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let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
down here is the hydroxide anion , it is the conjugate base to water , but water is not a great asset , and we know that from the pka value here , so water is not great at donating a proton , which means that the hydroxide anion is not that stable , and since the hydroxide anion is not that stable , it 's not a great l...
is the name of the first molecule 2-hydroxyl-2,3-dimethyl pentanol ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
i just put in a generic base , sometimes you might see water acting as a base , sometimes you might see hso4- , right , the conjugate base to sulfuric acid acting as the base , different textbooks give you different things , i do n't think it really matters , but one of those acting as a weak base , it 's probably wate...
how can we determine if a reaction is fast or slow to happen ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
i just put in a generic base , sometimes you might see water acting as a base , sometimes you might see hso4- , right , the conjugate base to sulfuric acid acting as the base , different textbooks give you different things , i do n't think it really matters , but one of those acting as a weak base , it 's probably wate...
when you start the last reaction mechanism , i know it is e1 elimination , but the first two were dehydration of alcohol , is there a specific name for this third reaction ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide .
- the delta represents heat ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
so if you 're writing a rate law , the rate of this reaction would be equal to the rate constant k times the concentration of your substrate , so that 's what studies have shown , that these mechanisms depend on the concentration of only your substrate , this over here on the left , so it 's first order with respect to...
what 's the rate-determining step in the first example ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
so the electrons in , let 's use green this time , the electrons in green moved in here to form our double bond , to form our alkene . so i just put a generic base , let me go ahead and talk about the base for a second here . i just put in a generic base , sometimes you might see water acting as a base , sometimes you ...
why koh acts as base as well as nucleophile ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
the loss of the leaving group is the rate determining step , and so the concentration of your substrate , your starting material , that 's what matters . your base ca n't do anything until you lose your leaving group . and so , since the base does not participate in the rate determining step , it participates in the se...
why does the alcohol group act like a base , when oxygen does not like to be positively charged ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
so let 's talk about one more point here in the mechanism , and that is the formation of this carbocation . since we have a carbocation in this mechanism , we need to think about the possibility of rearrangements in the mechanism , and you need to think what would form , what substrate would form a stable carbocation ,...
why do you need to heat up the acids ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydrogen for this reaction . the first step of an e1 elimination mechanism is loss of our leaving group , so loss of leavi...
how is the 1 carbon a carbocation once the hydrogen is taken off ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
so let 's go ahead and take off this arrow here , because the first step is not loss of a leaving group , the first step is a proton transfer . we have a strong acid here , sulfuric acid , and the alcohol will act as a base and take a proton from sulfuric acid . and that would form water as your leaving group , and wat...
what is the phosphoric acid used for if the reaction used sulfuric acid ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
so let 's go ahead and take off this arrow here , because the first step is not loss of a leaving group , the first step is a proton transfer . we have a strong acid here , sulfuric acid , and the alcohol will act as a base and take a proton from sulfuric acid . and that would form water as your leaving group , and wat...
would the first 2 examples be e2 because the oxygen is accepting the proton from the sulfuric acid ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
alright , something else i wan na talk about is we had three beta carbons over here , and if i look at these three beta carbons , and i just picked one of them , i just said that this carbon right here , let me highlight it , i just took a proton from this carbon , but it does n't matter which of those carbons that we ...
how the electrons are gon na make a double bond ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
so i just put a generic base , let me go ahead and talk about the base for a second here . i just put in a generic base , sometimes you might see water acting as a base , sometimes you might see hso4- , right , the conjugate base to sulfuric acid acting as the base , different textbooks give you different things , i do...
where did the h+ come from ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
i just put in a generic base , sometimes you might see water acting as a base , sometimes you might see hso4- , right , the conjugate base to sulfuric acid acting as the base , different textbooks give you different things , i do n't think it really matters , but one of those acting as a weak base , it 's probably wate...
i have 2 questions : ) 1- do we need energy or anything to make the br take the electrons at e1 reaction or does it happen on it on ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydrogen for this reaction . the first step of an e1 elimination mechanism is loss of our leaving group , so loss of leavi...
2- after the methanol ( oxygen ) forms a bond with h from the beta carbon now it will have a positive charge , so then what would happen and now what is it called with the extra h ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
i just put in a generic base , sometimes you might see water acting as a base , sometimes you might see hso4- , right , the conjugate base to sulfuric acid acting as the base , different textbooks give you different things , i do n't think it really matters , but one of those acting as a weak base , it 's probably wate...
what is the difference between this e1 reaction and an e1 reaction that creates an alkene with a strong base ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
here we have a tertiary alkyl halides , and let 's say this tertiary alkyl halide undergoes an e1 elimination reaction . so the carbon that 's bonded to the iodine must be our alpha carbon , and then we would have three beta carbons , so that 's a beta carbon , that 's a beta carbon , and that 's a beta carbon . so the...
will there be 2 products if there are 2 beta hydrogen ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
so let 's go ahead and take off this arrow here , because the first step is not loss of a leaving group , the first step is a proton transfer . we have a strong acid here , sulfuric acid , and the alcohol will act as a base and take a proton from sulfuric acid . and that would form water as your leaving group , and wat...
in the reference to jay talking about the dehydration of the cyclohexanol , ( starting around 0 ) are all dehydration reactions e1 reactions when a strong acid is present ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
and that means that water is stable , so the first step , the first step when you are doing an e1 mechanism with an alcohol is to protonate the oh group . so here 's our alcohol , and the carbon bonded to the oh is our alpha carbon , and then these carbons next to the alpha carbon would all be beta carbons . we just sa...
the ethanol is removing the hydrogen because its a nucleopphile , why didnt it just go and attach to the positively charged carbon ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
down here is the hydroxide anion , it is the conjugate base to water , but water is not a great asset , and we know that from the pka value here , so water is not great at donating a proton , which means that the hydroxide anion is not that stable , and since the hydroxide anion is not that stable , it 's not a great l...
so are the first 2 examples dehydrations rxns and the last one is dehydrohalogenation ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
here we have a tertiary alkyl halides , and let 's say this tertiary alkyl halide undergoes an e1 elimination reaction . so the carbon that 's bonded to the iodine must be our alpha carbon , and then we would have three beta carbons , so that 's a beta carbon , that 's a beta carbon , and that 's a beta carbon . so the...
how do we recognize alpha and beta groups ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
so let 's go ahead and take off this arrow here , because the first step is not loss of a leaving group , the first step is a proton transfer . we have a strong acid here , sulfuric acid , and the alcohol will act as a base and take a proton from sulfuric acid . and that would form water as your leaving group , and wat...
when you said bronsted lowry acid ( which i do n't recall hear of from my teachers ) is that an electrophile ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
so if we lose the iodide anion , that means we 're gon na have a carbocation , so we lost a bond to this carbon in red , so we 're gon na form a carbocation , let me go ahead and draw that in , so this is a planar carbocation , and so the carbon , let me go ahead and highlight it here , the carbon in red has a plus one...
in acidic conditions , like in the cyclohexane example , are you supposed to deprotonate before or after the elimination has occurred ?
let 's look at the mechanism for an e1 elimination reaction , and we 'll start with our substrate , so on the left . let 's say we 're dealing with alkyl halide . so the carbon that 's bonded to our halogen would be the alpha carbon , and the carbon next to that carbon would be the beta carbon , so we need a beta hydr...
your base ca n't do anything until you lose your leaving group . and so , since the base does not participate in the rate determining step , it participates in the second step , the concentration of the base has no effect on the rate of the reaction , so it 's the concentration of the substrate only , and since it 's o...
is there a general rule that tells when to deprotonate in acidic/basic conditions ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
well , you could have a very accurate freezer that is exactly at zero degrees celsius , and you put both of these cups into it , and you wan na make sure that they 're identical and everything where you control for everything else . you control for the surface area . you control for the material of the glass .
does the pond freeze first because the pond has more surface area in relation to its volume ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
your hypothesis . and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fresh water , so your testable explanation could be salt water , salt water has lower freezing point . has lower freezing , freezing point . lower freezing point , so it...
is the reason for the ocean freezing not as fast as the pond ( because the ocean has salt in it ) , the the same reason why people put salt on the road to melt the snow ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
how do you use the scientific method ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
or rather , is the scientific method the only valid way to explain things ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , let 's go back to our testable explanation , our hypothesis . salt water has a lower freezing point than fresh water . well , the next step would be to make a prediction based on that , and this is the part where we 're really designing an experiment .
wait , since salt water has a lower freezing point , is that why people pour salt on snowy/icy road ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fresh water , so your testable explanation could be salt water , salt water has lower freezing point . has lower freezing , freezing point . lower freezing point , so it takes colder temp...
why does salt lower the freezing point ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fresh water , so your testable explanation could be salt water , salt water has lower freezing point . has lower freezing , freezing point . lower freezing point , so it takes colder temp...
would another reason for freezing be the relative size of the pond and the ocean ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , the next part that i will do is the experiment . experiment . and there you go .
is it better to use the scientific method to conduct an experiment than conducting an experiment without the scientific method ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , our prediction , let 's say the fresh freezes at zero degrees celsius , but salt does n't . salt water does n't . salt water does n't .
would n't the ocean be affected by the iceberg near the water ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , the first thing is , we 'll say i take , you know , there 's all sorts of things that are going on outside . the ocean has waves . you know , maybe there are boats going by that might potentially break up the ice .
would the motion of the waves make it harder to freeze because essentially freezing is making the molecules slow down , but while the waves move , it would be harder to do so ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
we have n't actually run the experiment , but it 's a good one , because we can construct an experiment that tests this very well . now , what would be an example of a bad hypothesis or of something that you could n't even necessarily consider as part of the scientific method ? well , you could say that there is a fair...
because the ocean has such powerful currents propelling it , would n't they crack the ice or something ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , our prediction , let 's say the fresh freezes at zero degrees celsius , but salt does n't . salt water does n't . salt water does n't .
but salt and water mix if the water is to be evaporated the salt will be left behind so how come when the water freezes the salt is still there why ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
or rather , is the scientific method the only valid way to explain things ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , the next part that i will do is the experiment . experiment . and there you go .
would n't it have been better to take water from the regions that sal was testing ( the lake and the ocean ) and then conduct the experiment ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
who created the scientific method ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , the first thing is , we 'll say i take , you know , there 's all sorts of things that are going on outside . the ocean has waves . you know , maybe there are boats going by that might potentially break up the ice .
could the ocean being bigger than the pond another reason ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
testable explanation , and this is kind of the core , one of the core pillars of the scientific method , and this testable explanation is called your hypotypothesis . your hypothesis . and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fr...
what is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
is a mathematical formula necessary in the scientific method ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , the next part that i will do is the experiment . experiment . and there you go .
can you be scientific without a mathematical expression of your experiment ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
lower freezing point , so it takes colder temperatures to freeze it than fresh water . than fresh water . so , this , right over here , this would be a good hypothesis .
why does the fresh water freeze faster than the salt water ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , then you test it . and how would you test it ? well , you could have a very accurate freezer that is exactly at zero degrees celsius , and you put both of these cups into it , and you wan na make sure that they 're identical and everything where you control for everything else .
would that work or it does definitely does have to be a different temperature for the same effect ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
that salt water has a lower freezing point than fresh water , and if it did n't freeze , well it 's like , okay , well maybe that , or if there is n't a difference , maybe either both of them did n't freeze or both of them did freeze , then you might say , well , okay , that was n't a good explanation . i have to find ...
where can you naturally find freshwater ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
lower freezing point , so it takes colder temperatures to freeze it than fresh water . than fresh water . so , this , right over here , this would be a good hypothesis .
why does fresh water freeze faster then salt water does ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
does `` scientific method '' mean the steps of doing something but it is more scientific and the results are more exact ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
do you always have to do experiments by using the scientific method ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , our prediction , let 's say the fresh freezes at zero degrees celsius , but salt does n't . salt water does n't . salt water does n't .
how would you get the salt out of the oceanic water ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , our prediction , let 's say the fresh freezes at zero degrees celsius , but salt does n't . salt water does n't . salt water does n't .
can i say that the pond froze faster because it does n't have a large amount of water unlike the ocean ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
if it 's not true , you come up with another explanation . if it is true , but it does n't explain everything , well once again , you try to explain more of it . so , as a tangible example , let 's say that you live in , in i do n't know , northern canada or something , and let 's say that you live near the beach , but...
can you explain how to use a compound microscope ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , let 's go back to our testable explanation , our hypothesis . salt water has a lower freezing point than fresh water . well , the next step would be to make a prediction based on that , and this is the part where we 're really designing an experiment .
what is the freezing point of salt water ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
well , you could say that there is a fairy that blesses that blesses , let 's say that performs magic , performs magic on the pond to freeze it faster . freeze it faster . and , the reason why this is n't so good is that this is not so testable , because it 's depending on this fairy , and you do n't know how to convin...
why do ponds freeze faster than swamps ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , let 's go back to our testable explanation , our hypothesis . salt water has a lower freezing point than fresh water . well , the next step would be to make a prediction based on that , and this is the part where we 're really designing an experiment .
does the ocean conveyor belt affect the temperature of the salt water that then has an impact on freezing the water to make ice ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , the first thing is , we 'll say i take , you know , there 's all sorts of things that are going on outside . the ocean has waves . you know , maybe there are boats going by that might potentially break up the ice .
the ocean has a high concentration of salt right ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , let 's go back to our testable explanation , our hypothesis . salt water has a lower freezing point than fresh water . well , the next step would be to make a prediction based on that , and this is the part where we 're really designing an experiment .
does salt water freeze at a lower freezing point because salt is a mineral and mineral water is hard to freeze ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
testable explanation , and this is kind of the core , one of the core pillars of the scientific method , and this testable explanation is called your hypotypothesis . your hypothesis . and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fr...
should n't the hypothesis be in an if , then statement ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
well , you could say that there is a fairy that blesses that blesses , let 's say that performs magic , performs magic on the pond to freeze it faster . freeze it faster . and , the reason why this is n't so good is that this is not so testable , because it 's depending on this fairy , and you do n't know how to convin...
do oceans not freeze over fast because of the salt ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
why we use scientific method ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
ask a question . why does , so in this particular question , or in this particular scenario , why does the pond tend to freeze over faster and at higher temperatures than the ocean does ? well , you then try to answer that question , and this is a key part of the scientific method , is what you do in this third step , ...
does the pond freeze because the ocean is warmer than the pond ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
you control for the material of the glass . you control for how much water there is . but , then you test it .
does how much water have anything to do with why the freshwater pond froze first ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
would the scientific method be able to prove that the scientific method works ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
is the function of lipids closer to carbohydrates or protein ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
testable explanation , and this is kind of the core , one of the core pillars of the scientific method , and this testable explanation is called your hypotypothesis . your hypothesis . and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fr...
does anyone know if this hypothesis is actually correct ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , the next part that i will do is the experiment . experiment . and there you go .
what are variables in an experiment ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fresh water , so your testable explanation could be salt water , salt water has lower freezing point . has lower freezing , freezing point . lower freezing point , so it takes colder temp...
besides the salt does the move meant of the sea change the freezing rate ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
lower freezing point , so it takes colder temperatures to freeze it than fresh water . than fresh water . so , this , right over here , this would be a good hypothesis .
is it also because the water from the ocean is moving , while the water in the pond is still ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fresh water , so your testable explanation could be salt water , salt water has lower freezing point . has lower freezing , freezing point . lower freezing point , so it takes colder temp...
does n't the freezing of pond depends on the area ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
then we would make a prediction , and we could even view this as step 4 , our prediction . we predict that the fresh water will freeze at a higher temperature than the salt water . so , our prediction , let 's say the fresh freezes at zero degrees celsius , but salt does n't .
does the ocean freeze slower because it 's moving water ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fresh water , so your testable explanation could be salt water , salt water has lower freezing point . has lower freezing , freezing point . lower freezing point , so it takes colder temp...
why does saltwater has a lower freezing point than freshwater ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
would it be helpful to memorize all the steps of the scientific method ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fresh water , so your testable explanation could be salt water , salt water has lower freezing point . has lower freezing , freezing point . lower freezing point , so it takes colder temp...
why is saltwater has lower freezing point than freshwater ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
well , you could say that there is a fairy that blesses that blesses , let 's say that performs magic , performs magic on the pond to freeze it faster . freeze it faster . and , the reason why this is n't so good is that this is not so testable , because it 's depending on this fairy , and you do n't know how to convin...
why saltwater freeze longer than freshwater ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
testable explanation , and this is kind of the core , one of the core pillars of the scientific method , and this testable explanation is called your hypotypothesis . your hypothesis . and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fr...
is n't the hypothesis the same as a prediction ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
and he was a famous astronomer and phycisist and mathematician . and his quote is a pretty powerful one , 'cause i think it even stands today : `` the duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists , if learning the truth is his goal , ... '' let me start over , just so i can get the dramatic effect right ...
how did hassan ibn al - haytham ( alhazen ) make that quote ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , let 's go back to our testable explanation , our hypothesis . salt water has a lower freezing point than fresh water . well , the next step would be to make a prediction based on that , and this is the part where we 're really designing an experiment .
so salt water has a lower freezing point ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
you have n't seen the fairy . you have n't observed the fairy . it 's not based on any observation , and so this one right over here , this would not be a good hypothesis for the scientific method , so we would wan na rule that one out .
does n't a lot of science attempt to detect phenomenon that ca n't be observed directly ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
well , you could have a very accurate freezer that is exactly at zero degrees celsius , and you put both of these cups into it , and you wan na make sure that they 're identical and everything where you control for everything else . you control for the surface area . you control for the material of the glass .
does the volume change how its affected by the surface area ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
testable explanation , and this is kind of the core , one of the core pillars of the scientific method , and this testable explanation is called your hypotypothesis . your hypothesis . and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fr...
should n't there be a step before you make your hypothesis of research ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
how is the scientific method used in everyday life ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
well , you could say that there is a fairy that blesses that blesses , let 's say that performs magic , performs magic on the pond to freeze it faster . freeze it faster . and , the reason why this is n't so good is that this is not so testable , because it 's depending on this fairy , and you do n't know how to convin...
does the pond freeze first because of its volume ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
observation . in our particular case is that the pond freezes over at higher temperatures than the ocean does , and it freezes over sooner in the winter . well , the next question that you might wan na , or the next step you could view as a scientific method .
as shown in the picture , why does the pond freezes from the sides and not from the center ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
and , the reason why this is n't so good is that this is not so testable , because it 's depending on this fairy , and you do n't know how to convince the fairy to try to do it again . you have n't seen the fairy . you have n't observed the fairy .
if the fairy does n't fit the scientific method , how can we prove the fairy theory is true or not ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
do i have to refer to steps of the scientific method each time i come up with a hypothesis ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , let 's go back to our testable explanation , our hypothesis . salt water has a lower freezing point than fresh water . well , the next step would be to make a prediction based on that , and this is the part where we 're really designing an experiment .
why does salt water have lower freezing point than freshwater ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , let 's go back to our testable explanation , our hypothesis . salt water has a lower freezing point than fresh water . well , the next step would be to make a prediction based on that , and this is the part where we 're really designing an experiment .
does salt water help to freeze the water ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
can you use the scientific method for everything ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , let 's go back to our testable explanation , our hypothesis . salt water has a lower freezing point than fresh water . well , the next step would be to make a prediction based on that , and this is the part where we 're really designing an experiment .
was the celsius measurement of temperature built around the freezing/boiling point of water ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fresh water , so your testable explanation could be salt water , salt water has lower freezing point . has lower freezing , freezing point . lower freezing point , so it takes colder temp...
so , if the salt in ocean lowers the freezing point , where does ice land come from ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
then we would make a prediction , and we could even view this as step 4 , our prediction . we predict that the fresh water will freeze at a higher temperature than the salt water . so , our prediction , let 's say the fresh freezes at zero degrees celsius , but salt does n't .
why does hot water freeze quicker ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , our prediction , let 's say the fresh freezes at zero degrees celsius , but salt does n't . salt water does n't . salt water does n't .
so , if the pond/distilled water does n't freeze at 0 celsius , that does n't mean your testable explanation is wrong , right ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
then we would make a prediction , and we could even view this as step 4 , our prediction . we predict that the fresh water will freeze at a higher temperature than the salt water . so , our prediction , let 's say the fresh freezes at zero degrees celsius , but salt does n't .
because it could freeze at a higher temperature than salt water , but does n't freeze at 0 celsius ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
then we would make a prediction , and we could even view this as step 4 , our prediction . we predict that the fresh water will freeze at a higher temperature than the salt water . so , our prediction , let 's say the fresh freezes at zero degrees celsius , but salt does n't .
i know , that pond water may freeze at 0 celsius , depending where you are , but what if ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , let 's go back to our testable explanation , our hypothesis . salt water has a lower freezing point than fresh water . well , the next step would be to make a prediction based on that , and this is the part where we 're really designing an experiment .
1 why does salt water has a lower freezing point than fresh water ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , the first thing is , we 'll say i take , you know , there 's all sorts of things that are going on outside . the ocean has waves . you know , maybe there are boats going by that might potentially break up the ice .
does the currents in the ocean have an effect on how long it takes for the ocean to freeze ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
then we would make a prediction , and we could even view this as step 4 , our prediction . we predict that the fresh water will freeze at a higher temperature than the salt water . so , our prediction , let 's say the fresh freezes at zero degrees celsius , but salt does n't .
no i thought it was the current in the water that keeps the molecules moving and therefore that makes it harder to freeze ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
so , our prediction , let 's say the fresh freezes at zero degrees celsius , but salt does n't . salt water does n't . salt water does n't .
what does the salt actually do at molecular level ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fresh water , so your testable explanation could be salt water , salt water has lower freezing point . has lower freezing , freezing point . lower freezing point , so it takes colder temp...
does saltwater actually freeze at a lower point than freshwater ?
let 's explore the scientific method . which at first might seem a bit intimidating , but when we walk through it , you 'll see that it 's actually almost a common-sense way of looking at the world and making progress in our understanding of the world and feeling good about that progress of our understanding of the wor...
and so , in this particular case , a testable explanation could be that , well the ocean is made up of salt water , and this pond is fresh water , so your testable explanation could be salt water , salt water has lower freezing point . has lower freezing , freezing point . lower freezing point , so it takes colder temp...
can surface area has a relation to freezing point ?