and hierarchy.Each of these characteristics, elements, and components play an important role in daily lives. Visual communication holds a specific purpose in aspects such as social media, culture, politics, economics, and science. In considering these different aspects, visual elements present various uses and how they convey information. Whether it is advertisements, teaching and learning, or speeches and presentations, they all involve visual aids that communicate a message. In reference to the visual aids, the following are the most common: chalkboard or whiteboard, poster board, handouts, video excerpts, projection equipment, and computer-assisted presentations. Overview The debate about the nature of visual communication dates back thousands of years. Visual communication relies on a collection of activities, communicating ideas, attitudes, and values via visual resources, i.e. text, graphics, or video. The evaluation of a good visual communication design is mainly based on measuring comprehension by the audience, not on personal aesthetic and/or artistic preference as there are no universally agreed-upon principles of aesthetics. Visual communication by e-mail, a textual medium, is commonly expressed with ASCII art, emoticons, and embedded digital images. Visual communication has become one of the most important approaches using which people communicate and share information.The term 'visual presentation' is used to refer to the actual presentation of information through a visible medium such as text or images. Recent research in the field has focused on web design and graphically-oriented usability. Important figures Aldous Huxley is regarded as one of the most prominent explorers of visual communication and sight-related theories. Becoming near-blind in his teen years as the result of an illness influenced his approach, and his work includes important novels on the dehumanizing aspects of scientific progress, most famously Brave New World and The Art of Seeing. He described "seeing" as being the sum of sensing, selecting, and perceiving. One of his most famous quotes is "The more you see, the more you know." Max Wertheimer is said to be the father of Gestalt psychology. Gestalt means form or shape in German, and the study of Gestalt psychology show emphasis in simplicity, as its properties group visuals by similarity in shape or color, continuity, and proximity. Additional laws include closure and figure-ground principles in studied images is also intensively taught. Image analysis Visual communication contains image aspects. The interpretation of images is subjective and to understand the depth of meaning, or multiple meanings, communicated in an image requires image analysis. Images can be analyzed though many perspectives, for example these six major perspectives presented by Paul Martin Lester: Personal, Historical, Technical, Ethical, Cultural, and Critical. Personal perspective: When a viewer has an opinion about an image based on their personal thoughts. Personal response depends on the viewer's thoughts and values, individually. However, this might sometimes conflict with cultural values. Also when a viewer has viewed an image with a personal perspective, it is hard to change the view of the image on the viewer, even though the image can be seen in other ways. Historical perspective: An image's view can be arising from the history of the use of media. Through times sort images have been changed, because the use of different (new) media. For example: The result of using the computer to edit images (e.g. Photoshop) is quite different when comparing images that are made and edited by craft. Technical perspective: When the view of an image is influenced by the use of lights, position and the presentation of the image. The right use of light, position and presentation of the image can improve the view of the image. It makes the image looks better than the reality. Ethical perspective: From this perspective, the maker of the image, the viewer and the image itself must be responsible morally and ethically to the image. This perspective is also categorized in six categories: categorical imperative, utilitarianism, hedonism, golden mean, golden rule, and veil of ignorance. Cultural perspective: Symbolization is an important definition for this perspective. Cultural perspective involves identity of symbols. The uses of words that are related with the image, the use of heroes in the image, etc. are the symbolization of the image. The cultural perspective can also be seen as the semiotic perspective. Critical perspective: The view of images in the critical perspective is when the viewers criticize the images, but the critics have been made in interests of the society, although an individual makes the critics. This way this perspective differs from the personal perspective. Visual aid media: Simple to advanced Chalkboard or whiteboard: Chalkboards and whiteboards are very useful visual aids, particularly when more advanced types of media are available. They are cheap and also allow for much flexibility. The use of chalkboards or whiteboards is convenient, but they are not a perfect visual aid. Often, using this medium as an aid can create confusion or boredom. Particularly if a student who is not familiar with how to properly use visual aids attempts to draw on a board while they are speaking, they detract time and attention from their actual speech. Poster board: A poster is a very simple and easy visual aid. Posters can display charts, graphs, pictures, or illustrations. The biggest drawback of using a poster as a visual aid is that often a poster can appear unprofessional. Since a poster board paper is relatively flimsy, often the paper will bend or fall over. The best way to present a poster is to hang it up or tape it to a wall. Handouts: Handouts can also display charts, graphs, pictures, or illustrations. An important aspect of the use of a handout is that a person can keep a handout with them long after the presentation is over. This can help the person better remember what was discussed. Passing out handouts, however, can be extremely distracting. Once a handout is given out, it might potentially be difficult to bring back your audience's attention. The person who receives the handout might be tempted to read what is on the paper, which will keep them from listening to what the speaker is saying. If using a handout, the speaker distributes the hand out right before you reference it. Distributing handouts is acceptable in a lecture that is an hour or two, but in a short lecture of five to ten minutes, a handout should not be used. Video excerpts: A video can be a great visual aid and attention grabber, however, a video is not a replacement for an actual speech. There are several potential drawbacks to playing a video during a speech or lecture. First, if a video is playing that includes audio, the speaker will not be able to talk. Also, if the video is very exciting and interesting, it can make what the speaker is saying appear boring and uninteresting. The key to showing a video during a presentation is to make sure to transition smoothly into the video and to only show very short clips. Projection equipment: There are several types of projectors. These include slide projectors, overhead projectors, and computer projectors. Slide projectors are the oldest form of projector, and are no longer used. Overhead projectors are still used but are somewhat inconvenient to use. In order to use an overhead projector, a transparency must be made of whatever is being projected onto the screen. This takes time and costs money. Computer projectors are the most technologically advanced projectors. When using a computer projector, pictures and slides are easily taken right from a computer either online or from a saved file and are blown up and shown on a large screen. Though computer projectors are technologically advanced, they are not always completely reliable because technological breakdowns are not uncommon of the computers of today. Computer-assisted presentations: Presentations through presentation software can be an extremely useful visual aid, especially for longer presentations. For five- to ten-minute presentations, it is probably not worth the time or effort to put together a deck of slides. For longer presentations, however, they can be a great way to keep the audience engaged and keep the speaker on track. A potential drawback of using them is that it usually takes a lot of time and energy to put together. There is also the possibility of a computer malfunction, which can mess up the flow of a presentation. Components Components of visualization make communicating information more intriguing and compelling. The following components are the foundation for communicating visually. Hierarchy is an important principle because it assists the audience in processing the information by allowing them to follow through the visuals piece by piece. When having a focal point on a visual aid (i.e. Website, Social Media, Poster, etc...), it can serve as a starting point for the audience to guide them. In order to achieve hierarchy, we must take into account the other components: Color, Shape, Tones, Texture, Figure-Ground, Balance.Colors is the first and most important component when communicating through visuals. Colors displays an in-depth connection between emotions and experiences. Additive and subtractive color models help in visually communicating aesthetically please information. Additive color model, also known as RGB color (Red, Green, Blue) goes from dark to light colors, while subtractive color model is the opposite. The subtractive color model includes the primary CMYK colors (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) which go from light to dark. Shape is the next fundamental component that assists in creating a symbol that builds a connection with the audience. There are two categories that shapes can fall under: Organic or Biomorphic shapes, and Geometric or Rectilinear shapes. Organic or biomorphic shapes are shapes that depict natural materials (which include curvy lines), while Geometric or Rectilinear shapes are shapes that are created by man (including triangles, rectangles, ovals, and circles).Tone refers to the difference of color intensity, meaning more light or dark. The purpose of achieving a certain tone is to put a spotlight on a graphical presentation and emphasize the information. Similarly, texture can enhance the viewers optics and creates a more personal feel compared to a corporate feel. Texture refers to the surface of an object, whether is it 2-D or 3-D, that can amplify a user's content.Figure-ground is the relationship between a figure and the background. In other words, it is the relationship between shapes, objects, types, etc. and the space it is in. We can look at figure as the positive space, and ground as the negative space. In comparison, positive space is the objects that hold dominance visually, while negative space (as mentioned previously) is the background. In addition to creating a strong contrast in color, texture, and tone, figure-ground can highlight different figures. As for balance, it is important to have symmetrical or asymmetrical balance in visual communication. Symmetrical balance holds a stable composition and is proper in conveying informative visual communication. As for asymmetrical balance, the balance of visuals is weighted more to one side. For instance, color is more weighted to one color than the other, while in a symmetrical balance all colors are equally weighted. Visual Literacy Studies often define visual literacy (or visual competence) as the ability to understand and process what is being seen in order to make sense of the world. Being visually literate has been shown to be an important aspect of life to those with sight. The function of sight itself has mechanisms that must work together in order to transform the lines, shapes, and colors around a person's environment into a cohesive picture that can then hold meaning. These mechanisms are what occur in the human body that allow a person's eye to make sense of what the viewer sees and then the signals that are sent to relay information to their brain to be processed. However, studies conducted state that visual intelligence is not something that is taught but rather observed. It is also noted within this study that this skill often goes unnoticed until it is impaired. This act of processing what is being seen has been shown to happen quickly and oftentimes without the viewer’s cognizant awareness.The effect visual literacy has on a viewer has also been shown to influence aspects of their life such as, attitudes, values, beliefs, as well as cultural views. Scholars have noted how society and culture is often dominated by imagery, especially with the rise of mass technological media. The dominance of visuals in culture such as film, television and social media, have now been used by various companies for their advertisements. Presidential and political candidates have also turned to the media to visually promote their campaigns. With many of these advertisements present in everyday life, the viewers of this content may often be open to influence without being cognizant of it. Study Of Symbols Semiotics Semiotics is the study of signs and visuals within society that relay meaning. The symbols used in different cultures to convey a meaning also entails the hidden systems and functions that make up the symbols. Logos, gestures, and technological signs such as emoticons, are a few examples of symbols used in culture. Semiology The term semiology is the study of signs and symbols and their arrangements as a visual language. The characterization of what is considered a language is the existence of an alphabet that can be arranged to create meaning. An example of signs, or an alphabet, that can be arranged to create meaning are the 26 letters that make up the Modern English Alphabet which can then be used to compose written messages that can then be relayed orally. However, in semiology, the signs that create the alphabet of visual communication are more abstract than a written or verbal languages alphabet. In comparison to the English Alphabet, the visual alphabet is still being studied due to the various channels that may be used to relay visuals. Components of a still graphic compared to film, for instance. Another category of study within the field of semiotics is how the interpretation of visual signs depends on the experiences of the person interpreting the visual components of symbols, commonly referred to as the interpretant. Theory Of Semiotics Collectively, the study of visual imagery and gestures as a language has two major schools of thought. The contributors who are commonly referred to are; Charles Sanders Peirce and his descendants and Ferdinand de Saussure. Peirce’s school of thought is the meaning that the interpreter assigns to a particular sign instead of the study of the sign itself. His work focuses on the pragmatics, semantics, and structure of a symbol in visual communication. Saussure, however, focused primarily on the structure and value of a sign and its relation to other symbols within the language system. The school of thought that Saussure curated contributed to the rise of structuralism as well as later theories developed by various scholars in the field of communication. Prominence and motive Social media Social media is one of the most effective ways to communicate. The incorporation of text and images deliver messages quicker and more simplistic through social media platforms. A potential drawback can be there is limited access due to the internet access requirement and certain limitations to the number of characters and image size. Despite the potential drawback, there has been a shift towards more visual images with the rise of YouTube, Instagram, and Snapchat. In the rise of these platforms, Facebook and Twitter, have followed suit and integrated more visual images into their platform outside the use of written posts. It can be stated that visual images are used in two ways: as additional clarification for spoken or written text, or to create individual meaning (usually incorporating ambiguous meanings). These meanings can assist in creating casual friendships through interactions and either show or fabricate reality. These major platforms are becoming focused on visual images by growing a multi-modal platform with users having the ability to edit or adjust their pictures or videos these platforms. When analyzing the relationship between visual communication and social media, four themes arise: Emerging genres and practices: The sharing of various visual elements allow for the creation of genres, or new arrangements of socially accepted visual elements (i.e. photographs or GIFs) based on the platforms. These emerging genres are used as self-expression of identity, to feel a sense of belonging of different sub-group of the online community. Identity construction: Similar to genres, users will use visuals through social media to express their identities. Visual elements can change in meaning over a period of time by the person who shared it, which means that visual elements can be dynamic. This makes visuals uncontrollable since the person may not identify as that specific identity, but rather someone who has evolved. Everyday public/private vernacular practices: This theme presents the difficulty of deciphering what is considered public, or private. Users can post the privacy from their own home, however, their post is interacting with users from the online public. Transmedia circulation, appropriation, and control: Transmedia circulation refers to visual elements being circulated through different types of media. Visual elements, such as images can be taken from one platform, edited, and posted to another platform without recognizing where it originally came from. The concept of appropriation and ownership can be brought into question, making aware the idea that if a user can appropriate another person work, then that user's work can appropriated, as well. Culture Members of different cultures can participate in the exchange of visual imagery based on the idea of universal understandings. The term visual culture allows for all cultures to feel equal, making it the inclusive aspect of every life. When considering visual culture in communication, it is shaped by the values amongst all cultures, especially regarding the concepts of high and low-context. Cultures that are generally more high-context will rely heavily on visual elements that have an implied and implicit meaning. However, cultures that are low-context will rely on visual elements that have a direct meaning and rely more on the textual explanations. Visual communication can be defined in different ways (Volli 1994). An effective one is through opposition with signification (Volli 2010). Whereas visual signification can be unintentional, there is no communication without intentionality. A sunset signifies something, whereas a painting signifies something but also communicates, because culture marks it as product of communicative intentionality. However, imputation of intentionality changes across cultures and epochs. Whereas religion may see a sunset as a divine message, secular observers will attach to it an unintentional meaning of nostalgia. Politics Visual communication in politics have become a primary sense of communication, while dialogue and text have become a secondary sense. This may be due to the increased use of televisions, as viewers become more dependent on visuals. Sound bite has become a popular and perfected art among all political figures. Despite it being a favored mode of showcasing a political figure's agenda, it has shown that 25.1% of news coverage displayed image bites - instead of voices, there are images and short videos. Visuals are deemed an essential function in political communication, and behind these visuals are 10 functions for why political figures use them. These functions include: Argument function: Although images do not indicate any words being said, this function conveys the idea that images can have an association between objects or ideas. Visuals in politics can make arguments about the different aspects of a political figure's character or intentions. When introducing visual imagery with sound, the targeted audience can clarify ambiguous messages that a political figure has said in interviews or news stories. Agenda setting function: Under this function, it is important that political figures produce newsworthy pictures that will allow for their message to gain coverage. The reason for this is due to the agenda-setting theory, where importance of public agenda is taken into consideration when the media determines the importance of a certain story or issue. With that said, if politicians do not provide an interesting and attention-grabbing picture, there will likely be no news coverage. A way for a politician to gain news coverage, is to provide exclusivity for what the media can capture from a certain event. Despite not having the ability to control whether they receive coverage, they can control if the media gets an interesting and eye-catching visual. Dramatization function: Similar to agenda setting, the dramatization function targets a specific policy that a political figure wants to advocate for. This function can be seen when Michelle Obama promoted nutrition by hosting a media event of her planting a vegetable garden, or Martin Luther King Jr. producing visuals from his 1963 campaign for racial injustice. In some cases, these images are used as icons for social movements. Emotional function: Visuals can be used as a way to provoke an emotional response. A study that was performed found that motion pictures and video has more of an emotional impact than still images. On the other hand, research has suggested that the logic and rationality of a viewer is not barred by emotion. In fact, logic and emotion are interrelated meaning that images not only can have emotional arousal, but also influence viewers to think logically. Image-building function: Imagery gives a viewer a first impression of a candidate when they are running for office. These visuals give voters a sense of who they will be voting for during the elections, regarding their background, personality, or demeanor. They can create their image by appearing be family-oriented, religiously involved, or showing a commonality with the disadvantaged community. Identification function: Through the identification function, visuals can create an identification between political figures and audiences. In other words, the audience may perceive a type of similarity with the political figure. When a voter finds a similarity with a candidate they are more likely to vote for them. This is the same when a voter notices a candidate who does not have any perceived similarities, then they are less likely to vote for them. Documentation function: Similar to a stamp on a passport that indicated you have been to a certain country, photographs of a political figure can document that an event had happened and they were there. By documenting an event that occurred, there is evidence and proof for argumentative claims. If a political figure claims one thing, then there is evidence to either back it up or disprove it. Societal symbol function: This function is used in visuals when political figures use iconic symbols to draw on emotional power. For instance, political figures will stand with American flags, be photographed with military personnel, or even attending a sport. These three areas of societal symbols hold a strong sense of patriotism. In comparison, congressional candidates may be pictured with former or current presidents to gain an implied endorsement. Many places like the Statue of Liberty, Mount Rushmore, or the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier can be seen and iconic, societal symbols that hold a sense of emotional power. Transportation function: The transportation function of using visuals is to transporter the viewer to a different time or place. Visuals can figuratively bring viewers to the past or to an idealized future. Political figures will use this tactic as a way to appeal to the emotional side of their audience and get them to visually relate to the argument that is at hand. Ambiguity function: Visuals can be used to interpret different meanings without having to add any words. By not adding any words, visuals are normally used for controversial arguments. On the basis that visual claims can be controversial, they are held to a less strict standard compared to other symbols. Economic Economics has been built on the foundation of visual elements, such as graphs and charts. Similar to the other aspects of why visual elements are used, graphs are used by economists to clarify complex ideas. Graphs simplify the process of visualizing trends that happen over time. Along the same lines, graphs are able to assist in determining a relationship between two or more variables. The relationship can determine if there is a positive correlation or negative correlation between the variables. A graph that economists rely heavily on is a time-series graph, which measures a particular variable over a period of time. The graph includes time being on the X-axis, while a changing variable is on the Y-axis. Science and medicine Science and medicine has shown a need for visual communication to assist in explaining to non-scientific readers. From Bohr's atomic model to NASA's photographs of Earth, these visual elements have served as tools in furthering the understand of science and medicine. More specifically, elements like graphs and slides portray both data and scientific concepts. Patterns that are revealed by those graphs are then used in association with the data to determine a meaningful correlation. As for photographs, they can be useful for physicians to rely on in figuring out visible signs of diseases and illnesses.However, using visual elements can have a negative effect on the understanding of information. Two major obstacles for non-scientific readers is: 1.) the lack of integration of visual elements in every day scientific language, and 2.) incorrectly identifying the targeted audience and not adjusting to their level of understanding. To tackle these obstacles, one solution is for science communicators must place the user at the center of the design, which is called User-Centered Design. This design focuses on strictly the user and how they can interact with the visual element with minimum stress, but maximum level of efficiency. Another solution could be implemented at the source, which is university-based programs. In these programs, universities need to introduce visual literacy to those in science communication, helping in producing graduates who can accurately interpret, analyze, evaluate, and design visual elements that further the understanding of science and medicine. See also == References ==

HD 106315

HD 106315, also known as K2-109, is a F-type main-sequence star about 340 light-years away. The star is relatively metal-poor, having 60% of solar concentration of iron.Multiplicity surveys did not detect any stellar companions to HD 106315 by 2020.

HD 106315, also known as K2-109, is a F-type main-sequence star about 340 light-years away. The star is relatively metal-poor, having 60% of solar concentration of iron.Multiplicity surveys did not detect any stellar companions to HD 106315 by 2020. Planetary system Two planets were detected by transit method in 2017. The large planetary radii imply both planets have a massive steam atmosphere for planet b and hydrogen-helium atmosphere for planet c. The planetary system of HD 106315 is rather unstable and current planetary orbits are the outcome of violent dynamical history, strongly affected by relativistic effects. The orbits of planets are nearly coplanar, and orbit of c is well aligned with the equatorial plane of the star, misalignment been equal to -10+3.6−3.8°.Since 2017, third outer planet with mass above 45MEarth is suspected to exist in the system. == References ==

Gay Star News

Gay Star News (GSN) is a news website focused on events related to and concerning the global LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex) community. Headquartered in the UK, it is privately owned and was founded by Tris Reid-Smith, and Scott Nunn in December 2011.The site reports on breaking news in international politics, religion, business, crime, entertainment and lifestyle. The site also features interviews with members of the LGBTI community. A staff of internationally based professional reporters handles day-to-day stories but the site also includes articles by LGBTI activists, freelancers, bloggers, academics, historians, celebrities, and people of prominence. The site features 'top stories', 'entertainment', 'features', 'travel', 'GSN loves' and 'comment', 'Business', 'Family, 'Support' and 'Prides and Festivals' sections.

Gay Star News (GSN) is a news website focused on events related to and concerning the global LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex) community. Headquartered in the UK, it is privately owned and was founded by Tris Reid-Smith, and Scott Nunn in December 2011.The site reports on breaking news in international politics, religion, business, crime, entertainment and lifestyle. The site also features interviews with members of the LGBTI community. A staff of internationally based professional reporters handles day-to-day stories but the site also includes articles by LGBTI activists, freelancers, bloggers, academics, historians, celebrities, and people of prominence. The site features 'top stories', 'entertainment', 'features', 'travel', 'GSN loves' and 'comment', 'Business', 'Family, 'Support' and 'Prides and Festivals' sections. Readers could post comments, share and like stories to display on online social networks including Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Weibo and LinkedIn. On 30 July 2019, GSN announced that it would be shutting down after almost eight years because of falling revenues due to an inability to monetize. However, following acquisition of the intellectual property of GSN by Iconic Labs, publication of has resumed. Nevertheless, the main website is currently defunct as of September 17, 2023. History Gay Star News went live with the backing of investors Goldman Sachs, PricewaterhouseCoopers and National Australia Bank on 16 January 2012. Stephen Fry then tweeted his support to his 3.7 million followers, and is credited by Gay Star News for publicising their site regularly.In 2012 the site won the Stonewall UK Award for Publication of the Year.The editorial policy of Gay Star News is to publish pro-LGBTI media without activism. Commonly seen advertisers on the site are: International Fund for Animal Welfare, Direct Line insurance, Lufthansa Airways, Travelex, Lloyds Bank, Smirnoff, Blued, Manchester United, late night rooms, Alfa Romeo, Heathrow, Snickers, Hoseasons, naked wines, npower, Fujitsu, the co-operative, the London Women's Clinic, Knight Frank, DigitasLBI and several pride support groups. In 2016 Gay Star News launched Digital Pride, an annual, week-long program of online discussions, articles and video events to promote LGBTI Pride around the world – particularly to those in countries facing oppression. References External links Official website Digital Pride

Widowhood effect

The widowhood effect is the increase in the probability of a person dying in a relatively short period after a long-time spouse has died and has also been called "dying of a broken heart". Being widowed increases the likelihood of developing severe mental disorders along with psychological and other physical illnesses.

The widowhood effect is the increase in the probability of a person dying in a relatively short period after a long-time spouse has died and has also been called "dying of a broken heart". Being widowed increases the likelihood of developing severe mental disorders along with psychological and other physical illnesses. Religious differences A 2009 study by Abel and Kruger compared the likelihood of death between Catholic and Jewish widows, based on the graves of Jewish and Catholic couples in the Midwest. The data suggested that the widowhood effect was stronger in Jewish couples than in Catholic couples. Catholic women lived 11 years after the death of their spouse, while Jewish women lived 9.5 years after the deaths of their husbands. Similarly, the Jewish men lived 5 years after the death of their wives, while the Catholic men lived about 8 years after the death of their wives. Health effects Dietary Research has found that surviving spouses tend to experience significant weight loss after the death of their partner. It has been theorized that these changes in weight are the result of differences in dietary intake before and after the death of a spouse. Danit Shahar and colleagues surveyed 116 older individuals in order to track their weight and eating habits over the course of their longitudinal study. Half of the participants were widowed, and the other half were non-widowed. The study found that the widowed subjects were more likely to eat meals alone than the married individuals. The diets of the widowed subjects consisted of more commercial foods than their counterparts. They also lost a significant amount of weight compared to the married group. The authors hypothesized that this weight loss was the result of the widowed participants not finding as much enjoyment in eating as they once did. This lack of fulfilment during meals was correlated to a lack of companionship while eating. Widowed subjects had less of an appetite and as a result, lost weight over the course of the study. Mental The death of a spouse can have a major impact on mental health. Each individual may respond to their spouse's death differently. After the death of a spouse, many widows begin to take more prescription medications for mental health issues. The mental health effects differ between men and women. Men may become more depressed in widowhood compared to women because men may not have a strong enough support group. Married men also report a higher rate of happiness in their marriage, and the death of their spouse could drastically alter this happiness. Men and women both show greater rates of depression after the death of a spouse but the rates of depression in men tend to be higher than in women.A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis by Singham, Bell, Saunders, and Stott reported that significant life stressors, such as the loss of a spouse, may be considered a risk factor in cognitive decline. Takotsubo Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also referred to as broken heart syndrome, has been discussed in contexts surrounding great physical and emotional stress, such as when someone has been widowed. In addition, emotional stress has long been associated with myocardial infarction. In their research, Brenn and Ytterstad reported an increase in the death of women 55–64 years old due to heart disease in the first week of widowhood than married women 55–64 years old (2016). Although takotsubo is not considered to be the direct cause of death at this time, it is an observed phenomenon. Effects on social life Elderly widows experience changes in their social lives prior to and following the deaths of their spouses. A study conducted by Utz and colleagues revealed that elderly persons experiencing widowhood spent more time with family and friends than non-widowed counterparts, based on the lifestyle changes that occur in elderly couples. Although widowed subjects were more likely to socialize with family and friends, they were no more likely to visit church or volunteer than the intact couples. This study also found that healthy spouses were reclusive while their significant other was on their deathbed, but due to a network of family and friends; the surviving spouse entered society being more social than they had been prior to the death of their husband or wife. Elderly widows were more or less involved socially depending on the amount of support they had from family and friends. It has been noted that widows who have a close and supportive social network can counteract the effects of widowhood by remaining active in their social group. Losing a spouse can have a profound impact on a person's overall well-being, affecting various aspects of their life. This can include their psychological, social, physical, practical, and economic well-being. With all of these aspects of a widowed individual being affected maintaining a sense of normality is important to help avoid depression-like symptoms. Social support, as well as creating new lasting relationships through social interaction can help the process of bereavement go smoother for individuals who experience the widow effect. Urban, rural, and race variations A 2015 study conducted by Wright and colleagues revealed that there is a significant difference in urban-rural variation in the social environment as well as in health outcomes. There is evidence that social support from family and friends has better health outcomes on mortality rates. Investigations showed that the race of the partner influences the widowhood effect; whites in endogamous marriages had greater mortality risks that were not obvious among blacks, which the authors concluded was due to a high level of family support for the elderly among black families versus white families. Moreover, the study also found differences in urban and rural areas around the world. They found that elderly married couples in the US suffered significant mortality risks compared to those in Ireland where older people living in more rural areas receive more social support from their families, and they live with their children, while in the US elderly people live in care homes. As a result, mortality rates are greater in urban areas and less in rural areas. In a study done by Elwert and Christakis, they found that there was no widowhood effect found in endogamous marriages involving black men or women. Analyzing this finding, they proposed that this might be because black people are able to extend their marital survival advantage into widowhood. This is likely because black people are prone to have kin nearer to help take care of them, they may be more self-sufficient than their white counterparts, and there is greater religious participation in black people that may help them with spiritual comfort. White people were found to have "a large and enduring widowhood effect" because there is no reparation to make up for the survival advantages that marriage gave them, even if they have been widowed for years.The widowhood effect appears to have a higher impact in rural and intermediate areas compared to urban areas. One factor may be that there are greater distances to primary care services in rural areas, and this increases mortality due to discouraged health checkups. It is known that the size of family and social network coincides with physical functioning; the bigger the social group one belongs to the better they can physically function. Residential areas near green areas are associated with an increase in physical activity and lowered mortality. Researchers measured peak flow to show the increases or decrease in physical functioning, and the results suggest that married subjects have a higher peak flow compared to those divorced or widowed. Possible causes It was suggested that the widowhood effect was a mere coincidence resulting from the selection of partners with similar health risks. In a recent study by Boyle and colleagues, it was concluded that the increased mortality rate of widows is caused by the death of their spouse. Researchers in the study used data from the Scottish Longitudinal Study to compare the ratios of death in widowed males and females. The male and female subjects were categorized into different groups depending on the manner in which their spouse died. The results provided evidence that suggests a causal relationship between mortality rate and widowhood.In April 2016, the American Heart Association published an article regarding the phenomenon referred to as "broken heart syndrome". This particular syndrome seems to occur when a person experiences an overwhelming amount of stress in their life in a short period of time. The cases mentioned involved both positive events like winning the lottery as well as negative events like experiencing the death of a spouse. Though broken heart syndrome has been misdiagnosed as a heart attack, the differences between the two phenomena are clear. Heart attacks are the result of a blockage of arteries, but broken heart syndrome is the result of a hormone-induced enlargement of a portion of the heart. The enlarged region of the heart is less effective in regard to pumping blood, and the normal-sized regions of the heart are forced to work harder as a result. == Notes ==

Keiō Reforms

The Keiō Reforms (慶応の改革, Keiō no kaikaku) were an array of new policies introduced in 1864 to 1867 by the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. The reforms were created in reaction to the rising violence on the part of Satsuma domain as well as other domains. The initial steps taken during this period became a key part of the reforms and changes made during the rule of Emperor Meiji. When the shōgun and Emperor happened to both die at the same time, the bakufu (shogunate government) created the Keiō Reform to keep Japan from falling into disunity or disarray. It Westernized many aspects of the system of bureaucracy, the military, and the economy, focusing on governmental promotions by merit (not by birth) and trade policies with other nations.

The Keiō Reforms (慶応の改革, Keiō no kaikaku) were an array of new policies introduced in 1864 to 1867 by the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. The reforms were created in reaction to the rising violence on the part of Satsuma domain as well as other domains. The initial steps taken during this period became a key part of the reforms and changes made during the rule of Emperor Meiji. When the shōgun and Emperor happened to both die at the same time, the bakufu (shogunate government) created the Keiō Reform to keep Japan from falling into disunity or disarray. It Westernized many aspects of the system of bureaucracy, the military, and the economy, focusing on governmental promotions by merit (not by birth) and trade policies with other nations. The bakufu hoped that these Reforms would somehow end the Rebellions of Satsuma and Chōshū – which did not happen. The rebels did not wish to see the bakufu profit from these changes which were so close to the core of what the rebels had been fighting against all along. This reform period was preceded by three others during the Edo period: the Kyōhō reforms (1722–1730), the Kansei reforms (1787–1793) and the Tenpō reforms (1841–1843). Chronology The shogunate's interventions had only limited success. In addition to the death of the shōgun Iemochi and the death of Emperor Kōmei, intervening factors exacerbated some of the conditions which the shogun intended to ameliorate. September 28, 1866 (Keiō 2, 20th day of the 8th month): Shogun Iemochi died at Osaka; and the bakufu petitioned that Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu should be appointed as his successor. January 10, 1867 (Keiō 2, 5th day of the 12th month): Yoshinobu was appointed shogun. January 30, 1867 (Keiō 2, 25th day of the 12th month): Emperor Komei died. Notes References McDougall, Walter (1993). "Let the Sea Make a Noise: Four Hundred Years of Cataclysm, Conquest, War and Folly in the North Pacific". New York: Avon Books. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 182637732 Traugott, Mark. (1995). Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-822-31527-8; ISBN 978-0-822-31546-9; OCLC 243809107

Volkhov Hydroelectric Station

Volkhov hydroelectric plant (Russian: Волховская ГЭС имени В. И. Ленина, romanized: Volkhovskaya GZS imeni V. I. Lenina), named after V.I. Lenin, is a hydroelectric station on the Volkhov River located in the town of Volkhov, Leningrad Oblast, in northwestern Russia. It is the oldest and longest serving hydroelectric plant in Soviet Union and Russia. It is a part of the Ladoga cascade. Construction work started in 1918.

Volkhov hydroelectric plant (Russian: Волховская ГЭС имени В. И. Ленина, romanized: Volkhovskaya GZS imeni V. I. Lenina), named after V.I. Lenin, is a hydroelectric station on the Volkhov River located in the town of Volkhov, Leningrad Oblast, in northwestern Russia. It is the oldest and longest serving hydroelectric plant in Soviet Union and Russia. It is a part of the Ladoga cascade. Construction work started in 1918. On September 16, 1921 it was included into a GOELRO plan. Genrikh Graftio, one of the founders of the plan, was in charge of the construction of the station. The plant was completed in 1927 with a capacity of 6,000 kilowatts. In 1993—1996 3 hydroturbines were replaced by a new 12 MW units, other units are planned to be replaced in 2007—2010. After these replacements, the plant is estimated to achieve total power of 98 MW. References External links Official site of JSC TGC-1 Archived 2012-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Volhov HEP on LenHydroProject official website

Mohan Meakin

Mohan Meakin is a large group of companies which started with Asia's first brewery incorporated in 1855 (but established much earlier) by Edward Dyer at Kasauli in the Himalayan Mountains in India under the name Dyer Breweries.

Mohan Meakin is a large group of companies which started with Asia's first brewery incorporated in 1855 (but established much earlier) by Edward Dyer at Kasauli in the Himalayan Mountains in India under the name Dyer Breweries. History In the late 1840s, Edward Abraham Dyer, father of Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer of Jallianwala Bagh massacre, moved from England to set up the first brewery in India (later incorporated as Dyer Breweries in 1855) at Kasauli in the Himalayas. The Kasauli brewery launched India's and indeed Asia's first beer, Lion, which was in great demand by the thirsty British administrators and troops stationed in the sweltering heat of India. Lion was much appreciated as a beer, and one famous poster featured a satisfied British Tommy declaring, "as good as back home!". The brewery was soon moved to nearby Solan, close to the British summer capital Shimla, as there was an abundant supply of fresh springwater there. The Kasauli brewery site was converted to a distillery, which Mohan Meakin Ltd. still operates. Dyer set up more breweries at Shimla, Murree (Murree Brewery), Rawalpindi, Mandalay and Quetta and acquired interests in the Ootacamund Brewery (South India). Another entrepreneur, H. G. Meakin, moved to India and in 1887 bought the old Shimla and Solan Breweries from Edward Dyer and added more at Ranikhet, Dalhousie, Chakrata, Darjeeling, Kirkee and Nuwara Eliya (Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon). After the First World War, the Meakin and Dyer breweries merged and, in 1937, when Burma was separated from India, the company was restructured with its Indian assets as Dyer Meakin Breweries, a public company on the London Stock Exchange. Following independence, Narendra Nath Mohan raised funds and travelled to London, where he acquired a majority stake in Dyer Meakin Breweries. He took over management of the company in 1949 and built new breweries at Lucknow, Ghaziabad and Khopoli (near Mumbai) and the company name was changed to Mohan Meakin Breweries in 1967.On the death of Mohan in 1969, his eldest son, V. R. Mohan, took over as managing director. He introduced a number of new products that are brand leaders today but died in 1973, soon after taking over. In the 1970s, the manufacturing activities of the company were diversified into other fields including breakfast cereals, fruit juices and mineral water under the leadership of Kapil Mohan (V. R. Mohan's brother). The word brewery was dropped from the company name in 1982 to remove the impression that the company was engaged only in beer making. New breweries were built during the 1970s and 1980s at Chandigarh, Madras, Nepal and Kakinada near Hyderabad. Today, Mohan Meakin's principal brands are Old Monk Rum and Golden Eagle Beer. Its other products include Diplomat Deluxe, Colonel's Special, Black Knight, Meakin 10,000, Summer Hall and Solan No 1 whiskies, London Dry and Big Ben gins, and Kaplanski vodka. Asia's original beer, Lion, is still sold in northern India. Beer Lion Beer is the main brand first sold by Dyer Breweries in the 1840s. Lion was originally an India Pale Ale (IPA) but the beer style was changed in the 1960s to a lager. Lion remained the number one beer in India for over a century from the 1840s until the 1960s. After this, another Mohan Meakin brand, Golden Eagle, took the number one place until the 1980s, when Kingfisher became number one. By 2001, Lion sales had declined substantially and Lion was only available to the Indian Army through the Canteen Stores Department (CSD). Mohan Meakin then entrusted the marketing of its original beer to International Breweries Pvt. Ltd. The brand has since been relaunched in the north Indian market. With a new label design and marketing campaign, Lion has established itself once more in the civilian market and is now expanding into markets across India. Lion earns a place in history as Asia's first beer brand. Lion's popularity with the British during the heyday of the empire led to the start-up of other Lion beers around the world, in New Zealand, South Africa and elsewhere. Lion remains the number-one brand in neighbouring Sri Lanka, where Mohan Meakin had introduced it in the 1880s through their Ceylon brewery. Among their list of beers is Old Monk 1000, sporting the same logo as the Old Monk Rum considered as a strong beer with high alcohol content. Rum Old Monk is a vatted Indian rum, blended and aged for 7 years (though there is also more expensive, 12-year-old version). It is dark, with an alcohol content of 42.8 (army issue alcohol content is 50%). It is produced by Mohan Meakin, based in Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. It is available in all parts of India. Old Monk is also the third largest selling rum in the world. Old Monk has been the biggest Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL) brand for many years. The first time it was tasted officially was 19 December 1954. It is sold in five size variants: 180 ml (quarter / nip), 350 ml (half / pint), 750 ml (full / quart), 1-litre and 2-litre bottles. See also Mohan Meakin related Kasauli Brewery, India's first European style brewery still in operation Solan brewery Lion beer, Asia'a first beer brand Solan No. 1, India's first malt whisky Old Monk, iconic Indian rum Alcoholic Indian beverages Beer in India Desi daru Indian-made foreign liquor Indian whisky Sura Alcohol laws of India Alcohol prohibition in India Dry Days in India References External links Official website

Carol E. Reiley

Carol Elizabeth Reiley (born 1982) is an American business executive, computer scientist, and model. She is a pioneer in teleoperated and autonomous robot systems in surgery, space exploration, disaster rescue, and self-driving cars. Reiley has worked at Intuitive Surgical, Lockheed Martin, and General Electric. She co-founded, invested in, and was president of Drive.ai, and is now CEO of a healthcare startup, a creative advisor for the San Francisco Symphony, and a brand ambassador for Guerlain Cosmetics. She is a published children's book author, the first female engineer on the cover of MAKE magazine, and is ranked by Forbes, Inc, and Quartz as a leading entrepreneur and influential scientist.

Carol Elizabeth Reiley (born 1982) is an American business executive, computer scientist, and model. She is a pioneer in teleoperated and autonomous robot systems in surgery, space exploration, disaster rescue, and self-driving cars. Reiley has worked at Intuitive Surgical, Lockheed Martin, and General Electric. She co-founded, invested in, and was president of Drive.ai, and is now CEO of a healthcare startup, a creative advisor for the San Francisco Symphony, and a brand ambassador for Guerlain Cosmetics. She is a published children's book author, the first female engineer on the cover of MAKE magazine, and is ranked by Forbes, Inc, and Quartz as a leading entrepreneur and influential scientist. Early life and education Carol Elizabeth Reiley was born in Flint, Michigan, in 1982. Her family soon moved to Vancouver, Washington. Her father is an engineer and her mother a flight attendant; Reiley credits both for her interest in technology and global humanitarian work. She has a younger brother who is also an engineer. Reiley's parents are from Taipei and she grew up in a Mandarin-speaking household. Reiley's first invention was a humane mousetrap she fashioned at age eight to catch her runaway pet hamster. She started her first business at age ten, inspired by the Babysitters Club book series. Her first professional job was at age 15 as a television personality on Homework Helpline, a local cable show geared toward K-12 graders, answering math and English questions on the air.Reiley received her B.S. degree in computer engineering from Santa Clara University in 2004 with a concentration in robotics research, and an M.S. degree in computer science from Johns Hopkins University in 2007, specializing in haptics. She then enrolled in a Ph.D. program (ABD) specializing in computer vision/artificial intelligence. She spent a year at Stanford University Artificial Intelligence Lab with her Ph.D. advisor, who was on sabbatical there. She dropped out to move to Silicon Valley while writing her dissertation because she had a startup idea to pursue.Reiley married Andrew Ng in 2014. The MIT Tech Review named Ng and Reiley an "AI power couple." Their engagement announcement was featured in IEEE Spectrum. They have two children. Career Reiley has built products for surgical robotic systems at Intuitive Surgical, space robotic systems at Lockheed Martin, and self-driving cars at drive.ai.She was an instructor at Johns Hopkins University, co-teaching intersession courses Haptics For Surgical Robotics (2006) and Developing Facebook Apps (2009).Reiley is a serial entrepreneur, investor and philanthropist. She founded the education company Squishybotz and is the author and publisher of Making a Splash (2015), a children's book about growth mindset.In 2015, Reiley co-founded and was president of Drive.ai. She was the initial investor and seed funded the company from her wedding fund. She still serves on the board and is an advisor to drive.ai, but in 2018 started a healthcare startup.Reiley sits on the technical advisory board of Harman Kardon and the Santa Clara University Engineering Advisory Board. She is a limited partner of Sequoia Capital and AI2 Incubator, and advises/invests in several startups. In 2018 she joined All Raise, a nonprofit diversity and inclusion organization, as a mentor and a Founder for Change. She is also part of NEO, a mentorship community and VC fund founded by Ali and Hadi Partovi that brings together tech veterans to accelerate tomorrow's leaders.Reiley has given two Ted talks and been a featured speaker at the MIT Technology Review Conference, The Atlantic, the World Government Summit, the Microsoft CEO Summit, and the USA Science and Engineering Festival. She has been a guest contributor to IEEE Spectrum, Techcrunch, and MIT Tech Review. Research and publications Reiley started her freshman year in college by doing underwater robotics research and getting a scuba license. Her research continued for several years, and her interest expanded to haptics and industrial robotic arms. She was selected as a Computing Research Association Distributed Undergraduate Research Fellow.Reiley was named a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow (2008–2010) to research strategies for improving human and robotic interaction for her PhD. She was elected to serve on the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society board in 2008–09 to put together key initiatives for thousands of graduate researchers. She was the youngest member to serve on the board. As of 2018, Reiley has eight technical patents, and has authored more than a dozen papers published in various scientific conference proceedings, refereed journals and conferences. Maker Reiley is a well-known DIY hacker. She has published several open-source tutorials including the first hack to "Air Guitar Hero", a rehabilitation exercise for people with amputations, and a DIY blood pressure monitor system for developing countries. She has keynoted at Maker Faire and USA Science and Engineering Festival several times. Her 3D printed designs have been featured at the CES fashion show. In 2011, Reiley founded and ran Tinkerbelle Labs, an open-source company focused on empowering hobbyists to build low-cost DIY projects. The arts and modeling In 2018, Reiley became a spokesmodel for Guerlain and Harper's Bazaar China, to launch a new international beauty campaign. She has been profiled in British Vogue, The New York Times, and Wired for her work in AI. In graduate school, she worked as a commercial model for fashion companies like Hard Candy, Betabrand, and Oil of Olay. She was the first female engineer featured on the cover of Make magazine for her contributions to the open source community.In 2018, Reiley joined the San Francisco Symphony as a founding member of the creative advisory board under its new musical director, Esa-Pekka Salonen.In 2020, she cofounded and launched DeepMusic.ai with violinist Hilary Hahn to amplify human creativity through AI. She is CEO of the organization and commissioned pieces from David Lang, Michael Abels, WEF YGL, and Dana Leong. Diversity advocate Reiley has been an active advocate for diversity in engineering and AI. At Johns Hopkins, she was on the founding board of the Graduate Women's Organization and the Whiting School of Engineering Diversity Board. At Santa Clara University, she cofounded chapters of Association for Computing Machinery and Society of Women Engineering. She led the JHU Robotics Systems Challenge (2004-2011), SWE and ACM events, and Computer Mania Day workshops for thousands of underserved minority students. She published a study in an education journal about diversity of middle and high school students in robot competitions. Awards Forbes' Top 50 women in tech (2018) Quartz founder index (Ranked #18, 2018) Inc. Magazine's Most Innovative Women Entrepreneurs (2017) Silicon Valley's Most Influential Women in 2016. National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow (2008–2010) Society of Women Engineers top graduate award (2007) Computing Research Association Distributed Undergraduate Research Fellow (2003) == References ==

William Goffe

Major-General William Goffe, probably born between 1613 and 1618, died c. 1679/1680, was an English Parliamentarian soldier who served with the New Model Army during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. A religious radical nicknamed “Praying William” by contemporaries, he approved the Execution of Charles I in January 1649, and later escaped prosecution as a regicide by fleeing to New England. Goffe held several senior military and political positions under the Commonwealth, including administrator of Berkshire, Sussex and Hampshire during the Rule of the Major-Generals from 1655 to 1657. A close associate of Oliver Cromwell, to whom he was distantly related by marriage, he lost most of his political influence after Richard Cromwell resigned as Lord Protector in April 1659. Shortly before the Stuart Restoration in May 1660, Goffe sailed for Boston with his father-in-law and fellow regicide General Edward Whalley.

Major-General William Goffe, probably born between 1613 and 1618, died c. 1679/1680, was an English Parliamentarian soldier who served with the New Model Army during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. A religious radical nicknamed “Praying William” by contemporaries, he approved the Execution of Charles I in January 1649, and later escaped prosecution as a regicide by fleeing to New England. Goffe held several senior military and political positions under the Commonwealth, including administrator of Berkshire, Sussex and Hampshire during the Rule of the Major-Generals from 1655 to 1657. A close associate of Oliver Cromwell, to whom he was distantly related by marriage, he lost most of his political influence after Richard Cromwell resigned as Lord Protector in April 1659. Shortly before the Stuart Restoration in May 1660, Goffe sailed for Boston with his father-in-law and fellow regicide General Edward Whalley. Sheltered by Puritan sympathisers in New England, little is known for certain of his life there. It was once suggested he was the Angel of Hadley, a figure who in 1675 allegedly helped repulse an attack by Native Americans, but this is disputed on various grounds. He died sometime after April 1679, the date of his last known letter to his wife, and is thought to have been buried in Hadley, Massachusetts. Personal details William Goffe was the fourth of five sons born to The Reverend Stephen Goffe (1575–after 1628), and his wife Deborah (1587–1626). The precise date and location of his birth are uncertain; his father was rector of Bramber, Sussex, but lost this position in 1607 for his part in organising a Puritan petition to James I.His eldest brother Stephen (1605–1681), was baptised in the nearby village of Stanmer, while his mother was buried there in 1626, so Sussex seems most likely. William was probably born between 1613 and 1618, since he became an apprentice in 1634, the maximum age for which was 21, and admitted to the Worshipful Company of Grocers as a freeman in 1642, the minimum age being 24. The two elder sons attended Merton College, Oxford, and followed their father as priests in the Church of England, but took different paths from their younger brother. Stephen acted as a Royalist agent in Europe during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, and was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1654, while John was removed from his living in Hackington, Kent, for refusing to subscribe to the Presbyterian-inspired 1643 Solemn League and Covenant. His other brothers were also London merchants; James (1611–1656), became a member of the Worshipful Company of Leathersellers, while Timothy (1626-after 1649), was reportedly a Ship chandler. Sometime around 1650, Goffe married Frances Whalley (1635–1684?), daughter of General Edward Whalley, a cousin of Oliver Cromwell; they had three daughters, Anne, Elizabeth, and Frances. Wars of the Three Kingdoms In 1634, Goffe was contracted as an Apprentice to William Vaughan, a Presbyterian London drysalter, and member of the Company of Grocers. In early 1642, he was briefly imprisoned for organising a petition demanding that control of the London Trained Bands be transferred from Charles I to Parliament. The First English Civil War began in August, and by July 1643 Goffe was serving as a captain in an infantry regiment led by Colonel Harry Barclay, a Scottish veteran of the Thirty Years War. Raised in autumn 1642 to reinforce the Parliamentarian field army commanded by the Earl of Essex, in 1643 this unit helped lift the Siege of Gloucester and fought at the First Battle of Newbury. During the 1644 Western Campaign, it was among the 5,000 troops forced to surrender at Lostwithiel in August, but recovered in time for the Second Battle of Newbury in September. Along with his regiment, Goffe transferred to the New Model Army in April 1645, with Edward Harley taking over from Barclay as colonel. Over the next year, this formation served in numerous actions, including the battles of Naseby, Langport and Torrington, as well as the sieges of Bridgwater, Bristol, Berkeley Castle and Exeter. The surrender of Oxford in June 1646 brought the First Civil War to a close, with the exception of a few isolated Royalist garrisons that held out until 1647.However, victory resulted in increasingly bitter disputes over the post-war political settlement between radicals within the New Model like Cromwell, and moderate MPs in Parliament, the most prominent being Denzil Holles. In July 1647, Goffe was part of a military deputation which demanded Parliament suspend eleven MPs identified as key opponents of the army. As well as Holles, they included Harley, who was replaced as colonel by Thomas Pride, with Goffe promoted to major. Like fellow New Model officers such as Generals Thomas Harrison and Robert Overton, both members of the Christian millennialist sect known as the Fifth Monarchists, Goffe was convinced the Second Coming was imminent. This belief influenced his interventions in the Putney Debates, held in late 1647 to reconcile competing demands from different army factions on the details of the peace settlement. Goffe argued Charles I should be put on trial, and suggested those in favour of continuing negotiations with him were preventing the return of Jesus Christ by "thwarting God's will". Since these discussions were being led by Cromwell, who strongly believed all his actions were directed by God, he demanded an apology from Goffe for what he considered a personal insult.When the Second English Civil War broke out in 1648, Goffe's regiment was part of the force which put down the rising in South Wales, including the recapture of Pembroke Castle in April. This was followed by the defeat of the Scottish Engager army at Preston in August, which effectively ended the rebellion. Now a Lieutenant Colonel, Goffe and others argued the renewed fighting was "God's punishment" for failing to bring the king to "justice", a viewpoint which had been adopted by Cromwell. In December 1648, Pride's Purge excluded MPs who opposed doing so, and the reduced body known as the Rump Parliament accordingly voted to put Charles on trial. Goffe was one of the fifty-nine judges who approved his execution in January 1649. His Royalist brother Stephen, then serving as chaplain to the exiled Stuart court in The Hague, was chosen to inform Charles II of his father's death.Although Charles was king of both Scotland and England, the Scottish government was not consulted. In 1650, they responded by crowning his son king of Scotland, and agreeing to restore him to the English throne, leading to the Anglo-Scottish War. Goffe commanded Cromwell's own infantry regiment at Dunbar in September 1650, and was subsequently promoted its colonel, then fought at Worcester a year later, two victories that ended the war. Charles II escaped to the Dutch Republic, but defeat resulted in Scotland being incorporated into the Commonwealth of England in 1653, and confirmed Cromwell's position as leader of the new republic. The Interregnum Rewarded for his service with grants of former Crown lands in Hertfordshire, Goffe backed the dismissal of the Rump in April 1653, and its replacement with a nominated body known as Barebone's Parliament. However, he supported Parliament's dissolution in December 1653, and Cromwell's subsequent appointment as Lord Protector. These actions marked his break with former New Model colleagues, both Fifth Monarchist sympathisers like Thomas Harrison, and republicans such as Edmund Ludlow. Goffe became one of The Protectorate's most loyal supporters, and was elected MP for Great Yarmouth in the 1654 First Protectorate Parliament.In early 1655, he helped suppress the pro-Royalist Penruddock uprising, and was promoted major general in October 1655; during the Rule of the Major-Generals, he served as administrator for the region composed of Berkshire, Sussex, and Hampshire. The regime proved both unpopular and expensive, and when elections for a new Parliament were held in September 1656, Goffe was returned as MP for Hampshire. This failed to resolve disputes over the constitutional settlement; one solution was to make Cromwell king, an offer he ultimately refused. Whether Goffe actively supported the idea, or simply accepted it, is unclear.The new constitution included a second chamber for the first time since the abolition of the House of Lords in 1649. Known as Cromwell's Other House, it included 63 nominated individuals, including Goffe. However, only 42 of the 63 accepted, while Parliament was determined to kill the Other House at birth. As a result, it was dissolved in February 1658 without anything other than a preliminary meeting. When Cromwell died in September, Goffe transferred allegiance to his son and successor as Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell, whose inability to control either Parliament or the New Model led to his resignation in May 1659. This ended Goffe's period of influence, although during their struggle with the re-installed Rump Parliament, the military-backed Committee of Safety made him part of a four-man delegation sent in November to seek support from George Monck, military governor in Scotland. This proved unsuccessful. Exile and death In negotiations leading up to the 1660 Stuart Restoration, a general pardon was agreed for all "crimes" committed since 1642, with certain exceptions, including the regicides. Aware that they faced prosecution and probable execution, Goffe and his father-in-law Edward Whalley sailed for Boston, Massachusetts on 13 May 1660, one day before warrants were issued for their arrest. Arriving on 27 July, one writer has claimed "they were the most prominent public officials from the Mother country ever to land in New England". They initially lived openly in Cambridge, where they stayed with Daniel Gookin, a prominent member of the colonial administration.However, at the end of November it was confirmed that they had been excluded from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act passed by Parliament in August, making it impolitic for the Massachusetts authorities to openly protect them. In March 1661, the two fugitives moved onto New Haven, Connecticut, where they were later joined by another regicide, John Dixwell. Here they were housed by the local Puritan minister, John Davenport, before Royalist agents arrived in May seeking to arrest them. Forewarned by local sympathisers, Goffe and Whalley evaded their pursuers by hiding in Judges' Cave, where they spent most of the next few years.In 1664, fresh efforts to arrest Whalley and Goffe meant they relocated to Hadley, Massachusetts, where they were sheltered by John Russell. Thereafter, very little is known for certain of their life, although Goffe managed to send letters to his wife Frances at irregular intervals, which make it clear he retained his religious and political convictions. Based on these and other papers discovered a century later, it also appears he and Whalley built up a small trading business using Gookin as a frontman, and were prosperous enough for Goffe to tell his wife not to send any more money. Whalley died sometime between 1674 and 1675.In the 19th century, it was suggested Goffe may have been the supposed Angel of Hadley, who in 1675 allegedly helped repulse an attack on the town by Native Americans. However, whether this incident even took place is disputed, let alone Goffe's involvement. In 1676, he reportedly left Hadley for Hartford, Connecticut; his last letter to Frances is dated April 1679, and it is assumed that he died shortly thereafter. He is thought to have been buried next to his father-in-law in an unmarked grave at Hadley. Legacy Various towns in New England have streets commemorating Dixwell, Whalley and Goffe, including Hadley and New Haven. Goffe and Whalley are protagonists in British author Robert Harris’s 2022 novel Act of Oblivion, which depicts their flight across New England. Footnotes References Sources Cooper, Thompson (2004). "Goffe [Gough], Stephen (1605–1681)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10901. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Durston, Christopher (2008) [2004]. "Goffe, William (d. 1679?)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10903. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Furgol, Edward (2002). Kenyon, John; Ohlmeyer, Jane (eds.). The Civil Wars in Scotland in The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland 1638–1660. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280278-1. Hanson, Robert Brand (1976). Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635-1890. Dedham Historical Society. Hutton, Ronald (2021). The Making of Oliver Cromwell. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300257458. Gentles, Ian (2002). Kenyon, John; Ohlmeyer, Jane (eds.). The Civil Wars in England in The Civil Wars; a Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland 1638-1660. OUP. ISBN 978-0192802781. Greaves, Richard (2004). "Goffe [Gough], John (in or before 1610–1661)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10900. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Jordan, Don; Walsh, Michael (2012). The King's Revenge; Charles II and the greatest manhunt in British history. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1408703274. Ludlow, Edmund (1888). Firth, C.H (ed.). Memoirs, Volume 2. Manganiello, Stephen C (2004). The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639-1660. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810851009. Noble, Mark (1797). Memoirs of the Protectoral-house of Cromwell: Volume I. JJ Robinson. Retrieved 11 January 2023. Phillips, James (1892). "William Goffe the regicide". The English Historical Review. VII (XXVIII): 717–720. doi:10.1093/ehr/VII.XXVIII.717. Reece, Henry (2013). The Army in Cromwellian England, 1649-1660. OUP. ISBN 978-0198200635. Royle, Trevor (2004). Civil War: the Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638-1660 (2006 ed.). Abacus. ISBN 978-0349115641. Wallis, Patrick (2019). Apprenticeship in England in Apprenticeship in Early Modern Europe. CUP. ISBN 978-1108690188. Wanklyn, Malcolm (2014). "Choosing Officers for the New Model Army February to April 1645". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 92 (370): 109–125. JSTOR 44232556. Wanklyn, Malcolm (2015). Reconstructing the New Model Army Volume I; Regimental Lists April 1645 to May 1649. Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1910777107. Wilson, Douglas (1987). "Web of Secrecy: Goffe, Whalley, and the Legend of Hadley". New England Quarterly. 60 (4): 515–548. doi:10.2307/365416. JSTOR 365416. Further reading Cogswell, Frederick Hull (October 1893). "The Regicides in New England". New England Magazine. 15 (2): 188–201. Major, Philip (2016). 'A poor exile stranger': William Goffe in New England in Literatures of Exile in the English Revolution and its Aftermath, 1640-1690. Routledge. ISBN 9781351921916. Marshall, Henrietta Elizabeth (1917). The Hunt for the Regicides in This Country of Ours; the story of the United States. George H. Doran Co. Stiles, Ezra (1794). History of Three of the Judges of Charles I, Whalley, Goffe, Dixwell. Hartford.

Downtown Independent

The Downtown Independent (formerly the ImaginAsian Center) was a one screen theater and cinema located at 251 S. Main Street in the Little Tokyo area of Los Angeles, California. It was operated by the Downtown Independent and owned by Orange County, California's Cinema Properties Group. The venue is slightly less than 10,000 square feet (930 m2) and had stadium seating for 222. Film premieres at the theater include The Miracle Song, Goodbye Promise and Regular Show: The Movie.

The Downtown Independent (formerly the ImaginAsian Center) was a one screen theater and cinema located at 251 S. Main Street in the Little Tokyo area of Los Angeles, California. It was operated by the Downtown Independent and owned by Orange County, California's Cinema Properties Group. The venue is slightly less than 10,000 square feet (930 m2) and had stadium seating for 222. Film premieres at the theater include The Miracle Song, Goodbye Promise and Regular Show: The Movie. History Early years (1924–1945) The first theater on the site of the current Downtown Independent opened in 1924 as the Arrow Theater. The original owner, George Carpenter, had commissioned John E. Kunst to design a picture theater. The building included a pipe organ, two stores and auditorium seating for 500.Under a new manager, Frank Fouce, the theater began to focus on Latin American films in the late 1930s. It was renamed on March 24, 1940 to the Azteca (later Aztec).The Aztec hosted burlesque shows in 1941 and 1942. The Linda Lea (1945–1980s) The theater was renamed to the Linda Lea Theater in 1945. During this period, it focused on Japanese films and was especially popular in the 1960s.By the early 1980s, the Linda Lea was declining, due to competition from nearby Japanese theaters and availability of Japanese programming on television and tapes. The theater closed and the building was bought by the Metropolitan News-Enterprise for use as an archive, but it fell into disuse and began to decay. Renovation and reopening (2005–2020) Cinema Properties Group purchased the theatre in 2005, and following extensive renovations which incorporated some walls from the original theatre, it opened as the ImaginAsian Center in 2007 and was rebranded as the Downtown Independent in 2008. It closed in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Gallery == References ==

Daniel Fowle (printer)

Daniel Fowle (c. 1715 – June 1787) was a colonial American printer and publisher before and during the American Revolution, and the founder of The New Hampshire Gazette. He printed Samuel Adams' newspaper, The Independent Advertiser. He was jailed for printing a damaging account on the conduct of various Massachusetts representatives and after his trial, he lost his license to print. Dismayed with the Massachusetts government he subsequently chose to remove from Massachusetts to New Hampshire and established The New Hampshire Gazette. During the course of his printing career Fowle employed several apprentices.

Daniel Fowle (c. 1715 – June 1787) was a colonial American printer and publisher before and during the American Revolution, and the founder of The New Hampshire Gazette. He printed Samuel Adams' newspaper, The Independent Advertiser. He was jailed for printing a damaging account on the conduct of various Massachusetts representatives and after his trial, he lost his license to print. Dismayed with the Massachusetts government he subsequently chose to remove from Massachusetts to New Hampshire and established The New Hampshire Gazette. During the course of his printing career Fowle employed several apprentices. Using his newspaper, he openly criticized the Stamp Act in 1765. After American independence was established he was commissioned to print the state laws of New Hampshire. Early years Daniel Fowle was born in Charlestown, and served his apprenticeship with Samuel Kneeland, a prominent printer in Boston. He moved to Boston, Massachusetts, and became an active printer in that city beginning in 1740. He married into a very respectable family in Boston, but his marriage produced no children. Renown printer and historian Isiah Thomas said of Fowle, that he was exacting and articulate in his printing and industrious in his method. He bore a mild disposition and was agreeable in his manners, liberal in his sentiments, and was devoted to the cause of his country. Life in Massachusetts Over the next fifteen years, Fowle printed and co-printed publications such as the American Magazine and Historical Chronicle and The Independent Advertiser. The first issue of The Independent Advertiser was printed on January 4, by Rogers and Fowle. Among its writers were Jonathan Mayhew, a controversial Congregationalist and the eventual founder of Unitarianism in America, and an outspoken critic of the Stamp Act. Fowle became the junior business partner with Gamaliel Rogers in 1742. They manufactured their own ink used in the printing of their works, and are supposed to be the first printers in America who were successful in that effort. Fowle and Rogers were the first to print the New Testament in the American Colonies, for Daniel Henchman, and the first printer to publish the revolutionary writings of Samuel Adams.In 1755 Fowle was approached and asked by a few gentlemen, who were opposed to the measures of the general court, and in particular, an excise act on rum. They employed him to assist his brother, Zechariah Fowle to print a pamphlet entitled, The Monster of Monsters, deriding and criticizing this act, while also severely admonishing several members of the court. Joseph Russell, his apprentice, then nearly of age, worked at the case, and a negro man at the press. After publication of the affair Fowle was promptly arrested while at his dinner table on orders from the Massachusetts House of Representatives for printing a seditious pamphlet called "The Monster of Monsters." He was brought before the House and was questioned by the Speaker. Fowle did not cooperate with the Speaker and repeatedly responded to questions in an evasive manner. After the hearing he was jailed at a place that held thieves and murderers and was denied visitation from his wife. Fowle subsequently lost his license to print. After his release from jail, he printed "A Total Eclipse of Liberty" in response to his arrest and fled to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Life in New Hampshire After leaving Massachusetts Fowle arrived in and established his residence in Portsmouth. He opened his printing shop on Anne Street, where, in addition to performing various small printing jobs on his press, he sold books and pamphlets. Shortly after arriving at Portsmouth, Fowle received the commission of the town's magistrate. He was also commissioned to print the various laws of the province along with various pamphlets. On October 7, 1756, Fowle began publication of The New Hampshire Gazette, at which time he took on an apprentice named Thomas Furber, a native of Portsmouth. The Gazette became that colony's sole newspaper at the beginning of the Revolution.Fowle took on his nephew Robert as a partner and employed him as the editor, while they also taught a slave on how to operate and maintain the printing press. Fowle also took on his second apprentice, another nephew named Samuel Hall, from Medford, Massachusetts. Among the printing material Fowle brought with him to Portsmouth was a set of wood and metal cuts of emblems, which included one of the Crow and the Fox, which was used to adorn the heading of his newspaper. Following this, the newspaper heading used a cut of Jupiter and the Peacock. Then the Royal Arms was used, however, as the revolution drew near and the spirit of independence became commonplace throughout the colonies, all signs of royalty steadily disappeared from newspapers and other such printings. On November 1, 1765, the Stamp Act was slated to take effect. On the day before, in protest to the advent, the New Hampshire Gazette was printed with black borders, as did numerous other newspapers at that time. The Gazette announced that it would cease further publication because, like so many other printers, Fowle was unwilling to pay the burdensome stamp tax, which was forcing an increase in newspaper prices. The opening passage of the Gazette article read: We are now arrived at the Eve of that remarkable Day, which is appointed to be as fatal to almost all that is dear to us, as the Ides of March were to the life of Cesar. The Gazette article went on to reference the effect of the Stamp Act as an act of slavery and a threat to commerce, and that its enforcement would amount to nothing less than a loss of liberty.In the years leading up to, and during the course of the Revolutionary War, the people of Portsmouth largely had strong loyalist sympathies. Subsequently the Gazette was published irregularly and only mildly supported the American cause for independence. In 1776 Fowle printed an issue urging the Provincial Congress not to establish an independent government out of concern that this would likely be taken by the royal colonial government as a desire to throw off British rule. Fowle was promptly summoned before the Congress, severely censured, for the "ignominious, scurrilous, and scandalous piece". After being warned to never publish articles reflecting upon the Congress or the cause for independence in such a manner he ceased printing the paper until his nephew Robert L. Fowle in effect revived it on May 22 at Exeter. By this time some devoted and politically active whigs thought the Fowles were too timid in promoting the cause of liberty and independence, and that their printing press activity was too much under the influence of the colonial royal officials. They encouraged Furber to set up his own press in the province. He subsequently parted company with Fowle toward the end of 1764, and opened a printing house in Portsmouth, becoming a competitor of Fowle. Soon after he also published a newspaper in competition with Fowle's Gazette.As Daniel was a Whig and his nephew Robert a loyalist, their partnership was eventually dissolved, and Robert established himself as a printer in nearby Exeter. In addition to the Gazette, Fowle published state laws, as well as the first book published in the colony, Reverend Samuel Langdon's The Excellency of the Word of God. He published the Gazette until 1785. Before Fowle's death that year he sold the New Hampshire Gazette to two of his current apprentices, John Melcher and George Jerry Osborne. As of 2021, the Gazette, America's oldest newspaper, is still published. After Fowle died the Gazette was turned over to two of his apprentices, John Melcher and George Jerry in 1785. Fowle lived long enough to see the principles of Samuel Adams and the Caucus Club, which were enumerated in The Independent Advertiser in 1752, put forward and incorporated into the young independent nation. See also Early American publishers and printers History of printing History of American newspapers History of newspaper publishing List of early American publishers and printers Citations Bibliography Buckingham, Joseph Tinker (1850). Specimens of newspaper literature : with personal memoirs, anecdotes, and reminiscences. Vol. I. Boston : Charles C. Little and James Brown.Lee, James Melvin (1923). History of American journalism. Boston, New York, Houghton Mifflin Company.Hudson, Frederic (1873). Journalism in the United States, from 1690 to 1872. New York, Harper & Brothers.Schlesinger, Arthur M. (1958). Prelude To Independence The Newspaper War On Britain 1764 1776. Alfred A. Knopf.Thomas, Isaiah (1874). The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers. Vol. I. New York, B. Franklin.Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John (1887–1900). Appletons' cyclopædia of American biography. Vol. II. New York, D. Appleton and company.Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John (1887–1900). Appletons' cyclopædia of American biography. Vol. IV. New York, D. Appleton and company."History". New Hampshire Gazette. Archived from the original on October 1, 2005. Retrieved June 16, 2005. University of New Hampshire Library (2008). "The Popular Press in New Hampshire, 1756–1800: Daniel Fowle (1715–1787)". University of New Hampshire Library—Milne Special Collections. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008.

Erland Steenberg

Erland Steenberg (11 February 1919 – 11 December 2009) was a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party. He was born in Nedre Eiker as a son of farmers Christoffer Steenberg (1888–1970) and Anne Severine Åsland (1878–1963). He was employed in the Bank of Norway in Drammen from 1938 to 1947, and also worked as an auditor until 1968.He was a member of Nedre Eiker municipal council between 1959 and 1967, the last four-year term in the executive committee. He chaired his county branch of the Centre Party from 1960 to 1966, and was deputy leader of the Centre Party nationally from 1967 to 1977 He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Buskerud in 1965, and was re-elected on two occasions. He had previously as a deputy representative during the terms 1958–1961 and 1961–1965.

Erland Steenberg (11 February 1919 – 11 December 2009) was a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party. He was born in Nedre Eiker as a son of farmers Christoffer Steenberg (1888–1970) and Anne Severine Åsland (1878–1963). He was employed in the Bank of Norway in Drammen from 1938 to 1947, and also worked as an auditor until 1968.He was a member of Nedre Eiker municipal council between 1959 and 1967, the last four-year term in the executive committee. He chaired his county branch of the Centre Party from 1960 to 1966, and was deputy leader of the Centre Party nationally from 1967 to 1977 He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Buskerud in 1965, and was re-elected on two occasions. He had previously as a deputy representative during the terms 1958–1961 and 1961–1965. During his second term, from 1969 to 1973, he served as Vice President of the Odelsting.Steenberg was the chairman of IF Birkebeineren from 1955 to 1956, chaired the corporate council of Norsk Olje 1977 to 1981 and was a board member of Fokus Bank 1988 to 1990. From 1978 to 1990 he served on the board of the Office of the Auditor General of Norway. In the professional life he took a realtor's exam in 1977, and was the director of the Norwegian Association of Real Estate Agents from 1978 to 1986. From 1986 to 1996 he worked as a local realtor in Nedre Eiker. == References ==

Juan Comas

Juan Comas Camps (January 23, 1900 in Alayor, Menorca, Spain – January 18, 1979 in Mexico City, Mexico) was a Spanish-Mexican anthropologist, notable for his critical work on race, and his participation in drafting the UNESCO statement on race. He fled Spain during the regime of Franco, and spent the rest of his life in Mexico. He was a professor of physical anthropology at the National Institute of Anthropology and History in Mexico between 1940 and 1943, and at the National Autonomous University of Mexico from 1955 until his death.

Juan Comas Camps (January 23, 1900 in Alayor, Menorca, Spain – January 18, 1979 in Mexico City, Mexico) was a Spanish-Mexican anthropologist, notable for his critical work on race, and his participation in drafting the UNESCO statement on race. He fled Spain during the regime of Franco, and spent the rest of his life in Mexico. He was a professor of physical anthropology at the National Institute of Anthropology and History in Mexico between 1940 and 1943, and at the National Autonomous University of Mexico from 1955 until his death. Early life Comas was born in the small town of Alayor, Spain, located in the center of the Menorca Island in the Mediterranean Sea, 150 miles southeast of Barcelona. During this time, Spain was facing social and political changes that would shape his later work. His father was a teacher in Menorca, and Juan Comas followed in his steps. At the age of seventeen, he received degrees in Arts and Sciences and title of elementary teacher. Four years later, Comas received one of the highest degrees for instructors in the Escuela Superior del Magisterio de Madrid (Rex, 1980). With his academic achievements, Juan Comas taught throughout Spain, before receiving several pedagogical degrees from prestigious universities in the country. The academic achievements by Comas were not overlooked by the Spanish state. The Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (The High Counsel of Scientific Investigation) of Spain sent him to Geneva to study at the Institute J.J. Rousseau of Geneva, and perform psycho-pedagogical studies. During his time in Geneva, Comas absorbed the teaching of styles from the rest of Europe, and would later bring back with him to Spain. It was at this institute that Juan Comas began his studies in anthropology. After publishing several articles, and working for the Republicans in Spain, Juan Comas completed his dissertation and defended in 1939. In 1942, under the guidance of Eugène Pittard, Juan Comas received his Doctoral degree in the Anthropological Sciences. Working under Pittard, Comas received much of his indoctrination into the discipline of anthropology, and more specifically, the subfield of physical anthropology. Pittard was a Swiss anthropologist who had performed numerous investigations and published work in topics covering the evolution and origin of humans, as well as the races of people. In an act of great affection to his mentor, Juan Comas translated Pittard's book, The Races and History, close to thirty years after being published. In 1899 Pittard received his Doctoral of Sciences, by presenting his dissertation titled "Recherche d’anatomie comparative sur diverses séries de crânes anciens de la vallée du Rhône (Valais)" (Comparative Anatomical Research on a diverse series of ancient crania in the Rhone Valley). As Comas was in his later life, Pittard was very involved in political activism. He published articles on the malnutrition of Albanians and the maltreatment of Gypsy populations throughout Europe. It was these times under Pittard that Comas began to develop his ideas that, along with the social atmosphere of the time, would later help him form his personal indigenismo. After the Spanish Civil War, Comas was exiled from Spain, when the government came under the Franco regime. Throughout the 1930s, Comas helped the Republicans fight against the Nationals, but the conservatives took had won the war. Numerous scientists were forced to leave the country under the rule of Franco (Romero Salvadó, 2005). He implemented in his students, for however brief, a new way of observing the world through science (Rex, 1980). To those he taught Comas became a great symbol: what the modern, Spanish professor was supposed to be. In contrast to the professor at the beginning of the century, exemplified by his father, one who never delved into national politics, Comas embodied the individual as professor who was supposed to change the course of the nation for the better through political intervention in his teachings. Historical and physical anthropology’s disciplinary atmosphere: 1900–1950 From his birth up until he left Spain, the country experienced several social and political changes that shaped Juan Comas one way or another. The anarchist movement that began in the latter half of the 19th century saw Spain's workers perform massive strikes against the institutional monarchy, whose power was decreasing after the defeat in the Spanish–American and Cuban wars of 1898 (Vincent, 2007). During this period, up until 1931, Spain attempted to create an imagined Nationalist identity of its citizens. According to Vincent (2007:81), the Spanish state exercised jingoism, extreme patriotism through foreign policy. These endeavors were seen in universal manhood suffrage, the dedication of bullfights for a patriotic cause, and the repatriation of resources from its colonies. These actions of nationalism opened Comas’ eyes to how injustices, prejudices, and racial inequality could be constructed. These actions helped him form his beliefs later in life. These social events, occurring early in the 20th century in Spain up until the end of World War I, allowed Comas to found his later beliefs, demonstrating the manner in which individual race and ethnicity were constructed in face of large-social structures such as nations. Comas was uneasy during this time period (Rex, 1980). While working in Geneva, the government assigned him as the delegate confronting the issues of children who became orphaned during the war, 1936–1939. His last position in Spain was as the director of elementary teachings for orphaned children. Not able to cope with the atrocities, Comas—as the story is told (Rex 1980)—packed his belongings into a backpack and crossed the Spanish–French border, where he made his way to Mexico. The carnage-filled sights that he experienced in Spain allowed him to foster his legacy beyond his academics (Rex, 1980). He was known for his compassion and the way in which he fought for social justice, criticizing the government and attempting to ameliorate injustices by declaring equality among all human beings and debunking institutionalized prejudices and racism. During this period Comas published several articles. Much of the literature he published correlated to his earlier work in pedagogy. With it he was able to bring back to Spain different styles that were current in Europe, and which helped him be placed in the position of director of elementary teaching. Furthermore, once he left Spain and the Franco Regime, this period allowed Comas to establish his criticism of the government (Comas and Genovés, 1959). He often criticized the Franco Regime for the lack of true freedom in scientific inquiry. One of Comas’ harshest critiques to the Franco Regime was the way in which the state abused the discipline of anthropology to espouse state-sponsored propaganda. Comas argued that the Franco Regime was attempting to get rid of evolutionary teachings and the understandings of the origin of men. This censure would allow the state to promote its pro-religious agenda (Romero Salvadó, 2005). The fact that the Spanish state under Franco attempted to get rid of teaching of evolution did not sit well with Comas. Comas used such oppression to fuel his work. In addition, the field of anthropology, specifically the discipline of physical anthropology, was changing during the same time period. The colonial enterprise was coming to a close, and new developments in paleontology, geology, and anthropology began to have effects on the science of anthropology (Comas, 1960). Such new outlooks into scientific research allowed a sea change in the discipline that moved away from the old racial classifications that had been established in the 19th century (Spencer, 1986). According to Spencer (1986) the advances in science allowed the ideas of race and inferiority to diminish within the discipline. This happened in two ways. The first was the creation of the synthetic theory by geneticists after World War II. The second way was the manner in which physical anthropology applied the new synthesis to study the concepts of population and adaptational thinking, rather than the old concepts of race. These changes occurring in the first half of the 20th century, greatly formed the work of Comas, who himself was an ardent fighter against racism. Comas’ work attempted to destroy the concepts of race and the foundations of racism in physical anthropology. Comas (1961) argued that the concept of race had no scientific merit or backing. Comas even went as far as to categorize work that others deemed scientific as "super-racist" when old concepts of racial categorization were utilized. Such work provided no "scientific" proof for arguing one human group superior to another (Comas, 1961). He attacked such work as amoral, because it misled non-informed readers to believe concepts that were untrue, as well as allowed the continuation of prejudice in that these scientists believed in. Comas believed that the work, and obligation, of scientists was to demonstrate the truth, an argument expanded below. Juan Comas in Mexico Juan Comas arrived in Mexico in 1940 with well established credentials. He began teaching at the Escuela Normal de Maestros in Pachuca, Mexico. In 1938, a couple of years before arriving in Mexico, the Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (or ENAH, National School of Anthropology and History) opened. Within a couple of years after arriving in the country, the ENAH invited him to be part of its faculty. This school has been one of the leading researching institutions in all of the Americas, and Comas took advantage of the already well-known collections that the school—which shared the building with the National Museum of Anthropology, before the museum itself moved to its current location—had. He was able to carry out his first works thanks in large part to these collections (Romano Pacheco, 1980). These two institutions—the ENAH and the National Museum—shared the same building until 1964 when the new National Museum opened. One example of Comas' work in Mexico is in regards to Amerindians and how racial ideology attempted to make this population—from Canada to Argentina—not only homogeneous, but as well as primitive in regards to other populations around the world. Comas (1942) presents numerous studies which show how diverse the indigenous population of the American continent truly is, and should not be lumped together as earlier studies had done. Because it was believed that blood type was similar between the Amerindian populations, many authors argued that this was due to racial inferiority. In this article, Comas (1942) shows the different percentages of blood types in the population, and how an argument on blood truly does not carry weight in defining a population primitive. Blood and blood types were not basis for defining any group inferior. Latin American Anthropology The discipline of anthropology is viewed and exercised much different in Latin America from that of its North American counterpart. This has much to do with the history of the North v. South. The discipline began in the North when the colonial expansion was at its highest in the mid-nineteenth century, and used anthropology, a nascent discipline, to carry out its projects (Medina Hernández 2004). In the process of colonization and globalization, the discipline began to spread onto the North's holdings. The South has developed the discipline in a much different way, sometimes in the shadow of the North, believed to be dependent on the North, and seen as "amateurish" by the North (Medina Hernández 2004). In the face of these foundations, anthropology in Latin America has created a more activist perception to practice the discipline. Experiencing social injustices everyday, anthropologists have created theoretical perspectives in Latin America that hold the idea that the anthropologist must fight the institution in place that is causing inequality, and protect the population that the anthropologist is studying (see Politis 2003). Comas fell into such category. In this light we see the work of Comas during the mid-twentieth century. Comas (1950) argued that the job of anthropology is to teach the origin of man throughout the American continent. The discipline, he argued, was necessary and indispensable to any subject matter taught at the university level. Comas saw anthropology (all of its subfields) as "the solution of the social and economic problems of the different countries" (1950:567). However, he knew that the governmental structures present usually do not allow the implementation of these solutions, and when they did, they were not done under the guidance, according to Comas, of well-trained anthropologists. He saw anthropology as a way to perform social activism—a way to ameliorate the situation in which much of the rural citizenry were living. His work showed that even within Mexico things like medicine availability could improve with the work of anthropologists. He called for anthropologist to make the situation better to those they knew were suffering. Another way in which Comas utilized anthropology as a political tool was in his published work on race and racism. As mentioned above, the history of Spain left him with a bad impression on how social structures created individuals and exploited them. In his work commissioned by UNESCO, Racial Myths, Comas (1953) brings to light the history of race and how past societies attempted to define humans who looked different as inferior. Comparing past injustices to the present maltreatments he saw, Comas argued that though physiological differences exist between groups of people, this has no scientific basis to declare any individual superior or inferior (Comas, 1953). Furthermore, he proposed the use of democratic political systems to justify the equality of individuals. He declared that democracies, a political belief that contrasted the totalitarian regime in Spain, showed the truths of how truly equal all people were. To him, nationalist agendas and totalitarian regimes repressed populations that did not fit into an imagined view. To highlight a final example of Comas' activist persona, and how he believed activism should be used alongside anthropology, is his work with indigenous populations throughout Latin America. This was one of his lasting legacies: his work on indigenismo. Indigenismo is the belief that social scientists, such as anthropologists, should be fighters for the causes of the populations they studied. In the American continent, this refers to the indigenous populations that have often been marginalized by the colonial powers and the new modern nation-states. Comas, along with few other anthropologists of the times, founded this movement that showed argued anti-racist and end to biases within the continent. Comas fought for the inalienable social rights of numerous native populations throughout the Americas (Aguirre Beltrán, 1980). Comas fought against racism and essential definitions that characterized these populations as inferior. Comas (1961) argued that anthropologists have a moral obligation to show the truth in institutionalized prejudices that many native groups lived under. Comas traveled throughout the continent to argue for native rights. He was recognized for it in his later life and after his death, and many of his students still see him as great figure. Critiques The work of Juan Comas is seen as one of the important contributions to physical anthropology in Latin America. However, there is critique to his published work. Kleg (1993) argues that even within the work of Comas, institutionalized and embedded racism is present. This is a fact that Comas himself, in arguing against one form of racism, never realized or never saw his biases as racist. Kleg (1993) presents his case in the work commissioned by UNESCO, Racial Myths. In this book, Comas makes the argument that Christianity is in fundamentally unprejudiced and does not define people inferior due to their physical characteristics (Kleg 1993). However, at the time, Comas argues that the Old Testament, Kleg argues in reference to Judaism, in inherently racist. Kleg suggests that despite his best efforts to fight against racism, his biases surfaced in this work. However one may interpret the passages used by Comas, and despite embedded prejudices, Comas (1953) does point out to the fallacy of assigning Jewish background as a race. In addition, his experiences of living through hyper-nationalism in Spain allowed him to see the fallacy in the creation of such categories by social structures. Comas (1950; 1951; 1961) also argued the false creation of prejudiced thinking against Jews. One can never truly escape the structure that one lives under, and Comas was no exception. However, Comas was a maverick, one of the truly few anthropologists in Latin America that called for an end to racism and declared the use of political activism to end prejudices. Physical anthropology Comas was an ardent researcher in physical anthropology. Though he supported a four-field approach to anthropology, Comas wrote most passionately about physical anthropology. He believed that the field within Latin America lacked a consistent and complete literature. (Comas, 1960). This feeling pushed him to write the Manual of Physical Anthropology—written in 1957, and an English version following in 1960. In his textbook, among other works, Comas compiled a history of the discipline. This pursuit of understanding the history of the discipline allowed Comas to create works that were available to the majority of the public (Medina Hernández, 1980). Further more, his editorial skills translated into the publishing of several academic journals. Between 1943 and 1955, Comas was director or editor of several journals and publications, which maintained high academic prestige and workmanship (Medina Hernández, 1980). These included: América Indígena, Boletín Indigenista, and Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana. He was also the founder of Anales de Antropología, the prestigious journal published by the UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México). Comas' methods were scrupulous. He believed that scientific research and measurements should be done in the most of objective ways, and he was vocal against studies that misused anthropometric techniques and created prejudiced view in the reconstruction of racial histories. Two examples of this was his 1961 article published in Current Anthropology, titled "'Scientific' Racism Again?" and his 1965 book Somatometría de los indios triques de Oaxaca, México. In the former Comas (1961) lashed out against Garret for his circular arguments. Comas believed that using anthropometric measurements to conclude that one group of people were inferior to another had no scientific basis. One could use the measurements one found to determine any differences in other people as an inferior character, and thus, be able to promote any racist agenda that the scientist held. Comas' study of race relations in Latin America also argues against studies that formed prejudiced view of certain groups of people. Comas (1961) demonstrated the way in which many Latin American countries had institutionalized racism due to previous studies. In this study, Comas argues against the statements of Lipschutz. Lipschutz had argued that the white race was superior to others, and that when an indigenous or black person became intelligent, was because he used the advances of the white race to get ahead. Comas, instead, argued that these views were extremely negative and that were based on already preconceived biases. He believed that by reproducing racial groups, society caused the continuation of racism: "La realidad es que la 'raza' juega en la vida moderna un papel importante ya que en muchos países sirve de base an ordenamientos, o por lo menos prácticas de discriminación socio-económica" (Comas, 1961). Comas attempted to bring out the fallacy in these arguments, and tried to use the discipline to better the situation. Contributions to the field Juan Comas contributed greatly to the discipline. He has been acknowledged by organizations on physical anthropology throughout the world. I will discuss here only a few of his lasting contribution to the field. Juan Comas saw the discipline in Latin America as a great tool. However, when he arrived to the American continent, Comas saw that the literature and work were not complete. He wanted to change that. One way he accomplished this, already mentioned above, was through popularizing the discipline through the journals that he edited and founded. A second way Comas contributed to the literature of the discipline was in his—often cited as a masterpiece—textbook, Manual of Physical Anthropology (1957, 1960). This was an extensive book that was used throughout the continent, and even translated into English. This book was one of the first in the Spanish-speaking world to demonstrate the history of the discipline—one of Comas focus in life—as well as present an argument for evolution in Darwin's sense. This he got from his mentor Pittard who had done lots of work on the origin of the human species in Switzerland. It is important not to down-play the significance of Comas' contributions to social justice and the attempts to demonstrate work that was inherently biased. His personal belief on indigenismo and anti-racist stands, defined him as an ardent scientific who wanted to demonstrate all research correctly. Comas wanted argued that racism was inherent in many social structures, and that by examining our history, especially that of the first half of the 20th century, we could understand the fallacies within that argument (Comas, 1964). Nationalist agendas, according to Comas, responsible for the prejudices the world had seen. Juan Comas also left a summation of the history of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Juan Comas's summary history of the American association of physical anthropologists (1928–1968), is a massive work that Alfonso and Little say is indispensable to the historian of the discipline. Comas' work has been honored in numerous places. He received honorary doctorates from three universities, and was hailed as a hero in his home town. The American Association of Physical Anthropologists honors his life every year with the Juan Comas Award. The UNAM's anthropology department has named the library after Juan Comas. Conclusion Juan Comas died on January 18, 1979. He died in a sudden manner, while working in the UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México). He was five days from his 79th birthday, and was still as dedicated to his work as any other time in his life (Hernández Mora, 1979). He had been honored by the country of his birth, in his home town, the year before, four years after the death of Franco. In addition, he was honored at the Universidad Complutense in Spain. These two honored actions left him with an air of accomplishment that he had yet to feel. He had received the highest of admiration from the country he had left. Juan Comas accomplishments are numerous. He wrote over one-hundred fifty works, and each demonstrated his passion for activism. Once in Mexico, Comas devoted his work to the pursuit of bettering the lives of others, especially the vulnerable, indigenous populations that were not being supported by the country. He was an exiled Spanish Republican, editor of numerous journals, historian of the discipline, ex-communist, anti-racist, and indigenista (Gomez Izquierdo, 2000). His life has been honored, and his academic legacy will be one to look at for generations of Latin American anthropologists and elsewhere. See also Bronislaw Malinowski Award References Notes

European Solidarity

European Solidarity (Ukrainian: Європейська солідарність, romanized: Yevropeys'ka solidarnist', YeS) is a political party in Ukraine. It has its roots in a parliamentary group called Solidarity dating from 2000 and has existed since in various forms as a political outlet for Petro Poroshenko. The party with its then name Petro Poroshenko Bloc won 132 of the 423 contested seats in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, more than any other party.In August 2015, the Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform (UDAR) merged into the party. In May 2019, the UDAR undid this merge. In October 2017, the party had about 30,000 members; former members of Party of Regions are denied membership.

European Solidarity (Ukrainian: Європейська солідарність, romanized: Yevropeys'ka solidarnist', YeS) is a political party in Ukraine. It has its roots in a parliamentary group called Solidarity dating from 2000 and has existed since in various forms as a political outlet for Petro Poroshenko. The party with its then name Petro Poroshenko Bloc won 132 of the 423 contested seats in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, more than any other party.In August 2015, the Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform (UDAR) merged into the party. In May 2019, the UDAR undid this merge. In October 2017, the party had about 30,000 members; former members of Party of Regions are denied membership. In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party won 23 seats on the nationwide party list and 2 constituency seats.Initially formed as a social democratic party, it shifted to the centre-right during the formation of Petro Poroshenko Bloc in 2014. Since then, it has been described as Christian democratic, liberal conservative, conservative, liberal, and civic nationalist. Regarding their foreign stances, they support the membership of Ukraine in the European Union and a peaceful end to the Russo-Ukrainian War. In its program, they stated their support for decentralization and anti-corruption among other principles. History Solidarity (2000–2013) The party started in 2000 as a parliamentary faction called "Solidarity", set up by Petro Poroshenko, until then a member of the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) faction. Taras Kuzio claims that this happened with the help of then President Kuchma, who allegedly wanted to limit the influence of the SDPU(u). Many deputies elected in 1998 for the Peasant Party of Ukraine and Hromada joined the new parliamentary faction. Based on his parliamentary faction Poroshenko eventually established the Party of Ukraine's Solidarity. In 2000 that party merged into what would become the Party of Regions (later to become for a period the biggest party of Ukraine) and Poroshenko became a Party of Regions deputy.In 2001, Poroshenko expressed interest in the creation of the Our Ukraine Bloc. However, in order to receive quote in Our Ukraine he had to join the bloc with his whole party. The Party of Ukraine's Solidarity failed to break away from the Party of Regions, therefore Poroshenko decided to create a new phantom party with a similar name, the party "Solidarity". At the 2002 parliamentary elections Solidarity was able to join Our Ukraine. Top party members who received a parliamentary mandate on party list of the Our Ukraine electoral bloc in 2002 were Volodymyr Plyutynsky, Volodymyr Makeyenko, Eduard Matviychuk, Anatoliy Korchynsky, while a single constituency in Vinnytsia Oblast was won by Petro Poroshenko. After 2002, Solidarity stopped participating in elections. In 2004, the party left Our Ukraine, and was represented by 23 deputies in the Verkhovna Rada (the forming of new factions whose parties were not directly elected into parliament was not unique in Ukraine at the time.) In March 2013 the Ministry of Justice asked the Central Election Commission of Ukraine for evidence that Solidarity had not been involved in elections since 2003.On 17 June 2013, Fatherland member of parliament Yuriy Stets became head of the party. Stets was a member of the united opposition's political council.On 16 October 2013, a court cancelled the registration certificate of Solidarity. The party could have challenged this on appeal, but did not and was legally eliminated on 31 December 2013 "due to lack of reporting". and because for more than 10 years had not participated in any election. Petro Poroshenko Bloc (2014–2019) Early in 2014, Poroshenko became leader of the National Alliance of freedom and Ukrainian patriotism "OFFENSIVE", which was renamed "All-Ukrainian Union Solidarity". By doing so, Poroshenko de facto prolonged the life of Solidarity and de facto merged the National Alliance of freedom and Ukrainian patriotism "OFFENSIVE" into Solidarity (legally the original party "Solidarity" does not exist anymore). National Alliance of freedom and Ukrainian patriotism "OFFENSIVE" was registered in May 2000 under the name All-Ukrainian Party of Peace and Unity (Ukrainian: Всеукраїнська партія миру i єдності, HPEM). It was not allowed to participate in the electoral alliance "Rainbow" in the Ukrainian 2002 parliamentary elections. In the 2006 elections, the party failed as part of the electoral alliance Yuriy Karmazin Bloc to win parliamentary representation. In the 2007 elections, the party failed again as part of the All-Ukrainian Community to win parliamentary representation. After this election (the party) "All-Ukrainian Party of Peace and Unity" was renamed National Alliance of Freedom and Ukrainian patriotism "OFFENSIVE". National Alliance of freedom and Ukrainian patriotism "OFFENSIVE" did not participate in the 2012 parliamentary elections.In May and June 2014, Ukrainska Pravda characterised the party ("All-Ukrainian Union Solidarity") as "a myth with no website, unknown phone numbers and non existing addresses". At the 2014 presidential election, Poroshenko was elected President of Ukraine.During a 27 August 2014 party congress, the "All-Ukrainian Union Solidarity" changed its name to "Bloc of Petro Poroshenko" (Ukrainian: Блок Петра Порошенка, Blok Petra Poroshenka), and elected the former Minister of Internal Affairs, Yuriy Lutsenko, as the new leader of the party.On 2 September, Vitali Klitschko, then parliamentary leader of the Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform, stated that since his party and the Petro Poroshenko Bloc had agreed to joint participation in parliamentary elections on 29 March 2014, the two parties were in discussion about running a joint list at the October 26 parliamentary election. On 15 September it became clear that 30% of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc election list would be filled by members of UDAR and that UDAR leader Klitschko was at the top of this list; Klitschko vowed not to resign as incumbent Mayor of Kyiv, but on 21 November he gave up his seat in the new parliament. According to political scientist Tadeusz A. Olszański (in mid-September 2014) this deal with UDAR "enables it to use that party's large-scale structures, which the Poroshenko Bloc itself lacks". The party won the parliamentary election with 132 seats, beating the runner-up People's Front, who won 82 seats. People's Front was first in the nationwide party vote (22.14% against 21.81%) but the party won 69 constituency seats while People's Front won only 18. On 27 November 2014, the party formed a parliamentary faction of 145 people (at the opening session of the new parliament).Top 10 politicians on the party list to the Ukrainian parliament: 1. Vitaliy Klychko, 2. Yuriy Lutsenko, 3. Olha Bohomolets, 4. Volodymyr Hroysman, 5. Mustafa Dzhemilev, 6. Yuliy Mamchur, 7. Maria Matios, 8. Mykola Tomenko, 9. Iryna Herashchenko, 10. Vitaliy Kovalchuk. On 21 November 2014 the party became a member of the coalition supporting the second Yatsenyuk government and endorsed nine new ministers for the government. In March 2015, "Solidarity" was added to the name "Bloc of Petro Poroshenko". On 28 August 2015 UDAR and Petro Poroshenko Bloc officially merged into Petro Poroshenko Bloc. UDAR party leader Vitali Klitschko became so the new party leader.The party was one of the winners of the 2015 Ukrainian local elections. It did well in West and central Ukraine and Kherson Oblast region.According to Ukrainian media research of February 2016 22% of the parties' representatives in regional councils and 12% of the parties' parliamentary deputies were former members of the Party of Regions.Following the fall of the second Yatsenyuk government, the party joined the coalition that supports the 14 April 2016 installed Groysman Government. In the weeks prior to this 11 MPs had switched to the faction making forming the coalition possible.Klitschko resigned as Petro Poroshenko Bloc chairman (on 26 May) after a new law barring him as head of the Kyiv City State Administration to be chairman or a member of a political party took effect on 1 May 2016.On 18 May 2019 Klitschko announced that UDAR would take part in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election autonomously. European Solidarity (from 2019) The party changed its name to its current form on 24 May 2019. According to party leader Poroshenko this had to be done in order to bring in a new leadership of the party and to win the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election.Top 10 politicians on the party list to the Ukrainian parliament in these elections were 1. Petro Poroshenko, 2. Andriy Parubiy, 3. Iryna Herashchenko, 4. Mykhailo Zabrodskyi, 5. Sofia Fedyna, 6. Mustafa Dzhemilev, 7. Yana Zinkevych, 8. Oleh Synyutka, 9. Akhtem Chyihoz, 10. Ivanna Klympush-Tsintsadze.In the 2019 parliamentary election, European Solidarity scored badly, dropping to 8.10% of votes and electing 23 MPs (37% of which were women) on the nationwide party list and winning 2 constituency seats. The party voted against the confidence vote in the new Honcharuk Government. In June 2020 former Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council during Poroshenko's presidency Oleksandr Turchynov became head of the 2020 Ukrainian local elections headquarters of the party. In this election European Solidarity did well in West and central Ukraine and it significantly improved on its 2019 parliamentary election result in all Ukrainian oblasts. 3,543 people won seats in local councils on behalf of the party, that is about 10.73% of the available seats. Ideology and positions The party officially decries populism and advocates for pragmatism and realism. According to Oleg Varfolomeyev of the Eurasia Daily Monitor the party is a liberal party (and UDAR was as well). According to Bohdan Butkevych of The Ukrainian Week, the party does not have an ideological unity. Due to the fact the party was created shortly before the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election and then its "party list was drawn up by taking almost anyone who was ready and willing to invest their own resources". Hence its parliamentary faction consists of people who "have very different interests, methods of getting into parliament and plans". (Hence) the party's MPs tend not to vote alike.The party broadly reflects Poroshenko's ideology. On 27 August 2014 newly elected party leader Yuriy Lutsenko stated that the Petro Poroshenko Bloc should help Poroshenko implement his election promises. Official party positions include: Open list elections Decentralization Creating a public television network Bringing attention to the plight of the Crimean Tatars Enforcing Ukrainian as the sole official language Membership of Ukraine in the European Union Welfare and social protection for poor citizens Law enforcement reform and creation of an independent judiciary Ending corruption Ensuring Ukraine's territorial integrity Energy independence for Ukraine Abolishing the immunity of senior officials Privatizing all Ukrainian coal mines and liquidate or mothball all mines that cannot be privatized, with social support for the workers of the liquidated or mothballed mines and the population of these territories Legislation to restrict religions whose leadership reside in aggressor states, e.g. Russia. Party leaders SolidarityAll-Ukrainian Party of Peace and Unity/National Alliance of freedom and Ukrainian patriotism "OFFENSIVE"Petro Poroshenko BlocEuropean Solidarity Election results Election results for Solidarity, All-Ukrainian Party of Peace and Unity, Petro Poroshenko Bloc and European Solidarity political party. Verkhovna Rada SolidarityAll-Ukrainian Party of Peace and UnityPetro Poroshenko BlocEuropean Solidarity Presidential elections Notes References External links Official website Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian and Russian) Party list of the Our Ukraine electoral bloc, 2002

Timothy Taylor Brewery

Timothy Taylor's is a family-owned regional brewery, founded in 1858 by Timothy Taylor, in Keighley, West Yorkshire, England. Timothy Taylor's moved to larger premises in 1863 at Knowle Spring in Keighley, where they remain. The brewery is best known for Timothy Taylor's Landlord, the second highest-selling cask ale in Britain, which accounts for 80 per cent of output.

Timothy Taylor's is a family-owned regional brewery, founded in 1858 by Timothy Taylor, in Keighley, West Yorkshire, England. Timothy Taylor's moved to larger premises in 1863 at Knowle Spring in Keighley, where they remain. The brewery is best known for Timothy Taylor's Landlord, the second highest-selling cask ale in Britain, which accounts for 80 per cent of output. Beers Landlord Timothy Taylor's best known beer is Landlord, a pale ale, 4.3% abv when cask conditioned, and 4.1% when sold filtered in the bottle. It contains Styrian Goldings, Goldings and Fuggles hops. It was created for miners, to compete against local rival Barnsley Bitter. Landlord has four times been Champion Beer of Britain at the Great British Beer Festival. The brand attracted media attention in 2003 when Madonna said in an interview with Jonathan Ross that it was her favourite beer. Since then the draught beer has become more widely available throughout the country and Landlord is also being exported in bottles.Landlord is available in the brewery's own tied pubs, and is often available as a guest ale in other pubs, especially those in Yorkshire. Bottled Landlord is available in Tesco, Waitrose, Morrisons and several other supermarkets, as well as from the brewery's webshop. Boltmaker Timothy Taylor's Best Bitter was renamed Boltmaker in 2012 to better distinguish it from their ale Golden Best. Boltmaker won Gold in the Bitter category at the Great British Beer Festival in 2014 and was also crowned their Champion Beer of Britain 2014.Boltmaker is a Yorkshire Bitter which is 4% when cask conditioned or 4.2% when sold filtered in the bottle. It was originally bottled exclusively for Tesco shortly before winning Champion Beer of Britain 2014. In late 2015 bottled Boltmaker became available in other supermarkets such as Waitrose. Knowle Spring Blonde Introduced in 2017, Knowle Spring Blonde is a 4.2% blonde beer and the brewery's first addition to their core range since 1952. Others A variety of other ales, such as Golden Best, Dark Mild and Ram Tam (renamed Landlord Dark in 2019) may be found in Timothy Taylor's houses. Landlord Dark can be found in some supermarkets. A new French style blonde ale Le Champion was brewed specially to celebrate the 2014 Tour de France Grand Depart in Leeds. With the advent of the Tour de Yorkshire cycling event in 2015, Le Champion was brewed again in April 2015 and is being brewed again in March 2016. Poulter's Porter was first brewed in 2017 and is named after Arthur Poulter, a former employee at the brewery who received the Victoria Cross for gallantry in the First World War.Timothy Taylor's also produce an occasional special bottled ale called Havercake Ale. In the past Timothy Taylor's produced another bottled ale called Northerner, bearing the advertising slogan, For Men of the North. This slogan has been reinvented as "Originally brewed for men of the north, now loved by everyone" and is borne on the back of the wagons. Brewery The brewery is supplied with water from an artesian well (Knowle Spring). Only whole hops are used for brewing.The yeast strain originally came from the Oldham Brewery. 80 percent of production is for cask conditioned products. Bottling is contracted to Robinsons Brewery. Pubs Timothy Taylor's currently has 19 of its own tied pubs in Bingley, Cononley, Fence near Colne, Haworth, Grassington, Halifax, Keighley, Leeds, Malsis near Cross Hills, Oakworth, Oxenhope, Ripon, Skipton, Thornton and Wadsworth near Hebden Bridge.These are the Albert Hotel in Keighley, the Boltmakers Arms in Keighley, the Brown Cow in Bingley, the Burlington Arms in Keighley, the Crossroads Inn in Halifax, the Devonshire Hotel in Grassington, the Dog & Gun in Malsis, the Dog & Gun in Oxenhope, the Fleece Inn in Haworth, the Grouse Inn in Oldfield, the Hare & Hounds in Wadsworth, the Lord Rodney in Keighley, the New Inn in Cononley, the Royal Oak in Keighley, the Royal Oak in Ripon, the Town Hall Tavern in central Leeds, the White Horse in Thornton, the White Swan in Fence and the Woolly Sheep in Skipton. All of these pubs are run by tenants, except for the Lord Rodney in Keighley and the Woolly Sheep in Skipton, which are run by Timothy Taylor's itself. In 2015, Timothy Taylor's bought The Devonshire Hotel in Grassington and it underwent a complete refurbishment, reopening in December 2015. References External links Official website

Schrammeln

Schrammeln is a 1944 German film directed by Géza von Bolváry.

Schrammeln is a 1944 German film directed by Géza von Bolváry. Plot summary Cast Soundtrack Hans Holt - "Wenn ich nur wüßt" Hans Holt and Hans Moser - "'s Herz von an echten Weana (Schrammel Walzer)" Marte Harell - "So wie ich bin, ist auch mein Wien" Marte Harell, Hans Holt, Fritz Imhoff, Hans Moser and Paul Hörbiger - "Wer no in Wien net war und Linz net kennt" Hans Holt - "Man ist einmal nur verliebt!" Fritz Imhoff, Hans Moser and Paul Hörbiger - "Der Nachwuchs" Marte Harell - "Man ist einmal nur verliebt!" Hans Holt, Paul Hörbiger, Hans Moser and Fritz Imhoff - "Wien bleibt Wien" External links Schrammeln at IMDb Schrammeln is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive

Japanese imperial year

The era after the enthronement of Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇即位紀元, Jinmu-tennō sokui kigen), colloquially known as the Japanese imperial year (皇紀, kōki) or "national calendar year" is a unique calendar system in Japan. It is based on the legendary foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC. Kōki emphasizes the long history of Japan and the Imperial dynasty. The Gregorian year 2023 is Kōki 2683.

The era after the enthronement of Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇即位紀元, Jinmu-tennō sokui kigen), colloquially known as the Japanese imperial year (皇紀, kōki) or "national calendar year" is a unique calendar system in Japan. It is based on the legendary foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC. Kōki emphasizes the long history of Japan and the Imperial dynasty. The Gregorian year 2023 is Kōki 2683. History Kōki dating was used as early as 1872, shortly after Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar and was popular during the life of the Meiji Constitution (1890–1947). Its use was promoted by the scholars of kokugaku in the late 19th century. The Summer Olympics and Tokyo Expo were planned as anniversary events in 1940 (Kōki 2600); but the international games were not held because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA, from 1927) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN, from 1929) used the Kōki system for identification. For example many Japanese names circa World War II use imperial years: The IJA's Type 92 battalion gun was called "ninety-two" because its design was completed in 1932, and the 2592nd year since the first Emperor of Japan was 1932 (Kōki 2592). Japan's wartime cipher machine was named the System 97 Printing Machine for European Characters because it entered service in 1937 (Kōki 2597). The Mitsubishi A6M (Navy Type 0 Carrier Fighter), colloquially called the "Zero" by allied forces, entered service in 1940 (Kōki 2600).The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence (1945) used the imperial year (Kōki 2605). In Japan today, the system of counting years from the reign of Emperor Jimmu has been officially abandoned. Now the system is used in Shinto context only. Related pages Epoch Japanese calendar Japanese era name References External links National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Uma Sharma

Uma Sharma (born 1942) is a kathak dancer, choreographer and teacher. She is also runs the Bharatiya Sangeet Sadan, Delhi, a classical dance and music academy, situated in New Delhi, founded by her father in 1946. She is most known for reviving the old classical dance form of Natwari Nritya or the Raslila of Brindavan, which later evolved into the Kathak.Kathak is based on devotional Krishna poetry of the medieval centuries and the highly cultivated court poetry of the 18th and 19th centuries which celebrated shringara, the sentiment of love.

Uma Sharma (born 1942) is a kathak dancer, choreographer and teacher. She is also runs the Bharatiya Sangeet Sadan, Delhi, a classical dance and music academy, situated in New Delhi, founded by her father in 1946. She is most known for reviving the old classical dance form of Natwari Nritya or the Raslila of Brindavan, which later evolved into the Kathak.Kathak is based on devotional Krishna poetry of the medieval centuries and the highly cultivated court poetry of the 18th and 19th centuries which celebrated shringara, the sentiment of love. Early life and training Uma Sharma's family hails from Dholpur in Rajasthan. Born in Delhi in 1942, Uma Sharma received her dance training from Guru Hiralalji and Girvar Dayal of the Jaipur gharana, and subsequently she became a student of Pandit Sunder Prasad of the Jaipur gharana who emphasised rhythmic footwork and its permutations. Shambhu Maharaj and Birju Maharaj noted gurus of the Kathak tradition of the Lucknow gharana, known for the art of abhinaya, subsequently Uma Sharma sought to achieve a creative fusion of the two. Uma went to St. Thomas' School (New Delhi) for schooling, and then graduated from Lady Shri Ram College for Women, also in New Delhi. Career After having learnt the presentation of traditional items, she has widened the repertoire of Kathak by composing new dance numbers and full length dance-dramas on a variety of themes. Her dance drama Stree (Woman), has been known its powerful thematic content and artistic presentation. As a one-woman exposition Stree Kathak gives emotive thrust in depicting the position of Woman down the centuries and her search for an independent identity. Uma has performed all over the country and participated in many a national and international festivals. She has been on performance tours to USSR, New Zealand, Australia, USA, Canada, Middle East, Japan and China, both on invitation from organizations abroad and as a representative of the Department of Culture and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations. Uma Sharma runs her own School of Music and Dance in the capital and has trained a whole new generation of younger dancers. However, veteran dance critic and scholar Sunil Kothari of New Delhi, has criticized her dance as always being very Bollywood oriented in nature. He has also accused her of misusing her connections with various government officials to gain awards and publicity. Uma hasn't commented on such allegations. Awards In 1973 she became the youngest dancer be conferred upon with the Padma Shri by Government of India, and Padma Bhushan 2001. She was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and also the Sahitya Kala Parishad Award. On 27 January 2013, she was honoured with title Srijan Manishi by Akhil Bhartiya Vikram Parishad, Kashi for her great contribution to Indian Kathak Dance. Notes References Richmond, Farley P.; Darius L. Swann; Phillip B. Zarrilli (1993). Indian theatre: traditions of performance. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0981-5. Massey, Reginald (1999). India's kathak dance, past present, future. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-374-4. External links Uma Sharma Website

Caloosahatchee River

The Caloosahatchee River is a river on the southwest Gulf Coast of Florida in the United States, approximately 67 miles (108 km) long. It drains rural areas on the northern edge of the Everglades, east of Fort Myers. An important link in the Okeechobee Waterway, a manmade inland waterway system of southern Florida, the river forms a tidal estuary along most of its course and has become the subject of efforts to restore and preserve the Everglades.

The Caloosahatchee River is a river on the southwest Gulf Coast of Florida in the United States, approximately 67 miles (108 km) long. It drains rural areas on the northern edge of the Everglades, east of Fort Myers. An important link in the Okeechobee Waterway, a manmade inland waterway system of southern Florida, the river forms a tidal estuary along most of its course and has become the subject of efforts to restore and preserve the Everglades. Description The river issues from Lake Hicpochee, in southeastern Glades County, approximately 10 mi (16 km) west of Clewiston. It flows west-southwest past LaBelle, where it becomes tidal, forming an estuary along its lower 25 mi (40 km). It broadens as it nears the gulf, passing Fort Myers and Cape Coral. It enters the Gulf of Mexico 10 mi (16 km) southwest of Fort Myers in San Carlos Bay, protected by Sanibel Island. The 5 mi (8 km) C-43 Caloosahatchee Canal connecting Lake Hicpochee to Lake Okeechobee allows continuous navigation from the Caloosahatchee to the Okeechobee Waterway system; oxbow lakes mark isolated stretches of the original waterway. In 2013 heavy rains in southern Florida resulted in high runoff into Lake Okeechobee; rising lake levels forced the United States Army Corps of Engineers to release large volumes of polluted water from the lake through the St. Lucie River estuary to the east and the Caloosahatchee River estuary to the west. Thus the normal mix of fresh and salt water in those estuaries was replaced by a flood of polluted fresh water resulting in ecological damage.Until late in the 19th century the Caloosahatchee River was fed by a series of lakes starting from Lake Hicpochee, and including Lettuce Lake, Bonnet Lake and Flirt Lake. A waterfall and set of rapids at the lower end of Flirt Lake marked the beginning of the river. The rapids were close to 1 mile (1.6 km) long, with a drop in elevation of about 10 feet (3.0 m). Lake Hicpochee, about 9,000 acres (3,600 ha) in area, was only 3 miles (4.8 km) from Lake Okeechobee, but there was no connection between the two lakes before the late 19th century. Water flowed from Lake Hicpochee westward into Lettuce Lake and then Bonnet Lake. When the water was high the two lakes merged. From Bonnet Lake water flowed into Lake Flirt, which was about 1,000 acres (400 ha) in area and 5 miles (8.0 km) long. All of the lakes were surrounded by extensive wetlands.In 1881 Hamilton Disston, as part of a scheme to drain large areas of wetlands in the interior of Florida, had a canal dredged from Lake Okeechobee to Lake Hicpochee and through the lakes and wetlands to the west. His company removed the rock ledge that formed the falls and rapids below Lake Flirt, and straightened the upper reaches of the Caloosahatchee River. Various state and federal projects have widened and deepened the river since then. The conversion of the Caloosahatchee River into a canal drained Lake Flirt and the wetlands descending from Lake Hicpochee.Since the late 19th century, dredging and channelization of the river, as well as the artificial connection to Lake Okeechobee and its use as a water supply for urban and agricultural uses, have substantially altered the hydrology of the river. As a result, both the magnitude and timing of water delivery to the estuary have been substantially altered. Recent programs by the state government have attempted to establish minimum flow levels in the river, in part to help restore the water supply to the Everglades. A federal wildlife refuge for manatees has been established at the mouth of the river on San Carlos Bay near Fort Myers. Crossings The following is a list of bridge crossings of the Caloosahatchee River and Canal Gallery See also South Atlantic-Gulf Water Resource Region References External links South Florida Water Management District: Caloosahatchee River and Estuary GulfBase.org: Caloosahatchee River USFWS: Caloosahatchee River-San Carlos Bay Federal Manatee Refuge Archived 2005-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Caloosahatchee River Citizens Association (Riverwatch) Caloosahatchee River Watershed - Florida DEP

Garage Days

Garage Days is a 2002 Australian comedy-drama film directed by Alex Proyas and written by Proyas, Dave Warner and Michael Udesky. Garage Days is the story of a young Sydney garage band desperately trying to make it big in the competitive world of rock music. Its soundtrack includes the song "Garage Days" composed by David McCormack and Andrew Lancaster and performed by Katie Noonan. The climax of the film was filmed at the Homebake festival in Sydney in 2001.The film made its US premiere at the 2003 Sundance film festival.

Garage Days is a 2002 Australian comedy-drama film directed by Alex Proyas and written by Proyas, Dave Warner and Michael Udesky. Garage Days is the story of a young Sydney garage band desperately trying to make it big in the competitive world of rock music. Its soundtrack includes the song "Garage Days" composed by David McCormack and Andrew Lancaster and performed by Katie Noonan. The climax of the film was filmed at the Homebake festival in Sydney in 2001.The film made its US premiere at the 2003 Sundance film festival. Cast Kick Gurry as Freddy Maya Stange as Kate Pia Miranda as Tanya Russell Dykstra as Bruno Brett Stiller as Joe Chris Sadrinna as Lucy Andy Anderson as Kevin Marton Csokas as Shad Kern Yvette Duncan as Angie Tiriel Mora as Thommo Holly Brisley as Scarlet Matthew Le Nevez as Toby Angela Keep as Shad's Assistant Soundtrack Original music for the film was composed by Andrew Lancaster and David McCormack.The soundtrack album was released in 2002. High Voltage (The D4) Alright (Supergrass) Kooks (Motor Ace) Buy Me A Pony (Spiderbait) Rockin' It (David McCormack, Andrew Lancaster) Garage Days (David McCormack, Andrew Lancaster) Love is the Drug (Roxy Music) Add It Up (Sonic Animation) Walk Up (David McCormack, Andrew Lancaster) Ghost Town (Rhombus) Smash It Up (The (International) Noise Conspiracy) Say What? (28 Days) That's Entertainment (The Jam) Masterplan (David McCormack) Stop Thinking About It (Joey Ramone) Mad Man (The Hives) Get the Tarp (David McCormack, Andrew Lancaster, Anthony Partos) Lucky Number Nine (The Moldy Peaches) Help Yourself (Tom Jones) Reception The film received mixed reviews. Based on reviews from 52 critics collected by the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 44% gave Garage Days a positive review. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 50 based on 19 reviews. Awards and nominations Maya Strange for Jan Logan AFI Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 2002 (nominated) Peter Grace, Tony Vaccher, Phil Winters, Simon Leadley for AFI award for best sound (nominated) Michael Philips for AFI award for best production design (nominated) "Garage Days" (Dave McCormack / Andrew Lancaster) for APRA-AGSC Screen Music Awards for Best Original Song Composed For a Feature Film, Telemovie, TV Series Or Mini-series 2003 (nominated) See also Cinema of Australia Rock music in Australia References External links Garage Days at IMDb Garage Days at Oz Movies Garage Days at AllMovie Garage Days at the National Film and Sound Archive

Kowloon Walled City Park

The Kowloon Walled City Park is a park in Kowloon City, Kowloon, Hong Kong. The Kowloon Walled City had been a military stronghold since the 15th century due to its coastal location and was a slum. Under an agreement between the Government of Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China, the Kowloon Walled City was demolished in the 1990s. Some historic buildings and features were preserved for incorporation into the new park. The Kowloon Walled City Park is designed resembling a Jiangnan (江南) garden of the early Qing dynasty.

The Kowloon Walled City Park is a park in Kowloon City, Kowloon, Hong Kong. The Kowloon Walled City had been a military stronghold since the 15th century due to its coastal location and was a slum. Under an agreement between the Government of Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China, the Kowloon Walled City was demolished in the 1990s. Some historic buildings and features were preserved for incorporation into the new park. The Kowloon Walled City Park is designed resembling a Jiangnan (江南) garden of the early Qing dynasty. The park, 31,000 square metres (7.66 acres) in total, is divided into eight theme zones with their own characteristic scenery, matching with the style of the whole park. The design was awarded a Diploma at the IGO Stuttgart Expo 93 (International Garden Exposition). History In the middle of the 19th century, the Qing government started to build an enclave beside Kowloon Bay, surrounded by stone walls. The Kowloon Walled City was initially used for military purposes, housing many soldiers and their families. During World War II, the stone walls were demolished by the Imperial Japanese Army. Part of them were buried and well preserved under the soil. By the 1970s, the population of the city had risen to 41,000. The number of buildings was 503 in 1994. By that time, the British colonial government found it increasingly difficult to manage and control the serious crime in the area related to drugs, illegal gambling, prostitution and quackery. Domestic factories, including textile, candy-making and production of jook-sing noodles, were situated in the area. After the Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984, Britain and China embarked on a discussion about solving the problems in the Walled City, and subsequently announced its demolition on 14 January 1987. Between 1987 and 1989 residents were resettled, and demolition began in 1993.By 1995 the site had been transformed into a park for nearby residents. Due to its proximity to the Kai Tak Airport, and so that the park could have a more open view, regulation of the height of buildings was strictly enforced. Featured facilities The park consists mainly of eight landscape features: the Yamen (衙府), Old South Gate (南門), Eight Floral Walks (八徑異趣), Garden of Four Seasons (四季同馨 – 廣蔭庭), Garden of Chinese Zodiac (生肖倩影 – 童樂苑), Chess Garden (棋壇比弈遊弈園), Mountain View Pavilion (邀山樓) as well as the Fei Sing Pavilion (魁星半亭) and Guibi Rock (歸璧石).The Yamen (衙府) is located in the centre of the Park and is the only remaining old Qing building. It was built in 1847; its interior was dominated by the offices of the Commodore of the Dapeng Brigade (大鵬協府) and the Kowloon Assistant Military Inspectorate (九龍巡檢司衙署). It was designed with three rows and four wings of houses. Its walls and column bases are built from bricks and granite, while the roof is a traditional structure covered with cylindrical and flat tiles. After 1899 the Yamen was used for charitable purposes, like housing elderly. It is now officially classified as a declared monument in Hong Kong. Six exhibition rooms are housed inside.The original site of the South Gate (南門) has been designated as a declared monument and all related relics unearthed have been preserved. Flagstone pavement, cornerstones of the buildings, and a drain were discovered. Also, two granite plaques with Chinese characters for "South Gate" and "Kowloon Walled City" were unearthed at the site of the original gate when the Walled City was torn down in 1994.The Garden features 12 Chinese zodiac sculptures. They are arranged according to the Heavenly Stems (Tiangan 天干) and Earthly Branches (Dizhi 地支) in Chinese astrology.The Guibi Rock was carved from Taihu stone. It is named Guibi because its veins are similar to those of ancient jade.{explain} Fui Sing Pavilion symbolises a constellation of literature and wisdom. Guibi Rock also symbolises the hope of returning Hong Kong to China.The Mountain View Pavilion provides a view of the Lion Rock, which resembles a lion sitting with its head facing the Pavilion.There are four large chessboards built on the ground with pebbles for visitors to enjoy a game of chess.The Eight Floral Walks is a web of paths which connects the distinct landscape features of the Park. Various types of flowers that bloom in different seasons are planted on both sides of the path to accentuate the scenery of the park in all seasons.Located to the west of Yamen, the Kwong Yam Square is a garden where flowers of the four seasons could{clarify} be seen.Since April 2009 there also is a permanent exhibition in the park about the history of the site. It consists of one outdoor display area and six exhibition rooms, which are located inside the Yamen.The outdoor display area near the South Gate shows a tablet{clarify} and a model of the former Walled City. The front of the tablet has an introductory article inscribed, whereas the back presents a cross-section of the pre-demolished city and a depiction of the daily lives of its residents. Behind the tablet stands a bronze miniature model of the city which allows the visitors to touch and have a closer look.The six exhibition rooms illustrate the living environment inside the Walled City through interactive imagery and sound. References == External links ==

Lake Ashi

Lake Ashi (芦ノ湖, Ashi-no-ko), also referred to as Hakone Lake or Ashinoko Lake, is a scenic lake in the Hakone area of Kanagawa Prefecture in Honshū, Japan. It is a crater lake that lies along the southwest wall of the caldera of Mount Hakone, a complex volcano that last erupted in 1170 CE at Ōwakudani. The lake is known for its views of Mount Fuji, its numerous hot springs, historical sites, and ryokan. The lake is located on the Tōkaidō road, the main link between Kyoto and Tokyo. A number of pleasure boats and ferries traverse the lake, providing scenic views for tourists and passengers.

Lake Ashi (芦ノ湖, Ashi-no-ko), also referred to as Hakone Lake or Ashinoko Lake, is a scenic lake in the Hakone area of Kanagawa Prefecture in Honshū, Japan. It is a crater lake that lies along the southwest wall of the caldera of Mount Hakone, a complex volcano that last erupted in 1170 CE at Ōwakudani. The lake is known for its views of Mount Fuji, its numerous hot springs, historical sites, and ryokan. The lake is located on the Tōkaidō road, the main link between Kyoto and Tokyo. A number of pleasure boats and ferries traverse the lake, providing scenic views for tourists and passengers. Several of the boats are inspired by the design of sailing warships. Most visitors to Lake Ashi stay in one of the hotels or ryokan located in the area to visit some of the local attractions. There is also a campsite at the north end of the lake. Hakone Shrine is a shrine that has been visited by shōgun, samurai, and many travelers over the centuries. Large sections of the Old Tōkaidō road are preserved here. Onshi Park was the summer retreat for the imperial family that is now a public park. Taking the aerial tram Hakone Ropeway to The Great Boiling Valley. From Togendai on Lake Ashi, the Hakone Ropeway aerial tram connects to Sounzan, the upper terminus of the Hakone Tozan Cable Car funicular railway. This in turn connects to the Hakone Tozan Line mountain railway for the descent to Odawara and a connection to Tokyo by the Tōkaidō Shinkansen.Visitors can also take the Hakone Sightseeing Cruise with its pirate ships from Togendai to Moto-Hakone Port and Hakone-Machi Port on opposite ends of the lake. The cruise line began in 1950. The name means "lake of reeds" in Japanese: 芦 (ashi) is "reed", and 湖 (ko) is "lake". The abundance of nature makes it popular with hikers. There are many trails with different levels of challenge. Lake Ashi is emptied by the Fukara Aqueduct toward Susono, Shizuoka since its completion in 1670, not by the Haya River toward Odawara, Kanagawa. Gallery References "Hakone". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. External links Hakone Tourist Association Archived 2017-07-16 at the Wayback Machine Lake Ashinoko - Hakone Geopark (in Japanese) Geographic data related to Lake Ashi at OpenStreetMap

The Amityville Playhouse

Amityville Playhouse (also known as The Amityville Theater) is a 2015 horror film written and directed by John R. Walker, and co-written by Steve Hardy. It is the thirteenth film to be inspired by Jay Anson's 1977 novel The Amityville Horror. Monèle LeStrat stars as Fawn Harriman, a recently orphaned Dannemora high school student who inherits a mysterious abandoned theatre located in Amityville, New York.

Amityville Playhouse (also known as The Amityville Theater) is a 2015 horror film written and directed by John R. Walker, and co-written by Steve Hardy. It is the thirteenth film to be inspired by Jay Anson's 1977 novel The Amityville Horror. Monèle LeStrat stars as Fawn Harriman, a recently orphaned Dannemora high school student who inherits a mysterious abandoned theatre located in Amityville, New York. Plot Fawn Harriman, a Dannemora high school student whose parents died a year ago, inherits the Roxy, an abandoned theatre located in Amityville, New York. Fawn visits the Roxy with her friend Indy, boyfriend Kyle, Kyle's bullied younger brother, Jevan, and Jevan's friend Matt while one of her teachers, Victor Stewart, looks into the history of the theatre, as well as Amityville. Fawn and her friends become trapped in the theatre, which has no cellphone service, shortly after meeting Wendy, a runaway who has been squatting in the Roxy. After making several unsuccessful attempts at breaking out of the theatre, Fawn and the others encounter paranormal phenomena, like an apparition that resembles Fawn and a Ouija board that spells out the word "SISTER." During the course of his research, Stewart notices that six people always die on every November 13 in Amityville. Stewart brings his findings to Elliot Saunders, the mayor of Amityville, who explains that the caves that are located beneath Amityville are a gateway to Hell that was accidentally unsealed centuries ago by the Shinnecock. The first six Shinnecock who entered the catacombs were possessed by demons, and buried alive in the caverns by the other Shinnecock. The catacombs were at some point unsealed again, and ever since a cult made up of Amityville's elite has sacrificed six people (including every elite's firstborn child) to the demons, to keep them appeased and to stop them from spreading from Amityville to the rest of the Earth. Fawn was supposed to be sacrificed to the demons alongside her twin sister, Adrienne, but her parents only gave the demons Adrienne. The cult orchestrated the deaths of Fawn's parents, knowing that they would try to stop them from "apologizing" to the demons for the Harrimans' earlier transgression by giving them Fawn. Saunders, wracked with guilt over all of the deaths that he has overseen and orchestrated, commits suicide after killing his own bodyguard and giving Stewart a special key that will grant Stewart access to the Roxy. Stewart saves Matt, but Wendy disappears while Fawn is captured by decomposing demons who have killed and replaced a surveyor, Jevan, Indy, and Kyle. Stewart and Fawn escape from the demons, but just as they reach an exit, Fawn, her voice now demonic, drags Stewart back into the Roxy while yelling, "I'm Adrienne!" Cast Release Amityville Playhouse was released on DVD in the United Kingdom by 4Digital Media on April 13, 2015. 4Digital Media also released the film, under the name The Amityville Theater, on DVD in North America on June 23, 2015. Reception Amityville Playhouse was deemed "a slog" that was full of "terrible actors" by Tex Hula of Ain't It Cool News. Patrick Cooper of Bloody Disgusting lambasted Amityville Playhouse, writing, "The film is absolutely miserable from the script to the acting. The lighting is either washed out or too dark and overall just avoid this mess." James Luxford of Radio Times was similarly critical of the film, calling it an unoriginal "shabby shock-fest" with "stiff and awkward performances" before concluding, "Unlikely to excite even the most ardent horror fans, Amityville Playhouse is an under-developed misfire that, if nothing else, makes you pine for scary movies of old." The film was allotted a score of 1/5 by The Guardian's Leslie Felperin, who succinctly stated that it suffered from "bad special effects, deliciously lousy scriptwriting, cack-handed direction and, above all, truly atrocious acting, attaining a level of ineptitude and woodenness that would shame the cheapest amateur porn film." References External links Amityville Playhouse at IMDb Amityville Playhouse at Rotten Tomatoes The Brandon Sun Interview with John R. Walker at Native Monster

Harald Belker

Harel Belker (born May 27, 1961, Krefeld) is a German entertainment/automotive/product designer best known for his vehicle designs in films such as Batman & Robin and Minority Report. His designs range from fantastic entertainment designs to ergonomic user-friendly product design. He was educated at the Art Center College of Design in Automotive Design after graduating from Georgia Southern University in Industrial Technology. He received an honorary doctor's degree from Art Center.

Harel Belker (born May 27, 1961, Krefeld) is a German entertainment/automotive/product designer best known for his vehicle designs in films such as Batman & Robin and Minority Report. His designs range from fantastic entertainment designs to ergonomic user-friendly product design. He was educated at the Art Center College of Design in Automotive Design after graduating from Georgia Southern University in Industrial Technology. He received an honorary doctor's degree from Art Center. Career Belker's career started in 1991 at Mercedes Benz Advanced Design in Irvine, California. As part of the team responsible for the Smart Car design, he went on to work independently, eventually ending up in entertainment design. Here he had his most significant success. He also explored furniture design, his Maxelle chair winning the excellent award, and he is responsible for the design of the line of sunglasses for Kaenon Polarized, a Newport Beach, California–based company, that focuses on fashionable but active lifestyle. He has published a couple of design books, Pulse, explaining his future vision for high-speed vehicle racing, and Ride, which showcases the design of a futuristic electric motorcycle. From 2012 to 2019 he was working for Anki as head of design, a robotics and artificial intelligence startup company whose headquarters is in San Francisco. He currently switches between Entertainment and Product design to keep him engaged and busy. Filmography Moonfall (2022) – Rover vehicle design, Shuttle design Edge of Tomorrow (2014) – flying vehicle designs, exoskeleton suit Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) – vehicle designs Oblivion (2013) – Motorcycle designs Total Recall (2012) – vehicle designs In Time (2011) – vehicle designs Battleship (2012) – design of ships and weapons Iron Man 2 (2010) – design and graphics for the race cars Tron: Legacy (2010) – early concepts on the Light Bike and design of the Guard Bikes Dragonball Evolution (2009) – design of weapons and vehicles Death Race (2008) – design of all the vehicle armor Iron Man (2008) – design of a car that was later scratched, alternative weapons for the suit Transformers (2007) – design of several background vehicles Spider-Man 3 (2006) – design of the Sky–Stick XXX: State of the Union (2004) – re-design of the GTO and Mustang Zathura (2004) – Robot design and studio sketches for the At–Home, car designer Serenity (2004) – design of the Thug Attack Sled Constantine (2004) – Prop design Stealth (2003) – design of EDI and plane interior The Cat in the Hat (2002) – design of the S.L.O.W. Car XXX (2001) – design of the GTO Minority Report (2001) – design of the Maglev vehicles, futuristic transportation system and red Lexus sports car Superman (2001) – design of the alien space fleet Spider-Man (2000) – design of the Pumpkin Bomb and several other gadgets Battlefield Earth (2000) – design of the alien attack craft Fahrenheit 451 (1999) – design of the fire truck Inspector Gadget (1998) – design of the Gadgetmobile Deep Blue Sea (1998) – concept art Supernova (1997) – concept art Armageddon (1997) – design of the X–71 Space Shuttle Batman & Robin (1996) – design of the Batmobile, Redbird motorcycle and all other vehicles Other works Apple – Consumer Product Development. Samsung – Consumer Product Development. ANKI - Head Consumer Product Designer. Oblong – design for a gloveless hand devise for the g-speak interface. Shell – Hydrofuel station design proposal. Kaenon Polarized – design for the complete line of sunglasses. Solar Monkey, electric car design. Lee Iacocca – e-bike, first full electric bicycle. Studio Roundhouse – Hydrapak, hydration backpack line. Mattel Toys – Hot Wheels Gnomon workshop – five design tutorials, from concept to finished art work for automotive design. Digital Anvil – designs for all the ships of the Freelancer computer game. Nissan Design International - design consultant for Quest show car. Mercedes Benz Advanced Design – worked on designs for the Smart car, M-class and S-class. Porsche Design Germany – design entry for the model 996. Personal life He resides in the coastal community of Mar Vista, outside Los Angeles with his wife Thanda Belker and their daughter Skye. In his free time he enjoys kitesurfing and snowboarding as well as spending time with his family. == References ==

Particle horizon

The particle horizon (also called the cosmological horizon, the comoving horizon (in Scott Dodelson's text), or the cosmic light horizon) is the maximum distance from which light from particles could have traveled to the observer in the age of the universe. Much like the concept of a terrestrial horizon, it represents the boundary between the observable and the unobservable regions of the universe, so its distance at the present epoch defines the size of the observable universe. Due to the expansion of the universe, it is not simply the age of the universe times the speed of light (approximately 13.8 billion light-years), but rather the speed of light times the conformal time. The existence, properties, and significance of a cosmological horizon depend on the particular cosmological model.

The particle horizon (also called the cosmological horizon, the comoving horizon (in Scott Dodelson's text), or the cosmic light horizon) is the maximum distance from which light from particles could have traveled to the observer in the age of the universe. Much like the concept of a terrestrial horizon, it represents the boundary between the observable and the unobservable regions of the universe, so its distance at the present epoch defines the size of the observable universe. Due to the expansion of the universe, it is not simply the age of the universe times the speed of light (approximately 13.8 billion light-years), but rather the speed of light times the conformal time. The existence, properties, and significance of a cosmological horizon depend on the particular cosmological model. Conformal time and the particle horizon In terms of comoving distance, the particle horizon is equal to the conformal time η {\displaystyle \eta } that has passed since the Big Bang, times the speed of light c {\displaystyle c} . In general, the conformal time at a certain time t {\displaystyle t} is given by η = ∫ 0 t d t ′ a ( t ′ ) , {\displaystyle \eta =\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {dt'}{a(t')}},} where a ( t ) {\displaystyle a(t)} is the scale factor of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, and we have taken the Big Bang to be at t = 0 {\displaystyle t=0} . By convention, a subscript 0 indicates "today" so that the conformal time today η ( t 0 ) = η 0 = 1.48 × 10 18 s {\displaystyle \eta (t_{0})=\eta _{0}=1.48\times 10^{18}{\text{ s}}} . Note that the conformal time is not the age of the universe, which is estimated around 4.35 × 10 17 s {\displaystyle 4.35\times 10^{17}{\text{ s}}} . Rather, the conformal time is the amount of time it would take a photon to travel from where we are located to the furthest observable distance, provided the universe ceased expanding. As such, η 0 {\displaystyle \eta _{0}} is not a physically meaningful time (this much time has not yet actually passed); though, as we will see, the particle horizon with which it is associated is a conceptually meaningful distance. The particle horizon recedes constantly as time passes and the conformal time grows. As such, the observed size of the universe always increases. Since proper distance at a given time is just comoving distance times the scale factor (with comoving distance normally defined to be equal to proper distance at the present time, so a ( t 0 ) = 1 {\displaystyle a(t_{0})=1} at present), the proper distance to the particle horizon at time t {\displaystyle t} is given by a ( t ) H p ( t ) = a ( t ) ∫ 0 t c d t ′ a ( t ′ ) {\displaystyle a(t)H_{p}(t)=a(t)\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {c\,dt'}{a(t')}}} and for today t = t 0 {\displaystyle t=t_{0}} H p ( t 0 ) = c η 0 = 14.4 Gpc = 46.9 billion light years . {\displaystyle H_{p}(t_{0})=c\eta _{0}=14.4{\text{ Gpc}}=46.9{\text{ billion light years}}.} Evolution of the particle horizon In this section we consider the FLRW cosmological model. In that context, the universe can be approximated as composed by non-interacting constituents, each one being a perfect fluid with density ρ i {\displaystyle \rho _{i}} , partial pressure p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} and state equation p i = ω i ρ i {\displaystyle p_{i}=\omega _{i}\rho _{i}} , such that they add up to the total density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } and total pressure p {\displaystyle p} . Let us now define the following functions: Hubble function H = a ˙ a {\displaystyle H={\frac {\dot {a}}{a}}} The critical density ρ c = 3 8 π G H 2 {\displaystyle \rho _{c}={\frac {3}{8\pi G}}H^{2}} The i-th dimensionless energy density Ω i = ρ i ρ c {\displaystyle \Omega _{i}={\frac {\rho _{i}}{\rho _{c}}}} The dimensionless energy density Ω = ρ ρ c = ∑ Ω i {\displaystyle \Omega ={\frac {\rho }{\rho _{c}}}=\sum \Omega _{i}} The redshift z {\displaystyle z} given by the formula 1 + z = a 0 a ( t ) {\displaystyle 1+z={\frac {a_{0}}{a(t)}}} Any function with a zero subscript denote the function evaluated at the present time t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} (or equivalently z = 0 {\displaystyle z=0} ). The last term can be taken to be 1 {\displaystyle 1} including the curvature state equation. It can be proved that the Hubble function is given by H ( z ) = H 0 ∑ Ω i 0 ( 1 + z ) n i {\displaystyle H(z)=H_{0}{\sqrt {\sum \Omega _{i0}(1+z)^{n_{i}}}}} where the dilution exponent n i = 3 ( 1 + ω i ) {\displaystyle n_{i}=3(1+\omega _{i})} . Notice that the addition ranges over all possible partial constituents and in particular there can be countably infinitely many. With this notation we have: The particle horizon H p exists if and only if N > 2 {\displaystyle {\text{The particle horizon }}H_{p}{\text{ exists if and only if }}N>2} where N {\displaystyle N} is the largest n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} (possibly infinite). The evolution of the particle horizon for an expanding universe ( a ˙ > 0 {\displaystyle {\dot {a}}>0} ) is: d H p d t = H p ( z ) H ( z ) + c {\displaystyle {\frac {dH_{p}}{dt}}=H_{p}(z)H(z)+c} where c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of light and can be taken to be 1 {\displaystyle 1} (natural units). Notice that the derivative is made with respect to the FLRW-time t {\displaystyle t} , while the functions are evaluated at the redshift z {\displaystyle z} which are related as stated before. We have an analogous but slightly different result for event horizon. Horizon problem The concept of a particle horizon can be used to illustrate the famous horizon problem, which is an unresolved issue associated with the Big Bang model. Extrapolating back to the time of recombination when the cosmic microwave background (CMB) was emitted, we obtain a particle horizon of about which corresponds to a proper size at that time of: Since we observe the CMB to be emitted essentially from our particle horizon ( 284 Mpc ≪ 14.4 Gpc {\displaystyle 284{\text{ Mpc}}\ll 14.4{\text{ Gpc}}} ), our expectation is that parts of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) that are separated by about a fraction of a great circle across the sky of (an angular size of θ ∼ 1.7 ∘ {\displaystyle \theta \sim 1.7^{\circ }} ) should be out of causal contact with each other. That the entire CMB is in thermal equilibrium and approximates a blackbody so well is therefore not explained by the standard explanations about the way the expansion of the universe proceeds. The most popular resolution to this problem is cosmic inflation. See also Cosmological horizon Observable universe == References ==

ElectraNet

ElectraNet Pty Ltd, trading as ElectraNet, is an electricity transmission company in South Australia. It operates 5,591 km of high-voltage electricity transmission lines in South Australia. ElectraNet is owned by Australian Utilities Pty Ltd (53.44%), State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) (46.56%).

ElectraNet Pty Ltd, trading as ElectraNet, is an electricity transmission company in South Australia. It operates 5,591 km of high-voltage electricity transmission lines in South Australia. ElectraNet is owned by Australian Utilities Pty Ltd (53.44%), State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) (46.56%). References External links Official website

Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain

Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain (6 November 1898 – 20 June 1975) was the first woman Haitian anthropologist. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain was a student of Bronisław Malinowski who worked in 1949 with Alfred Métraux, and participated in a UNESCO project in Haiti. She married Jean Comhaire, a Belgian who headed the Anthropology Department of University of Nsukka. Subsequently, she worked in Africa.

Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain (6 November 1898 – 20 June 1975) was the first woman Haitian anthropologist. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain was a student of Bronisław Malinowski who worked in 1949 with Alfred Métraux, and participated in a UNESCO project in Haiti. She married Jean Comhaire, a Belgian who headed the Anthropology Department of University of Nsukka. Subsequently, she worked in Africa. Biography She was born on 6 November 1898 in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and was the daughter of Georges Sylvain, Haitian activist and symbol of the resistance against the American Occupation, and of Eugénie Malbranche. She studied in Kingston and Port-au-Prince before she obtained her bachelor's degree and Doctorate in Paris. Besides her interest in Haitian folklore and social issues of the condition of women in Haiti and Africa, her research focused on the origins of Creole language, an idiom considered juvenile and worthless at that time. She had chosen a difficult path but her work, disregarded by her peers, sparked the interest of famous Polish anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski. The latter invited her in London where she became her research assistant while studying at London University and later at the London School of Economics. She also conducted successful research at the British Museum that resulted in her major work regarding the African roots of Haitian Creole.Comhaire-Sylvain conducted field research in Kenscoff and Marbial (Haiti), Kinshasa (Congo), Lomé (Togo) and Nsukka (Nigeria) and worked with renowned anthropologists such as Melville Herskovits and Alfred Métraux who entrusted her and her husband Jean Comhaire with a mission of the UNESCO in Haiti. Comhaire-Sylvain also taught at the New School for Social Research in New York, was an early recipient of a Guggenheim fellowship, and was appointed a member of the United Nations trusteeship council for Togo and Cameroon under French administration.Comhaire-Sylvain came from a very notable family in Haiti. Her uncle Benito Sylvain was one of the founding fathers of Pan-Africanism and her father Georges Sylvain (1866–1925) was an important figure of the resistance against the American occupation in Haiti. Comhaire-Sylvain was the oldest of a family of seven. Her sister Yvonne Sylvain (1907–1989) was the first Haitian woman physician and the first gynecologist-obstetrician of the country. Many of her articles were published in the magazine Voix des femmes (Women's Voices). Their brother Normil Sylvain (1900–1929) was a poet and co-founder in 1927 of La Revue indigène. Comhaire-Sylvain's sister Madeleine Sylvain (1905–1970) was one of the founders of the Ligue Feminine d’Action Sociale (Feminine League for Social Action) which fought for women's legal rights such as equality for married women. Finally, her youngest brother Pierre Sylvain (1910–1991) was a botanist who published several reports on coffee production in Ethiopia.She died in a car accident in Nigeria on 20 June 1975. As of 2014, her papers had been catalogued and made available through Stanford University Libraries. Selected published works Her work (including more than 200 articles) was awarded numerous distinctions, such as the Prix de l'Alliance Française (The French Alliance Prize), "La Médaille de l'Académie Française" (The Medal of the French Academy), "La Grande Médaille de l'Alliance Française et La Médaille de la Société pour l'Encouragement du Progrès" (The French Alliance Medal and the Medal of the Society for Encouragement and Progress). 1937. Les contes haiïtiens (Ière partie): Maman D'leau. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain; Université de Paris, Faculté des letters. [Thesis/Dissertation : Microfiche : Master microform]. Paris: s.n., 1937; Wetteren (Belgique): Imprimerie De Messter. 1937a. Les contes haïtiens (IIème partie): conjoint animal ou démon déguisé. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain. [Thesis/Dissertation : Microfiche : Master microform. publisher: s.n: Paris. 1937b. Les contes haïtiens. (I-II). Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain; Thesis /Dissertation. Publisher: Paris; Wetteren (Belgique) : Imprimerie De Messter. 1937c. Review of: Le Créole Haïtien, Morphologie et Syntaxe Review of: Les Contes Haitiens (I partie), IIe Partie by C G Woodson, Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain [Article]; language: English; publication: Journal of Negro History, July, Vol. 22, No. 3, p. 369–372. 1938. A propos du vocabulaire des croyances paysannes. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain. Port-au-Prince, Haiti. 1938a. Contes du pays d'Haïti. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain. Port-au-Prince, Haiti. 1938b. Loisirs et divertissements dans la région de Kenscoff, Haïti. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, Jean Comhaire-Sylvain.Travaux Publics: Bruxelles. 1940. Le roman de Bouqui. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain. Imprimerie du Collège Vertières: Port-au-Prince, Haiti. 1952. La alimentación en la región de Kenscoff, Haiti. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, Jean Comhaire-Sylvain. América Indígena: México, D.F. 1953. Haitian Creole: grammar, texts, vocabulary. Robert Anderson Hall; Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, Alfred Métraux. American folklore society: Philadelphia; American Anthropological Ass.: Menasha, Wis.; American Folklore Society: New York, Kraus Reprint, 1969. 1959. Naissance, mort, état-civil à Kenscoff, Haïti. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, Jean Louis Léopold Comhaire. Bruxelles. 1959a. Urban stratification in Haiti. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, J. Comhaire-Sylvain. Institute of Social and Economic Research, University College of the West Indies: Kingston (?), Jamaica, W.I. 1962. Considérations sur les migrations à Addis Abeba [preparé pour le College Universitaire d'Addis Abeba]. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain. S.L.: S.N. Distr. Restreinte. 1964. A statistical note on the Kenscoff market system, Haiti. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, J. Comhaire-Sylvain. Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies: Kingston, Jamaica. 1968. Femmes de Kinshasa hier et aujourd'hui. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain. Microfilm. Le Haye /Mouton: Paris. 1970. Le Nouveau dossier Afrique. Situation et perspectives d'un continent. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, Jean Louis Léopold Comhaire. Verviers, Gérard & Co, 1970, ©1971; by Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, Jean Comhaire, Fernand Bezy, Francis Olu Okediji, Pierre L. Van den Berghe, Amadou Mahtar M'Bow. Verviers: Marabout, 1975.. 1974. Jetons nos couteaux!: contes des garçonnets de Kinshasa et quelques parallèles haïtiens. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain. Centre d'Etudes Ethnologiques: Bandundu, Zaïre. 1975(?). Contes haïtiens : textes intégrales créole-français. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain. CEEBA: Bandundu, Zaire. 1979. Le Créole haïtien. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain. Slatkine Reprints: Genève. 1982. Femmes de Lomé. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain.. CEEBA: Bandundu, Zaire; Steyler Verlag (distributor): St. Augustin, Rép. féd. d'Allemagne. 1982a. Mai-ndombe: paysages, histoire, culture (Rép. du Zaïre). Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain et al.. CEEBA: Bandundu, Zaire. 1984. Les montagnards de la région de Kenscoff (Rép. d'Haïti): une société Kongo au-delà des mers. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, Jean Comhaire. CEEBA: Bandundu, Zaïre. 1991. Cric? crac! : contes du pays d'Haiti. Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, Casimir; Maruzen Mates, et al. Maruzen Mates: Tokyo. See also Timeline of women in science References Further reading Hurbon, Laënnec (1975). "Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain (In Memoriam)". Journal de la Société des Africanistes (in French). 45 (fascicule 1-2): 200–201.

Guy Fawkes

Guy Fawkes (; 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes while fighting for the Spanish, was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics involved in the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605. He was born and educated in York; his father died when Fawkes was eight years old, after which his mother married a recusant Catholic. Fawkes converted to Catholicism and left for mainland Europe, where he fought for Catholic Spain in the Eighty Years' War against Protestant Dutch reformers in the Low Countries. He travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England without success. He later met Thomas Wintour, with whom he returned to England.

Guy Fawkes (; 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes while fighting for the Spanish, was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics involved in the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605. He was born and educated in York; his father died when Fawkes was eight years old, after which his mother married a recusant Catholic. Fawkes converted to Catholicism and left for mainland Europe, where he fought for Catholic Spain in the Eighty Years' War against Protestant Dutch reformers in the Low Countries. He travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England without success. He later met Thomas Wintour, with whom he returned to England. Wintour introduced him to Robert Catesby, who planned to assassinate King James I and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne. The plotters leased an undercroft beneath the House of Lords; Fawkes was placed in charge of the gunpowder that they stockpiled there. The authorities were prompted by an anonymous letter to search Westminster Palace during the early hours of 5 November, and they found Fawkes guarding the explosives. He was questioned and tortured over the next few days and confessed to wanting to blow up the House of Lords. Fawkes was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered. However, at his execution on 31 January, he died when his neck was broken as he was hanged, with some sources claiming that he deliberately jumped to make this happen; he thus avoided the agony of his sentence. He became synonymous with the Gunpowder Plot, the failure of which has been commemorated in the UK as Guy Fawkes Night since 5 November 1605, when his effigy is traditionally burned on a bonfire, commonly accompanied by fireworks. Early life Childhood Guy Fawkes was born in 1570 in Stonegate, York. He was the second of four children born to Edward Fawkes, a proctor and an advocate of the consistory court at York, and his wife, Edith. Guy's parents were regular communicants of the Church of England, as were his paternal grandparents; his grandmother, born Ellen Harrington, was the daughter of a prominent merchant, who served as Lord Mayor of York in 1536. Guy's mother's family were recusant Catholics, and his cousin, Richard Cowling, became a Jesuit priest. Guy was an uncommon name in England, but may have been popular in York on account of a local notable, Sir Guy Fairfax of Steeton.The date of Fawkes's birth is unknown, but he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on 16 April. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably born about 13 April. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. 1572), and Elizabeth (b. 1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.In 1579, when Guy was eight years old, his father died. His mother remarried several years later, to the Catholic Dionis Baynbrigge (or Denis Bainbridge) of Scotton, Harrogate. Fawkes may have become a Catholic through the Baynbrigge family's recusant tendencies, and also the Catholic branches of the Pulleyn and Percy families of Scotton, but also from his time at St. Peter's School in York. A governor of the school had spent about 20 years in prison for recusancy, and its headmaster, John Pulleyn, came from a family of noted Yorkshire recusants, the Pulleyns of Blubberhouses. In her 1915 work The Pulleynes of Yorkshire, author Catharine Pullein suggested that Fawkes's Catholic education came from his Harrington relatives, who were known for harbouring priests, one of whom later accompanied Fawkes to Flanders in 1592–1593. Fawkes's fellow students included John Wright and his brother Christopher (both later involved with Fawkes in the Gunpowder Plot) and Oswald Tesimond, Edward Oldcorne and Robert Middleton, who became priests (the latter executed in 1601).After leaving school Fawkes entered the service of Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu. The Viscount took a dislike to Fawkes and after a short time dismissed him; he was subsequently employed by Anthony-Maria Browne, 2nd Viscount Montagu, who succeeded his grandfather at the age of 18. At least one source claims that Fawkes married and had a son, but no known contemporary accounts confirm this. Military career In October 1591 Fawkes sold the estate in Clifton in York that he had inherited from his father. He travelled to the continent to fight in the Eighty Years War for Catholic Spain against the new Dutch Republic and, from 1595 until the Peace of Vervins in 1598, France. Although England was not by then engaged in land operations against Spain, the two countries were still at war, and the attempted invasion of England, led by the Spanish Armada in 1588, was only five years in the past. He joined Sir William Stanley, an English Catholic and veteran commander in his mid-forties who had raised an army in Ireland to fight in Leicester's expedition to the Netherlands. Stanley had been held in high regard by Elizabeth I, but following his surrender of Deventer to the Spanish in 1587 he, and most of his troops, had switched sides to serve Spain. Fawkes became an alférez or junior officer, fought well at the siege of Calais in 1596, and by 1603 had been recommended for a captaincy. That year, he travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England. He used the occasion to adopt the Italian version of his name, Guido, and in his memorandum described James I (who became king of England that year) as "a heretic", who intended "to have all of the Papist sect driven out of England." He denounced Scotland, and the King's favourites among the Scottish nobles, writing "it will not be possible to reconcile these two nations, as they are, for very long". Although he was received politely, the court of Philip III was unwilling to offer him any support. Gunpowder Plot In 1604 Fawkes became involved with a small group of English Catholics, led by Robert Catesby, who planned to assassinate the Protestant King James and replace him with his daughter, third in the line of succession, Princess Elizabeth. Fawkes was described by the Jesuit priest and former school friend Oswald Tesimond as "pleasant of approach and cheerful of manner, opposed to quarrels and strife ... loyal to his friends". Tesimond also claimed Fawkes was "a man highly skilled in matters of war", and that it was this mixture of piety and professionalism that endeared him to his fellow conspirators. The author Antonia Fraser describes Fawkes as "a tall, powerfully built man, with thick reddish-brown hair, a flowing moustache in the tradition of the time, and a bushy reddish-brown beard", and that he was "a man of action ... capable of intelligent argument as well as physical endurance, somewhat to the surprise of his enemies."The first meeting of the five central conspirators took place on Sunday 20 May 1604, at an inn called the Duck and Drake, in the fashionable Strand district of London. Catesby had already proposed at an earlier meeting with Thomas Wintour and John Wright to kill the King and his government by blowing up "the Parliament House with gunpowder". Wintour, who at first objected to the plan, was convinced by Catesby to travel to the continent to seek help. Wintour met with the Constable of Castile, the exiled Welsh spy Hugh Owen, and Sir William Stanley, who said that Catesby would receive no support from Spain. Owen did, however, introduce Wintour to Fawkes, who had by then been away from England for many years, and thus was largely unknown in the country. Wintour and Fawkes were contemporaries; each was militant, and had first-hand experience of the unwillingness of the Spaniards to help. Wintour told Fawkes of their plan to "doe some whatt in Ingland if the pece with Spaine healped us nott", and thus in April 1604 the two men returned to England. Wintour's news did not surprise Catesby; despite positive noises from the Spanish authorities, he feared that "the deeds would nott answere".One of the conspirators, Thomas Percy, was appointed a Gentleman Pensioner in June 1604, gaining access to a house in London that belonged to John Whynniard, Keeper of the King's Wardrobe. Fawkes was installed as a caretaker and began using the pseudonym John Johnson, servant to Percy. The contemporaneous account of the prosecution (taken from Thomas Wintour's confession) claimed that the conspirators attempted to dig a tunnel from beneath Whynniard's house to Parliament, although this story may have been a government fabrication; no evidence for the existence of a tunnel was presented by the prosecution, and no trace of one has ever been found; Fawkes himself did not admit the existence of such a scheme until his fifth interrogation, but even then he could not locate the tunnel. If the story is true, however, by December 1604 the conspirators were busy tunnelling from their rented house to the House of Lords. They ceased their efforts when, during tunnelling, they heard a noise from above. Fawkes was sent out to investigate, and returned with the news that the tenant's widow was clearing out a nearby undercroft, directly beneath the House of Lords.The plotters purchased the lease to the room, which also belonged to John Whynniard. Unused and filthy, it was considered an ideal hiding place for the gunpowder the plotters planned to store. According to Fawkes, 20 barrels of gunpowder were brought in at first, followed by 16 more on 20 July. On 28 July however, the ever-present threat of the plague delayed the opening of Parliament until Tuesday, 5 November. Overseas In an attempt to gain foreign support, in May 1605 Fawkes travelled overseas and informed Hugh Owen of the plotters' plan. At some point during this trip his name made its way into the files of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, who employed a network of spies across Europe. One of these spies, Captain William Turner, may have been responsible. Although the information he provided to Salisbury usually amounted to no more than a vague pattern of invasion reports, and included nothing which regarded the Gunpowder Plot, on 21 April he told how Fawkes was to be brought by Tesimond to England. Fawkes was a well-known Flemish mercenary, and would be introduced to "Mr Catesby" and "honourable friends of the nobility and others who would have arms and horses in readiness". Turner's report did not, however, mention Fawkes's pseudonym in England, John Johnson, and did not reach Cecil until late in November, well after the plot had been discovered.It is uncertain when Fawkes returned to England, but he was back in London by late August 1605, when he and Wintour discovered that the gunpowder stored in the undercroft had decayed. More gunpowder was brought into the room, along with firewood to conceal it. Fawkes's final role in the plot was settled during a series of meetings in October. He was to light the fuse and then escape across the Thames. Simultaneously, a revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of Princess Elizabeth. Acts of regicide were frowned upon, and Fawkes would therefore head to the continent, where he would explain to the Catholic powers his holy duty to kill the King and his retinue. Discovery A few of the conspirators were concerned about fellow Catholics who would be present at Parliament during the opening. On the evening of 26 October, Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter warning him to stay away, and to "retyre youre self into yowre contee whence yow maye expect the event in safti for ... they shall receyve a terrible blowe this parleament". Despite quickly becoming aware of the letter – informed by one of Monteagle's servants – the conspirators resolved to continue with their plans, as it appeared that it "was clearly thought to be a hoax". Fawkes checked the undercroft on 30 October, and reported that nothing had been disturbed. Monteagle's suspicions had been aroused, however, and the letter was shown to King James. The King ordered Sir Thomas Knyvet to conduct a search of the cellars underneath Parliament, which he did in the early hours of 5 November. Fawkes had taken up his station late on the previous night, armed with a slow match and a watch given to him by Percy "becaus he should knowe howe the time went away". He was found leaving the cellar, shortly after midnight, and arrested. Inside, the barrels of gunpowder were discovered hidden under piles of firewood and coal. Torture Fawkes gave his name as John Johnson and was first interrogated by members of the King's Privy chamber, where he remained defiant. When asked by one of the lords what he was doing in possession of so much gunpowder, Fawkes answered that his intention was "to blow you Scotch beggars back to your native mountains." He identified himself as a 36-year-old Catholic from Netherdale in Yorkshire, and gave his father's name as Thomas and his mother's as Edith Jackson. Wounds on his body noted by his questioners he explained as the effects of pleurisy. Fawkes admitted his intention to blow up the House of Lords, and expressed regret at his failure to do so. His steadfast manner earned him the admiration of King James, who described Fawkes as possessing "a Roman resolution".James's admiration did not, however, prevent him from ordering on 6 November that "John Johnson" be tortured, to reveal the names of his co-conspirators. He directed that the torture be light at first, referring to the use of manacles, but more severe if necessary, authorising the use of the rack: "the gentler Tortures are to be first used unto him et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur [and so by degrees proceeding to the worst]". Fawkes was transferred to the Tower of London. The King composed a list of questions to be put to "Johnson", such as "as to what he is, For I can never yet hear of any man that knows him", "When and where he learned to speak French?", and "If he was a Papist, who brought him up in it?" The room in which Fawkes was interrogated subsequently became known as the Guy Fawkes Room. Sir William Waad, Lieutenant of the Tower, supervised the torture and obtained Fawkes's confession. He searched his prisoner, and found a letter addressed to Guy Fawkes. To Waad's surprise, "Johnson" remained silent, revealing nothing about the plot or its authors. On the night of 6 November he spoke with Waad, who reported to Salisbury "He [Johnson] told us that since he undertook this action he did every day pray to God he might perform that which might be for the advancement of the Catholic Faith and saving his own soul". According to Waad, Fawkes managed to rest through the night, despite his being warned that he would be interrogated until "I had gotton the inwards secret of his thoughts and all his complices". His composure was broken at some point during the following day.The observer Sir Edward Hoby remarked "Since Johnson's being in the Tower, he beginneth to speak English". Fawkes revealed his true identity on 7 November, and told his interrogators that there were five people involved in the plot to kill the King. He began to reveal their names on 8 November, and told how they intended to place Princess Elizabeth on the throne. His third confession, on 9 November, implicated Francis Tresham. Following the Ridolfi plot of 1571, prisoners were made to dictate their confessions, before copying and signing them, if they still could. Although it is uncertain if he was tortured on the rack, Fawkes's scrawled signature suggests the suffering he endured at the hands of his interrogators. Trial and execution The trial of eight of the plotters began on Monday 27 January 1606. Fawkes shared the barge from the Tower to Westminster Hall with seven of his co-conspirators. They were kept in the Star Chamber before being taken to Westminster Hall, where they were displayed on a purpose-built scaffold. The King and his close family, watching in secret, were among the spectators as the Lords Commissioners read out the list of charges. Fawkes was identified as Guido Fawkes, "otherwise called Guido Johnson". He pleaded not guilty, despite his apparent acceptance of guilt from the moment he was captured. The jury found all the defendants guilty, and the Lord Chief Justice Sir John Popham pronounced them guilty of high treason. The Attorney General Sir Edward Coke told the court that each of the condemned would be drawn backwards to his death, by a horse, his head near the ground. They were to be "put to death halfway between heaven and earth as unworthy of both". Their genitals would be cut off and burnt before their eyes, and their bowels and hearts removed. They would then be decapitated, and the dismembered parts of their bodies displayed so that they might become "prey for the fowls of the air". Fawkes's and Tresham's testimony regarding the Spanish treason was read aloud, as well as confessions related specifically to the Gunpowder Plot. The last piece of evidence offered was a conversation between Fawkes and Wintour, who had been kept in adjacent cells. The two men apparently thought they had been speaking in private, but their conversation was intercepted by a government spy. When the prisoners were allowed to speak, Fawkes explained his not guilty plea as ignorance of certain aspects of the indictment.On 31 January 1606, Fawkes and three others – Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood, and Robert Keyes – were dragged from the Tower on wattled hurdles to the Old Palace Yard at Westminster, opposite the building they had attempted to destroy. His fellow plotters were then hanged and quartered. Fawkes was the last to stand on the scaffold. He asked for forgiveness of the King and state, while keeping up his "crosses and idle ceremonies" (Catholic practices). Weakened by torture and aided by the hangman, Fawkes began to climb the ladder to the noose, but either through jumping to his death or climbing too high so the rope was incorrectly set, he managed to avoid the agony of the latter part of his execution by breaking his neck. His lifeless body was nevertheless quartered and, as was the custom, his body parts were then distributed to "the four corners of the kingdom", to be displayed as a warning to other would-be traitors. Legacy On 5 November 1605, Londoners were encouraged to celebrate the King's escape from assassination by lighting bonfires, provided that "this testemonye of joy be carefull done without any danger or disorder". An Act of Parliament designated each 5 November as a day of thanksgiving for "the joyful day of deliverance", and remained in force until 1859. Fawkes was one of 13 conspirators, but he is the individual most associated with the plot.In Britain, 5 November has variously been called Guy Fawkes Night, Guy Fawkes Day, Plot Night, and Bonfire Night (which can be traced directly back to the original celebration of 5 November 1605). Bonfires were accompanied by fireworks from the 1650s onwards, and it became the custom after 1673 to burn an effigy (usually of the pope) when heir presumptive James, Duke of York, converted to Catholicism. Effigies of other notable figures have found their way onto the bonfires, such as Paul Kruger, Margaret Thatcher, Liz Truss, Rishi Sunak and Vladimir Putin. The "guy" is normally created by children from old clothes, newspapers, and a mask. During the 19th century, "guy" came to mean an oddly dressed person, while in many places it has lost any pejorative connotation and instead refers to any male person and the plural form can refer to people of any gender (as in "you guys").James Sharpe, professor of history at the University of York, has described how Guy Fawkes came to be toasted as "the last man to enter Parliament with honest intentions". William Harrison Ainsworth's 1841 historical romance Guy Fawkes; or, The Gunpowder Treason portrays Fawkes in a generally sympathetic light, and his novel transformed Fawkes in the public perception into an "acceptable fictional character". Fawkes subsequently appeared as "essentially an action hero" in children's books and penny dreadfuls such as The Boyhood Days of Guy Fawkes; or, The Conspirators of Old London, published around 1905. According to historian Lewis Call, Fawkes is now "a major icon in modern political culture" whose face has become "a potentially powerful instrument for the articulation of postmodern anarchism" in the late 20th century. Fawkes is regarded by some as a martyr, political rebel or freedom-fighter, especially amongst a minority of Catholics in the United Kingdom. References Footnotes Citations Bibliography External links Guy Fawkes story from the BBC, including archive video clips Guy Fawkes Day at Curlie The Trials of Robert Winter, Thomas Winter, Guy Fawkes, John Grant, Ambrose Rookwood, Robert Keyes, Thomas Bates, and Sir Everard Digby Guy Fawkes Attainder from the Parliamentary Archives

Overseas Private Investment Corporation

The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) was the United States Government's Development finance institution until it merged with the Development Credit Authority (DCA) of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to form the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC). OPIC mobilized private capital to help solve critical development challenges and in doing so, advanced the foreign policy of the United States and national security objectives. By working with the U.S. private sector, helped U.S. businesses gain footholds in emerging markets, catalyzing revenues, jobs, and growth opportunities both at home and abroad. It achieved its mission by providing investors with financing, political risk insurance, and support for private equity investment funds when commercial funding could not be obtained elsewhere. Established as an agency of the U.S. government in 1971, OPIC operated on a self-sustaining basis at no net cost to American taxpayers.

The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) was the United States Government's Development finance institution until it merged with the Development Credit Authority (DCA) of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to form the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC). OPIC mobilized private capital to help solve critical development challenges and in doing so, advanced the foreign policy of the United States and national security objectives. By working with the U.S. private sector, helped U.S. businesses gain footholds in emerging markets, catalyzing revenues, jobs, and growth opportunities both at home and abroad. It achieved its mission by providing investors with financing, political risk insurance, and support for private equity investment funds when commercial funding could not be obtained elsewhere. Established as an agency of the U.S. government in 1971, OPIC operated on a self-sustaining basis at no net cost to American taxpayers. All OPIC projects adhere to high environmental and social standards and respect human rights, including worker's rights. By mandating high standards, OPIC aimed to raise the industry and regional standards in countries where it funded projects. OPIC services were available for new and expanding business enterprises in more than 160 countries worldwide. Products and services Financing OPIC helped provide medium-term to long-term funding through direct loans and loan guarantees to eligible investment projects in developing countries and emerging markets. By complementing the private sector, OPIC used to provide financing in countries where commercial financial institutions often are reluctant or unable to lend. Recognizing that businesses both large and small played an important role in developing nations, OPIC made it a priority to work with American small businesses, which comprised, on average, 80 percent of projects supported by the agency. OPIC's Department of Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Finance offered qualified small businesses a streamlined approval process and direct loans from $100,000 to $10 million with terms from three to 15 years. While the eligible U.S. small business must have owned at least 25 percent of the overseas project, OPIC used to be able to finance up to 65 percent of the total project cost. OPIC had conducted more than a dozen small business workshops around the United States since 2006, educating nearly 1,600 business owners about OPIC products and services. Political risk insurance OPIC's political risk insurance enabled U.S. businesses to take advantage of commercially attractive opportunities in emerging markets, mitigating risk and helping them compete in a global marketplace. OPIC helped U.S. investors protect their investments in a variety of situations, including political violence, expropriation or other government interference, and currency inconvertibility. Investment funds OPIC provided support for the creation of privately owned and managed investment funds. These funds make direct equity and equity-related investments in new, expanding, or privatizing emerging market companies. OPIC-supported funds helped emerging market economies access long-term growth capital, management skills, and financial expertise, all of which are key factors in expanding economic development for people in developing nations. Investment projects OPIC supported projects in a range of industries—from energy to housing, agriculture, financial services, etc. It focused on regions where the need was greatest and in sectors that could have the greatest developmental impact. OPIC had increasingly focused on projects that encouraged the use of renewable resources, which represented not only an urgent global need but also a significant investment opportunity. Another key priority was impact investing, which aimed to produce positive social impacts while generating financial returns sufficient to make projects sustainable. Initiatives Connect Africa In July 2018, OPIC launched its Connect Africa Initiative which aimed to fund more projects which would target infrastructure, technology, and value chains in Africa. With projects within Sub-Saharan Africa accounting for over one-quarter of OPIC's portfolio, the region was a key area of focus for the corporation. Through Connect Africa, OPIC had pledged $1 billion over three years to projects supporting telecommunications and internet access, value chains that connect producers of raw materials to end-users, and essential infrastructures, such as roads, railways, ports, and airports. These commitments to connectivity support economic growth and increase regional security. This initiative built upon the Power Africa Project launched during the Obama administration that committed to spending $1.5 billion in energy investments on the continent over a five-year span. Some examples of investment projects under the Connect Africa Initiative were a $125 million loan to help the diamond industry become more sustainable in Botswana and the commitment of $100 million to expand mobile networks and technological infrastructure across the Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda. This initiative will be continued under the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC). In June 2021, The DFC and G7 nations pledged $80 billion to the continent. 2X Women's Initiative Launched in March 2018, OPIC's 2X Women's Initiative was a commitment to mobilize $1 billion in capital to invest in women in developing countries. To decide which projects to invest in, OPIC utilized gender lens investing which called for applying gender analysis to financial analysis – using capital to impact the lives of women. Having exceeded their investment goal by the end of the financial year, OPIC had challenged other G7 countries to join in the 2X Challenge which organized DFIs from around the world to take part in achieving gender equality through private investment. A popular example of the projects was, financially backing WaterHealth in India to create WaterHealth Vending Machines (WVM) in heavily populated areas. Thereby increasing women, and their families, access to clean drinking water. Another example was a $5 million loan for Twiga Foods in Kenya, aimed to combat food scarcity. This initiative will be continued under the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC). Another key priority is impact investing, which aims to produce positive social impacts while generating financial returns sufficient to make these projects sustainable. OPIC has been committed to providing $1.5 billion to develop energy projects in Africa over the next five years, in support of President Obama's Power Africa initiative to double the number of people on the continent who have access to electricity. The Power Africa initiative will help African countries develop more of their extensive energy resources, including oil and gas, geothermal, hydro, wind, solar, and biomass, while also building out power generation and transmission infrastructure. Eligibility requirements OPIC required that its projects have a meaningful connection to the U.S. private sector. For financing, this meant a U.S. organized entity with 25 percent or more U.S. owned equity or a majority U.S. owned foreign-organized entity run by U.S. citizens, lawful permanent residents, and U.S.-organized non-governmental organizations. OPIC has not supported projects that negatively affected the U.S. economy. Environmental and social standards OPIC projects had to meet congressionally mandated requirements regarding the protection of the environment, social impacts, health, and safety. The guidelines and procedures were based in large part on environmental and social impact assessment procedures applied by organizations such as the World Bank Group, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the U.S. Export-Import Bank. Projects that were likely to have significant adverse environmental or social impacts are disclosed to the public for a comment period of 60 days. History In the American effort to rebuild Europe following World War II, it became clear to the policymakers that private investment is a powerful generator of economic development and that there is an appropriate role for government in encouraging private investment where it has the potential to do the most good. Accordingly, the Marshall Plan authorized the U.S. government to ensure private U.S. investors against the risk that earnings generated overseas in foreign currencies might not be convertible into U.S. dollars. This new tool—political risk insurance—was expanded in the 1950s to cover losses from war and expropriation, as well as government interference with investors' rights to the proceeds of their investments. It was subsequently complemented with the addition of project financing. In 1966, Congress established the International Private Investment Advisory Council (IPIAC) under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1966. In December 1968, IPIAC published "The Case for a U.S. Overseas Private Enterprise Development Corporation", a report articulating the need for such an entity. The IPIAC in the report recommended the organization of an overseas private enterprise development corporation of the United States and also funded by it, as responsive to the Javits Amendment to the 1968 Foreign Assistance Act. As the administration of the U.S. guaranty program moved among various agencies, bipartisan support grew to establish it on a permanent basis as a self-sustaining, independent agency. The most original of [President Nixon's] recommendations is the one dealing with the establishment of an Overseas Private Investment Corporation. Even opponents of foreign aid agree, I feel sure, that the burden of our international development program can and should be shifted increasingly from public to private resources. The Administration's proposal to set up a Corporation has as its basic objective stimulation of American businessmen into examining the possibility of profitable and productive enterprises in countries hungry for development. I believe OPIC means business—a businesslike approach to foreign aid. After all, the profit motive was the prime mover in our own Nation's development. Why not use this profit motive in helping the development of others? [OPIC is the] first really big initiative that has come along in the foreign aid field almost since it began, which goes back to 1948 and 1949 ... this corporation will for the first time apply business methods and business accounting procedures to the business operations of project development, investment, insurance, guarantees and direct lending—that is, to private activities which are sensitively and directly geared into the development of the less-developed areas which we propose to help in the foreign aid program. Congress created OPIC in 1969 through an amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act, and the agency began operations in 1971, during the Nixon administration, with a portfolio of $8.4 billion in political risk insurance and $169 million in loan guaranties. In a special message to Congress in 1971, President Nixon stated that OPIC's establishment will help "give new direction to U.S. private investment abroad ... and provide new focus to our foreign assistance effort."Organized as a corporation with a corporate structure, OPIC is governed by a Board of Directors, President and CEO, and Executive Vice President, all nominated by the President of the United States and approved by the U.S. Senate. The majority of the Board of Directors, including its president, are "drawn from private life and have business experience." Although it operates on a self-sustaining basis at no net cost to American taxpayers, OPIC is appropriated administrative funding, and reauthorized on a regular basis, by the U.S. Congress. Leadership Criticism In the 2000s, Friends of the Earth; Greenpeace; and the cities of Boulder, Arcata, and Oakland won against the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (and the Export-Import Bank of the United States), which were accused of financing fossil-fuel projects detrimental to a stable climate in violation of the National Environmental Policy Act in a case filed in 2002 and settled in 2009. See also Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations Export Development Canada Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) UK Export Finance References Further reading Benard, Alexander (July–August 2012). "How to Succeed in Business: And Why Washington Should Really Try". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 22 August 2012. Ilias, Shayerah (25 September 2013). The Overseas Private Investment Corporation: Background and Legislative Issues (PDF) (7-5700 / 98-567 ed.). Congressional Research Service. U.S. Fiscal Commission Suggests Killing OPIC - The Government's Cash Cow External links Official website Archived 2015-02-25 at the Wayback Machine Overseas Private Investment Corporation in the Federal Register Governing Legislation through 2005

Snooker

Snooker (pronounced UK: SNOO-kər, US: SNUUK-ər) is a cue sport played on a rectangular billiards table covered with a green cloth called baize, with six pockets, one at each corner and one in the middle of each long side. First played by British Army officers stationed in India in the second half of the 19th century, the game is played with twenty-two balls, comprising a white cue ball, fifteen red balls, and six other balls—a yellow, green, brown, blue, pink, and black—collectively called the colours. Using a cue stick, the individual players or teams take turns to strike the cue ball to pot other balls in a predefined sequence, accumulating points for each successful pot and for each time the opposing player or team commits a foul. An individual frame of snooker is won by the player who has scored the most points. A snooker match ends when a player reaches a predetermined number of frames.

Snooker (pronounced UK: SNOO-kər, US: SNUUK-ər) is a cue sport played on a rectangular billiards table covered with a green cloth called baize, with six pockets, one at each corner and one in the middle of each long side. First played by British Army officers stationed in India in the second half of the 19th century, the game is played with twenty-two balls, comprising a white cue ball, fifteen red balls, and six other balls—a yellow, green, brown, blue, pink, and black—collectively called the colours. Using a cue stick, the individual players or teams take turns to strike the cue ball to pot other balls in a predefined sequence, accumulating points for each successful pot and for each time the opposing player or team commits a foul. An individual frame of snooker is won by the player who has scored the most points. A snooker match ends when a player reaches a predetermined number of frames. Snooker gained its identity in 1875 when army officer Neville Chamberlain, stationed in Ootacamund, Madras, and Jabalpur, devised a set of rules that combined black pool and pyramids. The word snooker was a well-established derogatory term used to describe inexperienced or first-year military personnel. In the early 20th century, snooker was predominantly played in the United Kingdom where it was considered a "gentleman's sport" until the early 1960s, before growing in popularity as a national pastime and eventually spreading overseas. The standard rules of the game were first established in 1919 when the Billiards Association and Control Club was formed. As a professional sport, snooker is now governed by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. The World Snooker Championship first took place in 1927. Joe Davis, a key figure and pioneer in the early growth of the sport, won fifteen successive world championships between 1927 and 1946. The "modern era" of snooker began in 1969 after the broadcaster BBC commissioned the television series Pot Black, later airing daily coverage of the World Championship, which was first televised in 1978. Key figures in the game were Ray Reardon in the 1970s, Steve Davis in the 1980s, and Stephen Hendry in the 1990s, each winning the World Championship at least six times. Since 2000, Ronnie O'Sullivan has won the most world titles. Top professional players compete in regular tournaments around the world, earning millions of pounds on the World Snooker Tour, a circuit of international events featuring competitors of many different nationalities. The World Championship, the UK Championship, and the Masters together make up the Triple Crown Series, considered by many players to be the most highly valued titles. Although the main professional tour is open to women, female players also compete on a separate women's tour organised by World Women's Snooker. Competitive snooker is also available to non-professional players, including seniors and people with disabilities. The popularity of snooker has led to the creation of many variations based on the standard game, but using different rules or equipment, including six-red snooker, the short-lived "snooker plus", and the more recent Snooker Shoot Out version. History Snooker originated in the second half of the 19th century. In the 1870s, billiards was popular among British Army officers stationed in Jubbulpore, India, and several variations of the game were devised during this time. A similar game, which originated at the Officers' Mess of the 11th Devonshire Regiment in 1875, combined the rules of two pool games: pyramids, played with fifteen red balls positioned in a triangle, and black pool, which involved the potting of designated balls. Snooker was further developed in 1882 when its first set of rules was finalised by British Army officer Sir Neville Chamberlain, who helped devise and popularise the game at Stone House in Ootacamund on a table built by Burroughes & Watts that had been brought to India by boat. The word snooker was, at the time, a slang term used in the British Army to describe new recruits and inexperienced military personnel; Chamberlain used it to deride the inferior performance of a young fellow officer at the table.Snooker featured in an 1887 issue of the Sporting Life newspaper in England, which led to a growth in popularity. Chamberlain was revealed as the game's inventor, 63 years after the fact, in a letter to The Field magazine published on 19 March 1938. Snooker became increasingly popular across the Indian colonies of the British Raj, and in the United Kingdom, but it remained a game mainly for military officers and the gentry; many gentlemen's clubs that had a snooker table would not allow non-members inside to play. (Reflecting the game's aristocratic origins, the majority of tournaments on the professional circuit still require players to wear waistcoats and bow ties, although the necessity for this attire has been questioned.) To cater for the growing interest, smaller and more open snooker clubs were formed. The Billiards Association (formed 1885) and the Billiards Control Club (formed 1908) merged to form the Billiards Association and Control Club (BA&CC) and a new, standardised set of rules for snooker was first established in 1919. The possibility of a drawn game was abolished by the use of a re-spotted black as a tiebreaker. These rules are similar to the ones used today, although rules for a minimal point penalty were imposed later.Played in 1926 and 1927, the first World Snooker Championship—then known as the Professional Championship of Snooker—was won by Joe Davis. A Women's Professional Snooker Championship (now the World Women's Snooker Championship) was created in 1934 for top female players. As a professional English billiards and snooker player himself, Davis raised the game from a recreational pastime to a professional sporting activity. Davis won all fifteen tournaments held until 1946, when he retired from the championships. However, snooker declined in popularity in the post-war era; the 1952 World Snooker Championship was contested by only two players and was replaced by the World Professional Match-play Championship, which was also discontinued in 1957. In an effort to boost popularity of snooker, Davis introduced a variation known as "snooker plus" in 1959, which added two extra colours, but this version of the game was short-lived. A world championship for top amateur players, now known as the IBSF World Snooker Championship, was founded in 1963, and the official world championship was revived on a challenge basis in 1964. The BBC first launched its colour television service in July 1967. In 1969, David Attenborough, then the controller of BBC2, commissioned the snooker tournament television series Pot Black, primarily to showcase the potential of the BBC's new colour television service, as the green table and multi-coloured balls provided an ideal opportunity to demonstrate the advantages of the new broadcasting technology. The series became a ratings success and was, for a time, the second-most popular show on BBC2 behind Morecambe and Wise. In the same year, the 1969 World Snooker Championship reverted to a knockout tournament format, with eight players competing. Due to these developments, the year 1969 is taken to mark the beginning of snooker's modern era. The World Snooker Championship moved in 1977 to the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, where it has been staged ever since, and the 1978 World Snooker Championship was the first to receive daily television coverage. Snooker quickly became a mainstream sport in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and much of the Commonwealth, and has remained consistently popular since the late 1970s, with most of the major tournaments being televised. In 1985, an estimated 18.5 million viewers stayed up until the early hours of the morning to watch the conclusion of the World Championship final between Dennis Taylor and Steve Davis, a record viewership in the UK for any broadcast on BBC Two or any broadcast after midnight.As professional snooker grew as a mainstream sport, it became heavily dependent on tobacco advertising. Cigarette brand Embassy sponsored the World Snooker Championship for 30 consecutive years from 1976 to 2005, one of the longest-running deals in British sports sponsorship. In the early 2000s, a ban on tobacco advertising led to a reduction in the number of professional tournaments, which decreased from twenty-two events in 1999 to fifteen in 2003. The sport had become more popular in Asia with the emergence of players such as Ding Junhui and Marco Fu, and still received significant television coverage in the UK—the BBC dedicated 400 hours to snooker in 2007, compared to just 14 minutes 40 years earlier. However, the British public's interest in snooker had waned significantly by the late 2000s. Warning that the sport was "lurching into terminal crisis", The Guardian newspaper predicted in 2010 that snooker would cease to exist as a professional sport within ten years. In the same year, promoter Barry Hearn gained a controlling interest in the World Snooker Tour, pledging to revitalise the "moribund" professional game.Over the following decade, the number of professional tournaments increased, with 44 events held in the 2019–20 season. Snooker tournaments were adapted to make them more suitable for television audiences, with some tournaments being played over a shortened duration, or the Snooker Shoot Out, which is a timed, one-frame competition. The prize money for professional events increased, with the top players earning several million pounds over the course of their careers. However, lower-ranked professional players struggled to make a living from the sport, especially after paying tournament entry fees, travel, and other expenses. Players including 2005 world champion Shaun Murphy have claimed that a 128-player professional tour is financially unsustainable. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the professional tour was confined to events played within the United Kingdom and Ireland. In the 2022–23 season, only two professional ranking tournaments were played outside the UK, the European Masters in Fürth and the German Masters in Berlin, while lucrative Chinese events remained off the calendar. Stephen Maguire in 2023 criticised the World Snooker Tour and World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association, claiming that "the game is dying right in front of our eyes", and stating that some players ranked within the world's top 30 were seeking jobs outside the sport due to lack of earning potential from tournaments.Snooker referees are an integral part of the sport, and some have become well-known personalities in their own right. Len Ganley, John Street, and John Williams together refereed 17 of the first 20 World Snooker finals held at the Crucible Theatre. Since 2000, non-British and female referees have become more prominent in the sport. Dutch referee Jan Verhaas became the first non-Briton to referee a World Championship final in 2003, while Michaela Tabb became the first woman to do so in 2009. Tabb was the only woman refereeing on the professional tour when she joined it in 2002, but tournaments now routinely feature female referees such as Desislava Bozhilova, Maike Kesseler, and Tatiana Woollaston. Gameplay Equipment A standard full-size snooker table measures 12 ft × 6 ft (365.8 cm × 182.9 cm), with a rectangular playing surface measuring 11 ft 8.5 in × 5 ft 10.0 in (356.9 cm × 177.8 cm). The playing surface is surrounded by small cushions along each side of the table. The height of the table from the floor to the top of the cushions is 2 ft 10.0 in (86.4 cm). The table has six pockets, one at each corner and one at the centre of each of the two longer side cushions. One drawback of using a full-size table is the amount of space required to accommodate it, which limits the locations where the game can easily be played. The minimum room size that allows space on all sides for comfortable cueing is 22 ft × 16 ft (6.7 m × 4.9 m). While pool tables are common to many pubs, snooker tends to be played either in private settings or in public snooker halls. The game can also be played on smaller tables, with variant table sizes including 10 ft × 5 ft (305 cm × 152 cm), 9 ft × 4.5 ft (274 cm × 137 cm), 8 ft × 4 ft (244 cm × 122 cm), and 6 ft × 3 ft (183 cm × 91 cm)The cloth on a snooker table is usually a form of tightly woven woollen green baize, with a directional nap that runs lengthwise from the baulk end of the table to the far end near the black ball spot. The nap affects the speed and trajectory of the balls, depending on the direction of the shot and whether any side spin is placed on the ball. Even if the cue ball is struck in precisely the same manner, the effect of the nap will differ according to whether the ball is directed towards the baulk line or towards the opposite end of the table. A snooker ball set consists of twenty-two unmarked balls: fifteen reds, six colour balls, and one white cue ball. The six colours are one each of yellow, green, brown, blue, pink, and black, although the brown and blue balls were not a part of the original rules. Each ball has a diameter of 2+1⁄16 inches (52.5 mm). At the start of the game, the red balls are racked into a tightly packed equilateral triangle and the six colours are positioned at designated spots on the table. The cue ball is placed inside the "D" ready for the break-off shot. Each player has a cue stick (or simply a "cue"), not less than 3 ft (91.4 cm) in length, which is used to strike the cue ball. The tip of the cue must only make contact with the cue ball and is never used for striking any of the reds or colours directly.Snooker accessories include: chalk for the tip of the cue, used to help apply spin on the cue ball; various sorts of rest, such as the swan or spider for playing shots that are difficult to play by hand; extensions for lengthening the cue stick; a triangle for racking the reds; and a scoreboard which is typically attached to a wall near the snooker table. A traditional snooker scoreboard resembles an abacus and records the points scored by each player for the current frame in units and twenties, as well as the frame scores. A simple scoring bead is sometimes used, called a "scoring string" or "scoring wire". Each segment of the string (bead) represents one point as the players can move one or several beads along the string. Rules Objective A player wins a frame by scoring more points than their opponent. At the start of a frame, the object balls are positioned on the table as shown in illustration A. Starting with the cue ball in the "D", the first player executes a break-off shot by striking the cue ball with the tip of their cue, aiming to hit any of the red balls in the triangular pack. The players then take alternating turns at playing shots, with the aim of potting a red ball into a pocket and thereby scoring one point. Failure to make contact with a red ball constitutes a foul, which results in penalty points being awarded to the opponent. At the end of each shot, the cue ball remains in the position where it has come to rest (unless it has entered a pocket, where it is returned to the "D") ready for the next shot. If the cue ball finishes in contact with an object ball or a ball that could be an object ball, a touching ball is called. The player must then play away from that ball without moving it or else the player will concede penalty points. When playing away from a touching ball, the player is not required to strike another object ball. When a red ball enters a pocket, the striker must then pot a coloured ball (or "colour") of their choice. If successful, the value of the potted colour is added to the player's score, and the ball is returned to its designated spot on the table. (If a designated spot is unavailable, the colour is respotted on the spot of the highest available colour; if no spots are available, the colour is respotted as close as possible to its own spot without touching the obstructing ball towards the top cushion.) The player must then pot another red ball followed by another colour. The process of alternately potting reds and colours continues until the striker fails to pot the desired object ball or commits a foul—at which point the opponent comes to the table to start the next turn—or when there are no red balls remaining. Points accumulated by potting successive object balls are called a "break" (see Scoring below). At the start of each player's turn, the objective is to first pot a red ball, unless all reds are off the table, or the player has been awarded a free ball, which allows them to nominate another object ball instead of a red. The cue ball may contact an object ball directly or it can be made to bounce off one or more cushions before hitting the required object ball.The game continues until every red ball has been potted and only the six colours and the cue ball are left on the table. The colours must next be potted in the ascending order of their values, from lowest to highest, i.e. yellow first (worth two points), then green (three points), brown (four points), blue (five points), pink (six points), and finally black (seven points); each colour remains in the pocket after being potted. When the final ball is potted, the player with the most points wins the frame. If there are not enough points remaining on the table for a player to win the frame, that player may offer to concede the frame while at the table (but not while their opponent is still at the table); a frame concession is a common occurrence in professional snooker. Players will often play on even when there are not enough points available for them to win, hoping to force their opponent into playing foul shots by laying snookers. These are shots that are designed to make playing a legal shot harder, such as leaving another ball between the cue ball and the object ball. If the scores are equal when all of the object balls have been potted, the black is used as a tiebreaker. In this situation, called a "re-spotted black", the black ball is returned to its designated spot and the cue ball is played in-hand, meaning that it may be placed anywhere on or within the lines of the "D" to start the tiebreak. The referee then tosses a coin and the winner of the toss decides who takes the first strike. The game continues until one of the players either pots the black ball to win the frame, or commits a foul (losing the frame).Professional and competitive amateur matches are officiated by a referee, who is charged with ensuring the proper conduct of players and making decisions "in the interests of fair play". The responsibilities of the referee include announcing the points scored during a break, determining when a foul has been committed and awarding penalty points and free balls accordingly, replacing colours onto their designated spots after they are potted, restoring the balls to their previous positions after the "miss" rule has been invoked (see Scoring), and cleaning the cue ball or any object ball upon request by the striker.: 39  Another duty of the referee is to recognise and declare a stalemate when neither player is able to make any progress in the frame. If both players agree, the balls are returned to their starting positions and the frame is restarted (known as a "re-rack"), with the same player taking the break-off shot as before.: 33  Professional players usually play the game in a sporting manner, declaring fouls they have committed which the referee has not noticed, acknowledging good shots from their opponent, and holding up a hand to apologise for a fortunate shot, known as a "fluke". Scoring Points in snooker are gained from potting the object balls in the correct sequence. The total number of consecutive points (excluding fouls) that a player amasses during one visit to the table is known as a "break". A player could achieve a break of 15, for example, by first potting a red followed by a black, then another red followed by a pink, before failing to pot the next red. Breaks of 100 points or more are referred to as a century break, and are recorded over the career of a professional player. A maximum break in snooker is achieved by potting all reds with blacks, then potting all six colours, yielding 147 points; this is often known as a "147" or a "maximum". As of 7 December 2023, there have been 194 officially confirmed maximum breaks achieved in professional competition.Penalty points are awarded to a player when a foul is committed by the opponent. A foul can occur for various reasons, such as sending the cue ball into a pocket, or failing to hit the object ball. The latter is a common foul committed when a player fails to escape from a "snooker", where the previous player has left the cue ball positioned such that no legal ball can be struck directly in a straight line without being wholly or partially obstructed by an illegal ball. Fouls incur a minimum of four penalty points unless a higher-value object ball is involved in the foul, up to a maximum of seven penalty points where the black ball is concerned.: 26–28  When a foul is committed, the offender's turn ends and the referee announces the penalty. All points scored in the break before the foul was committed are awarded to the striker, but no points are scored for any ball pocketed during the foul shot.If dissatisfied with the position left after a foul, the next player may nominate the opponent who committed the foul to play again from where the balls have come to rest. If the referee has also called a "miss"—meaning that the referee has deemed the opponent not to have made their best possible attempt to hit the object ball—the player has the option of having the balls replaced to their original positions and forcing the opponent to play the shot again. If, after a foul, the next player cannot cleanly strike both sides of the object ball, the referee may call a free ball, allowing the player to nominate any other ball in place of the object ball they might normally have played. If a player is awarded a free ball with all 15 red balls still in play, they can potentially make a break exceeding 147, with the highest possible being a 155 break, achieved by nominating the free ball as an extra red, then potting the black as the additional colour after potting the free-ball red, followed by the 15 reds with blacks, and finally the colours. Jamie Cope was the first player to achieve a verified 155 break during a practice frame in 2005, with other players such as Alex Higgins claiming to have made a similar break. One game of snooker is called a "frame". A snooker match generally consists of a predetermined number of frames. Most matches in current professional tournaments are played as the best of 7, 9, or 11 frames, with finals usually the best of 17 or 19 frames. The World Championship uses a longer format, with matches ranging from the best of 19 frames in the first round to best of 35 for the final, which is played over four sessions of play held over two days. Some early world finals had much longer matches, such as the 1947 World Snooker Championship, which was played over the best of 145 frames. Governance and tournaments Professional Professional snooker players compete on the World Snooker Tour, which is a circuit of world ranking tournaments and invitational events held throughout the snooker season. All competitions are open to professional players who have qualified for the tour, and selected amateur players, but most events include a separate qualification stage. Players can qualify for the tour by virtue of their position in the world rankings from prior seasons, by winning continental championships, or through the Challenge Tour or Q School events. Players on the World Snooker Tour generally gain a two-year "tour card" for participation in the events. Beginning in the 2014–15 season, some players have also received invitational tour cards in recognition of their outstanding contributions to the sport; these cards are issued at the discretion of the World Snooker Board, and have been awarded to players including Steve Davis, James Wattana, Jimmy White, and Stephen Hendry. Some additional secondary tours have been contested over the years. A two-tier structure was adopted for the 1997–98 snooker season; comprising six tournaments known as the WPBSA Minor Tour was open to all professionals, but only ran for one season. A similar secondary UK Tour was first played from the 1997–98 season, which was renamed the Challenge Tour in 2000, Players Tour Championship in 2010 and returned as the Challenge Tour in 2018.The global governing body for professional snooker is the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA), founded as the Professional Billiard Players' Association. The WPBSA owns and publishes the official rules of snooker, and has overall responsibility for policy-making in the professional sport of snooker. World Snooker Ltd is responsible for the professional tour which is owned by both the WPBSA and Matchroom Sport. World rankings Every player on the World Snooker Tour is assigned a position on the WPBSA's official world ranking list, which is used to determine the seedings and the level of qualification each player requires for the tournaments on the professional circuit. The current world rankings are determined using a two-year rolling points system, where points are allocated to the players according to the prize money earned at designated tournaments. This "rolling" list is maintained and updated throughout the season, with points from tournaments played in the current season replacing points earned from the corresponding tournaments of two seasons ago. Additionally, "one-year" and "two-year" ranking lists are compiled at the end of every season, after the World Championship; these year-end lists are used for pre-qualification at certain tournaments and for tour-card guarantees.The top 16 players in the world ranking list, generally regarded as the "elite" of the professional snooker circuit, are not required to pre-qualify for some of the tournaments, such as the Shanghai Masters, the Masters and the World Snooker Championship. Certain other events, such as those in the Players Series, use the one-year ranking list to qualify; these use the results of the current season to denote participants. As of the 2020–21 season, there are 128 places available on the World Snooker Tour, with players either in the top 64 on the official ranking list, or finishing as one of the top eight prize money earners during the most recent season, guaranteed a tour place for the next season, this being assessed after the World Championship. Tournaments The oldest current professional snooker tournament is the World Snooker Championship, which has taken place as an annual event most years since 1927. Hosted since 1977 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, the championship was sponsored by tobacco company Embassy from 1976 to 2005, and has since been sponsored by various betting companies after the introduction of an EU-wide ban on advertising tobacco products. The Triple Crown tournaments are televised in the UK by the BBC, while most other tournaments are broadcast on the Eurosport network, or ITV Sport, as well as numerous other broadcasters internationally.The World Championship is the most highly valued title in professional snooker, both in terms of financial reward (the tournament has carried a £500,000 winner's prize since 2019), ranking points, and prestige. The UK Championship, held annually since 1977, is considered to be the second most important ranking tournament, after the World Championship. These two events, and the annual non-ranking Masters tournament, make up the Triple Crown Series; being some of the oldest competitions on the professional circuit, the Triple Crown events are valued by many players as the most prestigious. Only eleven players have won all three Triple Crown events, as of 2022.Snooker has faced criticism for matches taking too long. In response, Matchroom Sport chairman Barry Hearn introduced a series of timed tournaments. The shot-timed Premier League Snooker was held between 1987 and 2012, with seven players invited to compete at regular United Kingdom venues, and was televised on Sky Sports. Players had twenty-five seconds to take each shot, with five time-outs per player per match. Although some success was achieved with this format, it did not receive the same amount of press attention or status as the regular ranking tournaments. This event has been taken out of the tour since 2013, when the Champion of Champions was established. The event saw players qualify by virtue of winning other events in the season, with 16 champions competing.In 2015, the WPBSA submitted an unsuccessful bid for snooker to be played at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Another bid has been put forward for the 2024 Summer Olympics through the World Snooker Federation, founded in 2017. A trial for the format for cue sports to be played at the 2024 games was put forward at the 2019 World Team Trophy, also featuring nine-ball and carom billiards. Snooker has been contested at the World Games since 2001, and was included as an event at the 2019 African Games. Amateur Non-professional snooker (including youth competition) is governed by the International Billiards and Snooker Federation (IBSF). Events held specifically for seniors are handled by the WPBSA under the World Seniors Tour. World Disability Billiards and Snooker (WDBS) is a WPBSA subsidiary that organises events and playing aids in snooker and other cue sports for people with disabilities. Snooker is a mixed gender sport that affords men and women the same opportunities to progress at all levels of the game. While the main professional tour is open to female players, there is also a separate women's tour organised by World Women's Snooker (formerly the World Ladies Billiards and Snooker Association) that encourages female players to participate in the sport. The winner of the World Women's Snooker Championship now receives a two-year tour card to the main professional tour. The highest competition in the amateur sport is the IBSF World Snooker Championship, while the highest level of the senior sport is the World Seniors Championship. On the women's tour, the leading tournament is the World Women's Snooker Championship. The reigning champion is Reanne Evans who has held the women's world title twelve times since first winning the championship in 2005. Evans has also participated on the World Snooker Tour and has taken part in the qualifying rounds of the main world championship on five occasions, reaching the second round in 2017. The most prestigious amateur event in England is the English Amateur Championship; first held in 1916, this is the oldest snooker competition still being played in the world. Criticism Several players, including Ronnie O'Sullivan, Mark Allen and Steve Davis, have claimed that there are too many tournaments in the season, causing burnout of players. O'Sullivan played only a subset of tournaments in 2012, so he could spend more time with his children; as a result he ended the 2012–13 season ranked 19th in the world despite being the world champion. O'Sullivan played only one tournament in 2013, the World Championship, which he won. He suggested that a "breakaway tour" with fewer events would be beneficial to the sport, but none was organised. The number of ranking events on the World Snooker Tour has continued to increase, from eight in 2002-3, to 11 in 2012-13, and 15 in 2022-23. Some leagues have allowed clubs to exclude female players from tournaments. A committee member of the Keighley league defended allowing such teams in the league as necessity: "If we lose two of these clubs [with the men-only policies] we would lose four teams and we can't afford to lose four teams otherwise we would have no league." A World Women's Snooker spokesperson commented, "It is disappointing and unacceptable that in 2019 that [sic] players such as Rebecca Kenna have been the victim of antiquated discriminatory practices." The All-Party Parliamentary Group for Snooker said, "The group believes that being prevented from playing in a club because of gender is archaic." Important players After the creation of the World Snooker Championship, snooker overcame billiards as the most popular cue sport in the United Kingdom. Joe Davis was world champion for twenty years, retiring unbeaten from the event after claiming his fifteenth world title in 1946 when the tournament was reinstated after the Second World War. He was only beaten on level terms by his brother Fred Davis, all coming after his retirement from the game. He did lose matches in handicapped tournaments, but on level terms these defeats were the only losses of his entire career.By 1947, Fred Davis was deemed ready by his brother to become world champion, but lost the world final to Walter Donaldson. Fred Davis and Donaldson would contest the next four finals. After the abandonment of the World Championship in 1953, with the 1952 event boycotted by British professionals, the World Professional Match-play Championship became the unofficial world championship. Fred Davis won the tournament every year from 1952 to 1956, but did not enter the 1957 event. John Pulman won the 1957 event and was the most successful player of the 1960s, won the event seven times between April 1964 and March 1968 when the World Championship was contested on a challenge basis. This winning streak ended when the tournament reverted to a knockout format in 1969. Ray Reardon was the dominant force in the 1970s, winning six world titles (1970, 1973–1976, and 1978), and John Spencer won three (1969, 1971 and 1977).Steve Davis (no relation to Joe or Fred) won his first World Championship in 1981, becoming the 11th world champion since 1927. He won six world titles (1981, 1983, 1984, and 1987–1989) and competed in the most-watched snooker match, the 1985 World Snooker Championship final, which he lost to Dennis Taylor. Stephen Hendry became the 14th world champion in 1990, aged 21 years and 106 days; he is the youngest player ever to have lifted the world title. Hendry dominated the sport through the 1990s, winning the World Championship seven times (1990, 1992–1996, and 1999).Ronnie O'Sullivan has won the most world titles since 2000, having done so on seven occasions (2001, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2020 and 2022), while John Higgins and Selby have both won four times (Higgins in 1998, 2007, 2009, and 2011; Selby in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021), and Mark Williams three times (2000, 2003, and 2018). O'Sullivan is the only player to have made 1,000 career century breaks, and holds the record for the most maximum breaks compiled in professional competition, having achieved his 15th in October 2018. O'Sullivan also holds the record for the most ranking titles (39) and most Triple Crown titles (21) achieved in the sport. Variants Some versions of snooker, such as six-red or ten-red snooker, are played with almost identical rules but with fewer object balls, reducing the time taken to play each frame. The Six-red World Championship, contested annually in Bangkok, Thailand, has been a regular fixture on the World Snooker Tour since 2012. The ten-red game has had a World Women's 10-Red Championship held annually in Leeds, England, from 2017 to 2019.Geographic variations exist in the United States and Brazil, while speed versions of the standard game have been developed in the United Kingdom. American snooker is an amateur version of the game played almost exclusively in the United States. With simplified rules and generally played on smaller tables, this variant dates back to 1925. Sinuca brasileira (or "Brazilian snooker") is a variant of snooker played exclusively in Brazil, with fully divergent rules from the standard game, and using only one red ball instead of fifteen. At the start of the game, the single red is positioned halfway between the pink ball and the side cushion and the break-off shot cannot be used to pot the red or place the opponent in a snooker. The Snooker Shoot Out is a variant snooker tournament, first staged in 1990, featuring single-frame matches for an accelerated format. The idea was resurrected in 2011 with a modified version that was added to the professional tour in the 2010–11 season and upgraded to a ranking event in 2017.Other games were designed with an increased number of object balls in play. One example is "snooker plus", which included two additional colours: an orange ball worth eight points positioned between pink and blue, and a purple ball worth 10 points positioned between brown and blue, increasing the maximum possible break to 210. Introduced at the 1959 News of the World Snooker Plus Tournament, this variant failed to gain popularity and is no longer played. Power Snooker was a short-lived cue sport based on aspects of snooker and pool, which was first played competitively as the 2010 Power Snooker Masters Trophy and again in 2011, but the format failed to gain widespread appeal and was discontinued. Using nine red balls racked in a diamond-shaped pack at the start of the game, the matches were limited to a fixed game-play period of 30 minutes. Tenball was a snooker variant designed specifically for the television show of the same name, presented by Phillip Schofield, which lasted for one series. A yellow and black ball worth ten points was added between the blue and pink, and the game had a slightly revised set of rules. Snookerpool is a variant of snooker that is played with traditional snooker balls on an American pool table with the larger pockets (11 ft × 5.5 ft or 3.4 m × 1.7 m). See also Timeline of snooker on UK television Notes References Bibliography Boru, Sean (2010). The Little Book of Snooker. Foreword by Jimmy White MBE. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5561-7. Collender, Brunswick Balke (1925). Rules Governing the Royal Game of Billiards. Chicago: Brunswick–Balke–Collender. OCLC 20873549. Everton, Clive (1986). The History of Snooker and Billiards (1st ed.). Haywards Heath: Partridge Press. ISBN 1-85225-013-5. Everton, Clive (2012). Black Farce and Cue Ball Wizards: The Inside Story of the Snooker World. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78057-568-1. Fotherington, William (2006). Fotheringham's Extraordinary Sporting Pastimes. London: Robson. ISBN 978-1-86105-953-6. Gadsby, Paul; Williams, Luke (2005). Masters of the Baize: Cue Legends, Bad Boys and Forgotten Men in Search of Snooker's Ultimate Prize. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84018-872-1. Hayton, Eric N.; Dee, John (2004). The CueSport Book of Professional Snooker: The Complete Record & History. Lowestoft: Rose Villa Publications. ISBN 978-0-9548549-0-4. McCann, Liam (2013). Snooker: Player by Player. Woking: Demand Media Limited. ISBN 978-1-90921-745-4. Peall, Arthur F. (2017) [1928]. Billiards and Snooker (Reprint ed.). Barzun Press. ISBN 978-1-44552515-0. Shamos, Michael I. (2002). The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards. New York: Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-58574-685-9. External links World Snooker Limited World Professional Billiards & Snooker Association International Billiards & Snooker Federation

Airbus Mobile

The Airbus U.S. Manufacturing Facility is an assembly site for Airbus's Commercial Airplanes division, located at the Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley in Mobile, Alabama, United States. The plant is an assembly and delivery site for Airbus commercial aircraft in the United States and one of the largest employment centers in the state. The site is one of four final assembly and delivery points for the Airbus A320neo family and one of two final assembly and delivery points for the Airbus A220.

The Airbus U.S. Manufacturing Facility is an assembly site for Airbus's Commercial Airplanes division, located at the Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley in Mobile, Alabama, United States. The plant is an assembly and delivery site for Airbus commercial aircraft in the United States and one of the largest employment centers in the state. The site is one of four final assembly and delivery points for the Airbus A320neo family and one of two final assembly and delivery points for the Airbus A220. History In 2008, Airbus' parent company, European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS), was working with Northrop Grumman on a bid to supply aerial refueling tankers to the USAF. In their bid to supply the EADS/Northrop Grumman KC-45, based on the Airbus A330 MRTT, EADS planned to assemble the aircraft in Mobile, Alabama, after which they would have been modified at a neighboring facility by Northrop Grumman. EADS also announced plans to have its Airbus subsidiary shift Airbus A330 commercial freighter assembly to Alabama. Northrop Grumman and EADS planned to invest approximately US$600 million in new assembly plants in the United States adjacent to one another in the Brookley Complex in Mobile. EADS's failure to win the contract meant that the Alabama production line for the Airbus A330 was never set up. Beginning on 27 June 2012, The New York Times and other news outlets reported that Airbus had decided to locate a new factory in Mobile for the manufacture of the Airbus A320 family (A319, A320 and A321) of airliners. The initial reports were soon confirmed by Mobile's Press-Register, which reported on 30 June 2012, that the deal had been approved by Airbus. The announced plans included a $600 million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex for the assembly of the aircraft, employing up to 1,000 full-time workers when at full capacity. Construction was scheduled to begin in 2013, with it becoming operable by 2015 and intending to produce 40 to 50 aircraft per year by 2017. The plan was formally announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from the Mobile Convention Center on 2 July 2012. A ground breaking ceremony for the factory was held on 8 April 2013.On 14 September 2015, Airbus officially opened the Mobile assembly line. Aircraft in production Airbus A320 The Mobile plant is a final assembly line for the Airbus A320 family of narrow body aircraft. Aircraft assembled in Mobile are destined for North American airlines such as JetBlue, Delta Air Lines, American Airlines, Spirit Airlines, and Frontier Airlines. On 21 June 2015, the main fuselage components for the first aircraft built in Mobile arrived at the plant. The first aircraft, an A321, was delivered to JetBlue on 25 April 2016.All main fuselage parts are shipped by sea across the Atlantic from Hamburg, Germany. As scheduled, in December 2017 the assembly site produced the 50th aircraft and reached an output capacity of four planes per month. Airbus A220 In October 2017, Airbus announced it would acquire a majority stake in the Canadian Bombardier CSeries programme. With the agreement, the CSeries Aircraft Limited Partnership will be divided as Airbus at 50.01%, Bombardier Aerospace at 31%, and Investissement Québec at 19%. While manufacturing of the CSeries will continue at Bombardier's facilities in the province of Quebec, steep tariffs had tentatively been imposed on the Canadian-made planes being purchased by U.S. airlines. The plan to set up a second assembly line for the CSeries at the Airbus Mobile factory would mean that these aircraft would be domestically produced in the U.S. and avoid the possible tariffs. The United States International Trade Commission ruled three months later that the Canadian-made planes did not threaten the U.S. airplane industry and no duty orders would be issued.Production of the A220 started in August 2019. The first aircraft from the new line, an A220-300, was delivered to Delta in October 2020. See also Boeing Renton Factory – A competing narrow-body aircraft manufacturing facility in the United States References External links Official website

Eisig Silberschlag

Eisig Silberschlag (Hebrew: יצחק זילברשלג; January 8, 1903 – September 30, 1988) was a Galician-born American Hebrew poet, translator, and literary critic. He received the Tchernichovsky Prize in 1951 for his translations of Aristophanes and Menander into Hebrew.

Eisig Silberschlag (Hebrew: יצחק זילברשלג; January 8, 1903 – September 30, 1988) was a Galician-born American Hebrew poet, translator, and literary critic. He received the Tchernichovsky Prize in 1951 for his translations of Aristophanes and Menander into Hebrew. Biography Eisig (Yitzhak) Silberschlag was born in Stry, eastern Galicia, to Ḥasidic parents Bertha (née Pomerantz) and David Silberschlag. He studied Greek and Latin in the local gymnasium, and was active in the Hashomer Hatzair movement. Silberschlag immigrated with his family to New York City in 1920, publishing his first poem in the weekly Hadar in 1925. That same year he returned to Europe, where he completed a doctorate at the University of Vienna with a dissertation on Anglo-Russian relations during the reign of Catherine the Great.He died at the age of 85 at St. David's Hospital in Austin, and was buried at the Mount of Olives Cemetery in Jerusalem. Academic and literary career In the early 1930s, Silberschlag taught at the Jewish Institute of Religion and at the Teachers Institute of the Jewish Theological Seminary. He published his first volume of poetry, Bi-shevilim bodedim, in 1931. He also edited, along with Aaron Zeitlin, several volumes of the Hebrew quarterly Ha-Tekufah.Silberschlag joined the faculty of Hebrew College in 1944, rising to become dean, in which role he oversaw the college's accreditation from the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, and then president. Silberschlag was a candidate to succeed Joseph Klausner as chair of modern Hebrew literature at the Hebrew University upon the latter's retirement, but remained in the United States when Simon Halkin was hired in this position.After his retirement and the death of his wife Milkah, Silberschlag moved from Boston to Austin, Texas, where he was appointed professor of Hebrew literature at the University of Texas at Austin. During this period he also served as president of the National Association of Professors of Hebrew. Published works In Hebrew In English Translations == References ==

Praetorians (video game)

Praetorians is a 3D real-time tactics video game developed by Pyro Studios and published by Eidos Interactive in 2003, based on Julius Caesar's historical campaigns in Gaul and Britain, Crassus' battles in Parthia, and the events of Caesar's Civil War during the 1st century BC. The player controls either the Roman Republic, the Ptolemaic Kingdom (inaccurately represented as the New Kingdom of Egypt), or a generic barbarian tribe based on the Helvetii, Gauls, and Celts.

Praetorians is a 3D real-time tactics video game developed by Pyro Studios and published by Eidos Interactive in 2003, based on Julius Caesar's historical campaigns in Gaul and Britain, Crassus' battles in Parthia, and the events of Caesar's Civil War during the 1st century BC. The player controls either the Roman Republic, the Ptolemaic Kingdom (inaccurately represented as the New Kingdom of Egypt), or a generic barbarian tribe based on the Helvetii, Gauls, and Celts. Gameplay Unlike most real-time strategy titles, Praetorians focuses on military strategy and tactics rather than building or resource management. Units are trained from a garrison, which is built on a town or village which requires a garrison to be built and a commander to be sent there to oversee recruitment. Each civilization comes with its own unique unit pool with units that have different strengths, abilities, and weaknesses. Some unit types are simply re-skinned for all the civilizations, but the variety in units offers different strategic ideas depending on which civilization the player is using. Light infantry units are generally weaker than heavy infantry units in hand-to-hand combat, and are very susceptible to arrow fire, but are the only units in the game that can act as builders; the possible buildings they can construct range from wooden bridges and defensive towers to war machines and siege equipment such as towers and ladders. Heavy infantry units are strong in hand-to-hand combat and quite resistant to arrow fire, but generally much slower around the map, and cannot travel over watery terrain. Archer units are poor in hand-to-hand combat, especially against cavalry units, but can set fire to damage buildings and siege equipment. Spear units are generally competent in hand-to-hand combat, particularly in their defensive "stationary" formation when they form a spear-wall, but are susceptible to heavier infantry units and arrow fire, and cannot travel in forests. Cavalry units are quick, can easily outmanoeuvre most troops, and will fare pretty well in hand-to-hand combat with most other units, but they are quite susceptible to arrow fire and most cannot travel in forests. Each civilization also has access to three highly specialised units that are superior to their "normal" counterparts. For example, Roman civilizations can field Gladiators – infantrymen that are hand-to-hand specialists – who also carry a dragnet which they can use to temporarily immobilise enemy troops, rendering them completely defenceless; Barbarian tribes have access to German Cavalry, who are the only cavalry unit in the game that can travel in forests and who also have a devastating charge; and Egyptian civilizations can recruit specialist archers from Nubia who can fire poison arrows that steadily drain the health points of enemy units. Each civilization also has access to scouts to act as a form of reconnaissance, as well as doctors who can heal their troops; each civilization's doctor also carries a unique ability specific to that culture. There are multiple types of terrain in the game. Forests can be used to hide infantry units, and to spring ambushes against troops out in the open. Watery terrain prevents heavy infantry units from crossing, unless it is a site where a wooden bridge can be built. Grassy terrain can be lit on fire and can kill troops that cross the fire. Members of an alliance may not attack one another, though it is still possible to attack an allied building or village belonging to an ally. In times of crisis team members can call upon each other via the message line: "We need help." Allies will normally offer spare troops in assistance. Praetorians differs from other games of its genre in that resources do not play a part in it. In most real-time strategy games, items such as wood, food, gold, stone, and glory must be collected, to be spent during the creation of troops; in Praetorians, the only resource you need in order to recruit stronger soldiers are honour points. Honour points are earned by fighting and killing enemy troops. There are also troop control points and unit control points: the former limits the number of troops a player may have in their army, and the latter limits the number of individual soldiers and army men that can be used. Praetorians features three game modes: Skirmish, Campaign, and Multiplayer: Skirmish Skirmish functions can be chosen in which the player first chooses a difficulty level (easy, medium, or hard), then up to one character and up to seven AI players, controlled by artificial intelligence. These can be Roman, Egyptian or an anonymous barbarian tribe. Once this is completed, alliances may be created by joining two forces on the same team, whether set before the game has started, or during the game. Campaign Players may participate as Julius Caesar commanding forces of varying sizes against various hostile tribes of barbarian, Egyptian and, nearer the end of the game, Roman origin. The Campaign consists of four Tutorial levels, which educate the player on how to order troops around the map, initiate combat, and best use the units at the player's disposal, and 20 Campaign missions, beginning in 59BC with Caesar fighting the Helvetii tribe, and ending in 45BC with the final battle of the Civil War. The 20 campaign missions are divided into four sections; each new section is preceded by a short film. The sections, including the tutorial missions, are divided by the time period the missions are in. The first section involves leading Caesar's new legions to Gaul to investigate the recent surge of bandit attacks in Aeduii country. The second is the initial stage of the Gallic Wars and focuses on Caesar's battles against the Helvetii and the Nervii. The third section continues directly from the second section, beginning with Caesar crossing the River Rhine and followed by Caesar's invasions of Britannia and Ambiorix's revolt. The fourth section focuses both on Crassus' defeat at Carrhae in 53 BC and the subsequent retreat - two of the most difficult campaign missions, with very challenging initial starting positions whilst being significantly outnumbered by the Parthians - along with Vercingetorix's revolt. The final section focuses on the civil war against the Senate and the battles to aid Cleopatra in her succession dispute. Multiplayer Originally, the game was designed to be played online in Multiplayer mode using GameSpy. The installer for the game includes instructions and gives the option to install GameSpy Arcade. However, GameSpy Arcade no longer offers support for Praetorians game, since they have closed many servers. Instead, players can download and use GameRanger, which offers support for Praetorians multiplayer. Development After the Pyro Studios producer of the title, Javier Arévalo, and Eidos' Jason Walker talked about sorting out a flaw in the multiplayer game that was being exploited, an unofficial patch was released in October 2004. This helped catapult the game back up the GameSpy Arena charts.The latest version of an unofficial extension, called MoD 4.1, became available 2004; it adds three new factions and many new maps. MoD 4.1 contains the unofficial patch to fix the multi-player game. The next official extension is called MoD 5.0 released in 2013 by Pyro Studios. It sorted out a number of flaws, decreased the hit points of some troops, updated the start screen of the game, added brand new music and sounds, presented 40 new maps for battles.In 2008 an unofficial map editor for the PC game Praetorians was released. The map editor is programmed in the C++ programming language and uses the OpenGL computer graphics API. In the same year, the game continued to sell well, maintaining a place in the Top 20 Budget PC Titles on ChartTrack at the time.On May 31, 2014, GameSpy servers were shut down, thus ending the official multiplayer for Praetorians. However, it is possible to use unofficial third-party clients to run and maintain servers for Praetorians. Reception Sales In the United Kingdom, Praetorians sold roughly 20,000 units during the first half of 2003. Kristan Reed of GamesIndustry.biz wrote that these were "not figures that spell H.I.T." The game ultimately received a "Silver" award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. It also received a "Gold" award from the Asociación Española de Distribuidores y Editores de Software de Entretenimiento (aDeSe), for more than 40,000 sales in Spain during its first 12 months.In the German market, Praetorians debuted in third place for March 2003 on Media Control's sales charts for full-price computer games. It fell to 15th place in April and to 24th in May. By June, it was absent from Media Control's top 30. Reviews and awards The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GamePro noted in its preview that the game is "A healthy mixture of Medieval: Total War and WarCraft". GameSpot praised the graphics, tactical depth, and AI; however, the limited camera (lacking the ability to turn 360 degrees) audio (particularly the sound effects, and voice acting) and poor multiplayer matchmaking services were criticised. IGN praised the gameplay, and strategic-focus of the game, as well as its balance, graphics and campaign.During the 7th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Praetorians for "Computer Strategy Game of the Year".In 2017, HobbyConsolas named Praetorians one of the best Spanish games ever released. El Economista offered it the same recognition in 2020. Remaster In June 2019, a remastered version was announced by Kalypso Media for a targeted release in fall 2019. It includes higher resolution, better textures, re-activation of the multiplayer mode. The game is developed by Torus Games and was released on January 24, 2020, for Microsoft Windows and for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on September 18, 2020. References External links Praetorians at MobyGames

List of bridges in Denmark

This is a list of bridges and viaducts in Denmark, including those for pedestrians and vehicular traffic.

This is a list of bridges and viaducts in Denmark, including those for pedestrians and vehicular traffic. Major road and railway bridges Alphabetical list Aggersund Bridge Alssund Bridge Farø Bridges Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link: A bridge was proposed as one means of spanning the Fehmarn Belt (to Germany) Frederick IX Bridge Great Belt Fixed Link Guldborgsund Bridge Knippelsbro Langebro Langeland Bridge Lille Langebro Limfjordsbroen Little Belt Bridge Little Belt Bridge (1970) Masnedsund Bridge Munkholm Bridge Oresund Bridge (Connects to Sweden) Queen Alexandrine Bridge Ravning Bridge (demolished) Sallingsund Bridge Siøsund Bridge Storstrøm Bridge Svendborgsund Bridge Teglværksbroen Vejle Fjord Bridge Vilsund Bridge Notes and references Nicolas Janberg. "International Database for Civil and Structural Engineering". Structurae.com. Others references See also List of tunnels of the Faroe Islands Transport in Denmark Transport in Greenland Rail transport in Denmark Motorways in Denmark Geography of Denmark External links "Historisk viden om Danmarks broer" [Historical knowledge about Denmark's bridges]. Vejogbro.dk - Danmarks Vej- og Bromuseum. Archived from the original on 21 December 2011. "Danmarks store broer". Highways.dk. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. "Bridges in Denmark". Highways-denmark.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. "Cable-Stayed Bridges of Europe... and Beyond (Denmark)". Pwpeics.se. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. "Suspension Bridges of Denmark". Bridgemeister.com. Further reading Prade, Marcel (1990). Ponts & Viaducs Remarquables d'Europe (in French). Poitiers: Brissaud. p. 181. ISBN 2-902170-65-3.

Davao Chong Hua High School

Davao Chong Hua High School (simplified Chinese: 纳卯中华中学; traditional Chinese: 納卯中華中學; pinyin: Nàmǎo Zhōnghuá Zhōngxué; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: La̍p-báu Tiong-hôa Tiong-o̍h), formerly known as Davao Chinese High School (1924—1976) and Davao Central High School (1976—2016), is the first Chinese school in Davao City, established on June 3, 1924. It is a private, nonsectarian school situated Sta. Ana cor. J.P. Laurel Ave., Davao City, Philippines.

Davao Chong Hua High School (simplified Chinese: 纳卯中华中学; traditional Chinese: 納卯中華中學; pinyin: Nàmǎo Zhōnghuá Zhōngxué; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: La̍p-báu Tiong-hôa Tiong-o̍h), formerly known as Davao Chinese High School (1924—1976) and Davao Central High School (1976—2016), is the first Chinese school in Davao City, established on June 3, 1924. It is a private, nonsectarian school situated Sta. Ana cor. J.P. Laurel Ave., Davao City, Philippines. History The Davao Chong Hua High School, formerly known as the Davao Central High School and Davao Chinese High School, was founded on June 3, 1924. It traced its humble beginning to two rented classrooms at San Pedro Street with only 30 students. Seeing the necessity of acquiring a permanent school site, Don Francisco Villa-Abrille Lim Juna (林全份), a charter board member, donated a 10,000 square-meter lot, which became the present school site. The first building was a one-storey wooden structure. Classes were held in the new site in January 1925 with the aim of preserving and propagating Chinese language and culture. The school offered a dual curriculum in English and Chinese. It was then the only school in the City of Davao offering Chinese language. After twenty years of development, three classroom buildings and one dormitory were constructed, with a student population of more than 300. However, toward the end of the Japanese occupation during the World War II, all but one building were destroyed. After the war, four more classroom buildings and one dormitory was constructed. In 1965, the city government expropriated 1,789 square meters of the school property for the Sta. Ana Avenue, which cuts through the school campus. In 1976, in compliance with Presidential Decree No.176 Filipinizing alien schools all over the country, the name Davao Chinese High School was change into Davao Central High School. From 1983 to 1998, the board of trustees under the leadership of the dynamic chairman, Guilbert Go, completed the construction of the three-storey concrete buildings and one four-storey building. This paved the way to start the modernization of Davao Central High School. Delfin Go succeeded Guilbert Go as the chairman of the board of trustees in 1998. During his term, a modern three-storey building was constructed and named Tan Yan Kee Memorial Preschool in honor of the father of Dr. Lucio Tan, chairman emeritus of the board of trustees. Another grand project, the Jolly Central Covered Court, was donated by an alumnus, Tony Tan Caktiong. After the term of Delfin Go, Chua Tun-Chuan and Jesus Uy succeeded one after the other, as the chairmen of the Board. During their terms, the school continued to march achieving quality education. School emblem The school emblem, representing the five-leaf clover, is the national flower of China known as the "Mei Hua." The tiny pink flower blooms in the coldest winter. The colder the weather, the more the beautiful its bloom. This rare quality symbolizes nobility and the strength of the character, as well as courage and persistence. Hence, it was chosen as the school emblem for the same significance. Community Davao Chong Hua High School is part of the Filipino-Chinese schools in Davao City. Schools that teach Chinese are Davao Christian High School, Stella Maris Academy Of Davao, Colegio De San Ignacio, Philippine Academy of Sakya. External links Official Website of Davao Central High School

Gyro-Kopp-Ters

Gyro-Kopp-Ters is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Lake City, Florida and founded by brothers Bob and Arden Kopp. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of autogyros in the form of kits for amateur construction.The company makes a single seat autogyro, the Gyro-Kopp-Ters Midnight Hawk, and a two-seats in tandem model, the Gyro-Kopp-Ters Twin Eagle, both of which use Subaru automotive conversion engines and Dragon Wings main rotors made by Rotor Flight Dynamics.

Gyro-Kopp-Ters is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Lake City, Florida and founded by brothers Bob and Arden Kopp. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of autogyros in the form of kits for amateur construction.The company makes a single seat autogyro, the Gyro-Kopp-Ters Midnight Hawk, and a two-seats in tandem model, the Gyro-Kopp-Ters Twin Eagle, both of which use Subaru automotive conversion engines and Dragon Wings main rotors made by Rotor Flight Dynamics. Aircraft References External links Official website

Water heating

Water heating is a heat transfer process that uses an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to steam have many uses. Domestically, water is traditionally heated in vessels known as water heaters, kettles, cauldrons, pots, or coppers. These metal vessels that heat a batch of water do not produce a continual supply of heated water at a preset temperature.

Water heating is a heat transfer process that uses an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to steam have many uses. Domestically, water is traditionally heated in vessels known as water heaters, kettles, cauldrons, pots, or coppers. These metal vessels that heat a batch of water do not produce a continual supply of heated water at a preset temperature. Rarely, hot water occurs naturally, usually from natural hot springs. The temperature varies with the consumption rate, becoming cooler as flow increases. Appliances that provide a continual supply of hot water are called water heaters, hot water heaters, hot water tanks, boilers, heat exchangers, geysers (Southern Africa and the Arab world), or calorifiers. These names depend on region, and whether they heat potable or non-potable water, are in domestic or industrial use, and their energy source. In domestic installations, potable water heated for uses other than space heating is also called domestic hot water (DHW). Fossil fuels (natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil), or solid fuels are commonly used for heating water. These may be consumed directly or may produce electricity that, in turn, heats water. Electricity to heat water may also come from any other electrical source, such as nuclear power or renewable energy. Alternative energy such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and geothermal heating can also heat water, often in combination with backup systems powered by fossil fuels or electricity. Densely populated urban areas of some countries provide district heating of hot water. This is especially the case in Scandinavia, Finland and Poland. District heating systems supply energy for water heating and space heating from combined heat and power (CHP) plants such as incinerators, central heat pumps, waste heat from industries, geothermal heating, and central solar heating. Actual heating of tap water is performed in heat exchangers at the consumers' premises. Generally the consumer has no in-building backup system as redundancy is usually significant on the district heating supply side. Today, in the United States, domestic hot water used in homes is most commonly heated with natural gas, electric resistance, or a heat pump. Electric heat pump water heaters are significantly more efficient than electric resistance water heaters, but also more expensive to purchase. Some energy utilities offer their customers funding to help offset the higher first cost of energy efficient water heaters. Types of water heating appliances Hot water used for space heating may be heated by fossil fuels in a boiler, while potable water may be heated in a separate appliance. This is common practice in the US, especially when warm-air space heating is usually employed. Storage water heaters (tank-type) In household and commercial usage, most North American and Southern Asian water heaters are the tank type, also called storage water heaters. These consist of a cylindrical vessel or container that keeps water continuously hot and ready to use. Typical sizes for household use range from 75–400 L (20–100 US gallons). These may use electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil, solar, or other energy sources. Natural gas heaters are most popular in the US and most European countries, since the gas is often conveniently piped throughout cities and towns and currently is the cheapest to use. In the United States, typical natural gas water heaters for households without unusual needs are 150–190 L (40–50 US gal) with a burner rated at 10.0–11.7 kilowatts (34,000–40,000 BTU/h). This is a popular arrangement where higher flow rates are required for limited periods. Water is heated in a pressure vessel that can withstand a hydrostatic pressure close to that of the incoming mains supply. A pressure reducing valve is sometimes employed to limit the pressure to a safe level for the vessel. In North America, these vessels are called hot water tanks, and may incorporate an electrical resistance heater, a heat pump, or a gas or oil burner that heats water directly. Where hot-water space heating boilers are installed, domestic hot water cylinders are usually heated indirectly by primary water from the boiler, or by an electric immersion heater (often as backup to the boiler). In the UK these vessels are called indirect cylinders and direct cylinders, respectively. Additionally, if these cylinders form part of a sealed system, providing mains-pressure hot water, they are known as unvented cylinders. In the US, when connected to a boiler, they are called indirect-fired water heaters. Compared to tankless heaters, storage water heaters have the advantage of using energy (gas or electricity) at a relatively slow rate, storing the heat for later use. The disadvantage is that over time, heat escapes through the tank wall and the water cools down, activating the heating system to heat the water back up, so investing in a tank with better insulation improves this standby efficiency. Additionally, when heavy use exhausts the hot water, there is a significant delay before hot water is available again. Larger tanks tend to provide hot water with less temperature fluctuation at moderate flow rates. Volume storage water heaters in the United States and New Zealand are typically vertical cylindrical tanks, usually standing on the floor, a 'cylinder tray' or on a platform raised a short distance above the floor. Volume storage water heaters in Spain are typically horizontal. In India, they are mainly vertical. In apartments they can be mounted in the ceiling space over laundry-utility rooms. In Australia, gas and electric outdoor tank heaters have mainly been used (with high temperatures to increase effective capacity), but solar roof tanks are becoming fashionable. Tiny point-of-use (POU) electric storage water heaters with capacities ranging from 8–32 L (2–6 gallons) are made for installation in kitchen and bath cabinets or on the wall above a sink. They typically use low power heating elements, about 1 kW to 1.5 kW, and can provide hot water long enough for hand washing, or, if plumbed into an existing hot water line, until hot water arrives from a remote high capacity water heater. They may be used when retrofitting a building with hot water plumbing is too costly or impractical. Since they maintain water temperature thermostatically, they can only supply a continuous flow of hot water at extremely low flow rates, unlike high-capacity tankless heaters. In tropical countries like Singapore and India, a storage water heater may vary from 10 L to 35 L. Smaller water heaters are sufficient, as ambient weather temperatures and incoming water temperature are moderate. The Coldest regions in India like Kashmir, people are mostly dependent on the storage type electric water heaters. Mostly 50L or 75L Storage type electric water heaters are connected to overhead water source. Point-of-use (POU) vs centralized hot water A locational design decision may be made between point-of-use and centralized water heaters. Centralized water heaters are more traditional, and are still a good choice for small buildings. For larger buildings with intermittent or occasional hot water use, multiple POU water heaters may be a better choice, since they can reduce long waits for hot water to arrive from a remote heater. The decision where to locate the water heater(s) is only partially independent of the decision of a tanked vs. tankless water heater, or the choice of energy source for the heat. Instantaneous water heaters (tankless-type) Tankless water heaters—also called instantaneous, continuous flow, inline, flash, on-demand, or instant-on water heaters—are gaining in popularity. These high-power water heaters instantly heat water as it flows through the device, and do not retain any water internally except for what is in the heat exchanger coil. Copper heat exchangers are preferred in these units because of their high thermal conductivity and ease of fabrication. Tankless heaters may be installed throughout a household at more than one point-of-use (POU), far from a central water heater, or larger centralized models may still be used to provide all the hot water requirements for an entire house. The main advantages of tankless water heaters are a plentiful continuous flow of hot water (as compared to a limited flow of continuously heated hot water from conventional tank water heaters), and potential energy savings under some conditions. The main disadvantage is their much higher initial costs; a US study in Minnesota reported a 20- to 40-year payback for the tankless water heaters. In a comparison to a less efficient natural gas fired hot water tank, on-demand natural gas will cost 30% more over its useful life.Stand-alone appliances for quickly heating water for domestic usage are known in North America as tankless or on demand water heaters. In some places, they are called multipoint heaters, geysers or ascots. In Australia and New Zealand they are called instantaneous hot water units. In Argentina they are called calefones. In that country calefones use gas instead of electricity, although gas powered tankless water heaters can also be found in other countries. A similar wood-fired appliance was known as the chip heater. A common arrangement where hot-water space heating is employed is for a boiler also to heat potable water, providing a continuous supply of hot water without extra equipment. Appliances that can supply both space-heating and domestic hot water are called combination (or combi) boilers. Though on-demand heaters provide a continuous supply of domestic hot water, the rate at which they can produce it is limited by the thermodynamics of heating water from the available fuel supplies. Electric shower heads An electric shower head has an electric heating element which heats water as it passes through. These self-heating shower heads are specialized point-of-use (POU) tankless water heaters, and are widely used in some countries. Invented in Brazil in the 1930s due to a lack of central gas distribution and used frequently since the 1940s, the electric shower is a home appliance often seen in South and Central American countries due to the higher costs of gas distribution, combined with households that in most cases do not support conventional water heaters. Earlier models were made of chromed copper or brass, which were expensive, but since 1970, units made of injected plastics are popular due to low prices similar to that of a hair dryer. Electric showers have a simple electric system, working like a coffee maker, but with a larger water flow. A flow switch turns on the device when water flows through it. Once the water is stopped, the device turns off automatically. An ordinary electric shower often but not always has three heat settings: high (5.5 kW), low (2.5 kW), or cold (0 W) to use when a central heater system is available or in hot seasons. Higher power (up to 7.5 KW) and lower power (up to 3.2 KW) versions are also made, as well as versions with 4 heat settings or a variable heat setting. Energy usage The power consumption of electric showers in the max. heating setting is about 5.5 kW for 120 V and 7.5 kW for 220 V. The lower costs with electric showers compared to the higher costs with tank boilers is due to the time of use: an electric shower uses energy only while the water flows, while a tank boiler works many times a day to keep a quantity of standing water hot for use throughout the day and night. Moreover, the transfer of electric energy to the water in an electric shower head is very efficient, approaching 100%. Electric showers may save energy compared to electric tank heaters, which lose some standby heat. Safety There is a wide range of electric shower heads, with various designs and types of heating controls. The heating element of an electric shower is immersed in the water stream, using an often replaceable nichrome resistive heating element which is often not sheathed and electrically isolated, in which case isolation is provided by earthing electrodes that directly touch the water before it exits the head. Electric shower heads with sheathed and electrically isolated heating elements are often marketed as such (chuveiros blindados in Portuguese) and are more expensive. Due to electrical safety standards as well as cost, modern electric showers are made of plastic instead of using metallic casings like in the past. As an electrical appliance that uses more electric current than a clothes washer or a hair dryer, an electric shower installation requires careful planning, and generally is intended to be wired directly from the electrical distribution box with a dedicated circuit breaker and ground system. A poorly installed system with old aluminum wires, bad connections or an unconnected ground wire (which is often the case) may be dangerous, as the wires can overheat or electric current may leak via the water stream through the body of the user to earth. Solar water heaters Increasingly, solar powered water heaters are being used. Their solar collectors are installed outside dwellings, typically on the roof or walls or nearby, and the potable hot water storage tank is typically a pre-existing or new conventional water heater, or a water heater specifically designed for solar thermal. In Cyprus and Israel 90 percent of homes have solar water heating systems.The most basic solar thermal models are the direct-gain type, in which the potable water is directly sent into the collector. Many such systems are said to use integrated collector storage (ICS), as direct-gain systems typically have storage integrated within the collector. Heating water directly is inherently more efficient than heating it indirectly via heat exchangers, but such systems offer very limited freeze protection (if any), can easily heat water to temperatures unsafe for domestic use, and ICS systems suffer from severe heat loss on cold nights and cold, cloudy days. By contrast, indirect or closed-loop systems do not allow potable water through the panels, but rather pump a heat transfer fluid (either water or a water/antifreeze mix) through the panels. After collecting heat in the panels, the heat transfer fluid flows through a heat exchanger, transferring its heat to the potable hot water. When the panels are cooler than the storage tank or when the storage tank has already reached its maximum temperature, the controller in closed-loop systems stops the circulation pumps. In a drainback system, the water drains into a storage tank contained in conditioned or semi-conditioned space, protected from freezing temperatures. With antifreeze systems, however, the pump must be run if the panel temperature gets too hot (to prevent degradation of the antifreeze) or too cold (to prevent the water/antifreeze mixture from freezing.) Flat panel collectors are typically used in closed-loop systems. Flat panels, which often resemble skylights, are the most durable type of collector, and they also have the best performance for systems designed for temperatures within 56 °C (100 °F) of ambient temperature. Flat panels are regularly used in both pure water and antifreeze systems. Another type of solar collector is the evacuated tube collector, which are intended for cold climates that do not experience severe hail and/or applications where high temperatures are needed (i.e., over 94 °C [201 °F]). Placed in a rack, evacuated tube collectors form a row of glass tubes, each containing absorption fins attached to a central heat-conducting rod (copper or condensation-driven). The evacuated description refers to the vacuum created in the glass tubes during the manufacturing process, which results in very low heat loss and lets evacuated tube systems achieve extreme temperatures, far in excess of water's boiling point. Geothermal heating In countries like Iceland and New Zealand, and other volcanic regions, water heating may be done using geothermal heating, rather than combustion. Gravity-fed system Where a space-heating water boiler is employed, the traditional arrangement in the UK is to use boiler-heated (primary) water to heat potable (secondary) water contained in a cylindrical vessel (usually made of copper)—which is supplied from a cold water storage vessel or container, usually in the roof space of the building. This produces a fairly steady supply of DHW (domestic hot water) at low static pressure head but usually with a good flow. In most other parts of the world, water heating appliances do not use a cold water storage vessel or container, but heat water at pressures close to that of the incoming mains water supply. Other improvements Other improvements to water heaters include check valve devices at their inlet and outlet, cycle timers, electronic ignition in the case of fuel-using models, sealed air intake systems in the case of fuel-using models, and pipe insulation. The sealed air-intake system types are sometimes called "band-joist" intake units. "High-efficiency" condensing units can convert up to 98% of the energy in the fuel to heating the water. The exhaust gases of combustion are cooled and are mechanically ventilated either through the roof or through an exterior wall. At high combustion efficiencies a drain must be supplied to handle the water condensed out of the combustion products, which are primarily carbon dioxide and water vapor. In traditional plumbing in the UK, the space-heating boiler is set up to heat a separate hot water cylinder or water heater for potable hot water. Such water heaters are often fitted with an auxiliary electrical immersion heater for use if the boiler is out of action for a time. Heat from the space-heating boiler is transferred to the water heater vessel/container by means of a heat exchanger, and the boiler operates at a higher temperature than the potable hot water supply. Most potable water heaters in North America are completely separate from the space heating units, due to the popularity of HVAC/forced air systems in North America. Residential combustion water heaters manufactured since 2003 in the United States have been redesigned to resist ignition of flammable vapors and incorporate a thermal cutoff switch, per ANSI Z21.10.1. The first feature attempts to prevent vapors from flammable liquids and gases in the vicinity of the heater from being ignited and thus causing a house fire or explosion. The second feature prevents tank overheating due to unusual combustion conditions. These safety requirements were made in response to homeowners storing, or spilling, gasoline or other flammable liquids near their water heaters and causing fires. Since most of the new designs incorporate some type of flame arrestor screen, they require monitoring to make sure they do not become clogged with lint or dust, reducing the availability of air for combustion. If the flame arrestor becomes clogged, the thermal cutoff may act to shut down the heater. A wetback stove (NZ), wetback heater (NZ), or back boiler (UK), is a simple household secondary water heater using incidental heat. It typically consists of a hot water pipe running behind a fireplace or stove (rather than hot water storage), and has no facility to limit the heating. Modern wetbacks may run the pipe in a more sophisticated design to assist heat-exchange. These designs are being forced out by government efficiency regulations that do not count the energy used to heat water as 'efficiently' used. History Another type of water heater developed in Europe predated the storage model. In London, England, in 1868, a painter named Benjamin Waddy Maughan invented the first instantaneous domestic water heater that did not use solid fuel. Named the geyser after an Icelandic gushing hot spring, Maughan's invention made cold water at the top flow through pipes that were heated by hot gases from a burner at the bottom. Hot water then flowed into a sink or tub. The invention was somewhat dangerous because there was no flue to remove heated gases from the bathroom. A water heater is still sometimes called a geyser in the UK. Maughn's invention influenced the work of a Norwegian mechanical engineer named Edwin Ruud. The first automatic, storage tank-type gas water heater was invented around 1889 by Ruud after he immigrated to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (US). The Ruud Manufacturing Company, still in existence today, made many advancements in tank-type and tankless water heater design and operation. Thermodynamics and economics Water typically enters residences in the US at about 10 °C (50 °F), depending on latitude and season. Hot water temperatures of 50 °C (122 °F) are usual for dish-washing, laundry and showering, which requires that the heater raise the water temperature about 40 °C (72 °F) if the hot water is mixed with cold water at the point of use. The Uniform Plumbing Code reference shower flow rate is 9.5 L (2.5 US gal) per minute. Sink and dishwasher usages range from 4–11 L (1–3 US gal) per minute. Natural gas is often measured by volume or heat content. Common units of measurement by volume are cubic metre or cubic feet at standard conditions or by heat content in kilowatt hours, British thermal units (BTU) or therm, which is equal to 100,000 BTU. A BTU is the energy required to raise one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. A US gallon of water weighs 8.3 pounds (3.8 kg). To raise 230 L (60 US gal) of water from 10 °C (50 °F) to 50 °C (122 °F) at 90% efficiency requires 60 × 8.3 × (122 − 50) × 1.11 = 39,840 BTU. A 46 kW (157,000 BTU/h) heater, as might exist in a tankless heater, would take about 15 minutes to do this. At $1 per therm, the cost of the gas would be about 40 cents. In comparison, a typical 230 L (60 US gal) tank electric water heater has a 4.5 kW (15,000 BTU/h) heating element, which at 100% efficient results in a heating time of about 2.34 hours. At $0.16/kWh the electricity would cost $1.68. Energy efficiencies of water heaters in residential use can vary greatly, particularly depending on manufacturer and model. However, electric heaters tend to be slightly more efficient (not counting power station losses) with recovery efficiency (how efficiently energy transfers to the water) reaching about 98%. Gas-fired heaters have maximum recovery efficiencies of only about 82–94% (the remaining heat is lost with the flue gasses). Overall energy factors can be as low as 80% for electric and 50% for gas systems. Natural gas and propane tank water heaters with energy factors of 62% or greater, as well as electric tank water heaters with energy factors of 93% or greater, are considered high-efficiency units. Energy Star-qualified natural gas and propane tank water heaters (as of September 2010) have energy factors of 67% or higher, which is usually achieved using an intermittent pilot together with an automatic flue damper, baffle blowers, or power venting. Direct electric resistance tank water heaters are not included in the Energy Star program; however, the Energy Star program does include electric heat pump units with energy factors of 200% or higher. Tankless gas water heaters (as of 2015) must have an energy factor of 90% or higher for Energy Star qualification. Since electricity production in thermal plants has efficiency levels ranging from only 15% to slightly over 55% (combined cycle gas turbine), with around 40% typical for thermal power stations, direct resistance electric water heating may be the least energy efficient option. However, use of a heat pump can make electric water heaters much more energy efficient and lead to a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions, even more so if a low carbon source of electricity is used. Using district heating utilizing waste heat from electricity generation and other industries to heat residences and hot water gives an increased overall efficiency, removing the need for burning fossil fuel or using high energy value electricity to produce heat in the individual home. Fundamentally, it takes a great deal of energy to heat water, as one may experience when waiting to boil a gallon of water on a stove. For this reason, tankless on-demand water heaters require a powerful energy source. A standard 120V, 15-ampere rated wall electric outlet, by comparison, only sources enough power to warm a disappointingly small amount of water: about 0.17 US gal (0.64 L) per minute at 40 °C (72 °F) temperature elevation. The energy used by an electric water heater can be reduced by as much as 18% through optimal schedule and temperature control that is based on knowledge of the usage pattern. US minimum requirements On April 16, 2015, as part of the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), new minimum standards for efficiency of residential water heaters set by the United States Department of Energy went into effect. All new gas storage tank water heaters with capacities smaller than 55 US gal (210 L; 46 imp gal) sold in the United States in 2015 or later shall have an energy factor of at least 60% (for 50-US-gallon units, higher for smaller units), increased from the pre-2015 minimum standard of 58% energy factor for 50-US-gallon gas units. Electric storage tank water heaters with capacities less than 55 US gallons sold in the United States shall have an energy factor of at least 95%, increased from the pre-2015 minimum standard of 90% for 50-US-gallon electric units. Under the 2015 standard, for the first time, storage water heaters with capacities of 55 US gallons or larger now face stricter efficiency requirements than those of 50 US gallons or less. Under the pre-2015 standard, a 75 US gal (280 L; 62 imp gal) gas storage water heater with a nominal input of 22 kW (75,000 BTU/h) or less was able to have an energy factor as low as 53%, while under the 2015 standard, the minimum energy factor for a 75-US-gallon gas storage tank water heater is now 74%, which can only be achieved by using condensing technology. Storage water heaters with a nominal input of 22 kW (75,000 BTU/h) or greater are not currently affected by these requirements, since energy factor is not defined for such units. An 80 US gal (300 L; 67 imp gal) electric storage tank water heater was able to have a minimum energy factor of 86% under the pre-2015 standard, while under the 2015 standard, the minimum energy factor for an 80-gallon electric storage tank water heater is now 197%, which is only possible with heat pump technology. This rating measures efficiency at the point of use. Depending on how electricity is generated, overall efficiency may be much lower. For example, in a traditional coal plant, only about 30–35% of the energy in the coal ends up as electricity on the other end of the generator. Losses on the electrical grid (including line losses and voltage transformation losses) reduce electrical efficiency further. According to data from the Energy Information Administration, transmission and distribution losses in 2005 consumed 6.1% of net generation. In contrast, 90% of natural gas's energy value is delivered to the consumer. (In neither case is the energy expended exploring, developing and extracting coal or natural gas resources included in the quoted efficiency numbers.) Gas tankless water heaters shall have an energy factor of 82% or greater under the 2015 standards, which corresponds to the pre-2015 Energy Star standard. In 2022 the Department of Energy proposed rules that would take effect in 2026 and would effectively eliminate inefficient non-condensing gas water heaters in commercial buildings. Non-condensing models waste heat, while condensing models capture and used otherwise lost energy. The change will reduce emissions by 38 million tons of carbon dioxide over 30 years and reduce buildings' energy costs. Water heater safety Explosion hazard Water heaters potentially can explode and cause significant damage, injury, or death if certain safety devices are not installed. A safety device called a temperature and pressure relief (T&P or TPR) valve, is normally fitted on the top of the water heater to dump water if the temperature or pressure becomes too high. Most plumbing codes require that a discharge pipe be connected to the valve to direct the flow of discharged hot water to a drain, typically a nearby floor drain, or outside the living space. Some building codes allow the discharge pipe to terminate in the garage.If a gas or propane fired water heater is installed in a garage or basement, many plumbing codes require that it be elevated at least 18 in (46 cm) above the floor to reduce the potential for fire or explosion due to spillage or leakage of combustible liquids in the garage. Furthermore, certain local codes mandate that tank-type heaters in new and retrofit installations must be secured to an adjacent wall by a strap or anchor to prevent tipping over and breaking the water and gas pipes in the event of an earthquake.For older houses where the water heater is part of the space heating boiler, and plumbing codes allow, some plumbers install an automatic gas shutoff (such as the "Watts 210") in addition to a TPR valve. When the device senses that the temperature reaches 99 °C (210 °F), it shuts off the gas supply and prevents further heating. In addition, an expansion tank or exterior pressure relief valve must be installed to prevent pressure buildup in the plumbing from rupturing pipes, valves, or the water heater. Thermal burns (scalding) Scalding is a serious concern with any water heater. Human skin burns quickly at high temperature, in less than 5 seconds at 60 °C (140 °F), but much slower at 53 °C (127 °F) — it takes a full minute for a second degree burn. Older people and children often receive serious scalds due to disabilities or slow reaction times. In the United States and elsewhere it is common practice to put a tempering valve or thermostatic mixing valve on the outlet of the water heater. The result of automatically mixing hot and cold water via a tempering valve is referred to as "tempered water".A tempering valve mixes enough cold water with the hot water from the heater to keep the outgoing water temperature fixed at a more moderate temperature, often set to 50 °C (122 °F). Without a tempering valve, reduction of the water heater's setpoint temperature is the most direct way to reduce scalding. However, for sanitation, hot water is needed at a temperature that can cause scalding. This may be accomplished by using a supplemental heater in an appliance that requires hotter water. Most residential dishwashing machines, for example, include an internal electric heating element for increasing the water temperature above that provided by a domestic water heater. Bacterial contamination Two conflicting safety issues affect water heater temperature—the risk of scalding from excessively hot water greater than 55 °C (131 °F), and the risk of incubating bacteria colonies, particularly Legionella, in water that is not hot enough to kill them. Both risks are potentially life-threatening and are balanced by setting the water heater's thermostat to 55 °C (131 °F). The European Guidelines for Control and Prevention of Travel Associated Legionnaires' Disease recommend that hot water should be stored at 60 °C (140 °F) and distributed so that a temperature of at least 50 °C (122 °F) and preferably 55 °C (131 °F) is achieved within one minute at points of use.If there is a dishwasher without a booster heater, it may require a water temperature within a range of 57–60 °C (135–140 °F) for optimum cleaning, but tempering valves set to no more than 55 °C (131 °F) can be applied to faucets to avoid scalding. Tank temperatures above 60 °C (140 °F) may produce limescale deposits, which could later harbor bacteria, in the water tank. Higher temperatures may also increase etching of glassware in the dishwasher. Tank thermostats are not a reliable guide to the internal temperature of the tank. Gas-fired water tanks may have no temperature calibration shown. An electric thermostat shows the temperature at the elevation of the thermostat, but water lower in the tank can be considerably cooler. An outlet thermometer is a better indication of water temperature.In the renewable energy industry (solar and heat pumps, in particular) the conflict between daily thermal Legionella control and high temperatures, which may drop system performance, is subject to heated debate. In a paper seeking a green exemption from normal Legionellosis safety standards, Europe's top CEN solar thermal technical committee TC 312 asserts that a 50% fall in performance would occur if solar water heating systems were heated to the base daily. However some solar simulator analysis work using Polysun 5 suggests that an 11% energy penalty is a more likely figure. Whatever the context, both energy efficiency and scalding safety requirements push in the direction of considerably lower water temperatures than the legionella pasteurization temperature of around 60 °C (140 °F).Legionella pneumophila has been detected at the point of use downstream from horizontally-mounted electric water heaters with volumes of 150 Liters. However, legionella can be safely and easily controlled with good design and engineering protocols. For instance raising the temperature of water heaters once a day or even once every few days to 55 °C (131 °F) at the coldest part of the water heater for 30 minutes effectively controls legionella. In all cases and in particular energy efficient applications, Legionnaires' disease is more often than not the result of engineering design issues that do not take into consideration the impact of stratification or low flow.It is also possible to control Legionella risks by chemical treatment of the water. This technique allows lower water temperatures to be maintained in the pipework without the associated Legionella risk. The benefit of lower pipe temperatures is that the heat loss rate is reduced and thus the energy consumption is reduced. See also References External links How It Works - Water Heater from Popular Mechanics More Information India BIS

Kadobe no Iwatari

Kadobe no Iwatari (門部石足) was a Japanese waka poet in the Nara period.

Kadobe no Iwatari (門部石足) was a Japanese waka poet in the Nara period. Biography Little is known of the life of Kadobe no Iwatari. His kabane was Muraji. In Tenpyō 1 (729) he was working as an official in Chikuzen. The following year he participated in a plum blossom-viewing party at the residence of Ōtomo no Tabito, then the governor (一大宰帥 ichi Dazai no sochi) of Dazaifu. Poetry Poems 568 and 845 in the Man'yōshū are attributed to him. See also Reiwa References Citations === Works cited ===