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The quest for the historical Jesus is the attempt to use historical rather than religious methods to construct a verifiable biography of Jesus. As originally defined by Albert Schweitzer, the quest began in the 18th century with Hermann Samuel Reimarus, up to William Wrede in the 19th century and further progressed by Friedrich Nietzsche who specifically said 'Got ist tot' (translated, "God is dead"). The quest is commonly divided into stages, and it continues today among scholars such as the fellows of the Jesus Seminar. Reimarus composed a treatise rejecting miracles and accusing Bible authors of fraud, but he didn't publish his findings.Gotthold Lessing published Reimarus's conclusions in the Wolfenbuettel fragments. D.F. Strauss's biography of Jesus set Gospel criticism on its modern course. Strauss explained gospel miracles as natural events misunderstood and misrepresented.Ernest Renan was the first of many to portray Jesus simply as a human person.Albrecht Ritschl had reservations about this project, but it became central to liberal Protestantism in Germany and to the Social Gospel movement in America.Martin Kaehler protested, arguing that the true Christ is the one preached by the whole Bible, not a historical hypothesis.William Wrede questioned the historical reliability of Mark.Albert Schweitzer showed how histories of Jesus had reflected the historians' bias.Karl Barth repudiated the quest for historical Jesus, suppressing any real interest in the topic from c 1920 to c 1970. There was a brief New Quest movement in the 50s. Today, historical efforts to construct a biography of Jesus are as strong as ever. The First Quest As originally defined by Schweitzer, the quest began with Reimarus and ended with Wrede. This period saw increasing influence of historical Jesus as an academic and popular topic. Soon after Wrede's work, Karl Barth and Rudolf Bultmann denounced the whole effort, marking the end of the so-called first quest. These scholars of what today would be called the Quest for the Historical Jesus applied the historical methodologies of their day to distinguish the mythology from the history of Jesus. Reimarus pioneered "the search for the historical Jesus", applying the Rationalism of the Enlightenment Era to claims about Jesus. Although Schweitzer was among the greatest contributors to this quest, he also ended the quest by noting how each scholar's version of Jesus seemed little more than an idealized autobiography of the scholar himself - a criticism suggestive of Ludwig Feuerbach, and still haunts Jesus research to this day. Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965), The Quest of the Historical Jesus (1906) - "Schweitzer saw Jesus' ethic as only an "interim ethic" (a way of life good only for the brief period before the cataclysmic end, the eschaton). As such he found it no longer relevant or valid. Acting on his own conclusion, in 1913 Schweitzer abandoned a brilliant career in theology, turned to medicine, and went out to Africa where he founded the famous hospital at Lambaréné out of respect for all forms of life." Some recent scholars have reasserted Schweitzer's eschatological view of Jesus: see Dale Allison in his 1998 work "Jesus of Nazareth, Milenarian Prophet" and Bart D. Ehrman in 1999 work Jesus, Apolocyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. Conversely others, such as the Jesus Seminar, have denied the authenticity of Jesus' eschatological message, describing Jesus as a wandering sage. The New Quest Also called the Second Quest. The New Quest was a brief movement in the 1950s to revive the quest for historical Jesus. These scholars emphasized the "constraints of history", so that despite uncertainties there were historical data that were usable. Moreover they disputed claims of extreme lateness for the formation of the New Testament and generally accomplished a consensus of approximately year 70 AD, give-or-take a decade or two depending on a specific text. Likewise they emphasized how the redaction of the New Testament resulted from a process over time, so that the New Testament included early textual layers, around which later and later layers crystalized. The form of the Gospel of Thomas was often argued to corroborate the existence of the Q Gospel, whose hypothetical form would resemble it. Hypothesizing about the existence of original source texts became useful for data relevant to the Historical Jesus. These early texts continue to remain hypothetical unless future discoveries render proof of their existence. Research into historical Jesus is strong today, especially thanks to better knowledge of first-century Judaism, a rebirth of Roman Catholic biblical scholarship, broad acceptance of historical methods, sociological insights, and literary analysis. These scholars tend to focus on the early textual layers of the New Testament for data to reconstruct a biography for the Historical Jesus. Many of these scholars rely on a redactive critique of the hypothetical Q Gospel and on a Greco-Roman "Mediterranean" milieu as opposed to a Jewish milieu and tend to view Jesus as a radical philosopher of Wisdom literature, who strives to destabilize the economic status quo. Some scholars also rely on a critique of non-canonical texts for early textual layers that possibly evidence Jesus. The Jewishness of Jesus is first and foremost. These scholars use the archeology of Israel and the analysis of formative Jewish literature, including the Mishna, Dead Sea Scrolls, New Testament (as a Jewish text) and Josephus, to reconstruct the ancient worldviews of Jews in the 1st-century Roman provinces of Iudaea and Galilaea - and only afterward investigate how Jesus fits in. They tend to view Jesus as a proto-rabbi who announced the Kingdom of Heaven. The focus on Jesus's social environment rather than on Jesus himself is an intentional methodology to increase the influence of verifiable scientific criteria for evaluating Jesus and to reduce the influence of personal subjective criteria.

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Refine by Type Heroin is a white or brown powder or a black, sticky goo. It's made from morphine, a natural substance in the seedpod of the Asian poppy plant. It can be mixed with water and injected with a needle. Heroin can also be smoked or snorted up the nose. All of these ways of taking heroin send it to the brain very quickly. This makes it very addictive. Major health problems from heroin include miscarriages, heart infections, and death from overdose. People who inject the drug also risk getting infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.(Read more)

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Disease and Its Causes (Ellen White - 64 pages) On June 6, 1863, Ellen White had her first vision concerning matters relating to physical health. In 1864 she made her first published presentation in the 38-page article “Health,” in Spiritual Gifts, vol. 4. She and James White edited six pamphlets in 1865 entitled Health, or How to Live that contained articles from many sources and authors on health. In each issue an article entitled “Disease and Its Causes” appeared, in which Ellen White amplified the health message, sharing what she had been shown regarding the preservation and restoration of health. Although Mrs. White never requested the reprinting of these articles, they were republished between 1899 and 1900 in the Review and Herald. Those six articles are here reprinted in their entirety. The Appendix is a letter written in 1897 that relates to some of the issues raised in Chapter 6. Note: the articles contained in Disease and Its Causes are the articles contributed by Mrs. White to the publications called Health, or How to Live. The contributions of her contemporaries and other authors to those pamphlets are not included in this volume. $17.99Add To Cart >

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Six Women in the Paris Panthéon “To its great men, the grateful fatherland, ” says the inscription at the entrance of the Panthéon in Paris, a magnificent mausoleum honoring many heroes of French history, including Jean Jacques Rousseau, Victor Hugo or Voltaire. Only six of them are heroines though. Let’s uncover who these exceptional women were and what their stories that keep inspiring until today are. Marie Curie (1867-1934) Marie Curie was the first woman in history to be buried in the Panthéon for her merits. First woman to win the Nobel Prize, first person to win the Nobel Prize in two different fields, both Marie and her husband Pierre were transferred to the Panthéon in honor of their scientific achievements in 1995. Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz (1920-2002) Heroine of the French resistance, Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz joined the Resistance movement after the German occupation of France in 1940. She was imprisoned and deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp. She had managed to survive and after the liberation at the end of the war, Geneviève became the president of Association Nationale des Anciennes Déportées et Internées de la Résistance. She spent her life fighting for laws against poverty, healthcare rights, housing rights. She was transferred to the Panthéon in 2015. Germaine Tillion (1907-2008) Germaine Tillion was French ethnologist and member of the Musée de l’Homme resistance network during the World War II. She is honored for her many acts of kindness and selflessness, among then helping a Jewish family to escape by giving them her family’s papers. She was also helping prisoners to flee and she collected intelligence for the Allied forces. She was eventually arrested and sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp. She managed to escape and spent rest of her life fighting for emancipation of women and protesting against torture. She was transferred to the Panthéon in 2015. Simone Veil (1927-2017) Feminist icon Simone Veil’s death started a landslide of petition signatures for her body to be buried in the Panthéon. Her eventual burial in the mausoleum represents one of the few expression of society having its say on honors in the Panthéon. Simone was a holocaust survivor and lifelong women’s rights advocate. Her most prominent act as a Minister of Health was legalizing contraception and abortion in France in the face of strong opposition. She was buried in the Panthéon in 2018 together with her husband as was their wish. Josephine Baker (1906-1976) American born actress and singer, Josephine Baker became active in the French Resistance movement during the World War II after obtaining French citizenship. She is the first Black American to be buried in the Panthéon. She adopted twelve orphans from around the world, and was a fearless defender of rights for African-Americans. She was put into the Panthéon in 2021 and was the last person to be added so far. Sophie Berthelot (1837-1907) L'inconnue du Panthéon, the story of Sophie Berthelot is somewhat different. She was technically first women to be buried in the Panthéon, although not on her merits, but alongside her husband, Marcellin Berthelot, world-renowned chemist, who wished to remain beside his wife even in death. She is hence not remembered as a heroine, but is till nowadays used as an example of still ongoing gender inequality, illustrating how historically it has been only possible for women to enter the Panthéon at their husband’s wish rather than on their own merits. -Dominika, thanks for your contribution! Design by Monsieur Graphic

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Michael Lugo wrote a great post, following an idea of Andrew Gelman, about what would have happened if Pythagoras had known linear regresson. Punchline: he would have found a linear formula for the hypotenuse with an R^2 of 0.9995, and would surely not have seen any need to pursue the matter any further! I thought this was mostly just a joke, until the mail brought me a copy of the very interesting A Wealth of Numbers from Princeton University Press, an anthology of popular writing about math stretching from the 16th century to the present. From Hugh Worthington’s 1780 textbook, The Resolution of Triangles: THE THIRD CASE is, the sides being given, to find the angles, and the rule is as follows. “Half the longer of the two legs added to the hypotenuse, is always in proportion to 86, as the shorter leg is to its opposite angle.” In modern language: given a right triangle with legs a and b, and hypotenuse 1, how do you find the angle x adjacent to a? Nowadays we would just say “x = arctan b/a.” But this kind of computation was presumably not so easy in 1780. Instead, Worthington offers the approximation b/x = (a/2 + 1) / 86 which (after converting to radians, as good manners requires) gives x = (86*pi/180) b / (a/2 + 1) Of course, when the hypotenuse is set to 1, we have b = sin x and a = cos x. So the approximation is x = (86*pi/180) (sin x) / (cos x / 2 + 1). This turns out to be a pretty awesome approximation! How do you think they came up with this?

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The new virus goes around the world. CAN is not the right medicine against it, but CAN networks are used in medical equipment helping indirectly in the fight against the Covid-19 disease. The Covid-19 disease requires worldwide intensive-care beds and respiratory devices. In Germany, there are about 28 000 intensive-care beds and 20 000 respiratory devices in the hospitals. Perhaps, there are required more. Some of the intensive-care beds are equipped with embedded CAN networks using the CANopen application layer. Hill-Rom and Stryker, two U.S. companies, produce such beds. There are also respirators, which implement embedded CAN networks. Such devices are necessary for serious ill corona patients. Best are extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) devices, also known as extracorporeal life support (ECLS). They could save the life of corona patients. One of the limiting resources is corona test equipment, which can run automated tests on the Sars-CoV-2 virus. Just a few days ago, Roche (Switzerland) got approval by the U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Association) for its Cobas 6800/8800 molecular testing systems. It is also available in European countries accepting the CE mark. Another limited resource is medical staff. In particular, when nurses and other service staff are infected with the Sars-CoV-2 virus, there might be not sufficient personnel. Service robots could help, but there are just prototypes and single devices installed in hospitals. Some of them are based on CAN networks. In the future, there should be larger fleets of service robots available. Of course, CAN is doing also its duty in ambulances, rescue helicopters, hospital elevators, and other logistical equipment including automatic hospital sliding doors. The 500 Batriatic/Intensive-care ambulance by WAS (Germany) provides all necessary intensive care equipment, which is controlled by a CAN-connected display. The intensive care unit (ICU) is a special department in hospital taking care on patients with severe or life-threatening illnesses, such as Covid-19 patients with heavy lung infections. The intensive-care beds provide sensor units monitoring visual signs, aggregating them, before transmitting them via CAN to the bedside monitor. Some patient beds are also using CAN networks for controlling the motion of the different bed parts. Stryker uses CAN communication in its beds to allow for touch screen control functions, which eliminates the use of any pendant. The unit consists of a sleep surface, a control box located under the mattress at the foot end and a color touch screen that can be mounted onto side-rails or the footboard. Hill-Rom, another intensive-care bed supplier, also uses CAN networks in its products. CAN connects the display board with the so-called algorithm board and the rest of the mattress system. The algorithm board provides speed control for the blower, which is used primarily for mattress service cooling. ECMO devices remove blood from the person's body and artificially remove the carbon dioxide and oxygenating red blood cells. Beginning of this year, Chinese physicians used these devices as an adjunct support for patients presenting with acute viral pneumonia related to the Covid-19 infection when, even after ventilation, the blood oxygenation levels remain too low. Several heart-lung machine suppliers have installed embedded CAN networks. The products by Livanova (UK) are based on a non-PC host controller in conjunction with a CAN network. Up to now, testing on the new coronavirus is time consuming and traditional work of laboratory staff. Roche has adapted its Cobas molecular testing systems to detect the Sars-CoV-2 virus. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). It is intended for the qualitative detection of the virus that causes Covid-19 disease. Hospitals and reference laboratories can run the test on Roche’s automated Cobas 6800 and 8800 systems. The systems using embedded CAN networks provide test results in three and half hours. The 8-hour throughput is 384 results for the Cobas 6800 and 960 results for the Cobas 8800. "Providing quality, high-volume testing capabilities will allow us to respond effectively to what the World Health Organization has characterized as a pandemic. It is important to quickly and reliably detect whether a patient is infected with Sars-CoV-2,” said Thomas Schinecker, CEO of Roche Diagnostics. “Over the last weeks, our emergency response teams have been working hard to bring this test to the patients. CE-mark certification and the FDA’s granting of EUA supports our commitment to give more patients access to reliable diagnostics which are crucial to combat this serious disease.” Roche participated in the development of the CANopen profile for laboratory automation. The CiA 434 set of device profiles specifies a master/slave-based communication between a laboratory automation master (LAM) and several laboratory automation slaves (LAS). Beside the general definitions (part 1), device profiles for diluter, dispenser, and pump units (part 2) as well as for heating, cooling, and shaking units (part 3) are specified. The scalable LAS device modeling is applicable for small and simple applications as well as for very complex ones. According to the International Federation of Robotics World Robotics 2018 Service Robots report, medical robot sales increased 73 % in 2017 over 2016, accounting for 2,7 % of all professional service robot sales. Moving forward, 2018 sales are projected at 4 360 units, a 49-% increase from 2017, and roughly 22 100 robots are estimated to be sold between 2019 and 2021. This is of course not enough, when the novel coronavirus infects the medical service personnel. The diverse applications of medical robots today include telepresence robots for remote caregiving and disinfectant robots to reduce hospital acquired infections. Mobile medical robots are also being used for delivery of medication and other sensitive materials in a hospital setting. “Medical robots are diverse in their form and function but all serve to improve the quality and accuracy of healthcare delivery,” stated the Robotic Industries Association. “The market is projected to undergo strong growth as new medical processes find effective automation solutions and healthcare facilities justify the investment in medical robots.” Especially in epidemic situations, service robots can deliver meals for medical staff and patients. This can avoid cross-infection, can reduce the pressure of medical staff, and can save medical protective supplies. To make medical service robots cost-effective, standardization is necessary. For the control system, the open-source Aseba framework has been developed. It is based on the open-source Robot Operating System (ROS) and embedded CAN networks. ROS supports the CiA 402 profile for motion controllers. News and reports

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Good morning Year One! You’re almost at the end of the week! You’ve completed some amazing writing from what we’ve seen so far and now we would like you to re-read your autobiography or biography aloud to your family, and see if it makes sense. If it doesn't or there are some things to change, how could you make it better? Think about using your writing tools below to make your sentences better: Neat handwriting including ascenders, descenders, upper and lower case letters that are formed correctly. Does your sentences make sense? Have you used capital letters at the beginning of every sentence and for the name of your hero, towns, cities, school and countries? Have you got finger spaces in between your words? Have you used full stops and question marks correctly at the end of your sentences? keep up the hard work authors and we're looking forward to reading your published biography and autobiography!

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Dealing with stress is a constant these days. People identify work as the place that produces most of their stress and anxiety. We handle stress in different ways. Exercise is an effective way of dealing with stress. And new research adds more evidence to the effectiveness of exercise in dealing with anxiety and worry, especially resistance training. Resistance Training Reduces Anxiety Studies have shown that resistance training, or weight training, is a good way to help people deal with excessive anxiety and worry. Resistance training builds up your muscular strength and endurance through pitting your muscles against an external resistance, such as a dumbbell or free weights. People also do resistance training using different types of weight machines. The studies show reductions in anxiety when people engage in a weight training program for six weeks or more. And the weight training works for different groups, including older people, stroke survivors, and women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Even one weight training session has shown a reduction in anxiety. Moreover, research shows that weight training is effective in helping people get to sleep. It helps people go to sleep more quickly and to sleep more soundly. Resistance Training Helps Control Anxiety In addition, weight training also helps to prevent anxiety from increasing. Weight training reduces the fear of the physical sensations that people feel when they are anxious. For example, if someone experiences a rapid heartbeat, he may fear an impending heart attack, and this only increases his anxiety. And so eventually the person begins to fear the rapid heartbeat itself as much as having a heart attack. But in one experiment, one group of subjects did 20 minutes of weight training, another group 20 minutes on a treadmill, and a third group just rested. Afterward, all three groups were asked to inhale a puff of carbon dioxide, which has the effect of making a person feel breathless for a few moments. It is a sensation similar to that caused by increased anxiety. The experiment showed that both the weight training and the aerobic exercise on the treadmill reduced anxiety sensitivity. The resistance training helped the people to better control their anxiety. If you are looking for work, partner with a staffing company that treats its people with care and respect, building long-term relationships based on honesty and integrity. That company is Opti Staffing. Give Opti a call today

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Saying Thank You in Japanese Imagine that someone did something nice for you. So, what would you say? Thank you, of course. The answer seems pretty straightforward until you consider all the variations you can use: Thanks, thanks a lot, thank you so much, thanks a million and the list goes on. So if you want to say ‘thank you’ in Japanese, you also need to know the variations and when different phrases fit and when they don’t. So in this post we’ll go over how to say thank you in Japanese. We’ll talk about social context and structure as well as how to thank someone for a specific action. The Very Versatile Arigatō (ありがとう） If you’ve studied Japanese, then you’ve probably already heard the word arigatō before. When expressing gratitude in Japanese, you’ve got to know this word. By itself, arigatō is used mostly with family and friends. ありがとう ‘Thank you’ Arigatō is a very old word in Japanese and has kind of odd etymology when you dig into it. The first part ari comes from the word aru (ある) meaning ‘to be/to exist.’ The second part gatō is from an old word meaning ‘difficult’. So saying arigatō means that you’re acknowledging that some uncommon or difficult occurrence has happened. The phrase arigatō is almost always written in hiragana. However, there is a kanji version 有り難う (arigatō) although you’re unlikely to see it very often. Adding on – Arigatō Gozaimasu (ありがとうございます） By itself the word arigatō is great for thanking friends and family, but for more formal situations you should use arigatō gozaimasu. This conveys a stronger sense of politeness and should be used in formal settings. It’s hard to really translate the different sense that arigatō gozaimasu gives, but you should understand that it’s important. Arigatō Past and Present You may have noticed that the phrase arigatō gozaimasu has the -masu ending for verbs in the present tense. At the same time, the phrase may be put in the past tense with -mashita. So what’s the difference? You use arigatō gozaimasu for a current action and arigatō gozaimashita for a completed action. Let’s say that someone lends you their bike for the day. You’d say arigatō gozaimasu when accepting the bicycle. But, when you give it back, you should say arigatō gozaimashita since the action (your borrowing) is over. So if someone helped you out, gave you instructions or did anything that is completed you should say arigatō gozaimashita. 今日はありがとうございました ‘Thank you for today’ kyō-wa arigatō gozai-mashita Learn Japanese the Fun Way! On LingQ you can learn Japanese from anything: YouTube videos, Netflix shows, new stories, blog posts, song lyrics and more. If you can find it online, you can make a LingQ lesson with it. There are also tons of lessons in the LingQ Japanese Library. This one will help you with saying thank you in Japanese. Become a LingQ member today to see it in the reader and translate words and phrases as you read. Adding on to Your Gratitude When you want to add some extra energy to your thank you, you can add a few words to show that you really mean it. The most common of these is hontō-ni (本当に). This translates to ‘truly / really’ and is used to emphasize gratitude. Just remember that it goes before the word arigatō. 本当にありがとうございます ‘Thank you so much/sincerely’ hontō-ni arigatō gozaimasu Another word you can use to add to your thanks is dōmo. You might even recognize it from the Styx song ‘Mr.Roboto.’ As a phrase dōmo arigatō expresses a strong and hearty thanks to the listener. どうもありがとう ‘Thank you very much’ Saying Thank You in a Japanese Store (Makoto-ni) Since Japanese culture puts a premium on understanding and expression social relationships, there another form of thank you that you should be aware of. This involves the words makoto-ni. 誠にありがとうございます ‘Thank you very much’ Makoto-ni arigatō gozai-mashita You will almost exclusively hear this in Japanese stores and some workplace situations . And while you may not ever need to say it yourself, it’s always good to know what people are saying to you when you leave a department store. Saying Thank You for Things in Japanese Of course, at some point you’ll probably want to be more specific and point out what your thanking someone for. Thankfully, this is very easy to say. You just need to put what you’re thanking your listener in front of the word arigatō. Thing + arigatō 手紙、ありがとう ‘Thank you for the letter’ プレゼント ありがとう ‘Thank you for the present’ Thanking Someone for Actions We’ll also need to thank people for something they’ve done. Doing this is a bit more tricky and involves three parts. For this construction, you’ll need to put the verb in the te-form. This is followed by the word kurete (くれて) and then the word arigatō. VERB-te + kurete + arigatō 手伝ってくれてありがとう ‘Thank you for helping’ Tetsudatte kurete arigatō 来てくれてありがとう ‘Thank you for coming’ Kite kurete arigatō Of course to increase the formality, you can always add gozaimasu or gozaimashita at the end. 来てくれてありがとうございます ‘Thank you for coming’ Kite kurete arigatō gozaimasu Informal Thank You in Japanese You won’t always need to say a big thanks to the people around you. With close friends and family, you can use more quick and simple expression to say ‘thank you’ in Japanese. This is the same dōmo as that in dōmo arigatō and by itself dōmo can also express gratitude. In this form, it roughly translates to a simple ‘thanks.’ As such, you should only use it in informal situations. Borrowing from English – Sankyū (サンキュー) When people are being really cute they might say sankyū. The expression comes from the English ‘thank you’ but people only use it as a slang term. What’s fun about sankyū is that you can see it written in several ways. The first part san sounds like the number 3 and kyū is the name of the letter and the number 9. So you might see it written in a number of ways. 39 sankyū ‘thanx’ 3Q sankyū ‘thnx’ 三８ sankyū ‘thx’ There you have it – How you can say thank you in Japanese. Of course, there are a few more forms for saying thank you in Japanese, but this will give you a great starting point. So go forth and show your gratitude! Learn Japanese Faster with the LingQ App With the LingQ app you can import videos, podcasts, and much more and turn them into interactive lessons Keep all your favourite Japanese content stored in one place, easily look up new words, save vocabulary, and review. Check out our guide to importing content into LingQ for more information. LingQ is available for Android and iOS. Gain access to thousands of hours of audio and transcripts and begin your journey to fluency today. Enjoyed this post? Check out polyglot and LingQ cofounder Steve Kaufmann’s blog post to learn about the similarities and differences between learning Korean vs Japanese! John Melnyk is a freelance writer and translator from Florida, USA living in the Netherlands. He has a masters degree in Linguistics and Communication and is currently working on his first novel.

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AFI is the medical term for a rapid onset of fever and symptoms such as headache, diarrhea, chills or muscle and joint pain, cough or other respiratory symptoms. AFIs are one of the most common reasons people seek health care and can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi that people inhale, eat or drink from contaminated food or water, or are exposed to by contact with animals, including insects. An adenovirus is a common virus that causes a range of diseases. The can cause a cold, sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia, diarrhea and pink eye. People with weak immune systems or existing lung or heart disease can get very sick from an adenovirus infection. The virus can attack the lining of lung, eye, intestines, urinary tract and nervous system. They account for about 10 percent of fever-like symptoms, severe respiratory infections and diarrhea. The virus can be spread through the breath via coughing and sneezing. Usually people heal from an adenovirus within three to seven days. When an antibiotic has lost its ability to effectively control or kill bacteria, the bacteria are considered "resistant.” These bacteria continue to multiply even in the presence of therapeutic levels of an antibiotic. Bacteria become resistant through a genetic mutation or by acquiring the resistance from another bacterium. Every time a person takes antibiotics, sensitive bacteria (bacteria that antibiotics can still attack) are killed, but resistant bacteria survive. The number of drug-resistant bacteria can increase in the environment if an antibiotic is overused. “Antigenic” drift and shift Often used when discussing flu virus because it is among the fastest mutating viruses on the planet. As part of its evolutionary process, viruses mutate to try to escape the immune system. As the virus copies itself, its mix of genes can change slightly. This is called “antigenic” drift. Because the new virus is still mostly like the previous version, people usually have some immunity to a virus that has “drifted.” When the numbers of gene “drifts” start to pile up, the virus can become significantly different from its predecessor. This is called antigenic “shift.” When a virus “shifts,” humans have more vulnerability to becoming sick because their immune system doesn’t recognize it. Single-celled microorganisms that don’t require living hosts. They come in many different shapes and thrive in diverse environments including extreme heat and cold. They live in soil, oceans and the human gut. Bacteria are classified by the makeup of their cell walls and are identified by a Gram stain. Hence the term, a “Gram-positive,” or “Gram-negative” bacteria. Some bacteria share space and resources in our body and are beneficial to human health. Other bacteria cause infections and disease. Phages are viruses that are the natural enemies of bacteria. The word ‘bacteriophage’ means “bacteria eater.” Phages exist anywhere bacteria are found. There is a phage for each kind of bacteria, whether it is Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Clostridium difficile (C. diff). These viruses attack the specific bacteria, hijack their metabolic processes and destroy them. They exist to keep bacteria in check. Modern medicine has just begun to research ways to use phages as an alternative to antimicrobial medicine as resistance to these drugs is rising globally. A form of terrorism involving the deliberate release of biological agents, such as a virus or bacteria, or toxins to injure or kill people, with the aim of furthering personal or political agendas. This is also called germ warfare. Bioterrorism differs from other methods of terrorism in that all that is needed to turn biological material into a weapon is determination and access to medical supplies or a laboratory. Further, unlike other forms of terrorism, if a bioweapon was unleashed, it could be days or weeks before the attack is known. This means that initial victims could be incubating a disease and then carrying and spreading it to all parts of the U.S. and world before it could be stopped. Blood borne pathogens Blood borne pathogens are bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms that live in the bloodstream and can cause disease. They are found in blood, semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, fluid in the chest and joints and oral secretions during dental procedures. Any human tissue, alive or dead can carry these pathogens. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are the most common blood borne pathogens. Chronic wasting disease This is a potentially emerging disease for humans, though it has not yet jumped from animals to people. The disease is caused by prions, proteins that can cause brain degeneration, and affects deer, elk, reindeer, sika deer and moose. The disease is now established in wildlife found in North America and public health officials have been warning people not to eat meat from animals found to be positive with the disease. The concern is the consumption could cause brain disease in humans. The most commonly known prion disease is mad cow disease, which is caused when a person eats meat from an infected cow. The term referring to a disease that is spread by direct physical contact between people or animals. Direct physical contact includes items that the ill individual may have touched, coughed or sneezed on. All diseases are infectious, meaning they are contracted in the environment. But not all of those diseases can be spread to other humans or animals. A person can be infected but non-contagious. Only a disease that can spread via direct contact is considered contagious. Some examples of contagious diseases are smallpox and influenza. Disease X stands for an “unexpected” disease. The World Health Organization declared in 2018 that Disease “X” was among the diseases it most worries about because it has no medical countermeasures to treat. It stands for an unknown bacteria, or virus that might be lurking in animals or humans, with the potential to suddenly become virulent and contagious, spreading around the world. A scientist who studies how animals and plants interact with the environment. Disease ecologists study the interactions between pathogens (i.e., bacteria, viruses, and fungi) or parasites (i.e protozoa) and their human and non-human hosts. This work is important because the majority of human infections originate in animals and the environment. Outbreaks are often caused by changes in the interactions between pathogens, humans, animals and the environment. In biology, an endemic species is one that is native to specific regions, such as the kangaroo being endemic to Australia. The cane toad, on the other hand, was a species introduced to Australia and hence was not endemic (though it is now). In epidemiology, endemic refers to the circulation of a disease within a certain population or geographic area that continues without outside interference or introduction. Once a disease has been eliminated from a geographic region, such as a continent, it is no longer endemic to that region. The term for a disease of the intestine. It is commonly used in reference to pathogens that have been ingested and produce chemical or allergic reactions. Among bacteria that can cause an enteric infection are Escherichia coli (E. Coli), Vibriocholerae (cholera), Salmonella and Shigella. The pathogen generally causes diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting and significant loss of fluid. A group of viruses that typically occur in the gastrointestinal tract, but on rare occasions, can spread to the central nervous system causing serious illness. Enteroviruses are the most prevalent viruses globally. In the U.S., around 10 million to 15 million infections are caused by the enterovirus, but most people don’t get sick, or just experience mild illness, like the common cold. Some people, especially infants and those with weakened immune systems can have more serious complications. If the virus spreads to the nervous system, brain or heart, it can cause life-threatening symptoms, such as paralysis. Polio, hepatitis A and hand, foot and mouth disease are among the diseases caused by an enterovirus, which spreads between humans through contact with an infected person’s saliva, sputum, mucus or feces. The virus seems to spread the fastest during the summer and fall seasons. A group of cases of a specific disease or illness clearly more than what one would normally expect in a particular geographic area. There is no absolute criterion for using the term epidemic; as standards and expectations change, so might the definition of an epidemic, such as an epidemic of violence. Scientists who study the causes, patterns, frequency and locations of diseases, and use the information to prevent future outbreaks. Epidemiologists are considered “disease detectives” in the public health world and provide the scientific basis for evidence-based medicine. The cause of a disease or condition; most often etiology refers specifically to the biological mechanisms underpinning a particular condition. Filoviruses are part of a virus family called Filoviridae and are the cause of severe hemorrhagic [internal bleeding] disease in humans and nonhuman primates. Three branches have been identified – Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus. Six species of Ebolavirus have been identified: Ebola, Sunda, Bundibugyo, Tai Forest, Reston and Bombali. Four of these are known to cause illness in people: Ebola, Sudan, Tai Forest and Bundibugyo. In January 2019, scientists from Singapore and China said they found a new branch of the Filoviridae family - called Mengla virus. The virus is zoonotic, meaning it is transmitted to humans from animals - most likely bats. The new Mengla virus was discovered in Asian bats. Once the virus is transmitted to people from an animal, the disease spreads between people through bodily fluids. The disease was first recognized in 1967, when German lab workers in Marburg were handling monkeys with the virus, and got sick. Ebolavirus was identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in the northern Congo basin of Central Africa. Ebola has emerged sporadically in Africa since then, with the largest outbreak occurring from the end of 2013 through 2015 in West Africa. While there is no known cure for filoviruses, a new experimental vaccine for Ebola has demonstrated effectiveness during the 2018-19 Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Bacteria are classified based on a chemical stain that can be seen through the microscope. The Gram stain test was developed by Hans Christian Gram in the late 1800’s. He found that when he stained some bacteria turned purple under the microscope. These were called “gram-positive.” Other bacteria didn’t turn purple and appeared pinkish or red under the microscope. These were called “gram-negative.” Whether the stain attaches to the bacteria or not, is related to its structure. Gram positive bacteria, like those that cause strep throat or many skin infections, have a thick wall made out of a protein that retains the chemical in the purple dye. Gram negative bacteria, like those that cause cholera or urinary tract infections, has two protective walls, making it harder to penetrate, and doesn’t retain the purple dye. Hand, foot and mouth disease This is a common and mild contagious viral infection that usually affects children younger than five. It is most often caused by the coxsackievirus, which is part of a family of enteroviruses. The virus, which is usually passed orally between children, can cause fever, skin rash and mouth sores. There is no treatment for it, but it generally resolves on its own. This disease is often confused with foot-and-mouth disease (also called hoof-and mouth disease), which only affects cattle, sheep and swine. The virus that affects these animals is different than the virus that affects humans. Helminths are parasitic worms. Worms can be transmitted to humans in fecal material, from insects or from walking barefoot on contaminated soil. Once they enter the body, they tend to live in the intestines. Parasitic worms make up the majority of neglected tropical diseases. Most helminths are either roundworms or flatworms. Roundworms live in the soil and are the biggest contributor of human illnesses in the developing world. Around 3 billion people are chronically infected with these worms across the globe and can contribute to the development of asthma. Other symptoms caused by the worms include itching, diarrhea, constipation and nausea. The worms grow best in warm climates. Poor hygiene and poverty can contribute to developing disease from these parasites. A means of protecting a whole community from the spread of an infectious disease. The more people (a herd) that are immune from a disease, the better protected the entire community is from an outbreak of that disease. The most common modern way to achieve herd immunity is through vaccination. Each disease, depending upon how they spread, has a threshold, or the minimum number of individuals that need to be immunized to prevent an outbreak. Measles, for example, requires 95 percent of the population to be immunized to prevent an outbreak. Incidence and prevalence Incidence is the rate of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. Prevalence is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population. The relationship between incidence and prevalence depends on the contagiousness of the disease and the ability to treat it and prevent further spread. There can be a high number of diagnosed cases of a disease, but low prevalence because the disease is treated quickly. With a disease with a low cure rate, but maintenance treatment permits sustained survival, then incidence contributes to a continuous growth of prevalence. Incidence may be a measure of how well surveillance and prevention measures for a disease are working while prevalence may be an indication of the effectiveness of treatment methods. A disease that can be transmitted to other individuals. An infectious disease is a disease that is caused by the invasion of a host by agents whose activities harm the host's tissues and cause disease. Diseases are spread by direct person-to-person contact, such as through coughing, sneezing, sweating or sexual interaction. Fleas, mosquitos and other carriers (known as vectors) can spread disease when they bite animals with a disease and then bite humans. This policy involves separating people known or suspected to be infected with a contagious disease from those who are not sick to prevent them from transmitting disease to others. The definition of “suspected” is based on whether the person is showing symptoms of a contagious disease or whether they met certain laboratory criteria demonstrating they have likely been infected. The microbiome refers to the army of microbes - bacteria, viruses, yeasts and fungi - that live on and in the body. There are more than 10,000 of these microbial species in the body and they are vital to human health. Scientists are still trying to figure out why it is so important to health, and why sometimes these microbes can turn deadly to their human hosts. Read more. Non-communicable diseases are illnesses that aren’t physically transmissible from person to person. No bacteria, virus or parasite has caused the illness. Non-communicable diseases are usually chronic health conditions, meaning they last three months or longer and can’t be prevented by vaccines or cured with medicine. Heart disease and diabetes are examples. Non-communicable diseases now cause more than 75 percent of the world’s deaths, according to the World Health Organization. This term is usually used in reference to an infection acquired while under medical care, usually at a hospital. Many times the infection is caused by microbes that are resistant to antibiotics. A nosocomial infection is specifically one that wasn’t present or incubating prior to the patient’s being admitted to the hospital. Two common nosocomial infections are clostridium difficile (c. Diff) and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). C. Diff is a bacteria that can cause diarrhea and dangerous inflammation of the colon. MRSA is a microbe that can cause dangerous skin and blood infections. A disease outbreak is the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season. An outbreak may occur in a restricted geographical area or may extend over several countries. The definition is subject to debate among public health officials and scientists, but generally it is an epidemic extending over a large geographic area involving a disease with a potentially high mortality rate that is spreading quickly from person-to-person. Any organism that causes disease. Pathogens include bacteria, virus, and fungi. The body comes in contact constantly with pathogens, but the immune system usually destroys them before they cause harm. A person is considered exposed when they have been in contact with a pathogen and infected when the pathogen has entered the body and caused disease. Pertussis is also known as whooping cough. It is a contagious respiratory disease, spread by air droplets in breath, and caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. The bacteria causes mucus to build in the respiratory tract resulting in severe coughing, and gasping, or whooping, for breath. Before a vaccine was developed in the early 20th century, around 200,000 Americans got whooping cough and 9,000 died annually from the disease, which mostly strikes children. Prion diseases, also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a family of rare brain disorders. The disease agent is believed to be a prion, which is a type of protein that can cause other normal brain proteins to fold abnormally and clump, thus creating holes in brain tissue. The disease usually evolves rapidly and is always fatal. There is no known cure to prion disease. Prions can be spread to humans through infected meat products or exposure to infected tissue. They can also be inherited. The most common form of prion disease that affects humans is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In animals, it is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, or mad cow disease. Prion diseases are rare. About 300 cases are reported a year in the U.S., according to Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library. Involves health authority separating and restricting the movement of people who have potentially been exposed to a contagious disease, until it can be determined whether they have become sick or no longer pose a risk to others. For example, those suspected of exposure to Ebola were quarantined up to 21 days. Quarantines may take place in the home, or other locations determined by health authorities. If a person shows no symptoms of the disease within the time when a person is considered contagious, they are considered disease-free and released from quarantine. R0, which is pronounced “R-naught” is the mathematical term for explaining how contagious an infectious disease may be to a population. The number defines how many people a sick person may infect on average, if no one else in the population has immunity to the disease. If the R number is less than 1, it means the outbreak is either on the decline or isn’t likely to cause an epidemic. If the number is higher than 1, it means the disease may be highly contagious or an outbreak may be spreading. For example, measles is one of the most contagious diseases on the planet. It’s R ranges between 12 and 18. It means one person with measles can infect 12 to 18 people, if none of them are vaccinated against the disease. If everyone is vaccinated, then the R drops essentially to zero. Ebola has an average R1.5 to R2.5. Sepsis is an extreme bodily response to an infection. The body sends a flood of chemicals to the blood stream to fight the infection, which in turn causes widespread inflammation and slows blood flow. If blood flow becomes too slow, it can cause damage to organs and the circulatory system, eventually leading to septic shock and death. It is most common among the elderly, those with a chronic illness that has severely weakened the immune system and babies under 3 months. More than 1.7 million people get sepsis each year and 270,000 die from it, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One in three patients that die in the hospital, die from sepsis. It is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroys it, and "remembers" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. Vaccine hesitancy is a term that has emerged over the past decade as a more neutral way to discuss attitudes toward vaccines, without identifying people strictly as “anti” or “pro” vaccine. The terms describes people that may be open to vaccination if their concerns are addressed, but for varying and complex reasons, aren’t ready to vaccinate their children, or themselves. The degree of damage a pathogen can cause to the body. Virology is the study of viruses and virus-like agents, including their types, disease-producing properties, how they multiply and their genetics. A biological entity with a protein covering that is neither alive nor dead. Viruses circulate in the environment until they find living cells to latch onto and enter. Once inside a cell, a virus hijacks the cell’s genetic material and tells it to make more viruses instead. The hijacked cell then creates so many viruses that it explodes and moves on to enter other healthy cells. Viruses, which are smaller than bacteria, need hosts, like people, animals or plants to multiple. A zoonotic disease refers to a pathogen that has been living within an animal, and then, for an environmental or genetic reason, jumps into the human population where it can cause disease. Two of the best known zoonotic diseases are influenza and the plague. The flu virus lives in the guts of water fowl. The flu can spread to humans through a genetic shift that causes people to become ill. The plague is caused by the bacteria, Yersinia pestis. It can live inside fleas, which then bite humans and cause illness. In 1346, rats carrying fleas with Yersinia pestis, traveled through trade routes in western Europe, causing a pandemic known as the Black Death. Around 60 percent to 75 percent of all new diseases that affect humans are zoonotic in origin.

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Mr. Lincoln’s Second Inauguration on March 4, 1865 was drizzling at first, but a burst of sun during his oath of office was interpreted by Mr. Lincoln as a good omen. Lincoln aide John Nicolay later wrote in a letter to his fiancée: “The ceremonies passed off yesterday in as pleasant a manner as was possible. The morning was dark and rainy, and the streets were very muddy; nevertheless large crowds were out in the procession and at the Capitol. I think there were at least twice as many at the [Capitol] as four years ago. Just at the time when the President appeared on the East Portico to be sworn in, the clouds disappeared and the sun shone out beautifully all the rest of the day.1 “There was a fall of rain with hail on the 4th of March, 1865, recalled journalist L.A. Gobright. An hour before noon, the inaugural procession left from the War Department for the Capitol without a key participant. According to Gobright, “Mr. Lincoln did not occupy the position assigned to him in the carriage, (Third in the procession,) as he had been at the Capitol during the entire morning, engaged in signing bills. Mrs. Lincoln, accompanied by Senators [James] Harlan and [Henry B.] Anthony, was driven to the head of the line, and preceded the procession to the Capitol. A platoon of marshals pioneered the carriage of Mrs. Lincoln, the escort being composed of the Union Light Guard. The crowd generally mistook the carriage of the President’s wife for that of the President, and under this delusion cheered it all along the route.” Gobright reported: “In the Senate chamber were members of Congress, Vice-Admiral Farragut, Major-Generals Banks and Hooker, the diplomatic corps, governors, and ex-governors of States and Territories, the mayors of Washington and Georgetown, Heads of Departments, officers who had received the thanks of Congress, Judges of the Supreme Court, and many others of prominence.”2 President Lincoln had arrived early in order to sign congressional legislation before the outdoors ceremony and the preceding indoors swearing of Vice President Andrew Johnson. Johnson, who had been sick with typhoid and usually did not drink, took liquor to fortify himself before delivering his inaugural speech. Clearly, he was drunk when he got up. “For twenty minutes did he run on about Tennessee, adjuring Senators to do their duty when she sent two Senators here, urging that she never was out of the Union, etc. In vain did [outgoing Vice President Hannibal] Hamlin nudge him from behind, audibly reminding him that the hour for the inauguration ceremony had passed; he kept on, though the President of the United States sat before him patiently waiting for his tirade to be over,” wrote Noah Brooks for the Sacramento Daily Union.3 One member of the Senate, Zachariah Chandler, wrote his wife: “The inauguration went off very well except that the Vice President Elect was too drunk to perform his duties and disgraced himself and the Senate by making a drunken foolish speech. I was never so mortified in my life, had I been able to find a hole I would have dropped through in out of sight.”4 In the inauguration audience was John Wilkes Booth, who later told a fellow actor: “What a splendid chance I had to kill the President on the 4th of March.”5 Brooks continued in his dispatch to California: When the cortege of the President filed out upon the platform from the rotunda it was followed by a host of spectators from the Senate and passages. Instantly the bases of the columns, the statuary groups and every ‘coigne of vantage’ swarmed with people. The crush of crinolines was terrific, but vast crowds saw the sight to a good advantage from the great steps of the Capitol, which rose behind the platform and from the wings on either side. Before was a literal sea of heads, tossing and surging, as far as the eye could reach, among the budding foliage of the park opposite. Cheer upon cheer arose, bands b[e]lated upon the air and flags waved over all the scene. The Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate, Brown by name, arose and bowed with his shiny black hat in dumb show before the crowd, where thereupon became still, and Abraham Lincoln, rising, tall and gaunt, over the crowd about him, stepped forward to read his Inaugural Address, printed in two broad columns upon a half-sheet of foolscap. As he rose, a great burst of applause shook the air, and died far away on the outer fringes of the crowd like a sweeping wave upon the shore. Just then the sun, which had been obscured all day, burst forth in its unclouded meridian splendor and flooded the spectacle with glory and light. Every heart beat quicker at the unexpected omen… The inaugural…was well received and well pronounced, every word apparently being audible as the clear, light tones of the President rang out over that vast throng. There was applause at the words: ‘Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish;’ and the cheer was injected long enough to make a pause before he said, ‘And the war came.’ There was applause at other points, and a long burst when the crowd, with moist eyes, had listened to these words, which might be printed in letters of gold: ‘With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan – to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.’ Silence restored, the President turned toward Chief Justice Chase, who held up his right hand, with his left upon the Book, held up by the Clerk of the Supreme Court, and administered the oath of office, the President laying his right hand upon the open page; then solemnly repeated ‘So help me God!’ he bent forward and reverently kissed the Book, and rose inaugurated President of the United States for four years from March 4, 1865. A salvo of artillery boomed upon the air, cheer upon cheer arose below, and, after bowing to the assembled host, the President retired within, resumed his carriage, and the procession escorted him back to the White House.6 Historian Phillip Shaw Paludan wrote: “In the greatest of his speeches, Lincoln never once mentioned the people, nor democracy, nor the triumph of a free people’s government over its enemies. What he did focus upon is a worldview, a frame of mind and heart that is probably fundamental to any democracy.”7 Poet Walt Whitman observed President Lincoln from a distance – never actually meeting Mr. Lincoln. Typically, he watched the President’s passage to and from his second inauguration: The President very quietly rode down to the Capitol in his own carriage by himself, on a sharp trot, about noon, either because he wished to be on hand to sign bills, or to get rid of marching in line with the absurd procession – the muslin temple of liberty and pasteboard monitor. I saw him on his return, at three o’clock, after the performance was over. He was in his plain two-horse barouche, and looked very much worn and tired; the lines, indeed, of vast responsibilities, intricate questions, and demands of life and death cut deeper than ever upon his dark brown face; yet all the old goodness, tenderness, sadness, and canny shrewdness underneath the furrows. (I never see that man without feeling that he is one to be become personally attached to for his combination of purest, heartiest tenderness, and native Western form of manliness.) By his side sat his little boy of ten years. There were no soldiers, only a lot of civilians on horseback, with huge yellow scarves over their shoulders, riding around the carriage. (At the inauguration four years ago he rode down and back again surrounded by a dense mass of armed cavalrymen eight deep, with drawn sabres; and there were sharpshooters stationed at every corner on the route.)8 Sergeant Smith Stimmel was part of the President’s bodyguard that day. He later wrote: “Soon after the President concluded his address, he entered his carriage, and the procession started up Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House, the escort from our Company following next to his carriage. Shortly after we turned onto Pennsylvania Avenue, west of the Capitol, I noticed the crowd along the street looking intently, and some were pointing to something in the heavens toward the south. I glanced up in that direction, and there in plain view, shining out in all her starlike beauty, was the planet Venus. It was a little after midday at the time I saw it, possibly near one o’clock; the sun seemed to be a little west of the median, the star a little east. It was a strange sight. I never saw a star at that time in the day before or since. The superstitious had had many strange notions about it, but of course it was simply owing to the peculiarly clear condition of the atmosphere and the favorable position of the planet at that time. The President and those who were with him in the carriage noticed the star at the same time.”9 Journalist Noah Brooks wrote: “There were many cheers and many tears as this noble address was concluded. Silence being restored, the President turned toward Chief Justice Chase, who, with his right hand uplifted, directed the Bible to be brought forward by the clerk of the Supreme Court,” wrote journalist Noah Brooks. “Then Lincoln, laying his right hand upon the open page, repeated the oath of office administered to him by the Chief Justice, after which, solemnly saying, ‘So help me God,’ he bent forward and reverently kissed the Book, then rose up inaugurated President of the United States for four years from March 4, 1865.” According to Gobright, “At the conclusion of the ceremonies, a salute was fire, the band struck up “Hail to the Chief,” and the thousands in attendance greeted the President with repeated huzzas.” Later, Supreme Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase gave the Bible to Mrs. Lincoln, marking the pages from Isaiah 5:27-28 which the President kissed: None shall be weary nor stumble among them; none shall slumber nor sleep; neither shall the girdle of their loins be loosed, nor the latchet of their shoes be broken: Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows best, their horses’ hoofs shall be counted like flint, their wheels like a whirlwind.10 Historian Allan Nevins observed: “This Inauguration Day was vastly different from that of March 4, 1861, when people awaited the words of the newly elected President on the crisis momentarily descending on the nation. Now a tremendous shout, ‘prolonged and loud, arose from the surging sea of humanity’ that spread in waves from the specially built platform on the east front of the Capitol, out to the foliage of the Capitol grounds.”10 Historian Jay Winik wrote: “Lincoln was so exhausted after the inauguration ceremonies that he took to his bed for several days. By March 14, he would feel so ill that he would conduct a cabinet meeting in his bedroom.”12 On less ceremonial occasions, the President’s secretaries John Nicolay and John Hay were charged with carrying messages from President Lincoln to the Capitol. Nicolay and Hay rode in a two-horse carriage, noted their assistant, William Stoddard. But Stoddard was more likely to take a street car if he himself had message duty: “Up the steps to the eastern portico and into the building, not at all as a private individual, a citizen, but as something from the White House, reaching into this other side of the National Government. Both Houses must be visited, but both will receive you in the same manner. We will visit the House of Representatives after having looked in at the Senate. You are carrying something in the nature of a paper latch-key, and the door before you seems to open of itself, so prompt is the ready doorkeeper to recognize the presence of an errand from the Executive. He walks into the chamber of Representatives with you, just as an eloquent member is denouncing some feature of the misconduct of the war, and his eloquence is suddenly interrupted.”13 - Helen Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary, pp. 224-225. - Lawrence A. Gobright, Recollection of Men and Things at Washington During the Third of a Century, pp. 341-343. - Michael Burlingame, editor, Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks, p. 166. - Thomas Reed Turner, Beware the People Weeping, p. 71. - Burlingame, editor, Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks, pp. 167-169. - Phillip S. Paludan, Lincoln’s Legacy: Ethics and Politics, p. 11. - Walter Lowenfels, editor, Walt Whitman’s Civil War, edited by, pp. 258-259. - Smith Stimmel, Personal Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, pp. 71-72. - Noah Brooks, Washington, D.C. in Lincoln’s Time: A Memoir of the Civil War Era by the Nedwspaperman Who Knew Lincoln Best, p. 214. - Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, Volume IV, p. 27. - Jay Winik, April 1865, p. 39. - Michael Burlingame, editor, William O. Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times, p. 79.

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DiGeorge Syndrome (DGS) is a primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD) associated with susceptibility to infections due to decreased T cell production and function due to an absent or poorly developed thymus. The thymus is the “school house” where T-cells are educated to fight infection and prevent autoimmunity. DGS is caused by abnormal cell and tissue development during fetal growth. In addition to possible immune system problems, this abnormal development can result in altered facial characteristics, abnormal gland development (parathyroid or thyroid) or heart defects. DGS is a lifelong condition that is typically diagnosed in infancy or early childhood. Children with DGS differ in the organs and tissues affected, as well as in the severity of the disease. The presentation of DGS varies. At one end of the spectrum is “Complete DGS” that is associated with total absence of the thymus and a severe deficiency in T-cells that requires thymic transplantation for survival. “Partial DGS” is associated with low, but not absent T-cell function and often improves during childhood. Still, approximately one-third of affected adults will have mild recurrent infections. Most cases result from a deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 (the DGS chromosome region). A small number of cases of DGS have defects in another chromosome, notably 10p13. Infants with CHARGE syndrome (CHD7 gene) and infants of diabetic mothers also may present with DGS. Keep pace with the latest information and connect with others. Join us on Facebook. DGS Symptoms & Diagnosis Certain facial features are often seen with DGS - low set ears, underdeveloped chin, a short philtrum (the vertical groove on the upper lip), a bulbous nose tip, heavy eyelids and/or a small mouth. Nasal-sounding speech can occur when a cleft palate is involved. Short stature, learning difficulties or certain psychiatric disorders are also common. Based on which organs are affected by the syndrome, other symptoms may include: • Frequent infections • Low calcium levels • Heart defects DGS is often diagnosed at birth or in infancy based on clinical observation of multiple symptoms with various organs. A genetic test is used to confirm the diagnosis. Videos: Choosing Wisely » DGS Treatment & Management As the organs and tissues involved and the severity of the abnormalities vary, treatment plans for DGS must be personalized. For instance, mild T cell problems can often be managed with antibiotics and close follow-up. On the other extreme, cases of DGS in which T cell development is severely affected have been successfully treated with bone marrow or thymus transplant. Severe problems involving the heart or facial features may require corrective surgery. Children with DGS benefit from a multi-specialty approach to treatment, since this disease can be associated with a spectrum of disorders that fall under varying different medical specialties including ENT, immunology, cardiology, genetics and speech therapy. To learn more about PIDDs visit the Immune Deficiency Foundation website.

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Professional teeth cleanings involve the removal of plaque and calculus. A thin layer of film that forms on the teeth is known as Plaque. It contains bacteria produced by the food and saliva. The bacteria in plaque, if left untreated, eats away at the enamel of the tooth and may cause tooth decay, inflammation of the gums, periodontitis (gum disease), and even tooth loss. This plaque converts into a harder substance and becomes calculus when left untreated. This forms on the teeth and on the gum just above the gumline. The calculus can only be removed by the teeth cleaning plaque removal process. Professional cleanings may be done by a dentist or Registered Dental Hygienist (RDA). A Dental Assistant may also be present during your dental cleaning appointment. Dentists do not use any invasive tools such as drills during routine teeth cleaning. There is nothing to be nervous about for you. The treatment should only take around thirty minutes, and may include the following: Scaling: Your memorial dentists or hygienists will use a dental scaler and other hand-held instruments to gently remove plaque and tartar from the surface of the teeth. The deposits will be carefully scraped off of the teeth, and washed and suctioned away with an air-water syringe. Polishing of tooth: During brushing or scaling, you can find unsightly stains and plaque that are not being removed. The dentist or RDA will likely use an ultrasonic instrument that moves continually in circular motions to remove the stains. This might cause a slight "tickling" sensation, but should not be uncomfortable. For suction of excess water and saliva, the air-water syringe will be used. The polishing may take longer than normal if there is a lot of tartar and plaque build-up. After the dental cleaning And polishing, the teeth will usually have a smooth, clean feeling. Root planning: Root planning may be necessary if gums have either started to recede or if calculus has built up around the roots of the teeth. An ultrasonic instrument will be used to remove debris and plaque from the teeth much like scaling. This will provide a dental deep cleaning effect. Application of fluoride: After the cleaning is complete, the dentist or RDA gives you a fluoride treatment. Fluoride foam or gel is applied topically to the teeth, usually for about thirty seconds. Sometimes it is given to the patient as a rinse, which the patient would swish around in their mouth like mouthwash and then spit out. The fluoride helps to strengthen and protect the teeth from cavities and decay. The dentist will ask you not to eat or drink anything immediately after the fluoride treatment has been applied. It is a good idea to book an appointment for a professional dental cleaning every six months as a preventative measure. Plaque and tartar build-up will be carefully removed from your teeth, providing them with a deeper gum disease cleaning than just brushing and flossing. It will also give you an opportunity to touch base with your dentist about any oral health concerns you may have. Article Source : https://urbndental.blogspot.com/2021/07/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-dental.html

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|Part of a series on| Maternal feminism is the belief of many early feminists that women as mothers and caregivers had an important but distinctive role to play in society and in politics. It incorporates reform ideas from social feminism, and combines the concepts of maternalism and feminism. It was a widespread philosophy among well-to-do women in the British Empire, particularly Canada, from the late 19th century until after World War I (1914–18). The concept was attacked by later feminists as accepting the paternalist view of society and providing an excuse for inequality. Christina Hoff Sommers, a critic of late 20th century feminism, has defined maternal feminism as a "recognition that the sexes are equal but different." Sommers contrasts the "egalitarian feminism" of Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) to the maternal feminism of Hannah More (1745–1833). Wollstonecraft thought, "men and women were essentially the same in their spirits and souls, deserving of the same rights." According to Sommers, "Hannah [More] met women where they were. She believed there was a feminine nature and that women were caring and nurturing, different from men but deserving of equality." More was very popular in her day, but if she is remembered now it is for accepting and rationalizing the patriarchal system of her day. The conservative English authors Frances Trollope (1779–1863) and Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–65) both thought that women should be better educated so they would be less dependent on men. Trollope thought that financially secure women should go beyond providing moral education to their children, and should express in public their maternal values, social concerns and caring outlook. Her novels repeatedly show how a young heroine can improve a corrupt society through her moral influence. To some early feminists, such as the novelist Fanny Fern (1811–72) and the temperance leader Letitia Youmans (1827–96), maternal feminism was simply a strategy through which women could achieve their goal of equal rights. In the United States, women became active in social reform in the early 1830s, but were constrained by traditional concepts of maternal feminism. When the Female Moral Reform Society (FMRS) was founded in 1834 there was considerable criticism of the fact that respectable women were discussing prostitution. The protofeminism of this society was lost as it evolved into a charity running homes for reformed prostitutes. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the largest women's organization in the US by the 1880s, provided an opportunity for women to participate in causes such as prison reform, labor conditions, education, purity and suffrage. However, the WCTU saw women purely as wives and mothers, accepting the constraints of maternal feminism. Maternal feminism reached its peak at a time when the British Empire was still expanding fast, but new ideas about women's suffrage, temperance, pacifism and socialism were in the air. Talking of this period Veronica Strong-Boag (b. 1947) said, "Women themselves, like virtually everyone else in Canadian society, identified their sex with a maternal role. A re-invigorated motherhood, the natural occupation for virtually all women, could serve as a buttress against all the destabilizing elements in Canada." The growth of maternal feminism at the expense of the new woman in Britain and her colonies may have been due in part to the rapid expansion of the British empire after 1870. The Anglo-Saxon birth rate seemed to be falling while the infant mortality rate was rising. There was concern about a shortage of Britons "to fill the empty spaces of the empire." To ensure an adequate supply of Anglo-Saxons, women were flooded with propaganda that urged them to become "mothers of the race" by having more children, a superior purpose that was embraced by many feminists. Racism and imperialism thus contributed to support for maternal feminism. Edith Wrigley (1879–1964), wife of George Weston Wrigley (1847–1907), edited the women's column in Citizen and Country, a newspaper that supported the Canadian Socialist League (CSL). She was also active in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. In her column "The Kingdom of the Home" Wrigley expressed the maternal feminist position that love and purity, the values of the home, should also become the guiding principles of politics. Margaret Haile ran in the 1902 provincial election for the CSL in North Toronto. She was said to be the first woman in the British Empire to compete in a political election. She also "still clung to the notion of the home as a traditional source of woman's power". Ruth Lestor became known as the first lady socialist lecturer in Canada during a speaking tour for the SPC in 1909–11. She sometimes used maternal feminist rhetoric when calling women to become socialist. This did not reflect her underlying belief in complete sexual equality. In the 19th and early 20th centuries there were strong ties between maternal feminism and the suffrage and temperance movements, both of which aimed to improve the conditions of women and children at home and at work. There was also a natural link between pacifism and maternal feminism. Augusta Stowe-Gullen (1857–1943) said in 1915 that "when women have a voice in national and international affairs, war will cease forever." This became an increasingly hard position to support as World War I dragged on. Some who stayed true to maternal feminism and pacifism during the war were also socialist or communist, such as the Canadian Gertrude Richardson. Rose Henderson (1871–1937) was another Canadian socialist and peace activist who embraced maternal feminism. Their radicalism gave ammunition to opponents of feminism. Maternal feminism combines the concepts of maternalism and feminism. Many of the maternalist reformers and organizations like the Elizabeth Fry Society and the Salvation Army did not identify themselves as feminist, and pursued strategies and objectives that were different from those of feminists. Maternalism appealed to bourgeois women interested in reforming the lower orders, and provided the excuse for intrusive surveillance of working class women and girls. It was not in itself feminist in any way. There also were different types of feminist. The "new women" or "equal rights" feminists did not accept maternalism. But the acceptable language of maternalism was tactically convenient to feminists who were willing to accept being locked into activities surrounding the home and family in return for other freedoms. The ideology of Maternal feminism incorporates ideas from social feminism and domestic feminism. Social feminists were more concerned with social reform than with women's rights, but felt that women should be able to play a public role in social reform due to their nature as women. Domestic feminism claimed that women should have more autonomy within the family. It did not go further since women were prohibited any form of participation in public life. Combining the two gives the concept that "women's special role as mother gives her the duty and the right to participate in the public sphere." Maternal feminists did not see maternalism as being limited to biological maternity. They extended it to social or spiritual motherhood, and saw no reason why a woman should not remain single and devote herself to a professional career or to social causes. Ellen Key (1849–1926) of Sweden thought motherhood was women's "highest cultural task", and considered that mothers should not work away from home. On the other hand, she was an early advocate of female suffrage, and thought every woman should have complete freedom to follow her individuality. She viewed motherhood as more important than marriage, and so was seen by American feminists of the 1910s as a radical and supporter of sexual liberation. In Germany there was fierce debate among feminists about how to handle prostitution, seen as the source of venereal diseases and thus a major health problem. Hanna Bieber-Böhm (1851–1910), Anna Pappritz (1861–1939) and Helene Stöcker (1869–1943) advocated different solutions. Bieber-Böhm favoured stronger legal action by the state against the clients of prostitutes. Pappritz and Stöcker were both opposed to state surveillance and control of prostitutes. Pappritz proposed moral education of young people and encouragement of abstinence outside marriage, while Stocker thought that giving women more sexual freedom would eliminate the demand for prostitution. The more nurturing approach of Pappritz may be seen as closest to maternal feminism. In 1893 Lady Aberdeen (1857–1939), head of the National Council of Women of Canada (NCWC), said mothering was the "grand woman's mission". NCWC delegates pledged to "conserve the highest good of the family and state" but to remain "aloof from issues pertaining to women's rights." The maternal feminism ideology, with its assumption that all women had common interests, prompted many women of the upper and middle classes to look for ways to help poorer women through clubs, unions, settlement houses and so on. Women of the elite such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902) of America and Marguerite Durand (1864–1936) of France felt that with their better education and broader experience they had a natural duty to lead. Often they lacked empathy with the women they were trying to help, refused to cede control to these women and wanted to reform them as well as assist. Ellice Hopkins (1836–1904) exemplifies this attitude when calling in England in 1882 for "the greater utilization of the increasing culture of upper-class women to bring light and higher influence as well as brightness and beauty, to the 'dim populations' of our great factory towns, especially the toiling working women and mother. Lucy Maud Montgomery (1874–1942), best known as author of Anne of Green Gables (1908), presented maternal feminist views in her books published in the period around World War I (1914-18). In Anne's secure world of Avonlea women make most of the decisions. Nellie McClung (1873–1951) of Manitoba, Canada said "A woman's place is in the home; and out of it whenever she is called to guard those she loves and to improve conditions for them." In her 1915 book In Times Like These McClung wrote, Too long have the gentle ladies sat in their boudoirs looking at life in a mirror like the Lady of Shallot, while down below, in the street, the fight rages, and other women, and defenceless children, are getting the worst of it. But the cry is going up to the boudoir ladies to come down to help us, for the battle goes sorely; and many there are who are throwing aside the mirror and coming out to where the real things are. The world needs the work and help of the women, and the women must work, if the race will survive. McClung wrote that "The woman's outlook on life is to save, to care for, to help. Men make wounds, and women bind them up." It was due to biological differences that women were morally superior to men and should have the vote. A modern feminist would see this as a reductive and biologically determinist view of gender, but at the time the concept did represent an advance towards giving women a greater and more meaningful role. In 1918 Canada gave women the right to vote, other than Inuit and Indians. Two years later Canadian women were given the right to run for election. However, the modern, urbanized "flappers" had little interest in the old-fashioned, moralistic causes of suffrage and temperance. The leaders of the maternal feminist movement were middle-aged and the maternal feminist movement was in decline. There was still some progress. On 18 October 1929 Lord Sankey of the Privy Council overruled the Supreme Court of Canada and ruled that women were legally eligible to be appointed to the Senate of Canada. He said, "The exclusion of women from all public offices is a relic of days more barbarous than our". This was the culmination of a struggle led by judge Emily Murphy of Edmonton and four other prominent western women: Henrietta Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney and Irene Parlby. The "Famous Five" were all advocates of maternal feminism, believing that women's distinctive biology suited them for a role in public life. With this ruling Canadian women were finally established as legal persons. A few days later the stock market crash led to the start of the Great Depression. Wayne Roberts noted in 1979 that the concept of "mother of the race" had replaced the more radical earlier feminist concept of "the new woman". The attempt to reconcile the domestic and maternal ideal with the push for equality handicapped the early feminist movement and limited the gains it made. The radical potential of the suffrage movement was crushed by "stultifying definitions of motherhood". Another criticism is that the exhortion to women to "mother the race" had racial undertones directed at new immigrants at the lowest level of the social hierarchy. There has been violent argument over whether maternal feminism in Germany led to Nazi-era coercive policies related to the family and reproduction. The historian Nancy F. Cott has proposed that maternal feminism would be better called "municipal housekeeping" or "civic maternalism", since by accepting existing sex roles it was not truly feminism. Other historians defend the movement as letting women maintain their female identity rather than become like men to bargain for their rights. As Helene Stöcker said "No, no, not to be a man or to want to be a man or to be mistaken for a man: how should that help us!". Naomi Black sees maternal feminism as inherently radical. Its proponents were "committed, whether they [knew] it or not, to a basic transformation of patriarchal structures and values." The dismissive attitude typical of the 1970s has given way to a more understanding view of maternal feminism as a strategic adaptation to social attitudes of the time. Women's demands for reform were less threatening when expressed in maternal terms. The central role of evangelical Protestantism in the early feminist movement is better understood, and the view that early feminists were focused on suffrage has given way to an understanding of their interest in prohibition, eugenics, morality laws, financial security and protection of women and children. The concept of maternal feminism is resilient. In January 1993 CBS debuted a "soft" drama for family viewing called Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman about a woman doctor in Colorado Springs, Colorado in the late 1860s. Despite poor reviews and an unpromising time slot, the show proved very successful. According to Bonnie J. Dow, the reason is Dr. Quinn's "integration of liberal feminist assumptions with a sentimentalized affirmation of motherhood." In the United States Sarah Ruddick argued in the 1980s for the existence of "maternal thinking" and Carol Gilligan wrote of women's "standard of relationship, an ethic of nurturance, responsibility, and care". They may represent a revival of maternal feminist concepts, which Hillary Clinton has perhaps sought to exploit in the political arena. Critics of Gilligan's revived version of maternal feminism say that to assume women are all essentially mothers, and that a male culture should be replaced in schools by a female culture, are both debatable in a democracy with diverse views about gender, sexuality and maternal roles. The term has also been used in the different sense of feminism as it applies to mothers. Dr. Andrea O’Reilly of York University in Toronto said at a 2011 Women’s Worlds conference in Ottawa, Canada that feminist mothering must focus on things that are denied to women by patriarchal motherhood. Feminist mothers must take control of their lives and act according to their own beliefs rather than society's expectations.

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How many solar panels would it take to power a boat? Some boats can get by with one 100-watt solar panel (or even smaller), while others require a multi-panel setup. The first step in figuring out how many solar panels you need is to calculate your electricity load. Below are some common appliances you may be using on your boat, and what they draw for power. Will a solar panel charge a marine battery? Small boats: A solar panel can keep the battery fully charged when the boat is on the trailer, at a mooring or sitting at her slip. … Since solar panels put out pure DC power, they are excellent chargers as long as they have a regulator in the circuit when they require it (see below). How many watts do I need on my boat? The rule of thumb is based on weight alone, and says you should have between 40 and 25 pounds of weight for each horsepower. For example, a 5,000-pound boat could have an engine with between 125 and 200 horsepower. How much does it cost to install solar panels on a boat? Solar Photovoltaic Boat Power Costs |Upgrade Moderate: additional to Basic, 300 watts total PV.||$371||each| |Upgrade Deluxe: additional to Moderate, 400 watts total PV.||$473||each| |+ Labor Cost (Basic)||$42||per hour| Can a solar panel overcharge a battery? As a general rule a solar panel can overcharge a battery. The charge rate depends on the solar panel voltage, the output current and the battery voltage. Overcharging is eliminated by using a solar charge controller. Can I charge a battery directly from a solar panel? Connecting the solar panels directly to a single battery or bank of batteries for charging may work, but is not a good idea. … A standard 12 volt solar panel which can be used to recharge a battery, could actually be putting out nearly 20 volts at full sun, much more voltage than the battery needs. How fast do solar panels charge? If a battery is completely drained, a panel can typically charge the battery within five to eight hours. The total charging time will vary depending on the state of a battery. If a battery is totally drained, a solar panel can energize the cells within five to eight hours. How fast will a 100 watt solar panel charge a battery? In other simple words, we can say that a 100 Watt solar panel that can generate 1 amp of current will take around 5-8 hours of time to charge a 12V battery fully. How long does it take a solar panel to charge a marine battery? As you can see, the 12v 70-Watt panel may take 3 to 4 days to charge the battery completely with a battery that is discharged 50%. The larger panel may be able to do it in just over a day depending on sunlight conditions. Should I leave my boat battery charger on all the time? No. Minn Kota’s On-board chargers operate in Float Mode where they maintain the battery voltage for 24 hours and then transition to Long Term Storage Mode. During this time the Charger no longer outputs power to the battery and only monitors the voltage.

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Markup and margin are common accounting terms that are often used when pricing your products. Many people think they’re the same and use them interchangeably, however, that is a misunderstanding. There’s a distinct difference between the two terminologies. Simply put, markup is the amount by which the product cost is increased to get the selling price. While margin is the difference between the selling and the sourcing price. If that sounds too confusing then don’t worry. In this article, we’ll go over the main differences between markup vs. margin, discuss how to calculate them and much more. So let’s get started! What Is Markup? Markup is the amount by which the cost of a product is increased to get its final selling price. Let’s say you’re sourcing products at $30/unit and then increasing the price to sell them at $50/unit. In this case, a markup of 20$ yields the $50 price which is about 66.7% markup. This markup percentage is calculated by dividing the added cost by the sourcing cost and then multiplying the resultant with 100. What Is Margin? Margin is the difference between the sourcing price and the final selling price of the product. So if you’re selling a product for $50 and its sourcing price is $30, then your margin would be $20, which equals 40%. The Difference between Markup and Margin After going through the definition of markup and margin, it makes sense why people get confused between the two. Let’s just say that the key difference between markup and margin is that the markup is the added cost of the product on top of its sourcing price. While margin is simply the difference between the final selling cost of the product and its sourcing price. So by using the examples from above, if you’re sourcing a product for $30, and plan to keep a 40% margin, you’ll have to set the final selling price at $50 – which is a 66.7% markup. If that sounds confusing then don’t worry because in the next section we’re going to explore how markup and margin are calculated. How to Calculate Markup and Margin? If you want to calculate your markup percentage, then divide the markup amount by the cost of the product and multiply the result by 100. You can calculate the markup percentage by using the following formula: Markup % = (Added Cost/Sourcing Cost) * 100. If we once again refer to the example above, then let’s plug in the sourcing cost which was $30, and added the cost of $20 to the formula: Markup = (20/30) * 100 = 66.7%. This proves that if you’re sourcing a product for $30 and selling it for $50, you’re keeping a markup percentage of 66.7%. Similarly, the way to calculate margin is by subtracting the final selling price of the product from its sourcing cost. Keep in mind that margin is always calculated in percentage. The formula for calculating the margin would look something like this: Margin = ((Final Price – Sourcing Price) / Final Price) * 100 Now, let’s apply the formula for margin to the sample example where the final price is $50 and the sourcing price is $30: Margin = ((50 – 30) / 50) * 100 = 40% In case mathematics isn’t your favorite subject, the reason we’re multiplying by 100 is to calculate the percentage. Markup and Margin Chart Markup and margin are closely linked, so it isn’t surprising that they also interact predictably. If you know the value of one, then it isn’t difficult to calculate the other. But if you want to avoid the hassle altogether then here’s a chart with some of the most common markup vs. margin rates: Note: All of the markup percentages have been rounded from decimals to their nearest whole numbers. How to Convert between Markup and Margin We just mentioned that markup and margin interact in a predictable manner and it’s possible to determine the value of one, by knowing the other – so how can you do that? Well, let’s look at some formulas that will help you convert between markup and margin. Markup to Margin Conversion You can use the following formula to convert markup to margin: Margin = (Markup / (1+ Markup)) X 100 Let’s refer back to the example we’ve been using since the beginning of this article. Remember how we calculated a 67% markup for a margin of 40% that you can also verify in the chart? Well, we’re going to use the same values to show you how this formula works: Margin = (0.67 / (1 + 0.67)) X 100 = 40% The result we now have certainly looks familiar, doesn’t it? The only thing we did was to round the answer with the closest whole number. Margin to Markup Conversion The formula to convert margin to markup is quite similar to the one we just discussed above. You just have to replace markup with margin and change the plus symbol into a minus: Markup = (Margin / (1 – Margin)) X 100 It’s now time to take this formula for a spin, and for that, we’re going to go back to our favorite example (you’ve probably memorized those values by now). So let’s take the 40% margin that we calculated for a 67% markup and plug it into the formula: Markup = (0.40 / (1 – 0.40)) X 100 = 67% See how this formula brings us back to our calculated markup percentage? Well, that’s all you have to do to convert margin into markup. When to Use Markup/Margin? You should use markup percentage when you’re trying to decide the selling price of your products. Deciding the markup percentage is a complicated step and depends on a variety of factors like the manufacturing/sourcing price, product quality, and competition. Margin can be used to assess the performance of your store and the amount of profit you’re potentially making. How to Calculate Markup/Margin on Products Calculating the markup/margin on products depends on a variety of factors. So let’s shed some light on those: 1. Type of Business Your markup/margin percentage has a lot to do with the type of business you’re operating. For example, if you’re running a wholesale business then you would be expected to keep a lower markup, which is around 18—25% which approximately equals to a margin of 15—20% The reason behind that is that you’ll most likely be selling the products in bulk. Similarly, if you’re running an eCommerce store and using a fulfillment method like dropshipping then you have to be smarter about your pricing. You can learn more about that by checking out our Dropshipping Profit Margin guide. Ultimately, there isn’t a one-size-fits-all strategy when setting the markup for your product. You have to experiment according to the type of your business to figure out what works best for you. 2. Past Experience You can pretty much sell your products at any price you want. The question is – would anyone buy them unless you have the credibility to back up those prices? So the percentage of the markup/margin you keep also heavily depends on your experience. We would suggest new entrepreneurs shoot for a lower markup to build a solid customer base first. If you don’t want to do that, then you can at least consider offering a discounted price to tempt the customers to try your products. Either way, unless you have an established brand identity or at least some proven track record in the industry, you’ll have a hard time getting away with high initial prices. That’s why your main focus at the start needs to be a lower markup, so you can compete against already existing and established brands. Unless you have a monopoly over a product, there’s a certain limit to the amount of markup you can set. That percentage is usually derived from the average of your competitors. If you and your competitors are selling the same product, then just compare the price and set your markup somewhere close to that. And if you’re setting a higher markup than your competitors, then be sure to back that up with superior product quality. Overall, market research is an important approach for the success of any business. 4. Supply Chain It’s important to consider your supply chain while setting the markup price. Even if you’re sourcing the product at a low price, it’s pointless if all your revenue is getting drained by the logistical costs. This is in fact a common mistake that new entrepreneurs make. They get so invested in the sourcing cost that they completely disregard the other expenses that come while running a business. So make sure that the selling price of your product at least covers the operational costs of your business. And in case you aren’t able to resolve the supply chain issues, we would recommend getting the assistance of a professional product fulfillment service. In today’s world, there are countless ways for you to market your business. Some of the most common are dropshipping marketing, social media marketing like Tiktok, Shopping ads, or getting the help of influencers with Instagram shoutout. The point is, you can spend millions of dollars on marketing your business, or only a few hundred bucks – there’s no limit. We recommend setting your markup price according to the amount of money you plan on investing in marketing. Otherwise, getting sales is pointless if all your money is going towards marketing and you’re sitting with little to no profit. Even if you’re going for an aggressive marketing strategy and investing all your money into it, make sure to have a long-term plan. And most importantly, know the audience you’re trying to target. Once you start getting more customers and your brand is recognizable, start slowly increasing your markup over time. 6. Product Type The type of product you’re selling also plays a major role in determining the pricing window. For instance, you can’t set a 300% markup if the only thing you’re selling is potato chips. This is also one of the reasons why planning the markup isn’t the only thing you have to worry about. If you’re planning to launch an eCommerce store, then the most important aspect is product hunting – which is a comprehensive topic that we’ve already covered in another article. So to keep it short, if you have a set percentage of markup in your mind, then make sure to look for a product that lets you get away with it. FAQs about Markup and Margin Is There a Difference between Profit and Margin? The subtle difference between profit and margin is that the former is measured in dollar terms while the latter is always in percentage. Other than that, both profit and margin are relative in context as they help measure the amount of money a business is generating after the sourcing/operational expenses. Can Markup and Margin Be Used Interchangeably? No, markup and margin and two different terminologies. While they interact predictably, they cannot be used interchangeably. However, you can use the value of one to calculate the other. Markup vs. Margin, What to Use for Determining Selling Price? Markup is generally used to determine the selling price of a product. Margin, on the other hand, is used to evaluate the financial performance of a business and the amount of money you’re making on each sale. Every business owner needs to understand the difference between markup and margin. It’s an important part of pricing your products. Throughout this article, we’ve shared several examples that will help you learn how these terminologies differ from one another. Just keep in mind that whenever you’re sourcing products, your main goal should be to get a mix of both quality and price. So if you want any help regarding product sourcing then you can contact NicheDropshipping to get a free quote today. We are experts at negotiating the best possible sourcing price to improve your profit margin.

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Information on the launch was reported by the Russian Ministry of Defense, in a statement: “On June 17th (Moscow time), the Space Forces successfully launched the Soyuz-2.1b transport missile GLPNASS-M navigation satellite. ” Manufacturers Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems has announced that the GLONASS system will significantly increase its power by mid-2018 when a GLONASS-M satellite is launched. strengthened. However, this is not enough to GLONASS US GPS to bear inferior. To fulfill its ambitions, Russia and China are planning to merge two GLONASS and North Dau satellite navigation systems to cover the entire Eurasian continent. According to RT, this plan was brought to the table in May, 1818, in the framework of the International Conference on Technology in Manufacturing and Material Technology (ATMME) held in Harbin City. capital of the Heilongjiang province of China). The initiative to merge the two separate systems was the result of a proposal by the Chinese government to the Russian Federal Space Agency Roscosmos. It is expected to create a global global navigation satellite system consisting of countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization including China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India and Pakistan. The new system will allow partners to share data on the location of navigation satellite groups, improve productivity in real-time environments and communicate changes as needed. At the same time, Russia’s GLONASS could significantly expand its user base. “If the project is implemented, it will allow for improved accuracy for both systems,” said Roscosmos. If successful, the project would divide the whole world into two regions affected by two GLONASS-Bishops united states and GPS-Galileo, operated by the United States. and the European Union. The Global Positioning System (GPS), the world’s first global navigation satellite system, began operation in 1978 to provide location information and navigation to missile and submarine submarines. This system is also used for hydrographic and geodetic surveys of the United States military. The system was opened for civil and commercial use in 1994. Currently, GPS is widely used in the military. Meanwhile, the Russian GLONASS was launched in 1993. The navigation system has 27 satellites in orbit and all operate. It is operated by the Russian Space Forces and is currently the second alternative navigation system. Galileo is Europe’s global navigation system, available for civil and commercial use. This is a joint project of the European Space Agency and the European GNSS Agency. Currently, 22 satellites operate out of 30 forecasts. Galileo will start operating in 2016 and is expected to achieve full operational capability by 2020. China’s Big Dipper system was put into operation in 2000 with limited coverage and navigation services provided mainly to users in China and neighboring areas. The system currently has a total of 22 satellites in orbit and constellation. It is expected that this system will work with higher capacity when there are enough 35 satellites. Japan and India are also developing their regional satellite navigation systems. The Quasi-Zenith Japan Satellite System (QZSS) is currently under construction. Expected to be completed later this year. It will have seven satellites and four are already in orbit. Indian Regional Satellite Satellite System (IRNSS) includes India and its vicinity, extending up to 1,500 km. Its seven satellites are currently in orbit, but were first removed from operation after all rubidium atomic clocks on board failed in 2017.

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Visible high on the Bolivian altiplano are the green waters of Lake Poopó and the bright white surface of the Salar de Uyuni. Lake Poopó’s area has decreased by 50% in the last 25 years, with serious consequences for the populations of resident and migratory waterbirds. The lake is located at approximately 3700 m above sea level, covering an approximate area of 967,000 ha, making it the second biggest lake in Bolivia, after Lake Titicaca (visible in the upper part of the full image), which is shared with Peru. However, in only 25 years its area has decreased by about 17,400 ha, representing almost 50% of its total area. The decrease in the wetland’s area of open water has been attributed principally to climate change, which, in conjunction with current hydrological conditions (high rates of evaporation, low rainfall, and low flow rates of the rivers flowing into the lake), mean that water levels in the lake are not rising. This has had serious impacts on the biodiversity which depends on the wetland, given that the salinity has increased, thus decreasing survival rates of some species, with subsequent consequences in the local economy. The change in size of the wetland has represented a considerable loss of available habitat for migratory bird species, for which the lake represents an important habitat, especially during the dry season (May to September), coinciding with the southern winter. However, drastic decreases in the populations of these species have been detected since 2007. Preliminary results suggest that the reason for this decline is the loss of available habitat as a result of the reduced area of Lake Poopó, and the accumulation of solid waste around the shores of the lake (click here for more information).

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January 10, 2012 New shrimp species crowd the world's deepest undersea vents. Photo by: University of Southampton/National Oceanography Center (NOC). In April 2010 scientists used a deep-diving vehicle, HyBIS, and an unmanned robotic submarine, Autosub6000, to explore the vents, which are gushing fluids rich in copper and may be hotter than 450 degrees Celsius. "These vents may be one of the few places on the planet where we can study reactions between rocks and 'supercritical' fluids at extreme temperatures and pressures," said Doug Connelly with the National Oceanography Center (NOC) in a press release. Researchers also took samples and photos of a new species of deep sea shrimp, named Rimicaris hybisae, which lacks eyes, instead the shrimp have light-sensing organs on their backs, allowing them to "see" the glow of the vents. White-tentacled anemones were also found. "Black smoker" vent at the Beebe Vent Field, 5 km deep in the Cayman Trough. Photo by: University of Southampton/NOC. A new vent field was also discovered on the top slopes of a nearby undersea mountain, Mount Dent. This surprised researchers as undersea vents are not expected on mountainsides. "Hot and acidic vents have never been seen in an area like this before, and usually we don't even look for vents in places like this," said Connelly. The discovery of the new vents, named Von Damm Vent Field, may mean more deep sea vents could be found throughout the world on other submerged mountains. The Mount Dent vents sported the same shrimp species as the Beebe Vent Field, but scientists also found possibly new species of a serpentine fish, a snail, and an amphipod. Just last week researchers announced the discovery of numerous new species at the first exploration of deep sea vents in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica, including a new species of ghostly, hairy crab, known as Yeti crabs. Although located in one of the most extreme environment on Earth, hydrothermal vents are facing a sudden and new threat: deep sea mining. Deep sea vents do not only harbor extremophiles (life surviving in extreme conditions), but are also rich in minerals deposits. Already Nautilus Minerals of Canada plans to be the first corporation to attempt mining deep sea hydrothermal vents off the coast of New Guinea in 2013, in this case for copper. "Interest in mining deep-sea hydrothermal vents is likely to increase. Indeed, the International Seabed Authority approved, in July this year, four new applications for exploration of polymetallic sulphides associated with hydrothermal vents. The applicants will restrict activity to inactive sites, which do not play host to typical, living vent communities, but much concern has been expressed about the potential for damage to sites in international waters in the absence of an agreed and effective conservation policy," Steven L. Chown with Stellenbosch University writes in a primer on the new discovery in the Southern Ocean. Anemones at the world's deepest undersea vents. Photo by: University of Southampton/NOC. New shrimp species and snake-like fish at the Von Damm Vent Field. Photo by: University of Southampton/NOC. Lab photo of Rimicaris hybisae, the world's deepest known vent shrimp, from the Beebe Vent Field. Pale patch behind the head is its light-sensing organ. Photo by: University of Southampton/NOC. Launching underwater robot Autosub6000, used to locate deep-sea vents. Photo by: University of Southampton/NOC. 'Lost world' dominated by Yeti crabs discovered in the Antarctic deep (01/03/2012) Scientists have discovered a deep sea ecosystem dominated by hairy pale crabs off of Antarctica. The new species of "Yeti crabs" survive alongside many other likely new species, including a seven-armed meat-eating starfish, off of hydrothermal vents, which spew heat and chemicals into the lightless, frigid waters. According to the paper published in PLoS ONE, this is the first discovery of a hydrothermal vent ecosystem in the Southern Ocean though many others have been recorded in warmer waters worldwide. Yeti crab cultivates bacteria on its claws to feed itself (12/02/2011) A species of deep-sea crab found in hydrothermal vents off Costa Rica cultivates "gardens" of bacteria on its claws to feed itself, reports Nature News. Giant one-celled organisms discovered over six miles below the ocean's surface (10/23/2011) Imagine a one-celled organism the size of a mango. It's not science fiction, but fact: scientists have cataloged dozens of giant one-celled creatures, around 4 inches (10 centimeters), in the deep abysses of the world's oceans. But recent exploration of the Mariana Trench has uncovered the deepest record yet of the one-celled behemoths, known as xenophyophores.

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This week I did an oral vocabulary quiz with my Spanish 3 students about movies. I used the website Lingt Language to administer the quiz. It consisted of 7 questions in Spanish that I recorded ahead of time. The students click on a speech bubble and hear the question. They can listen as many times as they want. Then they click the other speech bubble and it records their answer that they say. They can delete their answers and re-record if they make a mistake. At the bottom they click submit and enter their name. This then gives me their name and all their recorded answers on my homepage. I was looking for something to use my class iPod touches with for this assessment but didn’t come up with anything on time so I went with Lingt because I’d used it in the past for other types of assessments. The downfall is that it requires Flash so can’t be used with iPods or iPads. It was SO QUICK to make and easy to listen and grade the assessments. If you want to see what my assessment was like, click here then click on Spanish 3 and Vamos al cine. Feel free to test stuff out. Just don’t submit your answers. 🙂 Lingt Language is free but limits how many assignments you can upload to classes I think. That’s changed a bit since the last time I used it so I need to read up on how it works again. If you’ve got questions as to how to make this assessment, let me know and I’ll try to upload a how-to video. It’s pretty intuitive once you mess around a bit. Until Next Time,

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