content
string | pred_label
string | pred_score
float64 |
|---|---|---|
openclonk from games project
Select Your Operating System
For openSUSE Tumbleweed run the following as root:
zypper addrepo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/games/openSUSE_Tumbleweed/games.repo
zypper refresh
zypper install openclonk
For 15.6 run the following as root:
zypper addrepo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/games/15.6/games.repo
zypper refresh
zypper install openclonk
For 15.5 run the following as root:
zypper addrepo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/games/15.5/games.repo
zypper refresh
zypper install openclonk
|
__label__pos
| 0.98434 |
HG1G2
class sbpy.photometry.HG1G2(H=8, G1=0.2, G2=0.2, **kwargs)[source]
Bases: sbpy.photometry.HG12BaseClass
HG1G2 photometric phase model (Muinonen et al. 2010)
Examples
>>> # Define the phase function for Themis with
>>> # H = 7.063, G1 = 0.62, G2 = 0.14
>>>
>>> import astropy.units as u
>>> from sbpy.calib import solar_fluxd
>>> from sbpy.photometry import HG1G2
>>> themis = HG1G2(7.063 * u.mag, 0.62, 0.14, radius = 100 * u.km,
... wfb = 'V')
>>> with solar_fluxd.set({'V': -26.77 * u.mag}):
... print('geometric albedo = {0:.4f}'.format(themis.geomalb))
... print('phase integral = {0:.4f}'.format(themis.phaseint))
geometric albedo = 0.0656
phase integral = 0.3742
Initialize DiskIntegratedPhaseFunc
Parameters
radiusastropy.units.Quantity, optional
Radius of object. Required if conversion between magnitude and reflectance is involved.
wfbQuantity, SpectralElement, string
Wavelengths, frequencies, or bandpasses. Bandpasses may be a filter name (string). Required if conversion between magnitude and reflectance is involved.
**kwargsoptional parameters accepted by
astropy.modeling.Model.__init__()
Attributes Summary
G1
G1 parameter
G2
G2 parameter
H
H parameter
param_names
Methods Summary
evaluate(ph, h, g1, g2)
Evaluate the model on some input variables.
fit_deriv(ph, h, g1, g2)
Attributes Documentation
G1
G1 parameter
G2
G2 parameter
H
H parameter
param_names = ('H', 'G1', 'G2')
Methods Documentation
static evaluate(ph, h, g1, g2)[source]
Evaluate the model on some input variables.
static fit_deriv(ph, h, g1, g2)[source]
|
__label__pos
| 0.729768 |
Skip to main content
OnCommand Workflow Automation 5.0
A newer release of this product is available.
How you define constants
Contributors
You can create and use constants to define a value, which can be used across a single workflow. Constants are defined at a workflow level.
The constants used in the workflow and their value are displayed in the monitoring window of the workflow during planning and execution. You must use unique names for constants.
You can use the following naming conventions to define constants:
• Uppercase for the first letter of each word, without underscores or spaces between words
All terms and abbreviations should use upper case—for example, ActualVolumeSizeInMB.
• Uppercase for all letters
You can use underscores to separate words—for example, AGGREGATE_USED_SPACE_THRESHOLD.
You can include the following as values for workflow constants:
• Numbers
• Strings
• MVEL expressions
Expressions are evaluated during the planning and execution phases of the workflows. In the expressions, you must not reference variables that are defined in a loop.
• User inputs
• Variables
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__label__pos
| 0.984764 |
State the complex reallocation procedure, Data Structure & Algorithms
Assignment Help:
State the complex reallocation procedure
Some languages provide arrays whose sizes are established at run-time and can change during execution. These dynamic arrays have an initial size used as basis for allocating a segment of memory for element storage. Afterwards array may shrink or grow. If array shrinks during execution, then only an initial portion of allocated memory is used. Though if array grows beyond the space allocated for it, a more complex reallocation procedure must occur, as follows:
1. A new segment of memory large enough to store the elements of expanded array is allocated.
2. All elements of the original (unexpanded) array are copied into new memory segment.
3. The memory used initially to store array values is freed and newly allocated memory is associated with the array variable or reference.
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__label__pos
| 0.986321 |
#People
Geospatial Expert Panel – Esther Ogbu – Global Top 100 Geospatial Companies 2023 Edition
Geoawesomeness is delighted to announce Esther Ogbu, co-founder at Geoluminous joins us as an expert on the panel for the 2023 Global Top 100 Geospatial Companies.
Esther Ogbu is a Project Management and Business Development professional with a focus in geospatial and digital transformation. With over 8 years’ varied experience in the geospatial and Creative industry, she has managed projects for multinational brands like Google Nigeria, JC Decaux, British Council among others, and has been involved in promoting geospatial solutions for Government and Private organizations across West Africa. She currently works in Esri UK as a Project Manager, and has recently co-founded Geoluminous Co. Ltd – a company whose vision is to be a global champion for geospatial creativity and accessibility. She has a diploma in Surveying and Geoinformatics, a Bachelor’s degree in Environmental Science and Resource Management and now pursuing a Masters in Strategy, Change and Leadership. Esther loves volunteering in communities especially focused in empowering women, so serves in leadership roles at the African Women in GIS and Women+ in Geospatial.
About Global Top 100 Geospatial Companies
Since 2016, Geoawesomeness has been publishing this annual list to enable the community to identify companies across the world working on geospatial topics and to foster collaboration.
(2016) List of Top 100 Geospatial Startups and companies in the world
2019 Top 100 Geospatial Companies and Startups List
Top 100 Geospatial Companies and Ecosystem Map – 2021
Global Top 100 Geospatial Companies – 2022 Edition
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#Environment #Science
Aerosols in Air: Earth science data cubes for determining potential factors engendering aerosols
In this article, we will demonstrate the use of earth observation data cubes for effective monitoring of aerosols. It will also showcase the underlying factors and its possible effects on the environment, therefore highlighting the use of earth observation to mitigate these factors.
Have you have ever wondered the possible reasons behind climate change? Well, there are multiple factors contributing towards it and aerosols are one of them. Now one may wonder what aerosols are: these are tiny, suspended particles in the air which can occur both naturally and anthropogenically. The natural sources include ash from forest fires, airborne salts due to ocean waves, dust particles due to winds and volcanic eruption. On the contrary, burning of crop fields and fossil fuels, vehicle exhaust and industrial pollution are the anthropogenic sources of aerosols. These particles vary in size and shape, nevertheless their presence can reduce the visibility causing haze. They play an important role in climate prediction, therefore the variability in spatio-temporal mapping of optical properties of aerosols is of crucial importance.
Now that we have established the contribution of aerosols, the questions arise that how exactly they contribute to global climate change. Aerosols can contribute in the form of atmospheric climate forcing, air quality degradation, hydrological cycle and precipitation processes. Aerosol particles affect the troposphere directly by scattering and absorbing incoming solar radiation from space. Furthermore, they can also indirectly affect the Earth’s radiation budget by altering cloud microphysical properties. These can include the size of cloud particles, changing reflection and absorption properties of clouds.
So, all we have to do is monitor them, right? For that purpose, the most commonly used instrument is known as Aerosol Robotic NETwork (AERONET) which includes around 200 calibrated sun-photometers installed by NASA across the globe. The direct sun measurements are recorded at 15-min intervals with a 1.2⁰ full field of view at 340, 380, 440, 500, 675, 870, 940, 1020 nm wavelengths. The most comprehensive optical property is the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), which is a measure of the amount of light that particles scatter and absorb in the atmosphere (and generally prevent from reaching the surface). AOD of 1 denotes hazy conditions, while an optical depth of less than 0.05 suggests a clear sky with the fewest particles and maximum visibility. Aerosol concentrations are relatively high at optical depths exceeding 2 or 3.
AERONET is a global network of sun photometers that measures aerosols from the ground, such as this station in the Canadian Arctic (top). The Global Hawk Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (bottom) can carry several instruments to measure aerosols from the air. Photograph by Ovidiu Pancrati, ©2007 CANDAC.
As much as it sounds fancy, this is still not enough to meet the requirements as it gathers point-based information only. So, aerosol monitoring is not a simple task as the optical properties of the generated aerosols differ a lot depending on their origin, and they have very broad spatial and temporal distributions. Although aerosols are generated largely in specific locations, they tend to spread across the globe. As a result, surges of aerosols can enter the atmosphere anywhere on earth, depending upon the climatic conditions of the area.
Since the distribution of aerosols vary in space and time, hence remote sensing based sensors are required for timely monitoring at large scales. Although these ground-based instruments provide continuous information, their spatial coverage is very limited. Therefore, satellite-based data cubes are used for continuous and synoptic view of aerosol concentration. These are called data cubes as they contain continuous data (daily in most cases) and cover the majority of the globe. They also obtain information in various spectral bands, hence this multi-dimensionality of data leads to the naming convention of data cubes.
This map shows the average distribution of aerosols from June 2000 through May 2010, measured by the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR). Red indicates high concentrations of aerosols, beige indicates low concentrations. (NASA map by Robert Simmon, based on MISR data.)
There are a variety of earth observation satellites that can be used for aerosol monitoring. For example, beginning in the late 1970s, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the first satellite instrument capable of crudely monitoring aerosol optical depth from space, recovered optical depth from data in the visible and near-infrared spectra. Using the deep ocean as a background, the passive radiometer AVHRR measured the brightness of sunlight as it reflected off particles.
Satellite instruments such as CALIPSO can measure the distribution of aerosols in a vertical slice of the atmosphere. This image shows a dust plume off the west coast of Africa on April 22, 2010. (NASA image by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, based on data from MODIS and CALIPSO.)
More recent radiometers, such the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), can view aerosols at a greater variety of angles and wavelengths, yielding more accurate data. These datasets can be easily viewed using platforms such as Orbify. One such example can be visualized below.
An example showing the interface of Orbify application where users can define their area of interest and visualize the results in a matter of seconds.
The dataset used in this example is of MODIS visualizing the AOD. As mentioned above the larger value of AOD indicates lower number of aerosols in the air. This platform can also be used to perform analysis over different time periods. The figure below shows the AOD levels over Punjab on June 2020, June 2021 and June 2022. As can be clearly seen the results from these three years can be related to the lockdown effects due to COVID. The figure on the left (June 2020) indicates high values of AOD (shown in red) which are increased in June 2021 specially over urban areas. Lastly the figure on the right (June 2022) shows decreased amounts of AOD after life is back to normal as it now includes all sources of traffic and industrial pollution.
This figure compares the AOD levels over Punjab from a couple months after lockdown in June 2020 (left), a year of lockdown and decreased transportation in June 2021 (middle), after lockdown in June 2022 (right)
Additionally, Orbify can be used to visualize the change in land use and land cover over time to correlate with the changing aerosol concentration over that area. For example, urban expansion might be causing increased aerosols due to vehicle exhaust, hence can be considered as a factor for increased aerosol concentration. Platforms like Orbify can aid in generating applications where users can define a specific study area and generate results with a single click.
Although satellites offer a crucial global viewpoint for comprehending how aerosols affect Earth’s climate, many uncertainties still exist regarding the conflicting effects of aerosols, despite significant advances. Cloud particle measurement is still difficult. It is possible for various particle kinds to group together to create ambiguous hybrids. Variations in humidity or temperature can have a significant impact on the behavior of some aerosols and their interactions with cloud droplets.
Most notably, it is necessary to lessen the quantitative uncertainty in aerosol attributes and quantity. Only better measurements will give scientists the crucial data they need to completely include aerosol influences into climate models and lessen uncertainty about how the climate will change, along with the more complex computer modelling such measurements make feasible.
By monitoring different aerosol optical properties on temporal and spatial fluctuations on both local and global dimensions, remote sensing data are frequently employed to monitor and research the interaction of particles with solar radiation. Due to its extensive spatial and temporal coverage, satellite-based remote sensing enables us to obtain retrievals or measurements at any given spatial position using platforms like Orbify.
Read on
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| 0.879593 |
DriveWorks Solo 17: IfError [send feedback...]
IfError
Checks to see if its first argument is an error. If the value isn't an error it is returned as-is, otherwise a secondary value is returned.
Syntax
IfError(Primary Value As String, Error Replacement Value As String)
Where:
Primary Value is the value to check for an error.
Error Replacement Value is the value to use if the primary value is an error.
Examples
RuleMeaning
IfError(DWVariableLength,2475)Will return 2475 when the value coming from the variable Length is an error.
Table of Contents
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| 0.750659 |
Luminescent solar concentrator
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A luminescent solar concentrator
A luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) is a device for concentrating radiation, non-ionizing solar radiation in particular, to produce electricity. Luminescent solar concentrators operate on the principle of collecting radiation over a large area, converting it by luminescence (commonly specifically by fluorescence) and directing the generated radiation into a relatively small output target.
LSC scheme diagram
Design[edit]
Initial designs typically comprised parallel thin, flat layers of alternating luminescent and transparent materials, placed to gather incoming radiation on their (broader) faces and emit concentrated radiation around their (narrower) edges.[1][2] Commonly the device would direct the concentrated radiation onto solar cells to generate electric power.
Other configurations (such as doped or coated optical fibers, or contoured stacks of alternating layers) may better fit particular applications.
Structure and principles of operation[edit]
The layers in the stack may be separate parallel plates or alternating strata in a solid structure. In principle, if the effective input area is sufficiently large relative to the effective output area, the output would be of correspondingly higher irradiance than the input, as measured in watts per square metre. The concentration factor is the ratio between output and input irradiance of the whole device.
For example, imagine a square glass sheet (or stack) 200 mm on a side, 5 mm thick. Its input area is 40 times greater than the output area - 40000 square mm (200x200) as compared to 1000 square mm (200x5). To a first approximation, the concentration factor of such an LSC is proportional to the area of the input surfaces divided by the area of the edges multiplied by the efficiency of diversion of incoming light towards the output area. Suppose that the glass sheet could divert incoming light from the face towards the edge with an efficiency of 50%. The hypothetical sheet of glass in our example would give an output irradiance of light 20 times greater than that of the incident light, producing a concentration factor of 20.
Similarly, a graded refractive index optic fibre 1 square mm in cross section, and 1 metre long, with a luminescent coating might prove useful.
Concentration factor versus efficiency[edit]
The concentration factor interacts with the efficiency of the device to determine overall output.
• The concentration factor is the ratio between the incoming and emitted irradiance. If the input irradiance is 1 kW/m2 and the output irradiance is 10 kW/m2, that would provide a concentration factor of 10.
• The efficiency is the ratio between the incoming radiant flux (measured in watts) and the outgoing wattage, or the fraction of the incoming energy that the device can deliver as usable output energy (not the same as light or electricity, some of which might not be useable). In the previous example, half the received wattage is re-emitted, implying efficiency of 50%.
Most devices (such as solar cells) for converting the incoming energy to useful output are relatively small and costly, and they work best at converting directional light at high intensities and a narrow frequency range, whereas input radiation tends to be at diffuse frequencies, of relatively low irradiance and saturation. Concentration of the input energy accordingly is one option for efficiency and economy.
Luminescence[edit]
The above description covers a wider class of concentrators (for example simple optical concentrators) than just luminescent solar concentrators. The essential attribute of LSCs is that they incorporate luminescent materials that absorb incoming light with a wide frequency range, and re-emit the energy in the form of light in a narrow frequency range. The narrower the frequency range, (i.e. the higher the saturation) the simpler a photovoltaic cell can be designed to convert it to electricity.
Suitable optical designs trap light emitted by the luminescent material in all directions, redirecting it so that little escapes the photovoltaic converters. Redirection techniques include internal reflection, refractive index gradients and where suitable, diffraction. In principle such LSCs can use light from cloudy skies and similar diffuse sources that are of little use for powering conventional solar cells or for concentration by conventional optical reflectors or refractive devices.
The luminescent component might be a dopant in the material of some or all of the transparent medium, or it might be in the form of luminescent thin films on the surfaces of some of the transparent components.[3]
Theory of luminescent solar concentrators[edit]
Various articles have discussed the theory of internal reflection of fluorescent light so as to provide concentrated emission at the edges, both for doped glasses [1] and for organic dyes incorporated into bulk polymers.[4] When transparent plates are doped with fluorescent materials, effective design requires that the dopants should absorb most of the solar spectrum, re-emitting most of the absorbed energy as long-wave luminescence. In turn, the fluorescent components should be transparent to the emitted wavelengths. Meeting those conditions allows the transparent matrix to convey the radiation to the output area. Control of the internal path of the luminescence could rely on repeated internal reflection of the fluorescent light, and refraction in a medium with a graded refractive index.
Theoretically about 75-80 % of the luminescence could be trapped by total internal reflection in a plate with a refractive index roughly equal to that of typical window glass. Somewhat better efficiency could be achieved by using materials with higher refractive indices.[5] Such an arrangement using a device with a high concentration factor should offer impressive economies in the investment in photovoltaic cells to produce a given amount of electricity. Under ideal conditions the calculated overall efficiency of such a system, in the sense of the amount of energy leaving the photovoltaic cell divided by the energy falling on the plate, should be about 20%.[6]
This takes into account:
• the absorption of light by poorly transparent materials in the transparent medium,
• the efficiency of light conversion by the luminescent components,
• the escape of luminescence beyond the critical angle and
• gross efficiency (which is the ratio of the average energy emitted to the average energy absorbed).
Practical prospects and challenges[edit]
The relative merits of various functional components and configurations are major concerns, in particular:
• Organic dyes offer wider ranges of frequencies and more flexibility in choice of frequencies emitted and re-absorbed than rare earth compounds and other inorganic luminescent agents.[7][8]
• Doping organic polymers is generally practical with organic luminescent agents, whereas doping with stable inorganic luminescent agents usually is not practical except in inorganic glasses.
• Luminescent agents configured as bulk doping of a transparent medium have merits that differ from those of thin films deposited on a clear medium.
• Various trapping media present varying combinations of durability, transparency, compatibility with other materials and refractive index. Inorganic glass and organic polymer media comprise the two main classes of interest.
• Photonic systems create band gaps that trap radiation.[9]
• Identifying materials that re-emit more input light as useful luminescence with negligible self-absorption is crucial. Attainment of that ideal depends on tuning the relevant electronic excitation energy levels to differ from the emission levels in the luminescent medium.[10]
• Alternatively the luminescent materials can be configured into thin films that emit light into transparent passive media that can efficiently conduct towards the output.
• The sensitivity of solar cells must match the maximal emission spectrum of the luminescent colorants.
• Increase the probability of transition from the ground state to the excited state of surface plasmons increases efficiency.
Quantum dots[edit]
In 2014 LSCs based on cadmium selenide/cadmium sulfide (CdSe/CdS) quantum dots (QD) with induced large separation between emission and absorption bands (called a large Stokes shift) were announced.[11]
Light absorption is dominated by an ultra-thick outer shell of CdS, while emission occurs from the inner core of a narrower-gap CdSe. The separation of light-absorption and light-emission functions between the two parts of the nanostructure results in a large spectral shift of emission with respect to absorption, which greatly reduces re-absorption losses. The QDs were incorporated into large slabs (sized in tens of centimeters) of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The active particles were about one hundred angstroms across.[11]
Spectroscopic measurements indicated virtually no re-absorption losses on distances of tens of centimeters. Photon harvesting efficiencies were approximately 10%. Despite their high transparency, the fabricated structures showed significant enhancement of solar flux with the concentration factor of more than four.[11]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
1. ^ a b Reisfeld, Renata; Neuman, Samuel (July 13, 1978). "Planar solar energy converter and concentrator based on uranyl-doped glass". Nature 274: 144–145. doi:10.1038/274144a0.
2. ^ R. Reisfeld, Y. Kalisky, Nature 283 (1980) 281
3. ^ Reisfeld, Renata (July 2010). "New developments in luminescence for solar energy utilization". Optical Materials 32 (9): 850–856. doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2010.04.034.
4. ^ Goetzberger, A.; Greube, W. (1977). "Solar energy conversion with fluorescent collectors". Applied Physics 14 (2): 123. doi:10.1007/BF00883080. edit
5. ^ Reisfeld, Renata; Shamrakov, Dimitri; Jorgensen, Christian (August 1994). "Photostable solar concentrators based on fluorescent glass films". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 33 (4): 417–427. doi:10.1016/0927-0248(94)90002-7.
6. ^ Reisfeld, Renata; Jørgensen, Christian K. (1982). "Luminescent solar concentrators for energy conversion". Structure and Bonding 49: 1–36. doi:10.1007/BFb0111291.
7. ^ Reisfeld, Renata; Jørgensen, Christian H. (1977). "Lasers and Excited States of Rare Earths". Inorganic Chemistry Concepts (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag,). doi:10.1002/bbpc.19780820820. ISSN 0172-7966.
8. ^ Gaft, Michael; Reisfeld, Renata; Panczer, Gerard (20 April 2005). Modern Luminescence Spectroscopy of Minerals and Materials. Springer. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-540-21918-7.
9. ^ M. Peters, J. C. Goldschmidt, P. Löper, B. Bläsi, and A. Gombert; The effect of photonic structures on the light guiding efficiency of fluorescent concentrators; Journal of Applied Physics 105, 014909 (2009)
10. ^ Saraidarov, T.; Levchenko, V.; Grabowska, A.; Borowicz, P.; Reisfeld, R. (2010). "Non-self-absorbing materials for Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSC)". Chemical Physics Letters 492: 60. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2010.03.087. edit
11. ^ a b c Mon, 04/14/2014 - 10:42am (2014-04-14). "Shiny quantum dots brighten future of solar cells". Rdmag.com. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
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| 0.756754 |
Source code for sphinx.environment.collectors
"""
sphinx.environment.collectors
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The data collector components for sphinx.environment.
:copyright: Copyright 2007-2018 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
"""
if False:
# For type annotation
from typing import Dict, List, Set # NOQA
from docutils import nodes # NOQA
from sphinx.sphinx import Sphinx # NOQA
from sphinx.environment import BuildEnvironment # NOQA
[docs]class EnvironmentCollector: """An EnvironmentCollector is a specific data collector from each document. It gathers data and stores :py:class:`BuildEnvironment <sphinx.environment.BuildEnvironment>` as a database. Examples of specific data would be images, download files, section titles, metadatas, index entries and toctrees, etc. """ listener_ids = None # type: Dict[str, int] def enable(self, app): # type: (Sphinx) -> None assert self.listener_ids is None self.listener_ids = { 'doctree-read': app.connect('doctree-read', self.process_doc), 'env-merge-info': app.connect('env-merge-info', self.merge_other), 'env-purge-doc': app.connect('env-purge-doc', self.clear_doc), 'env-get-updated': app.connect('env-get-updated', self.get_updated_docs), 'env-get-outdated': app.connect('env-get-outdated', self.get_outdated_docs), } def disable(self, app): # type: (Sphinx) -> None assert self.listener_ids is not None for listener_id in self.listener_ids.values(): app.disconnect(listener_id) self.listener_ids = None
[docs] def clear_doc(self, app, env, docname): # type: (Sphinx, BuildEnvironment, str) -> None """Remove specified data of a document. This method is called on the removal of the document.""" raise NotImplementedError
[docs] def merge_other(self, app, env, docnames, other): # type: (Sphinx, BuildEnvironment, Set[str], BuildEnvironment) -> None """Merge in specified data regarding docnames from a different `BuildEnvironment` object which coming from a subprocess in parallel builds.""" raise NotImplementedError
[docs] def process_doc(self, app, doctree): # type: (Sphinx, nodes.document) -> None """Process a document and gather specific data from it. This method is called after the document is read.""" raise NotImplementedError
[docs] def get_updated_docs(self, app, env): # type: (Sphinx, BuildEnvironment) -> List[str] """Return a list of docnames to re-read. This methods is called after reading the whole of documents (experimental). """ return []
[docs] def get_outdated_docs(self, app, env, added, changed, removed): # type: (Sphinx, BuildEnvironment, str, Set[str], Set[str], Set[str]) -> List[str] """Return a list of docnames to re-read. This methods is called before reading the documents. """ return []
|
__label__pos
| 0.981344 |
Package org.springframework.webflow.execution
Core, stable abstractions for representing runtime executions of flow definitions.
See:
Description
Interface Summary
Action A command that executes a behavior and returns a logical execution result a calling flow execution can respond to.
FlowExecution An execution of a flow definition.
FlowExecutionContext Provides contextual information about a flow execution.
FlowExecutionFactory An abstract factory for creating flow executions.
FlowExecutionKeyFactory A factory for creating flow execution keys.
FlowExecutionListener Interface to be implemented by objects that wish to listen and respond to the lifecycle of flow executions.
FlowSession A single, local instantiation of a flow definition launched within an overall flow execution.
RequestContext A context for a single request to manipulate a flow execution.
View Allows a client to participate in flow execution.
ViewFactory A factory for a view that allows the client to participate in flow execution.
Class Summary
ActionExecutor A simple static helper that performs action execution that encapsulates common logging and exception handling logic.
AnnotatedAction An action proxy/decorator that stores arbitrary properties about a target Action implementation for use within a specific Action execution context, for example an ActionState definition, a TransitionCriteria definition, or in a test environment.
Event Signals the occurrence of something an active flow execution should respond to.
FlowExecutionKey A key that uniquely identifies a flow execution in a managed FlowExecutionRepository.
FlowExecutionListenerAdapter An abstract adapter class for listeners (observers) of flow execution lifecycle events.
FlowExecutionOutcome An outcome returned by a flow execution when it ends.
RequestContextHolder Simple holder class that associates a RequestContext instance with the current thread.
Enum Summary
ScopeType An enumeration of the core scope types of Spring Web Flow.
Exception Summary
ActionExecutionException Thrown if an unhandled exception occurs when an action is executed.
EnterStateVetoException Exception thrown to veto the entering of a state of a flow.
FlowExecutionException Base class for exceptions that occur within a flow while it is executing.
Package org.springframework.webflow.execution Description
Core, stable abstractions for representing runtime executions of flow definitions.
The central concept defined by this package is the FlowExecution interface, which represents a single instance of a top-level flow definition.
The following classes and interfaces are of particular interest:
This package depends on the definition package.
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__label__pos
| 0.879458 |
Citation
BibTex format
@article{Haslinger:2019:10.1016/j.jsv.2019.114872,
author = {Haslinger, SG and Lowe, MJS and Huthwaite, P and Craster, R and Shi, F},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsv.2019.114872},
journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration},
pages = {1--16},
title = {Appraising Kirchhoff approximation theory for the scattering of elastic shear waves by randomly rough defects},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2019.114872},
volume = {460},
year = {2019}
}
RIS format (EndNote, RefMan)
TY - JOUR
AB - Rapid and accurate methods, based on the Kirchhoff approximation (KA), are developed to evaluate the scattering of shear waves by rough defects and quantify the accuracy of this approximation. Defect roughness has a strong effect on the reflection of ultrasound, and every rough defect has a different surface, so standard methods of assessing the sensitivity of inspection based on smooth defects are necessarily limited. Accurately resolving rough cracks in non-destructive evaluation (NDE) inspections often requires shear waves since they have higher sensitivity to surface roughness than longitudinal waves. KA models are attractive, since they are rapid to deploy, however they are an approximation and it is important to determine the range of validity for the scattering of ultrasonic shear waves; this range is found here. Good agreement between KA and high fidelity finite element simulations is obtained for a range of incident/scattering angles, and the limits of validity for KA are found to be much stricter than for longitudinal wave incidence; as the correlation length of rough surfaces is reduced to the order of the incident shear wavelength, a combination of multiple scattering and surface wave mode conversion leads to KA predictions diverging from those of the true diffuse scattered fields.
AU - Haslinger,SG
AU - Lowe,MJS
AU - Huthwaite,P
AU - Craster,R
AU - Shi,F
DO - 10.1016/j.jsv.2019.114872
EP - 16
PY - 2019///
SN - 0022-460X
SP - 1
TI - Appraising Kirchhoff approximation theory for the scattering of elastic shear waves by randomly rough defects
T2 - Journal of Sound and Vibration
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2019.114872
UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000485026200005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=1ba7043ffcc86c417c072aa74d649202
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022460X19304341?via%3Dihub
UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/74870
VL - 460
ER -
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| 0.979505 |
50 States Programming Puzzle
Anders Pearson posted an interesting programming puzzle
today on Thraxil.org.
Take the names of two U.S. States, mix them all together, then
rearrange the letters to form the names of two other U.S. States. What states
are these?
He found out about it from Mark Nelson who, in turn, heard it on
NPR. It’s not a terribly difficult riddle if you take a moment to think about
it. But from a programmer’s perspective it smells like one of the many brain
teasers we face in early Computer Science exams or job interviews. The puzzle
isn’t so much about being the first person with the correct answer or even
getting the right answer at all. These problems are designed to reveal how you
approach them. They’re designed to show how you think.
That’s what intrigued me so much about Anders’ post. He used it as an
opportunity to compare programming styles between low and high level languages
(and, by extension, how low and high level programmers think). In this case,
Nelson solved the problem in C++ using STL libraries. (Damn.) Anders wrote his
solution in Python.
Both solutions are valid. Each arrives at the same answer. However the ease at
which the solution is attained is radically different – not only in time spent
writing the program but also in the readability of the code.
I see this dynamic every day in the code I write. My day job uses PHP, but at
night I’m programming in Objective-C. I’m still a novice at ObjC and Cocoa
(although I do have a strong C/C++ background), so perhaps inexperience is
clouding my judgement, but there are so many times where I find myself longing
for the flexibility of a high level, scripting language.
In any case, here’s my analogous solution to the 50 States problem using PHP.
(For obvious reasons, my code is nearly line by line identical to Anders’
Python solution.)
Posted in PHP
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| 0.87409 |
What is Coreless Type Induction Furnace
Coreless type induction furnace is an industrial equipment used for heating metals. It is mainly used for melting metals, alloys, and other conductive materials. Unlike traditional electric arc furnaces or resistance furnaces, coreless induction furnaces do not require the use of fixed electrodes or mandrels to deliver current, but work through the principle of induction heating.
Coreless induction furnace working principle
1. The external coil generates alternating current: The core of the coreless induction furnace is an external coil, also called an induction coil. This coil is connected to a power source and passes an alternating current (usually a high-frequency current). When current passes through the external coil, it creates a strong alternating magnetic field.
2. Inner coil with metal placed inside it: There is usually an inner coil around the outer coil, the inner coil is the container used to hold the metal or alloy to be heated. The metal is usually placed in the center of the inner coil to receive maximum induction heating.
3. Magnetic field-induced eddy currents: The alternating magnetic field generated by the outer coil penetrates the inner coil and the metal within it. According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, when a metallic material is exposed to this alternating magnetic field, it induces electric currents, which are often called eddy currents. Eddy currents are generated because the electrons in the metal are affected by the magnetic field, which causes the electrons to move inside the metal and generate heat.
4. Heating the metal: The eddy current created flows in the metal, and this current generates heat through the resistance. Because eddy currents are formed throughout the metal, the metal heats up evenly, resulting in a uniform heating process.
5. Metal melting and processing: By continuously passing an electric current, the metal gradually heats up and eventually melts. Once the metal reaches the desired temperature, it can undergo further processing such as casting, casting, heat treatment, or other industrial applications.
Coreless induction furnace working
Advantages and Disadvantages of Coreless Furnace
advantage:
1. Efficient heating: The coreless type induction furnace can efficiently convert electrical energy into heat energy with almost no energy waste, so it is more energy-saving than traditional heating methods.
2. Rapid heating: The induction heating process is very fast, and the metal material can reach the required temperature almost instantly, thus improving production efficiency.
3. Uniform heating: Induction heating generates eddy currents inside the metal, causing the metal to heat evenly, avoiding heat differences and helping to produce uniform products.
4. Precise temperature control: Induction furnaces allow very precise control of heating temperature to meet specific process requirements and ensure product quality.
5. Reduce gas emissions: Compared with combustion furnaces, coreless induction furnaces generally do not produce waste gas or waste residue, thus reducing environmental pollution.
6. Less maintenance required: Induction furnaces have no parts in direct contact with the metal, such as electrodes or mandrels, so they generally require less maintenance.
7. Reusable furnace binding materials: Furnace binding materials can be reused multiple times, reducing material waste.
Disadvantages:
1. High starting cost: Coreless induction furnaces are relatively expensive to purchase and install, which can be a burden on small businesses and start-ups.
2. Can only heat conductive materials: Induction furnaces can only be used to heat conductive materials and are ineffective for non-conductive materials. This limits its application scope.
3. Cooling system is required: The induction furnace will generate a lot of heat after long-term operation, and a cooling system is required to maintain the operating temperature.
4. High power requirements: Induction furnaces typically require high-power power supplies, which can result in higher power costs.
5. Complex operation: Operating and maintaining an induction furnace requires professional knowledge because it involves electromagnetic fields and high-temperature operations, and requires qualified operators.
Application areas
1. Metal smelting and casting: Coreless type induction furnaces are used to melt and cast various metals and alloys, such as iron, steel, copper, aluminum, tin, lead, etc. These furnaces are widely used in the foundry industry to produce automotive parts, pipes, valves, kitchenware, tools, building materials, and more.
2. Heat treatment: It is used to perform metal heat treatment, such as quenching, tempering and annealing, to change the properties and hardness of the metal. This is useful when making parts with high strength and good wear resistance.
3. Metal processing: In the field of metal processing, coreless type induction furnaces are used to heat metal rods, tubes or plates for bending, rolling, extrusion, thermoforming and other operations.
4. Recycling metal: used to recycle scrap metal, melt the scrap metal and reuse it in new production processes. This helps reduce resource waste and environmental impact.
5. Laboratory and Research: In laboratories and research institutions, coreless type induction furnaces are used to conduct a variety of experiments, including material property testing, alloy development, and metal research.
6. Electronics and Semiconductor Manufacturing: Coreless type induction furnaces are used in the electronics and semiconductor industry for heating and melting of metals such as indium, tin, lead, etc. for manufacturing electronic components.
7. Jewelry and gemstone manufacturing: In jewelry and gemstone manufacturing, it is used to heat gold, silver and other gemstone-related materials for casting and making jewelry.
8. Aerospace and Defense: Coreless type induction furnaces are used in the aerospace and defense industry to manufacture components and materials such as engine parts, missile casings, aircraft structures, etc.
9. Food Processing: It can also be used in certain applications in the food industry, such as heating and keeping food or liquids warm.
Coreless Type Induction Furnace
How to Melt Metal
1. Preparation: First, prepare the metal to be melted. This may be scrap metal, metal alloys or fresh metal materials. Metal is usually supplied in blocks, billets, ingots or other shapes.
2. Place the metal: Place the metal to be melted in the internal coil of the coreless type induction furnace. This inner coil is located in the center of the outer coil, and the metal should be distributed as evenly as possible within the inner coil.
3. Apply current: Connect the external coil of the coreless type induction furnace to the power supply, and then apply alternating current. This current will generate a strong alternating magnetic field in the external coil.
4. Induced Eddy Currents: As metal is placed in a magnetic field, it induces eddy currents. These eddy currents flow inside the metal, generating heat from electrical resistance.
5. Heating the metal: The metal begins to heat, and the heat generated by the internal eddy current gradually increases the temperature of the metal. The electrons inside the metal move due to the magnetic field, which generates heat.
6. Melting Metal: As the temperature of the metal increases, it eventually reaches its melting point and begins to melt. Once the metal is completely melted, it can be used in a variety of castings, casts, or other applications.
7. Maintain temperature: Coreless induction furnaces can maintain the temperature of metal by controlling the size and frequency of external current. This allows the metal to be kept at a specific temperature as needed.
8. Unloading: Once the metal is completely melted and processed, it can be unloaded from the induction furnace to continue with subsequent production steps.
Induction furnace processing diagram
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__label__pos
| 0.963127 |
SEARCH
SEARCH BY CITATION
Abstract
The appearance and migration of mesenchymal cushion tissue within the truncus arteriosus of the normal 2.5-to 6-day chick embryo heart was surveyed systematically with the light microscope. Series of cross-sections taken from replicate hearts at successive developmental stages allowed comparison of the following qualitative and quantitative aspects of early truncal morphogenesis. Mesenchyme within the truncus was derived from two distinct sources. The first mesenchyme appeared to migrate caudally into the cardiac jelly of the distal truncus from the nearby aortic arch region, coincident with slowing of the anterior elongation of the heart tube (Hamburger-Hamilton Stage 17–18). A second, separate mesenchymal population, derived from endocardium, began to fill the conus and proximal truncus in a radial direction, coincident with expansion of the bulbus cordis (Stage 12–19). The measured kinetics of relative cell numbers, distributions, and mitotic indices suggest substantial contributions from both sources. By Stage 26, the conotruncal region was filled with mesenchyme, which then condensed to form the anlagen of three future structures: the semilunar valves, the aorticopulmonary septum, and the tunica media of the great arteries.
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| 0.915173 |
TY - JOUR T1 - Partial Resistance to Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-α Agonists in ZDF Rats Is Associated With Defective Hepatic Mitochondrial Metabolism JF - Diabetes JO - Diabetes SP - 2012 LP - 2021 DO - 10.2337/db08-0226 VL - 57 IS - 8 AU - Satapati, Santhosh AU - He, TianTeng AU - Inagaki, Takeshi AU - Potthoff, Matthew AU - Merritt, Matthew E. AU - Esser, Victoria AU - Mangelsdorf, David J. AU - Kliewer, Steven A. AU - Browning, Jeffrey D. AU - Burgess, Shawn C. Y1 - 2008/08/01 UR - http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/57/8/2012.abstract N2 - OBJECTIVE—Fluxes through mitochondrial pathways are defective in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle, but it is unclear whether similar mitochondrial defects play a role in the liver during insulin resistance and/or diabetes. The purpose of this study is to determine whether abnormal mitochondrial metabolism plays a role in the dysregulation of both hepatic fat and glucose metabolism during diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Mitochondrial fluxes were measured using 2H/13C tracers and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in ZDF rats during early and advanced diabetes. To determine whether defects in hepatic fat oxidation can be corrected by peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR-)-α activation, rats were treated with WY14,643 for 3 weeks before tracer administration.RESULTS—Hepatic mitochondrial fat oxidation in the diabetic liver was impaired twofold secondary to decreased ketogenesis, but tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity and pyruvate carboxylase flux were normal in newly diabetic rats and elevated in older rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with a PPAR–α agonist induced hepatic fat oxidation via ketogenesis and hepatic TCA cycle activity but failed to lower fasting glycemia or endogenous glucose production. In fact, PPAR-α agonism overstimulated mitochondrial TCA cycle flux and induced pyruvate carboxylase flux and gluconeogenesis in lean rats.CONCLUSIONS—The impairment of certain mitochondrial fluxes, but preservation or induction of others, suggests a complex defect in mitochondrial metabolism in the diabetic liver. These data indicate an important codependence between hepatic fat oxidation and gluconeogenesis in the normal and diabetic state and potentially explain the sometimes equivocal effect of PPAR-α agonists on glycemia. ER -
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| 0.887422 |
Python爬虫 | 佰腾网2008-2018年各省不同类型专利数据
(74) 2024-04-05 23:01:01
Python爬虫 | 佰腾网2008-2018年各省不同类型专利数据
• 目的及数据来源
• 模拟登录
• 模仿filter请求并进行数据解析
• 结果示例
• 总结
目的及数据来源
1. 目的：获取2008-2018年各省外观专利、发明专利、实用新型专利、发明授权专利、发明公开专利的数量。
2. 数据来源：佰腾网 https://www.baiten.cn/gjs.html
模拟登录
打开佰腾网，注册及登录之后就可以进行检索。
以公开（公告）日为2018年，申请人地址在广东为例，在检索框中的公开（公告）日输入2018，申请人地址输入广东，进行检索，得到2018年广东省不同类型专利数量；
Python爬虫 | 佰腾网2008-2018年各省不同类型专利数据 (https://mushiming.com/) 第1张
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
from time import sleep
# 创建列表存储所有省份，不包括港澳台
provinces = [
'上海', '云南', '内蒙古', '北京', '吉林', '四川', '天津', '宁夏', '安徽', '山东', '山西', '广东',
'广西', '新疆', '江苏', '江西', '河北', '河南', '浙江', '海南', '湖北', '湖南', '甘肃', '福建',
'西藏', '贵州', '辽宁', '重庆', '陕西', '青海', '黑龙江'
]
# 年份为2008-2018年
years = range(2008, 2019)
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions() #自定义加载项，如限制图片加载，不打开浏览器窗口等操作
browser = webdriver.Chrome(service=s, options=options)
url = 'https://www.baiten.cn/gjs.html'
pwd = browser.get(url)
pwd_1 = browser.find_element_by_class_name(
'person-head').click() #通过name属性定位输入框
pwd_2 = browser.find_element_by_name('login_mobile')
pwd_2.click()
pwd_2.send_keys('1599***0488') #手机号
pwd_3 = browser.find_element_by_name('login_pwd')
pwd_3.click()
pwd_3.send_keys('**********') #密码
pwd_3.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)
模仿filter请求并进行数据解析
打开开发者工具（F12），点击Network选项并且选择XHR，找到名为filter的请求（需要的数据就存在其返回的Json中），模仿filter请求，获得佰腾网2008-2018年各省不同类型专利数量。
根据开发者工具中filter请求，组装请求头：
Python爬虫 | 佰腾网2008-2018年各省不同类型专利数据 (https://mushiming.com/) 第2张
import requests
import pandas as pd
import os
import re
header = {
'Accept':'*/*',
'Accept-Encoding':'gzip, deflate, br',
'Accept-Language':'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
'Connection':'keep-alive',
'Content-Length':'90',
'Content-Type':'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',
'Cookie':'JSESSIONID=5685C9F9BB40B88004576169DCD75662; Hm_lvt_7fc44f078bf7b5e19489428c362109a3=1640334004; UM_distinctid=17deb868eaa13-016d269bbd79eb-4303066-144000-17deb868eab52; CNZZDATA1275904268=682609430-1640324966-%7C1640324966; BSESSION=7fa1f194c406c5183527785238ae66a4e141d3cf2c7980b2; PD=c9b487caa8a7a02b42526734e17becc1ed556f60c8dc13c588be38f6f70444637a065d085a54d1f8; Hm_lpvt_7fc44f078bf7b5e19489428c362109a3=1640335261; yunsuo_session_verify=ee778c7d15a8968d2392213560d47d7b',
'Host':'www.baiten.cn',
'Origin':'https://www.baiten.cn',
'Referer':'https://www.baiten.cn/results/s/aa%253A%2528%25E5%25B9%25BF%25E4%25B8%259C%2529%2BAND%2B%2528pd%253A%255B20180101%2BTO%2B20181231%255D%2529/.html?type=s&sc=15',
'sec-ch-ua':'" Not A;Brand";v="99", "Chromium";v="96", "Google Chrome";v="96"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile':'?0',
'sec-ch-ua-platform':'"Windows"',
'Sec-Fetch-Dest':'empty',
'Sec-Fetch-Mode':'cors',
'Sec-Fetch-Site':'same-origin',
'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/96.0.4664.110 Safari/537.36'
}
for i in range(len(years)):
for j in range(len(provinces)):
p = {
'q':
'aa:(' + str(provinces[j]) + ') AND (pd:[' + str(years[i]) +
'0101 TO ' + str(years[i]) + '1231])',
'fq':
'',
'sc':
'35184372088831',
'pageSize':
''
}
re_1 = requests.post('https://www.baiten.cn/results/filter',
headers=header,
data=p).text
pattern = r'[0-9.]+'
regex = re.compile(pattern)
result = regex.findall(re_1)
index = ['实用新型专利', '发明专利', '外观专利', '发明授权专利', '发明公开专利']
column = ['数量']
path = 'D:\\YXH\\PythonLearning\\Python数据分析\\实验一\\佰腾网专利数据\\' + str(
years[i])
isExists = os.path.exists(path)
if not isExists:
os.mkdir(path)
pd.DataFrame(result[:5], index=index, columns=column).to_excel(
r'D:\\YXH\\PythonLearning\\Python数据分析\\实验一\\佰腾网专利数据\\' +
str(years[i]) + '/' + str(provinces[j]) + '.xlsx')
结果示例
1. 佰腾网2008-2018年专利数据
Python爬虫 | 佰腾网2008-2018年各省不同类型专利数据 (https://mushiming.com/) 第3张
2. 佰腾网2018年各省专利数据
Python爬虫 | 佰腾网2008-2018年各省不同类型专利数据 (https://mushiming.com/) 第4张
3. 佰腾网2018年广东省不同类型专利数据
Python爬虫 | 佰腾网2008-2018年各省不同类型专利数据 (https://mushiming.com/) 第5张
总结
本文调用了selenium实现佰腾网的模拟登录，然后调用requests、re、pandas、os库实现佰腾网2008-2018年各省不同类型专利数据的爬取和本地化存储。
THE END
发表回复
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__label__pos
| 0.954862 |
Understanding Character Sets and Collations in MySQL
Lukas Vileikis
If you have ever worked with MySQL, you inevitably came across character sets and collations. In this blog post, we will try to give you a more in-depth look at what those two are and how you should use them.
What Are Character Sets and Collations?
Simply put, character sets in MySQL are sets of symbols and encodings - collations are sets of rules for comparing characters in a character set. In other words, character sets are sets of characters that are legal in a string, while collations are a set of rules used to compare characters in a particular character set. Just how each character set has a default collation, character sets can also have several collations. MySQL has a default character set and collation for the server and for each database and table too.
Character Sets in MySQL
In general, character sets in MySQL work like so:
• When a database is created, character sets are derived from the server-wide character_set_server variable.
• When a table is created, character sets are derived from the database.
• When a column is created, character sets are derived from the table.
As far as character sets are concerned, there are a few variables you should keep an eye on:
• Character_set_client defines the character set in which statements are sent by the client.
• Character_set_connection defines the character set that statements are translated into after a server receives a statement from the client.
• Character_set_results defines the character set in which the server returns query results to the client.
These three settings can be changed by using the SET NAMES or the SET CHARACTER SET statements, or even in the MySQL configuration files.
When dealing with character sets sometimes you might also encounter an error #1267:
ERROR 1267 (HY000): Illegal mix of collations.
The above error is generally caused by comparing two strings that have incompatible collations or by attempting to select data that has a different collation into a combined column. The error is shown because when MySQL compares two values with different character sets, it must convert them to the same character set for the comparison, but the character sets are not compatible. To solve this problem, ensure that the collations of each table and their columns are the same.
Collations in MySQL
As already mentioned above, collations are closely related to character sets because a collation is a set of rules that defines how to compare and sort character strings. Each character set has at least one collation, some also have more.
While we will not go into the nitty gritty details of all of the things collation related in MySQL in this blog post, there are some things you should know:
• If you’re using MySQL 5.7, the default MySQL collation is generally latin1_swedish_ci because MySQL uses latin1 as its default character set. If you’re using MySQL 8.0, the default charset is utf8mb4.
• If you elect to use UTF-8 as your collation, always use utf8mb4 (specifically utf8mb4_unicode_ci). You should not use UTF-8 because MySQL’s UTF-8 is different from proper UTF-8 encoding. This is the case because it doesn’t offer full unicode support which can lead to data loss or security issues. Keep in mind that utf8mb4_general_ci is a simplified set of sorting rules which takes shortcuts designed to improve speed while utf8mb4_unicode_ci sorts accurately in a wide range of languages. In general, utf8mb4 is the “safest” character set as it also supports 4-byte unicode while utf8 only supports up to 3.
Choosing a Good Character Set and Collation
To choose a good collation and character set for your MySQL data set, remember to keep it simple. A mixture of different character sets and (or) collations can be a real mess since they can be very confusing (for example, everything might work fine until certain characters appear, etc.) so it’s best to evaluate your needs upfront and choose the best collation and character set upfront. MySQL also has a few valuable queries that can help you do just that, for example,
SELECT * FROM information_schema.CHARACTER_SETS ORDER BY CHARACTER_SET_NAME;
would return a list of character sets and available collations together with their description which can be extremely useful if you’re planning out your database design.
Do keep in mind that some character sets might require more CPU operations, also they might consume more storage space. Using wrong character sets can even defeat indexing - for example, MySQL has to convert character sets so that it can compare them when they are not the same: the conversion might make it impossible to use an index.
Also, keep in mind that some people recommend “to just use UTF-8 globally” - this might not necessarily be a great idea because many applications do not even need UTF-8 at all and, depending on your data, UTF-8 can cause more trouble than it’s worth (for example, it might use much more storage space on the disk), so choose wisely.
Summary
Character sets and collations can be your friends or one of your nightmares - it all depends on how you use them. In general, keep in mind that a “good” character set and collation depend on the data your database holds - MySQL does provide some queries to help you decide what to use, but for your character sets and collations to be effective you should also think about when it makes sense to use a certain collation and why.
More from This Author
ClusterControl
The only management system you’ll ever need to take control of your open source database infrastructure.
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__label__pos
| 0.915197 |
Electronics World articles Popular Electronics articles QST articles Radio & TV News articles Radio-Craft articles Radio-Electronics articles Short Wave Craft articles Wireless World articles Google Search of RF Cafe website Sitemap Electronics Equations Mathematics Equations Equations physics Manufacturers & distributors Engineer Jobs LinkedIn Crosswords Engineering Humor Kirt's Cogitations Engineering Event Calendar RF Engineering Quizzes USAF radar shop Notable Quotes App Notes Calculators Education Engineering Magazines Engineering magazine articles Engineering software Engineering smorgasbord RF Cafe Archives RF Cascade Workbook 2018 RF Stencils for Visio RF & EE Shapes for Word Advertising RF Cafe Homepage Sudoku puzzles Thank you for visiting RF Cafe!
Innovative Power Products Couplers
Module 1 - Introduction to Matter, Energy, and Direct Current
Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS)
Chapter 1: Pages 1-41 through 1-50
[Go to TOC]
Types resistors - RF Cafe
.................. Figure 1-29. - Types resistors.
Q56. What is schematic symbol for a resistor?
Composition Resistors
One the most common types resistors is the molded composition, usually referred to as the carbon resistor. These resistors are manufactured in a variety sizes and shapes. The chemical composition the resistor determines its ohmic value and is accurately controlled by the manufacturer in the development process. They are made in ohmic values that range from one ohm to millions ohms. The physical size the resistor is related to its wattage rating, which is the ability resistor to dissipate heat caused by the resistance.
Carbon resistors, as you might suspect, have as their principal ingredient the element carbon. In the manufacturer carbon resistors, fillers or binders are added to the carbon to obtain various resistor values. Examples these fillers are clay, bakelite, rubber, and talc. These fillers are doping agents and cause the overall conduction characteristics to change.
Carbon resistors are the most common resistors found because they are easy to manufacturer, inexpensive, and have a tolerance that is adequate for most electrical and electronic applications. Their prime disadvantage is that they have a tendency to change value as they age. One other disadvantage carbon resistors is their limited power handling capacity.
The disadvantage carbon resistors can be overcome by the use WIREWOUND resistors (fig. 1-29 (B) and (C)). Wirewound resistors have very accurate values and possess a higher current handling capability than carbon resistors. The material that is frequently used to manufacture wirewound resistors
1-41
is German silver which is composed copper, nickel, and zinc. The qualities and quantities these elements present in the wire determine the resistivity the wire. (The resistivity the wire is the measure or ability the wire to resist current. Usually the percent nickel in the wire determines the resistivity.) One disadvantage the wirewound resistor is that it takes a large amount wire to manufacture a resistor high ohmic value, thereby increasing the cost. A variation the wirewound resistor provides an exposed surface to the resistance wire on one side. An adjustable tap is attached to this side. Such resistors, sometimes with two or more adjustable taps, are used as voltage dividers in power supplies and other applications where a specific voltage is desired to be "tapped" f.
Q57. What does the wattage rating a resistor indicate?
Q58. What are the two disadvantages carbon-type resistors?
Q59. What type resistor should be used to overcome the disadvantages the carbon resistor?
Fixed and Variable Resistors
There are two kinds resistors, FIXED and VARIABLE. The fixed resistor will have one value and will never change (other than through temperature, age, etc.). The resistors shown in A and B figure 1-29 are classed as fixed resistors. The tapped resistor illustrated in B has several fixed taps and makes more than one resistance value available. The sliding contact resistor shown in C has an adjustable collar that can be moved to tap f any resistance within the ohmic value range the resistor.
There are two types variable resistors, one called a POTENTIOMETER and the other a RHEOSTAT (see views D and E fig. 1-29.) An example the potentiometer is the volume control on your radio, and an example the rheostat is the dimmer control for the dash lights in an automobile. There is a slight difference between them. Rheostats usually have two connections, one fixed and the other moveable. Any variable resistor can properly be called a rheostat. The potentiometer always has three connections, two fixed and one moveable. Generally, the rheostat has a limited range values and a high current-handling capability. The potentiometer has a wide range values, but it usually has a limited current-handling capability. Potentiometers are always connected as voltage dividers. (Voltage dividers are discussed in Chapter 3.)
Q60. Describe the differences between the rheostat connections and those the potentiometer. Q61. Which type variable resistor should you select for controlling a large amount current? Wattage Rating When a current is passed through a resistor, heat is developed within the resistor. The resistor must be capable dissipating this heat into the surrounding air; otherwise, the temperature the resistor rises causing a change in resistance, or possibly causing the resistor to burn out.
The ability the resistor to dissipate heat depends upon the design the resistor itself. This ability to dissipate heat depends on the amount surface area which is exposed to the air. A resistor designed to dissipate a large amount heat must therefore have a large physical size. The heat dissipating capability a resistor is measured in WATTS (this unit will be explained later in chapter 3). Some the more common wattage ratings carbon resistors are: one-eighth watt, one-fourth watt, one-half watt, one watt, and two watts. In some the newer state--the-art circuits today, much smaller wattage resistors are used. Generally, the type that you will be able to physically work with are the values given. The higher the wattage rating the resistor the larger is the physical size. Resistors that dissipate very large amounts power (watts) are usually wirewound resistors. Wirewound resistors with wattage ratings up to 50
1-42
watts are not uncommon. Figure 1-30 shows some resistors which have different wattage ratings. Notice the relative sizes the resistors.
Resistors different wattage ratings - RF Cafe
Figure 1-30. - Resistors different wattage ratings.
Standard Color Code System
In the standard color code system, four bands are painted on the resistor, as shown in figure 1-31.
Resistor color codes - RF Cafe
Figure 1-31. - Resistor color codes.
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Examples resistor color codes - RF Cafe
Examples resistor color codes.
The color the first band indicates the value the first significant digit. The color the second band indicates the value the second significant digit. The third color band represents a decimal multiplier by which the first two digits must be multiplied to obtain the resistance value the resistor. The colors for the bands and their corresponding values are shown in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1. Standard Color Code for Resistors
Use the example colors shown in figure 1-31. Since red is the color the first band, the first significant digit is 2. The second band is violet, therefore the second significant digit is 7. The third band is orange, which indicates that the number formed as a result reading the first two bands is multiplied by 1000. In this case 27 x 1000 = 27,000 ohms. The last band on the resistor indicates the tolerance; that is, the manufacturer's allowable ohmic deviation above and below the numerical value indicated by the resistor's color code. In this example, the color silver indicates a tolerance 10 percent. In other words,
1-44
the actual value the resistor may fall somewhere within 10 percent above and 10 percent below the value indicated by the color code. This resistor has an indicated value 27,000 ohms. Its tolerance is 10 percent x 27,000 ohms, or 2,700 ohms. Therefore, the resistor's actual value is somewhere between 24,300 ohms and 29,700 ohms.
When measuring resistors, you will find situations in which the quantities to be measured may be extremely large, and the resulting number using the basic unit, the ohm, may prove too cumbersome. Therefore, a metric system prefix is usually attached to the basic unit measurement to provide a more manageable unit. Two the most commonly used prefixes are kilo and mega. Kilo is the prefix used to represent thousand and is abbreviated k. Mega is the prefix used to represent million and is abbreviated M.
In the example given above, the 27,000-ohm resistor could have been written as 27 kilohms or 7 k . Other examples are: 1,000 ohms = 1 k ; 10,000 ohms = 10 k ; 100,000 ohms = 100 k . Likewise, 1,000,000 ohms is written as 1 tab-count: 1"> and 10,000,000 ohms = 10 M.
Q62. A carbon resistor has a resistance 50 ohms, and a tolerance 5 percent. What are the colors bands one, two, three, and four, respectively?
SIMPLIFYING THE COLOR CODE. - Resistors are the most common components used in electronics. The technician must identify, select, check, remove, and replace resistors. Resistors and resistor circuits are usually the easiest branches electronics to understand.
The resistor color code sometimes presents problems to a technician. It really should not, because once the resistor color code is learned, you should remember it for the rest your life.
Black, brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, gray, white - this is the order colors you should know automatically. There is a memory aid that will help you remember the code in its proper order. Each word starts with the first letter the colors. If you match it up with the color code, you will not forget the code.
Bad Boys Run Over Yellow Gardenias Behind Victory Garden Walls,
or:
Black
-
Bad
Brown
-
Boys
Red
-
Run
Orange
-
Over
Yellow
-
Yellow
Green
-
Gardenias
Blue
-
Behind
Violet
-
Victory
Gray
-
Garden
White
-
Walls
There are many other memory aid sentences that you might want to ask about from experienced technicians. You might find one the other sentences easier to remember.
There is still a good chance that you will make a mistake on a resistor's color band. Most technicians do at one time or another. If you make a mistake on the first two significant colors, it usually is not too
1-45
serious. If you make a miscue on the third band, you are in trouble, because the value is going to be at least 10 times too high or too low. Some important points to remember about the third band are:
When the third band is . . . .
Black, the resistor's value is less than 100 ohms. Brown, the resistor's value is in hundreds ohms. Red, the resistor's value is in thousands ohms.
Orange, the resistor's value is in tens thousands ohms. Yellow, the resistor's value is in hundreds thousands ohms. Green, the resistor's value is in megohms.
Blue, the resistor's value is in tens megohms or more.
Although you may find any the above colors in the third band, red, orange, and yellow are the most common. In some cases, the third band will be silver or gold. You multiply the first two bands by 0.01 if it is silver, and 0.1 if it is gold.
The fourth band, which is the tolerance band, usually does not present too much a problem. If there is no fourth band, the resistor has a 20-percent tolerance; a silver fourth band indicates a 10-percent tolerance; and a gold fourth band indicates a 5-percent tolerance. Resistors that conform to military specifications have a fifth band. The fifth band indicates the reliability level per 1,000 hours operation as follows:
Fifth band color
Level
Brown
1.0%
Red
0.1%
Orange
0.01%
Yellow
0.001%
For a resistor whose the fifth band is color coded brown, the resistor's chance failure will not exceed 1 percent for every 1,000 hours operation.
In equipment such as the Navy's complex computers, the reliability level is very significant. For example, in a piece equipment containing 10,000 orange fifth-band resistors, no more than one resistor will fail during 1,000 hours operation. This is very good reliability. More information on resistors is contained in NEETS Module 19.
Q63. A carbon resistor has the following color bands: The first band is yellow, followed by violet, yellow, and silver. What is the ohmic value the resistor?
Q64. The same resistor mentioned in question 63 has a yellow fifth band. What does this signify?
Q65. A resistor is handed to you for identification with the following color code: the first band is blue, followed by gray, green, gold, and brown. What is the resistor's value?
1-46
Some resistors, both wirewound and composition, will not use the resistor color code. These resistors will have the ohmic value and tolerance imprinted on the resistor itself.
SUMMARY
With the completion this chapter, you now have gained the necessary information which is the foundation for the further study electricity. The following is a summary the important parts in the chapter.
In describing the composition matter, the following terms are important for you to remember:
MATTER is defined as anything that occupies space and has weight.
An ELEMENT is a substance which cannot be reduced to a simpler substance by chemical means.
A COMPOUND is a chemical combination elements which can be separated by chemical means, but not by physical means. It is created by chemically combining two or more elements.
A MIXTURE is a combination elements or compounds that can be separated by physical means.
A MOLECULE is the chemical combination two or more atoms. In a compound, the molecule is the smallest particle that has all the characteristics the compound.
An ATOM is the smallest particle an element that retains the characteristics that element. An atom is made up electrons, protons, and neutrons. The number and arrangement these subatomic particles determine the kind element.
Atom models - RF Cafe
An ELECTRON is considered to be a negative charge electricity.
A PROTON is considered to be a positive charge electricity.
A NEUTRON is a neutral particle in that it has no electrical charge.
ENERGY in an electron is two types - kinetic (energy motion) and potential (energy position).
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ENERGY LEVELS the electron exist because the electron has mass and motion. The motion gives it kinetic energy and its position gives it potential energy. Energy balance keeps the electron in orbit and should it gain energy it will assume an orbit further from the center the atom. It will remain at that level for only a fraction a second before it radiates the excess energy and goes back to a lower orbit.
Atomic orbit model - RF Cafe
SHELLS and SUBSHELLS electrons are the orbits the electrons in the atom. Each shell contains a maximum 2 times its number squared electrons. Shells are lettered K through Q, starting with K, which is the closest to the nucleus. The shell can be split into 4 subshells labeled s, p, d, and f, which can contain 2, 6, 10, and 14 electrons, respectively.
Atomic shells and subshells - RF Cafe
VALENCE AN ATOM is determined by the number electrons in the outermost shell. The shell is referred to as the valence shell, and the electrons within it are valence electrons. An atom with few valence electrons requires little energy to free the valence electrons.
IONIZATION refers to the electrons contained in an atom. An atom with a positive charge has lost some its electrons, and is called a positive ion. A negatively charged atom is a negative ion.
1-48
CONDUCTORS, SEMICONDUCTORS, and INSULATORS are categorized as such by the number valence electrons in their atoms. The conductor normally has 3 or less valence electrons and fers little opposition to the flow electrons (electric current). The insulator contains 5 or more valence electrons and refers high opposition to electron flow. The semiconductor usually has four valence electrons conductivity and is in the midrange. The best conductors in order conductance are silver, copper, gold, and aluminum.
CHARGED BODIES affect each other as follows: When two bodies having unequal charges are brought close to each other, they will tend to attract each other in an attempt to equalize their respective charges. When two bodies, both having either positive or negative charges, are brought close together, they tend to repel each other as no equalization can occur. When the charge on one body is high enough with respect to the charge on an adjacent body, an equalizing current will flow between the bodies regardless the conductivity the material containing the bodies.
Charged bodies - RF Cafe
A NEUTRAL BODY may be attracted to either a positively or negatively charged body due to the relative difference in their respective charges.
CHARGED BODIES will attract or repel each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product their individual charges and inversely proportional to the square the distance between the bodies.
1-49
Attraction and repulsion - RF Cafe
ELECTROSTATIC LINES force are a graphic representation the field around a charged body. These lines are imaginary. Lines from a positively charged body are indicated as flowing out from the body, while lines from a negatively charged body are indicated as flowing into the body.
MAGNETISM is that property a material which enables it to attract pieces iron. A material with this property is called a magnet. Any material that is attracted to a magnet can be made into a magnet itself.
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS are materials that are easy to magnetize; e.g., iron, steel, and cobalt.
NATURAL MAGNETS, called magnetite, lodestones, or leading stones, were the first magnets to be studied. Most magnets in practical use are artificial or man-made magnets, and are made either by electrical means or by stroking a magnetic material with a magnet.
RELUCTANCE is defined as the opposition a material to being magnetized.
PERMEABILITY is defined as the ease with which a material accepts magnetism. A material which is easy to magnetize does not hold its magnetism very long, and vice versa.
RETENTIVITY is defined as the ability a material to retain magnetism.
A MAGNETIC POLE is located at each end a magnet. The majority the magnetic force is concentrated at these poles and is approximately equal at both poles.
1-50
NEETS Table of Contents
Windfreak Technologies RF Cascade Workbook 2018 by RF Cafe
vidaRF Isolators & Circulators - RF Cafe
About RF Cafe
Kirt Blattenberger - RF Cafe Webmaster
Copyright: 1996 - 2024
Webmaster:
Kirt Blattenberger,
BSEE - KB3UON
RF Cafe began life in 1996 as "RF Tools" in an AOL screen name web space totaling 2 MB. Its primary purpose was to provide me with ready access to commonly needed formulas and reference material while performing my work as an RF system and circuit design engineer. The Internet was still largely an unknown entity at the time and not much was available in the form of WYSIWYG ...
All trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other rights of ownership to images and text used on the RF Cafe website are hereby acknowledged.
My Hobby Website: AirplanesAndRockets.com
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Transform
When you select and drag an object, or resize it via the sizing handles, you are transforming the object. The Align Objects, Rotate, and Free Rotate commands also transform the selected object. The accumulated effects of all transformations applied to an object are recorded as a set of page transformation parameters.
Transform Dialog
The Home | Selection | Transform command or the button open the Transform dialog. This dialog allows you to read, set, and reset the six page transformation parameters associated with the selected object. These six parameters allow for four distinct transformations: scale, shear, rotation, and offset. The coordinate origin for these transformations is the center of the page. Thus, in the untransformed state, the center of an object coincides with the center of the printed page.
Use the Transform dialog to change the transform parameters for the selected object.
X Offset
The X Offset specifies the horizontal translation (in page units). A positive X Offset shifts the object to the right, a negative X Offset shifts the object to the left.
Y Offset
The Y Offset specifies the vertical translation (in page units). A positive Y Offset shifts the object up, a negative Y Offset shifts the object down.
X Scale
The X Scale parameter modifies the width of the object. A value of 2.0 doubles the width, a value of 0.5 cuts the width in half, while a value of 1.0 leaves the width unchanged.
Y Scale
The Y Scale parameter modifies the height of the object. A value of 2.0 doubles the height, a value of 0.5 cuts the height in half, while a value of 1.0 leaves the height unchanged.
Rotation
The Rotation specifies a counterclockwise rotation about the origin. The rotation angle is given in degrees.
Shear
The Shear changes the X coordinate as the Y coordinate changes. For example, a shear of 1.0 shifts the X coordinate 1 inch to the right for every inch along the Y axis.
Identity (Clear Transform)
When you check the Identity (Clear Transform) box, the transformation is reset back to the identity; that is, the selected object is untransformed.
The order in which the transformations are applied makes a difference (these transformations are not commutative). The four transformations are applied in the following order: scale, shear, rotation, and translation.
References
Foley, James D. and Andries van Dam (1990),Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1174 pp.
Hearn, D. and M.P. Baker (1997),Computer Graphics C, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 652 pp., ISBN 0-13-530924-7.
See Also
Align Objects
Rotate
Free Rotate
Layout Tab Commands
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What is COVID-19?
Daily, the media is filled with reports on the mystery virus dominating the globe. Those who fall victim to this disease experience major detriments to their health, including potential death. Others, seeing the widespread effects of this on those around them, are panicked as they try to maintain the vitality of themselves and their families. But what exactly is this illness that is wreaking havoc around the globe? Although the dialogue regarding COVID-19 has grown insurmountably over the past few months, coronaviruses have been around for much longer than people may know.
Individuals were first infected with coronavirus in the 60s; however, other strands have not been as aggressive as the current situation. Coronavirus (named after its crown-like shape) is divided into four subtypes, with seven total strains. Of the strains, four of them are common, easily cured, and result in cold-like symptoms. These types come from the alpha (229E and NL63) and beta (OC43 and HKU1) subtypes, which serve as insignificant threats to the immune system. The remaining three variations, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), are not as simple.
The term “novel coronavirus” derives from the fact that nothing of its kind has existed before.”
MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV originated in the Middle East and Asia, respectively, and present similar conditions to COVID-19. Nonetheless, COVID-19 has impacted the world at a much more alarming rate. SARS-CoV-2, first found in animals, spread to humans, initiating the spread of the disease. The term “novel coronavirus” derives from the fact that nothing of its kind has existed before. The care and procedures for treatment deviates greatly from all other strains, as it is the most aggressive.
COVID-19 attacks the upper-respiratory system, causing shortness of breath. Furthermore, the victim experiences fever, dry cough, lethargy, and a runny nose, making way for the disease to be spread through liquid being secreted from the nose and mouth. In a radius of six feet from the infected patient, another person can come into contact with these droplets, which then enter their respiratory system and add to the vicious cycle. In just two weeks, COVID-19 can fully present itself in those who have come into contact with an ill person. As it makes it way through a body, the spiky surface of the virus latches on to the ACE2 receptors, which innocently flow by. The virus takes down the surrounding healthy cells, weakening the immune system, and travels into the lower respiratory system, where more ACE2 receptors are awaiting the virus. This is what differentiates COVID-19 from the common cold since the lungs feel a deep inflammation. The alveoli in the lungs are suffocated, which prevents the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that supplies the body with the ability to function. COVID-19 attacks the body from the inside and makes those with underlying conditions defenseless.
COVID-19 attacks its victims by taking away the resources needed to sustain life.”
Although coronavirus presents itself in a majority of ways through its various strains, COVID-19 attacks its victims by taking away the resources needed to sustain life. By breaking down the lower respiratory system, this disease acts as one unlike the rest. The mystery virus has now become a household name.
Sources
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/types.html
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html#Coronavirus-Disease-2019-Basics
https://www.healthline.com/health/coronavirus-types
Please share our stories:
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Abstract model for an algorithm solving a problem, Theory of Computation
These assumptions hold for addition, for instance. Every instance of addition has a unique solution. Each instance is a pair of numbers and the possible solutions include any third number. We can systematically list all instances along with all possible solutions by systematically listing all triples of numbers. This is not completely trivial-we can't, for instance, list all triples starting with 0 and then all triples starting with 1, etc. Since there are in?nitely many triples starting with zero, we would never get around to listing any starting with one. Suppose, though, that we are only concerned with the Natural Numbers, {0, 1, . . .}. If we ?rst list all triples that sum to zero (i.e., just the triple h0, 0, 0i) and then all triples that sum to one (i.e., h1, 0, 0i, h0, 1, 0i, h0, 0, 1i), etc., we are guaranteed that we will eventually list any given triple.
With the exception of the assumption that the solution is unique (which can be fudged in a variety of ways) these assumptions are pretty nearly minimal. We can't even consider solving a problem algorithmically unless every instance has a solution. An algorithm must produce some answer for every instance. If there is no answer for some instance, then whatever answer it produces will necessarily be wrong. (Note that if we modify the problem to require that we return "No Solution" in the case that none exists, we will have converted it into a problem that has a solution for every instance-albeit one that sometimes has the solution "No Solution".) The third assumption is true of every reasonable problem. In fact, it takes a fairamount of the theory of computation to even get to the point where we can argue that problems that don't satisfy the assumption might exist. Under these assumptions we can reduce our model to a machine for checking the correctness of solutions:
1809_Abstract model for an algorithm solving a problem.png
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ABSTRACT
Transport phenomena including diffusion are important for the solution of various problems in science and technology. The interpretation of experimental data is a general problem. The theory of diffusion was developed as an independent discipline for the description of processes, at first in binary systems (Ficks’ laws). Its thermodynamic interpretation led to generalization and deduction of diffusion laws for multicomponent systems [1-4].
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Mathematics 152
Programming Project #4
Euler Paths in a Simple Graph
Revised: December 1, 2003
You will create a C++ program that generates a random simple graph and paints the vertices and edges. You can then enhance the program to modify the graph so that an Euler path or Euler cycle can be found, and you can display the Euler path.
These instructions will explain how to create the user-interface parts of the program that you may not have seen before and how to represent vertices and edges as C++ objects that can be put into resizable arrays. After that, you are on your own.
You can also download a copy of this document from the course Web site. It is best to save it as text. Then you can paste code as you are creating the project.
1. By following steps 1-6 of project 2, with "GF" replaced by "Euler" (and "gf" by "euler" in file names), create a widget-based project named "Euler."
2. Open up eulerbase.ui in Qt Designer and change the caption to Euler Paths and Cycles.
In the upper right-hand corner, place a Group Box, about 150 x 160, with the title Random Graph. Inside the group box, place the following widgets:
a. Text Label with text Vertices.
b. To the right of this, a Spin Box(icon has "123"), about 50 x 30, with name SpinVertices, maxValue 20, minValue 2, value 6.
c. Below "Vertices" a Text Label with text "Edges."
d. To the right of this, a Spin Box, about 50 x 30, with name SpinEdges, maxValue 30, minValue 1, value 10.
e. At the bottom, a Push Button with name ButtonGenerate and text Generate Graph.
3. At the upper left of the dialog, place a Frame (icon is 2 to the right of Group Box) with name FrameGraph. Resize this widget to be a large recctangle that occupies the full height of the form and that extends over to the group box. You may wish to enlarge the entire form. This frame will never get painted; its role is to reserve space in which you can paint the vertices and edges of your graph.
4. Using Edit...Slots, add the slot slotGenerate(). Press F3 to enter connection mode, drag from the Generate button to empty space on the form, and connect the signal clicked() for ButtonGenerate to slotGenerate(). Close Qt Designer, saving the .ui file.
5. Add to the class Euler the member variables
QRect paintRect;
bool initDone; //guard against premature painting
Then add to the constructor for Euler the three lines
paintRect = FrameGraph->geometry(); //find the hidden widget
FrameGraph->hide();
initDone = false;
At the top of euler.cpp
#include <qframe.h>
#include <qpainter.h>
#include <qspinbox.h>
Build and run the project. You should not see the frame on the left -- if it were allowed to be painted, it would overwrite your painting of your graph.
6. Under the Classes tab, right-click on Classes and choose New Class.... As Classname, choose Vertex, and leave Baseclass blank. Leave the file names as vertex.h and vertex.cpp, and do not check "generate a QWidget-Childclass." Click OK to exit the Class Generator dialog.
Add four member variables to the Vertex class:
int xpos; //position relative to left edge
int ypos; //position relative to top edge
QColor color; //color of 4x4 square painted for the vertex
int degree; //for later use in creating Euler paths and cycles
7. The Vertex class is so simple that the default assignment operator probably does the right thing. To play it safe, though, define an assignment operator by right-clicking on the class name and choosing Add member function.....
The Type is Vertex&; the Declaration is operator=(const Vertex& v)
Here is the code:
Vertex& Vertex::operator=(const Vertex& v){
xpos = v.xpos;
ypos = v.ypos;
color = v.color;
degree = v.degree;
return *this;
}
If you add new member variables later, remember to modify this function!
8. Add two constructors for the Vertex class using Add member function.... For a constructor, leave Type blank.
Vertex::Vertex(int x, int y, QColor c){
xpos = x;
ypos = y;
color = c;
degree = 0;
}
Vertex::Vertex(const Vertex& v){
*this = v;
}
The second is a "copy constructor." It is a good idea to define one of these whenever you define an assignment operator.
At the top of vertex.h
#include <qcolor.h>
9. Again, under the Classes tab, right-click on Classes and choose New Class.... As Classname, choose Edge, and leave Baseclass blank. Leave the file names as edge.h and edge.cpp, and do not check "generate a QWidget-Childclass." Click OK to exit the Class Generator dialog.
Add three member variables to the Edge class:
int vFrom; //vertex where the edge starts
int vTo; //vertex where the edge ends;
QColor color; //color of line painted for the vertex
10. Again, the Edge class is so simple that the default assignment operator probably does the right thing. To play it safe, though, define an assignment operator by right-clicking on the class name and choosing Add member function.....
The Type is Edge&; the Declaration is operator=(const Edge& v)
Here is the code:
Edge& Edge::operator =(const Edge& e){
vFrom = e.vFrom;
vTo = e.vTo;
color = e.color;
return *this;
}
If you add new member variables later, remember to modify this function!
11. Add two constructors for the Edge class using Add member function.... For a constructor, leave Type blank.
Edge::Edge(int f, int t, QColor c){
vFrom = f;
vTo = t;
color = c;
}
Edge::Edge(const Edge& e){
*this = e;
}
At the top of edge.h
#include <qcolor.h>
Build the project, just to be sure that there are no syntactic errors.
12. The class Euler needs an array of vertices and one of edges. Each will be a QMemArray of objects of the appropriate type, declared with templates. Add member variables to Euler, as follows:
QMemArray<Edge> edges;
QMemArray<Vertex> vertices;
The two arrays specify a (simple) graph completely.
To keep track of how many vertices and edges have been added to the graph, add the member variables
int madeVertices;
int madeEdges;
In euler.h
#include "edge.h"
#include "vertex.h"
#include <qmemarray.h>
When creating new edges, we will need the following function to be sure that we are not duplicating an existing edge:
bool Edge::operator==(const Edge& e){
return ( (vFrom == e.vFrom && vTo == e.vTo) || (vFrom == e.vTo && vTo == e.vFrom));
}
13. To create a graph, we can generate vertices at random, but we must make sure that vertices are not too close together and not too close to the edge of the window. Add these two member functions to Euler in order to accomplish this:
//Generates a vertex that is not too close to an existing one
Vertex Euler::generateRandomVertex(int fromEdge, int fromOther){
int x, y;
bool tryAgain;
do {
tryAgain = false;
//Choose random coordinates, but not too close to the edge of the window
x = fromEdge + rand()%(paintRect.width() - 2 * fromEdge);
y = fromEdge + rand()%(paintRect.height() - 2 * fromEdge);
//Make sure that this vertex is not too close to an existing one
for (int i = 0; i < madeVertices; i++) {
Vertex v = vertices[i];
if ( (v.xpos - x)*(v.xpos - x) + (v.ypos - y)*(v.ypos - y) < fromOther*fromOther) {
tryAgain = true;
break;
}
}
} while (tryAgain);
return Vertex(x,y,QColor(255,0,0)); //make it red
}
void Euler::generateVertexArray(int nVertices){
vertices.resize(nVertices);
for(madeVertices = 0; madeVertices < nVertices; madeVertices++) {
vertices[madeVertices] = generateRandomVertex(15, paintRect.width()/6);
}
}
Beware -- as it is written, the first function can go into an infinite loop if you try to add too many vertices. You may want to invent a way to guard against this.
You can build the project to check syntax, but it still doesn't do anything.
14. We can also create edges at random, making sure that a new edge never duplicates an existing one. Add these two functions to Euler in order to accomplish this.
//Generates an edge that does not duplicate an existing one
Edge Euler::generateRandomEdge(){
Edge theEdge;
int from;
int to;
bool tryAgain;
do {
tryAgain = false;
from = rand()%vertices.size();
//Find a second vertex different from the first
do {
to = rand()%vertices.size();
} while (from == to);
theEdge = Edge(from, to, QColor(0,0,0));
//Check whether this edge already exists
for (int i = 0; i <madeEdges; i++) {
if (theEdge == edges[i]) {
tryAgain = true;
break;
}
}
} while (tryAgain);
return theEdge;
}
void Euler::generateEdgeArray(int nEdges){
int nVert = vertices.size();
//Don't allow more edges than in a complete graph
nEdges = min(nEdges, nVert* (nVert-1)/2);
edges.resize(nEdges);
for (madeEdges = 0; madeEdges < nEdges; madeEdges++) {
edges[madeEdges] = generateRandomEdge();
}
}
15. In Euler, override slotGenerate() with the following code create a random graph with the specified number of vertices and edges
void Euler::slotGenerate(){
generateVertexArray(SpinVertices->value());
generateEdgeArray(SpinEdges->value());
initDone = true;
update(); //asks for painitng
}
Again you can build the project to check syntax, but it still doesn't do anything.
16. Now that a graph is created, it can finally be displayed when the main widget gets painted. In Euler, add an override of the virtual function paintEvent, which is called as a consequence of update():
void Euler::paintEvent(QPaintEvent* e){
QPainter p(this);
QRect r = paintRect;
QBrush brush(QColor("white")); //background color
p.fillRect(r,brush); //erase by repainting background
if (!initDone)
return;
for (uint i = 0; i < vertices.size(); i++) {
Vertex v = vertices[i];
QRect r(v.xpos - 2, v.ypos - 2, 4,4);
p.fillRect(r,QBrush(QColor(v.color)));
p.setPen(QColor(v.color));
p.drawText(v.xpos + 3, v.ypos - 10, QString("%1").arg(i));
}
for (uint i = 0; i < edges.size(); i++) {
Edge e(edges[i]);
Vertex from(vertices[e.vFrom]);
Vertex to(vertices[e.vTo]);
p.setPen(QColor(e.color));
p.moveTo(from.xpos, from.ypos);
p.lineTo(to.xpos, to.ypos);
}
}
Build and run the project, and click the Generate button. You should see vertices displayed in red and edges displayed in black. Unfortunately, you get the same "random" graph every time that you rerun the program. Fix this by adding to the constructor for Euler the line
srand(time(NULL));
This "seeds" the random number generator with the time of day.
For debugging purposes, if you want to have the same graph generated every time you start the program, change this line temporarily to something like
srand(345);
17. Now you are on your own. The task is to add functions that modify the graph by adding or deleting edges (the former is easier) to make all vertices (or all but two) have even degree. Then you can construct an Euler cycle (or path). A simple way to describe this cycle or path is to enumerate the vertices of the Euler path or cycle in order in a list box. A better way is to have a button to start the Euler path and another to continue it. Each time the button is pressed, one more edge of the path changes to red. You can even write "A," "B," "C," etc in the center of each edge to show the order of traversal.
Grading guidelines:
Building steps 1 through 14 - 5 points.
Also calculating the degree of each vertex - 6 points.
Modifying the graph to permit an Euler path or cycle - 7 points.
Finding an Euler path or cycle - 9 points
Displaying the Euler path or cycle by changing edge colors - 10 points.
You can also get 2 points of extra credit for any additional graph algorithm that you add to the program, but be sure to include a file like "ExtraFeatures.txt" that explains what you have done.
|
__label__pos
| 0.863364 |
A Fast Analytical Algorithm for Solving Markov Decision Processes with Real-Valued Resources
Janusz Marecki, Sven Koenig, Milind Tambe
Agents often have to construct plans that obey deadlines or, more generally, resource limits for real-valued resources whose consumption can only be characterized by probability distributions, such as execution time or battery power. These planning problems can be modeled with continuous state Markov decision processes (MDPs) but existing solution methods are either inefficient or provide no guarantee on the quality of the resulting policy. We therefore present CPH, a novel solution method that solves the planning problems by first approximating with any desired accuracy the probability distributions over the resource consumptions with phase-type distributions, which use exponential distributions as building blocks. It then uses value iteration to solve the resulting MDPs by exploiting properties of exponential distributions to calculate the necessary convolutions accurately and efficiently while providing strong guarantees on the quality of the resulting policy. Our experimental feasibility study in a Mars rover domain demonstrates a substantial speedup over Lazy Approximation, which is currently the leading algorithm for solving continuous state MDPs with quality guarantees.
URL: http://teamcore.usc.edu/marecki/IJCAI-MareckiJ342.pdf
|
__label__pos
| 0.986282 |
call now 01785 254 597
Why do we calibrate a pH meter?
Why does a pH meter need calibrating?
Firstly - it's important to understand that all pH meters need to be calibrated to a pH electrode, not just models from our AWE Instruments range, but all pH meters.
Before we can answer the question of why we calibated a pH meter - first we need to understand what's happening inside our pH electrode.
What is happening inside a pH electrode?
BNC Connector
The industry standard connector type for a pH electode which transmits the millivoltage signal through very low resistance connecting cable.
pH Glass
The pH glass on an electrode is hydrogen ion selective, only allowing the H+ ions to permeate through.
Reference Electrode
Silver Silver-Chloride reference electrode which allows the electrode to generate the millivolt signal for use with a pH electrode.
Salt Bridge Solution
Salt bridge solution within the electrode which is contact with the measured solution via a reference junction.
Reference Junction
A permeable reference junction which allows the salt bridge solution to be in contact with the measured solution. Normally manufactured in ceramic or PTFE.
• BNC Connector
The industry standard connector type for a pH electode which transmits the millivoltage signal through very low resistance connecting cable.
• pH Glass
The pH glass on an electrode is hydrogen ion selective, only allowing the H+ ions to permeate through.
• Reference Electrode
Silver Silver-Chloride reference electrode which allows the electrode to generate the millivolt signal for use with a pH electrode.
• Salt Bridge Solution
Salt bridge solution within the electrode which is contact with the measured solution via a reference junction.
• Reference Junction
A permeable reference junction which allows the salt bridge solution to be in contact with the measured solution. Normally manufactured in ceramic or PTFE.
We've included a lot in our knowledge base about pH electrodes and pH measurements which runs into a fair amount of detail about the inner working of a pH electrode including pH itself, pH theory, and temperature compensation in pH measurement.
For a more abridged version of the inner workings of a pH electrode we can say that most pH electrodes comprise of a number of common elements.
This includes a hydrated gel layer (glass membrane) which combines with a salt bridge solution, electrode and a reference junction which work in combination to produce an electrical potential at the glass tip. The design of pH electrodes follow this basic principal although the design and manufacture of each of the elements is a closely guarded secret between different manufacturers of pH electrodes.
For instance we offer a variety of glass types, polymerised derivative solutions and annular type references to give our electrodes different properties, including:-
• Long lasting general purpose pH electrodes
• High temperature pH electrodes
• Low sodium Ion pH electrodes
• Low Conductivity pH electrodes
Despite the different methods and materials used in the construction of the pH electrodes, the premise is the same with each of the different glass types - hydrogen ions migrate into or out of the hydrated gel layer and the resultant electrochemical or potentiometric signal is proportional to the pH of the measured solution.
pH Electrode Signal
The potentimetric or electrochemical signal that is produced is a millivoltage. A pH electrode can be thought of a little like a battery with a voltage that varies with the pH of the measured solution.
The millivoltage that is generated is ±59.16mV per pH decade at 25˚C. The voltage that is generated when the pH is 7.00pH is 0.00mV (regardless of temperature), and at 25˚C the millivoltage that's generated at 6pH is +59.16mV and at 8pH it's -59.16mV - we've created a tool below which illustrates the millivolt signal that's generated per pH decade.
pH Electrode Signal Simulator
As we can see from the above indicator at 7.00pH the signal generated is 0.00mV. The output signal from the pH electrode can be calculated as 7.00pH minus the measured pH multiplied by 59.16mV (at 25˚C).
Calculating mV values from pH Electrodes
Calculate the mV signal generated at 6.00pH
7.00pH less our measured 6.00pH is equal to 1.00pH. So 1.00 multiplied by 59.16mV gives us + 59.16mV.
Calculate the mV signal generated at 10.00pH
7.00pH less our measured 10.00pH is equal to -3.00pH. So -3.00 multiplied by 59.16mV gives us -177.48mV.
Why is knowing the mV signal from a pH Electrode important?
Knowing the theoretical output of the pH electrode to the pH meter helps us understand why pH meters need to be calibrated to pH electrodes. As the output of the pH electrode is linearly aligned and proportional to the measured pH value - we know what our pH meter is looking for.
So in a pH 7.00 buffer solution out pH meter is looking for 0mV.
At 6.00pH our pH meter is expecting +59.16mV and at 8.00pH our pH meter is expecting -59.16mV.
If our electrode is not outputting this exact signal then we're going to generate a pH reading that is under or or over the expected value.
pH electrodes and a changing mV output
The pH electrodes that we supply are high quality devices used for process control applications where the pH measurement must be accurate. We're proud to say that our pH electrodes will often out perform most other manufactures devices due to the stringent quality control checks and testing that each electrode adheres to prior to supply.
Lower quality pH electrodes may have variations in the glass thickness, the surface area, the flow rate through the reference junction, the electrolyte composition or how the electrolyte responds to changing temperatures. The result is that the mV signal generated from the pH electrode may well be different to what the pH meter is expecting.
In addition - all pH electrodes consume the electrolyte material over time. We delay this consumption time period by using double reference junctions, proprietary formulations of electrolyte and polymerised electrolytes for elevated temperatures. We are delaying the consumption - so over time, the electrolyte is still consumed and with this comes a change in the mV output signal.
As the electrolyte is consumed the output mV signal trends towards 0.00mV - in much the same way that a battery goes flat over time.
In a hypothetical situation - if a pH electrode is working a number of years old - where we might expect to see 59.16mV @ 25˚C, we might only be generating 55mV. per pH decade.
So - from our calculator we can see that in 4.00pH buffer the pH meter is expecting a signal of +177.48mV.
If our electrode is only generating 55.00mV per pH decade, then in a 4.00pH buffer we would only be generating 165.00mV.
With a signal of 165.00mV an uncalibrated pH meter would display a pH value of ~ 4.22pH.
pH electrode model 9015-10B
What happens when we calibrate a pH meter and electrode?
When we calibrate the pH electrode to the pH meter we're effectively ammending the ±59.16mV per pH decade rule and bringing the theoretical output of the pH electrode inline with the actual output of the currently connected pH electrode.
This is why we conduct a wet calibration using pH calibration solutions rather than using an electrical pH simulator such as the APS2.
The wet calibration means that the pH electrode is immersed into a solution of known value. (Which is why it's important to use fresh uncontaminated buffer solutions) This way we know that the pH electrode is seeing a precise calibration value - so the only variable is the output mV figure from the electrode.
There are limitations on how much variance we can have with our pH meter - so each of instruments is listed with the acceptable operating parameters. So for example the P7635 pH controller has a zero point of ± 2.00pH - so we can offset the 0pH point by this much.
The Span point is the difference between the expected mV figure and the actual mV figure.
Each of our pH controllers is listed with a tolerance for the Span or Slope of the pH electrode. When the incoming mV from the pH electrode and the expected pH electrode are within the tolerance limits, the pH controller will allow the pH electrode to be calibrated to the desired ranges.
Again using the P7635 pH controller as an example - the listed Span or Slope of the electrode is from 80 - 110% of the default value, which is ±59.16mV per pH decade.
So at 80% of the expected value our pH electrode is generating 47.33mV per pH decade. If the output signal from the pH electrode is lower than this, then the pH controller will reject the calibration of the pH electrode and it's probably time for it to be replaced.
For perspective the P7687 pH controller with full P&ID control has the same span range of 80 - 110%.
Notice that the pH controller can also be spanned or the slope adjusted to a range that's higher than the ±59.16mV too - by upto 110% of the expected value.
This is due to the manufacturing differences in pH electrodes. Not all electrodes are made equal, some may have an inferior filling material or larger or smaller diameter glass with an un-even thickness. In these instances it may be possible for the pH electrode to generate an erroneous figure that is higher than the expected value. In this instance we can calibrate out the error and work with the pH electrode even though the signal is not where we expect it to be.
So How Often Should We Calibrate a pH Electrode and pH Meter?
There really isn't a definitive answer to this question, however - we've created an FAQ page which should satisfy most queries regarding the frequency of calibrating pH electrodes and pH meters.
Regular Calibrations Ensure Accurate pH measurements
So running through the theory on how a pH electrode works and the expected signals from a pH electrode that our pH meter is expecting.
Understanding that due to the way that pH is measured means that we have to periodically update our pH meter to ensure that the pH meters see a different mV signal per pH, yada, yada, yada.
For more information on how to construct a calibration schedule or profille then pleased don't hesitate to get in touch. In addition - we're able to offer an on-site calibration and certification service which to provide a 3rd party check to your in house calibrations. We can also provide training and support on pH electrode maintenance and operation.
Search
|
__label__pos
| 0.807667 |
Arranging Vaccines Inside Any Refrigerator
Related Videos
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Using Front-Opening Refrigerators
Vaccine Delivery
Using a Safety Box
Stock Management
What is the Vaccine Cold Chain?
Cold Chain
What Temperatures Should Vaccines Be?
Cold Chain
How to Do a Shake Test
Resources
Vaccine refrigerators are designed to keep vaccines between 2ºC and 8ºC, but it is not enough to keep the interior temperature within this range. Vaccines must be arranged inside the refrigerator in a way that makes sure they are not exposed to damaging temperatures or other harmful conditions.
|
__label__pos
| 0.997503 |
Firefox Marionette Driver
As announced some time ago, FirefoxDriver will no longer work after Firefox 47 has been released. There are 2 options;
1. Downgrade Firefox (version < 47)
2. Implement Marionette Driver. (Marionette WebDriver)
This blogpost will cover the implementation of Marionette Driver. Luckily it’s not too hard to switch to MarionetteDriver. Following these steps:
1. Download Marionette Driver
2. Extract the file
3. Set the webdriver.gecko.driver property to the location path of Marionette driver
4. Adjust the code, to something like this:
@BeforeClass
public void startFirefox() {
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", "path/to/geckodriver");
final WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
}
Alternatively, we can implement a method to find the file on path:
private static String findFileOnPath(final String fileName) {
return MarionetteDriverTest.class.getClassLoader().getResource(fileName).getPath();
}
MarionetteDriverTest is the classname.
And use it like this:
@BeforeClass
public void startFirefox() {
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", findFileOnPath("geckodriver")); //assuming the file is located in the resources folder
final WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
}
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|
__label__pos
| 0.710963 |
Code example for LocationManager: Finding current location
Methods: getLastKnownLocationrequestSingleUpdate
0
locationManager = (LocationManager) mc.getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);
String providerStr = LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER;//nie trzeba odswiezac samemu, zzera mniej baterii niz gps
//String providerStr = LocationManager.PASSIVE_PROVIDER;
int a=0;
System.out.println("qwe2");
locationManager.requestSingleUpdate(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER, PendingIntent.getService(mc.getApplicationContext(), a, getIntent(), a));
locationManager.requestSingleUpdate(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER, PendingIntent.getService(mc.getApplicationContext(), a, getIntent(), a));
//to wyzej dwa razy, bo czasami nie odswieza od razu
System.out.println("qwe3");
Location location = locationManager.getLastKnownLocation(providerStr);
System.out.println("qwe4");
//location.set(new Location(providerStr));
//locationManager.requestSingleUpdate(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER, PendingIntent.getService(getApplicationContext(), a, getIntent(), a));
//location = locationManager.getLastKnownLocation(providerStr);
double latitude = location.getLatitude();//n-s
double longitude = location.getLongitude();//e-w
System.out.println("qwe5");
//location.getSpeed();//predkosc
//location.toString();
//Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), location.getProvider(), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
//TextView text = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.textGPS);
|
__label__pos
| 0.997945 |
asp.net core automapper ViewModel to Model
asp.net-core c# entity-framework-core
Question
I'm following some examples to learn asp.net core with Entity Framework, I'm having trouble saving a user's data, I have the class that was generated from an existing database (Database First), and created a ViewModel to work with the views, my class generated from the database came with some dependencies, "ICollection", I just need to update some fields of the table, when I try to save the error occurs below:
Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.DbUpdateException: 'An error occurred while updating the entries. See the inner exception for details.' SqlException: String or binary data would be truncated. The statement has been terminated.
My Model:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace PetAlerta.Domain.Entities
{
public partial class Petshop
{
public Petshop()
{
Agendabanhos = new HashSet<Agendabanhos>();
Agendaconsultas = new HashSet<Agendaconsultas>();
Agendavacinas = new HashSet<Agendavacinas>();
Banhos = new HashSet<Banhos>();
Chat = new HashSet<Chat>();
Configshop = new HashSet<Configshop>();
Consultas = new HashSet<Consultas>();
Pets = new HashSet<Pets>();
Shopdonos = new HashSet<Shopdonos>();
}
public int Cod { get; set; }
public string Razaosocial { get; set; }
public string Nomefant { get; set; }
public string Cnpj { get; set; }
public string Endereco { get; set; }
public string Cidade { get; set; }
public string Uf { get; set; }
public string Complemento { get; set; }
public string Bairro { get; set; }
public string Num { get; set; }
public string Cep { get; set; }
public string Endecomp { get; set; }
public string Email { get; set; }
public string Fone1 { get; set; }
public string Fone2 { get; set; }
public string Celular { get; set; }
public string Senha { get; set; }
public string Img { get; set; }
public string Nomeresp { get; set; }
public string Site { get; set; }
public string Seguimento { get; set; }
public DateTime? Dataacesso { get; set; }
public int Ativo { get; set; }
public ICollection<Agendabanhos> Agendabanhos { get; set; }
public ICollection<Agendaconsultas> Agendaconsultas { get; set; }
public ICollection<Agendavacinas> Agendavacinas { get; set; }
public ICollection<Banhos> Banhos { get; set; }
public ICollection<Chat> Chat { get; set; }
public ICollection<Configshop> Configshop { get; set; }
public ICollection<Consultas> Consultas { get; set; }
public ICollection<Pets> Pets { get; set; }
public ICollection<Shopdonos> Shopdonos { get; set; }
}
}
My ViewModel:
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
namespace PetAlerta.MVC.ViewModels
{
public class PetShopViewModel
{
[Key]
public int Cod { get; set; }
public string Razaosocial { get; set; }
public string Nomefant { get; set; }
public string Cnpj { get; set; }
public string Endereco { get; set; }
public string Cidade { get; set; }
public string Uf { get; set; }
public string Complemento { get; set; }
public string Bairro { get; set; }
public string Num { get; set; }
public string Cep { get; set; }
public string Endecomp { get; set; }
public string Email { get; set; }
public string Fone1 { get; set; }
public string Fone2 { get; set; }
public string Celular { get; set; }
public string Nomeresp { get; set; }
public string Site { get; set; }
}
}
I'm using the automapper to map the Model to the ViewModel and the ViewlModel to the Model.
Controller:
[HttpPost]
public IActionResult SalvaPerfil([FromBody] PetShopViewModel petshopViewModel)
{
if (ModelState.IsValid)
{
var petshop = Mapper.Map<PetShopViewModel, Petshop>(petshopViewModel);
_PetApp.Update(petshop);
return Content("fim..."); //<<=== ERROR
}
return Content("ERRO");
}
I just want to update the fields that is in the ViewModel, other fields like password, image url etc ... I want to update separately at another time, where am I going wrong? how to do this?
Thanks!
1
2
6/14/2018 6:12:19 PM
Accepted Answer
Error is very clear. Just check the columns length and properties value, you'll find that the length of one or more fields is NOT big enough to hold the data you are trying to insert. For example, if one field is a varchar(8) length, and you try to add 10 characters in to it, you will get this error.
1
6/14/2018 6:13:37 PM
Related Questions
Related
Licensed under: CC-BY-SA with attribution
Not affiliated with Stack Overflow
Licensed under: CC-BY-SA with attribution
Not affiliated with Stack Overflow
|
__label__pos
| 0.888933 |
Magnetic Particle Testing, or MPT, also known as Magnetic Particle Inspection, is the most commonly used NDT service. It helps detect the flaws in different ferromagnetic materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt. Unlike other methods, it does not need to prepare the degree of the surface. Therefore, the magnetic particle testing procedure is comparatively quick and easy. Impartial Testing uses the MPT method to detect cracks in delicate or shallow surfaces or other defects like lack of sidewall fusion in welds. It works through the thin coating and is a highly portable and rapid testing method.
Yoke Type
Yoke Type is a versatile magnetic particle testing procedure that uses a 110v AC handheld electromagnetic yoke magnet. It is a white strip of paint in a contrasting background and a magnetic “ink”. While inspecting defects in the surface or subsurface, the magnetic forces’ lines around the fault will start deforming.
Prode Type
Prods type in magnetic particle testing leads to induction in a circular magnetic field by sending a high amperage (1000A typically) magnetized current through the metal on which Testing. It leads to arcing between the electrodes and test surface. It helps in finding the defects with magnetic particles.
|
__label__pos
| 0.929589 |
Final Poster
cornawakeΛογισμικό & κατασκευή λογ/κού
4 Νοε 2013 (πριν από 3 χρόνια και 11 μήνες)
59 εμφανίσεις
Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,[1] using a grid of
cells arranged in numbered rows and letter
-
named columns to organize data
manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied
functions to answer statistical, engineering and
financial
needs. In addition, it
can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very
limited three
-
dimensional
graphical display. Moreover,
as a design tool that
asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.
JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages
JavaScript is a scripting language
A scripting language is a lightweight programming language
JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages
JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute
without preliminary compilation)
Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license
An Introduction to
Programming Using Alice
is designed to make
learning programming
easy for the novice user,
with the help of Alice.
Object
-
oriented
programming can be much
more challenging to learn
than traditional
programming. Alice is a
software tool that was
developed to help teach
object
-
oriented
programming in a less
syntax
-
intensive and
highly motivating
environment. It addresses
some of the barriers that
currently prevent many
students from successfully
learning to program
.
Computational thinking
builds on the power and
limits of computing
processes, whether they are
executed
by a human or by a
machine. Computational
methods and models give us
the courage to solve problems
and design systems that no one
of us would
be capable of tackling alone.
Microsoft PowerPoint is a
software product used to perform
computer
-
based presentations.
There are various circumstances
in which a presentation is made:
teaching a class, introducing a
product to sell, explaining an
organizational structure, etc.
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language
A markup language is a set of markup tags
HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages
CSE 3
Fluency
With
Information
Technology
Computational
thinking
Data Analysis and Visualization with MS
Excel
Making
Information
Available to
the World
with HTML
and Web
page
Desktop Publishing with
MS Word
Visual Programming
with Alice
Dynamic Webpage Programming
with JavaScript
Presentation of Information with MS
Powerpoint
|
__label__pos
| 0.957185 |
What kind of screen is LCD and what is RCT?
Author:Xue Yin Time:2021-07-21 14:42 Browse(161)
LCD
LCD (liquid crystal display) is the abbreviation of liquid crystal display. CRT is a kind of display using cathode ray tube, which has been basically eliminated. It is large and bulky. CRT is the traditional picture tube television.. LCD has basically replaced CRT... But in rural areas, the older TV is still CRT. Now the new TV bought in rural areas is also LCD TV.. LCD can be divided into LED backlight and CCFL backlight according to backlight. Some businesses like to call led backlit LCD called LED display. The LCD called CCFL backlight is called LCD display. These two names are used to distinguish backlight better.. But according to the LCD. LCD (liquid crystal display) whether it is LED backlight or CCFL backlight... Is actually LCD - liquid crystal display. Hello!.. LCD is liquid crystal display. Another is CRT, which is cathode tube imaging, also known as the old-fashioned TV set, commonly known as the big butt. For example, the 17 inch flat panel is CRT.. It's not easy to type!.
What kind of screen is LCD and what is RCT?
Related topics
|
__label__pos
| 0.961429 |
HTML DOM Anchor protocol Property
The HTML DOM Anchor protocol property is used to set or return the protocol of a link in the href attribute.
Following is the syntax to set the protocol property −
anchorObj.protocol = protocol_url
Above, protocol_url is the protocol of the URL. The values can be http, https, ftp, etc.
Following is the syntax to return the protocol property −
anchorObj.protocol
Let us now see an example to implement the DOM Anchor protocol property −
Example
Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>Demo Heading</h1>
<p>Link = <a id="mylink" hreflang="en" href="https −//abc.com −6064/abc.html/#new">Services</a></p>
<h2 id="myid"></h2>
<button onclick="display1()">Display pathname</button>
<button onclick="display2()">Display hreflang</button>
<button onclick="display3()">Display port</button>
<button onclick="display4()">Display protocol</button>
<script>
function display1() {
var a = document.getElementById("mylink").pathname;
document.getElementById("myid").innerHTML = a;
}
function display2() {
var a = document.getElementById("mylink").hreflang;
document.getElementById("myid").innerHTML = a;
}
function display3() {
var a = document.getElementById("mylink").port;
document.getElementById("myid").innerHTML = a;
}
function display4() {
var a = document.getElementById("mylink").protocol;
document.getElementById("myid").innerHTML = a;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Click on the “Display Protocol” button −
Updated on: 30-Jul-2019
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Iridium vs Platinum Spark Plugs: Difference and Comparison
Comprehensive analysis of performance, life, and melting point to facilitate decision-making in engine maintenance..
Iridium vs Platinum Spark Plugs
Ignition spark plugs are an essential component in the ignition system and operation of a car engine. Their main function is to ignite the air and fuel mixture inside the engine cylinders when the gas pedal is pressed, generating an electric spark that burns the mixture of air and fuel to produce the necessary energy for moving the car. The types of ignition spark plugs vary depending on the engine type and the car's performance requirements. Conventional spark plugs, for example, are typically made of iron and nickel.
On the other hand, high-quality spark plugs are coated with a layer of precious metals such as platinum or iridium. These metals contribute to extending the life of the spark plug and improving its performance. In addition to that, they help maintain the necessary engine performance and enhance fuel efficiency. In this article, we will compare the most common types of spark plugs in the automotive market, highlighting the differences between platinum and iridium spark plugs, which are among the most prevalent choices for
various reasons.
Pros and cons of iridium spark plugs
Certainly, let's delve into more details regarding the advantages and disadvantages of iridium spark plugs:
Advantages of Iridium Spark Plugs:
Exceptional Durability:
Iridium spark plugs are renowned for their exceptional durability. The iridium material is resistant to wear and corrosion, ensuring a prolonged lifespan compared to some other spark plug materials.
Enhanced Combustion Process:
The construction of iridium spark plugs allows for the generation of a powerful and stable electric spark. This robust spark contributes to an improved combustion process within the engine cylinders, resulting in efficient fuel combustion and better overall engine performance.
Versatility in Weather Conditions:
Iridium spark plugs perform admirably under various weather conditions. Their reliability extends to challenging environments, including extremely hot weather conditions commonly experienced in regions such as the UAE.
Disadvantages of Iridium Spark Plugs:
Higher Cost:
Iridium is a precious metal, and the manufacturing process of iridium spark plugs involves using this valuable material. As a result, iridium spark plugs tend to be more expensive compared to plugs made from less expensive materials.
Potential Carbon Buildup:
In certain scenarios, iridium spark plugs may be prone to accumulating carbon deposits. Excessive carbon buildup can adversely affect the combustion process, potentially leading to issues such as misfires and reduced engine efficiency. Moreover, this carbon buildup can contribute to increased oil consumption in the vehicle.
Understanding these nuances allows car owners to weigh the benefits against the drawbacks and make informed decisions based on their budget, preferences, and the driving conditions they typically encounter.
Pros and cons of platinum spark plugs
Platinum spark plugs possess numerous positive attributes that make them ideal ignition components for car engines. However, they are also influenced by various factors and have some drawbacks. The following points elaborate on the notable advantages and potential disadvantages of platinum spark plugs, offering a comparison with iridium plugs:
Advantages of Platinum Spark Plugs:
Excellent Performance:
Platinum spark plugs effectively enhance engine performance by generating a robust spark for power production.
Durability:
These spark plugs are known for their extended lifespan. They withstand high temperatures and maintain stable high performance over a prolonged period, eliminating the need for frequent replacements.
Fuel Efficiency Improvement:
Due to their efficient combustion processes, platinum spark plugs contribute to reduced fuel consumption.
Disadvantages of Platinum Spark Plugs:
Susceptibility to Contamination:
Platinum spark plugs are vulnerable to environmental contaminants like oil or fuel, negatively impacting their performance or leading to damage.
Limited Endurance:
Intensive and harsh usage conditions, such as driving on rough terrain or in adverse weather, may pose challenges for platinum spark plugs. It's worth noting that any malfunction or damage to these ignition plugs could be a significant cause of cylinder malfunctions in the car.
Understanding these nuances helps in making informed decisions based on priorities, budget considerations, and the specific driving conditions a vehicle may encounter.
The difference between platinum and iridium spark plugs
Comparing Platinum and Iridium Spark Plugs:
Lifespan:
Iridium Spark Plugs:
Renowned for longevity, iridium spark plugs outlast platinum counterparts, staying effective for distances ranging between 50,000 to 80,000 kilometers without encountering issues.
Platinum Spark Plugs:
Platinum spark plugs maintain seamless functionality for an impressive 160,000 kilometers. It's worth exploring the anticipated lifespan of various car components, including ignition plugs.
Performance:
Iridium Spark Plugs:
Iridium plugs stand out for their ability to ignite smoothly, ensuring a combustion process without causing engine vibrations.
Platinum Spark Plugs:
On the flip side, platinum plugs may induce engine hesitations or misfires during ignition, potentially affecting the overall performance of the vehicle.
Melting Point:
Iridium Spark Plugs
Iridium spark plugs exhibit a high melting point, specifically around 2,400 degrees Celsius.
Platinum Spark Plugs:
In contrast, platinum spark plugs have a lower melting point, approximately 1,760 degrees Celsius.
This detailed exploration aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the distinctions between platinum and iridium spark plugs. The information presented here serves as a valuable resource for making informed decisions when it comes to replacing these critical components.
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Toxoplasma Gondii: The Model Apicomplexan - Perspectives and Methods: Second Edition
Louis M. Weiss, Kami Kim
Research output: Book/ReportBook
25 Scopus citations
Abstract
This 2e of Toxoplasma gondii reflects the significant advances in the field in the last 5 years, including new information on the genomics, epigenomics and proteomics of T. gondii as well as a new understanding of the population biology and genetic diversity of this organism. T. gondii remains the best model system for studying the entire Apicomplexa group of protozoans, which includes Malaria, making this new edition essential for a broad group of researchers and scientists. Toxoplasmosis is caused by a one-celled protozoan parasite known as T. gondii. The infection produces a wide range of clinical syndromes in humans, land and sea mammals, and various bird species. Most humans contract toxoplasmosis by eating contaminated, raw or undercooked meat (particularly pork), vegetables, or milk products; by coming into contact with the T. gondii eggs from cat feces; or by drinking contaminated water. The parasite damages the ocular and central nervous systems, causing behavioral and personality alterations as well as fatal necrotizing encephalitis. It is especially dangerous for the fetus of an infected pregnant woman and for individuals with compromised immune systems, such as HIV-infected patients.
Original languageEnglish (US)
PublisherElsevier Ltd.
Number of pages1085
ISBN (Print)9780123964816
DOIs
StatePublished - Sep 2013
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Immunology and Microbiology(all)
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Toxoplasma Gondii: The Model Apicomplexan - Perspectives and Methods: Second Edition'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this
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| 0.953593 |
Join Donate
Heather HunterMay 12, 2017
Radar in Earth and Planetary Science, Part 2
In part one of our introduction to radar in Earth and planetary science, we briefly discussed some basics. We learned that radar stands for “radio detection and ranging,” and that it is a sensor that generates its own electromagnetic energy, usually in the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. We also learned that radar is generally impervious to weather, so if your target is behind clouds or rain, you’ll still be able to “see” your target.
But what if we can improve our radar to take interpretable images? What if, instead of only seeing brief echoes of the radar energy reflecting off a given scene, we could create high resolution images of the reflected energy?
Washington D.C.
NASA / JPL-Caltech
Washington D.C.
Image of Washington, D.C. taken by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-band SAR (SIR-C/X-SAR) aboard the space shuttle Endeavor on April 18, 1994.
Let’s begin our discussion by imagining an aircraft carrying a radar. Images taken by radars on aircraft or satellites are acquired in long “strips” as the platform moves along its flight path, or track. Unlike optical sensors, a radar is typically pointed off to the side of the flight track, so that the radar’s energy is transmitted obliquely. The “footprint” of the radar’s energy, emanating from the within the radar’s antenna “beam” has dimensions in terms of a “range” direction and an “azimuth” direction. The term “range” refers to the dimension crossing the flight track. Alternatively, you can think of it as the dimension coming straight out from the antenna’s beam, but projected onto the ground. The term “azimuth” refers to the dimension along the flight track, projected onto the ground. These terms will be key to our subsequent discussion.
Example of geometry for a side-looking radar on a spacecraft
Heather Hunter
Example of geometry for a side-looking radar on a spacecraft
In remote sensing, the basic measure of the spatial quality of an image is its “resolution.” The term “spatial resolution” refers to the ability of our radar (or any sensor) to differentiate between objects. It is a measure of finest detail our radar can see and is typically measured in meters. There’s a measure of resolution for both dimensions of the radar image: “azimuth resolution” and “range resolution,” which refer to how well the radar can resolve objects in either direction.
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) exists because conventional radar suffers from poor azimuth resolution—in other words, conventional radar is not very good at distinguishing objects in the direction along the aircraft’s flight direction. The azimuth resolution of the radar is dependent on the physical dimensions of the radar’s antenna—in fact, they have an inversely proportional relationship. This means that, as the radar’s antenna size grows, the resolution improves, though it also depends on other variables, like the radar’s transmitting wavelength and the distance to the target or scene in question.
How do we make the azimuth resolution better? Based on the relationship I’ve just described, we can guess a few ways this can be done: 1) increase the along-track antenna length, 2) increase the antenna’s transmitting wavelength, or 3) get the aircraft closer to the target.
It’s clear that the last option is not viable, especially for a SAR on a spacecraft. The second option is also not viable, because as we increase the wavelength of the radar’s transmitted signal, the radar requires more power to generate that signal, and we’d like to keep the power requirements for our radar as low as we can.
That just leaves us with the first option—and it’s the key behind SAR. But adding an antenna that might be 25 to 100 meters long to an aircraft or spacecraft is generally impractical, so what do we do? We use computers to simulate a long antenna using a conventional antenna, which might be just a few meters long, instead.
How is a single SAR antenna able to emulate a very large antenna? The basic concept is as follows: the SAR transmits a signal, receives the echo of its transmitted signal from a target—while the SAR is moving—and maps that received signal to a specific position. In order to effectively map the positions of whatever the received signals have bounced off of (the targets), SAR exploits the motion of its platform to determine the direction of the signal, also known as the signal’s “phase”. Without the relative motion between the SAR and the target or scene, the SAR would not be able to locate the target(s) in question.
SAR operation
Heather Hunter
SAR operation
Simple cartoon of basic SAR operation, depicting measurement of multiple return signals from the ground.
Once the SAR has obtained multiple (usually thousands) of echo signals and mapped them to specific positions, it combines all signals corresponding to each position. With some sophisticated signal processing, the SAR concentrates the signals at each position, resulting in a synthesized image with a much improved spatial resolution than that of its regular radar counterpart. Better yet, this process generates an image using the adequately-sized, conventional antenna, meaning that we didn’t require a huge antenna that might not even fit on an aircraft or satellite.
Venus
NASA / JPL-Caltech
Venus
SAR image from the Magellan mission of a crater on the surface of Venus.
It turns out that SAR is extremely useful in both Earth and planetary sciences, for more reasons than just its ability to see through clouds, fog, and bad weather. Since it makes careful calculations of the relative locations of objects in a scene, it can be used to determine how things have changed over time. For example, SAR imagery can help us monitor glacier movement, landmass movement after Earthquakes, movement of man-made objects, flood extent, and even the motion of ocean waves and ocean currents (though the latter is a complex discussion best saved for another day).
SAR is also used to make high-fidelity digital elevation maps (topography maps), it helps us see and track oil spills, and it can even make measurements of soil moisture. Because SAR, unlike optical images, gives us information on the intensity and direction of the signals its receives—and the behavior of the signals transmitted by SAR depend largely on the structure and dielectric properties of the SAR’s intended target (that is, how well it conducts electricity or interacts with an electric field, like a SAR signal)—we can glean a wealth of information unseen to the human eye, which gives SAR an edge over conventional sensors which rely on the visual part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Oil spill
DLR
Oil spill
SAR image of an oil spill in the Timor Sea, northeast of Australia.
Now that I’ve sung the praises of SAR, how are some of the world’s leading space agencies making use of it?
A short list of some SAR used for Earth- and planetary-science
Heather Hunter
A short list of some SAR used for Earth- and planetary-science
Owing to its ability to peer through clouds, the SAR on the Magellan probe had no problem mapping the Venusian surface. It is the perfect, earliest example of SAR’s advantage over optical systems when it comes to thick atmospheres. Similarly, the SAR aboard the Cassini probe gave scientists first-ever views of Titan’s surface. Recall, Titan is, like Venus, covered in clouds and haze, and SAR is the perfect fit for a cloudy atmosphere!
Change detection on Titan
NASA / JPL-Caltech
Change detection on Titan
Example of detecting changes in surface features on Titan using the Cassini’s SAR.
When it comes to the Earth, the European Space Agency (ESA) leads the way in the number of operational SAR among their Earth-observing fleet. The most recent of these include the Sentinel satellites, which are a collection of satellites that monitor the entire globe and provide data on everything from the status of Arctic sea ice, to oil spills, to other environmental information that allows the development of maps required during crisis situations and humanitarian aid operations. Sentinel-1A was launched in 2014, Sentinel-1B was launched in 2016, and the rest of the Sentinels (2–6) are either not fitted with SAR or have not yet been launched.
Now you know the very basics of SAR, and how scientists are using it study both the Earth and other bodies in the solar system. If you’re interested in learning more technical details, or you want to learn more about the applications of SAR, here are a handful of online resources to help you get started:
1. For more details on how SAR is used in meteorological and oceanographic applications: NOAA’s Synthetic Aperture Radar Marine User’s Manual
2. For more details on the physics of SAR, as well as access to SAR data sets: University of Alaska Fairbanks Satellite Facility
3. UAF-ASF also provides a list of free and commercial SAR image viewing tools
4. For more details on the Sentinel missions, as well as access to technical guides, data guides, and access to data: ESA Sentinel Online
5. Technical write-up for Cassini, from NASA
6. Access to Cassini SAR data, from NASA
7. Access to Magellan SAR data, from NASA
Read more: Earth observing missions, Cassini, Titan, Venus missions before 2000, Venus, explaining technology, Earth, explaining science, Saturn's moons, radar imaging
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Heather Hunter
Heather Hunter
Ph.D. Student for University of Miami
Read more articles by Heather Hunter
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| 0.773949 |
Spring Hibernate “Closed Statement / ResultSet”
I was encountering this exception, complaining about “cannot operate on closed statement or resultset”.
I have a domainClass map to one table. The domain class use an ID class for composite identity. The domain class also use another class to resolve one property.
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="AbstractHibernatePredicate" table="jql_mapping" lazy="false" mutable="true" discriminator-value="not null">
<cache usage="read-only"/>
<composite-id name="jqlMappingID" class="com.bfm.predicate.JqlMappingID" >
<key-property name="purpose" column="purpose" type="&TrimmedString;" />
<key-property name="evalOrder" column="eval_order" />
</composite-id>
<property name="xxxx" column="xxxx" type="&TrimmedString;" />
<subclass name="ConcreteHibernatePredicate" discriminator-value="not null">
<property name="expression" column="jql" type="SomeExpressionType"/>
</subclass>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
SomeExpressionType is org.hibernate.usertype.CompositeUserType. It overrides nullsafeget
public Object nullSafeGet(ResultSet rs, String[] names, SessionImplementor session, Object owner) throws HibernateException, SQLException {
String expr = null;
try {
String prog = resolveProgram(rs);
if (rs.isFirst() || macroFactory.get() == null || !macroFactory.get().containsKey(prog)) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
List<xx> xx= session.getNamedQuery("byProgram").list();
....
}
return getParsedExpression(rs.getString(names[0]),prog);
} catch (Exception e) {
log.warn("Exception while parsing BQLExpression. Failed expression: " + expr + ". Error " + e.getMessage());
return new BQLExpression("1=2");
}
}
within above method, it use same session to invoke another query and execute. This results the existing resutlSet detached, because this configuration:
<prop key="hibernate.connection.release_mode">after_transaction</prop>
or
<prop key="hibernate.connection.release_mode">after_statement</prop>
the only way to work is
<!--prop key="hibernate.connection.release_mode">after_statement</prop-->
or
<prop key="hibernate.connection.release_mode">on_close</prop>
http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/3.3/reference/en-US/html/session-configuration.html
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Promotic
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Data extension ExtWriteAction - configuration window
Description:
Data extension configuration ExtWriteAction - Extension for testing and modification of written value
Configurators:
Data extension identifierSystem text (without spaces and diacritics). It is used for unambiguous identification of data extension in data item (e.g. in the Extension method).
The default value is "wact".
Event "onItemBeforeWrite"Option when the onItemBeforeWrite event is triggered.
It is recommended to use this event only for special cases. When this event is enabled, the values are written in a more complex way. If the writing is called in the main thread then the event is called synchronously and the writing is also finished synchronously. If the writing is called from another thread (web, sequncer, communication) then the event is called asynchronously, i.e. this event does not execute the variable write command instantly, but later, after the active script is finished. The delayed asynchronous writing causes the variable to contain the original value even after the writing is reportedly complete, so if such value is then read (script, trends) it still contains the original value.
NEVER call for this item
call before EVERY CHANGE of this item value
call before EVERY WRITE to this item
Event "onItemAfterWrite"Option when the onItemAfterWrite event is triggered.
NEVER call for this item
call after EVERY CHANGE of this item value
call after EVERY WRITE to this item
Test of value qualityIf the QualityTestEnabled is enabled then while writing the value into the variable, it is tested for quality (see PmVar.Quality). If the quality is bad then the replacement quality QualitySubstValue is written into the variable.
This configurator sets the initial value of the QualityTestEnabled property.
Use replacement valueReplacement value if the quality is bad.
This configurator sets the initial value of the QualitySubstValue property.
Macro expression can be used for input ($.text ..) (it is evaluated after starting the application).
Test minimal valueIf the MinTestEnabled is enabled then while the value is being written into the variable, it is tested for maximum allowed value MinValue. If the value is higher then the replacement value MaxSubstValue is written into the variable and/or the replacement quality MinSubstQuality.
This configurator sets the initial value of the MinTestEnabled property.
MinimumMinimum allowed value of the variable.
This configurator sets the initial value of the MinValue property.
Macro expression can be used for input ($.text ..) (it is evaluated after starting the application).
Use replacement valueWrite replacement value.
This configurator sets the initial value of the MinSubstValueEnabled property and MinSubstValue.
Macro expression can be used for input ($.text ..) (it is evaluated after starting the application).
Use replacement qualityWrite replacement quality.
This configurator sets the initial value of the MinSubstQualityEnabled property and MinSubstQuality.
Macro expression can be used for input ($.text ..) (it is evaluated after starting the application).
Test maximum valueIf the MaxTestEnabled is enabled then while the value is being written into the variable, it is tested for maximum allowed value MaxValue. If the value is higher then the replacement value MaxSubstValue is written into the variable and/or the replacement quality MaxSubstQuality.
This configurator sets the initial value of the MaxTestEnabled property.
MaximumMaximum allowed value of the variable.
This configurator sets the initial value of the MaxValue property.
Macro expression can be used for input ($.text ..) (it is evaluated after starting the application).
Use replacement valueWrite replacement value.
This configurator sets the initial value of the MaxSubstValueEnabled property and MaxSubstValue.
Macro expression can be used for input ($.text ..) (it is evaluated after starting the application).
Use replacement qualityWrite replacement quality.
This configurator sets the initial value of the MaxSubstQualityEnabled property and MaxSubstQuality.
Macro expression can be used for input ($.text ..) (it is evaluated after starting the application).
Note:
This configuration window can be opened from the "Data extensions" configurator in the variable of the PmaData object.
Caution: This extension is used for extended configuration of the PmVar object functionality related to writing a new value. This does not cause connection of the PmVar object with other system components (e.g. alarms, events, trends, comunications etc.). Therefore there can be only one such extension in the PmVar object (the extended functionality is either present or not present).
The order of processing the written value:
- calling the The onItemBeforeWrite event event
- rounding and transforming the written value to desired data type
- testing the written value for quality
- testing the written value for minimum
- testing the written value for maximum
- calling the The onItemAfterWrite event event
If calling the onItemBeforeWrite event is enabled, then the event is triggered for this variable always closely before writing or before the change of the variable value. Unconsidered enabling for all variables can cause unnecessary utilization of the processor. For example if the object includes 1000 variables and each one has calling enabled then by writing new values into all variables of the object can cause calling the onItemBeforeWrite event 1000 times (each time with another pEvent.Item parameter value). It is also better (if it is required to react to writing or the change of the variable) to enable the onItemAfterWrite event instead of onItemBeforeWrite. Enabling onItemBeforeWrite is useful only if, for example, you need to test the written value and in a necessity to change it (to filter it). The onItemBeforeWrite property in the onItemBeforeWrite event is defined for read and write and thus it is possible in the event to enforce another value than the one that is really written.
If calling the onItemAfterWrite event is enabled, then the event is triggered for this variable always after writing or the change of the variable. For enabling this event similar remarks are valid for the onItemBeforeWrite event. Enabling the onItemAfterWrite is useful for variables that change their value not too ofter and then is it suitable to enable calling 'after the change'.
Caution: The onItemBeforeWrite event and the onItemAfterWrite event is not triggered if it isn't written into the variable directly, i.e. if the variable is bind to another value.
History:
Pm9.00.13: Added testing of the written value for quality, minimum and maximum
Pm8.03.00: Created
PROMOTIC 9.0.15 SCADA system documentation - MICROSYS, spol. s r.o.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.835265 |
Forensics Bugs (#1 recoverjpeg)
recoverjpeg
const char *buffer = file_name(dir_format, file_format, begin_index + i);
i++;
if (verbose) {
printf("%s %ld bytes\n", buffer, (long) size);
}
fdout = open(buffer, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0666);
if (fdout < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to open %s for writing\n", buffer);
exit(1);
}
...
Writes to an output file (e.g., image00000.jpg) and doesn't check for it being a symlink - hence an attacker could create a symlink pointing to a privileged file that the person running recoverjpeg has write access to. This is mitigated in /tmp /var/tmp by the Linux kernel, but it's still a bug.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.853215 |
++ed by:
MMUSGROVE RWSTAUNER JIPIPAYO SRI STEPHEN
177 PAUSE users
236 non-PAUSE users.
Sebastian Riedel
NAME
Mojolicious::Routes::Match - Find routes
SYNOPSIS
use Mojolicious::Controller;
use Mojolicious::Routes;
use Mojolicious::Routes::Match;
# Routes
my $r = Mojolicious::Routes->new;
$r->get('/:controller/:action');
$r->put('/:controller/:action');
# Match
my $c = Mojolicious::Controller->new;
my $match = Mojolicious::Routes::Match->new(root => $r);
$match->match($c => {method => 'PUT', path => '/foo/bar'});
say $match->stack->[0]{controller};
say $match->stack->[0]{action};
# Render
say $match->path_for->{path};
say $match->path_for(action => 'baz')->{path};
DESCRIPTION
Mojolicious::Routes::Match finds routes in Mojolicious::Routes structures.
ATTRIBUTES
Mojolicious::Routes::Match implements the following attributes.
current
my $current = $match->current;
$match = $match->current(2);
Current position on the "stack", defaults to 0.
endpoint
my $route = $match->endpoint;
$match = $match->endpoint(Mojolicious::Routes::Route->new);
The route endpoint that matched, usually a Mojolicious::Routes::Route object.
root
my $root = $match->root;
$match = $match->root(Mojolicious::Routes->new);
The root of the route structure, usually a Mojolicious::Routes object.
stack
my $stack = $match->stack;
$match = $match->stack([{action => 'foo'}, {action => 'bar'}]);
Captured parameters with nesting history.
METHODS
Mojolicious::Routes::Match inherits all methods from Mojo::Base and implements the following new ones.
match
$match->match(Mojolicious::Controller->new, {method => 'GET', path => '/'});
Match controller and options against "root" to find appropriate "endpoint".
path_for
my $info = $match->path_for;
my $info = $match->path_for(foo => 'bar');
my $info = $match->path_for({foo => 'bar'});
my $info = $match->path_for('named');
my $info = $match->path_for('named', foo => 'bar');
my $info = $match->path_for('named', {foo => 'bar'});
Render matching route with parameters into path.
SEE ALSO
Mojolicious, Mojolicious::Guides, http://mojolicio.us.
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__label__pos
| 0.906607 |
PSU Mark
Eberly College of Science Mathematics Department
Meeting Details
For more information about this meeting, contact Stephanie Zerby, Mark Levi, Jinchao Xu.
Title:Constrained First-Order System Least Squares for Improved Mass Conservation and Complex Fluids
Seminar:Computational and Applied Mathematics Colloquium
Speaker:James Adler, Tufts University Mathematics
Abstract:
In complex fluid flow simulations, there is a tradeoff between obtaining solutions that are accurate with a reasonable amount of computational work and satisfying certain conservation laws exactly. For instance, in incompressible fluid flow, conservation of mass takes the form of making sure the fluid velocities are divergence-free. In magnetohydrodynamics, one must satisfy conservation of mass as well as the solenoidal constraint that the magnetic field is divergence-free (i.e. there are no magnetic monopoles). Many methods have been applied to such systems, some being conservative at the cost of accuracy of the momentum equations and others at the cost of efficiency in the solver. First-order system least-squares approaches have also been applied and yield efficient methods for approximating solutions to coupled fluid mechanics problems. However, without proper care, the auxiliary conservation equations may not be solved to a sufficient accuracy. In this talk, we propose a constrained least-squares approach, where we augment the first-order system and minimize the least-squares functional subject to some constraint. Here, we only look at a simple diffusion equation, but present the main ideas, including what types of finite-element spaces to use and the solution algorithm. A domain decomposition or multilevel approach is employed to solve the constrained problem on local subdomains and coarse grids and used to update the unconstrained solution as needed. Thus, we approximate the solution accurately and efficiently using the least-squares method, while still conserving the appropriate quantity.
Room Reservation Information
Room Number:MB106
Date:02 / 08 / 2013
Time:03:35pm - 04:25pm
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Extension development tutorials
There are many useful resources for those who engage in developing extensions (aka. plugins / add-ons) to DataCleaner. To help you on your way, here's a list of useful links. If you think this list is missing a link, please let us know:
1. Tutorial: Developing a transformer
2. Tutorial: Developing an analyzer
3. Tutorial: Implementing a custom datastore
4. Javadoc: DataCleaner
5. Javadoc: MetaModel
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Loading the file...
Hunt for the Mars Aliens
Hunt for the Mars Aliens 2020
5688 Views
NASA's brand-new Mars rover is on the hunt for alien life, and with the help of cutting-edge engineering, scientists embark on a search for fossilized remains, which might prove the Red Planet was once home to a vast ocean and extraterrestrial life. Perseverance carries seven scientific instruments to study the Martian surface at Jezero crater. It carries several cameras and two microphones. The rover is accompanied by the helicopter Ingenuity, which will help Perseverance to scout for locations to study.
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HTR003D 序列
发布于 2021-08-27 1.18k 次阅读
题面
题意
给出一个长度为 $n$ 的序列 $S$，$S$ 单调递增，问你有多少个序列 $T$ 以满足下列条件：
1. $T$ 是 $S$ 的一个排列。
2. $\sum_{i=1}^{n} \min(S_i,~T_i) = k$
$1 \le k \le 2500,~1 \le n \le 50,~1 \le S_i \le 50$
分析
我们发现 $k$ 的值非常小，所以我们考虑使用类似背包的方法考虑每一个 $S_i$ 和 $T_i$ 对总答案的贡献。
由于 $S$ 单调递增所以 $S$ 中的数互不相同，因此我们可以直接考虑分类讨论值 $S_i$ 在 $T$ 中的位置，令 $T_j = S_i$ 则：
1. 若 $j < i$，$S_j < S_i = T_j$，因此 $S_i$ 对答案产生 $0$ 的贡献。
2. 若 $j = i$，$S_j = S_i = T_j$，因此 $S_i$ 对答案产生 $S_i$ 的贡献。
3. 若 $j > i$，$S_j > S_i = T_j$，因此 $S_i$ 对答案产生 $S_i$ 的贡献。
计算答案的问题解决了，但是如何记录 $S_i$ 在 $T$ 中的位置？显然我们只关心 $j$ 与 $i$ 的大小关系，并不关心 $j$ 的具体值。因此我们只需要知道有多少中情况满足 $j < i$，$j = i$，$j > i$ 即可。
考虑使用 DP 解决此问题，$f[i][j][k]$ 表示已考虑 $S_1 \sim S_i$ 部分，$T_1 \sim T_i$ 中有 $j$ 个位置尚未确定值，且 $S_1 \sim S_i$ 部分对总答案的贡献为 $k$ 的方案数。转移时枚举 $j$ 与 $i$ 的大小关系和 $T_i$ 是否确定值即可。$T_i$ 不确定值时即意味 $T_i$ 将用 $> S_i$ 的数填充，$T_i$ 确定值时即意味 $T_i$ 将用 $\le S_i$ 的数填充。
具体转移见代码，建议手画几个图细心分析。
代码
View on GitHub
我缓慢吐出一串啊吧啊吧并不再想说话
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Zeeman Effect - Theoretical Presentation
Theoretical Presentation
The total Hamiltonian of an atom in a magnetic field is
where is the unperturbed Hamiltonian of the atom, and is perturbation due to the magnetic field:
where is the magnetic moment of the atom. The magnetic moment consists of the electronic and nuclear parts, however, the latter is many orders of magnitude smaller and will be neglected here. Therefore,
where is the Bohr magneton, is the total electronic angular momentum, and is the Landé g-factor. The operator of the magnetic moment of an electron is a sum of the contributions of the orbital angular momentum and the spin angular momentum, with each multiplied by the appropriate gyromagnetic ratio:
where and (the latter is called the anomalous gyromagnetic ratio; the deviation of the value from 2 is due to Quantum Electrodynamics effects). In the case of the LS coupling, one can sum over all electrons in the atom:
where and are the total orbital momentum and spin of the atom, and averaging is done over a state with a given value of the total angular momentum.
If the interaction term is small (less than the fine structure), it can be treated as a perturbation; this is the Zeeman effect proper. In the Paschen-Back effect, described below, exceeds the LS coupling significantly (but is still small compared to ). In ultrastrong magnetic fields, the magnetic-field interaction may exceed, in which case the atom can no longer exist in its normal meaning, and one talks about Landau levels instead. There are, of course, intermediate cases which are more complex than these limit cases.
Read more about this topic: Zeeman Effect
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Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (b. 1929)
He uses his folly like a stalking-horse, and under the presentation of that he shoots his wit.
William Shakespeare (1564–1616)
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IFSM 430 Lab exercise Using the Windows XP PCs in Kadena lab. What's the Windows computer's name? ______________ Ways to find out: (try them all) 1. Properties of My Computer icon | ComputerName 2. Start|Programs|Accessories|SystemTools|SystemInformation 3. In cmd prompt (Start|Run|cmd): nbtstat -n oops, that's not set up on these computers (it would show work group too) What's the computer's IP address? ___________________________ 1. Open the Local Area Connection icon in system tray| Support 2. In cmd prompt: ipconfig Default Gateway is router this computer talks to for external network connections: its IP: __________________________ Assigned by DHCP means the computer gets it IP address from a DHCP server computer somewhere each time it boots. This is called dynamic IP as opposed to static IP where the IP address is configured into the computer and it always uses that address. Dynamic IP is more flexible for network administration but servers need a static known address. What's the DHCP server:____________________ 1. Click Details of the Local Area Connection Status window. 2. ipconfig /all Notice that the same IP (same machine) is the DHCP server and the default gateway. What's the computer's DNS server or servers? (where it has Internet domain names like yahoo.com translated to IP addresses) ______________________ 1. on the Network Connection Details window 2. ipconfig /all Host name (Internet name) may or may not be same as Windows computer name (Microsoft's NetBIOS LAN networking). Is TCP/IP networking working on the computer? 1. ping localhost ping sends a message to, and gets response from, a computer. localhost is synonym for self. If TCP/IP is not installed or running, ping will indicate. Where is the ping reply coming from:____________ (this is a spceial IP address is always associated with the localhost.) What is the amount of time each ping takes:_______________ What are the Min, Max, and Average times:____________________________ What are the time units:__________________ Can the computer communicate with another computer on the LAN with TCP/IP? 1. Ping the default gateway by its IP address. What is the amount of time each ping takes:_______________ What are the Min, Max, and Average times:____________________________ Ping your neighbor's computer. IP addresses starting with 192.168. are special addresses for internal networks not directly accessible from the Internet. These computers are "hidden" from the Internet by the router/default gateway which does a translation to and from the 192.168 address to an Internet accessible IP address (this process is called NAT). Can the computer communicate with another computer on a different network? We don't have another network :( Ping one of the DNS servers (see if there's a connectivity problem with it). Ping some computer on the Internet. 1. ping 66.218.71.80 What is the amount of time each ping takes:_______________ What are the Min, Max, and Average times:____________________________ Can the computer communicate with another computer by its Internet domain name? (test if domain name service is working) 1. ping www.yahoo.com Where is the reply coming from:___________________ What are the Min, Max, and Average times:____________________________ What's a long time to ping? ping www.cenpac.net.nr It's in Nauru, an island in Pacific. What are the Min, Max, and Average times:____________________________ ping chels.anadyr.ru Extreme Siberia. What are the Min, Max, and Average times:____________________________ A computer can be configured so that it doesn't respond to a ping request. That can help security but harm diagnostics. Tools exist to ping a range of IP addresses to find live machines ("ping sweep"). For example, all IPs from 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.254 could be pinged. What's the route a packet takes across the Internet? tracert www.yahoo.com Shows the times to go to each router along the route from your computer to the destination. The big gap is the traversal under the Pacific, which is approximately ______________. Might also cross the USA in one jump. Notice that some routers have names instead of only IP addresses. The names can give a clue of where the router is or the network provider (the Internet's backbones), any examples: ____________________________________________________ tracert www.nypl.org New York Public Library Goes from your computer to default gateway, to several routers at KDD (our ISP) in Naha (seems like and probably) these are the hops that are 40 ms away, then to mainland Japan and more routers (70 ms), then jumps the puddle to West coast and more routers, then jumps to East coast,... tracert www.fudan.edu.cn Fudan University in Shanghai, 500 miles to the west. What is the physical path being taken? Established (i.e. active, connected) TCP ports can be seen by the netstat command. Start your web browser, connect to some web site, then do netstat. What is the local port ("local address") for this connection:_____________ "Foreign address" is the name and port of this connection:_____________________________ netstat -a shows listening ports too. What are the TCP listening ports that have known names:______________________________________ Use the telnet command to connect to the Linux server: telnet 192.168.0.197 login name is ifsm430 Password is Use the nmap command to do a port scan of the Linux: nmap localhost What services are running and on what ports: ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Use nmap to do a port scan of another computer, use the IP address of your Windows PC: nmap your.IP.addr What services are running and on what ports: ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Use nmap to do a port scan of the printer: nmap 192.168.0.205 What services are running and on what ports: ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
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Introduction
Welcome to DenScore’s blog, where we unravel the mysteries behind the common reasons why root canals may not stand the test of time. Root canal treatments have a high success rate, but understanding the potential pitfalls can help you make informed decisions about your dental health. Let’s delve into the most prevalent reasons why root canals may fail, shedding light on key factors such as life expectancy, cracked roots, inadequate fillings, bacterial invasion, and the possibility of missed canals.
1. Life Expectancy of Root Canals:
One of the primary considerations in understanding root canal failure is the lifespan of the treatment. Over time, wear and tear can compromise the integrity of the dental work, leading to potential issues. As the years go by, the tooth may become susceptible to fractures, recurrent decay, or other complications. Regular dental check-ups and proactive maintenance can extend the life of your root canal and identify potential problems before they escalate.
1. Cracked Roots:
Cracked roots pose a significant threat to the success of a root canal. These cracks can occur due to various reasons, including trauma, teeth grinding, or natural wear and tear. When a root is compromised, it opens the door for bacteria to infiltrate the tooth, potentially causing infection and subsequent failure of the root canal. Dentists must carefully assess the condition of the tooth and address any signs of cracking to ensure the long-term success of the root canal.
1. Inadequate Filling or Crown Replacement:
The importance of replacing temporary fillings with permanent ones and ensuring the timely placement of crowns cannot be overstated. Temporary fillings are not designed for long-term use and can provide an inadequate seal, allowing bacteria to penetrate the tooth. Similarly, delaying the placement of a crown after a root canal can leave the tooth vulnerable to damage and reinfection. Patients must adhere to their dentist’s recommendations regarding follow-up appointments for permanent restorations to safeguard the effectiveness of the root canal.
1. Bacterial Invasion:
Despite meticulous cleaning during the root canal procedure, there is always a risk of residual bacteria within the tooth. If any bacteria are left behind, they can multiply and lead to infection, causing the failure of the root canal. This emphasizes the importance of thorough cleaning and disinfection during the root canal process. Additionally, patients should be vigilant about maintaining good oral hygiene practices to prevent bacterial invasion and enhance the chances of a successful outcome.
1. Missed Canals:
The complexity of dental anatomy can sometimes result in missed canals during the root canal procedure. A missed canal provides a haven for bacteria, allowing them to persist and cause problems over time. Dentists need to utilize advanced imaging techniques and take the time to thoroughly explore the tooth’s anatomy to identify and treat all canals effectively. Patients should ensure that their chosen dental professional has the expertise and technology needed to perform precise root canal treatments.
1. Overfilled Root Canal:
An overfilled root canal occurs when the filling material, typically gutta-percha, extends beyond the apex of the tooth’s root. This can lead to various complications, including irritation of surrounding tissues, inflammation, and potential damage to nearby structures. Overfilling is one of the reasons root canals may fail, as it can contribute to persistent infection and hinder the tooth’s ability to heal properly.
Conclusion
In the realm of dental health, understanding the potential reasons behind root canal failure is crucial for making informed decisions and maintaining optimal oral well-being. By acknowledging factors such as life expectancy, cracked roots, inadequate fillings, bacterial invasion, and the possibility of missed canals, individuals can actively contribute to the long-term success of their root canal treatments. Regular dental check-ups, timely restorations, and adherence to oral hygiene practices are key components in ensuring the effectiveness of root canal procedures. DenScore is committed to empowering individuals with the knowledge they need for proactive dental care, ultimately contributing to healthier smiles and improved overall well-being.
DenScore: Your Trusted Dental Navigator for Personalized Solutions
Understand all aspects of dental care with DenScore. Utilize our free online dental navigation tool to get answers if you have questions about pain in your mouth, cosmetic dental procedures, replacement of missing teeth and more. Our care navigators can also assist you in finding the right dentist or dental insurance to ensure you will be able to stay on top of your oral health.
Written By: Kushagra Goel
Medically Reviewed By: Dr. Gita Yitta
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Thursday, March 14, 2024
/efcjdvs9azi: Decoding the Enigma
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In the world of cryptography, a series of letters and numbers can hold immense power. One code that has captured attention is /efcjdvs9azi – a seemingly random sequence with secrets waiting to be unlocked. From deciphering its Origin to unraveling its significance, exploring the mysteries behind this cryptic code brings us on a journey through online security, data privacy, and the future of cryptography itself. Join us as we delve into decoding the enigma that is /efcjdvs9azi.
Unraveling the Origin of /efcjdvs9azi
The Origin of /efcjdvs9azi remains a mystery, leaving many wondering where this cryptic code originated. Some believe it could be a product of advanced technology developed by secretive government agencies or military organizations. Others speculate that it may have been created by expert hackers seeking to test their skills or communicate with other like-minded individuals.
Despite the lack of concrete evidence, some clues suggest potential origins for /efcjdvs9azi. One theory is that it is linked to the popularity of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, which utilizes complex encryption algorithms as security measures. Another possibility is that it stems from the world of espionage and intelligence gathering, where codes and ciphers have long been used for covert communications.
Regardless of its genuine Origin, one thing is sure – /efcjdvs9azi has captured our collective imagination as we attempt to unravel its secrets and unlock its hidden meaning.
Understanding the Significance of the Cryptic Code
In the world of cryptography, a cryptic code like /efcjdvs9azi is more than just a random sequence of characters. It represents an elaborate system that ensures data privacy and security in various online transactions.
Understanding the significance of such codes goes beyond their complexity. These codes play a vital role in safeguarding sensitive information from malicious attacks by hackers and cybercriminals. Cryptography includes encryption algorithms that scramble data, making it indecipherable to unauthorized users who may try to intercept or steal the information.
Moreover, these cryptographic techniques are essential for maintaining trust between organizations and their customers by ensuring confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity throughout online activities. They provide secure communication channels that allow users to exchange sensitive data without fear of interception or tampering by third parties.
In addition to securing personal information such as credit card details, social security numbers, and passwords during online payments, cryptography also secures confidential business secrets such as trade secrets and intellectual property rights, among others.
Understanding the significance of cryptic codes like /efcjdvs9azi not only helps protect against unwanted intrusion but also plays an integral part in building customer confidence when using online services that require private information.
The Role of Encryption in Online Security
Encryption is a crucial tool in ensuring online security. It involves encoding information, making it unreadable to anyone who needs the key to decrypt it. This ensures that sensitive data like passwords and credit card numbers are protected from cybercriminals.
Encryption works by using mathematical algorithms to scramble data into an undecipherable format. The only way to access this data is through encryption keys, which can be accessed only by authorized individuals or systems.
Different types of encryption methods are available, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of these include symmetric-key encryption, public-key encryption, and hashing algorithms.
A critical application of encryption is secure communication over the internet. Websites use SSL/TLS protocols to encrypt communications between servers and clients. This ensures that any sensitive information entered on these websites remains private and cannot be intercepted by hackers.
Encryption is vital in safeguarding online security by protecting sensitive data from malicious attacks. As technology increasingly dominates our lives, we must continue developing more required encryption methods that stay ahead of evolving cybersecurity threats.
Navigating the Complexities of Data Privacy
In this digital age, data privacy is becoming increasingly important as more personal information is shared online. With the rise of social media and other online platforms, it can be challenging to navigate the complexities of data privacy.
One way to protect your data is by being careful about what you share online. Thinking twice before posting anything that could compromise your privacy, such as sensitive personal details or login credentials, is essential.
Another way to protect your data is by using strong passwords and enabling two-factor authentication whenever possible. This adds an extra layer of security to your accounts and makes it much harder for hackers or cybercriminals to gain access.
It’s also important to know how companies handle your data. When signing up for any new service or platform, please read the terms and conditions carefully, and ensure you understand precisely what information they are collecting from you.
Ultimately, navigating the complexities of data privacy requires a combination of caution, vigilance, and education. By staying informed about best practices for protecting your personal information online, you can help ensure your data stays safe in today’s digital landscape.
Implications and Future of Cryptography
The implications of cryptography are vast and far-reaching. Secure encryption becomes increasingly essential as more data is created and shared online. Cryptography protects sensitive information and ensures privacy in a digital world.
As technology advances, so too does the complexity of cryptography. Algorithms once thought to be unbreakable can now be easily decoded by quantum computers. This highlights the need for continued research and development in this field to stay ahead of potential threats.
The future of cryptography holds promise for even greater security measures, such as homomorphic encryption, which allows computation on encrypted data without revealing its contents. However, this also raises concerns about government surveillance and access to private information.
Ultimately, it is up to individuals and organizations alike to prioritize cybersecurity and implement robust encryption methods to protect themselves from cyber-attacks. With constant advancements in technology comes an ever-evolving landscape of risks and challenges, making it crucial for us all to stay vigilant in safeguarding our digital lives through the effective use of cryptography.
Conclusion
Decoding the enigma of /efcjdvs9azi has taken us through a journey of understanding encryption, online security, and data privacy. Cryptography is essential in securing our digital lives and protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access.
Encryption is just one piece of the puzzle regarding data privacy. It’s crucial to understand how companies collect and use our personal information online so we can make informed decisions about what we share and with whom. As technology continues to evolve, it’s also essential for governments worldwide to strike a balance between protecting citizens’ privacy rights and ensuring national security.
As we move into an increasingly connected world where cyber threats are becoming more sophisticated, it will be fascinating to see how cryptography evolves. With new technologies such as quantum computing on the horizon, there may be further changes in how encryption works.
Ultimately, however, one thing remains certain: the need for robust encryption algorithms will only continue to grow as people rely more heavily on digital communication channels for personal and professional purposes. The future of cryptography looks bright indeed!
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Dictionary > Prehensile tail
Prehensile tail
Definition
noun, plural: prehensile tails
A tail characterized by its adaptive features, enabling the vertebrate animal to grasp or hold objects with its tail
Supplement
A prehensile tail pertains to the tail of certain animals that enable the latter to grasp or hold objects. There are several animal groups with a prehensile tail. One of them is the New World monkeys. The prehensile tail is a characteristic feature of New World monkeys and it sets them apart from the Old World monkeys. This feature is essential since these animals live in dense forests and they make use of their prehensile tail as if it is an extra arm or leg as they swing from a branch to another.
A fully prehensile tail is one in which the animal can fully hold on to and manipulate an object with its tail. Examples of animals with fully prehensile tail are opossum, anteaters, harvest mice, tree pangolins, and seahorses. In contrast, a partially prehensile tail is one wherein the tail is used for anchoring the animal’s body as the animal climbs atop the tree. Some of the vertebrates with prehensile tail include northern tamandua, tree porcupine (Coendou spp.), possums, salamanders (e.g. Aneides spp., Eurycea sp., etc.), pipefish, and few other seahorses.
See also:
• New World monkey
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Non-hot-spot linear chains
Non-hotspot-linear
Linear seamount chains in the Central Pacific. Map © MBARI 2004, after Davis et al, 2002
Some linear chains do not fit the standard models
Some linear chains of submarine volcanoes, such as the Line Islands in the Central Pacific, are not associated with a hot spot or mid-ocean ridge, and do not become progressively older with distance.
Our research on non-hot-spot linear chains
Lithospheric extension
LINE ISLANDS – New data from rocks sampled from nine volcanic edifices in the northern Line Islands region, between latitudes 20°N and 6°N, are incompatible with single or multiple hot spot models: the rocks do not become progressively older with distance. Instead, two major episodes of volcanism, each lasting ~5 Ma and separated by ~8 Ma, occurred synchronously over long distances, not just along the main chain but also at nonaligned edifices. Volcanism during the older episode (81–86 Ma) extended over a distance of at least 1200 km along the eastern part of the complex seamount chain. Volcanism during the younger episode (68–73 Ma) was concentrated in the western part of the chain and may have extended over a distance of >4000 km.
Chemical analyses of 68 samples represent a compositionally diverse basaltic suite. The most diverse assemblage of rocks was recovered from a cross-trending seamount chain south of Johnston Atoll. Although compositions of rocks from the two volcanic episodes overlap, compositions from the younger episode generally are more alkalic and include a larger proportion of highly differentiated compositions. None of the samples from the older episode, but many from the younger one, contain hydrous mineral phases such as amphibole and biotite.
Extensive coeval volcanism along major segments of the chain is compatible with decompressional melting of heterogeneous mantle due to diffuse lithospheric extension along pre-existing zones of weakness. Episodes of volcanism are probably related to broad upwarping of the Superswell region in the eastern South Pacific, where these lavas originated.
Reference: A.S. Davis, L.B. Gray, D.A. Clague, and J.R. Hein (2002) The Line Islands revisited: New 40Ar/39Ar geochronologic evidence for episodes of volcanism due to lithospheric extension, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3(3), doi:10.1029/2001GC000190. [Article]
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| 0.916002 |
@article {10.7554/eLife.53535, article_type = {journal}, title = {Mutations that improve efficiency of a weak-link enzyme are rare compared to adaptive mutations elsewhere in the genome}, author = {Morgenthaler, Andrew B and Kinney, Wallis R and Ebmeier, Christopher C and Walsh, Corinne M and Snyder, Daniel J and Cooper, Vaughn S and Old, William M and Copley, Shelley D}, editor = {Rainey, Paul B and Tautz, Diethard}, volume = 8, year = 2019, month = {dec}, pub_date = {2019-12-09}, pages = {e53535}, citation = {eLife 2019;8:e53535}, doi = {10.7554/eLife.53535}, url = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.53535}, abstract = {New enzymes often evolve by gene amplification and divergence. Previous experimental studies have followed the evolutionary trajectory of an amplified gene, but have not considered mutations elsewhere in the genome when fitness is limited by an evolving gene. We have evolved a strain of \textit{Escherichia coli} in which a secondary promiscuous activity has been recruited to serve an essential function. The gene encoding the ‘weak-link’ enzyme amplified in all eight populations, but mutations improving the newly needed activity occurred in only one. Most adaptive mutations occurred elsewhere in the genome. Some mutations increase expression of the enzyme upstream of the weak-link enzyme, pushing material through the dysfunctional metabolic pathway. Others enhance production of a co-substrate for a downstream enzyme, thereby pulling material through the pathway. Most of these latter mutations are detrimental in wild-type \textit{E. coli,} and thus would require reversion or compensation once a sufficient new activity has evolved.}, keywords = {promiscuity, amplification and divergence, ProA, evolution}, journal = {eLife}, issn = {2050-084X}, publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd}, }
|
__label__pos
| 0.862718 |
[Web][Trac-0.12] ５．Trac拡張（ガントチャート）
Create: 2011/10/16
LastUpdate: 2012/10/30
ここでは、XenServer6環境の仮想マシン（CentOS5.7 x86_64）を使用しています。
この章では、Trac-0.12.2.ja1 にプラグインをインストールして機能拡張します。
ここで扱うプラグインは、ガントチャートを表示できるようにする TracGanttCalendarPlugin です。
以下、作業で参考にしたサイトです。
[参考サイト]
５．１．TracGanttCalendarPlugin のインストール
プラグインのソースをチェックアウトします。
# cd /root
# svn co http://svn.sourceforge.jp/svnroot/shibuya-trac/plugins/ganttcalendarplugin
ソースのディレクトリに移動してビルドします。
# cd /root/ganttcalendarplugin/trunk
# python setup.py bdist_egg
Got l10n_cmdclass
running bdist_egg
running egg_info
creating TracGanttCalendarPlugin.egg-info
writing TracGanttCalendarPlugin.egg-info/PKG-INFO
writing top-level names to TracGanttCalendarPlugin.egg-info/top_level.txt
writing dependency_links to TracGanttCalendarPlugin.egg-info/dependency_links.txt
writing entry points to TracGanttCalendarPlugin.egg-info/entry_points.txt
writing manifest file 'TracGanttCalendarPlugin.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
writing manifest file 'TracGanttCalendarPlugin.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
installing library code to build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg
running install_lib
running compile_catalog
compiling catalog 'ganttcalendar/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.po' to 'ganttcalendar/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.mo'
compiling catalog 'ganttcalendar/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.po' to 'ganttcalendar/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.mo'
compiling catalog 'ganttcalendar/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.po' to 'ganttcalendar/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.mo'
running build_py
creating build
creating build/lib
creating build/lib/ganttcalendar
copying ganttcalendar/holiday_ko.py -> build/lib/ganttcalendar
copying ganttcalendar/admin.py -> build/lib/ganttcalendar
copying ganttcalendar/ticketcalendar.py -> build/lib/ganttcalendar
copying ganttcalendar/complete_by_close.py -> build/lib/ganttcalendar
copying ganttcalendar/ticketvalidator.py -> build/lib/ganttcalendar
copying ganttcalendar/holiday_ja.py -> build/lib/ganttcalendar
copying ganttcalendar/__init__.py -> build/lib/ganttcalendar
copying ganttcalendar/ticketgantt.py -> build/lib/ganttcalendar
creating build/lib/ganttcalendar/templates
copying ganttcalendar/templates/admin_holiday.html -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/templates
copying ganttcalendar/templates/calendar.html -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/templates
copying ganttcalendar/templates/gantt.html -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/templates
creating build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs
creating build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/arrow_bw.png -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/zoom_out.png -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/arrow_to.png -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/arrow_from.png -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/zoom_out_g.png -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/package.png -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/zoom_in_g.png -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/zoom_in.png -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
creating build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/js
copying ganttcalendar/htdocs/js/query.js -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/js
creating build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale
copying ganttcalendar/locale/messages.pot -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale
creating build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/ko
creating build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES
copying ganttcalendar/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.po -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES
copying ganttcalendar/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.mo -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES
creating build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/ja
creating build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES
copying ganttcalendar/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.po -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES
copying ganttcalendar/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.mo -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES
creating build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/en
creating build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES
copying ganttcalendar/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.po -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES
copying ganttcalendar/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.mo -> build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/holiday_ko.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/templates
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/templates/admin_holiday.html -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/templates
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/templates/calendar.html -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/templates
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/templates/gantt.html -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/templates
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/admin.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/ticketcalendar.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/htdocs
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/arrow_bw.png -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/zoom_out.png -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/arrow_to.png -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/arrow_from.png -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/zoom_out_g.png -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/package.png -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/zoom_in_g.png -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img/zoom_in.png -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/htdocs/img
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/htdocs/js
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/htdocs/js/query.js -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/htdocs/js
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/complete_by_close.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/ticketvalidator.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/holiday_ja.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/messages.pot -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale/ko
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.po -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.mo -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale/ja
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.po -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.mo -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale/en
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.po -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/ganttcalendar.mo -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/__init__.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar
copying build/lib/ganttcalendar/ticketgantt.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar
byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/holiday_ko.py to holiday_ko.pyc
byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/admin.py to admin.pyc
byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/ticketcalendar.py to ticketcalendar.pyc
byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/complete_by_close.py to complete_by_close.pyc
byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/ticketvalidator.py to ticketvalidator.pyc
byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/holiday_ja.py to holiday_ja.pyc
byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/__init__.py to __init__.pyc
byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ganttcalendar/ticketgantt.py to ticketgantt.pyc
creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
copying TracGanttCalendarPlugin.egg-info/PKG-INFO -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
copying TracGanttCalendarPlugin.egg-info/SOURCES.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
copying TracGanttCalendarPlugin.egg-info/dependency_links.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
copying TracGanttCalendarPlugin.egg-info/entry_points.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
copying TracGanttCalendarPlugin.egg-info/top_level.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO
zip_safe flag not set; analyzing archive contents...
ganttcalendar.ticketgantt: module references __file__
ganttcalendar.ticketcalendar: module references __file__
creating dist
creating 'dist/TracGanttCalendarPlugin-0.6.1_r802-py2.4.egg' and adding 'build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg' to it
removing 'build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg' (and everything under it)
出来上がった eggファイルを Trac の plugins ディレクトリにコピーします。
# cp dist/TracGanttCalendarPlugin-0.6.1_r802-py2.4.egg /home/trac/project1/plugins/.
※複数プロジェクトで使用したい場合は python setup.py install でインストールしたほうが良いかもしれません。
/home/trac/project1/conf/trac.ini に以下の定義を追加します。
[ticket-custom]
due_assign = text
due_assign.label = 開始日
due_assign.order = 1
due_close= text
due_close.label = 終了日
due_close.order = 2
complete= text
complete.label = 進捗率(%)
complete.order = 3
ブラウザで Trac を開くと、[カレンダー]と[ガントチャート]が追加されています。
それぞれ、クリックすると下図のように表示されます。
チケットの開始日と終了日を入力して登録すると下図のように表示されます。
管理コンソールには下図のようなカレンダーの祝日を設定するメニューもありますが、私の環境ではエラーが出て設定できませんでした。
[エラーメッセージ]
TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'NoneType' objects
ダウンロードしたソースを見ると、ＤＢに "holiday"という名前でテーブルを作成して、休日を登録しているようです。試しに、以下のＳＱＬを実行してテーブルを作成し、2011年と2012年の休日を登録してみることにしました。
ちなみに、CREATE UNIQUE INDEX のＳＱＬは、ソースコードのオリジナルだとエラーになるので修正しています。(ASC を除いてる)
CREATE TABLE holiday (date TEXT, description TEXT);
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_holiday ON holiday(date);
insert into holiday values ( '2011-01-01', '元日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-01-10', '成人の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-02-11', '建国記念の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-03-21', '春分の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-04-29', '昭和の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-05-03', '憲法記念日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-05-04', 'みどりの日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-05-05', 'こどもの日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-07-18', '海の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-09-19', '敬老の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-09-23', '秋分の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-10-10', '体育の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-11-03', '文化の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-11-23', '勤労感謝の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2011-12-23', '天皇誕生日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-01-01', '元日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-01-02', '振替休日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-01-09', '成人の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-02-11', '建国記念の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-03-20', '春分の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-04-29', '昭和の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-04-30', '振替休日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-05-03', '憲法記念日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-05-04', 'みどりの日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-05-05', 'こどもの日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-07-16', '海の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-09-17', '敬老の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-09-22', '秋分の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-10-08', '体育の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-11-03', '文化の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-11-23', '勤労感謝の日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-12-23', '天皇誕生日' );
insert into holiday values ( '2012-12-24', '振替休日' );
上記ＳＱＬは、holiday.txt ファイルに保存して、以下のように実行しました。
# psql -U trac_user -W tracdb < ./holiday.sql
Password for user trac_user:
CREATE TABLE
CREATE INDEX
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
管理コンソールを見ると、下図のように表示されます。画面からも休日を登録できます。
カレンダーを見ると、下図のように、休日はグレーで表示されます。
とりあえず、これで問題なく動きそうなので、しばらく様子見です。
|
__label__pos
| 0.878354 |
Health
How Long Different Foods Take to Digest and Why It’s Important to Know
Have you ever wondered what happens to your food after you ingest it? It’s important to know for maintaining a healthy digestive system.
What Is Digestion
Digestion begins once food is put in your mouth. By definition, digestion is the process that decomposes food into smaller and then even smaller substances, until they are small enough to be absorbed and then assimilated through the small intestine and the large intestine into your body.
The digestions system takes place in the gastrointestinal tract that starts in the mouth and ends at the anus.
Stages of Digestion
Digestion goes through 2 main stages: the mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
The mechanical digest begins in your mouth where your teeth grind the food into small chunks and mix it with saliva.
Your saliva starts the chemical process:
• Certain enzymes that break down the starch, fats, and protein in food
• Mucus to lubricate the food and make it easier to slide down your throat
• Hydrogen carbonate which keeps the mouth’s pH alkaline
The chewed food is then swallowed into the esophagus through muscular movements, down the throat. These waving movements push the chewed bolus of food into the stomach.
|
__label__pos
| 0.723605 |
pkgbase = autokey pkgdesc = AutoKey, a desktop automation utility for Linux and X11, updated to run on Python 3 pkgver = 0.95.8 pkgrel = 1 url = https://github.com/autokey/autokey arch = i686 arch = x86_64 license = GPL3 depends = python depends = wmctrl depends = python-dbus depends = python-pyinotify depends = zenity depends = xautomation depends = imagemagick depends = xorg-xwd depends = python-xlib depends = python-setuptools depends = python-gobject depends = gtksourceview3 depends = libnotify depends = libappindicator-gtk3 depends = gtk-update-icon-cache optdepends = kdialog: for Qt interface optdepends = python-pyqt5: for Qt interface optdepends = python-qscintilla-qt5: for Qt interface optdepends = qt5-svg: for Qt interface optdepends = qt-at-spi: to work with KDE/Qt applications optdepends = python-atspi: for ATSPI in Gtk interface replaces = autokey-py3 source = autokey-0.95.8.tar.gz::https://github.com/autokey-py3/autokey/archive/v0.95.8.tar.gz sha256sums = 5de4b11c999af7f41273cf07e13c35f4c58c467e6c6df25e417c8b135c06bb49 pkgname = autokey
|
__label__pos
| 0.997327 |
2.1.5. Installation Layouts
The installation layout differs for different installation types (for example, native packages, binary tarballs, and source tarballs), which can lead to confusion when managing different systems or using different installation sources. The individual layouts are given in the corresponding installation type or platform chapter, as described following. Note that the layout of installations from vendors other than Oracle may differ from these layouts.
|
__label__pos
| 0.999001 |
US6130968A - Method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text - Google Patents
Method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text Download PDF
Info
Publication number
US6130968A
US6130968A US08/943,766 US94376697A US6130968A US 6130968 A US6130968 A US 6130968A US 94376697 A US94376697 A US 94376697A US 6130968 A US6130968 A US 6130968A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
words
text
display
displayed
time
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US08/943,766
Inventor
Peter McIan
Thomas W. Crosley
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SOFTOLOGY IDEAWORKS Inc
Original Assignee
Mcian; Peter
Crosley; Thomas W.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mcian; Peter, Crosley; Thomas W. filed Critical Mcian; Peter
Priority to US08/943,766 priority Critical patent/US6130968A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US6130968A publication Critical patent/US6130968A/en
Assigned to SOFTOLOGY IDEAWORKS, INC. reassignment SOFTOLOGY IDEAWORKS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CROSLEY, MR. THOMAS, MCIAN, MR. PETER
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current
Links
Images
Classifications
• GPHYSICS
• G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING
• G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
• G06F3/00Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
• G06F3/14Digital output to display device ; Cooperation and interconnection of the display device with other functional units
• GPHYSICS
• G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING
• G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
• G06F40/00Handling natural language data
• G06F40/10Text processing
• G06F40/103Formatting, i.e. changing of presentation of documents
• G06F40/109Font handling; Temporal or kinetic typography
Abstract
A method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text and with rapid apprehension, at a rate which is greater than the maximum unaided reading capability of that subject using the method. The method comprises a rapid and sequential moving of the words of text through a window on a screen of a computer monitor. In accordance with the method, the words are allowed to pass through or be displayed in the display window, one word at a time, and at a rate in which the time for display which is based on the number of characters in a word is related to and a function of the total amount of time required for all of the words in a segment of the text to be displayed. A time for display of each word of average character length is the same, and that certain words in a segment will be displayed for a longer period of time than other of the words. Usually, the words which contain more characters will have a longer display period. The present invention also provides an area on the screen of the monitor in which the previously read words of the segment of the text are printed as a full display, such that the reader may rapidly review the words of that segment previously presented on the window of the monitor, and then also rapidly scan entire portions of the text which have already been displayed. The method also involves the use of a selected color and patterned background, to enhance readability. In accordance with this method, the reading rate is substantially increased, and eye fatigue and strain is substantially reduced.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to certain new and useful improvements in rapidly displayed text for rapid reading, and more particularly, to a method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text, and with an improved reading apprehension, one word at a time by using selected rates of display of the words of a text and selected modes of presentation.
2. Brief Description of the Related Art
Initially, and with the advent of personal computers, it was assumed that the computer would eliminate much of the paper used for conveyance of information and retention of information. In many ways, the reverse is true, in that the computer is responsible for generation of a greater volume of paper records. Nevertheless, one of the problems with computers in general is that the displays are too difficult for reading at a comfortable distance for any reasonable period of time. Naturally, if the screen is small, the letters are too small to read at a normal reading distance. If the screen is large, greater eye movement is required, thereby resulting in eye fatigue. In addition, the reader must manually press various keys, such as a "page-down" key or select other commands by actuating keys on the keyboard or using the mouse, to bring the next text into view. This necessarily requires periodic interruption of reading at arbitrary points within the text being read.
Research performed at the John Hopkins University has shown that reading rates can be increased by reducing eye movement. Those institutions offering speed-reading instruction have attempted to make use of reduced horizontal eye movement by causing students to read down the middle of a page. However, this still requires vertical eye movement, along with reading interruption when turning to the next page.
There are numerous diskettes and CD-Rom's containing the text of many books and other publicly available documents. Often times, they are accompanied by a text "reader", which displays the text of the book one screen at a time. Thus, the user must move their eyes across the entire screen to read the text, and manually advance to the next screen when reaching the bottom of a page. Some readers will allow for scrolling of the text continuously, and allowing the reader to adjust the rate at which the lines are scrolled. However, these readers do not take into account the differing amount of text per line. Moreover, the constant vertical scrolling is distracting, and the reader must still read an entire line across the screen horizontally, thereby again leading to eye fatigue.
The advances made in the enhancement of the readability of text have, in large measure, been a result of the availability of low cost personal computers. Many of the commercially available computers are capable of performing a variety of functions, such as printing with different types of fonts, and even allowing for the change of colors of the print on the screen of a monitor. In addition, many of the commercially available computers also allow for the change of the font size, either on the screen of the monitor or when printed. Further, these commercially available computers also provide for the drop-down of text, to show portions of the text in another window on the screen of the monitor. In substance, these commercially available computers can perform a variety of functions, both in the display of text and in the printing of text.
As a result of the recent expansive use of personal computers, there has been at least one attempt to provide a method of providing for the enhanced readability of text material. This attempt also relied upon rapid reading with words of text rapidly displayed in a window of the screen on a computer monitor. Although this attempt did provide for the rapid and sequential movement of words of text through a window on a screen of a computer monitor, it nevertheless suffered from several disadvantages.
In the one proposed rapid reading method thus far available, words were displayed sequentially, but at a fixed rate of speed. Each word was allowed the same presentation time on the monitor. Thus, for example, the article "a" was allowed the same amount of time as a word which may contain ten or more characters. The same held true of punctuation marks, which were recognized as words. This type of arrangement did not allow for a normal reading rate in accordance with a standard reading pattern of the average reading individual.
Other than this one attempt to enhance the readability rate of text as described above, there has not been any effective use of computers for this purpose. There are numerous proposed academic rapid reading courses. These academic courses rely upon techniques to improve the reading, as, for example, by scanning text and the like. They do not permit reading at a rate which is greater than the unaided reading capability of any individual. This one known attempt, which is at least partially effective for this purpose, does not recognize the necessity of permitting reading in accordance with the normal reading patterns of an individual, and hence, it loses a substantial amount of sufficiency, and frequently causes the user to become disenchanted with the system.
In addition, this one known method of providing for the reading of rapidly displayed text, relied upon a relatively flat standard computer screen background. As a result, and due to the fact that the text was being rapidly displayed, significant eye strain and eye fatigue resulted. Moreover, this system enabled the reader to adjust the display background at will, and which has now been found to be detrimental to enhancement of reading rate and reduction of eye fatigue.
There has been a need for a method for enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text by a subject, and with an improved reading apprehension, and which is greater than the maximum unaided reading capability of a subject.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is, therefore, one of the primary objects of the present invention to provide a method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text by a subject and with improved reading apprehension, at a rate which is greater than the maximum unaided reading capability of that subject, and which approaches normal reading patterns.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text, of the type stated, in conjunction with the screen of a computer monitor for controlling the presentation of the text to a subject.
It is a further of the present invention to provide a method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text, of the type stated, which provides for a display of words for a time duration which is a function of the character length of a word compared to the overall number of words to be displayed in a segment of the text to be displayed.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text, of the type stated, in which a body of the text containing words previously read is displayed in a window separated from a window in which words are sequentially and rapidly presented.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of the type stated, which utilizes a selected monitor background and a selected background for a window containing words presented for display.
It is another salient object of the present invention to provide a method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of the type stated, which can be operated on essentially any commercially available private home use computer or otherwise any standard mainframe computer.
It is yet another important object of the present invention to provide a method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text by a subject, of the type stated, which is highly efficient in operation and has been shown to dramatically improve the reading capability and reading rate and to improve the reading apprehension of a subject.
With the above and other objects in view, my invention resides in the novel features and form and arrangement of the various method steps as set forth herein, and as described and pointed out in the claims.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text, by a subject, and at a rate which is greater than the maximum unaided reading capability of that subject. In this respect, most people are capable of reading at a maximum reading rate of 240 words per minute. Although a few individuals may have an exceptionally high reading rate, they rarely exceed this level by any significant amount.
The present invention is to be contrasted to and not confused with those academic approaches which rely upon a selection of key words in a sentence, and the scanning of sentences in a body of text. This invention is also to be contrasted to reading techniques which provide for reading down the center of the page. In many of these approaches, and although concepts are often picked up by a reader, a great deal of material is frequently unabsorbed by the reader. In those cases where the subject matter may contain important details, these academic prior art rapid reading processes are not feasible.
The present invention, on the other hand, relies upon a rapid and sequential display of words in a text, one word at a time. Moreover, the display is in accordance with an algorithm which has been developed, allowing the material to be read to be presented in a way which more fully approaches a natural reading pattern.
In accordance with the present invention, the words of a body of text are moved through a display window on the screen of a computer monitor, sequentially and one word at a time. Thus, in this invention, only one word of that text will appear at any point in time. The word is allowed to automatically pass through the display window at a display rate that is the word remains in the display window for a presentation time in which the number of characters in each word is related to and a function of the total amount of time required for all words in a segment of the text to be displayed. In other words, an examination of the words of a segment of the text in which the words are to be displayed will be made in order to determine, in advance, the time of display between each of the words in that segment and the blanking period (period between the words in which no display exists) between each of the words, prior to the display of the words in that segment. In this way the time of display of each of the words is generally the same, except that certain words having greater character length will be displayed for a longer time period than other words. As an example, words having a longer character length (e.g. number of characters) than the average character length of a word, will be given a greater amount of time for presentation on the screen of the monitor. However, words in the text which have a number of characters less than the average number of characters in a body of words can be displayed for a time period which is only slightly shorter than or approximately the same time period as the words having an average number of characters.
The reading method of the present invention has been adopted so as to more fully conform to the normal pattern of reading of an individual. In this respect, it has been found, in connection with the present invention, that words beginning with capital letters, other than at the beginning of a sentence, such as proper names and the like, are displayed for a period of time somewhat longer than the display time for each word having an average character length. Again, compensation is also made for punctuation marks. Additional time, referred to as a "delay time", is also allowed between phrases and between sentences in a body of text. Typically, and in accordance with the present invention, the words in the text are displayed at a rate which ranges from about sixty (60) words per minute to about eighteen hundred (1,800) words per minute.
Also in accordance with the present invention, the words of a segment are displayed at a size of two to ten times the normal character height of the text when displayed on a standard computer monitor. Further, and in a more preferred embodiment, the display size for the overall display including the display window as heretofore mentioned and a hereinafter described secondary display is 640 pixels by 580 pixels.
Also in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the words are displayed in a display window over a generally constant color background, and that the window is present over a background of constantly changing color. In a more preferred embodiment, the window may have pixels of gray and white in which the tone may vary, but does not generally change in that window. However, the white pixels create a type of star background for the words which are displayed. The window which receives rapidly sequentially presented words in the text is overlaid on a background which has a continuously slowly changing color. Generally, about four different types of color pixels are employed. However, in order to ensure that the entire screen is not changed rapidly, only twenty-five percent (25%) of the color pixels are changed at any point in time.
The present invention, in another aspect, relates to a method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text by a subject, using the rapid and sequential display of words in a window on a computer monitor, along with a secondary display of a portion of the body of the text which had been previously presented. Thus, each of the words in a portion of the text, as a body of the text, is presented in an area of the display separated from the window which receives the rapid and sequential movement of words. In this way, a reader of the text may be reading the text in the rapidly changing display in that window at a high rate of speed and may also scan previously read words in the body of the text.
The present invention also utilizes the generation of a background of selected color on the screen of the monitor and where the color of that background will continuously and slowly change over time. A word presentation or word display window is then created on the background of selected color. This word presentation window, however, has a star-filled background, generally with white and gray pixels. It is against this backdrop that the words of the text are rapidly and sequentially moved through the word display window.
This invention possesses many other purposes and has other advantages which will be made more fully apparent from a consideration of the forms in which it may be embodied. A few preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in more detail in the following detailed description of the invention. However, it should be understood that this detailed description and the accompanying drawings are set forth only for purposes of illustrating the general principles of the invention, and that the invention is therefore not to be taken in a limiting sense.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings (two sheets) in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a chart showing the number of characters in a word and the formula for determining the relative delay or display rate of that word;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a chart showing the delays between ends of phrases and ends of sentences;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a chart showing a specific example of the delays or rates of display for words of given lengths;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a chart showing a specific example of relative delays for ends of phrases and ends of sentences; and
FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a display on the screen of a computer monitor in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now in more detail and by reference characters to the drawings which illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention, the illustrated drawings will show the simple algorithms involved in the generation of delays or rates of display of words in accordance with the present invention, and also in a form in which the invention may appear on the screen of a computer monitor.
In accordance with the invention, words are displayed only in a graphics mode, and the characters of each of these letters and hence the words are in a size of approximately two times the normal character height, to approximately ten times the normal character height for a typical graphics mode. Thus, each display will have available a pixel size of approximately 640 pixels by 480 pixels. In the case of the present invention, text is displayed one word at a time, and in sequential format. The characters of those words are generated by the same techniques as are presently used for computer animation, that is, by first erasing old characters, redrawing a background on top of the erased characters, then redrawing a display window on the background, and then displaying new characters in the display window against that background.
The maximum rate at which words are displayed in accordance with the invention is limited by the re-fresh rate of display, and for a conventional computer, it is typically thirty frames per second, providing an upper limit of about 1,800 words per minute. Hence, 1,800 words per minute constitutes the maximum rate of display, although words can be displayed as slowly as desired. In the present invention, it is desirable to limit the lower end of the rate of display to one word per second (60 words per minute).
In accordance with the present invention, words of a text are generated individually and sequentially, and displayed on the screen of a monitor 10 as shown in FIG. 5, and in a window 12 generated on the screen of that monitor. Thus, each word is displayed for a fixed period of time in that window 12, which is typically referred to as a word display window. By using computer controls, as, for example, by setting a desired rate of speed using the keyboard of the computer, the user of the system can select a particular display rate of words which is shown in a generated display rate window 14. In this case, the user has selected a display rate of, e.g., 600 words per minute.
When the user starts to read the text, the user will actuate one of the input keys on the keyboard and start the display generation. The various words are displayed in that display window 12 for fixed time periods depending upon the length of the word. If all words were displayed at the same rate, it has been found that the user would probably miss some, if not several, of those words. As a result, longer words are displayed for a longer period of time than average length words. It has also been found that a word of average length contains six characters. A longer word, as, for example, a word containing ten characters, would be displayed for a longer time period. The extra delay for the longer word is proportional to the square of the excess length of that word.
Words which are shorter than an average length, as, for example, words containing less than six characters, typically articles, e.g., "an", are displayed for only slightly less than or nearly the same amount of time as the average length word. Otherwise, short words would not be visible. Proper nouns which are determined by words with capital letters at the beginning of the word, are displayed for twice the length of other words of the same length, regardless of the number of characters in that word. This is due to the fact that proper nouns, such as names of persons and names of places, are typically not recognized as quickly as other words.
In order to provide a proper rhythm and more closely adhere to a natural reading pattern, and also to adhere to an original pacing of text, a delay time is added at the end of a phrase which may be denoted by a comma or semicolon, or similar punctuation. In like manner, a delay time is included between the display of one word and next successive word, that is, the display time of a word, is increased when the word is enclosed in parentheses, or quotation marks. A delay time is also provided for sentences which ends with a period, question mark or exclamation mark.
FIG. 1 illustrates one algorithm which has been found to be effective in determining the display time of a word according to its character length. Those characters which are used in FIGS. 1 and 2 to represent unknown factors are defined as follows:
1) Y designates a length of time representing a delay between time of display of a word and the next successive word (blanking period) in the display window 12;
2) Z1 represents a multiplying factor which is multiplied against the square of the number of characters in a word;
3) Z2 represents another multiplying factor which is used for multiplication against the length of the word and used in the algorithm of FIG. 1;
4) C1 represents a delay in milliseconds which is added to a display time at the end of a phrase; and
5) C2 represents another relative time for a display of the end of a sentence or the delay period added to the end of a sentence and before the beginning of the next sentence.
FIGS. 3 and 4 show preferred display times in accordance with the invention. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, for words having a character length of one to six letters, the word should have a display time for 300 units, plus ten times the length of the word in numbers of characters. For words having a length of less than six characters, the time of display should be 300 units plus ten times the number of characters, plus four times the number of characters squared and minus 24 times the number of characters. The units of time previously mentioned are all relative numbers. They can be, for example, milliseconds although since the times are relative to one another, specific values are not required. In like manner, and in a preferred embodiment, the delay time at the end of a phrase or otherwise the time between the end of one phrase and the next successive phrase should be 50 units and the delay time or otherwise the time between two sentences should be 250 units.
Those factors as set forth in the tables of FIGS. 3 and 4 have been found to be the most preferred in accordance with the present invention. It can be observed that since the delay after every word is not a fixed period of time, the words cannot necessarily be displayed at a constant rate, as, for example, by words per minute. A user must be able to set up a target speed. As a result, the computer itself is programmed to look ahead for a period of time in terms of the number of words to be displayed. Thus, for example, the computer is programmed to "look ahead" at the number of words which would be displayed in a time period of one minute. Thereafter, the relative display time for each word and the time delays is based on those rules identified in FIGS. 1 and 2 with specific examples as set forth in FIGS. 3 and 4.
The total amount of time which is available, as, for example, 60,000 milliseconds, is divided by the total of the relative delays to achieve the average delay in milliseconds per unit of relative delay. As a specific example, if a target reading speed of 600 words per minute is to be achieved, the computer is programmed to look ahead 3,600 characters (not including spaces or punctuation) and operates on a standard word length of six characters per word. A relative delay is then assigned to the end of each word. Thus, if 360 is the time display for an average six character word, a ten character word would have a display time of 520 and an eight character proper noun would have a display time of 888. Assuming that the sum of these delays is 249,560, then dividing 60,000 by 249,560 provides a value of 0.2404 milliseconds per unit of time delay. A ten character word would therefore have a display time of 520 times 0.2404 milliseconds, or 125 milliseconds.
The above-identified formula for determining the time delay is somewhat similar to adding a variable amount of space between words to obtain a left justification and a right justification in a line of proportional text in a word processing program. The advance examination or "look ahead" for a minute's worth of characters based on a specific speed setting, is accomplished incrementally during the delays between each word. Any software program will use a separate timer from the computer in order to time delays between the words so that the display of the word is independent of the computer processor's own clock speed.
When words have an excessive character length in the display window, the font size is not necessarily changed. In this case, the words are broken at hypenation points where possible.
In accordance with the present invention, it is possible to teach the reading of words to a new reader or otherwise to dramatically increase the reading speed of an experienced reader. Even more preferably, it is possible to dramatically increase the reading speed of a person by using a computer format and which will increase that reading speed well beyond the unaided reading speed of the average individual.
In addition, it has also been found to be advantage to locate the word display window approximately two-thirds of the way from the bottom of the screen of the monitor. This has been found to increase apprehension and reduce eye fatigue. However, the window can be located in any desired position.
The font size which has been selected and the positions of the window as described above provide an optimum seating position from the screen of the monitor. The font size is fixed and is not alterable by the user of the system. In this way, the system has been rendered to be somewhat "fool-proof" in order reduce eye fatigue. However, as further indicated the font re-size can be varied for words of excessive length. As also indicated previously, approximately one-fourth of the color pixels in the screen are changed at any point in time. This can actually range from about one-eighth of the amount of pixels to be changed at any point in time to about one-half the total number of pixels.
It has also been determined that in accordance with the present invention, the user should be able to control the display speed. Thus, in accordance with one preferred embodiment of the invention, the use of the system and method of the invention can stop the high speed rate of display by actuating a key, such as the space bar on the keyboard or selecting another appropriate command from a menu which may be provided. When the high speed display is stopped, a second window is generated as for example, a text display window 16, as shown in FIG. 5. At this point in time, the user can literally edit or make notes on the text as displayed in the text display window 16. Thus, the user can use the mouse or other control keys to move around an entire body of text, set bookmarks or other characters and the like. It is also possible to highlight text in a reverse color as for example, when a mouse is moved across portions of the text. Further, the text may be underlined, etc.
The text display window often referred to as "a secondary window" has a vertical line located on the left-hand side, one character away from the left-hand edge. The user can operate either the mouse or a key on the keyboard and release within that space a bookmark at a place in the text. Other types of commands can also be used with the system of the present invention and which are available from both the keyboard and the mouse. These commands would allow the user to advance to any text to be yet displayed or any previously displayed text and note a bookmark or the like.
The user can also resume the reading of the text in high speed display where left off by actuating one or more keys such as the space bar. The user also has the option of increasing or decreasing the words per minute using the (+) and the (-) keys on the keyboard. The target reading rate, as indicated above, is displayed in the reading rate window 14.
It is also possible to control the computer by one or more push button switches which may be hand or foot operated by using the serial or parallel in-out ports on the computer. Thus, the reader could be engaged in another activity as for example, using an exercising bike while also operating the system of the invention. Additional switches and controls could be added for speed control and the like. Further, this type of remote control may also lend well to physically handicapped individuals with limited body movement.
In one of the important aspects of the present invention, the display window can display text in, for example, yellow characters if desired. However, the color of the text can be varied according to the parts of the speech. For example, articles, nouns, pronouns, etc. could be provided with different colors in the display. The parts of the speech are tagged in the input text for this purpose. The tags are not displayed on the screen, although they are used by the computer to generate the proper color display. After the word is displayed it can then be added to the secondary display such as in a text display window. This variation of the invention is highly effective in teaching reading skills.
In another embodiment of the invention, various colors presented on the screen of the monitor have been found to be important. Thus, in order to enhance visibility and reduce eye fatigue, the characters are displayed in the word display window 12 in yellow against a nearly black background and which is highly visible. In actuality, the background is not completely black but contains random white and grey pixels. The pixels are arranged to present a "star-field" that is, white dots appearing on a grey or grey/black background. Moreover, the star-field will change slowly over a period of time, that is, stars may be removed and added slowly or the positions of the stars, (the white pixels) may change slowly.
A major overall background area 20 in the screen of the computer monitor is comprised of a solid color of a pale hue. This color is generating by using the color palette of the computer display and preferably an 8 bit color scheme including a palette with 18 bit colors and 6 bits apiece for red, green and blue. This scheme could be applied to any display using an indexed color palette.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment using the color arrangement, the initial hue is preferably a light grey with equivalent red/green/blue values approximately one-half of the maximum values (e.g. 32/32/32). The various pale hues are constructed by randomly varying these color values above or below the base value by a few points as for example, 32/40/32, which would represent a greenish tint but which is still primarily grey. Again, the color arrangement will change slowly over a period of time.
It is preferable to change the color by only changing a selected number of the pixels at any point in time. It has been found in accordance with the present invention that by changing the colors at a rate of 25 percent of the pixels at any point in time, a slow color change is achieved and which does not interfere with the reading of the text by the user. Moreover, while unnoticed, it nevertheless reduces the possibility of eye fatigue.
It is also possible in accordance with the invention, to use a high speed text display window incorporated into a portable device, either a portable computer or similar device for use in a position distant from a personal computer (e.g. use at a beach or the like). In this case, the computer screen would be replaced by a pair of see-through monochrome LCD lenses. As for example, mounted in a pair of eye glasses. The text would appear to float in front of a persons eyes much in the manner of a heads-up-display in a fighter plane.
In accordance with this embodiment of the invention, any software would be incorporated as a firmware chip. The eye glasses would be connected to a portable computer via a flexible cable. This personal hand-held computer would contain batteries plus a number of buttons including on-off, start-stop, etc.
Thus, there has been illustrated and described a unique and novel method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text by a subject and with improved reading apprehension and which therefore fulfills all of the objects and advantages which have been sought. It should be understood that many changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications will become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering this specification and the accompanying drawings. Therefore, any and all such changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention.
Claims (21)
Having thus described the invention, what we desire to claim and secure by letters patent is:
1. A method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text by a subject and with a high degree of apprehension, at a rate which is greater than the maximum reading capability of that subject, said method comprising:
a) rapidly and sequentially moving the words of the text through a display window on a monitor, one word at a time;
b) conducting an examination of a segment of the text in which each of the words are to be displayed in order to determine in advance the time of display of each of the words in that segment and a the blanking period between each of the words in which there is no display, prior to the display of words in that segment; and
c) allowing each of the words to be automatically displayed in the display window for a time period in which the number of characters in each word is related to and a function of the total amount of time required for display of all of the words in a segment of the text as determined by said examination and that the time of display of each of the words having a length of an average number of characters is the same and that certain words of this segment will be displayed for longer time periods than other words in this segment.
2. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 1 further characterized in that words in a segment of the text having more characters than other words in that segment are displayed for a longer period of time than words having a length of an average number of characters.
3. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 2 further characterized in that words in a segment of the text having a number of characters which is less than the average number of characters in that segment are displayed for a time period only slightly shorter than or for the same period of time as words having a length of an average number of characters.
4. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 2 further characterized in that words beginning with capital letters not at the beginning of a sentence are displayed for a period of time longer than the display time for each word having a length of an average number of characters.
5. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 4 further characterized in that words beginning with capital letters are displayed for a period of time which is twice as long as those words having a length of an average number of characters.
6. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 2 further characterized in that a delay period in display is created at ends of phrases or sentences and before the beginning of the next sequential phrase or sentence.
7. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 1 further characterized in that the words in the text are displayed at a rate of sixty to eighteen hundred words per minute.
8. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 1 further characterized in that the words of a segment are displayed at a size of two to ten times the character height of text displayed on a computer monitor.
9. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 8 further characterized in that the display size for an entire display is 640 pixels by 480 pixels.
10. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 1 further characterized in that the words are displayed in the display window over a generally constant color background and that the window is present over a background of constantly changing color.
11. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 10 further characterized in that the window is present over a constantly changing background comprised of four different colors.
12. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 11 further characterized in that the window is present over a constantly changing background comprised of four different colors and where one-fourth of the pixels of a color are changed at any point in time to obtain a slowly changed color.
13. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text by a subject and with improved apprehension at a rate which is greater than the maximum reading capability of that subject, said method comprising:
a) rapidly and sequentially moving the words of the text through a display window on a monitor, one word at a time;
b) conducting an examination of the text in which each of the words in a segment are to be displayed in order to determine in advance the time of display of each of the words in that segment and the blanking period between each of the words in which there is no display, prior to the display of the words of that segment;
c) allowing each of the words to be automatically displayed in the display window for a time period in which the number of characters in each word is related to and a function of the total amount of time required for display of all of the words in a segment of the text; and
d) presenting each of the words of that segment in a portion of the text to be presented as a body of the text in an area of the display separated from said window but simultaneously with the presentation of the words of that segment in the display window so that a reader of the text may be reading the text through the rapidly changing display in the window at a high rate of speed and may also scan previously read words or unread words in the body of the text.
14. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 13 further characterized in that the area of the display for that body of the text is located beneath the window.
15. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 13 further characterized in that the presentation of the body of the text is under the control of the reader using the method.
16. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 13 further characterized in that the time of display of each of the words is the same except that certain words of a segment will be displayed for longer time period than other words in this segment.
17. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 13 further characterized in that the method comprises controlling the speed of display of words in the window by the user of the method.
18. A method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text by a subject and with a high degree of apprehension, at a rate which is greater than the maximum reading capability of that subject, said method comprising:
a) generating a monitor background of selected color on a screen of a computer monitor and where the color of the background continuously and slowly changes over time;
b) creating a window on the background of selected color and which window has a star field background with white and gray pixels;
c) rapidly and sequentially displaying the words of the text through a display window on a monitor one word at a time; and
d) automatically changing the color of the monitor background using pixels having four different color values and causing only a selected number of pixels to change at any point in time.
19. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 18 further characterized in that the method comprises assigning any of four different color values to each pixel and initially providing the same color values to all pixels to provide a solid color and changing the background color slowly from one pale hue to another.
20. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 19 further characterized in that only twenty-five percent (25%) of the pixels are changed at any point in time.
21. The method of enhancing the readability of rapidly displayed text of claim 18 further characterized in that the method comprises allowing each of the words to pass through the display window at a rate in which the number of characters of each word is related to and a function of the total amount of time required for display of all of the words in a segment of the text such that the time of display of each of the words is the same except that certain words of this segment will be displayed for longer time periods than other words in this segment.
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