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8,000 | AR6_WGIII | 1,816 | 43 | The depth and character of the local capital market also affect cities differently in generating bonds | high | 2 | train |
8,001 | AR6_WGIII | 1,817 | 4 | There is insufficient evidence about which financing schemes contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptations at community level | high | 2 | train |
8,002 | AR6_WGIII | 1,817 | 15 | Integrated urban capital investment planning is an option to develop cross-sectoral solutions that reduce investment needs, boost coordination capacity, and increase climate-smart impacts | high | 2 | train |
8,003 | AR6_WGIII | 1,817 | 23 | Investor demand is driving developments in innovative financial products | high | 2 | train |
8,004 | AR6_WGIII | 1,817 | 26 | The growth and diversity of the green bond market illustrates how innovative financial products can attract both public and private investors | high | 2 | train |
8,005 | AR6_WGIII | 1,818 | 3 | Significant potential exists for continued growth in innovative financial products, though some challenges remain | high | 2 | train |
8,006 | AR6_WGIII | 1,818 | 18 | Financial disclosure regulatory developments can help further align and specify definitions of green in the financial sector but are not a substitute for climate policy | high | 2 | train |
8,007 | AR6_WGIII | 1,818 | 35 | Identifying green financial products can increase uptake and may result in a lower cost of capital in certain parts of the market | high | 2 | train |
8,008 | AR6_WGIII | 1,818 | 41 | There is some evidence of a premium, or an acceptance of lower yields by the investor, for green bonds | medium | 1 | train |
8,009 | AR6_WGIII | 1,819 | 11 | Financial flows via these instruments have limited measurable environmental impact to date, however they can support capacity building on climate risk and opportunities within institutions to realise future impacts | high | 2 | train |
8,010 | AR6_WGIII | 1,821 | 19 | One challenge is unlocking unencumbered endowments to contribute to Paris and SDGs | high | 2 | train |
8,011 | AR6_WGIII | 1,822 | 8 | Institutional domestic and international investors have growing assets estimated to exceed USD100 trillion | high | 2 | train |
8,012 | AR6_WGIII | 1,822 | 18 | However, progress remains pilot, slow and piecemeal | high | 2 | train |
8,013 | AR6_WGIII | 1,822 | 24 | Options to mobilise institutional investors currently remain small pilots, relative to Paris and SDG ambitions | high | 2 | test |
8,014 | AR6_WGIII | 1,822 | 37 | Paris-aligned NDCs that integrate policies on COVID-19 pandemic recovery, climate action, sustainable development, just transition and equity can harness co-benefits including contribution to Invisible UN SDG 7 energy poverty sectors | high | 2 | train |
8,015 | AR6_WGIII | 1,823 | 16 | Combining approaches: (i) developed countries meeting UNFCCC USD100 billion commitment on a grant-equivalent basis, (ii) stepped up technical assistance, (iii) infrastructure coordination, (iv) knowledge sharing by project preparation entities, and (iv) harnessing project risk facilities such as guarantees could be instrumental for scaling climate finance for Paris-SDGs | high | 2 | train |
8,016 | AR6_WGIII | 1,824 | 13 | Existing project risk facilities including guarantees could benefit from coordination, scaling and better reporting frameworks | high | 2 | train |
8,017 | AR6_WGIII | 1,824 | 27 | Investment vehicles into green infrastructure come in various forms | high | 2 | train |
8,018 | AR6_WGIII | 1,825 | 4 | Developing government bond yield curves with different maturities can be an important policy objective | high | 2 | train |
8,019 | AR6_WGIII | 1,825 | 24 | Developing countries are using fiscal incentives, grants, and guarantees to support nascent bond markets with most taxonomies under development | high | 2 | train |
8,020 | AR6_WGIII | 1,826 | 11 | This makes a business case for deferred investments in grid infrastructure | medium | 1 | train |
8,021 | AR6_WGIII | 1,826 | 28 | MaaS tends to deliver significant urban benefits (e.g., cleaner air) and brings in efficiency gains in the use of resources | high | 2 | train |
8,022 | AR6_WGIII | 1,827 | 2 | If effectively implemented, nature-based solutions can be cost- effective measures and able to provide multiple benefits, such as enhanced climate resilience, enhanced climate change mitigation, biodiversity habitat, water filtration, soil health, and amenity values | high | 2 | train |
8,023 | AR6_WGIII | 1,827 | 6 | Nature-based solutions have large potential to address climate change and other sustainable development issues | high | 2 | train |
8,024 | AR6_WGIII | 1,827 | 13 | REDD+ can significantly contribute to climate change mitigation and also produce other co-benefits like climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and poverty reduction, if well-implemented | high | 2 | test |
8,025 | AR6_WGIII | 1,827 | 45 | The development of nature-based solutions faces barriers that relate to the value proposition, value delivery and value capture of nature- based solutions business models and sustainable sources of public/ private finance to tap into | high | 2 | train |
8,026 | AR6_WGIII | 1,828 | 7 | Policies and frameworks to expand and enhance financial inclusion also extend to the area of climate finance | high | 2 | train |
8,027 | AR6_WGIII | 1,828 | 14 | At the level of public multilateral climate funds, there have been significant improvements in integrating gender equality and women’s empowerment issues in the governance structures, policies, project approval and implementation processes of existing multilateral climate funds such as the UNFCCC’s funds managed by the Global Environment Facility, the Green Climate Fund and the World Bank’s CIFs | high | 2 | train |
8,028 | AR6_WGIII | 1,828 | 24 | Overall, efforts to promote gender responsive/sensitive climate finance, at national and local levels, both in the public and private dimensions and more specifically in mitigation-oriented sectors such as clean and renewable energy, remain deficient | high | 2 | train |
8,029 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 1 | Innovation has also led to, and exacerbated, trade-offs in relation to sustainable development | high | 2 | train |
8,030 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 4 | The currently widespread implementation of solar photovoltaic (solar PV) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), for instance, could not have happened without technological innovation | high | 2 | train |
8,031 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 7 | Trade-offs include negative externalities – for instance, greater environmental pollution and social inequalities – rebound effects leading to lower net emission reductions or even increases in emissions, and increased dependency on foreign knowledge and providers | high | 2 | train |
8,032 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 10 | This systemic view of innovation takes into account the role of actors, institutions and their interactions, and can inform how innovation systems that vary across technologies, sectors and countries, can be strengthened | high | 2 | train |
8,033 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 19 | A combination of scaled-up innovation investments with demand-pull interventions can achieve faster technology unit cost reductions and more rapid scale-up than either approach in isolation | high | 2 | train |
8,034 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 28 | This inhibition occurs more often in developing countries | high | 2 | train |
8,035 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 30 | Capabilities play a key role in these functions, the build-up of which can be enhanced by domestic measures, but also by international cooperation | high | 2 | train |
8,036 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 34 | The effectiveness of such international cooperation arrangements, however, depends on the way they are developed and implemented | high | 2 | train |
8,037 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 37 | International diffusion of low-emission technologies is also facilitated by knowledge spillovers from regions engaged in clean R&D | medium | 1 | train |
8,038 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 39 | Some literature suggests that it is a barrier, while other sources suggest that it is an enabler to the diffusion of climate-related technologies | medium | 1 | train |
8,039 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 4 | These gaps could be filled by enhancing financial support for international technology cooperation, by strengthening cooperative approaches, and by helping build suitable capacity in developing countries across all technological innovation system functions | high | 2 | train |
8,040 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 6 | For example, despite building a large market for mitigation technologies in developing countries, the lack of a systemic perspective in the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism, operational since the mid- 2000s, has only led to some technology transfer, especially to larger developing countries, but limited capacity building and minimal technology development | medium | 1 | train |
8,041 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 9 | Addressing both sets of challenges simultaneously presents multiple and recurrent obstacles that systemic approaches to technological change could help resolve, provided they are well managed | high | 2 | train |
8,042 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 10 | Obstacles include both entrenched power relations dominated by vested interests that control and benefit from existing technologies, and governance structures that continue to reproduce unsustainable patterns of production and consumption | medium | 1 | train |
8,043 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 16 | System-level rebound effects may also occur | high | 2 | train |
8,044 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 21 | At present, the understanding of both the direct and indirect impacts of digitalisation on energy use, carbon emissions and potential mitigation, is limited | medium | 1 | train |
8,045 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 24 | Inspiration can be drawn from the global unit cost reductions of solar PV, which were accelerated by a combination of factors interacting in a mutually reinforcing way across a limited group of countries | high | 2 | train |
8,046 | AR6_WGIII | 1,870 | 40 | Spillovers related to energy and low-carbon technologies have been documented by a number of empirical studies | high | 2 | train |
8,047 | AR6_WGIII | 1,870 | 44 | The presence of spillovers can have both positive and negative impacts on climate change mitigation | high | 2 | train |
8,048 | AR6_WGIII | 1,870 | 55 | In addition, the presence of spillovers implies that a unilateral effort to reduce emissions in one region could reduce emissions in other regions | medium | 1 | train |
8,049 | AR6_WGIII | 1,917 | 20 | In conjunction with other enabling conditions, technological innovation can support system transitions to limit warming, help shift development pathways, and bring about new and improved ways of delivering goods and services that are essential to human well-being | high | 2 | train |
8,050 | AR6_WGIII | 1,917 | 22 | Trade-offs include negative externalities, such as environmental impacts and social inequalities, rebound effects leading to lower net emission reductions or even increases in emissions, and increased dependency on foreign knowledge and providers | high | 2 | train |
8,051 | AR6_WGIII | 1,917 | 23 | Digitalisation, for example, holds both opportunity for emission reduction and emission-saving behaviour change, but at the same time causes significant environmental, social and greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts | high | 2 | train |
8,052 | AR6_WGIII | 1,917 | 28 | Like other enabling conditions, technological innovation plays a balancing role – by inhibiting change as innovation strengthens incumbent technologies and practices – and a reinforcing role, by allowing new technologies and practices to disrupt the existing socio-technical regimes | high | 2 | train |
8,053 | AR6_WGIII | 1,917 | 31 | Against this backdrop, international cooperation on technological innovation is one of the enablers of climate action in developing countries on both mitigation and adaptation | high | 2 | train |
8,054 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG 10 Reduced inequalitiesSDG 11 Sustainable cities and communitiesSDG 12 Responsible consumption and productionSDG 13 Climate action SDG 14 Life below water SDG 15 Life on landSDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions SDG 17 PartnershipLine of sight (section numbers, tables, figures, box)Remarks (context specificity/scale) Energy systemsWind energy+ Wind can provide low-cost electricity to several communities (high confidence)± Land use for wind energy needs to be coordinated based on local circumstances, otherwise can have negative implications on food security (medium confidence)+ Minimal air pollution, also integration with health sector frequently discussed (high confidence)+ Low consumption of water (high confidence)+ Low-cost and low-carbon electricity in several regions (high confidence)+ Large job creation per unit investment (medium confidence)+ Integration with offshore and other infrastructure (medium confidence)+ Could help through net metering (medium confidence)± Cater to sustain- able production, however has significant material consumption and disposal needs (medium confidence)+ Low-carbon emissions (high confidence)± Offshore wind could pose risk to marine life if not appropriately managed (high confidence)± Land use for wind energy needs to be coordinated, otherwise can have negative implications on biodiversity | medium | 1 | train |
8,055 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 2 | Will likely require significantly more critical minerals Key context would include availability of land that does not compromise biodiversity Solar energy+ Solar PV can provide low-cost electricity to several communities (high confidence)± Land use for solar energy needs to be coordinated based on local circum- stances, otherwise can have negative implications on food security (medium confidence)+ Minimal air pollution, also inte- gration with health sector frequently discussed (high confidence)± Low consumption of water for PV but higher for CSP (Concentrating Solar Power) (high confidence)+ Low-cost and low- carbon electricity in several regions (high confidence)+ Large job creation per unit investment (medium confidence)+ Solar heat may be used in industrial heating (medium confidence)+ Could help through net metering (medium confidence)± Cater to sustain- able production, how- ever has significant material consumption and disposal needs (medium confidence)+ Low-carbon emissions (high confidence)± Land use for solar energy needs to be coordinated, otherwise can have negative implications on biodiversity | medium | 1 | train |
8,056 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 5 | Large-scale bioenergy projects with CCS may be expensive | medium | 1 | test |
8,057 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 6 | The reason for the tradeoff is competition between food and bioenergy crops (medium confidence)± Depending on the scale and infrastructural efficacy, bioenergy may result in good or poor air quality (medium confidence)± Some bioenergy feedstocks may cause competition for water | high | 2 | train |
8,058 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 7 | High depen- dence of 2.2 billion people on traditional and non-sustainable biomass, with nega- tive impact on health and deforestation (high confidence)+ Potential to provide employ- ment, including to workers who may be transitioning from fossil sectors (high confidence)+ Considerable opportunities for integration with other industries such as wastewater treatment (high confidence)+ Could lead to low- carbon transport fuels (high confidence)+ Use of waste biomass could be useful (high confidence)+ Low-carbon emissions | high | 2 | train |
8,059 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 8 | At the same time, effluents from biofuel production can also cause negative impacts on marine ecosystems when effluent treat- ment is not meeting high standards (high confidence)± Land use needs to be coordinated, otherwise can have negative implications on biodiversity and food production (high confidence)Sections 6.4.2.6 and 12.5, Box 6.1The regional context in terms of the types of biomass/land being utilised is critical Has potential for development of low-carbon organic materials, chemicals and plastics that can be produced Hydropower± Could lead to fisheries damage if not properly managed (medium confidence)+ Minimal air pollution (high confidence)+ Coordination with water infrastructure (medium confidence)+ Low-cost and low-carbon electricity in several regions (high confidence)+ Low-carbon emissions (high confidence)± Could lead to fish- eries damage if not properly managed (medium confidence)± Land use needs to be coordinated, otherwise can have negative implications on biodiversity (medium confidence)Section 6.4.2Key context would include availability of land that does not compromise biodiversity Geothermal energy+ Potential to provide energy in several energy- scarce regions (low confidence)± Low air pollution but some water pollution risks (medium confidence)± Water flowback, water pollution and other issues (medium confidence)+ Low-cost and low-carbon electric- ity and heat in several regions (high confidence)+ Heat may be used in industrial heating (medium confidence)+ Potential for air conditioning and heating (medium confidence)+ Low-carbon emissions | high | 2 | train |
8,060 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 9 | Much Literature on both the health benefits as well as risks arising from such power plants (high confidence)– Significant water consumption (high confidence)± Increased use of nuclear power can provide stable baseload power supply and reduce price volatility but has nuclear waste management needs (medium confidence)+ Local employment and reduced price volatility | medium | 1 | train |
8,061 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 11 | In the latter case, a wide range of infrastructure issues need to be addressed, including facilities and equipment, as well as human and financial resources, and the legal and regulatory framework (medium confidence)± Cater to sustain- able production, low resource consumption, but has significant waste management needs (medium confidence)+ Low-carbon emissions | high | 2 | train |
8,062 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 12 | Long- term solutions for high-level radioactive waste are under development (medium confidence)± Low impacts to biodiversity but high impact in case of an accident (medium confidence)Section 6.4.2.4, Figure 6.18Depends on the type of power plants being displaced Nuclear requires significantly less minerals than other low-carbon technologies Carbon capture and storage (CCS)+ CCS infrastructure generally requires reduction of air pol- lutants for optimal operation (high confidence)– Water use generally increases significantly; significant water treatment needs may also arise for brines (high confidence)+ Potential to spur technological innova- tion; also could reduce inequity risks for fossil workers (high confidence)+ Could help decarbonise some hard- to-decarbonise sectors (high confidence)± Use of resources and chemicals could increase unless appropriately managed (medium confidence)+ Low-carbon emissions | high | 2 | train |
8,063 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 2 | Water management for reducing drought and adapting to climate change is important issue | high | 2 | train |
8,064 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 3 | Water management for reducing drought and adapting to climate change is important issue (high confidence)± Probably no direct impact (soil–human health nexus through nutritional transfer: may contribute to better nutrient security through quality and nutrient-rich products and better living if higher prof- its and diversified products) (medium confidence)+ Better landscape water balance by influencing the quality and availability of water supply (high confidence)+ Better soil management can lead to improved productivity and thus economic growth (medium confidence)± Low environment footprints, quality and healthy food production and economic and social viability (high confidence)+ Clear climate benefit (high confidence)+ Better sponge function to life in water, and less nutrients into the water (medium confidence)+ Proved beneficial for combating soil degradation and improving soil health and beneficial to biodiversity (high confidence)+ Securing local food production and higher and stable profits may reduce migration and prevent conflict and support peace and justice | medium | 1 | train |
8,065 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 6 | Trade-offs with other uses of the organic matter Reduce CH 4 and N2O emissions in agriculture± When part of improved agricul- ture, it may reduce hunger (low confidence)+ Cleaner air and soil-plant-herbivore nexus (high confidence)± Less use of water and less manure into water streams (low confidence)± Requires innova- tive food production (low confidence)+ Reduction of emissions (which is a part of responsible production) (medium confidence)+ Clear reduction of emissions (high confidence)+ Less impact on water (high confidence)+ Less impact on land (high confidence)Section 7.4Risks include mitigation persistence, ecological impacts associated with improving feed quality and supply, or potential toxicity and animal welfare issues concerning feed additives Reduced conver - sion of forests and other ecosystems (deforestation, loss and degrada- tion of peatlands and coastal wetlands)± Protecting huge areas may lead to poverty (medium confidence)– May lead to some competition for land (medium confi- dence)+ Cleaner air, greener environ- ment generally leads to better health (high confidence)+ Better landscape water balance (high confidence)± May lead to competition for land and less economic benefits (medium confidence)± When surrounding cities, it may lead to cooling (high confidence)+ Clear climate benefit (high confidence)+ Better sponge function to life in water, and less nutrients into the water (high confidence)+ Beneficial to biodiversity (high confidence)± May lead to more competition for resources and thus pressures between actors (medium confidence)± May lead to joint forces | low | 0 | train |
8,066 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 7 | It can compete for land and thus with food provision Ecosystem restoration, reforestation, afforestation+ If it provides income, food and wood products, then neutral to positive | medium | 1 | train |
8,067 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 8 | Reforestation and forest restoration can have co-benefits for food security, and cleaner air and greener environment generally leads to better health | medium | 1 | test |
8,068 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 9 | Afforestation (on naturally unforested land) can compound climate-related risks to water security (medium confidence)– May lead to competition for land and less economic benefits (medium confidence)± When done with involvement of locals it can reduce inequality (low confidence)+ When surrounding cities, it may lead to cooling (high confidence)+ Clear climate benefit (high confidence)+ Better sponge function to life in water when done in proper manner (high confidence)+ Beneficial to biodiversity when done in proper manner | medium | 1 | train |
8,069 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 10 | If car - ried out at massive scale, competition for food will arise; when carried out adapted to local circumstances, and for various needs, the trade-offs are small; may have high opportunity costs Improved sustainable forest management+ If it provides income and wood products, then neutral to positive (high confidence)± If it provides income and wood products, then neutral to positive (low confidence)+ Cleaner air, greener environ- ment generally leads to better health (low confidence)+ Better landscape water balance (medium confidence)± Can lead to improved wood chain, including bioenergy from residues (high confidence)+ If it provides income and wood products, then neutral to positive (medium confidence)+ Can lead to improved wood chain, and biobased product innovation (high confidence)± When done with involvement of locals it can reduce inequality (low confidence)± Can lead to cooling of cities and building with biobased products (medium confidence)+ Most likely climate benefit (medium confidence)+ Better sponge function to life in water, and less nutrients into the water (medium confidence)+ Beneficial to biodiversity | high | 2 | train |
8,070 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 12 | Reduce food loss and food waste+ Reduced food loss will reduce prices, and may lead to less poverty (high confidence)+ Reduced food loss will reduce prices, and may lead to more food available (high confidence)+ Reduced food loss will reduce prices, and may lead to more food available (high confidence)+ Less use of water (high confidence)+ Lead to less energy use (high confidence)+ Balanced food distribution globally may reduce prices for many (low confidence)+ Balanced food distribution globally may provide more sustainable societies (low confidence)+ Balanced food distribution and reduced losses is part of responsible consumption (high confidence)+ Clear reduction of emissions (high confidence)+ Less impact on water (medium confidence)+ Less impact on land (high confidence)+ Leads to less competition for resources and thus less pressures between actors (medium confidence)Section 7.5Occurs in all societies, there are no trade-offs Shift to balanced, sustainable healthy diets± Depends whether the healthier diet is cheaper, often not (medium confi- dence)+ Balanced food distribution globally may reduce prices for many (low confidence)+ Healthier diets for affluent populations (high confidence)+ Less use of water (high confidence)+ May lead to less energy use (high confidence)± More innovative food production (medium confidence)+ Balanced food globally may reduce prices for many (low confidence)+ Balanced food globally may provide more sustainable societies (low confidence)+ Clear reduction of emissions – Part of responsible production (high confidence)+ Clear reduction of emissions (high confidence)+ Less impact on water (medium confidence)+ Less impact on land (high confidence)Section 7.4Only for affluent societies; synergies occur because it may lead to freeing up land Renewables supply timber, biomass, agri feedstock)± Can lead to both positive and nega- tive outcomes for livelihoods and food security; if it pro- vides income, food and wood products, then neutral to positive (medium confidence)± May lead to competition when done at large scale and not taking into account local circumstances or needs (medium confidence)± Can lead to greener landscape, but can also result in large-scale undesirable changes (medium confidence)± Can lead to better landscape-level water balance when done in proper manner (medium confidence)± Can lead to better and more stable products and energy provision if done properly (medium confidence)+ If it provides income and wood products, then neutral to positive (medium confidence)+ Can lead to improved wood chain, and bio-based product innovation (high confidence)± Clear reduction of emissions up to certain scales and volumes and when negative land-use effects are avoided (high confidence)± Depending on type of land use, less impact on water (medium confidence)± Depending on type of land use, less impact on life on land | medium | 1 | train |
8,071 | AR6_WGIII | 2,013 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG 10 Reduced inequalitiesSDG 11 Sustainable cities and communitiesSDG 12 Responsible consumption and productionSDG 13 Climate action SDG 14 Life below waterSDG 15 Life on landSDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions SDG 17 PartnershipLine of sight (section numbers , tables, figures , box)Remarks (context specificity/ scale) Urban systemsUrban land use and spatial planning(+) Provides employ- ment density and supports productivity (high confidence) (+) Can reduce exposure and vulner - ability to climate change given policy integration (high confidence)(+) Better spatial planning will reduce pressures on land use change, including croplands (high confidence) (–) Growth in urban extent can still reduce cropland if not sufficiently managed (high confidence)(+) Improves access to health infrastruc- ture; improves air quality when coupled to shifting energy use; improves wellbeing with green and blue infrastructure (high confidence)(+) Better spatial planning increases educational oppor - tunities (medium confidence)(+) Can increase equal opportunities and effective participation of women, including urban governance (medium confidence)(+) Can improve water quality, water-use efficiency, water harvesting and wastewater treatment; efficient urbanisation can also reduce GHG emissions from water infrastructure (high confidence)(+) Can reduce energy use and enable access to modern energy infrastructure while urban infrastruc- ture for energy services varies (high confidence)(+) Provides employment density and supports productivity (high confidence)(+) Sustainable urban- isation and settlement planning requires development across all infrastructure sectors (high confidence)(+) Spatial inequalities within cities can be reduced; urban infra- structure gap between cities can be reduced (high confidence) (–) Unintended gentrification and spatial inequalities are still possible (medium confidence)(+) Supports capacity for participatory, inte- grated and sustainable human settlement plan- ning (Target 11.3) and protecting the poor and vulnerable (Target 11.5) (high confidence)(+) Urbanisation with lower material demands will support responsible consumption and production (high confidence) (–) Urban population growth contributes to increased demand for resources with differences in scenarios; increase in urban water demand can increase pressures on water scarcity; over-exploitation of groundwater needs to be avoided (medium confidence)(+) Contributes to both climate mitiga- tion and adaptation given integration in urban planning (high confidence)(+) Can reduce growth in urban expansion that can help protect coastal and marine eco- systems (medium confidence) (–) Urban develop- ment can still impact coastal and marine eco- systems (medium confidence)(+) Can reduce growth in urban expansion that can help protect biodiversity on land and terrestrial and inland freshwaters (high confidence) (–) Urban develop- ment can still impact biodiversity (medium confidence)(+) Has synergies with responsive, inclusive and participatory decision-making at all levels and transparent institu- tions | medium | 1 | train |
8,072 | AR6_WGIII | 2,013 | 6 | Electrifica- tion of the urban energy system(+) Can address energy poverty that is linked to poverty; eradicating poverty is supported by access to modern energy services for all (medium confidence)(+) Electrification can support welfare; electric stoves can support nutritional food intake (medium confidence) (–) Can have trade-offs if food systems are coupled with electricity and bioenergy (medium confidence)(+) Improves air quality when coupled to shifting energy use as included in the option; Avoids air pollution from energy and transport infrastructure; Sup- ports energy services for quality health services in hospitals (high confidence)(+) Electrification and access to electricity supports quality education and educational attainment (high confidence)(+) Supports equal opportunities, also through electricity for internet access if previously lacking (medium confidence)(+) Renewable energy powered water treatment facilities can sup- port clean water and sanitation (medium confi- dence)(+) Supports renewable energy, energy efficiency and access to affordable, reliable and modern energy; renewable- energy generation technologies can enhance infrastruc- ture resilience (high confidence)(+) Supports tech- nological upgrading, innovation and decent job creation (high confidence)(+) Supports sustain- able and resilient infrastructure and can support domestic tech- nology development; renewable-energy generation tech- nologies can enhance infrastructure resilience | high | 2 | train |
8,073 | AR6_WGIII | 2,014 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG 10 Reduced inequalitiesSDG 11 Sustainable cities and communitiesSDG 12 Responsible consumption and productionSDG 13 Climate actionSDG 14 Life below waterSDG 15 Life on landSDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions SDG 17 PartnershipLine of sight (section numbers, tables, figures, box)Remarks (context specificity/scale) BuildingsDemand- side management + Reduce poverty due to less energy expenditures and other financial savings (high confidence)+ Result in avoiding the ‘heat or eat’ dillemma | low | 0 | train |
8,074 | AR6_WGIII | 2,014 | 2 | Furthermore, smart controllers and wireless communications that are used for control- ling lighting, windows, HVAC equipment, water heaters, and other building equipment provide many other non-energy benefits such as improved security, access control, fire and other emergency detection and management, and on-time identification of maintenance issues (high confidence)+ Lower energy demand can lead to reduced water demand for thermal cooling at energy production facilities (medium confidence)+ Result in fuel poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply | high | 2 | train |
8,075 | AR6_WGIII | 2,014 | 5 | Also, buildings with high energy efficiency and/or green features are sold/rented at higher prices than conventional, low-energy- efficient houses (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural resources (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resilience | high | 2 | train |
8,076 | AR6_WGIII | 2,014 | 7 | Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are associated with reduced energy demand, resulting in lower energy prices, energy efficiency investments, fostering innovation, and improvements in labour productivity Efficient heating, ventilation and air con- ditioning (HVAC)+ Reduce poverty due to less energy expenditures and other financial savings – The distributional costs of some mitigation policies supporting energy efficiency may reduce the dispos- able income of the poor (medium confidence)+ Result in avoiding the ‘heat or eat’ dillemma (low confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, fuel poverty alleviation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect (high confidence)+ Lower energy demand can lead to reduced water demand for thermal cooling at energy production facilities (medium confidence)+ Result in fuel poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply (high confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macroeco- nomic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) associated with lower energy prices due to the reduced energy demand, energy efficiency invest- ments, and fostering innovation + Also result in improving labour productivity (high confidence)+ The development of ‘green buildings’ can foster innovation – Reduced energy demand can lead to early retirement of fossil energy infrastructure (medium confidence)± Can reduce or increase income inequalities (medium confidence)+ Eliminate major sources (both direct and indirect) of poor air quality (indoor and outdoor) (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural resources (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resilience | high | 2 | train |
8,077 | AR6_WGIII | 2,014 | 8 | In this case, appropriate access policies should be designed to efficiently shield poor households from the burden of carbon taxation Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are associated with reduced energy demand, resulting in lower energy prices, energy efficiency investments, fostering innovation, and improvements in labour productivity Efficient appliances+ Reduce poverty due to less energy expenditures and other financial savings – The distributional costs of some mitigation policies supporting energy efficiency may reduce the dispos- able income of the poor | medium | 1 | train |
8,078 | AR6_WGIII | 2,014 | 9 | Also, improved cookstoves provide better food security (medium confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, fuel poverty alleviation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect (high confidence) + Reduce school absenteeism due to better indoor conditions, while fuel poverty alleviation increases the availble space at home for reading (medium confidence)+ Efficient cookstoves result in substantial time savings for women, thus increasing the time for rest, communication, education and productive activi- ties (medium confidence)+ Lower energy demand can lead to reduced water demand for thermal cooling at energy production facilities (medium confidence)+ Result in energy/ fuel poverty allevia- tion and improving the security of energy supply (high confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macroeco- nomic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) associated with lower energy prices due to the reduced energy demand, energy efficiency invest- ments, and fostering innovation + Also result in improving labour productivity (high confidence)– Reduced energy demand can lead to early retirement of fossil energy infrastructure (medium confidence)± Can reduce or increase income inequalities + Efficient cookstoves result in substantial time savings for women and children, thus enhancing education and the development of productive activities (medium confidence)+ Eliminate major sources (both direct and indirect) of poor air quality (indoor and outdoor) (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural resources – Possible risks due to the penetration of new, efficient appliances and early retirement of existing equipment (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resil- ience (high confidence)+ Result in halting deforesta- tion through efficient cookstoves | medium | 1 | train |
8,079 | AR6_WGIII | 2,015 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and san- itationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG 10 Reduced inequalitiesSDG 11 Sustainable cities and communitiesSDG 12 Responsible consumption and productionSDG 13 Climate actionSDG 14 Life below waterSDG 15 Life on landSDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions SDG 17 PartnershipLine of sight (section num- bers, tables, figures, box)Remarks (context specificity/scale) BuildingsBuilding design and performance+ Reduce poverty due to less energy expenditures and other financial savings | medium | 1 | train |
8,080 | AR6_WGIII | 2,015 | 2 | Also, green surfaces and urban farming (vertical, basement or unused buildings) contribute to local and resilient food production (medium confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, fuel poverty alleviation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect | high | 2 | train |
8,081 | AR6_WGIII | 2,015 | 3 | Also, these measures result in water savings due to improved indoor conditions and lower space of dwellings (medium confidence)+ Result in fuel poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply (high confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macro- economic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) associated with lower energy prices due to the reduced energy demand (high confidence)– Reduced energy demand can lead to early retirement of fossil energy infra- structure (medium confidence)+ Reduce income inequalities (low confidence)+ Eliminate major sources (both direct and indirect) of poor air quality (indoor and outdoor) (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural resources (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resilience (high confidence)+ Green roofs and walls strengthen urban biodiversity (medium confidence)+ Institutions that are effective, accountable and transparent are needed at all levels of government for boosting sufficiency measures (medium confidence)Section 9.8 and Table 9.5Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are mainly associated with reduced energy demand and the resulting in lower energy prices On-site and nearby production and use of renewables+ Increase the productive time of women and children – The distribu- tional costs of some mitigation policies sup- porting RES (renewables) may reduce the disposable income of the poor (medium confidence)+ Improving energy access enhances agricultural produc- tivity and improves food security – Increased bioenergy production may restrict the available land for food production (medium confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, energy/fuel poverty alle- viation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect (high confidence) + Reduce school absenteeism due to better indoor conditions and enable people living in poor developing countries to read (medium confidence)+ Improved access to electricity and clean fuels in developing coun- tries will result in substantial time savings for women, thus increasing the time for rest, communication, education and productive activi- ties | medium | 1 | train |
8,082 | AR6_WGIII | 2,015 | 4 | Also, improved access to electric- ity is necessary to treat water in homes – Switch to bioenergy may increase water use compared to existing conditions (medium confidence)+ Result in energy poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply – Risks of reduced energy access, in cases where the distributional costs of mitigation increase the energy costs (medium confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macro- economic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) asso- ciated with lower energy prices due to the reduced energy demand, RES invest- ments, improved energy access and fostering innovation (high confidence)+ Adoption of RES and smart grids helps in infrastruc- ture improvement and expansion – Increased RES penetration can lead to early retirement of fossil energy infrastructure (high confidence)± Can reduce or increase income inequalities + Improved access to electricity and clean fuels in developing countries will result in substantial time savings for women and children, enhanc- ing education and the development of productive activities (medium confidence)+ Eliminate major sources (both direct and indirect) of poor air quality (indoor and outdoor) (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consump- tion of natural resources (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resil- ience (high confidence)+ Result in halting deforesta- tion through improved access to electricity and clean fuels (medium confidence)+ Improved access to electric lighting can improve safety (particularly for women and children) + Institutions that are effective, accountable and transparent are needed at all levels of government for providing energy access and promoting modern renewables (medium confidence)+ The develop- ment of zero energy buildings requires, among other things, capacity building and citizen par - ticipation, as well as monitoring of the achieve- ments | medium | 1 | train |
8,083 | AR6_WGIII | 2,015 | 6 | Some of the trade-offs are mainly related to the switch to bioenergy, which may restrict the available land for food production and increase water consumption Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are associated with reduced demand for fossil fuels, resulting in lower energy prices, RES investments, fostering innovation, and improvements in energy access Change in construction methods and circular economy+ Improve health through better labour conditions (medium confidence)± The change in construction methods and the devlopment of circular business models can lead to reduced or increased water demand, as a trade-off (medium confidence)+ Result in energy/ fuel poverty allevia- tion and improving the security of energy supply (high confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macro- economic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) associated with development of smarter construction methods and circular business models + Also result in improving labour productivity (high confidence)+ The develop- ment of smarter construction methods and circular business models can foster innovation (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural and scarce resources, waste generation and enviromental impacts (high confidence) + Result in reduced consumption of natural and scarce resources (high confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resilience (high confidence)+ The change in construction methods and the development of circular business models requires a better integra- tion and partner - ship between stakeholders (high confidence)Sections 9.4 and 9.5Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are associated with development of smarter construction methods, circular business models, and improvements in labour productivity Change in construction materials+ Bio-based and natural materials, e.g., raw earth, can improve indoor air quality and brings the concept of biophilia – Bio-based and natural materials can be more susceptible to the appearance of biological organisms that can cause health problems (medium confidence)± The change in construc- tion materials can lead to reduced or increased water demand, as a trade-off (medium confidence)+ Result in energy/ fuel poverty allevia- tion and improving the security of energy supply (high confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macro- economic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) asso- ciated with the use and development of green construction materials (medium confidence) + The use and development of green construction materials can foster innovation (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural and scarce resources, waste generation and enviromental impacts (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural and scarce resources (high confidence)+ Reduce emissions, removal and storage of CO 2 (bio-based materials) and increase resilience (high confi- dence)– Bio-based materials can increase the pressure and competition for land use (medium confidence)+ The change in construction materials requires a better integration and partnership between stake- holders | high | 2 | train |
8,084 | AR6_WGIII | 2,016 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG 10 Reduced inequalitiesSDG 11 Sustainable cities and communitiesSDG 12 Responsible consumption and productionSDG 13 Climate action SDG 14 Life below waterSDG 15 Life on landSDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions SDG 17 PartnershipLine of sight (section numbers , tables, figures , box)Remarks (context specificity/ scale) TransportFuel efficiency- light duty vehicle+ Improved efficiency reduces costs and makes transport more affordable (high confidence)± Land use for wind energy needs to be coordinated based on local circumstances, otherwise can have negative implications on food security (medium confidence)+ Reduce air pollution/ improve air quality (high confidence)+ Can support the global rate of improvement in overall energy efficiency (high confidence)+ Creation of new jobs due to new investment in fuel efficiency (medium confidence)+ Can reduce air pollution in cities (high confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions (high confidence)+ Reduce demand for land needed to produce transportation fuels | medium | 1 | train |
8,085 | AR6_WGIII | 2,016 | 7 | Strengthened institutional capacity that also supports the scale and coordination of the mitigation options can increase these synergies Electric light- duty vehicles (LDVs)± Land use for solar energy needs to be coordinated based on local circumstances, otherwise can have negative implica- tions on food security | medium | 1 | train |
8,086 | AR6_WGIII | 2,016 | 8 | BEVs could create jobs associated with the EV supply chain, and could create jobs to build and operate the associated infrastructure | low | 0 | test |
8,087 | AR6_WGIII | 2,016 | 9 | Large-scale electrification of LDVs requires expansion of low-carbon power systems, while charging or battery swapping infrastructure is needed for some segments (high confidence)± Significant equity issues with EVs in the transition period can be overcome with programmes, for example, by expanding public charging infra- structure (medium confidence)+ Can reduce air and noise pollution in cities (high confidence)± Could increase demand for critical minerals but increased recycling can mitigate this risk (medium confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions (high confidence)Sections 10.3, 10.4 and 10.8 Shift to public transport+ Affordable transport access for all + Improve access to health, educa- tion, and other social services lowering the cost of services needed by the low-income/ poor | high | 2 | train |
8,088 | AR6_WGIII | 2,016 | 10 | The reason for the trade-off is competition between food and bioenergy crops (medium confidence)+ Access to healthcare; reduce air pollution/ inrease air quality (high confidence) + Affordable public transport can increase access to educational resources (high confidence)+ Affordable trans- port access for all (high confidence)+ Improves energy efficiency of transport and makes it more affordable (high confidence)+ Role of transport for economic and human development (high confidence)± Needs adequate infrastructure; in develop- ing countries weather conditions and unreliable connectivity affect the lack of incentives to improve existing public transportation (high confidence)+ Improved invest- ments in public transit increase equity in transport access (high confidence)+ Sustainable transport systems for cities; facili- tates universal access to public transport (high confidence) + Could support positive economic links between urban and peri-urban areas (high confidence) + Can reduce air pollution in cities (high confidence)+ Reduced material consumption during production of vehicles and their operations (high confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions (high confidence)Sections 10.2 and 10.8, Table 10.3 Shift to bikes, ebikes and non motorised transport+ Affordable transport access for all + Improve access to health, educa- tion, and other social services, lowering the cost of services needed by the low-income/ poor (high confidence)± Could lead to fisheries damage if not properly managed (medium confidence)± Reduce air pollution; increases physical activity leading to reduced health mor - tality – Traffic crashes discourage the use of bikes + Scaling up active modes (through careful local urban design and transport planning) can reduce gender inequi- ties in access to basic services, healthcare and education (medium confidence)+ Scaling up active modes (through careful local urban design and transport planning) can reduce gender inequities in access to basic services, health- care and educa- tion (medium confidence)+ Scaling up active modes (through careful local urban design and transport planning) can reduce gender inequities in access to basic services (medium confidence)+ Saves energy (high confidence)+ Increases employ- ment opportunities, demand for bike repair shops, bike parking (medium confidence)+ Needs adequate infrastructure + Opportunities including digitalisation, the Internet of Things and also ‘big data' (high confidence)+ Access to bicycle lanes or cycle tracks increases the odds of female commuters using bicycles (medium confidence)+ Compact, polycentric cities where active transport is most viable can enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanisation (high confidence) + Can reduce air pollution in cities (high confidence)+ Reduced material consumption during production of vehicles and their operations (high confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions (high confidence)+ Preserve land that would have been otherwise used to construct and maintain parking garages and surface parking lots (medium confidence)Sections 10.2 and 10.8, Table 10.3 Fuel efficiency- heavy duty vehicle+ Improved efficiency reduces costs and makes transport more affordable (high confidence)+ Reduce air pollution/ improve air quality (high confidence)+ Improved efficiency reduces costs and makes transport more affordable (high confidence)+ Can support the global rate of improvement in overall energy efficiency (high confidence)+ Creation of new jobs due to new investment in fuel efficiency (medium confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions (high confidence)+ Reduce demand for land needed to produce transportation fuels | medium | 1 | train |
8,089 | AR6_WGIII | 2,017 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG 10 Reduced inequalitiesSDG 11 Sustainable cities and communitiesSDG 12 Responsible consumption and productionSDG 13 Climate action SDG 14 Life below waterSDG 15 Life on landSDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions SDG 17 PartnershipLine of sight (section numbers , tables, figures , box)Remarks (context specificity/ scale) TransportFuel shift (including electricity)- heavy duty vehicles (HDVs)+ Reduce air pollution/improve air quality (medium confidence)+ Some alternative fuels can help increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix (medium confidence)+ Could create jobs associated with the supply chain of new fuels + Could create jobs to build and operate the associated infrastructure (low confidence)+ R&D is critical for new fuels and to test the full life cycle costs of various heavy vehicle options; need to invest in supporting infrastructure (high confidence)± Electric vehicles (EVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) for HDVs could increase demand for critical minerals but increased recycling can mitigate this risk (medium confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions | high | 2 | train |
8,090 | AR6_WGIII | 2,017 | 7 | Strengthened institutional capacity that also supports the scale and coordination of the mitigation options can increase these synergiesShipping efficiency, logistics optimisation, new fuels+ Some alternative fuels can help increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix (medium confidence) + Can support the global rate of improvement in over - all energy efficiency (medium confidence)+ Could create jobs associated with the supply chain of new fuels + Could create jobs to build and operate the associated infrastructure (low confidence)+ R&D is critical for new fuels and to test the full life cycle costs of various heavy vehicle options; need to invest in supporting infrastructure (high confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions (high confidence)Sections 10.6 and 10.8 Aviation- energy efficiency, new fuels+ Some alternative fuels can help increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix (medium confidence) + Can support the global rate of improvement in over - all energy efficiency (medium confidence)+ Could create jobs associated with the supply chain of new fuels + Could create jobs to build and operate the associated infrastructure (low confidence)+ R&D is critical for new fuels and to test the full life cycle costs of various heavy vehicle options; need to invest in supporting infrastructure (high confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions (high confidence)Sections 10.5 and 10.8 Biofuels– Using land to produce biofuels could put stress on global food systems + Could increase incomes for farmers and support invest- ments in rural infra- structure | medium | 1 | train |
8,091 | AR6_WGIII | 2,017 | 8 | The biofuels supply chain may nega- tively impact air quality (e.g., due to increased fertiliser use) (medium confidence)+ Can help increase the share of renew- able energy in the global energy mix (high confidence)+ Could create jobs associated with the supply chain of biofuels + Could create jobs to build and operate the associated infrastructure (low confidence)+ R&D is critical for new fuels and to test the full life cycle costs of various heavy vehicle options; need to invest in supporting infrastructure (high confidence)+ Could reduce air pollution in cities (medium confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions (high confidence)± Could increase eutrophication in water bodies (high confidence)± Additional land use for biofuels may increase pressue on biodiversity | high | 2 | train |
8,092 | AR6_WGIII | 2,018 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure SDG 10 Reduced inequalitiesSDG 11 Sustainable cities and communitiesSDG 12 Responsible consumption and productionSDG 13 Climate action SDG 14 Life below waterSDG 15 Life on landSDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions SDG 17 PartnershipLine of sight (section numbers , tables, figures , box)Remarks (context specificity/scale) IndustryEnergy efficiency+ Reduce air pollution (medium confidence)+ Enhances security in clean energy (high confidence)+ Employment opportunities in a green economy (high confidence) + Industrial innovation through new technologies (high confidence)+ Contributes to climate action through efficient use of energy (high confidence)Section 11.5.3Heavily dependent on technology and so the scale of the continous co-benefits across regions would depend on the extent and ease of technological transfer Material efficiency and demand reduction+ Reduce the pressures on water bodies (low confidence)+ New Business Models generate employment oppor - tunities (medium confidence) – Reduction in national sales tax revenue in medium term (low confidence)+ Infrastructural development to support mitigation option (medium confidence)+ Environmental stewardship (medium confidence)+ Contributes to climate action through reduced consumption (high confidence)Section 11.5.3The scale of the co-benefits achieved through material efficiency would depend on the extent to which the transition from traditional to requisite new business models can be achieved Circular material flows+ Reduce air pollution (medium confidence)+ Increase use of waste as resource (high confidence)+ Improved energy efficiency as key CE practice (medium confidence)+ Job opportunities through new business models (medium confidence)+ Public environ- mental awareness (medium confidence)+Enhances environmental benefits + Increase use of waste as resource (high confidence)+ Studies reported direct relationship between CE and SDG 14 (high confidence)+ Enhances biodiversity protec- tion on land (low confidence)+ Improved social relations between industrial sectors and local societies (medium confidence)Section 11.5.3Successful implementation of transformational new business models is required to scale up and derive extended co-benefits through the CE strategy Electrification+ Supports poverty alleviation strategies (high confidence)+ Improved food security – Fuel switching to options such as biomass and bioenergy can have negative impact on food prices (medium confidence)+ Supports delivery of health services + Improves indoor air quality compared to biomass use (high confidence)+ Reduces energy-related hurdles domestically affecting women (high confidence)+ Decarbonisation of grid when fuel is switched to cleaner sources (high confidence)+ Increased economic activity and employment (high confidence)+ Contributes to climate action through switching to renewables (high confidence)– Negative impact on SDG 15 [fuel switching to options such as biomass and bioenergy] (high confidence)Sections 11.5.3 and 6.7.7The extent of the co-benefits experience on social system would be relative as it would be dependent on their current access to energy CCS and carbon capture and utilisation (CCU)+ Control of non-CO 2 pollutants (such as sulphur dioxide) – increase of non- CO2 pollutants (such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxide and ammonia) (high confidence)– Deployment of CCS and CCU would require increased water consumption (high confidence)+ Decarbonisation of energy production through utilisation of CO2 (high confidence) – Deployment of CCS and CCU would require high energy demand (high confidence) + Diversified employment prospects (low confidence)+ Direct foreign investment and know-how (medium confidence)+ Deployment of CCS and CCU would contribute to enhancing the sustainability of cities (high confidence)+ Contributes to climate action through carbon capture (high confidence)– Deployment of CCS and CCU would require additional land use | high | 2 | train |
8,093 | AR6_WGIII | 2,058 | 21 | For pathways that limit warming to 2°C (>67%) or lower, using GWP100 to inform cost-effective abatement choices between gases would achieve these long-term temperature goals at close to least global cost within a few percent | high | 2 | test |