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jenny-tts-6h-tagged

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jenny/10921

Private law deals with legal disputes between individuals and/or organisations in areas such as contracts, property, torts/delicts and commercial law.

private law deals with legal disputes between individuals and/or organisations in areas such as contracts, property, torts/delicts and commercial law.

moderate speed

pɹaɪvʌt lɔ dilz wɪð liɡʌl dɪspjuts bɪtwin ɪndʌvɪdʒʌwʌlz ʌnd/ɔɹ ɔɹɡʌnɪzeɪʃʌnz ɪn ɛɹiʌz sʌtʃ æz kɑntɹækts, pɹɑpɜ˞ti, tɔɹts/ ʌnd kʌmɜ˞ʃʌl lɔ.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech is very clear, but there's a moderate amount of ambient noise in the background.'

jenny/10922

Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis and sociology.

law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis and sociology.

moderate speed

lɔ pɹʌvaɪdz ʌ sɔɹs ʌv skɑlɜ˞li ɪnkwaɪɹi ɪntu liɡʌl hɪstɜ˞i, fʌlɑsʌfi, ɛkʌnɑmɪk ʌnælʌsʌs ʌnd soʊsiɑlʌdʒi.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is quite clear, but there's a slight background noise that makes it sound a bit muffled.'

jenny/10923

Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and justice.

law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and justice.

moderate speed

lɔ ɔlsoʊ ɹeɪzʌz ɪmpɔɹtʌnt ʌnd kɑmplɛks ɪʃuz kʌnsɜ˞nɪŋ ɪkwɑlʌti, fɛɹnʌs, ʌnd dʒʌstʌs.

very noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks calmly and monotonically, with very little variation in pace or tone.'

jenny/10924

PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

philosophy of law

moderate speed

fʌlɑsʌfi ʌv lɔ

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

Jenny speaks clearly, with a consistent tone, but her voice is very quiet.

jenny/10925

But what, after all, is a law?

but what, after all, is a law?

moderate speed

bʌt wʌt, æftɜ˞ ɔl, ɪz ʌ lɔ?

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech sounds clear and consistent, but there's a bit of background noise that can be heard.'

jenny/10926

When I say that the object of laws is always general, I mean that law considers subjects en masse and actions in the abstract, and never a particular person or action.

when i say that the object of laws is always general, i mean that law considers subjects en masse and actions in the abstract, and never a particular person or action.

slightly fast

wɛn aɪ seɪ ðæt ðʌ ɑbdʒɛkt ʌv lɔz ɪz ɔlweɪz dʒɛnɜ˞ʌl, aɪ min ðæt lɔ kʌnsɪdɜ˞z sʌbdʒɪkts ɛn mæs ʌnd ækʃʌnz ɪn ðʌ æbstɹækt, ʌnd nɛvɜ˞ ʌ pɜ˞tɪkjʌlɜ˞ pɜ˞sʌn ɔɹ ækʃʌn.

quite noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Very noisy and very confined, Jenny's speech is difficult to hear, even with a moderate level of background noise.'

jenny/10928

The philosophy of law is commonly known as jurisprudence.

the philosophy of law is commonly known as jurisprudence.

slightly fast

ðʌ fʌlɑsʌfi ʌv lɔ ɪz kɑmʌnli noʊn æz dʒʊɹʌspɹudʌns.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a clear and consistent tone, but her voice is very quiet and somewhat monotone.'

jenny/10929

Normative jurisprudence asks 'what should law be?

normative jurisprudence asks 'what should law be?

moderate speed

nɔɹmʌtɪv dʒʊɹʌspɹudʌns æsks 'wʌt ʃʊd lɔ bi?

very clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear and concise, but there's a hint of monotone in her tone of voice.'

jenny/1092

Quite likely the person at the next table was a spy of the Thought Police, and quite likely he would be in the cellars of the Ministry of Love within three days, but a cigarette end must not be wasted.

quite likely the person at the next table was a spy of the thought police, and quite likely he would be in the cellars of the ministry of love within three days, but a cigarette end must not be wasted.

quite fast

kwaɪt laɪkli ðʌ pɜ˞sʌn æt ðʌ nɛkst teɪbʌl wɑz ʌ spaɪ ʌv ðʌ θɔt pʌlis, ʌnd kwaɪt laɪkli hi wʊd bi ɪn ðʌ sɛlɜ˞z ʌv ðʌ mɪnʌstɹi ʌv lʌv wɪðɪn θɹi deɪz, bʌt ʌ sɪɡɜ˞ɛt ɛnd mʌst nɑt bi weɪstɪd.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Very noisy recording with a moderate ambient sound and minimal variation in pace.'

jenny/10930

', while analytic jurisprudence asks 'what is law?'

', while analytic jurisprudence asks 'what is law?'

moderate speed

', waɪl ænʌlɪtɪk dʒʊɹʌspɹudʌns æsks 'wʌt ɪz lɔ?'

slightly clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear but has a slight monotone delivery, delivered at a moderate pace.'.

jenny/10931

ANALYTICAL JURISPRUDENCE

analytical jurisprudence

moderate speed

ænʌlɪtɪkʌl dʒʊɹʌspɹudʌns

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is clear and consistent, but there is some background noise that can be distracting.'

jenny/10932

There have been several attempts to produce 'a universally acceptable definition of law'.

there have been several attempts to produce 'a universally acceptable definition of law'.

quite fast

ðɛɹ hæv bɪn sɛvɹʌl ʌtɛmpts tu pɹʌdus 'ʌ junʌvɜ˞sʌli æksɛptʌbʌl dɛfʌnɪʃʌn ʌv lɔ'.

quite clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks clearly and monotone, with minimal background noise. Her voice is very fast but not excessively so.'

jenny/10934

McCoubrey and White said that the question 'what is law?'

mccoubrey and white said that the question 'what is law?'

moderate speed

ʌnd waɪt sɛd ðæt ðʌ kwɛstʃʌn 'wʌt ɪz lɔ?'

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks in a very monotone tone with moderate speed, but there's a bit of background noise that makes it sound slightly clear.'

jenny/10935

has no simple answer.

has no simple answer.

slightly fast

hæz noʊ sɪmpʌl ænsɜ˞.

quite clear

slightly roomy sounding

very monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear and monotone, with a slight hint of slowness in the delivery.'.

jenny/10936

Glanville Williams said that the meaning of the word 'law' depends on the context in which that word is used.

glanville williams said that the meaning of the word 'law' depends on the context in which that word is used.

slightly fast

ɡlænvɪl wɪljʌmz sɛd ðæt ðʌ minɪŋ ʌv ðʌ wɜ˞d 'lɔ' dɪpɛndz ɑn ðʌ kɑntɛkst ɪn wɪtʃ ðæt wɜ˞d ɪz juzd.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there is a slight hint of background noise that makes it feel a bit muffled.'

jenny/10937

He said that, for example, 'early customary law' and 'municipal law' were contexts where the word 'law' had two different and irreconcilable meanings.

he said that, for example, 'early customary law' and 'municipal law' were contexts where the word 'law' had two different and irreconcilable meanings.

moderate speed

hi sɛd ðæt, fɔɹ ɪɡzæmpʌl, 'ɜ˞li kʌstʌmɛɹi lɔ' ʌnd 'mjunɪsʌpʌl lɔ' wɜ˞ kɑntɛksts wɛɹ ðʌ wɜ˞d 'lɔ' hæd tu dɪfɜ˞ʌnt ʌnd ɪɹɛkʌnsaɪlʌbʌl minɪŋz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone in a room with moderate ambient noise.'

jenny/10938

Thurman Arnold said that it is obvious that it is impossible to define the word 'law' and that it is also equally obvious that the struggle to define that word should not ever be abandoned.

thurman arnold said that it is obvious that it is impossible to define the word 'law' and that it is also equally obvious that the struggle to define that word should not ever be abandoned.

moderate speed

θɜ˞mʌn ɑɹnʌld sɛd ðæt ɪt ɪz ɑbviʌs ðæt ɪt ɪz ɪmpɑsʌbʌl tu dɪfaɪn ðʌ wɜ˞d 'lɔ' ʌnd ðæt ɪt ɪz ɔlsoʊ ikwʌli ɑbviʌs ðæt ðʌ stɹʌɡʌl tu dɪfaɪn ðæt wɜ˞d ʃʊd nɑt ɛvɜ˞ bi ʌbændʌnd.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate pace and tone, but there's a bit of background noise and a slightly monotone delivery.'

jenny/10939

It is possible to take the view that there is no need to define the word 'law' e.g.

it is possible to take the view that there is no need to define the word 'law' e.g.

slightly fast

ɪt ɪz pɑsʌbʌl tu teɪk ðʌ vju ðæt ðɛɹ ɪz noʊ nid tu dɪfaɪn ðʌ wɜ˞d 'lɔ' i.dʒi.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks in a very clear and monotone tone, with minimal background noise.'

jenny/1093

Syme had folded up his strip of paper and stowed it away in his pocket.

syme had folded up his strip of paper and stowed it away in his pocket.

quite fast

saɪm hæd foʊldʌd ʌp hɪz stɹɪp ʌv peɪpɜ˞ ʌnd stoʊd ɪt ʌweɪ ɪn hɪz pɑkʌt.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is quite clear, but there's a bit of background noise. The tone is very monotone, and the pace is quite fast.'

jenny/10940

'let's forget about generalities and get down to cases' .

'let's forget about generalities and get down to cases' .

quite fast

'lɛt'ɛs fɜ˞ɡɛt ʌbaʊt dʒɛnɜ˞ælʌtiz ʌnd ɡɛt daʊn tu keɪsʌz' .

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there's a bit of background noise and her tone is quite monotone.'

jenny/10941

One definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour.

one definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour.

moderate speed

wʌn dɛfʌnɪʃʌn ɪz ðæt lɔ ɪz ʌ sɪstʌm ʌv ɹulz ʌnd ɡaɪdlaɪnz wɪtʃ ɑɹ ɛnfɔɹst θɹu soʊʃʌl ɪnstɪtuʃʌnz tu ɡʌvɜ˞n bɪheɪvjɜ˞.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's voice is very monotone, with moderate ambient noise present in the background'.

jenny/10942

Holmes said, 'The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by the law.'

holmes said, 'the prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what i mean by the law.'

slightly fast

hoʊmz sɛd, 'ðʌ pɹɑfʌsiz ʌv wʌt ðʌ kɔɹts wɪl du ɪn fækt, ʌnd nʌθɪŋ mɔɹ pɹitɛnʃʌs, ɑɹ wʌt aɪ min baɪ ðʌ lɔ.'

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there is some background noise in the recording, making it sound slightly monotonous.'

jenny/10943

In his Treatise on Law Aquinas argues that law is a rational ordering of things which concern the common good that is promulgated by whoever is charged with the care of the community.

in his treatise on law aquinas argues that law is a rational ordering of things which concern the common good that is promulgated by whoever is charged with the care of the community.

moderate speed

ɪn hɪz tɹitʌs ɑn lɔ ʌkwaɪnʌs ɑɹɡjuz ðæt lɔ ɪz ʌ ɹæʃʌnʌl ɔɹdɜ˞ɪŋ ʌv θɪŋz wɪtʃ kʌnsɜ˞n ðʌ kɑmʌn ɡʊd ðæt ɪz pɹɑmʌlɡeɪtɪd baɪ huɛvɜ˞ ɪz tʃɑɹdʒd wɪð ðʌ kɛɹ ʌv ðʌ kʌmjunʌti.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is quite monotone, with some occasional slight background noise and a moderate pace of delivery.'.

jenny/10944

This definition has both positivist and naturalist elements.

this definition has both positivist and naturalist elements.

moderate speed

ðɪs dɛfʌnɪʃʌn hæz boʊθ ʌnd nætʃɜ˞ʌlʌst ɛlʌmʌnts.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is clear, but there's a bit of background noise that makes it sound a bit muffled and monotone.'.

jenny/10945

CONNECTION TO MORALITY AND JUSTICE

connection to morality and justice

slightly fast

kʌnɛkʃʌn tu mɜ˞ælʌti ʌnd dʒʌstʌs

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a clear and consistent tone, but the recording is quite clear and lacks any significant background noise or reverb.'

jenny/10946

Definitions of law often raise the question of the extent to which law incorporates morality.

definitions of law often raise the question of the extent to which law incorporates morality.

slightly fast

dɛfʌnɪʃʌnz ʌv lɔ ɔfʌn ɹeɪz ðʌ kwɛstʃʌn ʌv ðʌ ɪkstɛnt tu wɪtʃ lɔ ɪnkɔɹpɜ˞eɪts mɜ˞ælʌti.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's voice is very quiet and monotone, speaking at a moderate pace with some background noise.'

jenny/10947

John Austin's utilitarian answer was that law is 'commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience'.

john austin's utilitarian answer was that law is 'commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience'.

moderate speed

dʒɑn ɔstʌn'ɛs jutɪlʌtɛɹiʌn ænsɜ˞ wɑz ðæt lɔ ɪz 'kʌmændz, bækt baɪ θɹɛt ʌv sæŋkʃʌnz, fɹʌm ʌ sɑvɹʌn, tu hum pipʌl hæv ʌ hæbʌt ʌv oʊbidiʌns'.

quite noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very noisy and has a very confined sound, but the tone is quite monotone.'

jenny/10948

Natural lawyers on the other side, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, argue that law reflects essentially moral and unchangeable laws of nature.

natural lawyers on the other side, such as jean jacques rousseau, argue that law reflects essentially moral and unchangeable laws of nature.

moderate speed

nætʃɜ˞ʌl lɔjɜ˞z ɑn ðʌ ʌðɜ˞ saɪd, sʌtʃ æz dʒin-ʒɑk ɹusoʊ, ɑɹɡju ðæt lɔ ɹɪflɛkts ɛsɛnʃʌli mɔɹʌl ʌnd lɔz ʌv neɪtʃɜ˞.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Very confined sounding, but the ambient sound is moderate. The speech is delivered in a monotone voice at a moderate pace.'

jenny/10949

In this third part, he states:

in this third part, he states,

slightly fast

ɪn ðɪs θɜ˞d pɑɹt, hi steɪts:

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks clearly, but her voice is quite monotone and slightly fast, with minimal background noise'.

jenny/1094

Parsons had begun talking again.

parsons had begun talking again.

quite fast

pɑɹsʌnz hæd bɪɡʌn tɔkɪŋ ʌɡɛn.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but it is quite monotone and very confined in the recording.'

jenny/10950

The law is good, it is necessary, its execution is poor, and the manners judge the laws based on the manner in which they are executed.

the law is good, it is necessary, its execution is poor, and the manners judge the laws based on the manner in which they are executed.

moderate speed

ðʌ lɔ ɪz ɡʊd, ɪt ɪz nɛsʌsɛɹi, ɪts ɛksʌkjuʃʌn ɪz puɹ, ʌnd ðʌ mænɜ˞z dʒʌdʒ ðʌ lɔz beɪst ɑn ðʌ mænɜ˞ ɪn wɪtʃ ðeɪ ɑɹ ɛksʌkjutɪd.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Very good recording. There's a bit of background noise, but the overall sound is quite clear and consistent.'

jenny/10951

Immanuel Kant believed a moral imperative requires laws 'be chosen as though they should hold as universal laws of nature'.

immanuel kant believed a moral imperative requires laws 'be chosen as though they should hold as universal laws of nature'.

moderate speed

ɪmʌnʊl kænt bɪlivd ʌ mɔɹʌl ɪmpɛɹʌtɪv ɹikwaɪɜ˞z lɔz 'bi tʃoʊzʌn æz ðoʊ ðeɪ ʃʊd hoʊld æz junʌvɜ˞sʌl lɔz ʌv neɪtʃɜ˞'.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear but slightly noisy, delivered in a monotone tone with moderate speed'.

jenny/10952

Jeremy Bentham and his student Austin, following David Hume, believed that this conflated the 'is' and what 'ought to be' problem.

jeremy bentham and his student austin, following david hume, believed that this conflated the 'is' and what 'ought to be' problem.

slightly slowly

dʒɛɹʌmi ʌnd hɪz studʌnt ɔstʌn, fɑloʊɪŋ deɪvɪd hjum, bɪlivd ðæt ðɪs ðʌ 'ɪz' ʌnd wʌt 'ɔt tu bi' pɹɑblʌm.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks very quietly and monotonically, with minimal background noise.'

jenny/10953

Bentham and Austin argued for law's positivism; that real law is entirely separate from 'morality'.

bentham and austin argued for law's positivism, that real law is entirely separate from 'morality'.

moderate speed

ʌnd ɔstʌn ɑɹɡjud fɔɹ lɔ'ɛs pɑzʌtɪvɪzʌm; ðæt ɹil lɔ ɪz ɪntaɪɜ˞li sɛpɜ˞eɪt fɹʌm 'mɜ˞ælʌti'.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's voice is quite monotone, but with a moderate level of ambient sound in the background.'

jenny/10954

Kant was also criticised by Friedrich Nietzsche, who rejected the principle of equality, and believed that law emanates from the will to power, and cannot be labeled as 'moral' or 'immoral'.

kant was also criticised by friedrich nietzsche, who rejected the principle of equality, and believed that law emanates from the will to power, and cannot be labeled as 'moral' or 'immoral'.

moderate speed

kænt wɑz ɔlsoʊ baɪ fɹidɹɪk nitʃi, hu ɹɪdʒɛktɪd ðʌ pɹɪnsʌpʌl ʌv ɪkwɑlʌti, ʌnd bɪlivd ðæt lɔ ɛmʌneɪts fɹʌm ðʌ wɪl tu paʊɜ˞, ʌnd kænɑt bi leɪbʌld æz 'mɔɹʌl' ɔɹ 'ɪmɔɹʌl'.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is quite monotone and speaks at a moderate pace, with a moderate amount of background noise'.

jenny/10956

Kelsen believed that although law is separate from morality, it is endowed with 'normativity', meaning we ought to obey it.

kelsen believed that although law is separate from morality, it is endowed with 'normativity', meaning we ought to obey it.

moderate speed

bɪlivd ðæt ɔlðoʊ lɔ ɪz sɛpɜ˞eɪt fɹʌm mɜ˞ælʌti, ɪt ɪz ɛndaʊd wɪð '', minɪŋ wi ɔt tu oʊbeɪ ɪt.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate tone, but the recording is quite clear with minimal background noise'.

jenny/10957

While laws are positive 'is' statements e.g.

while laws are positive 'is' statements e.g.

moderate speed

waɪl lɔz ɑɹ pɑzʌtɪv 'ɪz' steɪtmʌnts i.dʒi.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is clear and consistent, but there's a bit of background noise that can be distracting at times.'

jenny/10958

Thus, each legal system can be hypothesised to have a basic norm instructing us to obey.

thus, each legal system can be hypothesised to have a basic norm instructing us to obey.

moderate speed

ðʌs, itʃ liɡʌl sɪstʌm kæn bi tu hæv ʌ beɪsɪk nɔɹm ɪnstɹʌktɪŋ ʌs tu oʊbeɪ.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone and slightly noisy voice, speaking at a moderate pace.'

jenny/10959

Therefore, Schmitt advocated a jurisprudence of the exception , which denied that legal norms could encompass all of the political experience.

therefore, schmitt advocated a jurisprudence of the exception , which denied that legal norms could encompass all of the political experience.

moderate speed

ðɛɹfɔɹ, ʃmɪt ædvʌkeɪtɪd ʌ dʒʊɹʌspɹudʌns ʌv ðʌ ɪksɛpʃʌn , wɪtʃ dɪnaɪd ðæt liɡʌl nɔɹmz kʊd ɛnkʌmpʌs ɔl ʌv ðʌ pʌlɪtʌkʌl ɪkspɪɹiʌns.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is rather quiet and monotone, with some minor background noise'.

jenny/1095

'Did I ever tell you, old boy,' he said, chuckling round the stem of his pipe, 'about the time when those two nippers of mine set fire to the old market-woman's skirt because they saw her wrapping up sausages in a poster of B.

'did i ever tell you, old boy,' he said, chuckling round the stem of his pipe, 'about the time when those two nippers of mine set fire to the old market woman's skirt because they saw her wrapping up sausages in a poster of b.

slightly fast

'dɪd aɪ ɛvɜ˞ tɛl ju, oʊld bɔɪ,' hi sɛd, tʃʌklɪŋ ɹaʊnd ðʌ stɛm ʌv hɪz paɪp, 'ʌbaʊt ðʌ taɪm wɛn ðoʊz tu ʌv maɪn sɛt faɪɜ˞ tu ðʌ oʊld mɑɹkʌt-wʊmʌn'ɛs skɜ˞t bɪkɔz ðeɪ sɔ hɜ˞ ɹæpɪŋ ʌp sɔsɪdʒɪz ɪn ʌ poʊstɜ˞ ʌv bi.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

'Jenny speaks clearly but with a slightly monotone tone, with some background noise and a moderate pace.'.

jenny/10962

Hart argued law is a system of rules, divided into primary and secondary ones .

hart argued law is a system of rules, divided into primary and secondary ones .

slightly fast

hɑɹt ɑɹɡjud lɔ ɪz ʌ sɪstʌm ʌv ɹulz, dɪvaɪdɪd ɪntu pɹaɪmɛɹi ʌnd sɛkʌndɛɹi wʌnz .

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks clearly and concisely, with a slight monotone delivery.'

jenny/10963

Secondary rules are further divided into rules of adjudication , rules of change and the rule of recognition .

secondary rules are further divided into rules of adjudication , rules of change and the rule of recognition .

slightly fast

sɛkʌndɛɹi ɹulz ɑɹ fɜ˞ðɜ˞ dɪvaɪdɪd ɪntu ɹulz ʌv ʌdʒudʌkeɪʃʌn , ɹulz ʌv tʃeɪndʒ ʌnd ðʌ ɹul ʌv ɹɛkʌɡnɪʃʌn .

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very clear but has a slight hint of background noise and a slightly monotonous tone.'

jenny/10964

Two of Hart's students continued the debate: In his book Law's Empire, Ronald Dworkin attacked Hart and the positivists for their refusal to treat law as a moral issue.

two of hart's students continued the debate, in his book law's empire, ronald dworkin attacked hart and the positivists for their refusal to treat law as a moral issue.

moderate speed

tu ʌv hɑɹt'ɛs studʌnts kʌntɪnjud ðʌ dʌbeɪt: ɪn hɪz bʊk lɔ'ɛs ɛmpaɪɜ˞, ɹɑnʌld dwɔɹkɪn ʌtækt hɑɹt ʌnd ðʌ fɔɹ ðɛɹ ɹʌfjuzʌl tu tɹit lɔ æz ʌ mɔɹʌl ɪʃu.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech is very clear but slightly monotonous, delivered with a moderate pace.'

jenny/10965

Dworkin argues that law is an 'interpretive concept', that requires judges to find the best fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their constitutional traditions.

dworkin argues that law is an 'interpretive concept', that requires judges to find the best fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their constitutional traditions.

moderate speed

dwɔɹkɪn ɑɹɡjuz ðæt lɔ ɪz æn 'ɪntɜ˞pɹʌtɪv kɑnsɛpt', ðæt ɹikwaɪɜ˞z dʒʌdʒɪz tu faɪnd ðʌ bɛst fɪtɪŋ ʌnd moʊst dʒʌst sʌluʃʌn tu ʌ liɡʌl dɪspjut, ɡɪvʌn ðɛɹ kɑnstʌtuʃʌnʌl tɹʌdɪʃʌnz.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate pace and tone, but there's a bit of background noise and a slightly monotone delivery'.

jenny/10966

Joseph Raz, on the other hand, defended the positivist outlook and criticised Hart's 'soft social thesis' approach in The Authority of Law.

joseph raz, on the other hand, defended the positivist outlook and criticised hart's 'soft social thesis' approach in the authority of law.

moderate speed

dʒoʊsʌf ɹæz, ɑn ðʌ ʌðɜ˞ hænd, dɪfɛndʌd ðʌ aʊtlʊk ʌnd hɑɹt'ɛs 'sɑft soʊʃʌl θisʌs' ʌpɹoʊtʃ ɪn ðʌ ʌθɔɹʌti ʌv lɔ.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate tone, quite monotone and slightly noisy.'

jenny/10967

Raz argues that law is authority, identifiable purely through social sources and without reference to moral reasoning.

raz argues that law is authority, identifiable purely through social sources and without reference to moral reasoning.

moderate speed

ɹæz ɑɹɡjuz ðæt lɔ ɪz ʌθɔɹʌti, aɪdɛntʌfaɪʌbʌl pjʊɹli θɹu soʊʃʌl sɔɹsʌz ʌnd wɪθaʊt ɹɛfɜ˞ʌns tu mɔɹʌl ɹizʌnɪŋ.

very noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very noisy and lacks clarity due to the severe confinement and high level of noise.'

jenny/10968

In his view, any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authoritative instruments in mediation are best left to sociology, rather than jurisprudence.

in his view, any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authoritative instruments in mediation are best left to sociology, rather than jurisprudence.

moderate speed

ɪn hɪz vju, ɛni ʌv ɹulz bɪɑnd ðɛɹ ɹoʊl æz ʌθɔɹʌteɪtɪv ɪnstɹʌmʌnts ɪn midieɪʃʌn ɑɹ bɛst lɛft tu soʊsiɑlʌdʒi, ɹæðɜ˞ ðæn dʒʊɹʌspɹudʌns.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate tone, but the recording is slightly noisy with a lot of ambient sounds in the background'.

jenny/10969

The history of law links closely to the development of civilization.

the history of law links closely to the development of civilization.

quite fast

ðʌ hɪstɜ˞i ʌv lɔ lɪŋks kloʊsli tu ðʌ dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt ʌv sɪvʌlɪzeɪʃʌn.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Very good recording. The speech is clear and easy to hear, with a moderate tone and a consistent pace.'

jenny/10970

Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as stelae, for the entire public to see; this became known as the Codex Hammurabi.

hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of babylon as stelae, for the entire public to see, this became known as the codex hammurabi.

moderate speed

hæmʌɹɑbi pleɪst sɛvɹʌl kɑpiz ʌv hɪz lɔ koʊd θɹuaʊt ðʌ kɪŋdʌm ʌv bæbʌlɑn æz , fɔɹ ðʌ ɪntaɪɜ˞ pʌblɪk tu si; ðɪs bɪkeɪm noʊn æz ðʌ hæmʌɹɑbi.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is quite clear and moderately paced, but there's a faint sense of confinement in the recording.'

jenny/10972

However, Athens had no legal science or single word for 'law', relying instead on the three-way distinction between divine law , human decree and custom .

however, athens had no legal science or single word for 'law', relying instead on the three way distinction between divine law , human decree and custom .

moderate speed

haʊɛvɜ˞, æθʌnz hæd noʊ liɡʌl saɪʌns ɔɹ sɪŋɡʌl wɜ˞d fɔɹ 'lɔ', ɹilaɪɪŋ ɪnstɛd ɑn ðʌ θɹi-weɪ dɪstɪŋkʃʌn bɪtwin dɪvaɪn lɔ , hjumʌn dɪkɹi ʌnd kʌstʌm .

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate, steady pace, with some background noise and a slight monotone delivery.'

jenny/10973

Yet Ancient Greek law contained major constitutional innovations in the development of democracy.

yet ancient greek law contained major constitutional innovations in the development of democracy.

slightly fast

jɛt eɪntʃʌnt ɡɹik lɔ kʌnteɪnd meɪdʒɜ˞ kɑnstʌtuʃʌnʌl ɪnʌveɪʃʌnz ɪn ðʌ dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt ʌv dɪmɑkɹʌsi.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's voice is very clear but slightly monotone, and there's some background noise that makes it sound a bit muffled.'

jenny/10974

Roman law was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy, but its detailed rules were developed by professional jurists and were highly sophisticated.

roman law was heavily influenced by greek philosophy, but its detailed rules were developed by professional jurists and were highly sophisticated.

slightly fast

ɹoʊmʌn lɔ wɑz hɛvʌli ɪnfluʌnst baɪ ɡɹik fʌlɑsʌfi, bʌt ɪts dɪteɪld ɹulz wɜ˞ dɪvɛlʌpt baɪ pɹʌfɛʃʌnʌl dʒʊɹɪsts ʌnd wɜ˞ haɪli sʌfɪstʌkeɪtɪd.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone tone, with some slight background noise'.

jenny/10975

Over the centuries between the rise and decline of the Roman Empire, law was adapted to cope with the changing social situations and underwent major codification under Theodosius II and Justinian I.

over the centuries between the rise and decline of the roman empire, law was adapted to cope with the changing social situations and underwent major codification under theodosius ii and justinian i.

moderate speed

oʊvɜ˞ ðʌ sɛntʃɜ˞iz bɪtwin ðʌ ɹaɪz ʌnd dɪklaɪn ʌv ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn ɛmpaɪɜ˞, lɔ wɑz ʌdæptɪd tu koʊp wɪð ðʌ tʃeɪndʒɪŋ soʊʃʌl sɪtʃueɪʃʌnz ʌnd ʌndɜ˞wɛnt meɪdʒɜ˞ kɑdʌfʌkeɪʃʌn ʌndɜ˞ ʌnd aɪ.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear but somewhat monotonous, with a moderate level of ambient sound in the background'.

jenny/10976

Latin legal maxims were compiled for guidance.

latin legal maxims were compiled for guidance.

moderate speed

lætʌn liɡʌl mæksʌmz wɜ˞ kʌmpaɪld fɔɹ ɡaɪdʌns.

very clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is clear and concise, but recorded on a very high-quality device with a very clear and spacious sound recording.'

jenny/10977

In medieval England, royal courts developed a body of precedent which later became the common law.

in medieval england, royal courts developed a body of precedent which later became the common law.

slightly fast

ɪn mɪdivʌl ɪŋɡlʌnd, ɹɔɪʌl kɔɹts dɪvɛlʌpt ʌ bɑdi ʌv pɹɛsɪdʌnt wɪtʃ leɪtɜ˞ bɪkeɪm ðʌ kɑmʌn lɔ.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very noisy and has a very monotone delivery.'

jenny/10978

A Europe-wide Law Merchant was formed so that merchants could trade with common standards of practice rather than with the many splintered facets of local laws.

a europe wide law merchant was formed so that merchants could trade with common standards of practice rather than with the many splintered facets of local laws.

slightly fast

ʌ jʊɹʌp-waɪd lɔ mɜ˞tʃʌnt wɑz fɔɹmd soʊ ðæt mɜ˞tʃʌnts kʊd tɹeɪd wɪð kɑmʌn stændɜ˞dz ʌv pɹæktʌs ɹæðɜ˞ ðæn wɪð ðʌ mɛni splɪntɜ˞d fæsʌts ʌv loʊkʌl lɔz.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very clear but has a slight background noise, and the speaker's tone is very monotone.'

jenny/10979

The Law Merchant, a precursor to modern commercial law, emphasised the freedom to contract and alienability of property.

the law merchant, a precursor to modern commercial law, emphasised the freedom to contract and alienability of property.

slightly slowly

ðʌ lɔ mɜ˞tʃʌnt, ʌ pɹikɜ˞sɜ˞ tu mɑdɜ˞n kʌmɜ˞ʃʌl lɔ, ðʌ fɹidʌm tu kɑntɹækt ʌnd ʌv pɹɑpɜ˞ti.

very noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very noisy and has a very confined, monotonous tone.'

jenny/1097

? Sneaked up behind her and set fire to it with a box of matches.

? sneaked up behind her and set fire to it with a box of matches.

quite fast

? snikt ʌp bɪhaɪnd hɜ˞ ʌnd sɛt faɪɜ˞ tu ɪt wɪð ʌ bɑks ʌv mætʃʌz.

very clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very clear and monotone tone, but the recording is quite confined, resulting in a slight echo.'

jenny/10981

The Napoleonic and German Codes became the most influential.

the napoleonic and german codes became the most influential.

slightly fast

ðʌ nʌpoʊliɑnɪk ʌnd dʒɜ˞mʌn koʊdz bɪkeɪm ðʌ moʊst ɪnfluɛnʃʌl.

very clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but it's delivered in a monotone style with no noticeable variation in pace.'

jenny/10982

In contrast to English common law, which consists of enormous tomes of case law, codes in small books are easy to export and easy for judges to apply.

in contrast to english common law, which consists of enormous tomes of case law, codes in small books are easy to export and easy for judges to apply.

moderate speed

ɪn kɑntɹæst tu ɪŋɡlɪʃ kɑmʌn lɔ, wɪtʃ kʌnsɪsts ʌv ɪnɔɹmʌs toʊmz ʌv keɪs lɔ, koʊdz ɪn smɔl bʊks ɑɹ izi tu ɛkspɔɹt ʌnd izi fɔɹ dʒʌdʒɪz tu ʌplaɪ.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is quite monotone and slightly noisy, but the recording is of good quality.'

jenny/10983

However, today there are signs that civil and common law are converging.

however, today there are signs that civil and common law are converging.

moderate speed

haʊɛvɜ˞, tʌdeɪ ðɛɹ ɑɹ saɪnz ðæt sɪvʌl ʌnd kɑmʌn lɔ ɑɹ kʌnvɜ˞dʒɪŋ.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech sounds clear and consistent, but there's a bit of background noise that can be heard.'

jenny/10984

EU law is codified in treaties, but develops through de facto precedent laid down by the European Court of Justice.

eu law is codified in treaties, but develops through de facto precedent laid down by the european court of justice.

slightly fast

iju lɔ ɪz kɑdʌfaɪd ɪn tɹitiz, bʌt dɪvɛlʌps θɹu di fæktoʊ pɹɛsɪdʌnt leɪd daʊn baɪ ðʌ jʊɹʌpiʌn kɔɹt ʌv dʒʌstʌs.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear and monotone, with some background noise and a slightly fast pace.'.

jenny/10986

Ancient India and China represent distinct traditions of law, and have historically had independent schools of legal theory and practice.

ancient india and china represent distinct traditions of law, and have historically had independent schools of legal theory and practice.

slightly fast

eɪntʃʌnt ɪndiʌ ʌnd tʃaɪnʌ ɹɛpɹɪzɛnt dɪstɪŋkt tɹʌdɪʃʌnz ʌv lɔ, ʌnd hæv hɪstɔɹɪkʌli hæd ɪndɪpɛndʌnt skulz ʌv liɡʌl θɪɹi ʌnd pɹæktʌs.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks in a very monotone voice with minimal variation in pace and tone, sounding very much the same throughout the recording.'

jenny/10987

Manu's central philosophy was tolerance and pluralism, and was cited across Southeast Asia.

manu's central philosophy was tolerance and pluralism, and was cited across southeast asia.

moderate speed

mɑnu'ɛs sɛntɹʌl fʌlɑsʌfi wɑz tɑlɜ˞ʌns ʌnd plʊɹʌlɪzʌm, ʌnd wɑz saɪtʌd ʌkɹɔs saʊθist eɪʒʌ.

quite noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate pace and monotone tone, but there is a lot of background noise and occasional noisy bursts.'

jenny/10988

In India, the Hindu legal tradition, along with Islamic law, were both supplanted by common law when India became part of the British Empire.

in india, the hindu legal tradition, along with islamic law, were both supplanted by common law when india became part of the british empire.

moderate speed

ɪn ɪndiʌ, ðʌ hɪndu liɡʌl tɹʌdɪʃʌn, ʌlɔŋ wɪð ɪzlɑmɪk lɔ, wɜ˞ boʊθ sʌplæntɪd baɪ kɑmʌn lɔ wɛn ɪndiʌ bɪkeɪm pɑɹt ʌv ðʌ bɹɪtɪʃ ɛmpaɪɜ˞.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very quiet and monotone, with some background noise and a slight hint of robotic delivery.'

jenny/10989

Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore and Hong Kong also adopted the common law system.

malaysia, brunei, singapore and hong kong also adopted the common law system.

moderate speed

mʌleɪʒʌ, bɹunaɪ, sɪŋʌpɔɹ ʌnd hɔŋ kɔŋ ɔlsoʊ ʌdɑptɪd ðʌ kɑmʌn lɔ sɪstʌm.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is clear and concise, but there is a bit of background noise that affects the clarity'.

jenny/1098

Burned her quite badly, I believe.

burned her quite badly, i believe.

very fast

bɜ˞nd hɜ˞ kwaɪt bædli, aɪ bɪliv.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a clear and consistent tone, but there's a bit of background noise that makes it sound somewhat monotone.'

jenny/10990

The eastern Asia legal tradition reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences.

the eastern asia legal tradition reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences.

slightly fast

ðʌ istɜ˞n eɪʒʌ liɡʌl tɹʌdɪʃʌn ɹɪflɛkts ʌ junik blɛnd ʌv sɛkjʌlɜ˞ ʌnd ɹɪlɪdʒʌs ɪnfluʌnsɪz.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very clear and consistent tone, but there's a slight hint of monotone in her delivery.'

jenny/10991

Japan was the first country to begin modernising its legal system along western lines, by importing parts of the French, but mostly the German Civil Code.

japan was the first country to begin modernising its legal system along western lines, by importing parts of the french, but mostly the german civil code.

moderate speed

dʒʌpæn wɑz ðʌ fɜ˞st kʌntɹi tu bɪɡɪn ɪts liɡʌl sɪstʌm ʌlɔŋ wɛstɜ˞n laɪnz, baɪ ɪmpɔɹtɪŋ pɑɹts ʌv ðʌ fɹɛntʃ, bʌt moʊstli ðʌ dʒɜ˞mʌn sɪvʌl koʊd.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate tone of voice in a quiet but ambient room with moderate background noise and a consistent pace.'

jenny/10993

Similarly, traditional Chinese law gave way to westernisation towards the final years of the Qing Dynasty in the form of six private law codes based mainly on the Japanese model of German law.

similarly, traditional chinese law gave way to westernisation towards the final years of the qing dynasty in the form of six private law codes based mainly on the japanese model of german law.

moderate speed

sɪmʌlɜ˞li, tɹʌdɪʃʌnʌl tʃaɪniz lɔ ɡeɪv weɪ tu tʌwɔɹdz ðʌ faɪnʌl jɪɹz ʌv ðʌ kɪŋ daɪnʌsti ɪn ðʌ fɔɹm ʌv sɪks pɹaɪvʌt lɔ koʊdz beɪst meɪnli ɑn ðʌ dʒæpʌniz mɑdʌl ʌv dʒɜ˞mʌn lɔ.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is somewhat monotone and very confined in a quiet room, with a slight hint of background noise'.

jenny/10994

The current legal infrastructure in the People's Republic of China was heavily influenced by Soviet Socialist law, which essentially inflates administrative law at the expense of private law rights.

the current legal infrastructure in the people's republic of china was heavily influenced by soviet socialist law, which essentially inflates administrative law at the expense of private law rights.

moderate speed

ðʌ kɜ˞ʌnt liɡʌl ɪnfɹʌstɹʌktʃɜ˞ ɪn ðʌ pipʌl'ɛs ɹipʌblʌk ʌv tʃaɪnʌ wɑz hɛvʌli ɪnfluʌnst baɪ soʊviʌt soʊʃʌlʌst lɔ, wɪtʃ ɛsɛnʃʌli ɪnfleɪts ʌdmɪnʌstɹeɪtɪv lɔ æt ðʌ ɪkspɛns ʌv pɹaɪvʌt lɔ ɹaɪts.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate pace and speaks in a very monotone tone, with some background noise'.

jenny/10995

Due to rapid industrialisation, today China is undergoing a process of reform, at least in terms of economic, if not social and political, rights.

due to rapid industrialisation, today china is undergoing a process of reform, at least in terms of economic, if not social and political, rights.

moderate speed

du tu ɹæpʌd , tʌdeɪ tʃaɪnʌ ɪz ʌndɜ˞ɡoʊɪŋ ʌ pɹɑsɛs ʌv ɹʌfɔɹm, æt list ɪn tɜ˞mz ʌv ɛkʌnɑmɪk, ɪf nɑt soʊʃʌl ʌnd pʌlɪtʌkʌl, ɹaɪts.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks clearly but with a moderate monotone delivery in a quiet room with moderate ambient sound.'

jenny/10998

Colour-coded map of the legal systems around the world, showing civil, common law, religious, customary and mixed legal systems.

colour coded map of the legal systems around the world, showing civil, common law, religious, customary and mixed legal systems.

moderate speed

kʌlɜ˞-koʊdɪd mæp ʌv ðʌ liɡʌl sɪstʌmz ɜ˞aʊnd ðʌ wɜ˞ld, ʃoʊɪŋ sɪvʌl, kɑmʌn lɔ, ɹɪlɪdʒʌs, kʌstʌmɛɹi ʌnd mɪkst liɡʌl sɪstʌmz.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is clear but slightly muffled due to a moderate ambient sound with some background noise.'

jenny/10999

Common law systems are shaded pink, and civil law systems are shaded blue/turquoise.

common law systems are shaded pink, and civil law systems are shaded blue/turquoise.

moderate speed

kɑmʌn lɔ sɪstʌmz ɑɹ ʃeɪdɪd pɪŋk, ʌnd sɪvʌl lɔ sɪstʌmz ɑɹ ʃeɪdɪd blu/tɜ˞kwɔɪz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate tone of voice, but there's a bit of background noise that makes it sound slightly unclear.'

jenny/1099

Little beggars, eh? But keen as mustard! That's a first-rate training they give them in the Spies nowadays -- better than in my day, even.

little beggars, eh? but keen as mustard! that's a first rate training they give them in the spies nowadays better than in my day, even.

slightly fast

lɪtʌl bɛɡɜ˞z, ɛ? bʌt kin æz mʌstɜ˞d! ðæt'ɛs ʌ fɜ˞st-ɹeɪt tɹeɪnɪŋ ðeɪ ɡɪv ðɛm ɪn ðʌ spaɪz naʊʌdeɪz -- bɛtɜ˞ ðæn ɪn maɪ deɪ, ivɪn.

quite clear

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

'Jenny's speech is clear, but slightly monotone and slightly fast.'

jenny/109

His mind hovered for a moment round the doubtful date on the page, and then fetched up with a bump against the Newspeak word doublethink.

his mind hovered for a moment round the doubtful date on the page, and then fetched up with a bump against the newspeak word doublethink.

slightly fast

hɪz maɪnd hʌvɜ˞d fɔɹ ʌ moʊmʌnt ɹaʊnd ðʌ daʊtfʌl deɪt ɑn ðʌ peɪdʒ, ʌnd ðɛn fɛtʃt ʌp wɪð ʌ bʌmp ʌɡɛnst ðʌ nuspik wɜ˞d dʌbʌlθɪŋk.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very quiet and has a moderate ambient sound with some subtle background noise that's barely noticeable.'.

jenny/10

On each landing, opposite the lift-shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed from the wall.

on each landing, opposite the lift shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed from the wall.

slightly fast

ɑn itʃ lændɪŋ, ɑpʌzʌt ðʌ lɪft-ʃæft, ðʌ poʊstɜ˞ wɪð ðʌ ɪnɔɹmʌs feɪs ɡeɪzd fɹʌm ðʌ wɔl.

very clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but it's delivered very quietly, with minimal variation in tone and pace.'.

jenny/11000

In general, legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems.

in general, legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems.

moderate speed

ɪn dʒɛnɜ˞ʌl, liɡʌl sɪstʌmz kæn bi splɪt bɪtwin sɪvʌl lɔ ʌnd kɑmʌn lɔ sɪstʌmz.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate tone of voice, quite clear and concise, but there's a bit of background noise and monotone delivery.'.

jenny/11001

The specific system that a country is ruled by is often determined by its history, connections with other countries, or its adherence to international standards.

the specific system that a country is ruled by is often determined by its history, connections with other countries, or its adherence to international standards.

slightly fast

ðʌ spʌsɪfɪk sɪstʌm ðæt ʌ kʌntɹi ɪz ɹuld baɪ ɪz ɔfʌn dɪtɜ˞mʌnd baɪ ɪts hɪstɜ˞i, kʌnɛkʃʌnz wɪð ʌðɜ˞ kʌntɹiz, ɔɹ ɪts ʌdhɪɹʌns tu ɪntɜ˞næʃʌnʌl stændɜ˞dz.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's voice is quite monotone, with a moderate level of ambient noise in the background'.

jenny/11002

The sources that jurisdictions adopt as authoritatively binding are the defining features of any legal system.

the sources that jurisdictions adopt as authoritatively binding are the defining features of any legal system.

slightly fast

ðʌ sɔɹsʌz ðæt dʒʊɹɪsdɪkʃʌnz ʌdɑpt æz ʌθɔɹʌteɪtɪvli baɪndɪŋ ɑɹ ðʌ dɪfaɪnɪŋ fitʃɜ˞z ʌv ɛni liɡʌl sɪstʌm.

quite noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very noisy and has a very confined, monotonous tone.'

jenny/11003

Yet classification is a matter of form rather than substance since similar rules often prevail.

yet classification is a matter of form rather than substance since similar rules often prevail.

moderate speed

jɛt klæsʌfʌkeɪʃʌn ɪz ʌ mætɜ˞ ʌv fɔɹm ɹæðɜ˞ ðæn sʌbstʌns sɪns sɪmʌlɜ˞ ɹulz ɔfʌn pɹɪveɪl.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear but has a slight monotone delivery, with very little variation in pace or tone.'

jenny/11004

Civil law is the legal system used in most countries around the world today.

civil law is the legal system used in most countries around the world today.

slightly fast

sɪvʌl lɔ ɪz ðʌ liɡʌl sɪstʌm juzd ɪn moʊst kʌntɹiz ɜ˞aʊnd ðʌ wɜ˞ld tʌdeɪ.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very clear and consistent tone, but the recording is quite clear with minimal background noise'.

jenny/11005

Codifications date back millennia, with one early example being the Babylonian Codex Hammurabi.

codifications date back millennia, with one early example being the babylonian codex hammurabi.

moderate speed

deɪt bæk mʌlɛniʌ, wɪð wʌn ɜ˞li ɪɡzæmpʌl biɪŋ ðʌ bæbʌloʊniʌn hæmʌɹɑbi.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very clear, but there's a slight background noise that makes it sound a bit muffled.'

jenny/11007

Roman law in the days of the Roman Republic and Empire was heavily procedural, and lacked a professional legal class.

roman law in the days of the roman republic and empire was heavily procedural, and lacked a professional legal class.

moderate speed

ɹoʊmʌn lɔ ɪn ðʌ deɪz ʌv ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn ɹipʌblʌk ʌnd ɛmpaɪɜ˞ wɑz hɛvʌli pɹʌsidʒɜ˞ʌl, ʌnd lækt ʌ pɹʌfɛʃʌnʌl liɡʌl klæs.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate tone, but there's a bit of noise and a very confined sound quality.'

jenny/11008

Instead a lay magistrate, iudex, was chosen to adjudicate.

instead a lay magistrate, iudex, was chosen to adjudicate.

moderate speed

ɪnstɛd ʌ leɪ mædʒʌstɹeɪt, , wɑz tʃoʊzʌn tu ʌdʒudɪkeɪt.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks clearly but has a very neutral tone of voice, speaking in a moderate pace'.

jenny/11009

Decisions were not published in any systematic way, so any case law that developed was disguised and almost unrecognised.

decisions were not published in any systematic way, so any case law that developed was disguised and almost unrecognised.

moderate speed

dɪsɪʒʌnz wɜ˞ nɑt pʌblɪʃt ɪn ɛni sɪstʌmætɪk weɪ, soʊ ɛni keɪs lɔ ðæt dɪvɛlʌpt wɑz dɪsɡaɪzd ʌnd ɔlmoʊst .

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is clear and recorded well, but the sound is quite confined and has a moderate ambient quality.'

jenny/1100

What d'you think's the latest thing they've served them out with? Ear trumpets for listening through keyholes! My little girl brought one home the other night -- tried it out on our sitting-room door, and reckoned she could hear twice as much as with her ear to the hole.

what d'you think's the latest thing they've served them out with? ear trumpets for listening through keyholes! my little girl brought one home the other night tried it out on our sitting room door, and reckoned she could hear twice as much as with her ear to the hole.

slightly fast

wʌt di'ju θɪŋk'ɛs ðʌ leɪtʌst θɪŋ ðeɪ'vi sɜ˞vd ðɛm aʊt wɪð? iɹ tɹʌmpʌts fɔɹ lɪsʌnɪŋ θɹu kihoʊlz! maɪ lɪtʌl ɡɜ˞l bɹɔt wʌn hoʊm ðʌ ʌðɜ˞ naɪt -- tɹaɪd ɪt aʊt ɑn aʊɜ˞ sɪtɪŋ-ɹum dɔɹ, ʌnd ɹɛkʌnd ʃi kʊd hiɹ twaɪs æz mʌtʃ æz wɪð hɜ˞ iɹ tu ðʌ hoʊl.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

'Jenny's speech is quite clear, but there is a slight echo in the background.'

jenny/11010

Each case was to be decided afresh from the laws of the State, which mirrors the unimportance of judges' decisions for future cases in civil law systems today.

each case was to be decided afresh from the laws of the state, which mirrors the unimportance of judges' decisions for future cases in civil law systems today.

moderate speed

itʃ keɪs wɑz tu bi dɪsaɪdɪd ʌfɹɛʃ fɹʌm ðʌ lɔz ʌv ðʌ steɪt, wɪtʃ mɪɹɜ˞z ðʌ ʌv dʒʌdʒɪz' dɪsɪʒʌnz fɔɹ fjutʃɜ˞ keɪsʌz ɪn sɪvʌl lɔ sɪstʌmz tʌdeɪ.

very noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'This recording is very noisy and has a lot of background noise, making it difficult to understand Jenny's words.'

jenny/11012

This became known as the Corpus Juris Civilis.

this became known as the corpus juris civilis.

moderate speed

ðɪs bɪkeɪm noʊn æz ðʌ kɔɹpʌs dʒʊɹɪs .

very clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny speaks with a moderate pace, her voice quite clear with minimal background noise.'

jenny/11013

As one legal historian wrote, 'Justinian consciously looked back to the golden age of Roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three centuries before.'

as one legal historian wrote, 'justinian consciously looked back to the golden age of roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three centuries before.'

moderate speed

æz wʌn liɡʌl hɪstɔɹiʌn ɹoʊt, ' kɑnʃʌsli lʊkt bæk tu ðʌ ɡoʊldʌn eɪdʒ ʌv ɹoʊmʌn lɔ ʌnd eɪmd tu ɹɪstɔɹ ɪt tu ðʌ pik ɪt hæd ɹitʃt θɹi sɛntʃɜ˞iz bɪfɔɹ.'

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech is delivered in a moderate tone with some background noise, lacking both echo and a clear voice style.'.

jenny/11014

The Justinian Code remained in force in the East until the fall of the Byzantine Empire.

the justinian code remained in force in the east until the fall of the byzantine empire.

moderate speed

ðʌ koʊd ɹɪmeɪnd ɪn fɔɹs ɪn ðʌ ist ʌntɪl ðʌ fɔl ʌv ðʌ bɪzʌntaɪn ɛmpaɪɜ˞.

quite clear

very confined sounding

very monotone

'Jenny speaks with a very monotone voice, completely lacking any expression or variation in pace or tone.'

jenny/11015

Both these codes influenced heavily not only the law systems of the countries in continental Europe e.g.

both these codes influenced heavily not only the law systems of the countries in continental europe e.g.

moderate speed

boʊθ ðiz koʊdz ɪnfluʌnst hɛvʌli nɑt oʊnli ðʌ lɔ sɪstʌmz ʌv ðʌ kʌntɹiz ɪn kɑntʌnɛntʌl jʊɹʌp i.dʒi.

quite noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is very noisy and quite monotone, delivered very slowly.'

jenny/11016

Greece , but also the Japanese and Korean legal traditions.

greece , but also the japanese and korean legal traditions.

moderate speed

ɡɹis , bʌt ɔlsoʊ ðʌ dʒæpʌniz ʌnd kɔɹiʌn liɡʌl tɹʌdɪʃʌnz.

very clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'A very clear and perfectly recorded speech with minimal background noise.'

jenny/11017

Today, countries that have civil law systems range from Russia] and Turkey to most of Central and Latin America.

today, countries that have civil law systems range from russia and turkey to most of central and latin america.

slightly fast

tʌdeɪ, kʌntɹiz ðæt hæv sɪvʌl lɔ sɪstʌmz ɹeɪndʒ fɹʌm ɹʌʃʌ] ʌnd tɜ˞ki tu moʊst ʌv sɛntɹʌl ʌnd lætʌn ʌmɛɹʌkʌ.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is quite monotone and slightly noisy, with a very confined and low-quality recording.'

jenny/11018

Anarchism has been practiced in society in much of the world.

anarchism has been practiced in society in much of the world.

moderate speed

hæz bɪn pɹæktʌst ɪn sʌsaɪʌti ɪn mʌtʃ ʌv ðʌ wɜ˞ld.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is clear but slightly monotonous, recorded in a room with a bit of ambient noise'.

jenny/11019

Mass anarchist communities, ranging from Syria to the United States, exist and vary from hundreds to millions.

mass anarchist communities, ranging from syria to the united states, exist and vary from hundreds to millions.

slightly fast

mæs ænɜ˞kɪst kʌmjunʌtiz, ɹeɪndʒɪŋ fɹʌm sɪɹiʌ tu ðʌ junaɪtɪd steɪts, ɪɡzɪst ʌnd vɛɹi fɹʌm hʌndɹʌdz tu mɪljʌnz.

very noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech is very noisy, with a lot of background noise and a very monotone tone.'

jenny/1101

Of course it's only a toy, mind you.

of course it's only a toy, mind you.

very fast

ʌv kɔɹs ɪt'ɛs oʊnli ʌ tɔɪ, maɪnd ju.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

'The speech sample is very clear with minimal background noise, but the delivery is slightly monotone and the pace is very fast'.

jenny/11020

Anarchism encompasses a broad range of social political philosophies with different tendencies and implementation.

anarchism encompasses a broad range of social political philosophies with different tendencies and implementation.

moderate speed

ɛnkʌmpʌsʌz ʌ bɹɔd ɹeɪndʒ ʌv soʊʃʌl pʌlɪtʌkʌl fʌlɑsʌfiz wɪð dɪfɜ˞ʌnt tɛndʌnsiz ʌnd ɪmplʌmɛnteɪʃʌn.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's speech is very monotone and slightly noisy, but she speaks at a moderate pace.'

jenny/11021

Laws being based upon their need.

laws being based upon their need.

slightly fast

lɔz biɪŋ beɪst ʌpɑn ðɛɹ nid.

quite clear

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'Jenny's voice is very clear, but there's a bit of background noise that makes it sound somewhat unclear.'

jenny/11022

Socialist law is the legal systems in communist states such as the former Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.

socialist law is the legal systems in communist states such as the former soviet union and the people's republic of china.

slightly fast

soʊʃʌlʌst lɔ ɪz ðʌ liɡʌl sɪstʌmz ɪn kɑmjʌnʌst steɪts sʌtʃ æz ðʌ fɔɹmɜ˞ soʊviʌt junjʌn ʌnd ðʌ pipʌl'ɛs ɹipʌblʌk ʌv tʃaɪnʌ.

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

quite monotone

'The speech sample is clear but has a faint amount of noise, and the tone is very monotone.'