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[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 47-year-old man is admitted to the emergency room after a fight in which he was hit in the head with a hammer. The witnesses say that the patient initially lost consciousness, but regained consciousness by the time emergency services arrived. On admission, the patient complained of a diffuse headache. He opened his eyes spontaneously, was verbally responsive, albeit confused, and was able to follow commands. He could not elevate his left hand and leg. He did not remember the events prior to the loss of consciousness and had difficulty remembering information, such as the names of nurses or doctors. His airway was not compromised. The vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 180/100 mm Hg; heart rate, 59/min; respiratory rate, 12/min; temperature 37.0℃ (98.6℉); and SaO2, 96% on room air. The examination revealed bruising in the right frontotemporal region. The pupils are round, equal, and show a poor response to light. The neurologic examination shows hyperreflexia and decreased power in the left upper and lower limbs. There is questionable nuchal rigidity, but no Kernig and Brudzinski signs. The CT scan is shown in the image. Which of the following options is recommended for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Administration of levetiracetam', 'B': 'Surgical evacuation of the clots', 'C': 'Lumbar puncture', 'D': 'Decompressive craniectomy', 'E': 'Administration of methylprednisolone'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Administration of levetiracetam" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 31-year-old G3P0020 presents to her physician for a prenatal visit at 12 weeks gestation. She does not smoke cigarettes and stopped drinking alcohol once she was diagnosed with pregnancy at 10 weeks gestation. An ultrasound examination showed the following:\nUltrasound finding Measured Normal value (age-specified)\nHeart rate 148/min 137–150/min\nCrown-rump length 44 mm 45–52 mm\nNasal bone visualized visualized\nNuchal translucency 3.3 mm < 2.5 mm\nWhich of the following statements regarding the presented patient is correct?? \n{'A': 'Pathology other than Down syndrome should be suspected because of the presence of a nasal bone.', 'B': 'To increase the diagnostic accuracy of this result, the levels of free beta-hCG and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) should be determined.', 'C': 'The observed ultrasound image is caused by the problems with the embryonic kidneys.', 'D': 'At this gestational age, nuchal translucency has low diagnostic value.', 'E': 'To increase the diagnostic accuracy of this result, the levels of serum alpha-fetoprotein, hCG, and unconjugated estriol should be determined.'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: To increase the diagnostic accuracy of this result, the levels of free beta-hCG and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) should be determined." } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with fever, cough, tonsillar enlargement, and bleeding lips. She has a diffuse blistering rash that encompasses the palms and soles of her feet, in total covering 55% of her total body surface area (TBSA). The upper epidermal layer easily slips away with slight rubbing. Within 24 hours the rash progresses to 88% TBSA involvement and the patient requires mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'Herpes simplex virus', 'B': 'Deficiency of C-1 esterase inhibitor', 'C': 'Molluscum contagiosum', 'D': 'Exposure to carbamazepine', 'E': 'Cytomegalovirus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Exposure to carbamazepine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A previously healthy 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of palpitations and anxiety for the past 2 months. She has had a 3.1-kg (7-lb) weight loss in this period. Her pulse is 112/min. Cardiac examination shows normal heart sounds with a regular rhythm. Neurologic examination shows a fine resting tremor of the hands; patellar reflexes are 3+ bilaterally with a shortened relaxation phase. Urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following sets of laboratory values is most likely on evaluation of blood obtained before treatment?\n $$$ TSH %%% free T4 %%% free T3 %%% Thyroxine-binding globulin $$$? \n{'A': '↓ ↓ ↓ normal', 'B': '↓ ↑ ↑ normal', 'C': '↓ ↑ normal ↑', 'D': '↑ ↓ ↓ ↓', 'E': '↑ normal normal normal'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: ↓ ↑ ↑ normal" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 37-year-old woman comes to the office complaining of fatigue and itchiness for the past 2 months. She tried applying body lotion with limited improvement. Her symptoms have worsened over the past month, and she is unable to sleep at night due to intense itching. She feels very tired throughout the day and complains of decreased appetite. She does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. Her past medical history is noncontributory. Her father has diabetes and is on medications, and her mother has hypothyroidism for which she is on thyroid supplementation. Temperature is 36.1°C (97°F), blood pressure is 125/75 mm Hg, pulse is 80/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, and BMI is 25 kg/m2. On examination, her sclera appears icteric. There are excoriations all over her body. Abdominal and cardiopulmonary examinations are negative.\nLaboratory test\nComplete blood count\nHemoglobin 11.5 g/dL\nLeukocytes 9,000/mm3\nPlatelets 150,000/mm3\nSerum cholesterol 503 mg/dL\nLiver function test\nSerum bilirubin 1.7 mg/dL\nAST 45 U/L\nALT 50 U/L\nALP 130 U/L (20–70 U/L)\nWhich of the following findings will favor primary biliary cirrhosis over primary sclerosing cholangitis?? \n{'A': 'Elevated alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyltransferase', 'B': 'P-ANCA staining', 'C': '‘Beads-on-a-string’ appearance on MRCP', 'D': 'Anti-mitochondrial antibody', 'E': '‘Onion skin fibrosis’ on liver biopsy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Anti-mitochondrial antibody" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician for the evaluation of back pain for the past six months. The pain is worse with exercise and when reclining. He attends high school and is on the swim team. He also states that he lifts weights on a regular basis. He has not had any trauma to the back or any previous problems with his joints. He has no history of serious illness. His father has a disc herniation. Palpation of the spinous processes at the lumbosacral area shows that two adjacent vertebrae are displaced and are at different levels. Muscle strength is normal. Sensation to pinprick and light touch is intact throughout. When the patient is asked to walk, a waddling gait is noted. Passive raising of either the right or left leg causes pain radiating down the ipsilateral leg. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Ankylosing spondylitis', 'B': 'Spondylolisthesis', 'C': 'Facet joint syndrome', 'D': 'Disc herniation', 'E': 'Overuse injury'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Spondylolisthesis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old male presents to the emergency room following a seizure. The patient suffered from an upper respiratory infection complicated by sinusitis two weeks ago. The patient's past medical history is remarkable for hypertension for which he takes hydrochlorathiazide. Temperature is 39.5C, blood pressure is 120/60 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respiratory rate is 20/min. Upon interview, the patient appears confused and exhibits photophobia. CSF cultures are obtained. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Ceftriaxone', 'B': 'Ceftriaxone and vancomycin', 'C': 'Ceftriaxone, vancomycin and ampicillin', 'D': 'MRI of the head', 'E': 'Head CT'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Ceftriaxone and vancomycin" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 38-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with painless vaginal bleeding of sudden onset approx. 1 hour ago. The woman informs the doctor that, currently, she is in the 13th week of pregnancy. She also mentions that she was diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum during the 6th week of pregnancy. On physical examination, her temperature is 37.2°C (99.0°F), pulse rate is 110/min, blood pressure is 108/76 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 20/min. A general examination reveals pallor. Examination of the abdomen suggests that the enlargement of the uterus is greater than expected at 13 weeks of gestation. An ultrasonogram shows the absence of a fetus and the presence of an intrauterine mass with multiple cystic spaces that resembles a bunch of grapes. The patient is admitted to the hospital and her uterine contents are surgically removed. The atypical tissue is sent for genetic analysis, which of the following karyotypes is most likely to be found?? \n{'A': '46, XX', 'B': '46, XY', 'C': '46, YY', 'D': '69, XXX', 'E': '69, XXY'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: 46, XX" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 51-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of a 3-week history of fatigue and shortness of breath. One year ago, a screening colonoscopy showed colonic polyps. His brother has a bicuspid aortic valve. On examination, a late systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur is heard at the right upper sternal border. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 9.1 g/dL\nLDH 220 U/L\nHaptoglobin 25 mg/dL (N = 41–165 mg/dL)\nUrea nitrogen 22 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.1 mg/dL\nTotal bilirubin 1.8 mg/dL\nA peripheral blood smear shows schistocytes. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's anemia?\"? \n{'A': 'Gastrointestinal bleeding', 'B': 'Autoimmune destruction of erythrocytes', 'C': 'Erythrocyte membrane fragility', 'D': 'Fragmentation of erythrocytes', 'E': 'Erythrocyte enzyme defect\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Fragmentation of erythrocytes" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 5-day-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of altered mental status. His mother called an ambulance after finding him grey and unarousable in his crib. The patient was born via cesarean section due to preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Since birth, the infant has gained little weight and has been generally fussy. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the pulse is 180/min, the respirations are 80/min, the blood pressure is 50/30 mm Hg, and the oxygen saturation is 80% on room air. Physical examination shows a mottled, cyanotic infant who is unresponsive to stimulation. Cardiopulmonary examination shows prominent heart sounds, wet rales in the inferior lungs bilaterally, strong brachial pulses, and absent femoral pulses. Endotracheal intubation is performed immediately and successfully. Which of the following signs would a chest X-ray likely show?? \n{'A': 'Target sign', 'B': 'Three sign', 'C': 'Tram tracking', 'D': 'Tree-in-bud pattern', 'E': 'Tubular artery sign'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Three sign" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 63-year-old retired teacher presents to his family physician for an annual visit. He has been healthy for most of his life and currently takes no medications, although he has had elevated blood pressure on several visits in the past few years but declined taking any medication. He has no complaints about his health and has been enjoying time with his grandchildren. He has been a smoker for 40 years–ranging from half to 1 pack a day, and he drinks 1 beer daily. On presentation, his blood pressure is 151/98 mm Hg in both arms, heart rate is 89/min, and respiratory rate is 14/min. Physical examination reveals a well-appearing man with no physical abnormalities. A urinalysis is performed and shows microscopic hematuria. Which of the following is the best next step for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Reassure the patient and recommend lifestyle modifications for his hypertension', 'B': 'Perform a CT scan of the abdomen with contrast', 'C': 'Perform intravenous pyelography', 'D': 'Perform a cystoscopy', 'E': 'Repeat the urinalysis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Repeat the urinalysis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 57-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of lesions on her eyelids. A photograph of the lesions is shown. This patient's eye condition is most likely associated with which of the following processes?? \n{'A': 'Transmural inflammation of colonic mucosa', 'B': 'Autoimmune destruction of lobular bile ducts', 'C': 'Deposition of immunoglobulin light chains', 'D': 'Infection with humanherpes virus 8', 'E': 'Dietary protein-induced inflammation of duodenum'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Autoimmune destruction of lobular bile ducts" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 65-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a 2-day onset of right-lower quadrant and right flank pain. He also states that over this period of time he has felt dizzy, light-headed, and short of breath. He denies any recent trauma or potential inciting event. His vital signs are as follows: T 37.1 C, HR 118, BP 74/46, RR 18, SpO2 96%. Physical examination is significant for an irregularly irregular heart rhythm as well as bruising over the right flank. The patient's medical history is significant for atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. His medication list includes atorvastatin, losartan, and coumadin. IV fluids are administered in the emergency department, resulting in an increase in blood pressure to 100/60 and decrease in heart rate to 98. Which of the following would be most useful to confirm this patient's diagnosis and guide future management?? \n{'A': 'Ultrasound of the right flank', 'B': 'Radiographs of the abdomen and pelvis', 'C': 'Magnetic resonance angiography', 'D': 'MRI abdomen/pelvis', 'E': 'CT abdomen/pelvis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: CT abdomen/pelvis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 22-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of a skin rash over both of his shoulders and elbows for the past 5 days. The patient reports severe itching and burning sensation. He has no history of serious illness except for recurrent episodes of diarrhea and abdominal cramps, which have occurred every once in a while over the past three months. He describes his stools as greasy and foul-smelling. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. He does not take illicit drugs. He takes no medications. He is 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) tall and weighs 60 kg (132 lb); BMI is 18.5 kg/m2. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 70/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Physical examination shows a symmetrical rash over his shoulders and knees. A photograph of the rash on his left shoulder is shown. Rubbing the affected skin does not lead to upper epidermal layer separation from the lower layer. His hemoglobin concentration is 10.2 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume is 63.2 μm3, and platelet count is 450,000/mm3. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this skin condition?? \n{'A': 'Oral dapsone', 'B': 'Systemic prednisone', 'C': 'Oral acyclovir', 'D': 'Topical permethrin', 'E': 'Topical coal tar'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Oral dapsone" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 30-year-old woman presents with a history of progressive forgetfulness, fatigue, unsteady gait, and tremor. Family members also report that not only has her speech become slurred, but her behavior has significantly changed over the past few years. On physical examination, there is significant hepatomegaly with a positive fluid wave. There is also distended and engorged veins present radiating from the umbilicus and 2+ lower extremity pitting edema worst in the ankles. There are corneal deposits noted on slit lamp examination. Which of the following conditions present with a similar type of edema?\nI. Hypothyroidism\nII. Kwashiorkor\nIII. Mastectomy surgery\nIV. Heart failure\nV. Trauma\nVI. Chronic viral hepatitis\nVII. Hemochromatosis? \n{'A': 'I, II, IV, VII', 'B': 'I, II, IV, VI', 'C': 'I, IV, VI, VII', 'D': 'II, IV, V, VI', 'E': 'II, IV, VI, VII'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: II, IV, VI, VII" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 15-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 2-day history of low-grade fever and a painful lesion on her right index finger. She was born at term and has been healthy except for a rash on her upper lip 2 weeks ago, which resolved without treatment. She lives at home with her parents, her 5-year-old brother, and two cats. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 30/min, and blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. A photograph of the right index finger is shown. Physical examination shows tender left epitrochlear lymphadenopathy. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?? \n{'A': 'Sporothrix schenckii', 'B': 'Human papillomavirus type 1', 'C': 'Herpes simplex virus type 1', 'D': 'Trichophyton rubrum', 'E': 'Staphylococcus aureus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Herpes simplex virus type 1" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old G0P1 female presents to her OB/GYN after 17 weeks gestation. A quad screen is performed revealing the following results: elevated inhibin and beta HCG, decreased aFP and estriol. An ultrasound was performed demonstrating increased nuchal translucency. When the fetus is born, what may be some common characteristics of the newborn if amniocentesis confirms the quad test results?? \n{'A': 'Epicanthal folds, high-pitched crying/mewing, and microcephaly', 'B': 'Rocker-bottom feet, micrognathia, clenched hands with overlapping finger, and prominent occiput', 'C': 'Microphthalmia, microcephaly, cleft lip/palate, holoprosencephaly, and polydactyly', 'D': 'Epicanthal folds, macroglossia, flat profile, depressed nasal bridge, and simian palmar crease', 'E': 'Elfin facies, low nasal bridge, and extreme friendliness with strangers'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Epicanthal folds, macroglossia, flat profile, depressed nasal bridge, and simian palmar crease" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 3-month-old boy is brought to his pediatrician’s office to be evaluated for seizures and failure to thrive. The patient’s mother says that he is unable to hold his own head up and does not seem to follow the movement of her fingers. On physical exam the patient is hypotonic. Initial serum studies show elevated lactate levels and further studies show elevated alanine and pyruvate. The patient’s mother says that one of her brothers had severe neurological impairments and died at a young age. Which of the following amino acids should most likely be increased in this patient’s diet?? \n{'A': 'Alanine', 'B': 'Asparagine', 'C': 'Leucine', 'D': 'Methionine', 'E': 'Tryptophan'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Leucine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 56-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of pain and swelling in his left leg. He has a history of pancreatic cancer and is currently receiving chemotherapy. Three weeks ago, he had a similar episode in his right arm that resolved without treatment. His temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F). Palpation of the left leg shows a tender, cord-shaped structure medial to the medial condyle of the femur. The overlying skin is erythematous. Which of the following vessels is most likely affected?? \n{'A': 'Anterior tibial artery', 'B': 'Superficial femoral artery', 'C': 'Great saphenous vein', 'D': 'External iliac vein', 'E': 'Deep femoral vein'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Great saphenous vein" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 38-year-old man is admitted to the hospital because of fever, yellowing of the skin, and nausea for 1 day. He recently returned from a backpacking trip to Brazil and Paraguay, during which he had a 3-day episode of high fever that resolved spontaneously. Physical examination shows jaundice, epigastric tenderness, and petechiae over his trunk. Five hours after admission, he develops dark brown emesis and anuria. Despite appropriate lifesaving measures, he dies. Postmortem liver biopsy shows eosinophilic degeneration of hepatocytes with condensed nuclear chromatin. This patient’s hepatocytes were most likely undergoing which of the following processes?? \n{'A': 'Necrosis', 'B': 'Regeneration', 'C': 'Apoptosis', 'D': 'Proliferation', 'E': 'Steatosis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Apoptosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 54-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with sudden shortness of breath. A CT scan shows multiple nodules in her left lung. She reports that for the past 6 months, she has been feeling tired and depressed. She also has frequently felt flushed, which she presumed is a symptom of getting closer to menopause. On physical examination, a nodule with a size of 2.5 cm is palpable in the left lobe of the thyroid gland; the nodule is firm and non-tender. Cervical lymphadenopathy is present. Cytology obtained by fine needle aspiration indicates a high likelihood of thyroid carcinoma. Laboratory findings show a serum basal calcitonin of 620 pg/mL. A thyroidectomy is performed but the patient presents again to the ER with flushing and diarrhea within 6 weeks. Considering this patient, which of the following treatment options should be pursued?? \n{'A': 'Observation', 'B': 'Radioactive iodine (radioiodine)', 'C': 'Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression', 'D': 'Tamoxifen', 'E': 'Vandetanib'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Vandetanib" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 53-year-old man presents to your office with a 2 month history of abdominal bloating. He states that he feels full after eating only a small amount and has experienced bloating, diarrhea, and occasionally vomiting when he tries to eat large amounts. He states his diarrhea has now become more profuse and is altering the quality of his life. One week ago, the patient was given antibiotics for an ear infection. He states he is trying to eat more healthy and has replaced full fat with fat free dairy and is reducing his consumption of meat. His temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 164/99 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory values from a previous office visit are notable for a hemoglobin A1c of 13%. Which of the following is the best treatment of this patient's diarrhea?? \n{'A': 'Better glycemic control', 'B': 'Elimination of dairy from the diet', 'C': 'Metoclopramide', 'D': 'Rifaximin', 'E': 'Vancomycin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Rifaximin" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 50-year-old woman presents with severe abdominal pain. Past medical history is significant for a peptic ulcer. Physical examination is limited because the patient will not allow abdominal palpation due to the pain. The attending makes a presumptive diagnosis of peritonitis. Which of the following non-invasive maneuvers would be most helpful in confirming the diagnosis of peritonitis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Hyperactive bowel sounds are heard on auscultation', 'B': 'Forced cough elicits abdominal pain', 'C': 'Pain is aroused with gentle intensity/pressure at the costovertebral angle', 'D': 'Rectal examination shows guaiac positive stool', 'E': 'Bowel sounds are absent on auscultation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Forced cough elicits abdominal pain" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old man comes to the physician because of numbness and tingling in his fingers and toes for the past month. He also describes difficulty with balance while walking. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 9.5 g/dL. Serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels are elevated. Peripheral blood smear shows hypersegmented neutrophils. Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Avoidance of canned foods', 'B': 'Cyanocobalamin supplementation', 'C': 'Avoidance of lead-based paint', 'D': 'Pyridoxine supplementation', 'E': 'Folic acid supplementation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Cyanocobalamin supplementation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 63-year-old female with known breast cancer presents with progressive motor weakness in bilateral lower extremities and difficulty ambulating. Physical exam shows 4 of 5 motor strength in her legs and hyper-reflexia in her patellar tendons. Neurologic examination 2 weeks prior was normal. Imaging studies, including an MRI, show significant spinal cord compression by the metastatic lesion and complete erosion of the T12 vertebrae. She has no metastatic disease to the visceral organs and her oncologist reports her life expectancy to be greater than one year. What is the most appropriate treatment?? \n{'A': 'Palliative pain management consultation', 'B': 'Radiation therapy alone', 'C': 'Chemotherapy alone', 'D': 'Spinal dose corticosteroids and clinical observation', 'E': 'Surgical decompression and postoperative radiotherapy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Surgical decompression and postoperative radiotherapy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 23-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because she has been having difficulty seeing despite previously having perfect vision all her life. Specifically, she notes that reading, driving, and recognizing faces has become difficult, and she feels that her vision has become fuzzy. She is worried because both of her older brothers have had visual loss with a similar presentation. Visual exam reveals bilateral loss of central vision with decreased visual acuity and color perception. Pathological examination of this patient's retinas reveals degeneration of retinal ganglion cells bilaterally. She is then referred to a geneticist because she wants to know the probability that her son and daughter will also be affected by this disorder. Her husband's family has no history of this disease. Ignoring the effects of incomplete penetrance, which of the following are the chances that this patient's children will be affected by this disease?? \n{'A': 'Daughter: ~0% and son: ~0%', 'B': 'Daughter: ~0% and son: 50%', 'C': 'Daughter: 25% and son: 25%', 'D': 'Daughter: 50% and son: 50%', 'E': 'Daughter: 100% and son 100%'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Daughter: 100% and son 100%" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 22-year-old woman comes to the physician for gradual worsening of her vision. Her father died at 40 years of age. She is 181 cm (5 ft 11 in) tall and weighs 69 kg (152 lb); BMI is 21 kg/m2. A standard vision test shows severe myopia. Genetic analysis shows an FBN1 gene mutation on chromosome 15. This patient is at greatest risk of mortality due to which of the following causes?? \n{'A': 'Obstruction of the superior vena cava lumen', 'B': 'Increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries', 'C': 'Eccentric ventricular hypertrophy', 'D': 'Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia', 'E': 'Intimal tear of the aortic root'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Intimal tear of the aortic root" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents with a history of fever for the last 5 days and irritability, decreased appetite, vomiting, and swelling of the hands and feet for the last 3 days. The patient’s mother mentions that he has been taking antibiotics and antipyretics prescribed by another physician for the last 3 days, but there has been no improvement His temperature is 39.4°C (103.0°F), pulse is 128/min, respiratory rate is 24/min, and blood pressure is 96/64 mm Hg. On physical examination, there is significant edema of the hands and feet bilaterally. There is a 2.5 cm diameter freely moveable, nontender cervical lymph node is palpable on the right side. A strawberry tongue and perianal erythema are noted. Conjunctival injection is present bilaterally. Laboratory findings reveal mild anemia and a leukocytosis with a left-shift. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) are increased. If not treated appropriately, this patient is at increased risk of developing which of the following complications?? \n{'A': 'Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)', 'B': 'Acute renal failure', 'C': 'Coronary artery ectasia', 'D': 'Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage', 'E': 'Pulmonary embolism'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Coronary artery ectasia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 67-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because she has been feeling increasingly fatigued over the last month. She has noticed that she gets winded halfway through her favorite walk in the park even though she was able to complete the entire walk without difficulty for years. She recently moved to an old house and started a new Mediterranean diet. Her past medical history is significant for hypertension and osteoarthritis for which she underwent a right hip replacement 2 years ago. Physical exam reveals conjunctival pallor as well as splenomegaly. Labs are obtained and the results are shown below:\n\nHemoglobin: 9.7 g/dL (normal: 12-15.5 g/dL)\nMean corpuscular volume: 91 µm^3 (normal: 80-100 µm^3)\nDirect Coombs test: positive\nIndirect Coombs test: positive\n\nPeripheral blood smear reveals spherical red blood cells. Red blood cells are also found to spontaneously aggregate at room temperature. The disorder that is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms should be treated in which of the following ways?? \n{'A': 'Avoidance of fava beans', 'B': 'Chelation therapy', 'C': 'Chronic blood transfusions', 'D': 'Glucocorticoid administration', 'E': 'Vitamin supplementation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Glucocorticoid administration" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 23-year-old patient who has recently found out she was pregnant presents to her physician for her initial prenatal visit. The estimated gestational age is 10 weeks. Currently, the patient complains of recurrent palpitations. She is gravida 1 para 0 with no history of any major diseases. On examination, the blood pressure is 110/60 mm Hg heart rate, heart rate 94/min irregular, respiratory rate 12/min, and temperature 36.4°C (97.5°F). Her examination is significant for an opening snap before S2 and diastolic decrescendo 3/6 murmur best heard at the apex. No venous jugular distension or peripheral edema is noted. The patient’s electrocardiogram (ECG) is shown in the image. Cardiac ultrasound reveals the following parameters: left ventricular wall thickness 0.4 cm, septal thickness 1 cm, right ventricular wall thickness 0.5 cm, mitral valve area 2.2 cm2, and tricuspid valve area 4.1 cm2. Which of the following statements regarding this patient’s management is correct?\n ? \n{'A': 'The patient requires balloon commissurotomy.', 'B': 'Warfarin should be used for thromboembolism prophylaxis.', 'C': 'It is critical to reduce the heart rate below 60/min because of physiological tachycardia later in pregnancy.', 'D': 'It is reasonable to start antidiuretic therapy right at this moment.', 'E': 'Beta-blockers are the preferable drug class for rate control in this case.'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Beta-blockers are the preferable drug class for rate control in this case." } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 53-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife for the evaluation of a progressively generalized headache that started suddenly 2 hours ago. He describes the pain as 10 out of 10 in intensity. The pain radiates to the neck and is aggravated by lying down. The patient has vomited once on his way to the hospital. He had a similar headache 1 week ago that had resolved after a few hours without treatment. The patient has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 35 years. He does not drink alcohol or use illicit drugs. He appears lethargic. His temperature is 37.7°C (99.9°F), pulse is 82/min, respirations are 13/min, and blood pressure is 165/89 mm Hg. Pupils are equal and reactive to light and extraocular eye movements are normal. There is no weakness or sensory loss. Reflexes are 2+ throughout. Neck flexion causes worsening of the pain. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Electroencephalogram', 'B': 'Lumbar puncture', 'C': 'MRI scan of the brain', 'D': 'CT angiography of the head', 'E': 'CT scan of the head without contrast'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: CT scan of the head without contrast" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:The physician recommends that the patient receive an influenza vaccine. The patient becomes nervous and reports that he has never received an influenza vaccination because of an allergy to eggs. The allergy was diagnosed many years ago, after he developed hives upon eating scrambled eggs. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Administer inactivated influenza vaccine', 'B': 'Administer oseltamivir', 'C': 'Administer influenza immunoglobulins', 'D': 'End the examination without additional measures', 'E': 'Prescribe oseltamivir for standby emergency treatment'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Administer inactivated influenza vaccine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 25-year-old male graduate student is brought to the emergency department for respiratory distress after he was found by his roommate coughing and severely short of breath. He was diagnosed with HIV infection 3 months ago but is not compliant with his antiretroviral therapy. He is from Chile and moved here 5 years ago. He appears unwell and is unable to speak in full sentences. His temperature is 38.2°C (100.7°F), pulse is 127/min, respirations are 32/min, and blood pressure is 95/65 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry shows an oxygen saturation of 86% on room air. No oral thrush is seen. The patient is placed on supplemental oxygen. Serum studies show:\nLactate dehydrogenase 364 IU/L\nCD4 cell count 98/mm3\nBeta-D-glucan elevated\nArterial blood gas analysis shows:\npH 7.50\nPaCO2 22 mm Hg\nPaO2 60 mm Hg\nHCO3 20 mEq/L\nAn x-ray of the chest is shown. Standard antibiotic therapy is begun immediately. The most appropriate next step in management is administration of which of the following?\"? \n{'A': 'Prednisone', 'B': 'Isoniazid', 'C': 'Azithromycin', 'D': 'Filgrastim', 'E': 'Antiretroviral therapy\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Prednisone" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents due to pubic hair growth and changes in his voice. He has been developing in the 98th percentile for his age. His vaccination is up-to-date. The patient’s blood pressure is within the 60th percentile for his age. Physical examination reveals pubic and armpit hair, and Tanner stage 2 characterized by enlarged scrotum and testes. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:\nHemoglobin 13.1 g/dL\nHematocrit 39.7%\nLeukocyte count 8,500/mm3\nNeutrophils 65%\nLymphocytes 30%\nMonocytes 5%\nMean corpuscular volume 82.2 μm3\nPlatelet count 20,000/mm3\nUrine creatinine clearance 98 mL/min\nSerum 17-hydroxyprogesterone 313 ng/dL (normal <110 ng/dL)\nWhich of the following enzymes is most likely to be defective in this patient?? \n{'A': '17-α-hydroxylase', 'B': '5-α-reductase', 'C': '21-hydroxylase', 'D': '11ß-hydroxylase', 'E': 'Aromatase'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: 21-hydroxylase" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 34-year-old woman with beta-thalassemia major is brought to the physician because of a 2-month history of fatigue, darkening of her skin, and pain in her ankle joints. She has also had increased thirst and frequent urination for 2 weeks. She receives approximately 5 blood transfusions every year; her last transfusion was 3 months ago. Physical examination shows hyperpigmented skin, scleral icterus, pale mucous membranes, and a liver span of 17 cm. Which of the following serum findings is most likely in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Elevated hepcidin', 'B': 'Elevated ferritin', 'C': 'Decreased transferrin saturation', 'D': 'Elevated transferrin', 'E': 'Decreased haptoglobin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Elevated ferritin" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a routine checkup. He currently has no complaints. During routine blood work, he is found to have a slightly elevated calcium (10.4 mg/dL) and some findings of plasma cells in his peripheral blood smear (less than 10%). His physician orders a serum protein electrophoresis which demonstrates a slight increase in gamma protein that is found to be light chain predominate. What is the most likely complication for this patient as this disease progresses if left untreated?? \n{'A': 'Peripheral neuropathy', 'B': 'Kidney damage', 'C': \"Raynaud's phenomenon\", 'D': 'Splenomegaly', 'E': 'Hepatomegaly'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Kidney damage" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 30-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with breathlessness for the last hour. She is unable to provide any history due to her dyspnea. Her vitals include: respiratory rate 20/min, pulse 100/min, and blood pressure 144/84 mm Hg. On physical examination, she is visibly obese, and her breathing is labored. There are decreased breath sounds and hyperresonance to percussion across all lung fields bilaterally. An arterial blood gas is drawn, and the patient is placed on inhaled oxygen. Laboratory findings reveal:\npH 7.34\npO2 63 mm Hg\npCO2 50 mm Hg\nHCO3 22 mEq/L\nHer alveolar partial pressure of oxygen is 70 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Impaired gas diffusion', 'B': 'Alveolar hypoventilation', 'C': 'Right to left shunt', 'D': 'Ventilation/perfusion mismatch', 'E': 'Ventricular septal defect'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Alveolar hypoventilation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 75-year-old woman presents with episodic abdominal pain following meals for the past few years. She says these episodes have worsened over the past month. Past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed 30 years ago, managed with metformin. Her most recent HbA1C last month was 10%. Vital signs include: blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg, pulse 80/min, and respiratory rate 16/min. Physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Acute pancreatitis', 'B': 'Hepatic infarction', 'C': 'Chronic renal failure', 'D': 'Mesenteric artery occlusion', 'E': 'Ruptured aortic aneurysm'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Mesenteric artery occlusion" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 64-year-old woman with osteoarthritis presents to the emergency room with a 2-day history of nausea and vomiting. Over the past few weeks, the patient has been taking painkillers to control worsening knee pain. Physical examination reveals scleral icterus and tender hepatomegaly. The patient appears confused. Laboratory investigations reveal the following enzyme levels:\nSerum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 845 U/L\nAspartate aminotransferase (AST) 798 U/L\nAlkaline phosphatase 152 U/L\nWhich of the following is the most appropriate antidote for the toxicity seen in this patient?? \n{'A': 'N-acetylaspartic acid', 'B': 'N-acetylcysteine', 'C': 'N-acetylglucosamine', 'D': 'N-acetylmuramic acid', 'E': 'N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: N-acetylcysteine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 4-year-old girl presents to a pediatrician for a scheduled follow-up visit. She was diagnosed with her first episode of acute otitis media 10 days ago and had been prescribed oral amoxicillin. Her clinical features at the time of the initial presentation included pain in the ear, fever, and nasal congestion. The tympanic membrane in the left ear was markedly red in color. Today, after completing 10 days of antibiotic therapy, her parents report that she is asymptomatic, except for mild fullness in the left ear. There is no history of chronic nasal obstruction or chronic/recurrent rhinosinusitis. On physical examination, the girl’s vital signs are stable. Otoscopic examination of the left ear shows the presence of an air-fluid interface behind the translucent tympanic membrane and decreased the mobility of the tympanic membrane. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Continue oral amoxicillin for a total of 21 days', 'B': 'Prescribe amoxicillin-clavulanate for 14 days', 'C': 'Prescribe oral prednisolone for 7 days', 'D': 'Prescribe oral antihistamine and decongestant for 7 days', 'E': 'Observation and regular follow-up'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Observation and regular follow-up" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 71-year-old female presents to the clinic with frequent and voluminous urination for 2 weeks. She is a new patient and does not have any medical records as she recently moved to the US from Europe to live with her grandson. When asked about any prior health issues, she looks confused and shows some medications that she takes every day which includes aspirin, omeprazole, naproxen, and lithium. Her grandson is accompanying her and adds that he has requested a copy of her medical records from her previous physician in Europe. The grandson states that she has been drinking about 4–5 L of water every day. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), respirations are 15/min, pulse is 107/min, and blood pressure is 92/68 mm Hg. The physical examination is significant for dry mucous membranes. Laboratory evaluation reveals the following:\nPlasma osmolarity (Posm) 310 mOsm/kg\nUrine osmolarity (Uosm) 270 mOsm/kg\nAfter 6 hours of water deprivation:\nPlasma osmolarity (Posm) 320 mOsm/kg\nUrine osmolarity (Uosm) 277 mOsm/kg\nAfter administration of desmopressin acetate (DDAVP):\nPlasma osmolarity (Posm) 318 mOsm/kg\nUrine osmolarity (Uosm) 280 mOsm/kg\nWhat is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Pituitary adenoma', 'B': 'Primary polydipsia', 'C': 'Aspirin', 'D': 'Omeprazole', 'E': 'Lithium'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Lithium" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 18-year-old man presents to the emergency department with complaints of sudden severe groin pain and swelling of his left testicle. It started roughly 5 hours ago and has been progressively worsening. History reveals that he has had multiple sexual partners but uses condoms regularly. Vital signs include: blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg, heart rate 84/min, respiratory rate 18/min, and temperature 36.6°C (98.0°F). Physical examination reveals that he has an impaired gait and a tender, horizontal, high-riding left testicle and absent cremasteric reflex. Which of the following is the best next step for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Analgesia and rest', 'B': 'Urinalysis', 'C': 'Antibiotics', 'D': 'Surgery', 'E': 'Ultrasound of the scrotum'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Surgery" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 31 year-old-man presents to an urgent care clinic with symptoms of lower abdominal pain, bloating, bloody diarrhea, and fullness, all of which have become more frequent over the last 3 months. Rectal examination reveals a small amount of bright red blood. His vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 74/min, and respiratory rate 14/min. Colonoscopy is performed, showing extensive mucosal erythema, induration, and pseudopolyps extending from the rectum to the splenic flexure. Given the following options, what is the definitive treatment for this patient’s underlying disease?? \n{'A': 'Sulfasalazine', 'B': 'Mesalamine', 'C': 'Systemic corticosteroids', 'D': 'Azathioprine', 'E': 'Total proctocolectomy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Total proctocolectomy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 5 month-old boy with no significant past medical, surgical, or family history is brought the pediatrician by his parents for a new rash. The parents state that the rash started several weeks earlier and has not changed. The boy has breastfed since birth and started experimenting with soft foods at the age of 4 months. Physical examination reveals erythematous plaques with shiny, yellow scales over the scalp and external ears. Vital signs are within normal limits. Complete blood count is as follows:\nWBC 8,300 cells/ml3\nHct 46.1%\nHgb 17.1 g/dL\nMean corpuscular volume (MCV) 88 fL\nPlatelets 242\nWhich of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Infantile seborrheic dermatitis', 'B': 'Tinea capitis', 'C': 'Langerhans cell histiocytosis', 'D': 'Pityriasis amiantacea', 'E': 'Atopic dermatitis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Infantile seborrheic dermatitis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 25-year-old woman presents to you for a routine health checkup. She has no complaints. Family history is significant for 2 of her siblings who have died from Tay-Sachs disease, but she and her parents are phenotypically normal. Which of the following are the chances of this person being a heterozygous carrier of the mutation that causes Tay-Sachs disease?? \n{'A': '0%', 'B': '25%', 'C': '33%', 'D': '66%', 'E': '50%'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: 66%" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A nine-year-old female presents to the pediatrician for short stature. The patient is in third grade and is the shortest child in her class. She is otherwise doing well in school, and her teacher reports that she is at or above grade level in all subjects. The patient has many friends and plays well with her two younger siblings at home. She has a past medical history of mild hearing loss in her right ear, which her previous pediatrician attributed to recurrent bouts of otitis media when she was younger. The patient’s mother is 5 feet 6 inches tall, and her father is 6 feet tall. Her family history is otherwise significant for hypothyroidism in her mother and hypertension in her father. The patient’s weight and height are in the 40th and 3rd percentile, respectively. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 155/94 mmHg, pulse is 67/min, and respirations are 14/min. On physical exam, the patient has a broad chest with widely spaced nipples. She is noted to have a short fourth metacarpal and moderate kyphosis.\n\nThis patient is most likely to have which of the following findings on physical exam?? \n{'A': 'Continuous, machine-like murmur best heard in the left subclavicular region', 'B': 'Continuous, flow murmur best heard in the interscapular region', 'C': 'Holosystolic, harsh-sounding murmur best heard at the left lower sternal border', 'D': 'Late systolic, crescendo murmur at the apex with mid-systolic click', 'E': 'Systolic ejection murmur best heard at the left upper sternal border'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Continuous, flow murmur best heard in the interscapular region" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his son for odd behavior. The patient and his son had planned to go on a hike today. On the drive up to the mountain, the patient began acting strangely which prompted the patient's son to bring him in. The patient has a past medical history of constipation, seasonal allergies, alcohol abuse, and IV drug abuse. His current medications include diphenhydramine, metoprolol, and disulfiram. The patient's son states he has been with the patient all morning and has only seen him take his over the counter medications and eat breakfast. His temperature is 102.0°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 147/102 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The patient appears uncomfortable. Physical exam is notable for tachycardia. The patient's skin appears dry, red, and flushed, and he is confused and not responding to questions appropriately. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Atropine', 'B': 'IV fluids, thiamine, and dextrose', 'C': 'Naloxone', 'D': 'Neostigmine', 'E': 'Physostigmine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Physostigmine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 15-year-old boy presents with sudden onset right sided weakness of his arm and face and difficulty speaking. He denies any problems with hearing or comprehension. The patient has no history of chest pain, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus. No significant past medical history. The patient is afebrile, and vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, the patient is thin, with long arms and slender fingers. There is a right-sided facial droop present. Ophthalmic examination reveals a dislocated lens in the right eye. Strength is 3 out of 5 in the right upper extremity, and there is a positive Babinski reflex on the right. The CT scan of the head shows no evidence of hemorrhage. Laboratory findings are significant for increased concentrations of a metabolic intermediate in his serum and urine. Which of the following enzymes is most likely deficient in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Phenylalanine hydroxylase', 'B': 'Homogentisate oxidase', 'C': 'Cystathionine synthase', 'D': 'Hydroxymethylbilane (HMB) synthase', 'E': 'Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Cystathionine synthase" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 57-year-old woman presents to her physician for a checkup. The past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus type 2, and a history of myocardial infarction. The current medications are aspirin, lisinopril, metoprolol, atorvastatin, and metformin. The patient’s HbA1c is 7.9%, and her fasting blood glucose is 8.9 mmol/L (160 mg/dL). Which of the following statements regarding the use of exenatide in this patient is most correct?? \n{'A': 'It cannot be combined with metformin.', 'B': 'Its use may cause weight gain.', 'C': 'It does not decrease cardiovascular outcomes.', 'D': 'There is a high risk of hypoglycemia in patients who use this medication.', 'E': 'This medication should not be combined with insulin.'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: It does not decrease cardiovascular outcomes." } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A medical student volunteers for an experiment in the physiology laboratory. Before starting the experiment, her oral temperature is recorded as 36.9°C (98.4°F). She is then made to dip both her hands in a bowl containing ice cold water. She withdraws her hands out of the water, and finds that they look pale and feel very cold. Her oral temperature is recorded once more and is found to be 36.9°C (98.4°F) even though her hands are found to be 4.5°C (40.0°F). Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the maintenance of her temperature throughout the experiment?? \n{'A': 'Cutaneous vasoconstriction', 'B': 'Diving reflex', 'C': 'Endogenous pyrogen release', 'D': 'Muscular contraction', 'E': 'Shivering'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Cutaneous vasoconstriction" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 58-year-old man presents to the emergency department with progressive shortness of breath, productive cough, and fever of 38.3°C (100.9°F) for the past 2 days. The patient is known to be a severe smoker with an estimated 40 pack-year history and has been hospitalized 2 times due to similar symptoms over the past year. Upon examination, the patient seems disoriented and can barely complete sentences. On auscultation, wheezing and rhonchi are detected in the right lung. The patient is given supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula, and his clinical status quickly stabilizes. A chest X-ray is ordered, which is shown on the image. ? \n{'A': 'Tented, tall T waves', 'B': 'A QT interval of 680 msec', 'C': 'Low voltage', 'D': 'Increase in P wave amplitude', 'E': 'Bifid P waves'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Increase in P wave amplitude" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 2-day-old boy born to a primigravida with no complications has an ear infection. He is treated with antibiotics and sent home. His parents bring him back 1 month later with an erythematous and swollen umbilical cord still attached to the umbilicus. A complete blood cell count shows the following:\nHemoglobin 18.1 g/dL\nHematocrit 43.7%\nLeukocyte count 13,000/mm3\nNeutrophils 85%\nLymphocytes 10%\nMonocytes 5%\nPlatelet count 170,000/mm3\nThe immunoglobulin levels are normal. The absence or deficiency of which of the following most likely led to this patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'CD18', 'B': 'Histamine', 'C': 'Prostaglandin E2', 'D': 'TNF', 'E': 'IL-1'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: CD18" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 52-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine medical check-up. The patient feels well. He has hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and recurrent panic attacks. He had a myocardial infarction 3 years ago. He underwent a left inguinal hernia repair at the age of 25 years. A colonoscopy 2 years ago was normal. He works as a nurse at a local hospital. He is married and has two children. His father died of prostate cancer at the age of 70 years. He had smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 25 years but quit following his myocardial infarction. He drinks one to two beers on the weekends. He has never used illicit drugs. Current medications include aspirin, atorvastatin, lisinopril, metoprolol, fluoxetine, metformin, and a multivitamin. He appears well-nourished. Temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 70/min, and blood pressure is 125/75 mm Hg. Lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows a high-frequency, mid-to-late systolic murmur that is best heard at the apex. The abdomen is soft and nontender. The remainder of the physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Pulmonary valve regurgitation', 'B': 'Mitral valve stenosis', 'C': 'Tricuspid valve stenosis', 'D': 'Pulmonary valve stenosis', 'E': 'Mitral valve prolapse'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Mitral valve prolapse" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 13-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of a pruritic rash for 2 days. The girl's mother says she noticed a few isolated skin lesions on her trunk two days ago that appear to be itching. The girl received her routine immunizations 18 days ago. Her mother has been giving her ibuprofen for her symptoms. The patient has no known sick contacts. She is at the 71st percentile for height and the 64th percentile for weight. She is in no acute distress. Her temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 26/min. Examination shows a few maculopapular and pustular lesions distributed over the face and trunk. There are some excoriation marks and crusted lesions as well. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these findings?? \n{'A': 'Immune complex formation and deposition', 'B': 'Antigen contact with presensitized T-lymphocytes', 'C': 'Reactivation of virus dormant in dorsal root ganglion', 'D': 'Crosslinking of preformed IgE antibodies', 'E': 'Replication of the attenuated vaccine strain'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Replication of the attenuated vaccine strain" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A parent-teacher conference is called to discuss the behavior of a 9-year-old boy. According to the boy's teacher, he has become progressively more disruptive during class. He is performing poorly in school and has trouble focusing. He is destructive to classroom property, tore a classmate's art project, and takes other children's lunches regularly. He is avoided by his classmates. His mother reports that her son can \"sometimes be difficult.\" Recently he placed a rubber band around the cats tail, resulting in gangrene. What is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Conduct disorder', 'B': 'Oppositional defiant disorder', 'C': 'Antisocial personality disorder', 'D': 'Attention deficit disorder', 'E': 'Separation anxiety disorder'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Conduct disorder" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An anesthesiologist is preparing a patient for a short surgical procedure. The physician would like to choose a sedating agent that can be given intravenously and will have a quick onset of action and short half-life. Which of the following agents would be ideal for this purpose?? \n{'A': 'Succinylcholine', 'B': 'Hydromorphone', 'C': 'Sodium thiopental', 'D': 'Isoflurane', 'E': 'Lidocaine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Sodium thiopental" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A previously healthy 44-year-old man is brought by his coworkers to the emergency department 45 minutes after he became light-headed and collapsed while working in the boiler room of a factory. He did not lose consciousness. His coworkers report that 30 minutes prior to collapsing, he told them he was nauseous and had a headache. He appears sweaty and lethargic. He is not oriented to time, place, or person. His temperature is 41°C (105.8°F), pulse is 133/min, respirations are 22/min and blood pressure is 90/52 mm Hg. Examination shows equal and reactive pupils. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. His neck is supple. Infusion of 0.9% saline infusion is administered. A urinary catheter is inserted and dark brown urine is collected. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 15 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 18,000/mm3\nPlatelet count 51,000/mm3\nSerum\nNa+ 149 mEq/L\nK+ 5.0 mEq/L\nCl- 98 mEq/L\nUrea nitrogen 42 mg/dL\nGlucose 88 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.8 mg/dL\nAspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT) 210\nAlanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT) 250\nCreatine kinase 86,000 U/mL\nWhich of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?\"? \n{'A': 'Ice water immersion', 'B': 'Acetaminophen therapy', 'C': 'Platelet transfusion', 'D': 'CT scan of the head', 'E': 'Evaporative cooling\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Ice water immersion" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old man comes to the physician because of episodic tingling and numbness in his right hand for the past 3 months. His symptoms are worse in the evening. There is no history of trauma. He is employed as a carpenter. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the past 10 years. He drinks a pint of vodka daily. He does not use illicit drugs. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows decreased pinch strength in the right hand. Sensations are decreased over the little finger and both the dorsal and palmar surfaces of the medial aspect of the right hand. Which of the following is the most likely site of nerve compression?? \n{'A': 'Cubital tunnel', 'B': 'Quadrilateral space', 'C': 'Radial groove', 'D': 'Guyon canal', 'E': 'Carpal tunnel'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Cubital tunnel" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 24-year-old man and his mother arrive for a psychiatric evaluation. She is concerned about his health and behavior ever since he dropped out of graduate school and moved back home 8 months ago. He is always very anxious and preoccupied with thoughts of school and getting a job. He also seems to behave very oddly at times such as wearing his winter jacket in summer. He says that he hears voices but he can not understand what they are saying. When prompted he describes a plot to have him killed with poison seeping from the walls. Today, his heart rate is 90/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, blood pressure is 110/65 mm Hg, and temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F). On physical exam, he appears gaunt and anxious. His heart has a regular rate and rhythm and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. CMP, CBC, and TSH are normal. A urine toxicology test is negative. What is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Schizophreniform disorder', 'B': 'Schizoaffective disorder', 'C': 'Schizophrenia disorder', 'D': 'Substance-induced psychosis', 'E': 'Brief psychotic disorder'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Schizophrenia disorder" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 11-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after he was found screaming and clutching his head. He has had nausea and occasional episodes of vomiting for 1 week, fever and left-sided headaches for 2 weeks, and increasing tooth pain over the past 3 weeks. He has no history of ear or sinus infections. He is in moderate distress. His temperature is 38.7°C (101.7°F), pulse is 170/min, respirations are 19/min, and blood pressure is 122/85 mmHg. He is confused and only oriented to person. The pupils react sluggishly to light. Fundoscopic examination shows papilledema bilaterally. Extraocular movements are normal. Flexion of the neck causes hip flexion. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Medulloblastoma', 'B': 'Subarachnoid hemorrhage', 'C': 'HSV encephalitis', 'D': 'Pyogenic brain abscess', 'E': 'Cavernous sinus thrombosis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Pyogenic brain abscess" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 5-year-old child whose family recently immigrated from Africa is brought in for a wellness visit. The boy appears indifferent, doesn’t seem to make eye contact, and keeps to himself. Upon examination, it is noted that his height and weight are below the 5th percentile. Furthermore, his abdomen is protuberant, and there are multiple zones of hyper- and hypopigmentation and desquamation of the skin. Upon palpation of the abdomen, he is found to have hepatomegaly, and lower extremity inspection reveals pitting edema. Which of the following is the cause of this child’s condition?? \n{'A': 'Total caloric deprivation', 'B': 'Hypothyroidism', 'C': 'Secondary protein-energy malnutrition', 'D': 'Vitamin A deficiency', 'E': 'Severe protein malnutrition'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Severe protein malnutrition" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old man presents with excessive urination. He reports that he urinates 10 times a day and wakes up multiple times a night to pee. He complains that this is affecting both his social life and his ability to concentrate at work. He states that he always has an “active bladder,” but his symptoms worsened when he started meeting with a physical trainer last month who told him he should increase his water intake to prevent dehydration. The patient has a history of migraines and bipolar I disorder. His medications include metoprolol, lithium, and naproxen as needed. A basic metabolic panel is performed, and the results are shown below:\n\nSerum:\nNa+: 149 mEq/L\nCl-: 102 mEq/L\nK+: 3.4 mEq/L\nHCO3-: 26 mEq/L\nUrea nitrogen: 12 mg/dL\nCreatinine: 1.0 mg/dL\nGlucose: 78 mg/dL\nCa2+: 9.5 mg/dL\n\nA urinalysis is obtained, which reveals pale-colored urine with a specific gravity of 0.852 and a urine osmolarity of 135 mOsm/L. The patient undergoes a water deprivation test. The patient’s urine specific gravity increases to 0.897 and urine osmolarity is now 155 mOsm/L. The patient is given an antidiuretic hormone analogue. Urine osmolarity rises to 188 mOsm/L. Which of the following is the best initial management for the patient’s most likely condition?? \n{'A': 'Calcitonin and zoledronic acid', 'B': 'Desmopressin', 'C': 'Furosemide', 'D': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'E': 'Lithium cessation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Lithium cessation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 36-year-old female presents to the emergency department with right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain. She describes the pain as dull and getting progressively worse over the last several weeks. She denies any relationship to eating. Her past medical history is significant for endometriosis, which she manages with oral contraceptive pills, and follicular thyroid cancer, for which she underwent total thyroidectomy and now takes levothyroxine. The patient drinks a six pack of beer most nights of the week, and she has a 20 pack-year smoking history. She recently returned from visiting cousins in Mexico who have several dogs. Her temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 132/87 mmHg, pulse is 76/min, and respirations are 14/min. On physical exam, her abdomen is soft and non-distended with tenderness in the right upper quadrant and palpable hepatomegaly. Laboratory testing is performed and reveals the following:\n\nAspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT): 38 U/L\nAlanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT): 32 U/L\nAlkaline phosphatase: 196 U/L\ngamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT): 107 U/L\nTotal bilirubin: 0.8 mg/dL\n\nRUQ ultrasound demonstrates a solitary, well-demarcated, heterogeneous 6 cm mass in the right lobe of the liver. CT scan with contrast reveals peripheral enhancement during the early phase with centripetal flow during the portal venous phase. Which of the following is a risk factor for this condition?? \n{'A': 'Chronic alcohol abuse', 'B': 'Extrahepatic malignancy', 'C': 'Recent contact with dogs', 'D': 'Recent travel to Mexico', 'E': 'Oral contraceptive pill use'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Oral contraceptive pill use" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 60-year-old African American gentleman presents to the emergency department with sudden onset \"vice-like\" chest pain, diaphoresis, and pain radiating to his left shoulder. He has ST elevations on his EKG and elevated cardiac enzymes. Concerning his current pathophysiology, which of the following changes would you expect to see in this patient?? \n{'A': 'No change in cardiac output; increased systemic vascular resistance', 'B': 'No change in cardiac output; decreased venous return', 'C': 'Decreased cardiac output; increased systemic vascular resistance', 'D': 'Decreased cardiac output; decreased venous return', 'E': 'Increased cardiac output; increased systemic vascular resistance'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Decreased cardiac output; increased systemic vascular resistance" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 17-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presents to the outpatient OB/GYN clinic with her parents for concerns of primary amenorrhea. She denies any symptoms and appears relatively unconcerned about her presentation. The review of systems is negative. Physical examination demonstrates an age-appropriate degree of development of secondary sexual characteristics, and no significant abnormalities on heart, lung, or abdominal examination. Her vital signs are all within normal limits. Her parents are worried and request that the appropriate laboratory tests are ordered. Which of the following tests is the best next step in the evaluation of this patient’s primary amenorrhea?? \n{'A': 'Pelvic ultrasound', 'B': 'Left hand radiograph', 'C': 'Serum beta hCG', 'D': 'Serum FSH', 'E': 'Serum prolactin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Serum beta hCG" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 61-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with complaints of fatigue, weight gain of 5.5 kg (12.1 lb) and intermittent nausea over the past 4 months. She denies any changes to her diet. She has had type 2 diabetes mellitus for the past 27 years complicated by diabetic neuropathy. Vital signs include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 167/98 mm Hg and pulse 80/min. Physical examination reveals bilateral pitting lower-extremity edema. Fundoscopic examination reveals bilateral micro-aneurysms and cotton wool patches. Her serum creatinine is 2.6 mg/dL. Which of the following is the best initial therapy for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'B': 'Perindopril', 'C': 'Metoprolol', 'D': 'Diltiazem', 'E': 'Labetalol'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Perindopril" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A study is performed to assess the intelligence quotient and the crime rate in a neighborhood. Students at a local high school are given an assessment and their criminal and disciplinary records are reviewed. One of the subjects scores 2 standard deviations over the mean. What percent of students did he score higher than?? \n{'A': '68%', 'B': '95%', 'C': '96.5%', 'D': '97.5%', 'E': '99.7%'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: 97.5%" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 14-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with complaints of shortness of breath and easy fatigability when exercising for extended periods of time. He also reports that, when he exercises, his lower legs and feet turn a bluish-gray color. He cannot remember visiting a doctor since he was in elementary school. His vital signs are as follows: HR 72, BP 148/65, RR 14, and SpO2 97%. Which of the following murmurs and/or findings would be expected on auscultation of the precordium?? \n{'A': 'Mid-systolic murmur loudest at the right second intercostal space, with radiation to the right neck', 'B': 'Holodiastolic murmur loudest at the apex, with an opening snap following the S2 heart sound', 'C': 'Left infraclavicular systolic ejection murmur with decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities', 'D': 'Continuous, machine-like murmur at the left infraclavicular area', 'E': 'Right supraclavicular continuous murmur which disappears with pressure on the internal jugular vein'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Continuous, machine-like murmur at the left infraclavicular area" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 41-year-old man presents to urgent care with a 1-week history of severe diarrhea. He says that he has been having watery stools every 2-3 hours. The stools do not contain blood and do not float. On presentation, he is observed to have significant facial flushing, and laboratory tests reveal the following:\n\nSerum:\nNa+: 137 mEq/L\nK+: 2.7 mEq/L\nCl-: 113 mEq/L\nHCO3-: 14 mEq/L\n\nA computed tomography scan reveals a small intra-abdominal mass. Staining of this mass would most likely reveal production of which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Gastrin', 'B': 'Glucagon', 'C': 'Insulin', 'D': 'Somatostatin', 'E': 'Vasoactive intestinal peptide'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Vasoactive intestinal peptide" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 65-year-old man comes to the physician because of shortness of breath, chest pain, and a cough for 2 days. The pain is exacerbated by deep inspiration. He has a history of congestive heart failure, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Current medications include metoprolol, lisinopril, spironolactone, metformin, and simvastatin. He has smoked half a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 25 years. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 95/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 120/84 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 93%. Examination shows dullness to percussion and an increased tactile fremitus in the right lower lung field. Auscultation over this area shows bronchial breath sounds and whispered pectoriloquy. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?? \n{'A': 'Parenchymal consolidation', 'B': 'Pleural fluid accumulation', 'C': 'Alveolar transudate', 'D': 'Ruptured pulmonary blebs', 'E': 'Pulmonary infarction'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Parenchymal consolidation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 46-year-old male presents in consultation for weight loss surgery. He is 6’0” and weighs 300 pounds. He has tried multiple dietary and exercise regimens but has been unsuccessful in losing weight. The surgeon suggests a sleeve gastrectomy, a procedure that reduces the size of the stomach removing a large portion of the stomach along the middle part of the greater curvature. The surgeon anticipates having to ligate a portion of the arterial supply to this part of the stomach in order to complete the resection. Which of the following vessels gives rise to the vessel that will need to be ligated in order to complete the resection?? \n{'A': 'Left gastric artery', 'B': 'Right gastric artery', 'C': 'Splenic artery', 'D': 'Right gastroepiploic artery', 'E': 'Gastroduodenal artery'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Splenic artery" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 16-year-old teenager is brought to the emergency department after having slipped on ice while walking to school. She hit her head on the side of the pavement and retained consciousness. She was brought to the closest ER within an hour of the incident. The ER physician sends her immediately to get a CT scan and also orders routine blood work. The physician understands that in cases of stress, such as in this patient, the concentration of certain hormones will be increased, while others will be decreased. Considering allosteric regulation by hormones, which of the following enzymes will most likely be inhibited in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Pyruvate carboxylase', 'B': 'Phosphofructokinase', 'C': 'Glucose-6-phosphatase', 'D': 'Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase', 'E': 'Glycogen phosphorylase'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Phosphofructokinase" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 4-year-old boy who otherwise has no significant past medical history presents to the pediatric clinic accompanied by his father for a 2-day history of high fever, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. The patient’s father endorses that these symptoms began approximately 3 weeks after the family got a new dog. His father also states that several other children at the patient’s preschool have been sick with similar symptoms. He denies any other recent changes to his diet or lifestyle. The patient's blood pressure is 123/81 mm Hg, pulse is 91/min, respiratory rate is 15/min, and temperature is 39.2°C (102.5°F). Which of the following is the most likely cause for this patient’s presentation?? \n{'A': 'The new dog', 'B': 'A recent antibiotic prescription', 'C': 'Reheated fried rice', 'D': 'Exposure to bacteria at school', 'E': 'Failure to appropriately immunize the patient'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Exposure to bacteria at school" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old man presents with a complaint of penile discharge. He says that he noticed a yellowish watery discharge from his penis since last week. He adds that he has painful urination only in the mornings, but he sometimes feels a lingering pain in his genital region throughout the day. He denies any fever, body aches, or joint pains. No significant past medical history or current medications. When asked about his social history, he mentions that he has regular intercourse with women he meets in bars, however, he doesn’t always remember to use a condom. Physical examination is unremarkable. The penile discharge is collected and sent for analysis. Ceftriaxone IM is administered, after which the patient is sent home with a prescription for an oral medication. Which of the following oral drugs was most likely prescribed to this patient?? \n{'A': 'Ampicillin', 'B': 'Doxycycline', 'C': 'Gentamicin', 'D': 'Streptomycin', 'E': 'Clindamycin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Doxycycline" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 16-year-old male presents to his pediatrician with a sore throat. He reports a severely painful throat preceded by several days of malaise and fatigue. He has a history of seasonal allergies and asthma. The patient is a high school student and is on the school wrestling team. He takes cetirizine and albuterol. His temperature is 100.9°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 100/70 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination reveals splenomegaly and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy. Laboratory analysis reveals the following:\n\nSerum:\nNa+: 145 mEq/L\nK+: 4.0 mEq/L\nCl-: 100 mEq/L\nHCO3-: 24 mEq/L\nBUN: 12 mg/dL\nCa2+: 10.2 mg/dL\nMg2+: 2.0 mEq/L\nCreatinine: 1.0 mg/dL\nGlucose: 77 mg/dL\n\nHemoglobin: 17 g/dL\nHematocrit: 47%\nMean corpuscular volume: 90 µm3\nReticulocyte count: 1.0%\nPlatelet count: 250,000/mm3\nLeukocyte count: 13,000/mm3\nNeutrophil: 45%\nLymphocyte: 42%\nMonocyte: 12%\nEosinophil: 1%\nBasophil: 0%\n\nWhich of the following cell surface markers is bound by the pathogen responsible for this patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'CD3', 'B': 'CD4', 'C': 'CD19', 'D': 'CD20', 'E': 'CD21'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: CD21" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of chest pain and a cough productive of blood-tinged sputum that started 1 hour ago. Two days ago, she returned from a trip to China. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 35 years. Her only home medication is oral hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal hot flashes. Her pulse is 123/min and blood pressure is 91/55 mm Hg. Physical examination shows distended neck veins. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia, a right bundle branch block, and T-wave inversion in leads V5–V6. Despite appropriate lifesaving measures, the patient dies. Examination of the lung on autopsy shows a large, acute thrombus in the right pulmonary artery. Based on the autopsy findings, which of the following is the most likely origin of the thrombus?? \n{'A': 'Posterior tibial vein', 'B': 'Iliac vein', 'C': 'Great saphenous vein', 'D': 'Subclavian vein', 'E': 'Renal vein'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Iliac vein" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 58-year-old female comes to the physician because of generalized fatigue and malaise for 3 months. Four months ago, she was treated for a urinary tract infection with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. She has hypertension, asthma, chronic lower back pain, and chronic headaches. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide, an albuterol inhaler, naproxen, and an aspirin-caffeine combination. Examination shows conjunctival pallor. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 8.9 g/dL\nSerum\nUrea nitrogen 46 mg/dL\nCreatinine 2.4 mg/dL\nCalcium 9.8 mg/dL\nUrine\nProtein 1+\nBlood 1+\nRBCs none\nWBCs 9-10/hpf\nUrine cultures are negative. Ultrasound shows shrunken kidneys with irregular contours and papillary calcifications. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's renal failure?\"? \n{'A': 'Overproduction of light chains', 'B': 'Hypersensitivity reaction', 'C': 'Inhibition of prostaglandin I2 production', 'D': 'Infection with an acid-fast bacillus', 'E': 'Precipitation of drugs within the renal tubules'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Inhibition of prostaglandin I2 production" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 52-year-old man presents with a 1-month history of a depressed mood. He says that he has been “feeling low” on most days of the week. He also says he has been having difficulty sleeping, feelings of being worthless, difficulty performing at work, and decreased interest in reading books (his hobby). He has no significant past medical history. The patient denies any history of smoking, alcohol use, or recreational drug use. A review of systems is significant for a 7% unintentional weight gain over the past month. The patient is afebrile and his vital signs are within normal limits. A physical examination is unremarkable. The patient is prescribed sertraline 50 mg daily. On follow-up 4 weeks later, the patient says he is slightly improved but is still not feeling 100%. Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Add buspirone', 'B': 'Add aripiprazole', 'C': 'Switch to a different SSRI', 'D': 'Switch to an MAOI', 'E': 'Continue sertraline'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Continue sertraline" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 57-year-old woman presents complaining of feeling sleepy all the time. She reports having an uncontrollable urge to take multiple naps during the day and sometimes sees strange shadows in front of her before falling asleep. Although she awakens feeling refreshed and energized, she often finds herself ‘stuck’ and cannot move for a while after waking up. She also mentions she is overweight and has failed to lose weight despite multiple attempts at dieting and using exercise programs. No significant past medical history. No current medications. The patient denies smoking, alcohol consumption, or recreational drug usage. Family history reveals that both her parents were overweight, and her father had hypertension. Her vital signs include: pulse 84/min, respiratory rate 16/min, and blood pressure 128/84 mm Hg. Her body mass index (BMI) is 36 kg/m2. Physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following medications is the best course of treatment in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Melatonin', 'B': 'Methylphenidate', 'C': 'Alprazolam', 'D': 'Orlistat', 'E': 'Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Methylphenidate" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 21-year-old woman presents to the women’s clinic with chronic pelvic pain, especially during sexual intercourse. She also reports new onset yellowish vaginal discharge. She has no significant past medical history. She does not take contraceptive pills as she has had a copper intrauterine device placed. She smokes 2–3 cigarettes every day. She drinks beer on weekends. She admits to being sexually active with over 10 partners since the age of 14. Her blood pressure is 118/66 mm Hg, the heart rate is 68/min, the respiratory rate is 12/min and the temperature is 39.1°C (102.3°F). On physical examination she appears uncomfortable but alert and oriented. Her heart and lung examinations are within normal limits. Bimanual exam reveals a tender adnexa and uterus with cervical motion tenderness. Whiff test is negative and vaginal pH is greater than 4.5. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Ectopic pregnancy', 'B': 'Appendicitis', 'C': 'Bacterial vaginosis', 'D': 'Urinary tract infection', 'E': 'Pelvic inflammatory disease'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Pelvic inflammatory disease" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old man with type 1 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician for a health maintenance examination. He has a 10-month history of tingling of his feet at night and has had two recent falls. Three years ago, he underwent retinal laser photocoagulation in both eyes. Current medications include insulin and lisinopril, but he admits not adhering to his insulin regimen. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. His blood pressure is 130/85 mm Hg while sitting and 118/70 mm Hg while standing. Examination shows decreased sense of vibration and proprioception in his toes and ankles bilaterally. His serum hemoglobin A1C is 10.1%. Urine dipstick shows 2+ protein. Which of the following additional findings is most likely in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Increased lower esophageal sphincter pressure', 'B': 'Dilated pupils', 'C': 'Incomplete bladder emptying', 'D': 'Premature ejaculation', 'E': 'Hyperreflexia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Incomplete bladder emptying" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A previously healthy 24-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-day history of nausea and weakness. She is sexually active with 2 male partners and uses an oral contraceptive; she uses condoms inconsistently. Her last menstrual period was 4 days ago. Her temperature is 38.4°C (101°F). Physical examination shows right costovertebral angle tenderness. Pelvic examination is normal. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Ascending bacteria from the endocervix', 'B': 'Noninfectious inflammation of the bladder', 'C': 'Ascending bacteria from the bladder', 'D': 'Decreased urinary pH', 'E': 'Decreased renal calcium reabsorption'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Ascending bacteria from the bladder" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 11-year-old girl is brought in to her pediatrician by her parents due to developmental concerns. The patient developed normally throughout childhood, but she has not yet menstruated and has noticed that her voice is getting deeper. The patient has no other health issues. On exam, her temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 110/68 mmHg, pulse is 74/min, and respirations are 12/min. The patient is noted to have Tanner stage I breasts and Tanner stage II pubic hair. On pelvic exam, the patient is noted to have a blind vagina with slight clitoromegaly as well as two palpable testes. Through laboratory workup, the patient is found to have 5-alpha-reductase deficiency. Which of the following anatomic structures are correctly matched homologues between male and female genitalia?? \n{'A': 'Bulbourethral glands and the urethral/paraurethral glands', 'B': 'Corpus cavernosum of the penis and the vestibular bulbs', 'C': 'Corpus spongiosum and the clitoral crura', 'D': 'Corpus spongiosum and the greater vestibular glands', 'E': 'Scrotum and the labia majora'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Scrotum and the labia majora" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 64-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after the onset of right-sided weakness and impaired speech. On admission, she is diagnosed with thrombotic stroke and treatment with alteplase is begun. Neurologic examination four weeks later shows residual right hemiparesis. A CT scan of the head shows hypoattenuation in the territory of the left middle cerebral artery. Which of the following processes best explains this finding?? \n{'A': 'Gangrenous necrosis', 'B': 'Coagulative necrosis', 'C': 'Liquefactive necrosis', 'D': 'Caseous necrosis', 'E': 'Fat necrosis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Liquefactive necrosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the office by his mother because of a large head contusion and altered mental status. At first, the mother says her son got injured when a “pot fell from a shelf onto his head.” Later, she changes the story and says that he hit his head after “tripping over a football.” Physical examination shows cracks in the suture lines of the skull, and there is a flattened appearance to the bone. The patient’s father arrives to inquire on how his son is “recovering from his fall down the stairs.” Upon request to interview the patient alone, the parents refuse, complaining loudly about the request. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Child abuse', 'B': 'Cranioschisis', 'C': 'Osteogenesis imperfecta', 'D': 'Paget disease of bone', 'E': 'Rickets'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Child abuse" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a severe headache. He says that the pain has been getting progressively worse over the last 24 hours and is located primarily in his left forehead and eye. The headaches have woken him up from sleep and it is not relieved by over-the-counter medications. He has been recovering from a sinus infection that started 1 week ago. His past medical history is significant for type 1 diabetes and he has a 10 pack-year history of smoking. Imaging shows thrombosis of a sinus above the sella turcica. Which of the following findings would most likely also be seen in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Anosmia', 'B': 'Mandibular pain', 'C': 'Ophthalmoplegia', 'D': 'Vertigo', 'E': 'Vision loss'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Ophthalmoplegia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A doctor is interested in developing a new over-the-counter medication that can decrease the symptomatic interval of upper respiratory infections from viral etiologies. The doctor wants one group of affected patients to receive the new treatment, but he wants another group of affected patients to not be given the treatment. Of the following clinical trial subtypes, which would be most appropriate in comparing the differences in outcome between the two groups?? \n{'A': 'Clinical treatment trial', 'B': 'Case-control study', 'C': 'Cross-sectional study', 'D': 'Historical cohort study', 'E': 'Cohort study'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Clinical treatment trial" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A previously healthy 22-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of several episodes of palpitations that began a couple of days ago. The palpitations are intermittent in nature, with each episode lasting 5–10 seconds. She states that during each episode she feels as if her heart is going to “spin out of control.” She has recently been staying up late to study for her final examinations. She does not drink alcohol or use illicit drugs. She appears anxious. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 110/75 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. An ECG is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Echocardiography', 'B': 'Observation and rest', 'C': 'Electrical cardioversion', 'D': 'Pharmacologic cardioversion', 'E': 'Cardiac catheter ablation\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Observation and rest" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain. She states it started last night and has been getting worse during this time frame. She states she is otherwise healthy, does not use drugs, and has never had sexual intercourse. Her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/83 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. A rectal exam is performed and the patient is subsequently disimpacted. Five kilograms of stool are removed from the patient and she subsequently states her symptoms have resolved. Initial laboratory tests are ordered as seen below.\n\nUrine:\nColor: Yellow\nProtein: Negative\nRed blood cells: Negative\nhCG: Positive\n\nA serum hCG is 1,000 mIU/mL. A transvaginal ultrasound does not demonstrate a gestational sac within the uterus. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Laparoscopy', 'B': 'Methotrexate', 'C': 'Salpingectomy', 'D': 'Salpingostomy', 'E': 'Ultrasound and serum hCG in 48 hours'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Ultrasound and serum hCG in 48 hours" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 46-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of hoarseness and drooling. Initially, he had difficulty swallowing solid food, but now he has difficulty swallowing foods like oatmeal as well. During this period, he also developed weakness in both arms and has had an 8.2 kg (18 lb) weight loss. He appears ill. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows tongue atrophy and pooled oral secretions. There is diffuse muscle atrophy in all extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ in all extremities. Sensation to pinprick, light touch, and vibration is intact. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Multiple cerebral infarctions', 'B': 'Autoimmune destruction of acetylcholine receptors', 'C': 'Demyelination of peripheral nerves', 'D': 'Destruction of upper and lower motor neurons', 'E': 'Dilation of the central spinal canal'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Destruction of upper and lower motor neurons" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:At 10 a.m. this morning, a semi-truck carrying radioactive waste toppled over due to a blown tire. One container was damaged, and a small amount of its contents leaked into the nearby river. You are a physician on the government's hazardous waste committee and must work to alleviate the town's worries and minimize the health hazards due to the radioactive leak. You decide to prescribe a prophylactic agent to minimize any retention of radioactive substances in the body. Which of the following do you prescribe?? \n{'A': 'Methylene blue', 'B': 'Vitamin C', 'C': 'Potassium iodide', 'D': 'EDTA', 'E': 'Succimer'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Potassium iodide" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 41-year-old African American woman presents to her primary care physician with a 3-week history of lower extremity edema and shortness of breath. She says that she has also noticed that she gets fatigued more easily and has been gaining weight. Her past medical history is significant for sickle cell disease and HIV infection for which she is currently taking combination therapy. Physical exam is significant for periorbital and lower extremity edema. Laboratory testing is significant for hypoalbuminemia, and urinalysis demonstrates 4+ protein. Which of the following would most likely be seen on kidney biopsy in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Birefringence under polarized light', 'B': 'Normal glomeruli', 'C': 'Expansion of the mesangium', 'D': 'Segmental scarring', 'E': 'Subepithelial deposits'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Segmental scarring" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old man is brought to the trauma bay by emergency services after a motorbike accident in which the patient, who was not wearing a helmet, hit a pole of a streetlight with his head. When initially evaluated by the paramedics, the patient was responsive, albeit confused, opened his eyes spontaneously, and was able to follow commands. An hour later, upon admission, the patient only opened his eyes to painful stimuli, made incomprehensible sounds, and assumed a flexed posture. The vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 140/80 mm Hg; heart rate 59/min; respiratory rate 11/min; temperature 37.0℃ (99.1℉), and SaO2, 95% on room air. The examination shows a laceration and bruising on the left side of the head. There is anisocoria with the left pupil 3 mm more dilated than the right. Both pupils react sluggishly to light. There is an increase in tone and hyperreflexia in the right upper and lower extremities. The patient is intubated and mechanically ventilated, head elevated to 30°, and sent for a CT scan. Which of the following management strategies should be used in this patient, considering his most probable diagnosis? ? \n{'A': 'Ventricular drainage', 'B': 'Middle meningeal artery embolization', 'C': 'Surgical evacuation', 'D': 'Conservative management with hyperosmolar solutions', 'E': 'Decompressive craniectomy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Surgical evacuation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Two days after being admitted for pneumonia, a 70-year-old man has repeated episodes of palpitations and nausea. He does not feel lightheaded and does not have chest pain. The patient appears mildly distressed. His pulse is 59/min and blood pressure is 110/60 mm Hg. Examination shows no abnormalities. Sputum cultures taken at the time of admission were positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. His magnesium is 2.0 mEq/L and his potassium is 3.7 mEq/L. An ECG taken during an episode of palpitations is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Administration of metoprolol', 'B': 'Administration of magnesium sulfate', 'C': 'Administration of amiodarone', 'D': 'Intermittent transvenous overdrive pacing', 'E': 'Adminstration of potassium chloride'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Administration of magnesium sulfate" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 19-year-old male college student is admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit with a chief complaint of “thoughts about killing my girlfriend.” The patient explains that throughout the day he becomes suddenly overwhelmed by thoughts about strangling his girlfriend and hears a voice saying “kill her.” He recognizes the voice as his own, though it is very distressing to him. After having such thoughts, he feels anxious and guilty and feels compelled to tell his girlfriend about them in detail, which temporarily relieves his anxiety. He also worries about his girlfriend dying in various ways but believes that he can prevent all of this from happening and “keep her safe” by repeating prayers out loud several times in a row. The patient has no personal history of violence but has a family history of psychotic disorders. He has been on haloperidol and fluoxetine for his symptoms in the past but neither was helpful. In addition to psychotherapy, which of the following medications is the most appropriate treatment for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Alprazolam', 'B': 'Amitriptyline', 'C': 'Buspirone', 'D': 'Clomipramine', 'E': 'Quetiapine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Clomipramine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Two hours after undergoing allogeneic kidney transplantation for polycystic kidney disease, a 14-year-old girl has lower abdominal pain. Examination shows tenderness to palpation in the area the donor kidney was placed. Ultrasound of the donor kidney shows diffuse tissue edema. Serum creatinine begins to increase and dialysis is initiated. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'T-lymphocyte activation by donor HLA peptides', 'B': 'Proliferation of donor T lymphocytes', 'C': 'Preformed antibodies against class I HLA molecules', 'D': 'Irreversible intimal fibrosis and obstruction of vessels', 'E': 'Immune complex deposition in donor tissue'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Preformed antibodies against class I HLA molecules" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 25-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician complaining of several months of diarrhea. She has also had crampy abdominal pain. She has tried modifying her diet without improvement. She has many watery, non-bloody bowel movements per day. She also reports feeling fatigued. The patient has not recently traveled outside of the country. She has lost 10 pounds since her visit last year, and her BMI is now 20. On exam, she has skin tags and an anal fissure. Which of the following would most likely be seen on endoscopy and biopsy?? \n{'A': 'Diffuse, non-focal ulcerations with granuloma', 'B': 'Diffuse, non-focal ulcerations without granuloma', 'C': 'Pseudopolyps and continuous mucosal involvement', 'D': 'Focal ulcerations with granuloma', 'E': 'Friable mucosa with pinpoint hemorrhages'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Focal ulcerations with granuloma" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 73-year-old woman presents to clinic with a week of fatigue, headache, and swelling of her ankles bilaterally. She reports that she can no longer go on her daily walk around her neighborhood without stopping frequently to catch her breath. At night she gets short of breath and has found that she can only sleep well in her recliner. Her past medical history is significant for hypertension and a myocardial infarction three years ago for which she had a stent placed. She is currently on hydrochlorothiazide, aspirin, and clopidogrel. She smoked 1 pack per day for 30 years before quitting 10 years ago and socially drinks around 1 drink per month. She denies any illicit drug use. Her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), pulse is 115/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 108/78 mmHg. On physical exam there is marked elevations of her neck veins, bilateral pitting edema in the lower extremities, and a 3/6 holosystolic ejection murmur over the right sternal border. Echocardiography shows the following findings:\n\nEnd systolic volume (ESV): 100 mL\nEnd diastolic volume (EDV): 160 mL\n\nHow would cardiac output be determined in this patient?? \n{'A': '160 - 100', 'B': '(160 - 100) * 115', 'C': '(100 – 160) * 115', 'D': '(160 - 100) / 160', 'E': '108/3 + (2 * 78)/3'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: (160 - 100) * 115" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He is asymptomatic. He reports that he recently found out that his wife had an affair with her personal trainer and that she now left him for her new partner. The patient is alone with their two children now. To be able to care for them, he had to reduce his working hours and to give up playing tennis twice a week. When asked about his feeling towards his wife and the situation, he reports that he has read several books about human emotion recently. He says, “Falling in love has neurological effects similar to those of amphetamines. I suppose, my wife was just seeking stimulation.” Which of the following defense mechanisms best describes this patient's reaction?? \n{'A': 'Rationalization', 'B': 'Intellectualization', 'C': 'Humor', 'D': 'Sublimation', 'E': 'Externalization'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Intellectualization" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 2-week-old boy presents to the pediatrics clinic. The medical records notes a full-term delivery, however, the boy was born with chorioretinitis and swelling and calcifications in his brain secondary to an in utero infection. A drug exists that can be used to prevent infection by the pathogen responsible for this neonate's findings. This drug can also provide protection against infection by what other microorganism?? \n{'A': 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis', 'B': 'Mycobacterium avium complex', 'C': 'Pneumocystitis jiroveci', 'D': 'Cryptococcus neoformans', 'E': 'Cytomegalovirus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Pneumocystitis jiroveci" } ]