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[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 38-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of a painful rash affecting his left foot. For the past 2 years, he has had recurrent episodes of color changes in his fingers when exposed to the cold; his fingers first turn white and then progress to blue and red before spontaneously resolving. He has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 20 years. His blood pressure is 115/78 mm Hg. Physical examination shows multiple tender, dark purple nodules on the lateral surface of the left foot with surrounding erythema that follow the course of the lateral marginal vein. There are dry ulcers on the tip of his right index finger and on the distal aspect of his right hallux. Serum lipid studies show no abnormalities. Biopsy of the dorsalis pedis artery will most likely show which of the following findings?? \n{'A': 'Granulomatous inflammation with narrowing of the vessel lumen', 'B': 'Segmental thrombosing inflammation with sparing of the internal elastic lamina', 'C': 'Calcification of the tunica media with foam cells and fibrous cap formation', 'D': 'Intraluminal fibrin clot predominantly composed of red blood cells', 'E': 'Transmural inflammation with fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel wall'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Segmental thrombosing inflammation with sparing of the internal elastic lamina" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old male nurse presents to the emergency room complaining of fever and malaise. He recently returned from a medical trip to Liberia to help with a deadly outbreak of a highly infectious disease. He reports severe generalized muscle pain, malaise, fatigue, and a sore throat. He has recently developed some difficulty breathing and a nonproductive cough. His past medical history is notable for asthma. He drinks alcohol socially and does not smoke. His temperature is 102.1°F (38.9°C), blood pressure is 115/70 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 24/min. On examination, a generalized maculopapular rash and bilateral conjunctival injection are noted. Laboratory testing reveals the presence of negative sense, singled-stranded linear genetic material with filaments of varying lengths. The pathogen responsible for this patient’s symptoms is most similar to which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Dengue virus', 'B': 'Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus', 'C': 'Lassa fever virus', 'D': 'Hantavirus', 'E': 'Marburg virus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Marburg virus" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 56-year-old woman presents to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She has no history of a serious illness and takes no medications. She exercises every day and follows a healthy diet. She does not smoke and consumes alcohol moderately. There is no family history of chronic disease. Her blood pressure is 145/92 mm Hg, which is confirmed on a repeat measurement. Her BMI is 23 kg/m2. The physical examination shows no abnormal findings. The laboratory test results show:\nSerum \nTotal cholesterol 193 mg/dL\nLow-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) 124 mg/dL\nHigh-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) 40 mg/dL\nTriglycerides 148 mg/dL\nHer 10-year risk of CVD is 3.6%. She is prescribed antihypertensive medication. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy at this time?? \n{'A': 'Atorvastatin', 'B': 'Cholestyramine', 'C': 'Evolocumab', 'D': 'Ezetimibe', 'E': 'No pharmacotherapy at this time'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Atorvastatin" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of progressive difficulty breathing and a productive cough for the past 2 days. During the past 6 months, he has had recurrent episodes of pneumonia treated with antibiotics. He has not gained weight in this time period. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 130/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg. Auscultation of the lungs shows decreased breath sounds over the right lung fields. Ocular examination shows periorbital subcutaneous bleeding and bulging of both eyes. His leukocyte count is 16,000/mm3. An x-ray of the chest shows a right-sided opacity and a collapsed right lung. An MRI of the chest shows a heterogeneous mass in the posterior mediastinum that compresses the heart and the great vessels to the left side. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Overexpression of the N-myc oncogene', 'B': 'Increased lymphoblast count in the bone marrow', 'C': 'Unregulated B-cell proliferation in the mediastinum', 'D': 'Autoantibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors', 'E': 'Acid-fast bacteria on sputum microscopy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Overexpression of the N-myc oncogene" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 62-year-old man presents to the physician because of difficulty initiating urination, terminal dribbling of urine, and bone pain for 3 months. He has no medical history of serious illness, and he currently takes no medications. His father had prostate cancer at age 58. His vital signs are within normal limits. The physical examination shows tenderness over the lower lumbar vertebrae and the right pelvis. The digital rectal exam (DRE) shows a prostate size equivalent to 2 finger pads with a hard nodule. The laboratory tests show the following results:\nSerum\nProstate-specific antigen (PSA) 15 ng/mL\nTestosterone 350 ng/mL (N=270–1070 ng/mL)\nThe prostate biopsy confirms the presence of prostate cancer with aggressive histologic features. The MRI shows local extension of the tumor. The radionuclide bone scan shows multiple metastatic sites. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Active surveillance', 'B': 'Androgen deprivation therapy', 'C': 'Chemotherapy', 'D': 'Radiation therapy', 'E': 'Radical prostatectomy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Androgen deprivation therapy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 53-year-old woman presents to a medical clinic complaining of diarrhea. She also has episodes during which her face becomes red and she becomes short of breath. These symptoms have been ongoing for the past few months. Five years ago she had an appendectomy. The medical history is otherwise not significant. On physical examination, her vital signs are normal. Wheezing is heard at the bases of the lungs bilaterally. A CT scan reveals multiple small nodules in the liver. A 24-hr urine collection reveals increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Which of the following is the next best step in the management of the patient?? \n{'A': 'Explain to the patient that this condition would resolve spontaneously', 'B': 'Start the patient on octreotide to manage the symptoms', 'C': 'Test for serum chromogranin A (CgA)', 'D': 'Start the patient on propranolol', 'E': 'Perform a liver nodule excision with wide margins'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Start the patient on octreotide to manage the symptoms" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 23-year-old woman presents to a medical clinic for a follow-up visit. She initially came with complaints of recurrent headaches and darkening of her knuckles and skin creases, which first began 6 months ago after she underwent bilateral adrenalectomy. Today, she says that she frequently bumps into people and objects while walking. Which of the following mechanisms most likely account for this patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Dissemination of tumor to distant sites', 'B': 'Ectopic secretion of a trophic hormone', 'C': 'Hormonal receptor downregulation', 'D': 'Loss of a regulatory process', 'E': 'Feedback inhibition by an exogenous source'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Loss of a regulatory process" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought in by his mother for a well-visit. She reports that he is going to start kindergarten soon. She is worried that he doesn’t like to play outside with the other kids on the block. When asked, the patient says “I like video games more than running. My big brother plays with me.” His mother states that his teachers reported that he did well in pre-school and participated in group games. The patient is normally a good listener but has become more stubborn about wanting to “do things by himself,” like getting dressed in the morning. The patient has no chronic medical conditions. He is allergic to peanuts. He takes no medications but has an epinephrine auto-injector for his allergy. His brother has asthma and his paternal grandfather died at age 56 of a myocardial infarction. The patient’s blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg and pulse is 105/min. He is in the 50th percentile for height and weight. On physical examination, a grade II systolic murmur is heard. When the patient stands up, the murmur decreases. Capillary refill is less than 2 seconds. Which of the following is the most likely is the next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Chest radiograph', 'B': 'Complete blood count', 'C': 'Echocardiogram', 'D': 'Electrocardiogram', 'E': 'Reassurance'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Reassurance" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 9-year-old boy with cerebral palsy is about to undergo a femoral osteotomy. An intravenous catheter needs to be placed; however, given prior experience the boy is extremely anxious and does not want to be stuck with a needle while awake. The decision is made to administer appropriate anesthesia by mask first before any other procedures are performed. An inhalation agent that would anesthetize most quickly has which of the following characteristics?? \n{'A': 'High blood solubility', 'B': 'High cerebrospinal fluid solubility', 'C': 'High lipid solubility', 'D': 'Low blood solubility', 'E': 'Low lipid solubility'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Low blood solubility" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 63-year-old woman presents to her physician with hip pain. She has had pain in both hips for almost 5 years, and it has progressed over time. She notes that it gets worse as the day goes on, making it difficult for her to walk her small dog in the evening. She has a little morning stiffness which subsides quickly after she starts to walk. In the last week, her pain became worse. The past medical history includes hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and mild hypothyroidism. She takes captopril, atorvastatin, and levothyroxine. She has also been taking acetaminophen almost every day with a dose increase up to 4,000 mg, but there is no significant decrease in pain. Both of her parents died in their 80's. The blood pressure is 135/85 mm Hg, heart rate is 74/min, respiratory rate is 12/min, and the temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). The BMI is 35 kg/m2. On physical examination, the leg strength is normal bilaterally. The neurological exam of both upper and lower extremities is normal. Her gait is difficult to assess due to pain. A radiograph of her left hip joint is shown in the image below. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for the patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'Switching acetaminophen to meloxicam', 'B': 'Switching acetaminophen to oral methylprednisolone', 'C': 'Addition of glucosamine supplementation', 'D': 'Addition of intra-articular hyaluronidase injections', 'E': 'Increasing the dose of acetaminophen to 6000 mg per day'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Switching acetaminophen to meloxicam" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 33-year-old man comes into the ED after getting into a fight at a bar. He tells the physician that he was punched in the face for no reason. In the ED, he declares multiple times that he is incredibly angry and upset that he was beaten up. The patient's mood rapidly shifts between anger and sadness. He is wearing a multi-colored top with bright yellow pants, and he makes broad gestures while speaking. Before the paramedics left, they told the doctor that multiple bystanders at the bar reported the patient was flirting with numerous women. He began to touch one of them inappropriately, and she shoved him away. Upset, he demanded to be taken to the ED. The doctor begins to suspect the patient has a personality disorder. Which one is most likely?? \n{'A': 'Antisocial personality disorder', 'B': 'Borderline personality disorder', 'C': 'Histrionic personality disorder', 'D': 'Narcisstic personality disorder', 'E': 'Schizotypal personality disorder'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Histrionic personality disorder" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 33-year-old African American woman presents to the clinic complaining of pain and swelling of her hands and wrists for the past 5 months. The symptoms are worse in the morning and are associated with stiffness that lasts about 15 minutes. She also complains of profound fatigue and decreased appetite. She is sexually active with one partner in a monogamous relationship. Past medical history is unremarkable and she is taking oral contraceptives. She smokes 1–2 cigarettes per day and drinks alcohol socially on the weekends. Temperature is 37.2°C (99.1°F), blood pressure is 130/82 mm Hg, pulse is 76/min, and respirations are 12/min. Physical examination reveals wrists that are tender to palpation, warm, and mildly swollen. Several metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints on both hands are also tender. Hand and wrist strength is 5/5 bilaterally. A non-tender ulcer on the buccal mucosa is also noted. When asked about it, the patient reports that it has been there for several months and does not bother her. Laboratory results are as follows:\nComplete blood count\nHemoglobin 10.3 g/dL\nPlatelets 90,000/mm3\nLeukocytes 6,700/mm3\nBlood urea nitrogen 16 mg/dL\nCreatinine 2.1 mg/dL\nUrinalysis\nBlood 10–20 red blood cells/hpf\nProtein 2+ protein\nB-HCG Negative\nWhich of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Parvovirus B19 infection', 'B': 'Gouty arthritis', 'C': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus', 'D': 'Behcet disease', 'E': 'Disseminated gonococcal arthritis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Systemic lupus erythematosus" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 44-year-old man presents to urgent care with severe vomiting. He states that he was at a camping ground for a party several hours ago and then suddenly began vomiting profusely. He denies experiencing any diarrhea and otherwise states he feels well. The patient only has a past medical history of lactose intolerance and hypertension managed with exercise and a low salt diet. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 123/65 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable only for tachycardia and diffuse abdominal discomfort. Which of the following foods is associated with the most likely cause of this patient's presentation?? \n{'A': 'Egg salad', 'B': 'Fish', 'C': 'Home-made ice cream', 'D': 'Refried rice', 'E': 'Unfiltered stream water'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Egg salad" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 52-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination 1 year after an uncomplicated liver transplantation. He feels well but wants to know how long he can expect his donor graft to function. The physician informs him that the odds of graft survival are 90% at 1 year, 78% at 5 years, and 64% at 10 years. At this time, the probability of the patient's graft surviving to 10 years after transplantation is closest to which of the following?? \n{'A': '64%', 'B': '82%', 'C': '71%', 'D': '58%', 'E': '45%'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: 71%" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 42-year-old man who recently immigrated from Mexico presents to the clinic with fever, a productive cough streaked with blood, back pain, and night sweats. He was found to be HIV-positive 3 years ago but does not know his most recent CD4+ count. With further questioning, the patient notes that he had previously experienced these symptoms when he was in Mexico, but he has no recollection of taking any treatment. Which of the following characteristics would best describe the histology of a lung biopsy specimen obtained from this patient?? \n{'A': 'Cells with increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio', 'B': 'Cellular debris and macrophages followed by cystic spaces and cavitation', 'C': 'Epithelioid cells surrounded by multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes', 'D': 'Macrophage filled with fungal microorganisms', 'E': 'Noncaseating granuloma'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Epithelioid cells surrounded by multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 87-year-old woman presents with fever, fatigue, and blood in her urine. She says that symptoms onset 3 days ago and have not improved. She describes the fatigue as severe and that her urine also has an odd smell to it. She denies any recent history of chills, abdominal or flank pain, or similar past symptoms. Past medical history is significant for a urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosed 2 weeks ago for which she just completed a course of oral antibiotics. The vitals signs include pulse rate 87/min and temperature 38.8°C (101.8°F). Physical examination is unremarkable. Urinalysis reveals the presence of acid-fast bacilli. The patient is admitted and an appropriate antibiotic regimen is started. Which of the following would be the best test to screen for latent infection by the microorganism most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'Chest X-ray', 'B': 'Sputum culture', 'C': 'Culture in Löwenstein-Jensen media', 'D': 'Interferon-gamma release assays', 'E': 'Gram stain of urine sample'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Interferon-gamma release assays" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 3-year-old girl is brought to the emergency room because of a 5-day history of high fever and fatigue. During this time she has been crying more than usual and eating less. Her mother says that the child has also complained about pain in her arms and legs for the past 3 days. She was born at term and has been otherwise healthy. She appears ill. Her temperature is 39.5°C (103.1°F), pulse is 128/min, and blood pressure is 96/52 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation. A grade 3/6 systolic murmur is heard at the apex. There is mild tenderness to palpation of the left upper quadrant with no guarding or rebound. The spleen is palpated 3 cm below the left costal margin. There is no redness or swelling of the joints. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 11.8 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 16,300/mm3\nPlatelet count 220,000/mm3\nErythrocyte sedimentation rate 50 mm/h\nSerum\nGlucose 96 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.7 mg/dL\nTotal bilirubin 0.4 mg/dL\nAST 18 U/L\nALT 20 U/L\nUrine\nProtein 2+\nRBC casts rare\nRBC 10/hpf\nWBC 1–2/hpf\nWhich of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?\"? \n{'A': 'Administer intravenous vancomycin', 'B': 'Measure rheumatoid factors', 'C': 'Obtain 3 sets of blood cultures', 'D': 'Obtain a transesophageal echocardiography', 'E': 'Obtain a renal biopsy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Obtain 3 sets of blood cultures" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 30-year-old primigravid woman at 16 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department because of vaginal bleeding. She has had spotting for the last 2 days. She has had standard prenatal care. A viable uterine pregnancy was confirmed on ultrasonography during a prenatal care visit 2 weeks ago. She reports recurrent episodes of pain in her right wrist and both knees. Until pregnancy, she smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 11 years. Pelvic examination shows an open cervical os and blood within the vaginal vault. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 9.6 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 8,200/mm3\nPlatelet count 140,000/mm3\nProthrombin time 14 seconds\nPartial thromboplastin time 46 seconds\nSerum\nNa+ 136 mEq/L\nK+ 4.1 mEq/L\nCl- 101 mEq/L\nUrea nitrogen 12 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.3 mg/dL\nAST 20 U/L\nALT 15 U/L\nUltrasonography shows an intrauterine pregnancy and no fetal cardiac activity. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's examination findings?\"? \n{'A': 'Preeclampsia', 'B': 'Chromosomal abnormalities', 'C': 'Subchorionic hematoma', 'D': 'Hyperfibrinolysis', 'E': 'Placental thrombosis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Placental thrombosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a general checkup. The patient has no complaints, but is overweight by 20 lbs. The physician orders outpatient labs which come back with an elevated total bilirubin. Concerned, the PCP orders further labs which show: total bilirubin: 2.4, direct bilirubin 0.6, indirect bilirubin 1.8. Which of the following are true about this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Over time, destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts will result in cirrhosis', 'B': 'Treatment is centered around decreasing total body iron with chelation and serial phlebotomy', 'C': 'Laparoscopy would demonstrate a blackened liver due to buildup of metabolites', 'D': \"This patient's disease exhibits autosomal recessive inheritance, with complete penetrance\", 'E': 'Diagnosis is readily made with characteristic metabolic response to rifampin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Diagnosis is readily made with characteristic metabolic response to rifampin" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A clinical trial is conducted to determine the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) beta-amyloid levels as a biomarker in the early detection and prognosis of Alzheimer disease. A total of 100 participants are enrolled and separated into three groups according to their Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score: mild dementia (20–24 points), moderate dementia (13–20 points), and severe dementia (< 13 points). Participants' CSF level of beta-amyloid 42 is measured using an immunoassay. It is found that participants with severe dementia have a statistically significantly lower mean CSF level of beta-amyloid 42 compared to the other two groups. Which of the following statistical tests was most likely used to compare measurements between the study groups?? \n{'A': 'Chi-square test', 'B': 'Fishers exact test', 'C': 'Two-sample t-test', 'D': 'Pearson correlation analysis', 'E': 'Analysis of variance'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Analysis of variance" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 58-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic fever has been experiencing exertional fatigue and dyspnea. She has begun using several pillows at night to sleep and occasionally wakes up at night gasping for air. On exam, she appears dyspneic and thin. Cardiac exam reveals a loud S1, opening snap, and apical diastolic rumble. Which of the following is the strongest predictor of the severity of her cardiac problem?? \n{'A': 'Greater intensity of the diastolic rumble', 'B': 'Short time between A2 and the opening snap', 'C': 'Presence of a soft P2', 'D': 'Shorter duration of the diastolic rumble', 'E': 'Presence of rales'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Short time between A2 and the opening snap" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 48-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of a productive cough. He has daily yellowish sputum with occasional streaks of blood in it. Twelve years ago, he was treated for pulmonary tuberculosis for 6 months. He has hypertension and coronary artery disease. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. Current medications include metoprolol, clopidogrel, rosuvastatin, and enalapril. He appears thin. His temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), pulse is 98/min, and blood pressure is 138/92 mm Hg. Pulmonary examination shows inspiratory crackles at the right infraclavicular area. His hemoglobin concentration is 12.2 g/dL, leukocyte count is 11,300/mm3, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 38 mm/h. Urinalysis is normal. An x-ray of his chest is shown. Which of the following is most likely to be seen on further evaluation of the patient?? \n{'A': 'Exposure to asbestos', 'B': 'Repositioning the patient causes the mass to move', 'C': 'Clusters of gram-positive cocci in sputum', 'D': 'Multiple lytic foci on skeletal scintigraphy', 'E': 'Positive c-ANCA test\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Repositioning the patient causes the mass to move" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 73-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her son because of a 2-month history of diarrhea and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. Her son says that she frequently trips over the nightstand when she gets up to go to the bathroom at night. She is 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall and weighs 54 kg (120 lb); BMI is 18 kg/m2. Physical examination shows dry skin, multiple bruises on the shins, and triangular keratin plaques on the temporal half of the conjunctiva. A deficiency of which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of these findings?? \n{'A': 'Retinol', 'B': 'Zinc', 'C': 'Pantothenic acid', 'D': 'Riboflavin', 'E': 'Niacin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Retinol" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 11-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents for confusion and fever. The patient began complaining of a headache yesterday afternoon that progressively got worse. After waking him up this morning, his mom noticed that “he seemed funny and wasn’t able to carry a conversation fully.” When asked about his past medical history, the dad claims that he’s been healthy except for 2-3 episodes of finger pain and swelling. Physical examination demonstrates a boy in moderate distress, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity. A CSF culture reveals a gram-positive, diplococci bacteria. What characteristic would you expect in the organism most likely responsible for this patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Culture on chocolate agar with factors V and X', 'B': 'K-capsule', 'C': 'Maltose fermentation', 'D': 'Optochin sensitivity', 'E': 'Pyocyanin production'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Optochin sensitivity" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 40-year-old man is bitten by a copperhead snake, and he is successfully treated with sheep hyperimmune Fab antivenom. Six days later, the patient develops an itchy abdominal rash and re-presents to the emergency department for medical care. He works as a park ranger. His medical history is significant for gout, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus type II, and multiple basal cell carcinomas on his face and neck. He currently smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day, drinks a 6-pack of beer per day, and currently denies any illicit drug use. His vital signs include: temperature 40.0°C (104.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 111/min, and respiratory rate 23/min. On physical examination, his gait is limited by diffuse arthralgias, and he has clear breath sounds bilaterally and normal heart sounds. There is also a pruritic abdominal serpiginous macular rash which has spread to involve the back, upper trunk, and extremities. Of the following options, which best describes the mechanism of his reaction?? \n{'A': 'Type I–anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction', 'B': 'Type II–cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction', 'C': 'Type III–immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction', 'D': 'Type IV–cell-mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Type I and IV–mixed anaphylactic and cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Type III–immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Treatment with intravenous acyclovir is initiated. Three days later, the patient develops progressively worse fatigue, headache, and colicky pain in his right flank. His temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 85/min, and blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg. Examination shows no new lesions. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 11.3 g/dL\nSerum\nNa+ 140 mEq/L\nCl- 99 mEq/L\nK+ 5.5 mEq/L\nHCO3- 22 mEq/L\nUrea nitrogen 56 mg/dL\nCreatinine 3.2 mg/dL\nWhich of the following is the most likely finding on urinalysis?\"? \n{'A': 'Eosinophils and red blood cells', 'B': 'Gram-negative rods and white blood cell casts', 'C': 'Red blood cell casts and acanthocytes', 'D': 'Crystals and white blood cells', 'E': 'Fatty casts and proteinuria'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Crystals and white blood cells" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 16-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because of a 6-month history of progressive fatigue and worsening shortness of breath on exertion. The parents report that the boy “has always been tired out a bit more easily than other kids.” The family recently immigrated to the United States from rural South Korea. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 96% on bilateral index fingers. Radial pulses are bounding. There is mild bluish discoloration and bulbous enlargement of the distal toes bilaterally. Echocardiography is most likely to show which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Single overriding great vessel arising from the heart', 'B': 'Anomalous shunting of blood through a defect in atrial septum', 'C': 'Persistent blood flow between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta', 'D': 'Positioning of the ascending aorta directly over a ventricular septal defect', 'E': 'Abnormal narrowing of the aorta at the aortic isthmus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Persistent blood flow between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 69-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband for evaluation of the sudden onset of chest pain and breathlessness 2 hours ago. The pain increases with deep inspiration. She had a total hip replacement 20 days ago. She has hypertension, for which she takes a calcium channel blocker. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily since adolescence. Her vital signs include a blood pressure of 100/60 mm Hg, pulse of 82/min, and respiratory rate of 30/min. She is cyanotic. Examination of the chest revealed tenderness over the right lower lung with dullness to percussion. A chest CT scan showed a focal, wedged-shaped, pleura-based triangular area of hemorrhage in the right lower lobe of the lung. What is the most probable cause of the pulmonary lesion?? \n{'A': 'Vasculitis', 'B': 'Thrombosis', 'C': 'Embolism', 'D': 'Pulmonary atherosclerosis', 'E': 'Arteriosclerosis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Embolism" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 10-year-old boy comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. He was diagnosed with asthma one year ago and uses an albuterol inhaler as needed. His mother reports that he has had shortness of breath on exertion and a dry cough 3–4 times per week over the past month. Pulmonary examination shows expiratory wheezing in all lung fields. Treatment with low-dose inhaled mometasone is initiated. Which of the following recommendations is most appropriate to prevent complications from this treatment?? \n{'A': 'Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use three times weekly', 'B': 'Pantoprazole use prior to meals', 'C': 'Minimizing use of a spacer', 'D': 'Oral rinsing after medication administration', 'E': 'Weight-bearing exercise three times weekly'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Oral rinsing after medication administration" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 20-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presents to the urgent care clinic with increased vaginal discharge and dysuria. On social history review, she endorses having multiple recent sexual partners. The patient uses oral contraceptive pills for contraception and states that she has not missed a pill. The patient's blood pressure is 119/80 mm Hg, pulse is 66/min, and respiratory rate is 16/min. On pelvic examination, there are multiple punctate, red petechiae on her cervix. Wet mount demonstrates motile flagellated organisms. Which of the following is the recommended treatment for her underlying diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Single-dose PO metronidazole', 'B': 'Vaginal clindamycin', 'C': 'Vaginal metronidazole', 'D': 'PO fluconazole', 'E': 'IM benzathine penicillin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Single-dose PO metronidazole" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 2-year-old girl presented to the emergency department after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure that lasted one minute, an hour ago. She has been in good health since birth and has no history of convulsions in the past. She has been sick with an upper respiratory tract infection for the last 2 days, and her parents have been medicating her at home for a subjective fever. Her blood pressure is 109/51 mm Hg, pulse rate is 180/min, temperature is 38.9°C (102.0°F), and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The child is sleepy and ill-appearing. The cardiovascular, respiratory, and abdominal examinations are unremarkable. Blood glucose level is 50 mg/dL. Three boluses of IV dextrose are given, but the patient remains drowsy. CXR is normal. After a few hours, her clinical condition deteriorates with associated respiratory failure that requires intubation and mechanical ventilation. Liver function tests reveal AST > 3,000 U/L, ALT > 2,200 U/L, and INR > 3.0. Further testing ruled out hepatitis A, B, and C, and CMV infection. CT scan of the brain was normal. What is the most likely cause of her condition?? \n{'A': 'Hemosiderin deposition', 'B': 'Copper deposition', 'C': 'Ca2+ efflux', 'D': 'Glutathione saturation', 'E': 'Decrease in hypothalamic set point'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Glutathione saturation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 37-year-old man comes to the emergency department with his wife because of a 3-day history of severe pain in his right arm. He also reports that he cannot move his right arm. The symptoms began after the patient woke up one morning, having slept on his side. He is otherwise healthy. He works as a waiter and says that he feels exhausted from working several night shifts per week. He adds that he “can barely keep his eyes open” when looking after their daughter the next day. Since the onset of the pain, he has been unable to work and is fully dependent on his wife, who took an extra shift to make enough money to pay their monthly bills. The patient appears relaxed but only allows himself to be examined after his wife convinces him. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows 1/5 muscle strength in the right arm. Reflexes are normal. He has no sensation to light touch over the entire right arm and forearm. When a pin prick test is conducted, the patient rapidly withdraws the right arm. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Brachial neuritis', 'B': 'Factitious disorder', 'C': 'Malingering', 'D': 'Radial nerve palsy', 'E': 'Illness anxiety disorder'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Malingering" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A female newborn delivered at 38 weeks’ gestation is evaluated for abdominal distention and bilious vomiting 24 hours after delivery. The pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated. She appears lethargic and her fontanelles are sunken. An x-ray of the abdomen is shown. This infant most likely has a congenital obstruction affecting which of the following anatomic structures?? \n{'A': 'Esophagus', 'B': 'Common bile duct', 'C': 'Ileum', 'D': 'Pylorus', 'E': 'Duodenum\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Duodenum\n\"" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A group of researchers recently conducted a meta-analysis of twenty clinical trials encompassing 10,000 women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer who were disease-free following adjuvant radiotherapy. After an observation period of 15 years, the relationship between tumor grade and distant recurrence of cancer was evaluated. The results show:\nDistant recurrence No distant recurrence\nWell differentiated 500 4500\nModerately differentiated 375 2125\nPoorly differentiated 550 1950\nBased on this information, which of the following is the 15-year risk for distant recurrence in patients with high-grade breast cancer?\"? \n{'A': '550/1425', 'B': '500/5000', 'C': '550/2500', 'D': '2500/10000', 'E': '1950/8575'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: 550/2500" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Specificity for breast examination is traditionally rather high among community practitioners. A team of new researchers sets forth a goal to increase specificity in detection of breast cancer from the previously reported national average of 74%. Based on the following results, has the team achieved its goal?\nBreast cancer screening results:\n Patients with breast cancer\nPatients without breast cancer\nTest is Positive (+)\n21\n5\nTest is Negative (-)\n7\n23? \n{'A': 'No, the research team’s results lead to nearly the same specificity as the previous national average.', 'B': 'Yes, the team has achieved an increase in specificity of approximately 8%.', 'C': 'Yes, the team has achieved an increase in specificity of over 15%.', 'D': 'It can not be determined, as the prevalence of breast cancer is not listed.', 'E': 'It can not be determined, since the numbers affiliated with the first trial are unknown.'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Yes, the team has achieved an increase in specificity of approximately 8%." } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician for evaluation of pallor and increasing lethargy for 3 days. Six days ago, he experienced abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea that have since resolved. The family returned from a road trip to Mexico 4-weeks ago. His temperature is 38.8°C (101.8°F), pulse is 128/min, respirations are 30/min, and blood pressure is 96/60 mm Hg. Examination shows pale conjunctivae and scleral icterus. The abdomen is soft, nontender, and nondistended. Bowel sounds are hyperactive. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 7.8 g/dL\nMean corpuscular volume 92 μm3\nLeukocyte count 18,500/mm3\nPlatelet count 45,000/mm3\nProthrombin time 12 sec\nPartial thromboplastin time 34 sec\nSerum\nUrea nitrogen 32 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.8 mg/dL\nBilirubin\nTotal 2.0 mg/dL\nDirect 0.1 mg/dL\nLactate dehydrogenase 1685 U/L\nA peripheral blood smear shows schistocytes. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of this patient's presentation?\"? \n{'A': 'Bacteremia', 'B': 'IgA Immune complex-mediated vasculitis', 'C': 'Microthrombi formation', 'D': 'Deficiency of ADAMTS13', 'E': 'Infection with an RNA picornavirus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Microthrombi formation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 39-year-old woman comes to the physician for worsening fatigue and dyspnea for several months. She has not been seen by a physician in 10 years. She is also concerned about the appearance of her fingernails. A photograph of her hands is shown. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause for the patient's nail findings?? \n{'A': 'Psoriatic arthritis', 'B': 'Iron deficiency anemia', 'C': 'Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis', 'D': 'Bronchial asthma', 'E': 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She feels well. Menses have occured at regular 30-day intervals and last for 5 days with normal flow. She has a history of gonorrhea that was treated at 20 years of age. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 3 years. She drinks one glass of wine daily. Her only medication is an oral contraceptive. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination including pelvic examination shows no abnormalities. A Pap smear shows high-grade squamous epithelial lesion. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Colposcopy', 'B': 'Cervical biopsy', 'C': 'Endometrial sampling', 'D': 'Repeat cytology in 6 months', 'E': 'Loop electrosurgical excision'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Colposcopy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 65-year-old man with a history of myocardial infarction is admitted to the hospital for treatment of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. He is 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) tall and weighs 80 kg (173 lb). He is given an intravenous bolus of 150 mg of amiodarone. After 20 minutes, the amiodarone plasma concentration is 2.5 mcg/mL. Amiodarone distributes in the body within minutes, and its elimination half-life after intravenous administration is 30 days. Which of the following values is closest to the volume of distribution of the administered drug?? \n{'A': '17 L', 'B': '60 L', 'C': '10 L', 'D': '80 L', 'E': '150 L'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: 60 L" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old man presents with a fever that has persisted for 3 days. He says that the fever was initially low at around 37.8°C (100.0°F), but, for the past 2 days, it has been around 38.9°C (102.0°F), regardless of his attempts to bring it down. He has also noticed some bumps on his neck. On further questioning, he mentions that he was recently out rabbit hunting with his friends. He is prescribed an antibiotic and requested to follow-up in 2 weeks. On follow-up, the patient seems better, however, he says he now has a slight hearing difficulty. What is the mechanism of action of the drug that was prescribed to this patient?? \n{'A': 'It binds to the 50S subunit and prevents translocation', 'B': 'It binds to the 30S subunit and prevents amino acid incorporation', 'C': 'It binds to the 50S subunit and prevents the formation of the initiation complex', 'D': 'It binds to the 50S subunit and prevents the formation of the peptide bond', 'E': 'It binds to the 30S subunit and prevents the formation of the initiation complex'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: It binds to the 30S subunit and prevents the formation of the initiation complex" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 7-year-old boy is rushed to the emergency room after developing severe abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting for a day at a summer camp. He also has a bad cough and generalized muscle weakness. He was doing fine until these symptoms started on day 3 of his camp. Past medical history obtained from his parents on the phone was significant for recurrent nephrotic syndrome controlled by prolonged corticosteroid therapy. His blood pressure is 110/75 mm Hg, axillary temperature is 38.9°C (102.0°F) and random blood sugar is 49 mg/dL. On examination, he appears somnolent. His heart has a regular rate and rhythm and his lungs have rhonchi and focal wheezing, bilaterally. Results of other lab investigations are:\nSodium 131 mEq/L\nPotassium 5.1 mEq/L\nChloride 94 mEq/L\nBicarbonate 16 mEq/L\nUrea 44 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.4 mg/dL\nA respiratory culture is positive for type A influenza. Which of the following is most likely to be the predisposing cause of the patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Bilateral hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal glands', 'B': 'Iatrogenic suppression of a trophic effect on the adrenal glands', 'C': 'An extremely virulent form of Influenza', 'D': 'Immunosuppression', 'E': 'Primary adrenal insufficiency'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Iatrogenic suppression of a trophic effect on the adrenal glands" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 5-day-old newborn is brought into the pediatrician by her parents for new-onset vaginal bleeding. This morning, when the patient’s father was changing her diaper he noticed blood and white vaginal discharge. The patient was born at 39 weeks to a G1P1 mother who has well-controlled type 1 diabetes. The pregnancy and the vaginal delivery were unremarkable. Apgar scores were 8/9. The mother is breast-feeding and reports that the patient is feeding well. The patient’s temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 70/48 mmHg, pulse is 134/min, and respirations are 38/min with an oxygen saturation of 98% on room air. She has lost 5% of her weight since birth. Physical examination notes neonatal acne, enlarged breasts, swollen labia, white vaginal discharge, and evidence of blood in the vaginal opening. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Congenital adrenal hyperplasia', 'B': 'External trauma', 'C': 'Genitourinary infection', 'D': 'Maternal estrogen withdrawal', 'E': 'Yolk sac tumor'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Maternal estrogen withdrawal" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Image A depicts the distribution of the lab value of interest in 250 patients. Given that this is not a normal (i.e. Gaussian) distribution, how many patients are contained in the portion highlighted blue?? \n{'A': '125 patients', 'B': '130 patients', 'C': '140 patients', 'D': '250 patients', 'E': 'Not enough information provided'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: 125 patients" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An investigator develops a new drug that decreases the number of voltage-gated potassium channels in cardiac muscle cell membranes. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this drug on the myocardial action potential?? \n{'A': 'Decreased resting membrane potential', 'B': 'Accelerated depolarization', 'C': 'Delayed repolarization', 'D': 'Delayed depolarization', 'E': 'Accelerated repolarization'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Delayed repolarization" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 47-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He states that he has felt fatigued and dizzy on several occasions over the past week. He has back pain for which he takes ibuprofen. Digital rectal examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 15 g/dL, a serum urea nitrogen concentration of 22 mg/dL, a serum creatinine concentration of 1.4 mg/dL, and a serum calcium concentration of 8.4 mg/dL. His prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level is 0.3 ng/mL (N < 4.5). An intravenous infusion of para-aminohippurate (PAH) is administered and its clearance is calculated. The patient's effective renal plasma flow is estimated to be 660 mL/min (N = 500–1350). The filtration fraction is calculated to be 9% (N = 17–23). Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's laboratory abnormalities?? \n{'A': 'Bacteremia', 'B': 'Hypovolemia', 'C': 'Kidney stones', 'D': 'NSAID use', 'E': 'Multiple myeloma'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Kidney stones" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 36-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a 2-day history of conjunctivitis, sensitivity to bright light, and decreased visual acuity. She denies a history of ocular trauma. She wears contact lenses and thought that the contact lenses may be the cause of the symptoms, although she has always used proper hygiene. Fluorescein staining showed a corneal dendritic branching ulcer with terminal bulbs that stained with rose bengal. Giemsa staining revealed multinucleated giant cells. What is the most likely causative agent?? \n{'A': 'Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 ', 'B': 'Varicella zoster virus', 'C': 'Acanthamoeba', 'D': 'Candida albicans', 'E': 'Pseudomonas '}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 " } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 9-year-old boy presents with persistent epistaxis. The patient’s mother says that his nosebleed started suddenly 2 hours ago, and has not ceased after more than 20 minutes of applying pressure. She states that he has a history of nosebleeds since he was a toddler, but, in the past, they usually stopped after a few minutes of applying pressure. The patient is otherwise healthy and has been meeting all developmental milestones. The family history is significant for a grandfather and an uncle who had excessive bleeding tendencies. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Factor IX deficiency', 'B': 'Presence of a factor VIII inhibitor', 'C': 'Presence of the lupus anticoagulant', 'D': 'Vitamin K deficiency', 'E': 'Proteinuria'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Factor IX deficiency" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for leg pain. The patient works as a mailman but states he has had difficulty completing his deliveries for the past month. He complains of a burning and tingling pain in his legs when he walks that goes away when he sits down and takes a break. The patient has a past medical history of obesity, diabetes, stable angina, and constipation. His current medications include insulin and metformin. The patient has a 22-pack-year smoking history and he drinks 2-3 alcoholic beverages per day. Physical exam reveals a stout man with a ruddy complexion. His gait is stable and he demonstrates 5/5 strength in his upper and lower extremities. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Ankle-brachial index', 'B': 'Arterial ultrasound', 'C': 'Arteriography', 'D': 'Aspirin', 'E': 'Atorvastatin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Ankle-brachial index" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 56-year-old woman comes to the physician with a 6-month history of black spots in her vision. She has been unable to drive at night for the past 4 months. The patient has rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and depression. Her mother has glaucoma. She has never smoked. She drinks one or two glasses of homemade moonshine every day after dinner. Current medications include metformin, citalopram, and chloroquine. She is 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall and weighs 79 kg (174 lb); BMI is 28 kg/m2. Her temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 68/min, and blood pressure is 138/83 mm Hg. Examination shows swan neck deformities of both hands. The patient's vision is 20/20 in both eyes. She has difficulty adapting to changes in lighting in both eyes. Slit lamp examination shows a normal anterior segment. The posterior segment shows bilateral bull's eye macular lesions.\nHemoglobin 11.7 g/dL\nMean corpuscular volume 98 μm3\nSerum\nAlkaline phosphatase 65 U/L\nAspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT) 20 U/L\nAlanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT) 17 U/L\nγ-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) 90 U/L (N=5–50 U/L)\nWhich of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?\"? \n{'A': 'Chloroquine retinopathy', 'B': 'Methanol toxicity', 'C': 'Diabetic retinopathy', 'D': 'Angle-closure glaucoma', 'E': 'Age-related macular degeneration'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Chloroquine retinopathy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 43-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her daughter because she has been intermittently crying for 6 hours and does not want to get out of bed. Her symptoms started after she was fired yesterday from her job of 20 years. She says she feels sad and does not understand what she will do with her life now. She uses an over-the-counter inhaler as needed for exercise-induced asthma, and recently started oral isotretinoin for acne. She used to smoke a pack of cigarettes per day, but for the last year she has decreased to 2 cigarettes daily. She appears sad and very upset. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 140/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. On mental status examination, she is oriented to person, place, and time. She maintains eye contact and follows instructions. She denies suicidal ideation. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this finding?? \n{'A': 'Major depressive disorder', 'B': 'Acute stress disorder', 'C': 'Normal stress reaction', 'D': 'Adjustment disorder', 'E': 'Drug-related depression'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Normal stress reaction" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 83-year-old bedbound man presents with a shallow open ulcer over his sacrum, with a red wound bed. Upon further examination, he also has areas of non-blanching redness on his lateral malleoli. Which of the following interventions would most likely have prevented his condition?? \n{'A': 'Elevating the head of the bed to 45 degrees', 'B': 'Nutritional supplementation', 'C': 'Topical antibiotics', 'D': 'Anti-coagulants', 'E': 'Frequent repositioning'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Frequent repositioning" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An infant boy is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. He was born at term and has been healthy since. He is beginning to crawl but can not yet walk or run. He feeds himself small foods and can bang 2 cubes together. He is just beginning to successfully use a pincer grasp. He has stranger anxiety. He is at the 40th percentile for height and weight. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following additional skills or behaviors would be expected in a healthy patient of this developmental age?? \n{'A': 'Enjoys peek-a-boo', 'B': 'Follows one-step commands', 'C': 'Gives objects to others', 'D': 'Knows 3–6 words', 'E': 'Says mama or dada'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Says mama or dada" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An otherwise healthy 8-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her parents because of concern for growth retardation. Although she has always been short for her age, her classmates have begun teasing her for her height. She is at the 5th percentile for height and 25th percentile for weight. Physical examination shows a low-set posterior hairline, increased skin folds along the side of the neck, and a high-arched palate. The nipples are widely spaced and the fourth metacarpal bones are shortened bilaterally. This patient is at increased risk of developing which of the following complications?? \n{'A': 'Intellectual disability', 'B': 'Aortic stenosis', 'C': 'Precocious puberty', 'D': 'Acute lymphoblastic leukemia', 'E': 'Lens dislocation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Aortic stenosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old woman presents to the clinic for routine follow-up. She recently discovered that she is pregnant and is worried about taking medications throughout her pregnancy. She has a history of hypothyroidism and takes levothyroxine daily. Her vital signs are unremarkable. Her physical exam is consistent with the estimated 11-week gestation time. Which of the following statements regarding levothyroxine use during pregnancy is correct?? \n{'A': 'Pregnant women will need to reduce the dose of levothyroxine to prevent congenital malformations.', 'B': 'Animal studies have shown an adverse effect to the fetus, but there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans.', 'C': 'Levothyroxine use in pregnancy is contraindicated, and its use should be discontinued.', 'D': 'Well-controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy, and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters.', 'E': 'Levothyroxine can be safely used in the first trimester of pregnancy but should be discontinued in the second and third trimesters.'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Well-controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy, and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters." } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 61-year-old female with a history of breast cancer currently on chemotherapy is brought by her husband to her oncologist for evaluation of a tremor. She reports that she developed a hand tremor approximately six months ago, prior to the start of her chemotherapy. The tremor is worse at rest and decreases with purposeful movement. She has experienced significant nausea and diarrhea since the start of her chemotherapy. Her past medical history is also notable for diabetes and hypertension treated with metformin and lisinopril, respectively. She takes no other medications. On examination, there is a tremor in the patient’s left hand. Muscle tone is increased in the upper extremities. Gait examination reveals difficulty initiating gait and shortened steps. Which of the following medications is contraindicated in the management of this patient’s nausea and diarrhea?? \n{'A': 'Ondansetron', 'B': 'Benztropine', 'C': 'Diphenhydramine', 'D': 'Loperamide', 'E': 'Metoclopramide'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Metoclopramide" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 64-year-old female with a long-standing history of poorly-controlled diabetes presents with 3 weeks of abnormal walking. She says that lately she has noticed that she keeps dragging the toes of her right foot while walking, and this has led to her stubbing her toes. Upon physical exam, you notice a right unilateral foot drop that is accompanied by decreased sensation in the first dorsal web space. She also walks with a pronounced steppage gait. A deficit in which of the following nerves is likely responsible for this presentation?? \n{'A': 'Superficial peroneal nerve', 'B': 'Deep peroneal nerve', 'C': 'Tibial nerve', 'D': 'Saphenous nerve', 'E': 'Sural nerve'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Deep peroneal nerve" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician because of a 4-day history of fever, chills, nausea, and abdominal pain. He does not use illicit drugs. His temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). Physical examination shows right upper quadrant tenderness. Ultrasonography of the abdomen shows a 6-cm solitary, fluid-filled cavity in the right hepatic lobe. CT-guided percutaneous aspiration of the cavity produces yellowish-green fluid. Culture of the aspirated fluid grows gram-negative, lactose-fermenting rods. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the color of the aspirated fluid?? \n{'A': 'Pyoverdine', 'B': 'Prodigiosin', 'C': 'Myeloperoxidase', 'D': 'Staphyloxanthin', 'E': 'Biliverdin'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Myeloperoxidase" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which T-lymphocytes initiate an immune system response targeting the myelin sheaths of the central nervous system. What stage of T-lymphocyte development is the most likely to be defective in this disorder?? \n{'A': 'Positive selection', 'B': 'Negative selection', 'C': 'D-J rearrangement', 'D': 'V-DJ rearrangement', 'E': 'Isotype switching'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Negative selection" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 46-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up evaluation one week after being discharged from the hospital for acute pancreatitis and alcohol withdrawal. He drinks 8 to 10 beers daily. When the physician asks him about his alcohol use, the patient says, “This is the second time in a year that I have experienced such severe belly pain because of my pancreas. I realize that it really could be happening because of the amount of alcohol I am drinking. However, I don't think I have the willpower to cut down.” This patient is most likely in which of the following stages of behavioral change?? \n{'A': 'Maintenance', 'B': 'Precontemplation', 'C': 'Preparation', 'D': 'Action', 'E': 'Contemplation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Contemplation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 40-year-old male in West Virgina presents to the emergency room complaining that his vision has deteriorated within the past several hours to the point that he can no longer see. He explains that some acquaintances sold him some homemade liquor and stated that it was pure as it burned with a \"yellow flame.\" Which of the following if administered immediately after drinking the liquor would have saved his vision?? \n{'A': 'Methylene blue', 'B': 'Ethanol', 'C': 'Amy nitrite', 'D': 'Atropine', 'E': 'Succimer'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Ethanol" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 40-year-old woman with HIV infection presents to the emergency department because of a 4-week history of progressively worsening fatigue and headache. On mental status examination, the patient is somnolent and oriented only to person. Her CD4+ lymphocyte count is 80/mm3 (N = 500). Analysis of this patient's cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shows a leukocyte count of 30/mm3 (60% lymphocytes), a protein concentration of 52 mg/dL, and a glucose concentration of 37 mg/dL. An India ink stain of the CSF is shown. Which of the following characteristics would also point towards the most likely cause?? \n{'A': 'Ataxia', 'B': 'Chancre', 'C': 'Cranial neuropathy', 'D': 'Focal neurologic deficits', 'E': 'Pulmonary symptoms'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Cranial neuropathy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old man presents with 2 weeks of low-grade fever, malaise, night sweats, orthopnea, and shortness of breath. Past medical history is unremarkable. He reports a long-standing history of intravenous drug use for which he has been hospitalized a couple of times in the psychiatry ward. His vital signs upon admission show a blood pressure of 100/80 mm Hg, pulse of 102/min, a respiratory rate of 20/min, and a body temperature of 38.4°C (101.0°F). On cardiac auscultation, there is an S3 gallop and a 3/6 holosystolic murmur heard best along the right sternal border. There are fine rattles present over the lung bases bilaterally. Which of the following tests would be of the greatest diagnostic value in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Procalcitonin', 'B': 'B-type natriuretic peptide', 'C': 'CPK-MB', 'D': 'Blood culture', 'E': 'C-reactive protein'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Blood culture" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 60-year-old-man presents to his physician with worsening myalgias and new symptoms of early fatigue, muscle weakness, and drooping eyelids. His wife presents with him and states that he never used to have such symptoms. His medical history is significant for gout, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus type II, and pilocytic astrocytoma as a teenager. He denies smoking, drinks a 6-pack of beer per day, and endorses a past history of cocaine use but currently denies any illicit drug use. His vital signs include temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 87/min, and respiratory rate 15/min. Physical examination shows minimal bibasilar rales, but otherwise clear lungs on auscultation, grade 2/6 holosystolic murmur, 3/5 strength in all extremities, and benign abdominal findings. The Tensilon test result is positive. Which of the following options explains why a chest CT should be ordered for this patient?? \n{'A': 'Assessment for motor neuron disease', 'B': 'Exclusion of underlying lung cancer', 'C': 'Evaluation for mediastinal botulinum abscess', 'D': 'Exclusion of a thymoma', 'E': 'Evaluation of congenital vascular anomaly'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Exclusion of a thymoma" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 52-year-old man presents his primary care physician for follow-up. 3 months ago, he was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metformin was started. Today, his HbA1C is 7.9%. The physician decides to add pioglitazone for better control of hyperglycemia. Which of the following is a contraindication to pioglitazone therapy?? \n{'A': 'Renal impairment', 'B': 'Sulfa allergy', 'C': 'Genital mycotic infection', 'D': 'Pancreatitis', 'E': 'History of bladder cancer'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: History of bladder cancer" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 32-year-old woman comes in to see her physician because she has had undiagnosed abdominal pain for the past 3 and a half years. Her pain is not related to meals and does not correspond to a particular time of day, although she does report nausea and bloating. In the past two years she has had two endoscopies, a colonoscopy, and an exploratory laproscopy - without any results. She is very concerned because her mother has a history of colon cancer. The patient has been unable to work or maintain a social life because she's constantly worrying about her condition. What is this patient's most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Somatic symptom disorder', 'B': 'Functional neurologic symptom disorder', 'C': 'Hypochondriasis', 'D': 'Factitious disorder', 'E': 'Body dysmorphic disorder'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Somatic symptom disorder" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 18-year-old man is hospitalized after a suicide attempt, his 6th such attempt in the last 4 years. He was diagnosed with depression 5 years ago, for which he takes fluoxetine. He is currently complaining of severe and worsening left knee swelling and pain since he attempted suicide by jumping out of his second-story bedroom window. He sustained minor injuries at the time, primarily lacerations to his arms and knees, and he was admitted to the hospital’s psychiatric unit. His blood pressure is 110/72 mm Hg, heart rate is 88/min, and temperature is 38°C (100.4°F). On examination, the knee is erythematous and edematous, and it feels warm to the touch. The patient’s lab studies reveal a hemoglobin level of 11.9 g/dL, leukocyte count of 11,200/µL, and a platelet count of 301,000/µL. Arthrocentesis yields 15 mL of fluid with a leukocyte count of 61,000/µL, 93% neutrophils, and an absence of crystals under polarized light microscopy. A gram stain of joint fluid is negative; however, mucosal, blood and synovial fluid cultures are still pending. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Administer naproxen', 'B': 'Administer naproxen and oral antibiotics', 'C': 'Administer intravenous antibiotics and repeat arthrocentesis', 'D': 'Obtain a radiograph of the knee and administer indomethacin', 'E': 'Administer naproxen and colchicine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Administer intravenous antibiotics and repeat arthrocentesis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 75-year-old man who underwent a bilateral lung transplant 11 months ago presented to the emergency room with fevers and chills. After the transplant procedure, he was immediately placed on immunosuppressive treatment; however, for unknown reasons he stopped taking the prophylactically-prescribed voriconazole (a triazole antifungal medication used for the treatment and prevention of invasive fungal infections). Upon presentation to the emergency room, the patient was hypoxemic. Imaging revealed pulmonary nodules, which prompted a transbronchial biopsy for further evaluation. The results were negative for acute organ rejection, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, and acid-fast bacilli. Slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) were also prepared, as presented on the upper panel of the accompanying picture, which revealed large round structures. The specimen was sent to the microbiology laboratory for fungal culture, which resulted in the growth of a fuzzy mold on Sabouraud agar (selective medium for the isolation of fungi) at 30.0°C (86.0°F). A lactophenol cotton blue preparation revealed the organism shown on the lower panel of the accompanying picture. What organism has infected this patient?? \n{'A': 'Coccidioides species', 'B': 'Blastomyces dermatitidis', 'C': 'Cryptococcus neoformans', 'D': 'Histoplasma capsulatum', 'E': 'Malbranchea species'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Coccidioides species" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 53-year-old man presents to the urgent care clinic with a persistent cough and progressively worsening shortness of breath. He has had these symptoms for several weeks and used to only become breathless during exercise but now has breathing difficulty while at rest. The patient says that he has mild-to-moderate respiratory distress and fatigue for months. Past medical history is significant for lymphoma, treated with several rounds of chemotherapy, now in remission. Additionally, he takes a baby aspirin every day and a multivitamin. He smokes cigarettes and cigars and has smoked at least a half of a pack of cigarettes every day for the past 30 years. Family history is significant for 1 uncle with a lung problem but he does not know what it was. On physical exam, the vital signs include: heart rate 101/min, respiratory rate 23/min, blood pressure 125/85 mm Hg, and temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F). On cardiopulmonary examination, diffuse crackles are auscultated over all lung fields during inspiration. Mild digit clubbing is observed. A preliminary diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is established. Which additional finding is also expected in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Cushing’s syndrome', 'B': 'Acute exposure to asbestos', 'C': 'Reversal of symptoms with smoking cessation', 'D': 'Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio', 'E': 'Cystic airspaces in the lung interstitium on CT scan'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Cystic airspaces in the lung interstitium on CT scan" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 17-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her parents for the evaluation of belly pain and a pruritic skin rash on her shoulders for the last 6 months. She describes feeling bloated after meals. Over the past 3 months, she has had multiple loose bowel movements per day. She appears thin. She is at the 20th percentile for height and 8th percentile for weight. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 120/78 mm Hg. Examination shows conjunctival pallor and inflammation of the corners of the mouth. There are several tense, grouped subepidermal blisters on the shoulders bilaterally. The abdomen is soft, and there is diffuse tenderness to palpation with no guarding or rebound. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?? \n{'A': 'Increased serum lipase', 'B': 'Inflammation of the terminal ileum', 'C': 'Esophageal webs', 'D': 'IgA tissue transglutaminase antibodies', 'E': 'Oocysts on acid-fast stain\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: IgA tissue transglutaminase antibodies" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 50-year old woman presents to her family physician 6 months after the death of her husband, who died following a car accident. She is crying inconsolably and reports that she no longer enjoys doing the things she and her husband once did together. She feels guilty for the time she wasted arguing with him in the past. She finds herself sleeping on most mornings, but still lacks the energy and concentration needed at work. The physical examination is normal. Based on a well-known hypothesis, which of the following combinations of neurotransmitter abnormalities most likely exist in this patient?? \n{'A': '↓ Norepinephrine, ↓ Serotonin, ↓ Dopamine', 'B': 'Normal Norepinephrine, Normal Serotonin, ↓ Dopamine', 'C': 'Normal Norepinephrine, Normal Serotonin, ↑ Dopamine', 'D': 'Normal Norepinephrine, ↓ Serotonin, Normal Dopamine', 'E': '↑ Norepinephrine, ↑ Serotonin, ↑ Dopamine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: ↓ Norepinephrine, ↓ Serotonin, ↓ Dopamine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 56-year-old male with history of CHF presents to a trauma center following a motor vehicle accident. On arrival, his Glasgow Coma Scale score is 8, and he is found to have increased intracranial pressure. Mannitol is administered. Which of the following side effects of the drug would you most likely observe in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Blood dyscrasias', 'B': 'Seizures', 'C': 'Pulmonary edema', 'D': 'Arrhythmias', 'E': 'Restrictive cardiomyopathy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Pulmonary edema" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 51-year-old white female presents to her primary care physician for a regular check-up. She endorses eating a healthy diet with a balance of meat and vegetables. She also states that she has a glass of wine each night with dinner. As part of the evaluation, a complete blood count and blood smear were performed and are remarkable for: Hemoglobin 8.7 g/dL, Hematocrit 27%, MCV 111 fL, and a smear showing macrocytes and several hypersegmented neutrophils. Suspecting an autoimmune condition with anti-intrinsic factor antibodies, what other finding might you expect in this patient?? \n{'A': 'High serum TSH', 'B': 'Psorasis', 'C': 'Cheilosis', 'D': 'Bleeding gums', 'E': 'Abdominal colic'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: High serum TSH" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 29-year-old woman presents to her primary physician with complaints of episodic late-night agitations and insomnia to an extent that her work is at stake due to her poor performance for months. Her husband reports that she has recently spent their savings on a shopping spree. He is worried that she might be taking illicit substances as her behavior changes very often. The toxicology screen comes back negative. The physician diagnoses her with bipolar disorder and prescribes her a medication. Which of the following statements best describes the prescribed therapy?? \n{'A': 'The prescribed medication does not require therapeutic monitoring', 'B': 'The patient should be informed about the risk of thyroid function impairment', 'C': 'The medication can be discontinued abruptly when the patient’s symptoms ameliorate', 'D': 'Patient can not be switched to any other therapy if this therapy fails', 'E': 'She can be pregnant if she wishes to do so while on this medication'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: The patient should be informed about the risk of thyroid function impairment" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old primigravida woman at 13-weeks' gestation is scheduled for a prenatal evaluation. This is her first appointment, though she has known she is pregnant for several weeks. A quad screening is performed with the mother's blood and reveals the following:\nAFP (alpha-fetoprotein) Decreased\nhCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) Elevated\nEstriol Decreased\nInhibin Elevated\nUltrasound evaluation of the fetus reveals increased nuchal translucency. Which mechanism of the following mechanisms is most likely to have caused the fetus’s condition?? \n{'A': 'Robertsonian translocation', 'B': 'Nondisjunction', 'C': 'Nucleotide excision repair defect', 'D': 'Mismatch repair', 'E': 'Mosaicism'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Nondisjunction" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 39-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of fatigue, decreased sexual desire, and difficulty achieving an erection. He has no past medical history except for a traumatic brain injury he sustained in a motor vehicle accident 4 months ago. At that time, neuroimaging studies showed no abnormalities. Physical examination shows bilateral gynecomastia and a thin white nipple discharge. Decreased production of which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's current condition?? \n{'A': 'Dopamine', 'B': 'Growth hormone', 'C': 'Gonadotropin-releasing hormone', 'D': 'Thyrotropin-releasing hormone', 'E': 'Luteinizing hormone'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Dopamine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 27-year-old woman comes to her primary care physician complaining of palpitations. She reports that for the past 2 months she has felt anxious and states that her heart often feels like it’s “racing.” She also complains of sweating and unintentional weight loss. Physical examination reveals symmetrical, non-tender thyroid enlargement and exophthalmos. After additional testing, the patient is given an appropriate treatment for her condition. She returns 2 weeks later complaining of worsening of her previous ocular symptoms. Which of the following treatments did the patient most likely receive?? \n{'A': 'Methimazole', 'B': 'Propranolol', 'C': 'Propylthiouracil', 'D': 'Radioactive iodine', 'E': 'Thyroidectomy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Radioactive iodine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 9-month-old infant presents to your office for a check-up. Exam reveals mental retardation, microcephaly, and a mousy odor to his breath. You should be concerned that the infant may have which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Deficit of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity', 'B': 'Deficit of porphobilinogen deaminase activity', 'C': 'Deficit of tyrosine hydroxylase activity', 'D': 'Excess tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor', 'E': 'Excess phenylalanine hydroxylase activity'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Deficit of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A previously healthy 16-year-old girl comes to the physician because of fever, fatigue, and a sore throat for 8 days. She also has a diffuse rash that started yesterday. Three days ago, she took amoxicillin that she had at home. She is sexually active with two male partners and uses condoms inconsistently. Her temperature is 38.4°C (101.1°F), pulse 99/min, blood pressure 106/70 mm Hg. Examination shows a morbilliform rash over her trunk and extremities. Oropharyngeal examination shows tonsillar enlargement and erythema with exudates. Tender cervical and inguinal lymphadenopathy are present. Abdominal examination shows mild splenomegaly. A peripheral blood smear shows lymphocytosis with > 10% atypical lymphocytes. Which of the following is most likely to be positive in this patient?? \n{'A': 'ELISA for HIV', 'B': 'Flow cytometry', 'C': 'Anti-CMV IgM', 'D': 'Throat swab culture', 'E': 'Heterophile antibody test'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Heterophile antibody test" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 18-year-old college freshman scrapes his knee after falling from his bike. He applies some topical neomycin because he knows that it has antibiotic properties. As he is also in biology class, he decides to research the mechanism of action of neomycin and finds that it interferes with formation of the 30S initiation complex in bacteria. What is the messenger RNA (mRNA) signal recognized by the 30S ribosomal subunit necessary for the initiation of translation?? \n{'A': 'Shine-Dalgarno sequence', 'B': \"5' methyl-guanosine cap\", 'C': 'Polyadenosine tail', 'D': 'Kozak sequence', 'E': 'UAA, UAG, and UGA codons'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Shine-Dalgarno sequence" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of a progressively worsening tremor in his hands and multiple falls over the past 3 months. The tremor occurs both at rest and with movement. He also reports decreased concentration and a loss of interest in his normal activities over this time period. He has no history of serious medical illness and takes no medications. He drinks two alcoholic beverages daily and does not use illicit drugs. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical exam shows mild jaundice, a flapping tremor, and a broad-based gait. Serum studies show:\nAspartate aminotransferase 554 U/L\nHepatitis B surface antibody positive\nHepatitis B surface antigen negative\nCeruloplasmin 5.5 mg/dL (normal: 19.0-31.0 mg/dL)\nWhich of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient?\"? \n{'A': 'Tenofovir', 'B': 'Prednisolone', 'C': 'Levodopa', 'D': 'Deferoxamine', 'E': 'Penicillamine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Penicillamine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Following the death of an 18-year-old woman, the task force determines a fatal drug interaction as the cause. The medical error is attributed to the fatigue of the treating resident. The report includes information regarding the resident’s work hours: The resident received the patient at the 27th hour of his continuous duty. Over the preceding month, he had been on duty a maximum of 76 hours per week and had provided continuity of care to patients up to a maximum of 30 hours on the same shift. He had only had 1 day per week free from patient care and educational obligations, and he had rested a minimum of 12 hours between duty periods. Regarding this particular case, which of the following is in violation of the most recent standards set by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)?? \n{'A': 'The duty hour during which this resident received the patient', 'B': 'The maximum number of hours per week this resident was on duty', 'C': 'The minimum rest hours this resident had between duty periods', 'D': 'The number of days per week this resident was free from patient care and educational obligations', 'E': 'The maximum number of hours allowed for continued patient care'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: The duty hour during which this resident received the patient" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 58-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of right lower extremity pain and burning while walking. The pain subsides with rest. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 30 years. Her current medications include metformin, atorvastatin, and aspirin. Examination shows a lack of hair and decreased skin temperature over the right foot. The right pedal pulse is not palpable. The physician adds a drug to her regimen that causes vasodilation and inhibits the aggregation of platelets and the proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Which of the following drugs was most likely added?? \n{'A': 'Dabigatran', 'B': 'Eptifibatide', 'C': 'Bosentan', 'D': 'Clopidogrel', 'E': 'Cilostazol'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Cilostazol" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 6-week-old girl is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has had difficulty feeding with frequent regurgitation of milk and her mother is concerned that the child is not gaining weight appropriately. The mother reports that the girl's crying resembles a squeaky door. She is at the 2nd percentile for head circumference, 30th percentile for height, and 15th percentile for weight. Examination shows mandibular hypoplasia, a broad nasal bridge, widely-spaced eyes, and a round face. The palpebral fissures are down-slanting and she has a single palmar crease. A 3/6 pansystolic murmur is heard along the left lower sternal border. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Microdeletion at chromosome 5', 'B': 'X-linked gene mutation', 'C': 'Translocation at chromosome 21', 'D': 'Trisomy of chromosome 13', 'E': 'Maternal hypothyroidism'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Microdeletion at chromosome 5" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 64-year-old man presents to the emergency department with acute onset of chest pain. He says the pain is substernal and radiates to his left arm. He has a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, erectile dysfunction, benign prostate hyperplasia, and panic disorder. He takes aspirin, lisinopril, metformin, sildenafil, prazosin, and citalopram. An electrocardiogram shows new ST-elevations in the lateral leads. He undergoes catherization, which reveals a complete blockage of the left circumflex artery. A stent is placed, and the patient is discharged with clopidogrel and isosorbide mononitrate. Five days later the patient presents to the emergency department complaining of fainting spells. The patient’s temperature is 97°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 89/53 mmHg, and pulse is 90/min. Physical examination is unremarkable. An electrocardiogram reveals lateral Q waves without ST or T wave abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient’s presentation?? \n{'A': 'Fibrinous pericarditis', 'B': 'Medication interaction', 'C': 'Myocardial wall rupture', 'D': 'Papillary muscle rupture', 'E': 'Stent thrombosis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Medication interaction" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A newborn male, delivered by emergency Cesarean section during the 28th week of gestation, has a birth weight of 1.2 kg (2.5 lb). He develops rapid breathing 4 hours after birth. Examination of the respiratory system reveals a respiratory rate of 80/min, expiratory grunting, intercostal and subcostal retractions with nasal flaring. His chest radiograph shows bilateral diffuse reticulogranular opacities and poor lung expansion. His echocardiography suggests a diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus with left-to-right shunt and signs of fluid overload. The pediatrician administers intravenous indomethacin to facilitate closure of the duct. Which of the following effects best explains the mechanism of action of this drug in the management of this neonate?? \n{'A': 'Inhibition of lipoxygenase', 'B': 'Increased synthesis of prostaglandin E2', 'C': 'Decreased blood flow in the vasa vasorum of the ductus arteriosus', 'D': 'Induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase', 'E': 'Increased synthesis of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Decreased blood flow in the vasa vasorum of the ductus arteriosus" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 60-year-old man presents to the clinic for his annual check-up. The patient says that he has occasional leg cramps, and his legs feel heavy especially after standing for long hours to teach his classes. His past medical history is significant for hypertension which is controlled by metoprolol and lisinopril. He has smoked half a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 30 years. He does not drink alcohol. Family history is significant for myocardial infarction (MI) in his father at the age of 55 years. The blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg and the pulse rate is 78/min. On physical examination, there are tortuosities of the veins over his lower limb, more pronounced over the left leg. Peripheral pulses are 2+ on all extremities and there are no skin changes. Strength is 5 out of 5 in all extremities bilaterally. Sensation is intact. No pain in the dorsiflexion of the foot. The rest of the examination and the laboratory tests are normal. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology responsible for this patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue', 'B': 'Age-related fatigability', 'C': 'Intramural thrombus in a deep vein of the leg', 'D': 'Valvular incompetence of lower limb veins and increased venous pressure', 'E': 'Atherosclerosis of medium- and large-sized arteries of the lower limb'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Valvular incompetence of lower limb veins and increased venous pressure" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A mother brings in her 7-year-old son because she is worried about his behavior after his teacher called. The patient’s mother says she was told that he has not been doing his assignments and frequently tells his teachers that he forgets about them. In addition, he tends to have a difficult time sitting still in class and frequently disrupts the other children. This behavior has been going on for about 8 months, but recently it worsened prompting his teacher to bring it to his mother’s attention. The patient’s mother was surprised to hear about these issues; however, she admits that she needs to repeat herself several times when asking her son to complete his chores. He also has trouble sitting still when doing homework. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Antisocial personality disorder', 'B': 'Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder', 'C': 'Conduct disorder', 'D': 'Oppositional defiant disorder', 'E': 'Schizoid personality disorder'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 36-year-old primigravid woman at 8 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department because of vaginal bleeding and mild suprapubic pain 1 hour ago. The bleeding has subsided and she has mild, brown spotting now. Her medications include folic acid and a multivitamin. She smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 10 years and drank alcohol occasionally but stopped both 6 weeks ago. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 92/min, and blood pressure is 116/77 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows a closed cervical os and a uterus consistent in size with an 8-week gestation. Ultrasonography shows an intrauterine pregnancy and normal fetal cardiac activity. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Reassurance and follow-up ultrasonography', 'B': 'Low-dose aspirin therapy', 'C': 'Progestin therapy', 'D': 'Cervical cerclage', 'E': 'Complete bed rest'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Reassurance and follow-up ultrasonography" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 27-year-old man presents to his physician for a checkup. At presentation, he complains of anxiety and persistently mood. The patient’s comorbidities include chronic gastritis treated with Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy, and chronic pyelonephritis with stage 1 chronic kidney disease. His grandfather who was a heavy smoker just passed away due to metastatic lung cancer. The patient has an 8-year-history of smoking, and he is concerned about consequences of his habit. He says that he tried to quit several times with nicotine patches, but he is unsuccessful because of the unpleasant symptoms and returning anxiety. Moreover, his tobacco use increased for the past 12 months due to increased anxiety due to his job and family problems, which could not be relieved by previous consumption levels. He still wants to stop smoking due to the health concerns. The patient’s vital signs and physical examination are unremarkable. The physician considers prescribing the patient a partial nicotine agonist, and conducts a further testing to see whether the patient is eligible for this medication. Which of the following tests is required to be performed prior to prescribing this medication to the presented patient?? \n{'A': 'Esophagogastroduodenoscopy', 'B': 'Mini mental state examination', 'C': '9-item patient health questionnaire', 'D': 'Creatinine assessment', 'E': 'Echocardiography'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: 9-item patient health questionnaire" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 6-day history of fever and chills. During this period, he has had generalized weakness, chest pain, and night sweats. He has a bicuspid aortic valve and recurrent migraine attacks. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 5 years. He does not drink alcohol. He has experimented with intravenous drugs in the past but has not used any illicit drugs in the last two months. Current medications include propranolol and a multivitamin. He appears ill. His temperature is 39°C (102.2°F), pulse is 108/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 150/50 mm Hg. Diffuse crackles are heard. A grade 3/6 high-pitched, early diastolic, decrescendo murmur is best heard along the left sternal border. An S3 gallop is heard. The remainder of the physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 13.1 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 13,300/mm3\nPlatelet count 270,000/mm3\nSerum\nGlucose 92 mg/dL\nCreatinine 0.9 mg/dL\nTotal bilirubin 0.4 mg/dL\nAST 25 U/L\nALT 28 U/L\nThree sets of blood cultures are sent to the laboratory. Transthoracic echocardiography confirms the diagnosis. In addition to antibiotic therapy, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?\"? \n{'A': 'Repeat echocardiography in 4 weeks', 'B': 'Mechanical valve replacement of the aortic valve', 'C': 'Porcine valve replacement of the aortic valve', 'D': 'Cardiac MRI', 'E': 'Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Mechanical valve replacement of the aortic valve" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 34-year-old woman with Crohn disease comes to the physician because of a 4-week history of nausea, bloating, and epigastric pain that occurs after meals and radiates to the right shoulder. Four months ago, she underwent ileocecal resection for an acute intestinal obstruction. An ultrasound of the abdomen shows multiple echogenic foci with acoustic shadows in the gallbladder. Which of the following mechanisms most likely contributed to this patient’s current presentation?? \n{'A': 'Increased bilirubin production', 'B': 'Increased hepatic cholesterol secretion', 'C': 'Decreased fat absorption', 'D': 'Decreased motility of the gallbladder', 'E': 'Decreased biliary concentration of bile acids'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Decreased biliary concentration of bile acids" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:Forty-five minutes after the spontaneous delivery of a male newborn at 39 weeks' gestation, a 27-year-old primigravid woman complains of worsening abdominal pain and dizziness. The patient was admitted to the hospital 5 hours prior because of spontaneous rupture of membranes. During labor, she experienced a brief episode of inadequate contractions which resolved following administration of IV oxytocin. The placenta was extracted manually after multiple attempts of controlled cord traction and fundal pressure. The patient has no history of serious illness except for occasional nosebleeds. The pregnancy was uncomplicated. Her pulse is 110/min and blood pressure is 85/50 mmHg. There is brisk vaginal bleeding from a round mass protruding from the vagina. The fundus is not palpable on abdominal exam. Which of the following is the most likely cause of bleeding in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Coagulation disorder', 'B': 'Uterine rupture', 'C': 'Retained placental products', 'D': 'Uterine inversion', 'E': 'Laceration of cervix\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Uterine inversion" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 36-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after the sudden onset of severe, generalized abdominal pain. The pain is constant and she describes it as 9 out of 10 in intensity. She has hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and chronic lower back pain. Menses occur at regular 28-day intervals with moderate flow and last 4 days. Her last menstrual period was 2 weeks ago. She is sexually active with one male partner and uses condoms inconsistently. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 15 years and drinks 2–3 beers on the weekends. Current medications include ranitidine, hydrochlorothiazide, atorvastatin, and ibuprofen. The patient appears ill and does not want to move. Her temperature is 38.4°C (101.1°F), pulse is 125/min, respirations are 30/min, and blood pressure is 85/40 mm Hg. Examination shows a distended, tympanic abdomen with diffuse tenderness, guarding, and rebound; bowel sounds are absent. Her leukocyte count is 14,000/mm3 and hematocrit is 32%. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's pain?? \n{'A': 'Ruptured ectopic pregnancy', 'B': 'Bowel obstruction', 'C': 'Perforation', 'D': 'Colorectal cancer', 'E': 'Acute mesenteric ischemia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Perforation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An investigator is studying the role of different factors in inflammation and hemostasis. Alpha-granules from activated platelets are isolated and applied to a medium containing inactive platelets. When ristocetin is applied, the granules bind to GpIb receptors, inducing a conformational change in the platelets. Binding of the active component of these granules to GpIb receptors is most likely responsible for which of the following steps of hemostasis?? \n{'A': 'Platelet adhesion', 'B': 'Platelet aggregation', 'C': 'Local vasoconstriction', 'D': 'Clotting factor activation', 'E': 'Platelet activation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Platelet adhesion" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 14-year-old boy comes to the physician because of an itchy rash on his right arm for 1 day. The rash started as small papules, then progressed into blisters with oozing. He has had atopic dermatitis at the age of 6 years. His vital signs are within normal limits. A photograph of the patient's arm is shown. There is no lymphadenopathy. Avoidance of contact with which of the following would most likely have prevented this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Antibiotics', 'B': 'Bees', 'C': 'Plants', 'D': 'Sun', 'E': 'Gluten'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Plants" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 5-year-old girl presents with a rash and a persistent fever of 41.0°C (105.8°F), not relieved by Tylenol. The patient’s mother says that her symptoms started 5 days ago and have not improved. The rash started on her trunk and now is present everywhere including the palms and soles. Her birth history is normal. Her pulse is 120/min and respiratory rate is 22/min. On physical examination, the patient is agitated and ill-appearing. There is significant swelling of the distal upper and lower extremities bilaterally. The pharynx is hyperemic (see image). Generalized edema with non-palpable cervical lymphadenopathy is noted. Muscle tone is normal. Remainder of exam is unremarkable. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:\nLaboratory test\nHb 9 g/dL\nRBC 3.3/mm3\nNeutrophilic leukocytosis 28,000/mm3\nNormal platelet count 200,000/mm3\nSerum ɣ-GT increased\nHyperbilirubinemia 2.98 mg/dL\nAST and ALT are normal, but there is markedly increased serum CRP. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Scarlet fever', 'B': 'Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis', 'C': 'Kawasaki disease', 'D': 'Adenovirus infection', 'E': 'Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Kawasaki disease" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 24-year-old male graduate student presents to the physician for a 2-month history of persistent thoughts and anxiety that he is going to be harmed by someone on the street. The anxiety worsened after he witnessed a pedestrian being hit by a car 2 weeks ago. He states, “That was a warning sign.” On his way to school, he now often leaves an hour earlier to take a detour and hide from people that he thinks might hurt him. He is burdened by his coursework and fears that his professors are trying to fail him. He says his friends are concerned about him, but claims they do not understand because they were not present at the accident. The patient has no known history of any psychiatric illnesses. On the mental status exam, he is alert and oriented, and he shows a full range of affect. Thought processes and speech are organized. His memory and attention are within normal limits. He denies auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations. The results of urine toxicology screening are negative. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Avoidant personality disorder', 'B': 'Delusional disorder', 'C': 'Generalized anxiety disorder', 'D': 'Schizophreniform disorder', 'E': 'Schizophrenia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Delusional disorder" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 19-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with complaints of blurry vision and headaches that started 2 days ago. She reports that she has been experiencing some facial pain, but she thought it was related to her toothache. She is also worried about a black spot that is increasing in size on her face over the last month. She expresses concerns about her frequency of urination. Recently, she had a runny nose and cough that resolved spontaneously. The patient was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at 13 years of age. She is a non-smoker and drinks beer occasionally. Her blood pressure is 122/98 mm Hg and temperature is 37.2°C (98.9°F). The physical examination is normal with the exception of a black necrotic eschar lateral to the right nasal ala. She lost 2.7 kg (6 lb) since her last visit, which was 6 months ago. A routine urinalysis at the office is positive for glucose and ketones. What is the most likely cause of the patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Bacillus anthracis', 'B': 'Mucormycosis', 'C': 'Histoplasma capsulatum', 'D': 'Aspergillus fumigatus', 'E': 'Clostridium difficile'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Mucormycosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of headache, palpitations, diarrhea, and weight loss. She takes no medications. Her pulse is 110/min and blood pressure is 125/70 mm Hg. Examination shows warm, moist skin and diffuse hyperreflexia. An MRI of the brain shows a sellar mass. The underlying cause of this patient's condition is best explained by binding of a ligand to which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Intracytosolic nuclear receptor', 'B': 'Receptor tyrosine kinase', 'C': 'G protein-coupled receptors', 'D': 'Membrane-bound guanylate cyclase', 'E': 'Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: G protein-coupled receptors" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 27-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a wellness checkup. She states that she is currently doing well but is unable to engage in exercise secondary to her asthma. Her asthma is well-controlled at baseline, and her symptoms only arise when she is trying to exercise once a week at volleyball practice. She is currently only using an albuterol inhaler once a month. The patient’s physical exam is notable for good bilateral air movement without wheezing on pulmonary exam. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Add inhaled fluticasone to her asthma regimen', 'B': 'Add montelukast to her asthma regimen', 'C': 'Add oral prednisone to her asthma regimen', 'D': 'Recommend cessation of athletic endeavors', 'E': 'Recommend she use her albuterol inhaler prior to exercise'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Recommend she use her albuterol inhaler prior to exercise" } ]