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Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the Amazonas (Aché), some Central and Southern African (San people), some peoples of New Guinea (Fayu), the Mlabri of Thailand and Laos, the Vedda people of Sri Lanka, and a handful of uncontacted peoples. In Africa, the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers are the Hadza of Tanzania.[citation needed] 7

['QSN What type of lifestyle was prevalent in Siberia until the European Age of Discovery? ANS Hunter-gathering', 'QSN Where does the hunter-gathering lifestyle persist, though in decline? ANS some tribal societies', 'QSN Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past? ANS paleolithic hunting-gathering', 'QSN Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa? ANS the Hadza of Tanzania', 'QSN Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent until when? ANS European Age of Discovery', 'QSN What parts of the New World did the hunter-gathering lifestyles remain? ANS Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia', 'QSN Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa? ANS Hadza of Tanzania']

Archaeologist Louis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters. On the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals, he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers, not hunters, and this idea is popular among some archaeologists and paleoanthropologists. Robert Blumenschine proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging, which involves challenging and scaring off other predators after they have made a kill, which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining protein-rich meat by early humans. 10

["QSN What is Louis Binford's profession? ANS Archaeologist", 'QSN What idea did Binford take issue with? ANS that early hominids and early humans were hunters', 'QSN What did Binford conclude humans were instead of hunters? ANS scavengers', 'QSN What idea did Blumenschine propose? ANS idea of confrontational scavenging', "QSN What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they've made a kill? ANS challenging and scaring off", 'QSN Who is the archaeologist that does not believe early humans were hunters? ANS Louis Binford', 'QSN Louis Binford concluded what based on skeletal remains of consumed animals? ANS hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers', 'QSN What did Robert Blumenschine propose? ANS confrontational scavenging', "QSN Louis Binford's idea is popular among whom? ANS archaeologists and paleoanthropologists", 'QSN Confrontational scavenging involves doing what to other predators? ANS challenging and scaring off']

Even as animal domestication became relatively widespread and after the development of agriculture, hunting was usually a significant contributor to the human food supply. The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather used in clothing. Man's earliest hunting weapons would have included rocks, spears, the atlatl, and bows and arrows. Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture.[citation needed] For example, Inuit people in the Arctic trap and hunt animals for clothing and use the skins of sea mammals to make kayaks, clothing, and footwear. 9

['QSN What was a significant contributor to the human food supply? ANS hunting', 'QSN What did the supplementary meat from hunting include? ANS protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather', 'QSN What was the leather from hunting used for? ANS clothing', "QSN Rocks and spears are examples of some of man's earliest what? ANS hunting weapons", 'QSN Where is hunting still vital? ANS marginal climates', 'QSN Hunt was a significant contributor to what? ANS human food supply', 'QSN Where is hunting still vital? ANS marginal climates', 'QSN Why is hunting still vital in marginal climates? ANS unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture', 'QSN How are the skins of sea mammals useful for people in the Arctic trap? ANS make kayaks, clothing, and footwear']

On ancient reliefs, especially from Mesopotamia, kings are often depicted as hunters of big game such as lions and are often portrayed hunting from a war chariot. The cultural and psychological importance of hunting in ancient societies is represented by deities such as the horned god Cernunnos and lunar goddesses of classical antiquity, the Greek Artemis or Roman Diana. Taboos are often related to hunting, and mythological association of prey species with a divinity could be reflected in hunting restrictions such as a reserve surrounding a temple. Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon, for example, may be seen as a caution against disrespect of prey or impudent boasting. 9

['QSN What are kings often depicted as on ancient reliefs? ANS hunters', 'QSN What are the kings portrayed as hunting? ANS big game', 'QSN How was the cultural importance of hunting in ancient societies represented? ANS by deities', 'QSN What could the mythological association of prey species with divinity be a form of? ANS hunting restrictions', "QSN What might the meaning of Euripides' tale be seen as a caution against? ANS disrespect of prey", 'QSN Kings were depicted as hunting what big game from a chariot? ANS lions', 'QSN What is often related to hunting? ANS Taboos', 'QSN Deities represent what importance? ANS cultural and psychological', "QSN What tale is seen as cautions against disrespecting prey or impudent boasting? ANS Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon"]

In most parts of medieval Europe, the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory. Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen, but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer". In contrast, settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all. 15

['QSN Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory? ANS the upper class', 'QSN What was game in the areas used by the upper class used as a source of? ANS food and furs', 'QSN What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles? ANS Robin Hood', 'QSN What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend? ANS they "hunt the King\'s deer', 'QSN Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory? ANS the upper class', 'QSN What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in? ANS democratically in hunting for all', 'QSN What was game in the areas used by the upper class used as a source of? ANS food and furs', 'QSN What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles? ANS Robin Hood', 'QSN What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend? ANS they "hunt the King\'s deer', 'QSN What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in? ANS democratically in hunting for all', 'QSN In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas? ANS upper class', 'QSN What was the game in feudal territory was used as? ANS food and furs', 'QSN Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory? ANS professional huntsmen', 'QSN The importance of can be seen in what legends? ANS Robin Hood', 'QSN Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for? ANS all']

Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation, as well as a sport of the kingly. Even figures considered godly are described to have engaged in hunting. One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha, which translates as "the deer hunter" (mriga means deer; vyadha means hunter). The word Mriga, in many Indian languages including Malayalam, not only stands for deer, but for all animals and animal instincts (Mriga Thrishna). Shiva, as Mrigavyadha, is the one who destroys the animal instincts in human beings. In the epic Ramayana, Dasharatha, the father of Rama, is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark. During one of his hunting expeditions, he accidentally killed Shravana, mistaking him for game. During Rama's exile in the forest, Ravana kidnapped his wife, Sita, from their hut, while Rama was asked by Sita to capture a golden deer, and his brother Lakshman went after him. According to the Mahabharat, Pandu, the father of the Pandavas, accidentally killed the sage Kindama and his wife with an arrow, mistaking them for a deer. Krishna is said to have died after being accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter. 10

['QSN What kind of occupation do Hindu scriptures describe hunting as being? ANS acceptable', 'QSN What is one of the names of the god Shiva? ANS Mrigavyadha', 'QSN What is the translation of Mrigavyadha? ANS "the deer hunter"', 'QSN What does Shiva destroy in human beings? ANS animal instincts', 'QSN What talent does Dasharatha have? ANS hunt in the dark', 'QSN What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation? ANS Hindu', 'QSN Godly figures have engaged in what activity? ANS hunting', 'QSN Mrigavyadha means what? ANS deer hunter', 'QSN Mrigavyadha destroys animal instinct in who? ANS human beings', 'QSN What happened after Krishna was accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter? ANS died']

From early Christian times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church clerics. Thus the Corpus Juris Canonici (C. ii, X, De cleric. venat.) says, "We forbid to all servants of God hunting and expeditions through the woods with hounds; and we also forbid them to keep hawks or falcons." The Fourth Council of the Lateran, held under Pope Innocent III, decreed (canon xv): "We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics." The decree of the Council of Trent is worded more mildly: "Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking" (Sess. XXIV, De reform., c. xii), which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy (clamorosa) hunting unlawful, but not quiet (quieta) hunting. 10

['QSN Who has hunting been forbidden to since early Christian times? ANS Roman Catholic Church clerics', 'QSN Who forbid to all servants of God hunting? ANS Corpus Juris Canonici', 'QSN What pope was the Fourth Council of the Lateran held under? ANS Pope Innocent III', 'QSN What does the decree of the Council of Trent imply? ANS not all hunting is illicit', 'QSN What type of hunting is unlawful? ANS clamorosa', 'QSN Who was forbidden to hunt in early Christian time? ANS Roman Catholic Church clerics', 'QSN What forbid hunting in the woods with hounds and keeping hawks or falcons? ANS Corpus Juris Canonici', 'QSN Who held the Fourth Council of the Lateran? ANS Pope Innocent III', 'QSN How is the the decree of the Council of Trent is worded? ANS mildly', 'QSN Who stated quiet hunting is allowed? ANS Council of Trent']

Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo diœces., l. II, c. x) declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it altogether. 7

['QSN What distinction is undoubtedly permissible? ANS between lawful and unlawful hunting', 'QSN What can a bishop absolutely prohibit? ANS all hunting', 'QSN Where did synods prohibit all hunting at? ANS Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere', 'QSN What did Benedict XIV declare about decrees prohibiting hunting? ANS not too severe', 'QSN Who can prohibit hunting to the clerics? ANS bishop', 'QSN Declaration that decrees are not severe was done by who? ANS Benedict XIV', 'QSN What did Synods at Milan, Avignon, Liege, Cologne, and elsewhere do? ANS prohibit all hunting to the clerics']

New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, rabbits, hare, tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain, and with no natural predators, their population exploded. Government agencies view the animals as pests due to their effects on the natural environment and on agricultural production, but hunters view them as a resource. 10

['QSN What does New Zealand have? ANS strong hunting culture', 'QSN What was the only land mammal native to New Zealand? ANS bats', 'QSN Why were game animals introduced by acclimatisation societies? ANS to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource', 'QSN Why did the population of pigs and rabbits explode in New Zealand? ANS no natural predators', 'QSN What do government agencies view the animals as? ANS pests', 'QSN What country has a strong hunting culture? ANS New Zealand', 'QSN What were the the only land mammal in New Zealand? ANS bats', 'QSN What is New Zealand made up of? ANS islands', 'QSN Game animals were introduced here by whom? ANS acclimatisation societies', 'QSN What resulted having no natural predators for the animals introduced? ANS their population exploded']

During the feudal and colonial times in British India, hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states, as many maharajas and nawabs, as well as British officers, maintained a whole corps of shikaris (big-game hunters), who were native professional hunters. They would be headed by a master of the hunt, who might be styled mir-shikar. Often, they recruited the normally low-ranking local tribes because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques. Big game, such as Bengal tigers, might be hunted from the back of an elephant. 10

['QSN What was hunting regarded as in British India? ANS regal sport', 'QSN What does the Indian word "shikaris" mean in English? ANS big-game hunters', 'QSN What did British officers maintain whole corps of? ANS shikaris', 'QSN Why did the regals recruit low-ranking local tribes when hunting? ANS because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques', 'QSN What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of? ANS an elephant', 'QSN Where was hunting reguarded as a regal sport? ANS British India', 'QSN What is hunted from the back of an elephant? ANS Bengal tigers', 'QSN Who did British officers maintain? ANS shikaris', 'QSN Who were the shikaris headed by? ANS master of the hunt', 'QSN Why were low-ranking local tribes recruited? ANS because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques']

Regional social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting, while a few sects, such as the Bishnoi, lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species, such as the antelope. India's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals. However, the Chief Wildlife Warden may, if satisfied that any wild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life, or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, permit any person to hunt such an animal. In this case, the body of any wild animal killed or wounded becomes government property. 10

['QSN What norms are generally antagonistic to hunting? ANS Regional social', 'QSN What sect lays special emphasis on conservation of particular species? ANS Bishnoi', 'QSN What bans the killing of all wild animals in India? ANS Wildlife Protection Act of 1972', 'QSN Who may permit a person to hunt animals in India despite it being banned? ANS the Chief Wildlife Warden', 'QSN Whose property does the body of any wild animal killed or wounded become? ANS government', 'QSN Who lay special emphasis on conservation of particular species? ANS Bishnoi', "QSN What bans the killing of all wild animals? ANS India's Wildlife Protection Act", 'QSN What year was this protection act put into place? ANS 1972', 'QSN Who can permit a person to hunt wild animals? ANS Chief Wildlife Warden', 'QSN What happens to the body of the wild animal killed? ANS becomes government property']

Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom; in fact, "hunting" without qualification implies fox hunting. What in other countries is called "hunting" is called "shooting" (birds) or "stalking" (deer) in Britain. Originally a form of vermin control to protect livestock, fox hunting became a popular social activity for newly wealthy upper classes in Victorian times and a traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike. Similar to fox hunting in many ways is the chasing of hares with hounds. Pairs of Sight hounds (or long-dogs), such as greyhounds, may be used to pursue a hare in coursing, where the greyhounds are marked as to their skill in coursing the hare (but are not intended to actually catch it), or the hare may be pursued with scent hounds such as beagles or harriers. Other sorts of foxhounds may also be used for hunting stags (deer) or mink. Deer stalking with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds, using stealth. 10

['QSN What type of hunting is most closely associated with the UK? ANS fox hunting', 'QSN How do the English hunt foxes? ANS on horseback with hounds', 'QSN In England, what is hunted when "shooting" is called for? ANS birds', 'QSN Why were foxes originally hunted? ANS form of vermin control to protect livestock', 'QSN How is deer stalking with rifles carried out? ANS on foot without hounds, using stealth', 'QSN What hunting is done on horseback with hounds? ANS fox', 'QSN Hunting horseback with hound is associated with whom? ANS United Kingdom', 'QSN In Victorian times a popular social activity was? ANS fox hunting', 'QSN What is carried out on foot without hounds? ANS Deer stalking', 'QSN Hounds were used for what purpose? ANS to pursue']

Shooting as practised in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been factory farmed. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, "beaters" move through the areas of cover, swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called "drives". The open season for grouse in the UK begins on 12 August, the so-called Glorious Twelfth. The definition of game in the United Kingdom is governed by the Game Act 1831. 10

['QSN What does shooting in Britain require little questing for? ANS game', 'QSN About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year in the UK? ANS thirty-five million', 'QSN What kind of affairs can shoots be? ANS elaborate', 'QSN Who uses swinging sticks or flags to drive game out? ANS "beaters"', 'QSN What is the Glorious Twelfth in the UK? ANS open season for grouse', 'QSN About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year? ANS thirty-five million', 'QSN Who swings sticks or flags to drive game out? ANS beaters', 'QSN When does open season for grouse begin in the UK? ANS 12 August', 'QSN What is the UK definition of game is governed by? ANS Game Act 1831', 'QSN Why are assistants used? ANS help load shotguns']

Hunting is primarily regulated by state law; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species. Regulations vary widely from state to state and govern the areas, time periods, techniques and methods by which specific game animals may be hunted. Some states make a distinction between protected species and unprotected species (often vermin or varmints for which there are no hunting regulations). Hunters of protected species require a hunting license in all states, for which completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite. 9

['QSN What law primarily regulates hunting? ANS state', 'QSN What additional type of law applies in the case of migratory birds and endangered species? ANS environmental', 'QSN What varies widely from state to state? ANS Regulations', 'QSN What do some states make a distinction between? ANS protected species and unprotected species', 'QSN What do hunters of protected species require in all states? ANS a hunting license', 'QSN How is hunting regulated? ANS by state law', 'QSN Migratory birds and endangered species are protected by what law? ANS United States environmental law', 'QSN What hunters require a hunting license in all states? ANS Hunters of protected species', 'QSN What is sometimes a prerequisite of obtaining a hunting license? ANS hunting safety course']

Hunting big game typically requires a "tag" for each animal harvested. Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license, and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited. In cases where there are more prospective hunters than the quota for that species, tags are usually assigned by lottery. Tags may be further restricted to a specific area, or wildlife management unit. Hunting migratory waterfowl requires a duck stamp from the Fish and Wildlife Service in addition to the appropriate state hunting license. 10

['QSN What is required when hunting big game? ANS a "tag" for each animal harvested', 'QSN Tags are purchased in addition to what? ANS the hunting license', 'QSN What is typically limited to an individual? ANS number of tags issued', 'QSN A wildlife management unit is a place where what may be restricted to? ANS Tags', 'QSN What kind of stamp is required to hunt migratory waterfowl? ANS duck', 'QSN When hunting big game what is typically required? ANS tag', 'QSN What must be purchased with hunting license is comes in a limited number? ANS Tags', 'QSN How are tags assigned if there are more hunters than game? ANS by lottery', 'QSN What is required of hunting migratory waterfowl? ANS duck stamp', 'QSN Who issues requirement for hunting migratory waterfowl? ANS Fish and Wildlife Service']

Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area within the state, and time period. Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms. The use of rifles is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high population densities or limited topographic relief. Regulations may also limit or ban the use of lead in ammunition because of environmental concerns. Specific seasons for bow hunting or muzzle-loading black-powder guns are often established to limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons. 8

['QSN How is gun usage typically regulated? ANS game category, area within the state, and time period', 'QSN What often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms? ANS Regulations for big-game hunting', 'QSN Why is the use of rifles often banned? ANS safety reasons', 'QSN Why may regulations ban the use of lead in ammunition? ANS environmental concerns', 'QSN Why are specific seasons for bow hunting established? ANS limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons', 'QSN Why are the use of rifles banned? ANS safety reasons', 'QSN How is gun useage regulated? ANS by game category', 'QSN What is specified in big-game hunting? ANS minimum caliber']

Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight percent of Americans supported legal hunting, although relatively few Americans actually hunt. At the beginning of the 21st century, just six percent of Americans hunted. Southerners in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of five percent, slightly below the national average, and while hunting was more common in other parts of the South at nine percent, these rates did not surpass those of the Plains states, where twelve percent of Midwesterners hunted. Hunting in other areas of the country fell below the national average. Overall, in the 1996–2006 period, the number of hunters over the age of sixteen declined by ten percent, a drop attributable to a number of factors including habitat loss and changes in recreation habits. 10

['QSN What is hunting in the U.S. not associated with? ANS any particular class or culture', 'QSN What percentage of Americans supported legal hunting in 2006? ANS seventy-eight percent', 'QSN What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century? ANS just six percent', 'QSN What percentage of Midwesterners hunted? ANS twelve percent', 'QSN How much did the number of hunters over the age of sixteen decline in the period between 1996-2006? ANS ten percent', 'QSN What percentage of Americans support legal hunting? ANS seventy-eight percent', 'QSN What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century? ANS six percent', 'QSN South Easterners hunted at what rate? ANS five percent', 'QSN Midwesterners hunted at what rate? ANS twelve percent', 'QSN What years did hunting decline? ANS 1996–2006']

Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use. Some groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government. 9

['QSN When do hunting regulations date from in the US? ANS 19th century', 'QSN What do some modern hunters see themselves as? ANS conservationists and sportsmen', 'QSN What organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport? ANS Local hunting clubs and national organizations', 'QSN Ducks Unlimited and the Delta Waterfowl are examples of groups representing what? ANS a specific hunting interest', 'QSN What do many hunting groups participate in doing at the federal and state level? ANS lobbying', 'QSN What do modern hunters see themselves as? ANS conservationists and sportsmen', 'QSN Who provides hunter education? ANS Local hunting clubs', 'QSN What do hunting groups also participate in? ANS lobbying the federal government and state government', 'QSN What century is U.S. regulations dates from? ANS 19th']

Each year, nearly $200 million in hunters' federal excise taxes are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs, the purchase of lands open to hunters, and hunter education and safety classes. Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps, a required purchase for migratory waterfowl hunters over sixteen years old, has raised over $700 million to help purchase more than 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System lands that support waterfowl and many other wildlife species and are often open to hunting. States also collect money from hunting licenses to assist with management of game animals, as designated by law. A key task of federal and state park rangers and game wardens is to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting, including species protection, hunting seasons, and hunting bans. 10

['QSN How much money is distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs each year? ANS $200 million', 'QSN How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps raised since 1934? ANS over $700 million', 'QSN How many acres can the money raised from the sale of federal duck stamps help purchase? ANS 5,200,000 acres', 'QSN What do states use some of the money from hunting licenses to assist with? ANS management of game animals', 'QSN What is a key task of state park rangers and game wardens? ANS to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting', 'QSN Who are federal excise taxes are distributed to? ANS state agencies', 'QSN What do the taxes support? ANS wildlife management programs', 'QSN How much has Federal Duck Stamps raised? ANS $700 million', 'QSN What does land has Federal Duck Stamp money helped purchase? ANS 5,200,000 acres', 'QSN Park rangers and game wardens enforce laws and regulations related to what? ANS hunting']

Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests. While not always an efficient form of pest control, varmint hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing recreation and is much less regulated. Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Some animals, such as wild rabbits or squirrels, may be utilised for fur or meat, but often no use is made of the carcass. Which species are varmints depends on the circumstance and area. Common varmints may include various rodents, coyotes, crows, foxes, feral cats, and feral hogs. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected, such as wolves. In the US state of Louisiana, a non-native rodent known as a nutria has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population. 9

['QSN What is varmint hunting an American phrase for? ANS selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests', 'QSN What does varmint hunting achieve? ANS selective control of pests', 'QSN What detrimental effects are varmint species often responsible for visiting on? ANS crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets.', 'QSN Where has a non-native rodent known as a nutria become very destructive? ANS Louisiana', 'QSN What has the state of Louisiana done to combat the nutria? ANS initiated a bounty program', 'QSN What is phrased for selective killing of non-game animals. ANS Varmint hunting', 'QSN What was once considered a varmint but is now protected? ANS wolves', 'QSN What is the non-native varmint of Louisiana? ANS nutria', 'QSN What did Louisiana initiate to control the varmint population? ANS bounty program']

When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns, the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase. As a representative of the National Rifle Association (NRA) explained, "The NRA has always maintained that fair chase, being in the field with your firearm or bow, is an important element of hunting tradition. Sitting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking at a mouse, has nothing to do with hunting." 10

['QSN When was internet hunting introduced? ANS 2005', 'QSN How did Internet hunting allow people to hunt? ANS using remotely controlled guns', 'QSN Who criticized the practice of Internet hunting? ANS hunters', 'QSN What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated? ANS principles of fair chase', 'QSN What has the NRA always maintained that being in the field with your firearm is? ANS an important element of hunting tradition', 'QSN What allows people to hunt over the internet? ANS Internet hunting', 'QSN When was this type of hunting introduced? ANS 2005', 'QSN How is this type of hunting done? ANS hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns', 'QSN What was the principle was this type of hunting said to violate? ANS fair chase', 'QSN Who spoke on this violation? ANS National Rifle Association (NRA)']

There is a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game in Trinidad and Tobago. Hunting is carried out with firearms, and aided by the use of hounds, with the illegal use of trap guns, trap cages and snare nets. With approximately 12,000 sport hunters applying for hunting licences in recent years (in a very small country of about the size of the state of Delaware at about 5128 square kilometers and 1.3 million inhabitants), there is some concern that the practice might not be sustainable. In addition there are at present no bag limits and the open season is comparatively very long (5 months - October to February inclusive). As such hunting pressure from legal hunters is very high. Added to that, there is a thriving and very lucrative black market for poached wild game (sold and enthusiastically purchased as expensive luxury delicacies) and the numbers of commercial poachers in operation is unknown but presumed to be fairly high. As a result, the populations of the five major mammalian game species (red-rumped agouti, lowland paca, nine-banded armadillo, collared peccary, and red brocket deer) are thought to be quite low (although scientifically conducted population studies are only just recently being conducted as of 2013). It appears that the red brocket deer population has been extirpated on Tobago as a result of over-hunting. Various herons, ducks, doves, the green iguana, the gold tegu, the spectacled caiman and the common opossum are also commonly hunted and poached. There is also some poaching of 'fully protected species', including red howler monkeys and capuchin monkeys, southern tamanduas, Brazilian porcupines, yellow-footed tortoises, Trinidad piping guans and even one of the national birds, the scarlet ibis. Legal hunters pay very small fees to obtain hunting licences and undergo no official basic conservation biology or hunting-ethics training. There is presumed to be relatively very little subsistence hunting in the country (with most hunting for either sport or commercial profit). The local wildlife management authority is under-staffed and under-funded, and as such very little in the way of enforcement is done to uphold existing wildlife management laws, with hunting occurring both in and out of season, and even in wildlife sanctuaries. There is some indication that the government is beginning to take the issue of wildlife management more seriously, with well drafted legislation being brought before Parliament in 2015. It remains to be seen if the drafted legislation will be fully adopted and financially supported by the current and future governments, and if the general populace will move towards a greater awareness of the importance of wildlife conservation and change the culture of wanton consumption to one of sustainable management. 8

['QSN Approximately how many sport hunters applied for hunting licences in recent years? ANS 12,000', 'QSN Where is there a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game? ANS Trinidad and Tobago', 'QSN What is there a very lucrative and thriving black market for? ANS poached wild game', 'QSN What is hunting pressure from? ANS high', 'QSN What very active tradition Trinidad and Tabago have? ANS hunting of small to medium-sized wild game', 'QSN What animal aids in the hunting? ANS hounds', 'QSN What population has extirpated? ANS red brocket deer', 'QSN What do hunters pay to obtain hunting license? ANS very small fees']

Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety.[citation needed] However, in most circumstances carrying capacity is determined by a combination habitat and food availability, and hunting for 'population control' has no effect on the annual population of species.[citation needed] In some cases, it can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established, resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area, thus artificially increasing the population. Hunting advocates[who?] assert that hunting reduces intraspecific competition for food and shelter, reducing mortality among the remaining animals. Some environmentalists assert[who?] that (re)introducing predators would achieve the same end with greater efficiency and less negative effect, such as introducing significant amounts of free lead into the environment and food chain. 11

['QSN What does hunting give resource managers an important tool? ANS managing populations', 'QSN What is carrying capacity in most circumstances determined by? ANS combination habitat and food availability,', 'QSN What do some environmentalists assert reintroducing predators would achieve? ANS same end', 'QSN How is hunting an important tool for resource managers? ANS managing populations', 'QSN What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat? ANS threaten the well-being of other species', 'QSN How can hunting actually increase the population of predators? ANS by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established', 'QSN What do some hunting advocates assert that is indirectly reduced among animals when intraspecific competition has been reduced? ANS mortality', 'QSN What would environmentalists have done, instead of hunting? ANS (re)introducing predators', 'QSN What is an important tool in managing populations? ANS Hunting', 'QSN What is carrying capacity determined by? ANS combination habitat and food availability', 'QSN What can it increase the population of? ANS predators']

In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was typically discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In Nordic countries, hunting for trophies was—and still is—frowned upon. Hunting in North America in the 19th century was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies, although it is now undertaken mainly for sport.[citation needed] The safari method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa, India and other places in pursuit of trophies. In modern times, trophy hunting persists and is a significant industry in some areas.[citation needed] 14

['QSN What did sport hunters in the 19th century purse game for? ANS trophy', 'QSN What was the head of an animal displayed as? ANS sign of prowess', 'QSN What happened to the rest of the animal? ANS s typically discarded', 'QSN What did some churches disapprove of? ANS such waste', 'QSN What countries frowned upon this hunting? ANS Nordic', 'QSN What was the only goal for many European sport hunters in the 19th century? ANS a trophy', 'QSN What types of trophies would hunters keep as trophies to be displayed as a sign of their prowess? ANS the head or pelt of an animal', 'QSN In what countries was the hunting for trophies frowned upon, back in the day and in modern times? ANS Nordic', 'QSN What was hunting in North American in the 19th century used to supplement? ANS food supplies', 'QSN What destinations did sport hunting see elaborate travel to in the pursuit of trophies? ANS Africa, India and other places', 'QSN What century was game hunted as a trophy? ANS 19th', 'QSN What countries is trophy hunting frowned upon? ANS Nordic', 'QSN What did North America primarily hunt for? ANS food supplies', 'QSN What sport of hunting is in Africa? ANS safari method']

A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism." However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy." 11

['QSN What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of? ANS Africa', 'QSN What does hunting create economic incentives for? ANS conservation', 'QSN What did another study show that less than 3% of reached the local level? ANS expenditures', 'QSN What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish? ANS scientific', 'QSN Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa? ANS creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas', 'QSN Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism? ANS photographic', "QSN How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study? ANS less than 3%", 'QSN What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit? ANS minimal', 'QSN What is of major importance in Africa? ANS trophy hunting', 'QSN What does trophy hunting create in Africa? ANS economic incentives for conservation', 'QSN How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level? ANS less than 3%']

A variety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds. In Tanzania, it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist. While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation, the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps. Safari hunters are also more likely to use remote areas, uninviting to the typical ecotourist. Advocates argue that these hunters allow for anti-poaching activities and revenue for local communities.[citation needed] 13

['QSN What do a variety of industries benefit from? ANS hunting', 'QSN Where is it estimated that a hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist? ANS Tanzania', 'QSN Where does the average safari hunter stay in? ANS tented camps', 'QSN Advocates argue these hunters allow for what type of activities? ANS anti-poaching', 'QSN What do a variety of industries obtain benefit from? ANS hunting', 'QSN In what country is it estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times what an average ecotourist does? ANS Tanzania', 'QSN What type of accommodations does the average photographer touring Tanzania seek? ANS luxury', 'QSN Where does the typical safari hunter hang his hat at night? ANS in tented camps', 'QSN Where can safari hunters go which are uninviting to the less hardcore ecotourist? ANS remote areas', 'QSN How much does a safari hunter spend compared to an average ecotourist? ANS fifty to one hundred times', 'QSN What does the photo tourist seek? ANS luxury accommodation', 'QSN Where does a safari hunter usually stay? ANS tented camps', 'QSN What hunters allow for anti-poaching activities? ANS Safari hunters']

Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States, with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism. Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters, even including iPhone applications. Today's hunters come from a broad range of economic, social, and cultural backgrounds. In 2001, over thirteen million hunters averaged eighteen days hunting, and spent over $20.5 billion on their sport.[citation needed] In the US, proceeds from hunting licenses contribute to state game management programs, including preservation of wildlife habitat. 10

['QSN Hunting has significant financial impact in what country? ANS the United States', 'QSN What do many companies specialize in apropos to hunting? ANS equipment or speciality tourism', 'QSN "There\'s an app for that!", what have been different technologies been created to do? ANS assist hunters', "QSN What broad range of backgrounds do today's hunters come from? ANS economic, social, and cultural", 'QSN How much money did the thirteen million hunters spend on their sport in 2001? ANS over $20.5 billion', 'QSN What type of financial impact does hunting have on the U.S.? ANS significant financial impact', 'QSN What has been developed in the U.S. to help hunters? ANS different technologies', 'QSN One technology that is available for hunters in the U.S. is? ANS iPhone applications', 'QSN How much did hunters spend in 2001? ANS over $20.5 billion', 'QSN What do the proceeds from hunting assist with? ANS preservation of wildlife habitat']

However, excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals, such as the quagga, the great auk, Steller's sea cow, the thylacine, the bluebuck, the Arabian oryx, the Caspian and Javan tigers, the markhor, the Sumatran rhinoceros, the bison, the North American cougar, the Altai argali sheep, the Asian elephant and many more, primarily for commercial sale or sport. All these animals have been hunted to endangerment or extinction. 7

['QSN What has excessive hunting contributed heavily to? ANS the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals', "QSN What do Steller's sea cow, the bluebuck, and the Javan tigers all have in common? ANS extinction", 'QSN Why have poachers killed endangered animals? ANS primarily for commercial sale or sport.', 'QSN How have the North American cougar and Asian elephant been hunted? ANS to endangerment or extinction', 'QSN How is excessive hunting related to the extinction of species? ANS contributed heavily', 'QSN What contributes to endangerment? ANS excessive hunting', 'QSN What have poachers contributed to hunting? ANS endangerment']

On 16 March 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen. The stamps are created on behalf of the program by the US Postal Service and depict wildlife artwork chosen through an annual contest. They play an important role in habitat conservation because ninety-eight percent of all funds generated by their sale go directly toward the purchase or lease of wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System.[citation needed] In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds.[citation needed] 10

['QSN Who signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act? ANS President Franklin D. Roosevelt', 'QSN When did Roosevelt sign the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act? ANS 16 March 1934', 'QSN What does the Act require all hunters over the age of sixteen to do? ANS an annual stamp purchase', 'QSN What do 98% of all the funds generated by the stamp sales go to? ANS the purchase or lease of wetland habitat', "QSN How much of the nation's endangered species is it estimated benefits from the protection afford by the Duck Stamp funds? ANS one third", 'QSN What act was signed in 1934? ANS Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act', 'QSN What President signed this act? ANS Franklin D. Roosevelt', 'QSN What is the requirement of the act? ANS annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen', 'QSN What do the stamps depict? ANS wildlife artwork', 'QSN What percentage of the endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp Funds. ANS one third']

Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC). 10

['QSN How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps generated since 1934? ANS $670 million', 'QSN How many acres has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps helped to purchase or lease since 1934? ANS 5,200,000 acres', 'QSN What do the stamps give the purchaser a license to do? ANS hunt migratory birds', 'QSN Who accounts for eighty-seven percent of the sale of duck stamps? ANS hunters', 'QSN Who manages the distribution of the funds obtained by the sale of the stamps? ANS Migratory Bird Conservation Commission', 'QSN How much money has been generated due to the Duck Stamp act? ANS $670 million', 'QSN How much land has the Duck Stamp Act help purchase? ANS 5,200,000 acres', 'QSN What do the Duck Stamps serve as? ANS license to hunt migratory birds', 'QSN What percent of sales are contributed by hunters? ANS eighty-seven', 'QSN Who manages distribution of funds? ANS Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC)']

The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, the species' striking appearance made it (along with the closely related scimitar-horned oryx and addax) a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region.[citation needed] The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from “extinct in the wild” to “vulnerable” due to conservation efforts like captive breeding 10

['QSN What large species of antelope once made its home in the desert areas of the Middle East? ANS The Arabian oryx', "QSN Why did sport hunters find the Arabian oryx to be a worthwhile quarry to hunt? ANS the species' striking appearance", 'QSN When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting? ANS 1972', 'QSN How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution? ANS use of automobiles and high-powered rifles', 'QSN What animal has made a miraculous comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable"? ANS Arabian oryx', 'QSN What is a species of large antelope? ANS Arabian oryx', 'QSN What did the large antelope species once inhabit? ANS much of the desert areas of the Middle East', 'QSN What destroyed the Arabian oryx only advantage of speed. ANS automobiles and high-powered rifles', 'QSN When did the Arabian oryx become extinct? ANS 1972', 'QSN What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable? ANS conservation efforts']

The American bison is a large bovid which inhabited much of western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only, leaving the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. Conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase, but the bison remains near-threatened. 10

['QSN What type of creature is the American bison? ANS a large bovid', 'QSN What did the American bison inhabit much of prior to the 1800s? ANS western North America', "QSN What did market hunters leave the parts of the bison they didn't need to do? ANS rot", 'QSN What was the population of bison herds around prior to being eliminated by thousands of market hunters? ANS several million', 'QSN What is the current status of bison? ANS near-threatened', 'QSN What did large herds of bison attract? ANS market hunters', 'QSN What part of North America did the bison live? ANS western', 'QSN Why were the bison killed? ANS for their hides', 'QSN What did hunter do with the rest of the bison? ANS leaving the rest to rot', 'QSN What do bison still remain? ANS near-threatened']

In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves." 10

['QSN Why has Botswana been forced to ban trophy hunting altogether? ANS a precipitous wildlife decline', 'QSN What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers? ANS antelope', 'QSN What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable? ANS hippopotamus', 'QSN What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana? ANS poaching, drought and habitat loss', 'QSN What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting? ANS Uganda', 'QSN What Botswana was resently forced to do? ANS ban trophy hunting', 'QSN What animal declined across Botswana? ANS antelope', 'QSN What animal numbers have increased in Botswana? ANS hippopotamus', 'QSN What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana? ANS elephant', 'QSN What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda? ANS poaching']

Kathmandu(/ˌkɑːtmɑːnˈduː/; Nepali pronunciation: [kɑʈʰmɑɳɖu]) is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar (Sub-Metropolitan City) or Nagar (City). Kathmandu is the core of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known informally as "KTM" or the "tri-city". According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi). 5

['QSN What country is Kathmandu the capital of? ANS Nepal', 'QSN What does Upa-Mahanagar mean in English? ANS Sub-Metropolitan City', 'QSN Along with "KTM," what is another nickname of Kathmandu? ANS tri-city', 'QSN How many people lived in Kathmandu in 2011? ANS 975,453', 'QSN How many square kilometers in size is Kathmandu? ANS 49.45']

The city has a rich history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Most of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religious beliefs as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most commonly spoken language in the city. English is understood by Kathmandu's educated residents. Historic areas of Kathmandu were devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015. 5

['QSN About how long has Kathmandu existed? ANS 2000', 'QSN What suggests that Kathmandu is as old as it is? ANS inscriptions', "QSN What is Kathmandu's majority religion? ANS Hinduism", 'QSN What do most Kathmandu residents speak? ANS Nepali', 'QSN What secondary language do educated people in Kathmandu speak? ANS English']

The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kastha (काष्ठ) means "wood" and Mandap (/मण्डप) means "covered shelter". This temple, also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language, was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-storey structure was made entirely of wood, and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legend, all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from a single tree. The structure collapsed during the major earthquake on 25 April 2015. 5

['QSN What does काष्ठ mean in English? ANS wood', 'QSN What is the English translation of Mandap? ANS covered shelter', 'QSN What do Newar speakers call Kasthamandap temple? ANS Maru Satal', 'QSN Who was responsible for the construction of Kasthamandap temple? ANS King Laxmi Narsingh Malla', 'QSN On what date was Maru Satal destroyed? ANS 25 April 2015']

The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar means "great city". The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur (कान्तिपुर). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and pur. "Kanti" is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi, and "pur" means place. 5

['QSN What is the ancient name of Kathmandu? ANS Kasthamandap Mahanagar', 'QSN How does कान्तिपुर transliterate into English? ANS Kantipur', 'QSN Who is also called Kanti? ANS Lakshmi', 'QSN How do you say place in Sanskrit? ANS pur', 'QSN What is the English translation of Mahanagar? ANS great city']

The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and he established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometimes, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley was again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water. He has brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal. 5

['QSN According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu? ANS lake', 'QSN What animals notably resided in Nagdaha? ANS snakes', 'QSN Who was the founder of Manjupattan? ANS Bodhisatwa Manjusri', 'QSN What type of creature was Banasur? ANS demon', "QSN Who was Banasur's murderer? ANS Krishna"]

Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu. 5

['QSN Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty? ANS Yalamber', 'QSN What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy? ANS northern', 'QSN Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu? ANS Sino-Tibetan', 'QSN Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located? ANS southern half', 'QSN What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to? ANS Buddhist']

The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era. 5

['QSN Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas? ANS Licchavis', 'QSN Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be? ANS Koliyas', 'QSN What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit? ANS Newar', 'QSN Who killed the Shakyas? ANS Virudhaka', 'QSN Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal? ANS Dakshin Koligram']

Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma. The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. For example, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet. 5

['QSN Kathmandu resulted from the merger of what two settlements? ANS Dakshin Koligram', "QSN Who is Kathmandu's historical founder? ANS Gunakamadeva", 'QSN Who did Chandrahrasa belong to? ANS Manjushri', 'QSN How many barracks guarded ancient Kathmandu? ANS eight', 'QSN Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu? ANS India and Tibet']

The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade. 5

['QSN Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi? ANS Malla', 'QSN Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period? ANS Turk Muslims', "QSN What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake? ANS third", 'QSN Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake? ANS Kailashkut Bhawan', 'QSN What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake? ANS Abhaya Malla']

During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others. 5

['QSN How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period? ANS four', 'QSN In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley? ANS Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur', 'QSN What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era? ANS India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe', 'QSN What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period? ANS Haramekhala', 'QSN When does Amarkosh date to? ANS 1381']

The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era. 5

['QSN Who won the Battle of Kathmandu? ANS Gorkha Kingdom', 'QSN What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha? ANS Kirtipur', 'QSN How many stories high was the Basantapur tower? ANS nine', 'QSN What European country did Bhimsen Thapa oppose? ANS Great Britain', 'QSN How many stories made up the Dharahara tower? ANS nine']

Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 (19.56 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan) with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley. 5

['QSN What river is south of Kathmandu? ANS Bagmati', 'QSN What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu? ANS northwestern', 'QSN About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu? ANS 4,600', 'QSN How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles? ANS 19.56', 'QSN Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River? ANS south']

Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the Bagmati and its tributaries, of which the Bishnumati, Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumant Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of 1,500–3,000 metres (4,900–9,800 ft), and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley. An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct. 3

['QSN How many rivers travel through Kathmandu? ANS eight', 'QSN Where did the canal that once terminated in Kathmandu originate? ANS Nagarjuna hill', 'QSN How many feet high are the mountains from which the Bagmati flows? ANS 4,900–9,800']

The agglomeration of Kathmandu has not yet been officially defined. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (collections of local government units within a zone) which extend very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have comparatively small population. They have the three highest population densities in the country. Within the districts lie VDCs (villages), 3 municipalities (Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi), 1 sub-metropolitan city (Lalitpur), and 1 metropolitan city (Kathmandu). Some district subdivisions remain legally villages yet are densely populated, Gonggabu VDC notably recorded a density over 20,000 people/km2. (2011 census). The following data table describes the districts considered part of the agglomeration: 5

['QSN How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area? ANS three', 'QSN What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur? ANS municipalities', 'QSN How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley? ANS 1', 'QSN About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC? ANS 20,000', 'QSN What is another term for VDCs? ANS villages']

Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200–2,300 metres (3,900–7,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100–3,300 metres (6,900–10,800 ft). Under Köppen's climate classification, portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate. In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from 28–30 °C (82–86 °F). The average winter temperature is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F). 5

["QSN What is the Kathmandu Valley's average temperature in winter, in degrees Fahrenheit? ANS 50.2", 'QSN Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu? ANS humid subtropical climate', 'QSN What is the Köppen abbreviation for a humid subtropical climate? ANS Cwa', 'QSN How many meters up is the Cool Temperate Zone? ANS 2,100–3,300', 'QSN How many significant climate regions exist in Nepal? ANS Five']

The city generally has a climate with warm days followed by cool nights and mornings. Unpredictable weather is expected, given that temperatures can drop to 1 °C (34 °F) or less during the winter. During a 2013 cold front, the winter temperatures of Kathmandu dropped to −4 °C (25 °F), and the lowest temperature was recorded on January 10, 2013, at −9.2 °C (15.4 °F). Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based (about 65% of the total concentrated during the monsoon months of June to August), and decreases substantially (100 to 200 cm (39 to 79 in)) from eastern Nepal to western Nepal. Rainfall has been recorded at about 1,400 millimetres (55.1 in) for the Kathmandu valley, and averages 1,407 millimetres (55.4 in) for the city of Kathmandu. On average humidity is 75%. The chart below is based on data from the Nepal Bureau of Standards & Meteorology, "Weather Meteorology" for 2005. The chart provides minimum and maximum temperatures during each month. The annual amount of precipitation was 1,124 millimetres (44.3 in) for 2005, as per monthly data included in the table above. The decade of 2000-2010 saw highly variable and unprecedented precipitation anomalies in Kathmandu. This was mostly due to the annual variation of the southwest monsoon.[citation needed] For example, 2003 was the wettest year ever in Kathmandu, totalling over 2,900 mm (114 in) of precipitation due to an exceptionally strong monsoon season. In contrast, 2001 recorded only 356 mm (14 in) of precipitation due to an extraordinarily weak monsoon season. 5

['QSN What sort of temperature is typical on a Kathmandu morning? ANS cool', "QSN About what percentage of Kathmandu's annual rainfall falls during the monsoon months? ANS 65", 'QSN On what date in 2013 was it 15.4 degrees Fahrenheit in Kathmandu? ANS January 10', 'QSN In what months does the monsoon occur in Nepal? ANS June to August', 'QSN In what year did the most rain in recorded history fall on Kathmandu? ANS 2003']

The location and terrain of Kathmandu have played a significant role in the development of a stable economy which spans millennia. The city is located in an ancient lake basin, with fertile soil and flat terrain. This geography helped form a society based on agriculture. This, combined with its location between India and China, helped establish Kathmandu as an important trading center over the centuries. Kathmandu's trade is an ancient profession that flourished along an offshoot of the Silk Road which linked India and Tibet. From centuries past, Lhasa Newar merchants of Kathmandu have conducted trade across the Himalaya and contributed to spreading art styles and Buddhism across Central Asia. Other traditional occupations are farming, metal casting, woodcarving, painting, weaving, and pottery. 3

['QSN What religion proliferated throughout Central Asia in part due to the efforts of Lhasa Newar merchants? ANS Buddhism', 'QSN Existing between what two countries contributed to Kathmandu becoming a center of trade? ANS India and China', "QSN Other than trade, what was the traditional basis of Kathmandu's economy? ANS agriculture"]

The economic output of the metropolitan area alone is worth more than one third of national GDP around $6.5billion in terms of nominal GDP NR.s 550 billion approximately per year $2200 per capital income approx three times national average. Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper; trade accounts for 21% of its finances.[which?] Manufacturing is also important and accounts for 19% of the revenue that Kathmandu generates. Garments and woolen carpets are the most notable manufactured products. Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture (9%), education (6%), transport (6%), and hotels and restaurants (5%). Kathmandu is famous for lokta paper and pashmina shawls. 5

["QSN Approximately what portion of Nepal's GDP is produced by the Kathmandu metropolitan area? ANS one third", 'QSN What do Kathmandu residents earn per capita each year? ANS $2200', 'QSN What is the GDP of Kathmandu? ANS 6.5billion', "QSN What percentage of Kathmandu's economy is trade? ANS 21", "QSN What portion of Kathmandu's economy consists of agriculture? ANS 9%"]

Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular. 3

['QSN Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin? ANS 1950', 'QSN What city was connected to Kathmandu via the Tribhuvan Highway? ANS Raxaul', 'QSN When did construction on the Tribhuvan Highway begin? ANS 1956']

Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived; it is the country's most important industry.[citation needed] Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath and Budhanilkantha. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62, the number jumped to 491,504 in 1999/2000. Following the end of the Maoist insurgency, there was a significant rise of 509,956 tourist arrivals in 2009. Since then, tourism has improved as the country turned into a Democratic Republic. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995/96 but then started declining[why?]. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country. 5

['QSN What is the most significant industry in Nepal? ANS tourism', "QSN Along with Buddhists, what religion's devotees visit Kathmandu? ANS Hindu", 'QSN How many tourists visited Kathmandu in the period 1961-62? ANS 6,179', 'QSN What event led to an increase in tourism in 2009? ANS end of the Maoist insurgency', 'QSN What Nepalese mountains are claimed to attract tourists? ANS Himalayas']

The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel. Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's original traveler's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. Asan is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighbourhood. 4

['QSN What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists? ANS Thamel', 'QSN What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel? ANS Jhamsikhel', 'QSN What is the traditional name for Freak Street? ANS Jhochhen Tol', 'QSN What tourists first brought attention to Jhocchen Tol? ANS hippies']

With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved. Now Kathmandu boasts several luxury such as the Hyatt Regency, Dwarika's, theYak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (which is not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group) and The Shanker Hotel. There are several four-star hotels such as Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De L'Annapurna and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well. 4

["QSN How many stars is Kathmandu's Grand Hotel? ANS four", 'QSN What type of hotel is Aloha Inn? ANS three-star', "QSN De L'Annapurna is an example of what sort of hotel? ANS five-star", 'QSN What attractions are present at Hotel Yak & Yeti and the Hyatt Regency? ANS casinos']

Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members. It holds biannual meetings to review, process and approve the annual budget and make major policy decisions. The ward's profile documents for the 35 wards prepared by the Kathmandu Metropolitan Council is detailed and provides information for each ward on population, the structure and condition of houses, the type of roads, educational, health and financial institutions, entertainment facilities, parking space, security provisions, etc. It also includes lists of development projects completed, on-going and planned, along with informative data about the cultural heritage, festivals, historical sites and the local inhabitants. Ward 16 is the largest, with an area of 437.4 ha; ward 26 is the smallest, with an area of 4 ha. 5

['QSN How many sectors make up the Kathmandu metropolitan area? ANS five', "QSN What sector of Kathmandu doesn't have the word 'sector' in its name? ANS City Core", 'QSN What is the purpose of Kathmandu being divided into 35 wards? ANS civic administration', 'QSN How many members of the Council received their positions via nomination rather than election? ANS 20', "QSN How many hectares in size is Kathmandu's ward 26? ANS 4"]

The fire service, known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya, opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle. An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were designated as accident-prone areas. In 1944, the fire service was extended to the neighboring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. In 1966, a fire service was established in Kathmandu airport. In 1975, a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu's fire service. The fire service in the city is also overlooked by an international non-governmental organization, the Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN), which was established in 2000 with the purpose of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety. 5

["QSN What is Kathmandu's fire department called? ANS Barun Yantra Karyalaya", "QSN What year saw the founding of Kathmandu's fire department? ANS 1937", 'QSN When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department? ANS 1944', 'QSN How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu? ANS seven', 'QSN What is the mission of FAN? ANS raising public awareness about fire and improving safety']

Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices. In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of 5,076.6 hectares (12,545 acres) has expanded to 8,214 hectares (20,300 acres) in 2001. With this new area, the population density which was 85 in 1991 is still 85 in 2001; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in 2021. 4

['QSN What was the population of Kathmandu in 1991? ANS 427,045', 'QSN About how many people are likely to live in Kathmandu in 2021? ANS 1,319,597', 'QSN How dense was the population of Kathmandu in 1991? ANS 85', 'QSN How many acres of land did the KMC control in 2001? ANS 20,300']

The largest ethnic groups are Newar (29.6%), Matwali (25.1% Sunuwar, Gurung, Magars, Tamang etc.), Khas Brahmins (20.51%) and Chettris (18.5%) . Tamangs originating from surrounding hill districts can be seen in Kathmandu. More recently, other hill ethnic groups and Caste groups from Terai have come to represent a substantial proportion of the city's population. The major languages are Nepali and Nepal Bhasa, while English is understood by many, particularly in the service industry. The major religions are Hinduism and Buddhism. 5

['QSN What percentage of Kathmandu residents are Chettris? ANS 18.5', 'QSN What is the third largest ethnic group in Kathmandu? ANS Khas Brahmins', "QSN What are Kathmandu's primary religions? ANS Hinduism and Buddhism", 'QSN What Kathmandu industry is particularly known for its English speakers? ANS service', "QSN Along with Nepali, what is Kathmandu's main language? ANS Nepal Bhasa"]

The ancient trade route between India and Tibet that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture. The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices. The architectural treasure of the Kathmandu valley has been categorized under the well-known seven groups of heritage monuments and buildings. In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a World Heritage Site (WHS). The seven monuments zones cover an area of 188.95 hectares (466.9 acres), with the buffer zone extending to 239.34 hectares (591.4 acres). The Seven Monument Zones (Mzs) inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhu and Boudhanath. 5

['QSN What religion does Changunarayan belong to? ANS Hindu', 'QSN What Buddhist monuments are present at Boudhanath? ANS stupas', 'QSN How many acres are the Kathmandu valley monument zones? ANS 466.9', 'QSN In hectares, how large is the Kathmandu valley monument buffer zone? ANS 239.34', 'QSN When did the Kathmandu valley monuments receive WHS status? ANS 2006']

The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces". There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is located in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest is the Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the Kasthamandap, Kumari Ghar, and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the Hanuman Dhoka palace. The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake. 5

['QSN Where is a Durban Square located that is not preserved? ANS Kirtipur', "QSN What is the oldest dynasty to be represented with buildings in Kathmandu's Durbar Square? ANS Licchavi", "QSN How many temples are present in Kathmandu's Durbar Square? ANS 50", "QSN When did a notable earthquake occur that damaged Kathmandu's Durbar Square? ANS April 2015", 'QSN How many kingdoms have buildings present in the Durbar Square of Kathmandu? ANS four']

Kumari Ghar is a palace in the center of the Kathmandu city, next to the Durbar square where a Royal Kumari selected from several Kumaris resides. Kumari, or Kumari Devi, is the tradition of worshipping young pre-pubescent girls as manifestations of the divine female energy or devi in South Asian countries. In Nepal the selection process is very rigorous. Kumari is believed to be the bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju (the Nepali name for Durga) until she menstruates, after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body. Serious illness or a major loss of blood from an injury are also causes for her to revert to common status. The current Royal Kumari, Matina Shakya, age four, was installed in October 2008 by the Maoist government that replaced the monarchy. 4

['QSN What is Durga called in Nepali? ANS Taleju', 'QSN How long is Kumari believed to incarnate Taleju? ANS until she menstruates', 'QSN Who was the Royal Kumari as of late 2008? ANS Matina Shakya', 'QSN What type of government did Nepal have after the monarchy? ANS Maoist']

The Pashupatinath Temple is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva (Pashupati). Located on the banks of the Bagmati River in the eastern part of Kathmandu, Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu. It served as the seat of national deity, Lord Pashupatinath, until Nepal was secularized. However, a significant part of the temple was destroyed by Mughal invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior. The temple as it stands today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Shivaratri, or the night of Lord Shiva, is the most important festival that takes place here, attracting thousands of devotees and sadhus.[citation needed] 5

['QSN When was the Pashupatinath Temple built? ANS 5th century', 'QSN What faith does the Pashupatinath Temple serve? ANS Hindu', 'QSN What is another name for Pashupati? ANS Lord Shiva', "QSN Prior to the secularization of Nepal, who was the country's national god? ANS Lord Pashupatinath", 'QSN Who damaged the Pashupatinath Temple in the 14th century? ANS Mughal invaders']

Believers in Pashupatinath (mainly Hindus) are allowed to enter the temple premises, but non-Hindu visitors are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River. The priests who perform the services at this temple have been Brahmins from Karnataka, South India since the time of Malla king Yaksha Malla. This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of Adi Shankaracharya who sought to unify the states of Bharatam (Unified India) by encouraging cultural exchange. This procedure is followed in other temples around India, which were sanctified by Adi Shankaracharya. 5

['QSN What people make up the majority of Pashupatinath followers? ANS Hindus', 'QSN In what part of India do the Pashupatinath priests originate? ANS South', 'QSN What dynasty did Yaksha Malla belong to? ANS Malla', 'QSN Who supposedly encouraged the usage of Karnataka Brahmin priests at Pashupatinath Temple? ANS Adi Shankaracharya', 'QSN What is another term for Bharatam? ANS Unified India']

The Boudhanath, (also written Bouddhanath, Bodhnath, Baudhanath or the Khāsa Chaitya), is one of the holiest Buddhist sites in Nepal, along with Swayambhu. It is a very popular tourist site. Boudhanath is known as Khāsti by Newars and as Bauddha or Bodhnāth by speakers of Nepali. Located about 11 km (7 mi) from the center and northeastern outskirts of Kathmandu, the stupa's massive mandala makes it one of the largest spherical stupas in Nepal. Boudhanath became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. 5

['QSN To what religion is Boudhanath holy? ANS Buddhist', 'QSN What do the Newars call Boudhanath? ANS Khāsti', 'QSN What is Boudhanath called in Nepali? ANS Bauddha or Bodhnāth', 'QSN How far is Boudhanath from Kathmandu in miles? ANS 7', 'QSN When did UNESCO make Boudhanath a World Heritage Site? ANS 1979']

The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum. At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima, the goddess of smallpox. Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray. Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas (monasteries) around Boudhanath. 5

["QSN Who is pictured on the stupa's base? ANS Dhyani Buddha Amitabha", 'QSN What is Ajima the deity of? ANS smallpox', 'QSN What are gompas? ANS monasteries', 'QSN Visitors from what faith routinely visit the stupa? ANS Tibetan Buddhist', "QSN What mantra is engraved on the stupa's prayer wheels? ANS om mani padme hum"]

Swayambhu is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This is among the oldest religious sites in Nepal. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with the eyes of Buddha looking in all four directions.[clarification needed] There are pentagonal Toran above each of the four sides, with statues engraved on them. Behind and above the torana there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers, there is a small space above which lies a gajur. 5

['QSN In what part of Kathmandu is Swayambhu located? ANS northwestern', 'QSN What faith does Swayambhu belong to? ANS Buddhist', 'QSN Other than Buddhists, who worships at Swayambhu? ANS Hindus', 'QSN In how many directions does the Buddha of Swayambhu look? ANS four', 'QSN In Swayambhu, what is present in the small area above the tiers? ANS gajur']

Kathmandu valley is described as "an enormous treasure house of art and sculptures", which are made of wood, stone, metal, and terracotta, and found in profusion in temples, shrines, stupas, gompas, chaityasm and palaces. The art objects are also seen in street corners, lanes, private courtyards and in open ground. Most art is in the form of icons of gods and goddesses. Kathmandu valley has had this art treasure for a very long time, but received worldwide recognition only after the country opened to the outside world in 1950. 3

['QSN Kathmandu valley contains art made of metal, terracotta, wood and what other substance? ANS stone', 'QSN What is the most typical type of art in the Kathmandu valley? ANS icons', 'QSN In what year could Nepal be said to have been discovered by the outside world? ANS 1950']

The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi(wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BC, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the Ashokan period (it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC) have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the Licchavi or classical period (500 to 900 AD), the post-classical period (1000 to 1400 AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period (1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology. 5

['QSN What types of deities are Bhavani and Durga? ANS Mother Goddesses', 'QSN What is Sri-Lakshmi a deity of? ANS wealth', 'QSN By tradition, what notable figure came to Nepal 250 years before the birth of Christ? ANS Ashoka', 'QSN When did the Licchavi period end? ANS 900', 'QSN What is another name for the Licchavi period? ANS classical']

Kathmandu is home to a number of museums and art galleries, including the National Museum of Nepal and the Natural History Museum of Nepal. Nepal's art and architecture is an amalgamation of two ancient religions, Hinduism and Buddhhism. These are amply reflected in the many temples, shrines, stupas, monasteries, and palaces in the seven well-defined Monument Zones of the Kathmandu valley are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This amalgamation is also reflected in the planning and exhibitions in museums and art galleries throughout Kathmandu and its sister cities of Patan and Bhaktapur. The museums display unique artifacts and paintings from the 5th century CE to the present day, including archeological exportation. 5

['QSN Along with the National Museum of Nepal, what notable Nepalese museum is present in Kathmandu? ANS Natural History Museum of Nepal', 'QSN From what time period are the oldest artifacts in Kathmandu museums? ANS 5th century', 'QSN Along with Buddhism, what religion has had a significant influence on Nepal? ANS Hinduism', 'QSN What Kathmandu valley area was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO? ANS Monument Zones', 'QSN How many Monument Zones are present in the Kathmandu valley? ANS seven']

The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning "the stone house of arms and ammunition". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th–19th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings. 5

['QSN In what area of Kathmandu is the National Museum? ANS western', 'QSN What stupa is close to the National Museum? ANS Swayambhunath', 'QSN Who built the building that contains the National Museum? ANS Bhimsen Thapa', 'QSN When was the National Museum founded? ANS 1928', 'QSN What does Chhauni Silkhana mean? ANS the stone house of arms and ammunition']

The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to the King Tribhuvan (1906–1955). It has a variety of pieces including his personal belongings, letters and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members. The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to king Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972). Like the Tribhuvan Museum, it includes his personal belongings such as decorations, stamps, coins and personal notes and manuscripts, but it also has structural reconstructions of his cabinet room and office chamber. The Hanumandhoka Palace, a lavish medieval palace complex in the Durbar, contains three separate museums of historic importance. These museums include the Birendra museum, which contains items related to the second-last monarch, Birendra of Nepal. 5

['QSN When did Tribhuvan die? ANS 1955', 'QSN What was the birth year of King Mahendra? ANS 1920', 'QSN How many museums are in the Hanumandhoka Palace? ANS three', 'QSN Who was the penultimate king of Nepal? ANS Birendra', 'QSN During what era was the Hanumandhoka Palace constructed? ANS medieval']

The enclosed compound of the Narayanhity Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu. "Narayanhity" comes from Narayana, a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu, and Hiti, meaning "water spout" (Vishnu's temple is located opposite the palace, and the water spout is located east of the main entrance to the precinct). Narayanhity was a new palace, in front of the old palace built in 1915, and was built in 1970 in the form of a contemporary Pagoda. It was built on the occasion of the marriage of King Birenda Bir Bikram Shah, then heir apparent to the throne. The southern gate of the palace is at the crossing of Prithvipath and Darbar Marg roads. The palace area covers (30 hectares (74 acres)) and is fully secured with gates on all sides. This palace was the scene of the Nepali royal massacre. After the fall of the monarchy, it was converted to a museum. 5

['QSN Where in Kathmandu is Narayanhity Palace Museum located? ANS north-central', 'QSN In what year was Narayanhity constructed? ANS 1970', 'QSN Whose marriage led to the construction of Narayanhity? ANS Birenda Bir Bikram Shah', 'QSN How many acres is the Narayanhity Palace? ANS 74', 'QSN What god is Narayana? ANS Vishnu']

The Taragaon Museum presents the modern history of the Kathmandu Valley. It seeks to document 50 years of research and cultural heritage conservation of the Kathmandu Valley, documenting what artists photographers architects anthropologists from abroad had contributed in the second half of the 20th century. The actual structure of the Museum showcases restoration and rehabilitation efforts to preserve the built heritage of Kathmandu. It was designed by Carl Pruscha (master-planner of the Kathmandy Valley ) in 1970 and constructed in 1971. Restoration works began in 2010 to rehabilitate the Taragaon hostel into the Taragaon Museum. The design uses local brick along with modern architectural design elements, as well as the use of circle, triangles and squares. The Museum is within a short walk from the Boudhnath stupa, which itself can be seen from the Museum tower. 5

['QSN What is the Taragaon Museum dedicated to? ANS modern history of the Kathmandu Valley', 'QSN Who is the designer of the Taragaon Museum? ANS Carl Pruscha', 'QSN In what year was the Taragaon Museum built? ANS 1971', 'QSN What stupa is located close to the Taragaon Museum? ANS Boudhnath', 'QSN What was the Taragaon Museum prior to being a museum? ANS hostel']

Kathmandu is a center for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists in the country and also collections of historical artists. Patan in particular is an ancient city noted for its fine arts and crafts. Art in Kathmandu is vibrant, demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art, derived from a great number of national, Asian, and global influences. Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet, closely linked to the country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for. Internationally, the British-based charity, the Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre is involved with promoting arts in Kathmandu. 5

['QSN Contemporary Kathmandu art combines traditional influences with what type of art? ANS modern', 'QSN How many types are Nepali works of art typically divided into? ANS two', 'QSN What do the Tibetans call traditional idealistic paintings? ANS Thangkas', 'QSN What UK charity works on behalf of Kathmandu art? ANS Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre', 'QSN What do the Nepalese call Thangkas? ANS Paubhas']

The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery, located inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds, hosts the work of contemporary painters and sculptors, and regularly organizes exhibitions. It also runs morning and evening classes in the schools of art. Also of note is the Moti Azima Gallery, located in a three storied building in Bhimsenthan which contains an impressive collection of traditional utensils and handmade dolls and items typical of a medieval Newar house, giving an important insight into Nepali history. The J Art Gallery is also located in Kathmandu, near the Royal Palace in Durbarmarg, Kathmandu and displays the artwork of eminent, established Nepali painters. The Nepal Art Council Gallery, located in the Babar Mahal, on the way to Tribhuvan International Airport contains artwork of both national and international artists and extensive halls regularly used for art exhibitions. 5

['QSN Where can one find the Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery? ANS Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds', 'QSN The Moti Azima Gallery contains objects that might be found in a Nepalese house of what time period? ANS medieval', 'QSN What art gallery is located close to the Durbarmarg Royal Palace? ANS J', 'QSN Where can the Nepal Art Council Gallery be found? ANS Babar Mahal', "QSN In which of Nepal's art galleries can one take an art class? ANS Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery"]

The National Library of Nepal is located in Patan. It is the largest library in the country with more than 70,000 books. English, Nepali, Sanskrit, Hindi, and Nepal Bhasa books are found here. The library is in possession of rare scholarly books in Sanskrit and English dating from the 17th century AD. Kathmandu also contains the Kaiser Library, located in the Kaiser Mahal on the ground floor of the Ministry of Education building. This collection of around 45,000 books is derived from a personal collection of Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. It covers a wide range of subjects including history, law, art, religion, and philosophy, as well as a Sanskrit manual of Tantra, which is believed to be over 1,000 years old. The 2015 earthquake caused severe damage to the Ministry of Education building, and the contents of the Kaiser Library have been temporarily relocated. 5

["QSN How many volumes are contained in Nepal's National Library? ANS 70,000", 'QSN Along with Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali and English, the National Library contains books in what language? ANS Nepal Bhasa', 'QSN What government department is located in the same building as the Kaiser Library? ANS Ministry of Education', 'QSN How many volumes does the Kaiser Library contain? ANS 45,000', "QSN Who did the Kaiser Library's books previously belong to? ANS Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana"]

Kathmandu is home to Nepali cinema and theaters. The city contains several theaters, including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path, the Ganga Theatre, the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in 1982. The M. Art Theater is based in the city. The Gurukul School of Theatre organizes the Kathmandu International Theater Festival, attracting artists from all over the world. A mini theater is also located at the Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, established by the Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee. 4

['QSN Where can the National Dance Theatre be found in Kathmandu? ANS Kanti Path', 'QSN What year saw the beginning of the Aarohan Theater Group? ANS 1982', 'QSN What gathering is the work of the Gurukul School of Theatre? ANS Kathmandu International Theater Festival', 'QSN Who constructed the theater in Hanumandhoka Durbar Square? ANS Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee']

Most of the cuisines found in Kathmandu are non-vegetarian. However, the practice of vegetarianism is not uncommon, and vegetarian cuisines can be found throughout the city. Consumption of beef is very uncommon and considered taboo in many places. Buff (meat of water buffalo) is very common. There is a strong tradition of buff consumption in Kathmandu, especially among Newars, which is not found in other parts of Nepal. Consumption of pork was considered taboo until a few decades ago. Due to the intermixing with Kirat cuisine from eastern Nepal, pork has found a place in Kathmandu dishes. A fringe population of devout Hindus and Muslims consider it taboo. The Muslims forbid eating buff as from Quran while Hindus eat all varieties except Cow's meat as the consider Cow to be a goddess and symbol of purity. The chief breakfast for locals and visitors is mostly Momo or Chowmein. 5

['QSN What meat is very rarely eaten in Kathmandu? ANS beef', 'QSN What animal does buff come from? ANS water buffalo', 'QSN What people are particularly known for eating buff? ANS Newars', 'QSN What cuisine notably makes use of pork? ANS Kirat', 'QSN What do Kathmandu residents typically eat for breakfast? ANS Momo or Chowmein']

Kathmandu had only one western-style restaurant in 1955. A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened, catering Nepali cuisine, Tibetan cuisine, Chinese cuisine and Indian cuisine in particular. Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American chop suey, which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a fried egg commonly added on top and other westernized adaptations of traditional cuisine. Continental cuisine can be found in selected places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of Pizza Hut and KFC have recently opened there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins 5

['QSN How many restaurants in the western style were present in Kathmandu circa 1955? ANS one', 'QSN What chain restaurants are present in Kathmandu? ANS Pizza Hut and KFC', 'QSN How is the egg in American chop suey prepared? ANS fried', "QSN Along with locals and tourists, who eats at Kathmandu's restaurants? ANS expatriates", 'QSN Along with Nepali, Indian and Chinese cuisines, what cuisine has been a focus of Kathmandu restaurants? ANS Tibetan']

Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea is widely served but is extremely weak by western standards. It is richer and contains tea leaves boiled with milk, sugar and spices. Alcohol is widely drunk, and there are numerous local variants of alcoholic beverages. Drinking and driving is illegal, and authorities have a zero tolerance policy. Ailaa and thwon (alcohol made from rice) are the alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu, found in all the local bhattis (alcohol serving eateries). Chhyaang, tongba (fermented millet or barley) and rakshi are alcoholic beverages from other parts of Nepal which are found in Kathmandu. However, shops and bars in Kathmandu widely sell western and Nepali beers. 5

['QSN What beverage is consumed by more people in Kathmandu, coffee or tea? ANS tea', 'QSN How might a western traveler find the tea served in Kathmandu? ANS extremely weak', 'QSN What is used to make thwon? ANS rice', 'QSN What are bhattis? ANS alcohol serving eateries', 'QSN What goes through a fermentation process to create tongba? ANS millet or barley']

Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu originated in the Malla period or earlier. Traditionally, these festivals were celebrated by Newars. In recent years, these festivals have found wider participation from other Kathmanduites as well. As the capital of the Republic of Nepal, various national festivals are celebrated in Kathmandu. With mass migration to the city, the cultures of Khas from the west, Kirats from the east, Bon/Tibetan from the north, and Mithila from the south meet in the capital and mingle harmoniously. The festivities such as the Ghode (horse) Jatra, Indra Jatra, Dashain Durga Puja festivals, Shivratri and many more are observed by all Hindu and Buddhist communities of Kathmandu with devotional fervor and enthusiasm. Social regulation in the codes enacted incorporate Hindu traditions and ethics. These were followed by the Shah kings and previous kings, as devout Hindus and protectors of Buddhist religion. 5

["QSN To what era do a majority of Kathmandu's festivals date back to? ANS Malla", 'QSN Before the modern era, who mostly celebrated Kathmandu festivals? ANS Newars', 'QSN In what direction out of Kathmandu did the Khas originate from? ANS west', 'QSN What does Ghode mean? ANS horse', 'QSN In relation to Kathmandu, where do the Tibetans hale? ANS north']

The Bagmati River which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy river both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are located on the banks of this river. The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side. According to the Nepali Hindu tradition, the dead body must be dipped three times into the Bagmati before cremation. The chief mourner (usually the first son) who lights the funeral pyre must take a holy riverwater bath immediately after cremation. Many relatives who join the funeral procession also take bath in the Bagmati River or sprinkle the holy water on their bodies at the end of cremation as the Bagmati is believed to purify people spiritually. 5

['QSN In addition to Hindus, who regards the Bagmati River as sacred? ANS Buddhists', 'QSN What is done with Hindus after they die? ANS cremated', 'QSN What are done with the bodies of Kirants after death? ANS buried', 'QSN In a Hindu funeral, who is typically the main mourner? ANS first son', 'QSN Before Hindus are cremated, how many times are their bodies placed in the Bagmati? ANS three']

Legendary Princess Bhrikuti (7th-century) and artist Araniko (1245 - 1306 AD) from that tradition of Kathmandu valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There are over 108 traditional monasteries (Bahals and Bahis) in Kathmandu based on Newar Buddhism. Since the 1960s, the permanent Tibetan Buddhist population of Kathmandu has risen significantly so that there are now over fifty Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the area. Also, with the modernization of Newar Buddhism, various Theravada Bihars have been established. 5

['QSN In what century was Bhrikuti said to live? ANS 7th', 'QSN When did Araniko die? ANS 1306', 'QSN What religion did Araniko help to evangelize? ANS Buddhism', 'QSN How many Newar Buddhist monasteries are present in Kathmandu? ANS 108', 'QSN Approximately how many monasteries in the Kathmandu area are run by Tibetan Buddhists? ANS fifty']

Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal. It is practiced by Kirat people. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar) and Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu. Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice Mundhum in the city. 4

['QSN What type of religion is Kirant Mundhum? ANS animistic', 'QSN Who follows the Kirant Mudhum faith? ANS Kirat people', 'QSN Who worshipped at Wanga Akash Bhairabh in ancient times? ANS Kirats', 'QSN What is another name for ancestor worship? ANS worship of Ajima']

Sikhism is practiced primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in Kathmandu which is now defunct. Jainism is practiced by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their faith. According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Nepal, there are approximately 300 Baha'is in Kathmandu valley. They have a National Office located in Shantinagar, Baneshwor. The Baha'is also have classes for children at the National Centre and other localities in Kathmandu. Islam is practised in Kathmandu but Muslims are a minority, accounting for about 4.2% of the population of Nepal.[citation needed] It is said that in Kathmandu alone there are 170 Christian churches. Christian missionary hospitals, welfare organizations, and schools are also operating. Nepali citizens who served as soldiers in Indian and British armies, who had converted to Christianity while in service, on return to Nepal continue to practice their religion. They have contributed to the spread of Christianity and the building of churches in Nepal and in Kathmandu, in particular. 5

['QSN Where can a temple of the Jain faith be found? ANS Gyaneshwar', "QSN Kathmandu valley is home to about how many Baha'i? ANS 300", "QSN Where is the Baha'i national office located in Nepal? ANS Shantinagar, Baneshwor", 'QSN About what percentage of the Nepali population follows Islam? ANS 4.2', 'QSN About how many Christian houses of worship exist in Kathmandu? ANS 170']

Institute of Medicine, the central college of Tribhuwan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is located in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. It was established in 1972 and started to impart medical education from 1978. A number of medical colleges including Kathmandu Medical College, Nepal Medical College, KIST Medical College, Nepal Army Institute of Health Sciences, National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), are also located in or around Kathmandu. 5

['QSN Of what university is the Institute of Medicine a constituent college? ANS Tribhuwan', 'QSN In what part of Kathmandu is the Institute of Medicine found? ANS Maharajgunj', 'QSN When did the Institute of Medicine begin to offer education in medicine? ANS 1978', 'QSN What does KUSMS stand for? ANS Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences', 'QSN What institution of tertiary education is known as NAMS? ANS National Academy of Medical Sciences']

Football and Cricket are the most popular sports among the younger generation in Nepal and there are several stadiums in the city. The sport is governed by the All Nepal Football Association (ANFA) from its headquarters in Kathmandu. The only international football stadium in the city is the Dasarath Rangasala Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium used mostly for football matches and cultural events, located in the neighborhood of Tripureshwor. It is the largest stadium in Nepal with a capacity of 25,000 spectators, built in 1956. Martyr's Memorial League is also held in this ground every year. The stadium was renovated with Chinese help before the 8th South Asian Games were held in Kathmandu and had floodlights installed. Kathmandu is home to the oldest football clubs of Nepal such as RCT, Sankata and NRT. Other prominent clubs include MMC, Machhindra FC, Tribhuwan Army Club (TAC) and MPC. 5

['QSN Along with cricket, what sport is highly popular among Nepali youth? ANS Football', 'QSN What body oversees soccer in Nepal? ANS All Nepal Football Association', 'QSN How many people can fit in Dasarath Rangasala Stadium? ANS 25,000', 'QSN In what part of Kathmandu is Dasarath Rangasala Stadium located? ANS Tripureshwor', 'QSN Who assisted Nepal in renovating Dasarath Rangasala Stadium? ANS Chinese']

The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be (17,182 km (10,676 mi)), as of 2003–04. This fairly large network has helped the economic development of the country, particularly in the fields of agriculture, horticulture, vegetable farming, industry and also tourism. In view of the hilly terrain, transportation takes place in Kathmandu are mainly by road and air. Kathmandu is connected by the Tribhuvan Highway to the south, Prithvi Highway to the west and Araniko Highway to the north. The BP Highway, connecting Kathmandu to the eastern part of Nepal is under construction. 5

['QSN As of 2004, how many kilometers of road existed in Nepal? ANS 17,182', 'QSN Why is travel in Kathmandu mainly via automobile or aircraft? ANS hilly terrain', 'QSN What highway connecting Kathmandu to elsewhere in Nepal is currently being built? ANS BP', 'QSN In what direction out of Kathmandu does the Prithvi Highway travel? ANS west', 'QSN If one wished to travel north out of Kathmandu, what highway would be used? ANS Araniko']

The main international airport serving Kathmandu and thus Nepal is the Tribhuvan International Airport, located about six kilometers (6 km (3.7 mi)) from the city centre. Operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal it has two terminals, one domestic and one international. At present, about 22 international airlines connect Nepal to other destinations in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, to cities such as Istanbul, Delhi, Kolkata, Singapore, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Dhaka, Islamabad, Paro, Lhasa, Chengdu, and Guangzhou. A recent extension to the international terminal has made the distance to the airplanes shorter and in October 2009 it became possible to fly directly to Kathmandu from Amsterdam with Arkefly. Since 2013, Turkish Airlines connects Istanbul to Kathmandu. Regionally, several Nepali airlines operate from the city, including Agni Air, Buddha Air, Cosmic Air, Nepal Airlines and Yeti Airlines, to other major towns across Nepal. 5

["QSN What is Nepal's primary airport for international travel? ANS Tribhuvan International Airport", 'QSN Starting in the center of Kathmandu, how many kilometers must one travel to reach Tribhuvan International Airport? ANS 6', 'QSN How many airlines use Tribhuvan International for international flights? ANS 22', 'QSN From what city does Arkefly offer nonstop flights to Kathmandu? ANS Amsterdam', 'QSN Who operates flights between Kathmandu and Istanbul? ANS Turkish Airlines']

Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), in order to promote international relations has established an International Relations Secretariat (IRC). KMC's first international relationship was established in 1975 with the city of Eugene, Oregon, United States. This activity has been further enhanced by establishing formal relationships with 8 other cities: Motsumoto City of Japan, Rochester of the USA, Yangon (formerly Rangoon) of Myanmar, Xi'an of the People's Republic of China, Minsk of Belarus, and Pyongyang of the Democratic Republic of Korea. KMC's constant endeavor is to enhance its interaction with SAARC countries, other International agencies and many other major cities of the world to achieve better urban management and developmental programs for Kathmandu. 5

['QSN In what US state did Kathmandu first establish an international relationship? ANS Oregon', 'QSN What was Yangon previously known as? ANS Rangoon', 'QSN With what Belorussian city does Kathmandu have a relationship? ANS Minsk', 'QSN In what year did Kathmandu create its initial international relationship? ANS 1975', 'QSN What is KMC an initialism of? ANS Kathmandu Metropolitan City']