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Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread. 10

['QSN What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics? ANS decreased effectiveness', 'QSN Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol? ANS moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics', 'QSN Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic? ANS there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects', 'QSN How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed? ANS widespread', 'QSN What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause? ANS decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy', 'QSN What is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics? ANS alcohol consumption', 'QSN What belief should bever be mixed widespread? ANS alcohol and antibiotics', 'QSN What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness? ANS alcohol', 'QSN What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol? ANS specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects', 'QSN Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics? ANS alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed']

Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound. 7

['QSN What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains? ANS Intrinsic antibacterial resistance', 'QSN What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance? ANS antibacterial resistance genes', 'QSN What can be absent from the bacterial genome? ANS antibiotic target', 'QSN When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/ ANS vertical transmission', 'QSN What does some resistance come from? ANS mutation', 'QSN What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance? ANS vertical transmission of mutations', 'QSN What do plasmids do in resistance? ANS carry several different resistance genes']

Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that "most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections." 4

['QSN What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes? ANS superbugs', 'QSN What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance? ANS tuberculosis', 'QSN How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year? ANS half a million', 'QSN What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB? ANS MDR-TB']

Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections. The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics. 3

['QSN What are the two biggest reasons for resistance? ANS Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse', 'QSN What is a common method of misuse? ANS Self prescription', 'QSN What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance? ANS overuse of antibiotics']

Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found "physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. 5

['QSN What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling? ANS prophylactic antibiotics', "QSN What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use? ANS failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage", 'QSN What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices? ANS failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery', 'QSN What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics? ANS Inappropriate antibiotic treatment', 'QSN What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right? ANS prescribe antibiotics']

Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as other US agencies. An NGO campaign group is Keep Antibiotics Working. In France, an "Antibiotics are not automatic" government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children. 3

['QSN What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics? ANS US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance', 'QSN Which agencies control this task force? ANS US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)', 'QSN When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics? ANS 2002']

The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA). 5

['QSN When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth? ANS 2003', 'QSN What report caused the UK to worry about resistance? ANS Swann report 1969', 'QSN What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals? ANS American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)', 'QSN Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production? ANS S.742 and H.R. 2562', "QSN What 3 medical associations supported the bills? ANS American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)"]

There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations. 3

['QSN What besides sick people are antibiotics used for? ANS animal husbandry', 'QSN When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals? ANS 1977', 'QSN When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals? ANS March 2012']

Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine. 5

['QSN What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections? ANS medicinal folklore', 'QSN When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used? ANS over 2000 years ago', 'QSN What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use? ANS mold and plant materials and extracts', 'QSN What does antibiosis mean? ANS against life', 'QSN Who came up with the term antibiosis? ANS Jean Paul Vuillemin']

The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. He initially characterized some of its biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists. 4

['QSN What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections? ANS mold', 'QSN Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold? ANS Alexander Fleming', 'QSN What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties? ANS penicillin', 'QSN What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it? ANS chemotherapy']

The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials. 4

['QSN What was the first available antibiotic? ANS Prontosil', 'QSN What company developed Prontosil? ANS IG Farben', 'QSN Who led the team that came up with Prontosil? ANS Gerhard Domagk', 'QSN What prize did Domagk get for his work? ANS 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine']

In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during the war. 5

['QSN What was the first antibiotic developed from nature? ANS tyrothricin', 'QSN When was tyrothricin created? ANS 1939', 'QSN What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin? ANS start of World War II,', 'QSN Who discovered tyrothricin? ANS Rene Dubos', 'QSN What was tyrothricin used for during the war? ANS wounds and ulcers']

Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin. 5

['QSN When was penicillin G first purified? ANS 1942', 'QSN When did penicillin G become available outside of military use? ANS 1945', 'QSN Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin? ANS Norman Heatley', 'QSN When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered? ANS 1945', 'QSN Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin? ANS Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin']

Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins. 3

['QSN What do vaccines need to work? ANS immune modulation or augmentation', 'QSN What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives? ANS Antibacterial vaccines', 'QSN What types of vaccines have been phased out? ANS Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates']

Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria. 3

['QSN What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria? ANS Phage therapy', 'QSN How have researchers been doing this? ANS infecting pathogenic bacteria', 'QSN What is a worry of using phages? ANS phages will infect "good" bacteria']

In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States. The number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously. The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials. However, these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of GNB. Some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments: 3

['QSN How many antibiotics have been created in the last 7 years? ANS 2', 'QSN How many are in the pipelin to fight GNB? ANS seven', 'QSN What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance? ANS 2013']

Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible." 4

['QSN Who regulates antibiotic approval? ANS FDA', 'QSN What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics? ANS economic incentives', 'QSN What are resistant bacteria called in the media? ANS superbugs', 'QSN Who is a director at the Pew Charitable Trusts? ANS Allan Coukell,']

Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: ​[fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. 19

["QSN What was Frédéric's nationalities? ANS Polish and French", 'QSN In what era was Frédéric active in? ANS Romantic era', 'QSN For what instrument did Frédéric write primarily for? ANS solo piano', 'QSN In what area was Frédéric born in? ANS Duchy of Warsaw', 'QSN At what age did Frédéric depart from Poland? ANS 20', 'QSN What year was Chopin born? ANS 1810', 'QSN What era was Chopin active during? ANS Romantic era', 'QSN Where did Chopin grow up? ANS Warsaw', 'QSN What instrument did he mostly compose for? ANS solo piano', 'QSN At what age did Chopin leave Poland? ANS 20', 'QSN When did Chopin die? ANS 17 October 1849', "QSN What was Chopin's full name? ANS Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin", "QSN The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument? ANS solo piano", 'QSN Chopin was active during what era? ANS Romantic era', 'QSN In what year was Chopin born? ANS 1810', 'QSN In what city was Chopin born and raised? ANS Warsaw', 'QSN How old was Chopin when he left Poland? ANS 20', 'QSN In what era of music did Chopin compose? ANS Romantic', 'QSN What year did Chopin die? ANS 1849']

At the age of 21 he settled in Paris. Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries, including Robert Schumann. In 1835 he obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska, from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer George Sand. A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838–39 was one of his most productive periods of composition. In his last years, he was financially supported by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. Through most of his life, Chopin suffered from poor health. He died in Paris in 1849, probably of tuberculosis. 17

['QSN At what age did Frédéric move to Paris? ANS 21', 'QSN How many public performances was Frédéric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life? ANS 30', 'QSN In what year did Frédéric obtain citizenship in France? ANS 1835', "QSN In what area had Frédéric's most productive period of composition taken place? ANS Majorca", "QSN What was Frédéric's most likely cause of death? ANS tuberculosis", 'QSN Where did he end up living when he was 21? ANS Paris', 'QSN How many public shows did he perform during the last years of his life? ANS 30', 'QSN What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with? ANS Franz Liszt', 'QSN What year did he gain citizenship in France? ANS 1835', 'QSN What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847? ANS Maria Wodzińska', 'QSN At what age did Chopin move to Paris? ANS 21', 'QSN During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public? ANS 30', 'QSN What year did Chopin become a citizen of France? ANS 1835', 'QSN In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially? ANS Jane Stirling', 'QSN In what year did Chopin become a French citizen? ANS 1835', 'QSN Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life? ANS Jane Stirling', 'QSN What was the likely cause of death for Chopin? ANS tuberculosis']

All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade. His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, études, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only after his death. Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, the music of all of whom he admired, as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, musical form, and harmony, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period. 17

['QSN What instrument did every composition by Frédéric include? ANS piano', 'QSN What concept was Frédéric credited with creating? ANS instrumental ballade', 'QSN Whose music did Frédéric admire the most and thus provide influence on his work? ANS J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert', "QSN What features marked Frédéric's performance style and made them unique? ANS nuance and sensitivity", 'QSN What establishments did Frédéric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career? ANS Paris salons', 'QSN Which instrument do every one of his compositions include? ANS piano', 'QSN What concept did Chopin create? ANS instrumental ballade', "QSN What are two things Chopin's performances were known for? ANS nuance and sensitivity", "QSN What three composers influenced Chopin's work? ANS J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert", 'QSN Chopin wrote some music to lyrics, what language were the lyrics? ANS Polish', "QSN What instrument is involved in all of Chopin's work? ANS piano", 'QSN Chopin composed several songs to lyrics of what language? ANS Polish', "QSN Chopin's performances were known for what? ANS nuance and sensitivity", 'QSN What three composers did Chopin take inspiration from? ANS J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert', "QSN What instrument was all of Chopin's compositions written for? ANS piano", 'QSN What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for? ANS Polish', 'QSN Of what venue was Chopin an often invited guest? ANS Paris salons']

In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy. 11

["QSN What was the degree of Frédéric's association with political insurrection? ANS indirect", "QSN What parts of Frédéric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era? ANS his love life and his early death", 'QSN In which era was Frédéric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol? ANS Romantic era', 'QSN In what forms of media has Frédéric been the subject of? ANS films and biographies', 'QSN Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions? ANS France', 'QSN Chopin is a native of what country? ANS Poland', 'QSN He had a non-direct association with what? ANS political insurrection', 'QSN Chopin is closely associated with what era? ANS Romantic era', 'QSN Where did Chopin create most of his works? ANS France', 'QSN Chopin was indirectly related to what? ANS political insurrection', 'QSN Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what? ANS Romantic era']

Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 2] which is now generally accepted as the correct date. 16

['QSN In what village was Frédéric born in? ANS Żelazowa Wola', 'QSN On what date was Frédéric born on? ANS 22 February 1810', 'QSN Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead? ANS 1 March', "QSN What was the latin form of Frédéric's full name? ANS Fridericus Franciscus", 'QSN How many miles was the village Frédéric born in located to the west of Warsaw? ANS 29', 'QSN Where was Chopin born? ANS Żelazowa Wola', 'QSN Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw? ANS Napoleon', 'QSN When was his birthday recorded as being? ANS 22 February 1810', 'QSN What birth date is now considered as his actual birthday? ANS 1 March', "QSN Chopin's given names in Latin are what? ANS Fridericus Franciscus", 'QSN The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom? ANS Napoleon', "QSN Chopin's birth is recorded as when? ANS 22 February 1810", 'QSN What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin? ANS 1 March', "QSN What is the Latin form of Chopin's name? ANS Fridericus Franciscus", 'QSN Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location? ANS Żelazowa Wola', 'QSN What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time? ANS Napoleon']

Fryderyk's father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen. Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy, and in 1806 married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative of the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked. Fryderyk was baptized on Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810, in the same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom he was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin. Fryderyk was the couple's second child and only son; he had an elder sister, Ludwika (1807–55), and two younger sisters, Izabela (1811–81) and Emilia (1812–27). Nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland, and insisted on the use of the Polish language in the household. 11

["QSN Who did Frédéric's father marry in 1806? ANS Justyna Krzyżanowska", 'QSN On what date was Frédéric baptised? ANS 23 April 1810', "QSN What language did Frédéric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household? ANS Polish", "QSN What was the given name of Chopin's father? ANS Nicolas", "QSN Where was Chopin's father from? ANS Lorraine", "QSN Chopin's father married who? ANS Justyna Krzyżanowska", "QSN What is the name of Chopin's godfather? ANS Fryderyk Skarbek", "QSN What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister? ANS Ludwika", "QSN What was Chopin's father's first name? ANS Nicolas", "QSN From where id Chopin's father emigrate from? ANS Lorraine", "QSN What is Chopin's older sister's name? ANS Ludwika"]

In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. 14

['QSN During what month did Frédéric move to Warsaw with his family? ANS October', "QSN What language did Frédéric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw? ANS French", 'QSN Where did Frédéric live with his family while they were in Warsaw? ANS the Palace grounds', "QSN What two instruments did Frédéric's father play during this time? ANS flute and violin", 'QSN What was Frédéric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build? ANS illnesses', "QSN When did Chopin's family move to Warsaw? ANS October 1810", "QSN Where did Chopin's father get a teaching position? ANS Warsaw Lyceum", "QSN What instruments did Chopin's father play? ANS flute and violin", "QSN What instrument did Chopin's mother teach? ANS piano", 'QSN How old was Chopin when his family moved to Warsaw? ANS six months', "QSN What language did Chopin's father teach? ANS French", "QSN What two instruments did Chopin's father play? ANS flute and violin", "QSN What instrument did Chopin's mother teach at the boarding house? ANS piano", 'QSN Where did Chopin live with his family in Warsaw? ANS Saxon Palace.']

Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript. 14

["QSN Who was Frédéric's first professional teacher in music? ANS Wojciech Żywny", 'QSN Which sister did Frédéric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time? ANS Ludwika', 'QSN At what age did Frédéric start giving public concerts? ANS 7', 'QSN What did Frédéric compose during the year of 1817? ANS two polonaises', 'QSN What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Frédéric? ANS a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821', "QSN Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher? ANS Wojciech Żywny", 'QSN Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with? ANS Ludwika', 'QSN At what age did Chopin start playing publicly? ANS 7', 'QSN What year did Chopin compose his first work? ANS 1817', 'QSN During what years did Chopin receive instruction from Żywny? ANS 1816 to 1821', "QSN What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician? ANS Wojciech Żywny", "QSN Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him? ANS Ludwika", 'QSN How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public? ANS 7', "QSN Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to? ANS Wojciech Żywny"]

In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity. 14

['QSN In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military? ANS 1817', 'QSN What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time? ANS Warsaw University', "QSN What building was Frédéric's new home adjacent to? ANS Kazimierz Palace", "QSN What palace was Frédéric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son? ANS Belweder Palace", "QSN What short poem spoke of Frédéric's popularity as a child? ANS Nasze Przebiegi", 'QSN The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year? ANS 1817', 'QSN The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where? ANS Kazimierz Palace', 'QSN As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom? ANS Grand Duke Constantine', 'QSN What did Chopin create for Grand Duke Constantine? ANS a march', 'QSN In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child? ANS Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz', "QSN What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son? ANS Belweder Palace", 'QSN What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with? ANS Grand Duke Constantine', "QSN What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father? ANS a march", 'QSN Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin? ANS Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz']

From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition.[n 3] Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ, the "eolomelodicon", and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his "wealth of musical ideas". 15

['QSN During what years did Frédéric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons? ANS 1823 to 1826', 'QSN Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826? ANS Józef Elsner', 'QSN What was the name of the mechanical organ Frédéric performed on during 1825? ANS eolomelodicon', 'QSN Which tsar did Frédéric perform for due to his success in previous concerts? ANS Alexander I', "QSN On what date was Frédéric's first performance that earned international esteem? ANS 10 June 1825", 'QSN Who taught Chopin to play the organ? ANS Wilhelm Würfel', 'QSN Chopin had three years of lessons with whom? ANS Józef Elsner', 'QSN What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I? ANS eolomelodicon', 'QSN What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin? ANS diamond ring', "QSN What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown? ANS Rondo Op. 1", 'QSN Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ? ANS Wilhelm Würfel', "QSN What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826? ANS Józef Elsner", 'QSN What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825? ANS eolomelodicon', 'QSN What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin? ANS a diamond ring.', 'QSN What is the title of his first commercially successful work? ANS Rondo Op. 1.']

During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift. 9

['QSN Who was Frédéric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825? ANS Dominik Dziewanowski', 'QSN In which village did Frédéric first experience rural Polish folk music? ANS Szafarnia', 'QSN To whom did Frédéric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia? ANS his family', 'QSN What did Frédéric write parodies of in his letters? ANS Warsaw newspapers', 'QSN During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with? ANS Dominik Dziewanowski', 'QSN What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia? ANS Polish rural folk music', 'QSN What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music? ANS Dominik Dziewanowski', 'QSN What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote? ANS The Szafarnia Courier', 'QSN Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825? ANS Szafarnia']

In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 6] Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopinów) became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n 7] 14

["QSN During what year did Frédéric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away? ANS 1827", "QSN What street did Frédéric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister? ANS Krakowskie Przedmieście", 'QSN What year did Frédéric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasiński Palace? ANS 1830', "QSN What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century? ANS a museum", 'QSN Which artist created the first known portrait of Frédéric? ANS Ambroży Mieroszewski', "QSN What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die? ANS 1827", 'QSN What year did Chopin leave Warsaw? ANS 1830', "QSN What was the Chopin family's business? ANS boarding house for male students", 'QSN What artist painted the Chopin family? ANS Ambroży Mieroszewski', "QSN Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827? ANS sister Emilia", 'QSN What year did Chopin leave Warsaw? ANS 1830', 'QSN What was the Chopin boarding house called in English? ANS Chopin Family Parlour', 'QSN What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829? ANS Ambroży Mieroszewski', 'QSN Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students? ANS male']

Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja Gładkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (Larghetto) of his Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her – "It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight." His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius." 11

["QSN Of the individuals that became intimate with Frédéric during their stay at the family apartments, which two became part of Frédéric's social environment in Paris? ANS Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana", 'QSN Which singer was cited specifically as someone Frédéric was attracted to? ANS Konstancja Gładkowska', "QSN What four boys from his family's boarding house became friends with Chopin? ANS Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana", 'QSN Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with? ANS Konstancja Gładkowska', "QSN Which of Chopin's works was unknowingly dedicated to Gladkowska? ANS Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)", 'QSN When did Chopin receive his last Conservatory report? ANS July 1829', "QSN Which two of Chopin's friends became part of his Paris milieu? ANS Jan Matuszyński and Julian Fontana", 'QSN What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to? ANS Konstancja Gładkowska', 'QSN To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with? ANS Tytus Woyciechowski', 'QSN What musical piece had a Larghetto dedicated to the female singing student Chopin was infatuated with? ANS Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)', "QSN How many boarders of his family's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin? ANS Four"]

In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3. 14

['QSN Who did Frédéric visit Berlin with in September 1828? ANS Feliks Jarocki', 'QSN Which opera director did Frédéric see works of during his stay in Berlin? ANS Gaspare Spontini', 'QSN Who was Frédéric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829? ANS Prince Antoni Radziwiłł', "QSN What piece did Frédéric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda? ANS Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3", 'QSN When did Chopin visit Berlin? ANS September 1828', 'QSN With whom did Chopin go to Berlin? ANS Feliks Jarocki', 'QSN While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who? ANS Gaspare Spontini', 'QSN In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who? ANS Prince Antoni Radziwiłł', 'QSN What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni? ANS Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3', 'QSN What year did Chopin visit Berlin while still a student? ANS 1828', 'QSN Who did Chopin go to Berlin with? ANS Feliks Jarocki', 'QSN What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work? ANS zoologist', 'QSN Who directed the operas they enjoyed in Berlin? ANS Gaspare Spontini', 'QSN What year did Chopin return to Berlin? ANS 1829']

Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first Études, (1829–32), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews—in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on Là ci darem la mano, Op. 2 (variations on an aria from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830. 13

['QSN What did Frédéric compose after hearing Niccolò Paganini perform on the violin? ANS Souvenir de Paganini', 'QSN During what month did Frédéric make his first appearance in Vienna? ANS August', 'QSN How many piano concerts did Frédéric perform in Vienna during this time? ANS two', 'QSN On what date did Frédéric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21? ANS 17 March 1830', 'QSN What did Chopin compose after hearing Niccolo Paganini? ANS Souvenir de Paganini', 'QSN Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies? ANS Vienna', 'QSN What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw? ANS Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21', 'QSN When did Chopin return to Warsaw? ANS September 1829', 'QSN Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate? ANS accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists', 'QSN Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition? ANS Niccolò Paganini', 'QSN Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education? ANS Vienna', 'QSN How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education? ANS two', 'QSN How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut? ANS three']

Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever." With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, "I curse the moment of my departure." When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: "Oh God! ... You are there, and yet you do not take vengeance!" Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing "into an inspired national bard who intuited the past, present and future of his native Poland." 13

['QSN On what date did Frédéric begin his journey into Western Europe? ANS 2 November 1830', 'QSN Which country did Frédéric go to first after setting out for Western Europe? ANS Austria', 'QSN In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw? ANS 1830', "QSN What historian commented that the events involving Frédéric's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing? ANS Zdzisław Jachimecki", 'QSN Who said that Chopin set out "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever?" ANS Zdzisław Jachimecki', 'QSN Who did Chopin leave for Austria with? ANS Woyciechowski', 'QSN Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria? ANS Italy', 'QSN Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what? ANS the November 1830 Uprising', 'QSN What geographicla region was opened for Chopin due to his composing and performances? ANS western Europe', 'QSN When Chopin started to take his music to the world, what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria? ANS Woyciechowski', 'QSN What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw? ANS 1830', 'QSN What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick? ANS "I curse the moment of my departure."', 'QSN What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed? ANS 1831']

Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole. 14

['QSN What event was Frédéric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831? ANS the Polish Great Emigration', "QSN What version of Frédéric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France? ANS French", 'QSN In what year did Frédéric officially acquire French citizenship? ANS 1835', 'QSN What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Frédéric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile? ANS friends and confidants', 'QSN What nationality is stated as the one Frédéric felt most identified by? ANS Polish', 'QSN When did Chopin reach Paris? ANS September 1831', 'QSN By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what? ANS Polish Great Emigration', 'QSN In what year did Chopin become a French citizen? ANS 1835', "QSN What is the name of Chopin's biographer? ANS Adam Zamoyski", 'QSN After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to? ANS Poland', "QSN What country's passport did he have from 1835? ANS France", 'QSN What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking? ANS French', 'QSN What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French? ANS Adam Zamoyski', 'QSN Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as? ANS Polish Great Emigration']

In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. 7

['QSN In what city did Frédéric achieve celebrity status? ANS Paris', 'QSN Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with? ANS Adam Mickiewicz', 'QSN What did Frédéric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz? ANS songs', 'QSN What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs? ANS Adam Mickiewicz', 'QSN What people did Chopin meet while in Paris? ANS Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny', 'QSN What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris? ANS Adam Mickiewicz', 'QSN What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold? ANS principal of the Polish Literary Society']

Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and "gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life." Fontana was to become, in the words of Michałowski and Samson, Chopin's "general factotum and copyist". 11

['QSN Which friend of Frédéric failed to achieve success in England? ANS Julian Fontana', "QSN Who was Frédéric's trusted adviser while in Paris? ANS Albert Grzymała", 'QSN What familial role was Albert Grzymała compared to in regards to Frédéric? ANS elder brother', 'QSN Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Frédéric? ANS Julian Fontana', "QSN What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Frédéric's life while in Paris? ANS Polish", 'QSN Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris? ANS England', 'QSN Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established? ANS England', 'QSN Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris? ANS Albert Grzymała', 'QSN Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him? ANS Albert Grzymała', 'QSN Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist? ANS Julian Fontana', 'QSN Where were Chopin and Fontana students together? ANS Warsaw Conservatory']

At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: "Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ..." After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked. 10

['QSN Who gave Frédéric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions? ANS Robert Schumann', 'QSN On what date did Frédéric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel? ANS 26 February 1832', "QSN What is stated as a hindrance for Frédéric's ability to perform in large concert spaces? ANS intimate keyboard technique", 'QSN Who did Frédéric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works? ANS his father', 'QSN From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement? ANS Robert Schumann', 'QSN When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ? ANS 26 February 1832', 'QSN What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from? ANS Rothschild', 'QSN When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann? ANS 1831', 'QSN What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris? ANS keyboard technique', 'QSN Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income? ANS publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students']

Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances—few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England. 9

["QSN What was Frédéric's favorite environment to perform in? ANS his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends", 'QSN What instrument did Frédéric play in a performance on 23 March 1833? ANS pianos', 'QSN Chopin gave a yearly performance where? ANS Salle Pleyel', 'QSN Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece? ANS Hexameron', 'QSN In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published? ANS Maurice Schlesinger', "QSN What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him? ANS Adolphe Gutmann", 'QSN Where did Chopin prefer to play for people? ANS apartment', 'QSN On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert? ANS Liszt and Hiller', 'QSN Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music? ANS Maurice Schlesinger']

In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as "a very agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix's, as among Chopin's best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Felix Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him "a perfect musician". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her. 13

['QSN Who did Frédéric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival? ANS Felix Mendelssohn', 'QSN What two activities did Frédéric do while visiting for a day in Düsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller? ANS playing and discussing music', 'QSN Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Frédéric met while in Düsseldorf? ANS Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow', "QSN Where were Frédéric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835? ANS Carlsbad", 'QSN Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn? ANS the Lower Rhenish Music Festival', 'QSN Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with? ANS Hiller', 'QSN In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit? ANS Carlsbad', 'QSN When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodziński? ANS July 1836', "QSN Who was Maria's mother? ANS Countess Wodzińska", 'QSN Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834? ANS Felix Mendelssohn', 'QSN Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834? ANS Düsseldorf', 'QSN What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position? ANS director of the Academy of Art', 'QSN What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to? ANS Maria']

Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that "I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.—also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art." 6

["QSN Who was the recipient of Frédéric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831? ANS Woyciechowski", "QSN What are the three names stated in Frédéric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in? ANS Herz, Liszt, Hiller", "QSN Who is stated as being in attendance of Frédéric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832? ANS Liszt", 'QSN What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform? ANS 26 February 1832', 'QSN Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt? ANS Woyciechowski', "QSN Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held? ANS the Salle Pleyel"]

The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841. 11

["QSN What address did Frédéric live at during his stay in Paris? ANS 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin", 'QSN How far down the road did Liszt live from Frédéric during this time? ANS a few blocks', 'QSN How many times did Frédéric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841? ANS seven', 'QSN For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833? ANS Harriet Smithson', 'QSN At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841? ANS Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory', 'QSN When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together? ANS 2 April 1833', 'QSN What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for? ANS the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn', 'QSN Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together? ANS Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory', 'QSN When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home? ANS the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte', 'QSN How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public? ANS seven', 'QSN Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit? ANS Harriet Smithson']

Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies." However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand. 11

['QSN What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Frédéric and Liszt? ANS love-hate relationship', 'QSN What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Frédéric? ANS theatricality, showmanship and success', 'QSN What did Frédéric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added? ANS an apology', 'QSN What did Frédéric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848? ANS my friend Liszt', 'QSN What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt? ANS Op. 10 Études', "QSN What was the name of Liszt's mistress? ANS Marie d'Agoult", 'QSN Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 Études to? ANS Liszt', 'QSN Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin? ANS Liszt', "QSN What was the name of Liszt's mistress? ANS Marie d'Agoult", 'QSN Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music? ANS Hiller', "QSN What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with? ANS George Sand"]

In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My tragedy". Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over. 10

["QSN Who was the host of the gathering where Frédéric was introduced to George Sand? ANS Marie d'Agoult", "QSN What did Frédéric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage? ANS My tragedy", 'QSN Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Frédéric? ANS Grzymała', "QSN What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult? ANS George Sand", "QSN What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska? ANS his poor health", 'QSN What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother? ANS My tragedy', "QSN Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand? ANS Marie d'Agoult", "QSN What year did Maria Wodzińska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter? ANS 1837", 'QSN What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother? ANS My tragedy', 'QSN Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838? ANS Grzymała']

In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soirée at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ..." The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather. 15

['QSN What city did Frédéric visit in June 1837? ANS London', "QSN What event occurred on Frédéric's return to Paris? ANS his association with Sand began in earnest", 'QSN How many years older was George Sand compared to Frédéric? ANS six', "QSN What adjective is used to describe Frédéric and Sand's time together during the winter of 1838? ANS miserable", 'QSN Where did Frédéric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married? ANS Valldemossa', 'QSN With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837? ANS Camille Pleyel', "QSN What was James Broadwood's occupation? ANS piano maker", 'QSN How much older was George Sands than Chopin? ANS six years', "QSN During Sands and Chopin's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing? ANS Félicien Mallefille", 'QSN After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter? ANS a former Carthusian monastery', 'QSN When did Chopin and Sand become lovers? ANS June 1838', 'QSN Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839? ANS Majorca', "QSN Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca? ANS Sand's two children", 'QSN One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who? ANS Félicien Mallefille.', 'QSN Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa? ANS a former Carthusian monastery']

On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: "Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die." He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: "I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39. 9

['QSN How many doctors saw Frédéric by the 3rd of December? ANS Three', 'QSN What did Frédéric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness? ANS piano', 'QSN What condition did Frédéric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles? ANS best possible condition', 'QSN How many doctors visited Chopin? ANS 3', "QSN What month did Chopin's piano arrive? ANS December", 'QSN What did Chopin compalin about? ANS his bad health', 'QSN What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca? ANS his Pleyel piano', "QSN What month did Chopin's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca? ANS December", 'QSN Who did Chopin send his Preludes to? ANS Pleyel']

Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orléans, living in adjacent buildings. 15

["QSN What is stated as having a negative effect on Frédéric's health during this productive time? ANS bad weather", 'QSN What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to? ANS Canuts', 'QSN What city did the group travel to in order to help Frédéric recover? ANS Marseilles', "QSN Where was Sand's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846? ANS Nohant", "QSN Where did Frédéric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other? ANS Square d'Orléans", "QSN Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to? ANS the Canuts", 'QSN Where did the group travel to after Barcelona? ANS Marseilles', "QSN Where was Sand's home? ANS Nohant", "QSN After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment? ANS 5 rue Tronchet", "QSN In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move? ANS Square d'Orléans", "QSN What had a negative effect on Chopin's health? ANS the bad weather", 'QSN Who did Sand sell the piano to? ANS the Canuts.', 'QSN Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona? ANS Marseilles', "QSN Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842? ANS Square d'Orléans", 'QSN Where did they spend most summers until 1846? ANS Nohant']

At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne. On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition. 9

["QSN What event were Chopin and Sand at on 26 July 1840? ANS Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale", 'QSN What anniversary was the July Revolution that Sand and Chopin were present at a dress rehearsal for? ANS tenth', 'QSN At whose funeral did Chopin play in 1839? ANS Adolphe Nourrit', "QSN What instrument did Chopin play at Adolphe Nourrit's funeral? ANS organ", "QSN What piece did Chopin play at Adolphe Nourrit's funeral? ANS Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne", 'QSN Chopin attended the funeral of who in 1839? ANS Adolphe Nourrit', "QSN What did Chopin play at the funeral? ANS Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne.", "QSN What was the dress rehearsal for? ANS Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale", 'QSN It was in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of what? ANS the July Revolution.']

During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839–43, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: 7

['QSN What is the example given of a work produced by Frédéric during calm summers at Nohant? ANS Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53', 'QSN Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano? ANS Pauline Viardot', 'QSN On what date did Delacroix write a letter based on his visit at Nohant? ANS 7 June 1842', 'QSN What did Chopin help Pauline Viardot with? ANS piano technique and composition', 'QSN Who were two visitors to Chopin while in Nohant? ANS Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot', 'QSN What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on? ANS piano technique and composition.', 'QSN Who wrote a letter on June 7, 1842 about a stay in Nohant? ANS Delacroix']

From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: "I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much." He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him "hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy. 13

['QSN In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health? ANS 1842', 'QSN To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain? ANS Grzymała', "QSN What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health? ANS Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's", 'QSN What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hallé when the latter visited him? ANS piano', 'QSN What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses? ANS temporal lobe epilepsy', 'QSN Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health? ANS 1842', 'QSN What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play? ANS Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement', 'QSN What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having? ANS temporal lobe epilepsy', 'QSN When did Chopin show signs of serious illness? ANS From 1842 onwards', 'QSN Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much? ANS mouth and tonsils', "QSN Chopin had to decline who's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard's? ANS Alkan", 'QSN Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move? ANS Charles Hallé', 'QSN Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition? ANS temporal lobe epilepsy.']

Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her "third child". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a "child," a "little angel", a "sufferer" and a "beloved little corpse." In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters—a rich actress and a prince in weak health—could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer's galleys. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant, and he quietly ended their ten-year relationship following an angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made "a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship." The two would never meet again. 12

["QSN What was the name of Sand's daughter's fiance that contributed to deteriorating the relationship between Sand and Chopin? ANS Auguste Clésinger", 'QSN What was the interest Sand had that Chopin showed apathy towards? ANS radical political pursuits', 'QSN What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse? ANS third child', "QSN What was the name of Sand's novel she published in reference to her situation with Chopin? ANS Lucrezia Floriani", 'QSN In what year did Chopin and Sand ultimately bring their relationship to a close? ANS 1847', "QSN When did Chopin's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate? ANS 1846", "QSN Whom did Sand's daughter Solange become engaged to? ANS Auguste Clésinger", 'QSN What novel did Sand write in 1847? ANS Lucrezia Floriani', "QSN Who was the fortune hunter engaged to Sand's daughter? ANS Auguste Clésinger.", 'QSN What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed? ANS nurse', "QSN What was the name of Sand's book where the main characters can be interpreted as Sand and Chopin? ANS Lucrezia Floriani", 'QSN When did Chopin end his relationship with Sand? ANS 1847']

Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski opines that "his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual." 8

['QSN What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844? ANS Op. 58 sonata', 'QSN What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less? ANS more refined than many of his earlier compositions', 'QSN How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841? ANS a dozen', 'QSN How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842? ANS six', 'QSN What piece did Chopin compose in 1844? ANS Op. 58 sonata', 'QSN How many works did Chopin write in 1842? ANS six', 'QSN How many works did Chopin write in 1843? ANS six shorter pieces', 'QSN How many works did Chopin write in 1845? ANS three mazurkas']

Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. 7

['QSN In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance? ANS February 1848', 'QSN With whom did Chopin perform his final concert? ANS Auguste Franchomme', 'QSN When did Chopin last perform? ANS February 1848', 'QSN Who did Chopin last perform with? ANS Auguste Franchomme', 'QSN Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what? ANS struggle financially.', 'QSN Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848? ANS Auguste Franchomme', 'QSN What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play? ANS Cello']

Chopin's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin – The Women Behind The Music (2010), and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television. 7

['QSN What television station made a documentary on Chopin? ANS BBC', 'QSN What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv? ANS Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda', 'QSN What was the title of the documentary the BBC released? ANS The Women Behind The Music', 'QSN What television station released a documentary on Chopin? ANS BBC', 'QSN What was the name of the documentary released by the BBC? ANS Chopin – The Women Behind The Music', 'QSN What are the names of the two people that created a documentary for Italian tele vision? ANS Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda', "QSN Who did a work for Italian television about Chopin's life? ANS Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda"]

Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: La valse de l'adieu (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; Impromptu (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; La note bleue (1991); and Chopin: Desire for Love (2002). 9

['QSN What was the name of the 1945 movie released about Chopin? ANS A Song to Remember', 'QSN What is the name of the actor who received and Oscar nomination for his role as Chopin? ANS Cornel Wilde', "QSN What year was La valse de l'adieu released? ANS 1928", 'QSN Who starred as Chopin in Impromptu? ANS Hugh Grant', 'QSN Chopins relations with whom have been fictionalized in movies? ANS George Sand', 'QSN What 1945 film was a fictionalized accounting of the relationship between Chopin and Sand? ANS A Song to Remember', 'QSN Who portrayed Chopin in A Song to Remember? ANS Cornel Wilde', "QSN Who portrayed Chopin in the 1928 film, La valse de l'adieu? ANS Pierre Blanchar", 'QSN Who portrayed Chopin in the 1991 film, Impromptu? ANS Hugh Grant']

Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. 8

["QSN When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life? ANS 1901", "QSN Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life created? ANS Milan", "QSN Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life? ANS Giacomo Orefice", 'QSN What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin? ANS Chopin', 'QSN What style is the fictionalized "Chopin" in? ANS opera', 'QSN Who wrote the fictionalized "Chopin?" ANS Giacomo Orefice', 'QSN When was the fictionalized "Chopin" produced? ANS 1901.', 'QSN Where was the fictionalized "Chopin" produced? ANS Milan']

Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). 6

['QSN An 1830 sonnet was written about Chopin by what man? ANS Leon Ulrich', 'QSN Aside from George Sands what two French authors have written about Chopin? ANS Marcel Proust and André Gide', 'QSN Leon Ulrich wrote about Chopin in what format? ANS sonnet', 'QSN What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature? ANS sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich', 'QSN When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin? ANS 1830', 'QSN In addition to Polish and French, what other language has numerous biogrpahies of Chopin? ANS English']

Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of The New York Times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years. 6

['QSN The Warsaw Chopin Society holds the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin how often? ANS every five years.', 'QSN What is the name of the event that The Warsaw Chopin Society holds? ANS Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin', "QSN On Chopin's 200th anniversary critics of what publication made recommendations on recordings of Chopin's work? ANS The New York Times", 'QSN Who organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings? ANS The Warsaw Chopin Society', 'QSN How often is the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings held? ANS every five years.', "QSN Upon Chopin's bicentenary, who recommended a list of who should perform Chopin? ANS The New York Times"]

The British Library notes that "Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era." The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions. 6

['QSN What year was the earliest Chopin recording created? ANS 1895', "QSN What is the title of the earliest known recording of Chopin's work? ANS Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2", "QSN Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work? ANS Paul Pabst", "QSN What has stated that every pianist in the recording era has used Chopin's music? ANS The British Library", 'QSN When did Pabst record his Chopin performance? ANS 1895', "QSN Who has given a discography of pianists' representation of Chopin's pedagogic style? ANS Methuen-Campbell"]

Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty societies world-wide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube as of January 2014. 9

['QSN What is the name of the oldest music essay competition? ANS International Chopin Piano Competition', 'QSN What year was the International Chopin Piano Competition founded? ANS 1927', 'QSN Where is the International Chopin Piano Competition held? ANS Warsaw', 'QSN How often is the International Chopin Piano Competition held? ANS every five years', "QSN The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland includes approximately how many recordings of Chopin's work from Youtube? ANS 1,500", "QSN What is the world's oldest monographic music competition? ANS the International Chopin Piano Competition", 'QSN When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established? ANS 1927', 'QSN There are over 80 societies throughout the world that have been established because of Chopin and his music according to who? ANS The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland', "QSN How many known works of Chopin's music were on YouTube up to the beginning of 2014? ANS nearly 1,500"]

Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides. 9

["QSN What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin's work? ANS Chopiniana", "QSN Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work? ANS Michel Fokine", 'QSN Chopiniana later went by a different name, what is that name? ANS Les Sylphides', 'QSN Who orchestrated Chopiniana? ANS Alexander Glazunov', 'QSN What year was the Chopiniana released? ANS 1909', "QSN Which 1909 ballet used Chopin's music? ANS Chopiniana", 'QSN Who choreographed Chopiniana? ANS Michel Fokine', 'QSN Who orchestrated Chopiniana? ANS Alexander Glazunov.', 'QSN Sergei Diaghilev obtained additional orchestrations for subsequent productions, using which title? ANS Les Sylphides.']

In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding. 7

['QSN Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848? ANS London', 'QSN Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London? ANS Jane Stirling', 'QSN Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848? ANS London', 'QSN What two people suggested the 1848 tour? ANS Jane Stirling and her elder sister', 'QSN Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin? ANS Jane Stirling', 'QSN What was happening in April 1848 in Paris? ANS Revolution', "QSN What was Jane Stirling's national heritage? ANS Scottish"]

In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea (£1.05 in present British currency) per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. 10

['QSN Where did Chopin stay while in London? ANS Dover Street', 'QSN What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London? ANS Broadwood', "QSN Where was Chopin's initial performance? ANS Stafford House", 'QSN What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House? ANS Queen Victoria and Prince Albert', 'QSN What date did he perform with Viardot? ANS 7 July', 'QSN What steet did Chopin stay on in London? ANS Dover Street', 'QSN What did Broadway provide for Chopin? ANS a grand piano.', 'QSN What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London? ANS Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.', 'QSN In addition to hearing him play, what else did people seek from Chopin in London? ANS piano lessons', 'QSN Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London? ANS Viardot']

In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family. She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. He wrote at this time to Grzymała "My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores", and responding to a rumour about his involvement, answered that he was "closer to the grave than the nuptial bed." He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote out his last will and testament—"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere", he wrote to Grzymała. 5

['QSN Where did Jane Stirling invite Chopin? ANS Scotland', 'QSN What doctor was with Chopin when he wrote out his will? ANS Adam Łyszczyński', 'QSN Where was Chopin invited to in late summer? ANS Scotland', 'QSN What city did Chopin perform at on September 27? ANS Glasgow', 'QSN What did Chopin write while staying with Doctor Adam Łyszczyński? ANS will']

Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage. 5

['QSN When did Chopin last appear in public? ANS 16 November 1848', "QSN Where was Chopin's last public performance? ANS Guildhall", 'QSN Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert? ANS Polish refugees.', "QSN What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time? ANS terminal", "QSN Where was Chopin's last public performance? ANS London's Guildhall"]

At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind. 8

['QSN Who did Chopin play for while she sang? ANS Delfina Potocka', 'QSN In 1849 where did Chopin live? ANS Chaillot', "QSN Who was anonymously paying for Chopin's apartment? ANS Princess Obreskoff", 'QSN When did Chopin return to Paris? ANS November', 'QSN Chopin accompanied which singer for friends? ANS Delfina Potocka', 'QSN Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849? ANS Chaillot', "QSN Who paid for Chopin's apartment in Chaillot? ANS Princess Obreskoff.", 'QSN When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin? ANS June 1849']

With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vendôme 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with him, although Viardot remarked sardonically that "all the grand Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room." 6

['QSN When did his sister come to stay with Chopin? ANS June 1849', 'QSN In September 1849 where did Chopin take up residence? ANS Place Vendôme 12', 'QSN Which family member came to Paris in June 1849? ANS his sister', "QSN Who accompanied Chopin's sister to Paris? ANS her husband and daughter", 'QSN Who gave Chopin a loan in September for an apartment? ANS Jane Stirling', "QSN What did Parisian ladies consider proper etiquette when in Chopin's room? ANS to faint"]

Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin requested that his body be opened after death (for fear of being buried alive) and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross. He also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. "No longer", he replied. He died a few minutes before two o'clock in the morning. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand. 5

['QSN Why did Chopin request being cut open after his death? ANS fear of being buried alive', 'QSN What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering? ANS "No longer"', "QSN Who made Chopin's death mask? ANS Clésinger", 'QSN Why did Chopin want his body opened when he died? ANS fear of being buried alive', "QSN What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask? ANS a cast of his left hand."]

Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. However, the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved. Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government. 7

["QSN What is listed as Chopin's official cause of death? ANS tuberculosis", "QSN What was the name of Chopin's doctor? ANS Jean Cruveilhier", 'QSN What has the Polish government not allowed to find true cause of death? ANS DNA testing', "QSN What was the cause of death on Chopin's death certificate? ANS tuberculosis", "QSN Who was Chopin's physician? ANS Jean Cruveilhier", "QSN Other possiblities for Chopin's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and what? ANS cystic fibrosis", "QSN Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death? ANS the Polish government."]

The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. 6

["QSN Where was Chopin's funeral held? ANS Church of the Madeleine", "QSN How long was Chopin's funeral delayed? ANS two weeks", "QSN How many people arrived for Chopin's funeral? ANS Over 3,000", "QSN Where was Chopin's funeral held? ANS the Church of the Madeleine in Paris", "QSN How long was Chopin's funeral delayed? ANS two weeks", 'QSN How many people arrived without an invitation? ANS Over 3,000']

Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lefébure-Wély. The funeral procession to Père Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation. 9

["QSN What song was sung at Chopin's funeral? ANS Mozart's Requiem", "QSN Who was the organist at Chopin's funeral? ANS Louis Lefébure-Wély", "QSN Who led Chopin's funeral procession? ANS Prince Adam Czartoryski", "QSN What was played at his graveside? ANS Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2", "QSN What Mozart song was sung at Chopin's funeral? ANS Mozart's Requiem", "QSN Who was the organist for Chopin's funeral? ANS Louis Lefébure-Wély", 'QSN Which cemetery was Chopin buried in? ANS Père Lachaise Cemetery', 'QSN Who led the funeral procession? ANS Prince Adam Czartoryski', "QSN What was played at Chopin's graveside? ANS the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2"]

Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850.[n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them. 10

["QSN Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone? ANS Clésinger", "QSN What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone? ANS Euterpe", "QSN How much did Chopin's funeral cost? ANS 5,000 francs", "QSN Who paid for Chopin's funeral? ANS Jane Stirling", "QSN Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what? ANS alcohol", "QSN Who designed Chopin's tombstone? ANS Clésinger.", "QSN How much did Chopin's funeral and monument cost? ANS 5,000 francs", "QSN Who paid for Chopin's funeral? ANS Jane Stirling", "QSN Who took Chopin's heart to Poland? ANS sister", 'QSN Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin? ANS Sand']

Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. 4

["QSN How many of Chopin's works still exist? ANS Over 230", 'QSN All of his pieces include what instrument? ANS piano', 'QSN How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived? ANS Over 230', "QSN Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what? ANS chamber music."]

Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin's early works are in the style of the "brilliant" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for example, his fioriture) is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones. 4

['QSN Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students? ANS Clementi', 'QSN Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students? ANS Clementi', 'QSN Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences? ANS Bach and Mozart', 'QSN Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education? ANS Haydn']

Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert étude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837). 6

['QSN Who is credited with creating the nocturne? ANS John Field', 'QSN Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces? ANS ballades and scherzi', 'QSN What new genre di John Field invent? ANS nocturne', 'QSN Chopin was first in writing what for concerts? ANS ballades and scherzi', 'QSN What musical concept did Chopin exploit? ANS concert étude', 'QSN What three other musicians were developing the new genre? ANS Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles']

Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map." The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents. 9

['QSN How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived? ANS seven', 'QSN How many polonaises were published after Chopin died? ANS nine', 'QSN Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known? ANS mazurkas', "QSN What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz? ANS faster tempos", 'QSN What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era? ANS greater range of melody and expression.', "QSN Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall? ANS concert hall", 'QSN What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans? ANS the mazurka', 'QSN How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death? ANS nine', 'QSN What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms? ANS waltzes']

Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the Revolutionary Étude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The Funeral March, the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it. 6

['QSN What is another title Op. 10, No. 12 has garnered? ANS the Revolutionary Étude', 'QSN What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to? ANS Funeral March', 'QSN The Funeral March was written as part of what piece? ANS Sonata No. 2', 'QSN How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to? ANS one', 'QSN What descriptive name was Op. 10, No. 12 given? ANS Revolutionary Étude', 'QSN What descriptive name was Op. 64, No. 1 given? ANS Minute Waltz']

The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66–73), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition. 7

['QSN What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus? ANS 65', "QSN Who was Chopin's musical executor? ANS Julian Fontana", 'QSN How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers? ANS 23', 'QSN Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs? ANS 17', 'QSN What is the last opus number that Chopin used? ANS 65', 'QSN Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855? ANS Julian Fontana', 'QSN When was Op. 74 published? ANS 1857']

Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska. 6

['QSN The Kobylańska Catalogue was named for who? ANS Krystyna Kobylańska', 'QSN Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers? ANS 1857', 'QSN What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers? ANS alternative catalogue designations', "QSN What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin's pieces? ANS the Kobylańska Catalogue", 'QSN What is the shortened reference for the Kobylańska Catalogue? ANS KK', 'QSN Who compiled the Kobylańska Catalogue? ANS Krystyna Kobylańska.']

Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish "National Edition", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources. 6

["QSN Who released the first collection of Chopin's works? ANS Breitkopf & Härtel", 'QSN Who edited the Polish "National Edition" of Chopin\'s works? ANS Jan Ekier', 'QSN Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin? ANS original publishers', "QSN Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up? ANS popular 19th-century piano anthologies.", "QSN What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966? ANS Paderewski", 'QSN Who edited the Polish National Edition? ANS Jan Ekier']

Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that "improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form." The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be "merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; "instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure." Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit. 5

["QSN What is central to Chopin's process? ANS Improvisation", "QSN Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what? ANS the four-bar phrase", "QSN What is central to Chopin's creativeness? ANS Improvisation", 'QSN Who wrote that "improvisation is designed for an audience"? ANS Nicholas Temperley', "QSN What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality? ANS his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit."]

J. Barrie Jones suggests that "amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme", and adds that "the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody." Temperley opines that these works, which contain "immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail", are based on an extended "departure and return" form; "the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes." 3

["QSN What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette? ANS the Barcarolle Op. 60", "QSN What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces? ANS the four ballades and four scherzos", "QSN What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on? ANS departure and return"]

Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music. 5

["QSN Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? ANS folk features", "QSN What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in? ANS straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda.", "QSN Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects? ANS mazurkas", "QSN What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit? ANS drone bass", "QSN What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare? ANS a canon at one beat's distance"]

Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique. 4

["QSN What time are Chopin's polonaises written in? ANS triple time", "QSN Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who? ANS Elsner", "QSN Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies? ANS martial", "QSN Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique? ANS formidable"]

The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. 5

['QSN How many nocturnes did Chopin compose? ANS 21', "QSN What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama? ANS agitated expression", "QSN Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who? ANS Field", 'QSN What year did Chopin meet Field? ANS 1833', "QSN Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections? ANS nocturnes"]

Chopin's études are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing—for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No. 7). 3

['QSN What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique? ANS études', "QSN What form are most of Chopin's études in? ANS straightforward ternary", 'QSN Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote? ANS études']

The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as "the beginnings of studies". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the Étude Op. 10 No. 5. 6

["QSN What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes? ANS The Well-Tempered Clavier", "QSN Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group? ANS Kenneth Hamilton", 'QSN What was described as "the beginning of studies" by Schumann? ANS The preludes', "QSN What inspired Chopin for his preludes? ANS J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier", 'QSN Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what? ANS generic preludes to others of his pieces', 'QSN Who did a recording where Étude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7? ANS Ferruccio Busoni']

The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique—"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the German sonata principle". The last movement, a brief (75-bar) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout, was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries, including Schumann. The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition, including many passages of complex counterpoint, "worthy of Brahms" according to the music historians Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson. 5

['QSN How many movements are No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58 in? ANS four', 'QSN What two people claimed that Op 58 was "worthy of Brahms"? ANS Kornel Michałowski and Jim Samson', 'QSN How many movements are in No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58? ANS four', 'QSN Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann? ANS The last movement', 'QSN According to music historians, which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms? ANS Op. 58']

Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works "novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths), or by sudden shifts to remote keys. Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as Claude Debussy, as does Chopin's use of modal harmony. 3

["QSN Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer? ANS Claude Debussy", "QSN What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards? ANS harmonic innovations", 'QSN Who wrote about Chopin\'s "novel harmonic effects"? ANS Temperley']

In 1841, Léon Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, "One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace." Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his Projet de méthode he wrote: "Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm." He further stated: "One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity." The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands. 3

["QSN What was Chopin's style based upon? ANS independent finger technique", 'QSN Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital? ANS Léon Escudier', 'QSN What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering? ANS his Projet de méthode']

Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous études and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martinů, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. 6

['QSN According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin? ANS Karol Szymanowski', "QSN Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what? ANS national modes and idioms", "QSN Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher? ANS Nikolai Zverev", "QSN Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones? ANS Karol Szymanowski", 'QSN Who was devoted to the music of Chopin? ANS Alexander Scriabin', "QSN Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher? ANS Nikolai Zverev"]

Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art." Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as "always crescendo to a high note", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin "has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn". Hiller wrote that "What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers." 6

["QSN Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances? ANS Jonathan Bellman", 'QSN What did Chopin tend to avoid? ANS rigid procedures', 'QSN What has been falsely credited to Chopin? ANS "always crescendo to a high note"', 'QSN What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts? ANS hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art', 'QSN Who wrote about Chopin\'s "chromatic embroidery"? ANS Berlioz', 'QSN Who wrote that Chopin\'s music, when played by him, became a "colorful wreath of flowers"? ANS Hiller']

Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil, Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice." 4

["QSN Chopin's compositions are often played with what? ANS rubato", 'QSN What does rubato mean? ANS the practice in performance of disregarding strict time', "QSN In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called? ANS rubato", "QSN What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen? ANS mazurkas"]

Friederike Müller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: "[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated ritardandos ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works." 3

['QSN According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm? ANS Friederike Müller', 'QSN Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing? ANS Friederike Müller', 'QSN According to Friederike Müller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what? ANS rhythm.']

With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that "Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November 1830 rising], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know that in Chopin's works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin's works are cannon buried in flowers!" The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) claims that Chopin "must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation." 9

['QSN Chopin was noted as introducing music to what? ANS sense of nationalism', "QSN What year did Schumann review Chopin's piano concertos? ANS 1836", "QSN In his review Schumann made note of Chopin's emotions for what? ANS Poland", 'QSN Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning? ANS the failure of the November 1830', "QSN A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt's name was likely written by who? ANS Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein", 'QSN Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what? ANS polonaises', "QSN Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin's love for his country through his music in 1836? ANS Schumann", "QSN Schumann described Chopin's music as cannons buried in what? ANS flowers", "QSN Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin's 1863 biography, who probably actually wrote it? ANS Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein"]

Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a "nationalist" or "patriotic" composer. George Golos refers to earlier "nationalist" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin's experience of Polish music came more from "urbanised" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts (by Jachimecki and others) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis. Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann's attitude toward Chopin's works as patronizing and comments that Chopin "felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field. 3

['QSN Who said that Chopin\'s familiarity with Polish music was more "urbanised" than true folk music? ANS Barbara Milewski', "QSN George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? ANS Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel", "QSN Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field? ANS Richard Taruskin"]

A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: "Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin's music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ..." 3

["QSN William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what? ANS intuitive", "QSN A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what? ANS freedom", 'QSN Where were Poles scattered to? ANS Europe and the New World']

Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons"—and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that "his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional" among his romantic contemporaries, such as Liszt and Henri Herz. 4

["QSN Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special? ANS Byronic flamboyance", "QSN Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries? ANS Liszt and Henri Herz", 'QSN What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons? ANS Paris', 'QSN Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz? ANS Arthur Hutchings']

Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death. 8

['QSN In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin? ANS Carnaval', "QSN What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? ANS Ballade No. 2 in F major", "QSN How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano? ANS six", 'QSN With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with? ANS Alkan', 'QSN What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers? ANS qualities as a pianist and composer', 'QSN What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin? ANS Carnaval', 'QSN What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann? ANS Ballade No. 2 in F major', 'QSN What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work? ANS Liszt']

Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Édouard Wolff (1816–1880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano Études to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand. 4

['QSN Who dedicated his 1915 piano Études to Chopin? ANS Debussy', "QSN For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for? ANS Jacques Durand", "QSN Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music? ANS Raoul Koczalski", "QSN What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire? ANS Chopin's"]

The exact nature of relations between Tibet and the Ming dynasty of China (1368–1644) is unclear. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. Some Mainland Chinese scholars, such as Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet, pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of these titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars within China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and that it was thus a part of the Ming Empire. But most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvin C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, that Ming titles were only nominal, that Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and that it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor (1521–1566), who ceased relations with Tibet. 1

['QSN Who were Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain? ANS Mainland Chinese scholars']