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chunk_10_152	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION Enrolment in Special Educaon by Gender & District (2021) Schools under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund by Level 30 27 20 20 18 17 1 1 2020 2021 Source: Special Educaon Department Boys Girls Higher Secondary Middle Source: Punjab Workers Welfare Fund Primary Secondary Figure 5.48 Figure 5.50 5.3.1.8 Punjab Workers Welfare Board Schools In 2021, the number of co-education, boys' and girls' schools under the Punjab Workers Welfare Fund all increased in comparison with the year before. The proportions of increase for all categories were roughly equal. Schools under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund are located in 20 out of 36 districts of Punjab of which only Lahore and In 2021, 3 co-education schools, 35 boys' schools and 31 girls' schools were operational in Punjab. These statistics Sheikhupura have co-education schools as well. The remaining 18 districts only have segregated schools. The are illustrated in Figure 5.49. overall highest number of these schools were operating in Gujranwala (9) and the lowest in Layyah where only 1 boys' school was operational in 2021. 131 132 Schools under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund by Year & Gender of Students Schools under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund by District & Gender of Students (2021) 31 30 35 33 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2020 2021 5 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Source: Punjab Workers Welfare Fund 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Boys & Girls Both Boys Girls Figure 5.49 In terms of academic level, the highest frequency of schools was observed for secondary schools with a total of 30 of those operational in 2021. Alarmingly, only 1 middle school under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund was functioning in 2020 and no increase in the number of middle schools was observed in 2021; this middle school is located in DG Khan. Figure 5.50 depicts a clear picture of the change in the number of these schools. Source: Punjab Workers Welfare Fund Co Educaon Boys' Girls' Figure 5.51 863,1 760,2 erohaL 288 114,1 dabalasiaF 937 810,1 ahdograS 836 811,1 idniplawaR 065 750,1 ruplawahaB 055 410,1 natluM 425 738 arupuhkiehS 615 958 alawnarjuG 684 697 arakO 654 197 kcoA 193 396 gnahJ 093 776 iraheV 583 136 nahK raY mihaR 563 956 rusaK 833 606 hgniS TT 133 406 lawenahK 123 446 raganlawahaB 003 205 toklaiS 792 564 tarjuG 592 515 nahK GD 392 694 lawihaS 572 524 lawkahC 562 945 rakkahB 852 054 narhdoL 052 365 hragraffazuM 832 834 hayyaL 432 463 laworaN 622 533 nidduahaB idnaM 622 683 bihaS anaknaN 512 793 bahsuhK 212 623 naapkaP 491 083 mulheJ 981 773 ilawnaiM 081 003 dabazfiaH 761 392 toinihC 441 743 rupnajaR ruplawahaB nahK GD dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG mulheJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL natluM hragraffazuM bihaS anaknaN idniplawaR nahK raY mihaR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS
chunk_10_153	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION In 2021, there were 16 higher secondary Daanish schools operational in rural areas of eight districts; there were 1 Schools under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund by Level & District (2021) school each for girls and boys. 2 2 3 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 Daanish Schools in Rural Areas (2021) 1 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 1 2 2 2 2 Source: Punjab Workers Welfare Fund Higher Secondary Middle Primary Secondary Figure 5.52 Enrolment in Punjab Workers Welfare Board Schools Enrolment for both boys and girls increased in 2021 as compared to 2020. The figures for boys' enrolment increased by 6.5 percent while that for girls increased by 7.6 percent. Figure 5.53 depicts these statistics. Source: Punjab Daanish Scools Enrolment in Schools under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund by Gender & Year 133 Figure 5.54 134 24,805 A total of 11 Centres of Excellence were operational across Punjab in 2021. Figure 5.55 illustrates the details of COEs 22,907 by district and educational level. All but 1 of the 11 schools was higher secondary in nature and was located in Sialkot; the other 10 were secondary schools. 22,821 21,317 COEs by Level & District (2021) 2020 2021 Source: Punjab Workers Welfare Fund Boys Girls 2 2 2 2 Figure 5.53 1.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5.3.1.9 Punjab Daanish Schools & Centres of Excellence (COE) 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 The Punjab Daanish Schools and Centres of Excellence Authority came into effect through its Act enforced in 0 2010. The Authority primarily oversees its Daanish Schools that run on a boarding modality as well as the Centres of Excellence which are day schools. The process of induction into Daanish schools is based on considering both, merit and financial need of the student; the administrative and infrastructural quality of the schools are taken care of by the Government of Punjab. Source: Punjab COEs Secondary Higher Secondary Figure 5.55 226 (Punjab Daanish Schools & Centres of Excellence Authority, n.d.) ruplawahaB nahK GD dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG mulehJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL natluM hragraffazuM bihaS anaknaN idniplawaR nahK YR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS loohcS fo oN nahK GD hragraffazuM dabalasiaF dabazfiaH toklaiS rupnajaR bihaS anaknaN
chunk_10_154	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION In 2021, there were 16 higher secondary Daanish schools operational in rural areas of eight districts; there were 1 Schools under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund by Level & District (2021) school each for girls and boys. 2 2 3 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 Daanish Schools in Rural Areas (2021) 1 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 1 2 2 2 2 Source: Punjab Workers Welfare Fund Higher Secondary Middle Primary Secondary Figure 5.52 Enrolment in Punjab Workers Welfare Board Schools Enrolment for both boys and girls increased in 2021 as compared to 2020. The figures for boys' enrolment increased by 6.5 percent while that for girls increased by 7.6 percent. Figure 5.53 depicts these statistics. Source: Punjab Daanish Scools Enrolment in Schools under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund by Gender & Year 133 Figure 5.54 134 24,805 A total of 11 Centres of Excellence were operational across Punjab in 2021. Figure 5.55 illustrates the details of COEs 22,907 by district and educational level. All but 1 of the 11 schools was higher secondary in nature and was located in Sialkot; the other 10 were secondary schools. 22,821 21,317 COEs by Level & District (2021) 2020 2021 Source: Punjab Workers Welfare Fund Boys Girls 2 2 2 2 Figure 5.53 1.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5.3.1.9 Punjab Daanish Schools & Centres of Excellence (COE) 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 The Punjab Daanish Schools and Centres of Excellence Authority came into effect through its Act enforced in 0 2010. The Authority primarily oversees its Daanish Schools that run on a boarding modality as well as the Centres of Excellence which are day schools. The process of induction into Daanish schools is based on considering both, merit and financial need of the student; the administrative and infrastructural quality of the schools are taken care of by the Government of Punjab. Source: Punjab COEs Secondary Higher Secondary Figure 5.55 226 (Punjab Daanish Schools & Centres of Excellence Authority, n.d.) ruplawahaB nahK GD dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG mulehJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL natluM hragraffazuM bihaS anaknaN idniplawaR nahK YR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS loohcS fo oN nahK GD hragraffazuM dabalasiaF dabazfiaH toklaiS rupnajaR bihaS anaknaN
chunk_10_155	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION Enrolment in Punjab Daanish Schools Enrolment in Higher Education Institutes Data for enrolment in Punjab Daanish Schools was not available. Data for enrolment in public higher education institutes in Punjab was available disaggregated by divisions. In 2021, 969,890 students enrolled in these institutes of which 43.6 percent (423,216) were men and 56.4 percent (546,674) Enrolment in COEs were women. Administrative data was provided by the relevant Authority for enrolment in COEs located in 5 districts of Punjab The Lahore division posted the highest number of enrolments with a total of 195,772 students, of which 44 percent including Sialkot, Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, DG Khan and Hafizabad. (86,539) were men and 56 percent (109,233) were women. Contrarily, Sahiwal division had the lowest enrolment with only 47,631 students of which 52 percent (24,826) were men and 48 percent (22,805) were women. 19,374 students were admitted through the academic year 2020-21 of which 13,451 (69.4%) were boys and 5,923 (30.6%) were girls. Enrolment in Public Higher Educaon Instutes (In Thousands) (2021) 5.3.1.10 Public Higher Education Institutes in Punjab 120 109 11% Data for public higher education institutes 100 in this section is sourced from the Higher Public Instutes under Higher Educaon by Type & Gender of Students 86 87 (2021) 9% 9% Education Department (HED) of Punjab. 77 It is a ministerial department responsible 700 80 87 %3 8% 600 for aligning the learning and development 57 59 goals of the higher knowledge economy of 500 240, 30.15% 60 6% 6% 51 49 rP eu sn oja ub rc. eH , E lD og ia sl ts io c s o av ne drs e qe us a t lih te y ah mum onan g 34 00 00 40 44 %0 54 %6 44 %3 54 %4 43 %7 43 %9 5% 5% higher education institutes. 12 00 00 343, 43.09% 86 43 , , 1 7 0. .9 51 5% % 32 %6 32 %5 22 %3 15, 1.88% 0 51, 6.41% 20 796 public higher education institutes Associate Graduate were operational in Punjab in 2021. Of Source: Higher Educaon Department Co-Educaon Female Male these, 8.3 percent (66) were co- - Bahawalpur DG Khan Faisalabad Gujranwala Lahore Multan Rawalpindi Sahiwal Sargodha 135 education, 38.1 percent (303) for men and Figure 5.56 Source: Higher Educaon Department Male Female 136 53.6 percent (427) were for women. It is noteworthy that higher education institutes for women were greater than co-education and institutes for men, at both the associate and graduate levels ensuring equitable access for Figure 5.58 the gender minority. 5.3.2 Basic Facilities in Schools A district-wise analysis (Figure 5.57) reveals that Kasur had the highest number (10 out of 15) of women-only institutes as a proportion of all higher education institutes in the district; institutes for women amounted to 67 percent of all institutes. Conversely, Attock had the lowest number where only 6 of 18 institutes were women- Provision of and investment in quality school infrastructure that is sensitive to the needs of learners and teachers only making up 33 percent of all higher education institutes in the district. alike, have been found to have a strong association with improved learning outcomes; studies have shown that students' performance is enhanced in schools with better physical learning environments. Instutes for Women Expressed as a Percentage of Total Higher Educaon Instutes (2021) 100% SDG Target 4.a. 6 9 12 10 14 5 9 30 23 12 5 8 12 10 8 7 37 11 5 11 10 14 12 6 6 9 2 13 5 34 7 19 12 18 7 9 90% 80% Build and upgrade educaon facilies that are child, 70% disability and gender sensive and provide safe, 60% non-violent, inclusive, and effecve learning 50% 40% environments for all. 30% 20% 10% 18 22 24 22 22 11 16 50 41 24 9 16 21 15 17 16 61 21 11 19 18 26 22 10 11 18 7 23 14 54 14 39 21 31 16 16 0% Citing infrastructure as a critically lacking component, the School Education Department, Punjab has outlined specific objectives and action items in the Punjab Education Sector Plan (PESP) 2019-20 to 2023-24 to meet this challenge. Figure 5.59 highlights this plan. Source: Higher Educaon Department Total Women only Figure 5.57 228 (Barre, Treves, Shmis, & Ambasz, 2019) 227 (Higher Educaon Department Government of the Punjab, n.d.) 229 (School Educaon Department, Government of Punjab, 2020) kcoA raganlawahaB ruplawahaB rakkahB lawkahC toinihC nahK GD dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG dabazfiaH mulheJ gnahJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL narhdoL nidduahaB idnaM ilawnaiM natluM hragraffazuM bihaS anaknaN laworaN arakO nattapkaP nahK raY mihaR rupnajaR idniplawaR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS hgniS TT iraheV sdnasuohT
chunk_10_156	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION Enrolment in Punjab Daanish Schools Enrolment in Higher Education Institutes Data for enrolment in Punjab Daanish Schools was not available. Data for enrolment in public higher education institutes in Punjab was available disaggregated by divisions. In 2021, 969,890 students enrolled in these institutes of which 43.6 percent (423,216) were men and 56.4 percent (546,674) Enrolment in COEs were women. Administrative data was provided by the relevant Authority for enrolment in COEs located in 5 districts of Punjab The Lahore division posted the highest number of enrolments with a total of 195,772 students, of which 44 percent including Sialkot, Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, DG Khan and Hafizabad. (86,539) were men and 56 percent (109,233) were women. Contrarily, Sahiwal division had the lowest enrolment with only 47,631 students of which 52 percent (24,826) were men and 48 percent (22,805) were women. 19,374 students were admitted through the academic year 2020-21 of which 13,451 (69.4%) were boys and 5,923 (30.6%) were girls. Enrolment in Public Higher Educaon Instutes (In Thousands) (2021) 5.3.1.10 Public Higher Education Institutes in Punjab 120 109 11% Data for public higher education institutes 100 in this section is sourced from the Higher Public Instutes under Higher Educaon by Type & Gender of Students 86 87 (2021) 9% 9% Education Department (HED) of Punjab. 77 It is a ministerial department responsible 700 80 87 %3 8% 600 for aligning the learning and development 57 59 goals of the higher knowledge economy of 500 240, 30.15% 60 6% 6% 51 49 rP eu sn oja ub rc. eH , E lD og ia sl ts io c s o av ner ds e qe us a t lih te y ah mum onan g 34 00 00 40 44 %0 54 %6 44 %3 54 %4 43 %7 43 %9 5% 5% higher education institutes. 12 00 00 343, 43.09% 86 43 , , 1 7 0. .9 51 5% % 32 %6 32 %5 22 %3 15, 1.88% 0 51, 6.41% 20 796 public higher education institutes Associate Graduate were operational in Punjab in 2021. Of Source: Higher Educaon Department Co-Educaon Female Male these, 8.3 percent (66) were co- - Bahawalpur DG Khan Faisalabad Gujranwala Lahore Multan Rawalpindi Sahiwal Sargodha 135 education, 38.1 percent (303) for men and Figure 5.56 Source: Higher Educaon Department Male Female 136 53.6 percent (427) were for women. It is noteworthy that higher education institutes for women were greater than co-education and institutes for men, at both the associate and graduate levels ensuring equitable access for Figure 5.58 the gender minority. 5.3.2 Basic Facilities in Schools A district-wise analysis (Figure 5.57) reveals that Kasur had the highest number (10 out of 15) of women-only institutes as a proportion of all higher education institutes in the district; institutes for women amounted to 67 percent of all institutes. Conversely, Attock had the lowest number where only 6 of 18 institutes were women- Provision of and investment in quality school infrastructure that is sensitive to the needs of learners and teachers only making up 33 percent of all higher education institutes in the district. alike, have been found to have a strong association with improved learning outcomes; studies have shown that students' performance is enhanced in schools with better physical learning environments. Instutes for Women Expressed as a Percentage of Total Higher Educaon Instutes (2021) 100% SDG Target 4.a. 6 9 12 10 14 5 9 30 23 12 5 8 12 10 8 7 37 11 5 11 10 14 12 6 6 9 2 13 5 34 7 19 12 18 7 9 90% 80% Build and upgrade educaon facilies that are child, 70% disability and gender sensive and provide safe, 60% non-violent, inclusive, and effecve learning 50% 40% environments for all. 30% 20% 10% 18 22 24 22 22 11 16 50 41 24 9 16 21 15 17 16 61 21 11 19 18 26 22 10 11 18 7 23 14 54 14 39 21 31 16 16 0% Citing infrastructure as a critically lacking component, the School Education Department, Punjab has outlined specific objectives and action items in the Punjab Education Sector Plan (PESP) 2019-20 to 2023-24 to meet this challenge. Figure 5.59 highlights this plan. Source: Higher Educaon Department Total Women only Figure 5.57 228 (Barre, Treves, Shmis, & Ambasz, 2019) 227 (Higher Educaon Department Government of the Punjab, n.d.) 229 (School Educaon Department, Government of Punjab, 2020) kcoA raganlawahaB ruplawahaB rakkahB lawkahC toinihC nahK GD dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG dabazfiaH mulheJ gnahJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL narhdoL nidduahaB idnaM ilawnaiM natluM hragraffazuM bihaS anaknaN laworaN arakO nattapkaP nahK raY mihaR rupnajaR idniplawaR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS hgniS TT iraheV sdnasuohT
chunk_10_157	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION Missing Facilies in Formal Schools in Punjab (2021)* Missing Facilies Gender H.Sec. High Middle Primary Total Female 19 13 129 161 Without BoundaryWall Funconal and Adequate School Facilies Male 1 55 49 528 633 Female 2 19 21 Without Building Male 1 104 105 Female 3 2 55 60 Without Drinking Water Male 1 8 5 50 64 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE Female 3 12 113 128 Without Electricity Male 5 6 189 200 Ensure provision of functional and adequate basic school facilities; Female 1 12 8 100 121 Without MainGate including disability-friendly infrastructure in all schools Male 2 13 24 451 490 Female 16 266 260 1307 1849 Without Sewerage Male 45 731 478 2627 3881 Female 1 1 24 26 Without Toilet Facility Male 2 2 69 73 5.4 Educational Initiatives Infrastructure Compliant with SED Minimum Standards 5.4.1 Insaaf Afternoon School Program (IASP) Potable Water, Disability-Friendly, Electricity The Insaaf Afternoon School Program was launched to address learning and infrastructural gaps in education by allowing the primary and middle school premises to become instructional facilities for higher-grade students, especially those with obstructive access to education. A total of 7,008 Insaaf schools were operating across 36 districts in 2021 of which, 2,907 (41.5 percent) were boys' schools and 4,101 (58.5 percent) were girls' schools. The highest number of girls' schools, 253, were operational in Female-Friendly Sargodha while only 1 girls’ Insaaf school was operational in Rajanpur in 2021. A detailed district-wise picture of Washrooms SECONDARY COLLEGE Insaaf schools in Punjab in 2021 is illustrated in Figure 5.60. 137 especially at post primary levels 138 Insaaf Schools by District & Gender of Students (2021) Sargodha 253 135 Rahim Yar Khan 204 198 Layyah 202 204 Khanewal 199 56 Science Labs, Libraries, IT Infrastructure Gujranwala 181 67 Applied Learning Bahawalnagar 170 126 Jhang 167 98 Sialkot 165 57 Narowal 163 20 Multan 161 90 TT Singh 145 96 Okara 138 124 Sahiwal 125 86 Faisalabad 122 122 Rawalpindi 112 36 Aock 105 45 Bhakkar 98 70 Sheikhupura 97 93 Recreaonal Spaces for Children Vehari 96 127 Nankana Sahib 95 69 to exercise and play Mianwali 95 57 Khushab 93 70 Pakpaan 92 131 Muzaffargarh 90 176 Jehlum 89 24 Bahawalpur 89 79 Hafizabad 82 42 Source: Punjab Educaon Sector Plan 2019-20 to 2023-24 Mandi Bahauddin 72 38 Lahore 63 42 Chiniot 63 38 SIN CHSA OA OF L Lodhran 61 47 Figure 5.59 Kasur 59 72 DG Khan 54 79 Chakwal 50 17 Gujrat 42 37 This section assesses the infrastructural quality of the public education system in Punjab by analysing availability Rajanpur 9 39 of crucial facilities including boundary walls, main gates, electricity, toilets, sewerage, building and drinking water. Source: Punjab Insaaf Schools Program Girls' Boys' Figure 5.60 230 (Punjab Educaon Sector Reform Program, Government of Punjab, n.d.)
chunk_10_158	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION Missing Facilies in Formal Schools in Punjab (2021)* Missing Facilies Gender H.Sec. High Middle Primary Total Female 19 13 129 161 Without BoundaryWall Funconal and Adequate School Facilies Male 1 55 49 528 633 Female 2 19 21 Without Building Male 1 104 105 Female 3 2 55 60 Without Drinking Water Male 1 8 5 50 64 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE Female 3 12 113 128 Without Electricity Male 5 6 189 200 Ensure provision of functional and adequate basic school facilities; Female 1 12 8 100 121 Without MainGate including disability-friendly infrastructure in all schools Male 2 13 24 451 490 Female 16 266 260 1307 1849 Without Sewerage Male 45 731 478 2627 3881 Female 1 1 24 26 Without Toilet Facility Male 2 2 69 73 5.4 Educational Initiatives Infrastructure Compliant with SED Minimum Standards 5.4.1 Insaaf Afternoon School Program (IASP) Potable Water, Disability-Friendly, Electricity The Insaaf Afternoon School Program was launched to address learning and infrastructural gaps in education by allowing the primary and middle school premises to become instructional facilities for higher-grade students, especially those with obstructive access to education. A total of 7,008 Insaaf schools were operating across 36 districts in 2021 of which, 2,907 (41.5 percent) were boys' schools and 4,101 (58.5 percent) were girls' schools. The highest number of girls' schools, 253, were operational in Female-Friendly Sargodha while only 1 girls’ Insaaf school was operational in Rajanpur in 2021. A detailed district-wise picture of Washrooms SECONDARY COLLEGE Insaaf schools in Punjab in 2021 is illustrated in Figure 5.60. 137 especially at post primary levels 138 Insaaf Schools by District & Gender of Students (2021) Sargodha 253 135 Rahim Yar Khan 204 198 Layyah 202 204 Khanewal 199 56 Science Labs, Libraries, IT Infrastructure Gujranwala 181 67 Applied Learning Bahawalnagar 170 126 Jhang 167 98 Sialkot 165 57 Narowal 163 20 Multan 161 90 TT Singh 145 96 Okara 138 124 Sahiwal 125 86 Faisalabad 122 122 Rawalpindi 112 36 Aock 105 45 Bhakkar 98 70 Sheikhupura 97 93 Recreaonal Spaces for Children Vehari 96 127 Nankana Sahib 95 69 to exercise and play Mianwali 95 57 Khushab 93 70 Pakpaan 92 131 Muzaffargarh 90 176 Jehlum 89 24 Bahawalpur 89 79 Hafizabad 82 42 Source: Punjab Educaon Sector Plan 2019-20 to 2023-24 Mandi Bahauddin 72 38 Lahore 63 42 Chiniot 63 38 SIN CHSA OA OF L Lodhran 61 47 Figure 5.59 Kasur 59 72 DG Khan 54 79 Chakwal 50 17 Gujrat 42 37 This section assesses the infrastructural quality of the public education system in Punjab by analysing availability Rajanpur 9 39 of crucial facilities including boundary walls, main gates, electricity, toilets, sewerage, building and drinking water. Source: Punjab Insaaf Schools Program Girls' Boys' Figure 5.60 230 (Punjab Educaon Sector Reform Program, Government of Punjab, n.d.)
chunk_10_159	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION The number of teachers in IASP schools declined by Teachers in Insaaf Schools by Gender & Year 5.5 Quality 2.6 percent from 366,671 in 2020 to 357,088 in 2021. The number of male teachers declined by 2.8 percent from 163,216 in 2020 to 158,571 in 2021 203,455 198,517 The conception of quality in education has evolved to consider the relevance of imparting of knowledge to the intended outcomes. Ensuring access without attention to quality is evidenced to not produce the desired results while that of female teachers declined by 2.4 considering cases where learners do not take advantage of school facilities despite their availability or where they percent from 203,455 in 2020 to 198,517 in 2021. choose to drop out entirely. Overall, in 2021, 57 percent of all teaching staff was 163,216 158,571 female while 43 percent was male. This section examines qualitative aspects of education, such as availability and qualification of teachers and the 2020 2021 Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR), in Punjab. Figure 5.61 illustrates these statistics. Source: Punjab Insaaf Schools Program Female Male Figure 5.61 5.5.1 Teacher Availability The recent surge in Education For All (EFA) programs across developing countries has brought factors affecting student achievement to the core of policy analysis. Among myriad factors, the availability of sufficient and quality Senior Female Administrave Staff in Schools under IASP by District (2021) teaching staff is considered a decisive aspect of classroom learning. This is especially so due to its impact on class sizes which affect both effectiveness of teaching as well as student achievement. This section presents a gendered analysis of teaching staff available in schools across Punjab. . 5.5.1.1 Formal Schools Attock In 2021, 357,088 teachers were available in formal schools in Punjab. Of these, 198,517 (55.6%) were female and Rawalpindi 158,571 (44.4%) were male. Faisalabad posted the highest number of female teachers (12,323) who made up 57.8 Chakwal Jhelum percent of all teachers employed in the district. On the other hand, Chiniot recorded the lowest number of female Mianwali Gujrat teachers (2,094) where they made up 48.2 percent of all teachers employed. Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot 139 140 Khushab Narowal Sargodha Hafizabad Gujranwala Sheikhupura Bhakkar Chiniot Number of Teachers in Formal Schools by Gender & District (In Thousands) (2021)* Nankana SahibLahore Faisalabad 14 Jhang Kasur Layyah 12 Toba Tek Singh Okara 10 Muzaffargarh Sahiwal 8 Khanewal Pakpattan 6 Dera Ghazi Khan Multan Vehari 4 Lodhran Bahawalnagar 2 0 Rajanpur Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan Source: Punjab Educaon Sector Reform Programme (PESRP) Rahim Yar Khan Female Male Rahim Yar Khan * Academic Year No. of Women Figure 5.63 Up to 20 21 - 40 41 - 60 5.5.1.2 PEF Schools 61 - 80 Source: Punjab Insaaf School Program > 80 The teaching staff at PEF schools increased by 2 percent from 97,889 in 2020 to 100,270 in 2021. In 2021, 26,954 men were employed as teachers at PEF schools marking a 6 percent decrease from the year before in which 28,619 men were employed. On the other hand, the number of female teachers increased by 6 percent from 69,270 in Figure 5.62 2020 to 73,316 in 2021. 231 (UNESCO IBE, 2014) 232 (Munene & Ruto, 2015) 233 (Koc & Çelik, 2015) dabalasiaF idniplawaR erohaL toklaiS nahK raY mihaR ahdograS alawnarjuG raganlawahaB tarjuG ruplawahaB natluM hgniS TT laworaN kcoA rusaK lawkahC arakO lawihaS iraheV gnahJ lawenahK hragraffazuM arupuhkiehS hayyaL nahK GD ilawnaiM mulheJ nidduahaB idnaM rakkahB bihaS anaknaN narhdoL bahsuhK naapkaP rupnajaR dabazifaH toinihC
chunk_10_160	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION The number of teachers in IASP schools declined by Teachers in Insaaf Schools by Gender & Year 5.5 Quality 2.6 percent from 366,671 in 2020 to 357,088 in 2021. The number of male teachers declined by 2.8 percent from 163,216 in 2020 to 158,571 in 2021 203,455 198,517 The conception of quality in education has evolved to consider the relevance of imparting of knowledge to the intended outcomes. Ensuring access without attention to quality is evidenced to not produce the desired results while that of female teachers declined by 2.4 considering cases where learners do not take advantage of school facilities despite their availability or where they percent from 203,455 in 2020 to 198,517 in 2021. choose to drop out entirely. Overall, in 2021, 57 percent of all teaching staff was 163,216 158,571 female while 43 percent was male. This section examines qualitative aspects of education, such as availability and qualification of teachers and the 2020 2021 Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR), in Punjab. Figure 5.61 illustrates these statistics. Source: Punjab Insaaf Schools Program Female Male Figure 5.61 5.5.1 Teacher Availability The recent surge in Education For All (EFA) programs across developing countries has brought factors affecting student achievement to the core of policy analysis. Among myriad factors, the availability of sufficient and quality Senior Female Administrave Staff in Schools under IASP by District (2021) teaching staff is considered a decisive aspect of classroom learning. This is especially so due to its impact on class sizes which affect both effectiveness of teaching as well as student achievement. This section presents a gendered analysis of teaching staff available in schools across Punjab. . 5.5.1.1 Formal Schools Attock In 2021, 357,088 teachers were available in formal schools in Punjab. Of these, 198,517 (55.6%) were female and Rawalpindi 158,571 (44.4%) were male. Faisalabad posted the highest number of female teachers (12,323) who made up 57.8 Chakwal Jhelum percent of all teachers employed in the district. On the other hand, Chiniot recorded the lowest number of female Mianwali Gujrat teachers (2,094) where they made up 48.2 percent of all teachers employed. Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot 139 140 Khushab Narowal Sargodha Hafizabad Gujranwala Sheikhupura Bhakkar Chiniot Number of Teachers in Formal Schools by Gender & District (In Thousands) (2021)* Nankana SahibLahore Faisalabad 14 Jhang Kasur Layyah 12 Toba Tek Singh Okara 10 Muzaffargarh Sahiwal 8 Khanewal Pakpattan 6 Dera Ghazi Khan Multan Vehari 4 Lodhran Bahawalnagar 2 0 Rajanpur Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan Source: Punjab Educaon Sector Reform Programme (PESRP) Rahim Yar Khan Female Male Rahim Yar Khan * Academic Year No. of Women Figure 5.63 Up to 20 21 - 40 41 - 60 5.5.1.2 PEF Schools 61 - 80 Source: Punjab Insaaf School Program > 80 The teaching staff at PEF schools increased by 2 percent from 97,889 in 2020 to 100,270 in 2021. In 2021, 26,954 men were employed as teachers at PEF schools marking a 6 percent decrease from the year before in which 28,619 men were employed. On the other hand, the number of female teachers increased by 6 percent from 69,270 in Figure 5.62 2020 to 73,316 in 2021. 231 (UNESCO IBE, 2014) 232 (Munene & Ruto, 2015) 233 (Koc & Çelik, 2015) dabalasiaF idniplawaR erohaL toklaiS nahK raY mihaR ahdograS alawnarjuG raganlawahaB tarjuG ruplawahaB natluM hgniS TT laworaN kcoA rusaK lawkahC arakO lawihaS iraheV gnahJ lawenahK hragraffazuM arupuhkiehS hayyaL nahK GD ilawnaiM mulheJ nidduahaB idnaM rakkahB bihaS anaknaN narhdoL bahsuhK naapkaP rupnajaR dabazifaH toinihC
chunk_10_161	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION Teachers in PEF Schools by Gender (2021) Teachers at Punjab Educaon Foundaon Schools by Gender & District (2021) 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 26,954 27% 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 73,316 - 73% Source: Punjab Educaon Foundaon Female Male Source: Punjab Educaon Foundaon Female Male Figure 5.64 Figure 5.66 Figure 5.65 illustrates a detailed analysis of the difference in teaching staff employed at PEF schools in 2020 and 5.5.1.3 Non-Formal Basic Education Institutes 2021 disaggregated by the type of PEF institute. The teaching staff in non-formal institutes in the province increased marginally by 1.7 percent from 12,198 in 2020 to 13,434 in 2021. Of all teaching staff in 2021, 83 percent (11,194) was female and 17 percent (2,240) was male. Teachers at Punjab Educaon Foundaon Schools by Year & Gender 141 142 51,287 48,358 51% 49% Teachers in Non-Formal Instutes by Gender & Year 25,000 19,294 18,213 20,000 10,765 11,194 14,698 20% 15,245 18% 15% 15% 6,784 6,214 7% 15,000 5,262 6% 4,063 4,850 3,891 13,198 13,434 5% 4% 5% 4% 10,000 EVS FAS NSP EVS FAS NSP 2,433 2,240 2020 2021 5,000 Source: Punjab Educaon Foundaon Female Male - Figure 5.65 2020 2021 Source: Literacy & Non-Formal Basic Educaon Department Total Female Male In terms of districts, Muzaffargarh had the highest number of female teachers where 7,943 out of 13,590 teachers were women. Hafizabad had the lowest number of female teaching staff among all 36 districts with 58 Figure 5.67 out of 71 teachers being women. A gender parity analysis of teaching staff reveals that the overwhelming majority of teachers in roughly every district is female teachers with some districts like Chakwal (8%) and Jhelum The highest number of female teachers was present in Khanewal where 91 percent of the staff (397 out of 435) was (4%) reporting statistics for male teaching staff as low as less than 10 percent of all staff. female whereas in Chiniot, 237 female teachers were part of the staff making it the lowest ranking among all districts. However, in each district, the overwhelming majority of the teaching staff was reported to be female. Figure 5.68 illustrates a detailed district-wise picture of teaching staff in Non-Formal Educational Institutes (NFEIs). hragraffazuM natluM ruplawahaB raganlawahaB narhdoL gnahJ iraheV nahK GD erohaL nahK raY mihaR ruP najaR arakO dabalasiaF lawenahK naapkaP hayyaL rakkahB rusaK bahsuhK ilawnaiM toklaiS lawkahC arupuhkiehS ahdograS laworaN lawihaS tarjuG bihaS anaknaN alawnarjuG toinihC idniplawaR hgniS TT nidduahaB idnaM kcoA mulheJ dabazfiaH
chunk_10_162	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION Teachers in PEF Schools by Gender (2021) Teachers at Punjab Educaon Foundaon Schools by Gender & District (2021) 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 26,954 27% 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 73,316 - 73% Source: Punjab Educaon Foundaon Female Male Source: Punjab Educaon Foundaon Female Male Figure 5.64 Figure 5.66 Figure 5.65 illustrates a detailed analysis of the difference in teaching staff employed at PEF schools in 2020 and 5.5.1.3 Non-Formal Basic Education Institutes 2021 disaggregated by the type of PEF institute. The teaching staff in non-formal institutes in the province increased marginally by 1.7 percent from 12,198 in 2020 to 13,434 in 2021. Of all teaching staff in 2021, 83 percent (11,194) was female and 17 percent (2,240) was male. Teachers at Punjab Educaon Foundaon Schools by Year & Gender 141 142 51,287 48,358 51% 49% Teachers in Non-Formal Instutes by Gender & Year 25,000 19,294 18,213 20,000 10,765 11,194 14,698 20% 15,245 18% 15% 15% 6,784 6,214 7% 15,000 5,262 6% 4,063 4,850 3,891 13,198 13,434 5% 4% 5% 4% 10,000 EVS FAS NSP EVS FAS NSP 2,433 2,240 2020 2021 5,000 Source: Punjab Educaon Foundaon Female Male - Figure 5.65 2020 2021 Source: Literacy & Non-Formal Basic Educaon Department Total Female Male In terms of districts, Muzaffargarh had the highest number of female teachers where 7,943 out of 13,590 teachers were women. Hafizabad had the lowest number of female teaching staff among all 36 districts with 58 Figure 5.67 out of 71 teachers being women. A gender parity analysis of teaching staff reveals that the overwhelming majority of teachers in roughly every district is female teachers with some districts like Chakwal (8%) and Jhelum The highest number of female teachers was present in Khanewal where 91 percent of the staff (397 out of 435) was (4%) reporting statistics for male teaching staff as low as less than 10 percent of all staff. female whereas in Chiniot, 237 female teachers were part of the staff making it the lowest ranking among all districts. However, in each district, the overwhelming majority of the teaching staff was reported to be female. Figure 5.68 illustrates a detailed district-wise picture of teaching staff in Non-Formal Educational Institutes (NFEIs). hragraffazuM natluM ruplawahaB raganlawahaB narhdoL gnahJ iraheV nahK GD erohaL nahK raY mihaR ruP najaR arakO dabalasiaF lawenahK naapkaP hayyaL rakkahB rusaK bahsuhK ilawnaiM toklaiS lawkahC arupuhkiehS ahdograS laworaN lawihaS tarjuG bihaS anaknaN alawnarjuG toinihC idniplawaR hgniS TT nidduahaB idnaM kcoA mulheJ dabazfiaH
chunk_10_163	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION Teachers in NFEIs by District & Gender (2021) Teachers in PVTC Instutes by Year & Gender 600 500 400 721 300 691 200 100 611 607 0 2020 2021 Source: Literacy & Non-Formal Basic Educaon Department Female Male Source: Punjab Vocaonal Traning Council Female Male Figure 5.68 Figure 5.70 5.5.1.4 TEVTA Institutes In terms of a district-wise analysis, Lahore had the highest number of female teachers (53) making up 43 percent of all staff in the district. Mandi Bahauddin, Attock, Sheikhupura, Rahim Yar Khan and Hafizabad exhibited perfect In 2021, a total of 4,136 teachers were part of the TEVTA institutes' staff. Of these, 75 percent (3,102) were men gender parity in teaching staff. Jhelum reported the lowest number of female teachers where 5 out of 12 staff and 25 percent (1,034) were women. The highest number of female teachers was present in Lahore (193) while members were women. Figure 5.71 provides a complete district-wise picture. no female teaching staff was present in Pakpattan. In terms of GPI, perfect parity among teaching staff was observed in only 2 out of 36 districts namely, Narowal and Chiniot. 143 144 Teachers in PVTC Instutes by Gender & District (2021) Teachers at TEVTA Instutes by Gender & District (2021) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Source: Punjab Vocaonal Training Council Female Male Figure 5.71 Source: Technical Educaon & Vocaonal Training Authority (TEVTA) Male Female 5.5.1.6 Special Education Institutes Figure 5.69 A total of 3,232 teachers were teaching at Special Education institutes across the province in 2021. Of these, 946 were men and 2,286 were women. Overall, the number of teachers increased by 4.6 percent from 3,088 in 2020; 5.5.1.5 PVTC Institutes the number of female teaching staff increased by 3.2 percent. Figure 5.72 illustrates these statistics. There were a total of 1,298 teachers in PVTC institutes in Punjab in 2021 as opposed to 1,332 in 2020. The numbers for both male and female teachers witnessed a decline between 2020 and 2021. Figure 5.70 highlights these statistics. 83 793 lawenahK erohaL 46 263 narhdoL ruplawahaB 31 163 erohaL idniplawaR 5 953 lawihaS natluM 47 853 iraheV dabalasiaF 141 553 nahK raY mihaR rusaK 89 743 ruplawahaB ilawnaiM 83 743 alawnarjuG kcoA 08 543 hayyaL nahK GD 34 143 ahdograS ahdograS 53 143 natluM lawkahC 121 233 nahK izahG areD raganlawahaB 31 723 toklaiS nahK YR 65 323 arakO mulehJ 37 223 rusaK hgniS TT 35 613 idniplawaR hragraffazuM 561 513 rupnajaR gnahJ 62 903 hgniS keT aboT toklaiS 35 703 gnahJ alawnarjuG 41 603 mulehJ lawenahK 93 503 arupuhkiehS rupnajaR 21 303 laworaN tarjuG 83 203 dabazfiaH narhdoL 83 892 lawkahC arupuhkiehS 66 982 bihaS anaknaN rakkahB 84 782 dabalasiaF bahsuhK 29 772 hragraffazuM hayyaL 65 672 kcoA arakO 251 472 raganlawahaB iraheV 03 862 tarjuG bihaS anaknaN 88 762 ilawnaiM dabazfiaH 01 562 nidduahaB idnaM laworaN 19 462 naapkaP lawihaS 78 262 rakkahB nidduahaB idnaM 39 052 bahsuhK toinihC 79 732 toinihC naapkaP erohaL dabalasiaF nahK raY mihaR ahdograS hragraffazuM idniplawaR lawihaS ruplawahaB bahsuhK natluM raganlawahaB arupuhkiehS hayyaL bihaS anaknaN arakO rakkahB nahK GD ilawnaiM hgniS TT lawkahC gnahJ rusaK lawenahK rupnajaR iraheV kcoA alawnarjuG narhdoL dabazfiaH naapkaP nidduahaB idnaM tarjuG toinihC laworaN toklaiS mulheJ
chunk_10_164	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION Teachers in NFEIs by District & Gender (2021) Teachers in PVTC Instutes by Year & Gender 600 500 400 721 300 691 200 100 611 607 0 2020 2021 Source: Literacy & Non-Formal Basic Educaon Department Female Male Source: Punjab Vocaonal Traning Council Female Male Figure 5.68 Figure 5.70 5.5.1.4 TEVTA Institutes In terms of a district-wise analysis, Lahore had the highest number of female teachers (53) making up 43 percent of all staff in the district. Mandi Bahauddin, Attock, Sheikhupura, Rahim Yar Khan and Hafizabad exhibited perfect In 2021, a total of 4,136 teachers were part of the TEVTA institutes' staff. Of these, 75 percent (3,102) were men gender parity in teaching staff. Jhelum reported the lowest number of female teachers where 5 out of 12 staff and 25 percent (1,034) were women. The highest number of female teachers was present in Lahore (193) while members were women. Figure 5.71 provides a complete district-wise picture. no female teaching staff was present in Pakpattan. In terms of GPI, perfect parity among teaching staff was observed in only 2 out of 36 districts namely, Narowal and Chiniot. 143 144 Teachers in PVTC Instutes by Gender & District (2021) Teachers at TEVTA Instutes by Gender & District (2021) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Source: Punjab Vocaonal Training Council Female Male Figure 5.71 Source: Technical Educaon & Vocaonal Training Authority (TEVTA) Male Female 5.5.1.6 Special Education Institutes Figure 5.69 A total of 3,232 teachers were teaching at Special Education institutes across the province in 2021. Of these, 946 were men and 2,286 were women. Overall, the number of teachers increased by 4.6 percent from 3,088 in 2020; 5.5.1.5 PVTC Institutes the number of female teaching staff increased by 3.2 percent. Figure 5.72 illustrates these statistics. There were a total of 1,298 teachers in PVTC institutes in Punjab in 2021 as opposed to 1,332 in 2020. The numbers for both male and female teachers witnessed a decline between 2020 and 2021. Figure 5.70 highlights these statistics. 83 793 lawenahK erohaL 46 263 narhdoL ruplawahaB 31 163 erohaL idniplawaR 5 953 lawihaS natluM 47 853 iraheV dabalasiaF 141 553 nahK raY mihaR rusaK 89 743 ruplawahaB ilawnaiM 83 743 alawnarjuG kcoA 08 543 hayyaL nahK GD 34 143 ahdograS ahdograS 53 143 natluM lawkahC 121 233 nahK izahG areD raganlawahaB 31 723 toklaiS nahK YR 65 323 arakO mulehJ 37 223 rusaK hgniS TT 35 613 idniplawaR hragraffazuM 561 513 rupnajaR gnahJ 62 903 hgniS keT aboT toklaiS 35 703 gnahJ alawnarjuG 41 603 mulehJ lawenahK 93 503 arupuhkiehS rupnajaR 21 303 laworaN tarjuG 83 203 dabazfiaH narhdoL 83 892 lawkahC arupuhkiehS 66 982 bihaS anaknaN rakkahB 84 782 dabalasiaF bahsuhK 29 772 hragraffazuM hayyaL 65 672 kcoA arakO 251 472 raganlawahaB iraheV 03 862 tarjuG bihaS anaknaN 88 762 ilawnaiM dabazfiaH 01 562 nidduahaB idnaM laworaN 19 462 naapkaP lawihaS 78 262 rakkahB nidduahaB idnaM 39 052 bahsuhK toinihC 79 732 toinihC naapkaP erohaL dabalasiaF nahK raY mihaR ahdograS hragraffazuM idniplawaR lawihaS ruplawahaB bahsuhK natluM raganlawahaB arupuhkiehS hayyaL bihaS anaknaN arakO rakkahB nahK GD ilawnaiM hgniS TT lawkahC gnahJ rusaK lawenahK rupnajaR iraheV kcoA alawnarjuG narhdoL dabazfiaH naapkaP nidduahaB idnaM tarjuG toinihC laworaN toklaiS mulheJ
chunk_10_165	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION It is worth noting that in 2021, more female teachers than male ones ranked in Grades 18 and 19; a sharp decline in Teachers in Special Educaon by Gender & Year the number of male faculty in these grades was observed (Figure 5.74). 2,214 2,286 Grades 18 & 19 Teaching Staff in Special Educaon Instutes by Gender & Year 61 58 946 874 56 2020 2021 45 Source: Special Educaon Department Female Male 2020 2021 Figure 5.72 Source: Special Educaon Department Female Male 53 percent of the staff in 2021 was employed at the 4-Disabilities Centres and a mere 0.2 percent in vocational Figure 5.74 training. Figure 5.73 illustrates the details of the teaching staff available at different types of special education institutes. 5.5.1.7 Punjab Daanish Schools & COEs Teachers by Type of Instute (2021) In 2021, 494 teachers were present across 16 Daanish schools in 8 districts of Punjab. Of these, 47 percent (234) were men and 53 percent (260) were women (Figure 5.75). 145 146 Visual Impairment 217 Slow Learners 270 Teachers in Daanish Schools by Gender (2021) Physical Disability 53 Intellectual Disability 126 16Schools Hearing Impairment 714 234, 260, 47% 53% Vocaonal Training 7 Training College 52 Degree Colleges 77 Male Source: Punjab Daanish Scools Female 4-Disabilies Centre 1716 Figure 5.75 500 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Of 548 teachers in 11 COEs in 2021, 247 were men and 301 were women (Figure 5.76). Most teachers were employed at the middle school level and the least at the higher secondary level. Source: Special Educaon Department Figure 5.73
chunk_10_166	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION It is worth noting that in 2021, more female teachers than male ones ranked in Grades 18 and 19; a sharp decline in Teachers in Special Educaon by Gender & Year the number of male faculty in these grades was observed (Figure 5.74). 2,214 2,286 Grades 18 & 19 Teaching Staff in Special Educaon Instutes by Gender & Year 61 58 946 874 56 2020 2021 45 Source: Special Educaon Department Female Male 2020 2021 Figure 5.72 Source: Special Educaon Department Female Male 53 percent of the staff in 2021 was employed at the 4-Disabilities Centres and a mere 0.2 percent in vocational Figure 5.74 training. Figure 5.73 illustrates the details of the teaching staff available at different types of special education institutes. 5.5.1.7 Punjab Daanish Schools & COEs Teachers by Type of Instute (2021) In 2021, 494 teachers were present across 16 Daanish schools in 8 districts of Punjab. Of these, 47 percent (234) were men and 53 percent (260) were women (Figure 5.75). 145 146 Visual Impairment 217 Slow Learners 270 Teachers in Daanish Schools by Gender (2021) Physical Disability 53 Intellectual Disability 126 16Schools Hearing Impairment 714 234, 260, 47% 53% Vocaonal Training 7 Training College 52 Degree Colleges 77 Male Source: Punjab Daanish Scools Female 4-Disabilies Centre 1716 Figure 5.75 500 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Of 548 teachers in 11 COEs in 2021, 247 were men and 301 were women (Figure 5.76). Most teachers were employed at the middle school level and the least at the higher secondary level. Source: Special Educaon Department Figure 5.73
chunk_10_167	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION Teachers in COEs by Gender (2021) Teachers in Higher Educaon Instutes by District & Gender (2021) Lahore 1918 1193 Rawalpindi 741 485 Faisalabad 662 541 Multan 387 350 Sheikhupura 216 196 Chakwal 131 123 Bahawalpur 304 292 55% 45% Sargodha 399 403 11Schools Gujrat 175177 Aock 113 119 Bahawalnagar 416 447 Jehlum 95 103 Source: Punjab COEs Gujranwala 410 446 Hafizabad 71 82 Figure 5.76 Mandi Bahauddin 89 104 Khanewal 135 160 Rahim Yar Khan 159198 Lodhran 58 73 5.5.1.8 Schools under NCHD Kasur 185 242 Nankana Sahib 74 97 In 2021, of 1,935 teachers in schools under NCHD, 796 (41%) were men and 1,139 (59%) were women. No change was observed in the number of teachers between 2020 and 2021. Vehari 136 181 8,226 8,390 DG Khan 100 136 50% 50% Okara 123 169 147 Sialkot 191 263 148 Narowal 63 87 Teachers in NCHD Schools by Gender (2021) Mianwali 74 106 Sahiwal 145218 Chiniot 71 117 Muzaffargarh 121 205 Khushab 58 109 TT Singh 104 203 Layyah 81 181 Rajanpur 34 78 796 1139 Pakpaan 37 89 Jhang 86 237 Bhakkar 64 180 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Source: Higher Educaon Department Female Male Source: NCHD Female Male Figure 5.78 Figure 5.77 5.5.1.10 Punjab Workers Welfare Fund Schools 5.5.1.9 Public Higher Education Institutes in Punjab In 2021, there were 1,558 teachers in schools under the PWWF. Of these, 508 were men and 1,050 were women. The highest number of female teachers was reported in Lahore (174) and the lowest in Sahiwal where only 4 female In 2021, there were 16,616 teachers in public higher education institutes across Punjab. Of these, 8,390 were teachers were members of the staff. men and 8,226 were women. Bahawalpur and Chakwal exhibited perfect gender parity in teaching staff while Jhang and Bhakkar exhibited the largest gender gap in teaching staff with GPIs of 0.362 and 0.355 respectively.
chunk_10_168	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION Teachers in COEs by Gender (2021) Teachers in Higher Educaon Instutes by District & Gender (2021) Lahore 1918 1193 Rawalpindi 741 485 Faisalabad 662 541 Multan 387 350 Sheikhupura 216 196 Chakwal 131 123 Bahawalpur 304 292 55% 45% Sargodha 399 403 11Schools Gujrat 175177 Aock 113 119 Bahawalnagar 416 447 Jehlum 95 103 Source: Punjab COEs Gujranwala 410 446 Hafizabad 71 82 Figure 5.76 Mandi Bahauddin 89 104 Khanewal 135 160 Rahim Yar Khan 159198 Lodhran 58 73 5.5.1.8 Schools under NCHD Kasur 185 242 Nankana Sahib 74 97 In 2021, of 1,935 teachers in schools under NCHD, 796 (41%) were men and 1,139 (59%) were women. No change was observed in the number of teachers between 2020 and 2021. Vehari 136 181 8,226 8,390 DG Khan 100 136 50% 50% Okara 123 169 147 Sialkot 191 263 148 Narowal 63 87 Teachers in NCHD Schools by Gender (2021) Mianwali 74 106 Sahiwal 145218 Chiniot 71 117 Muzaffargarh 121 205 Khushab 58 109 TT Singh 104 203 Layyah 81 181 Rajanpur 34 78 796 1139 Pakpaan 37 89 Jhang 86 237 Bhakkar 64 180 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Source: Higher Educaon Department Female Male Source: NCHD Female Male Figure 5.78 Figure 5.77 5.5.1.10 Punjab Workers Welfare Fund Schools 5.5.1.9 Public Higher Education Institutes in Punjab In 2021, there were 1,558 teachers in schools under the PWWF. Of these, 508 were men and 1,050 were women. The highest number of female teachers was reported in Lahore (174) and the lowest in Sahiwal where only 4 female In 2021, there were 16,616 teachers in public higher education institutes across Punjab. Of these, 8,390 were teachers were members of the staff. men and 8,226 were women. Bahawalpur and Chakwal exhibited perfect gender parity in teaching staff while Jhang and Bhakkar exhibited the largest gender gap in teaching staff with GPIs of 0.362 and 0.355 respectively.
chunk_10_169	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION 5.5.2 Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR) revealed potholes that demand immediate and sustainable coverage to ensure healthy and productive lives for its citizens, especially girls. Heartening strides have emerged in terms of increasing girls' enrolment rates and social The PTR is a comparison of the number of students to the number of teachers at a given educational level. protection academic initiatives however, inconsistencies remain in terms of ensuring survival through the system, Studies suggest that lower PTRs are beneficial as students are able to get individual attention from teachers access to WASH and other facilities and expanding special education services. With increased activism for higher particularly reducing student achievement gap. While this is especially advisable for LMICs, reducing the PTR budgetary priority for education as well as a commitment to revamp the outcomes of the existing educational must be at a practicable pace to ensure teaching quality is not compromised. system in Punjab, it is likely that innovative solutions will help combat impediments to safe and equal access to education in the province. In 2021, the PTR in formal schools in Punjab was 33.5 while the PTR for girls was 30 students per teacher and that for boys was 37 per teacher. Lahore and Chiniot posted the highest overall PTRs at 43 students per teacher. The 5.7 Recommendations district wise PTRs are illustrated in Figure 5.79. 5.7.1 Policy Pupil Teacher Rao by District (2021)* Vehari 31 37 Synethesize education systems TT Singh 32 42 Sialkot 27 38 Sheikhupura 36 38 • Streamline parallel education systems to ensure the pursuit of common goals through integrated strategies. Sargodha 31 37 Sahiwal 32 39 • Integrate mechanisms and encourage collaboration among government departments working in the Rawalpindi 20 37 Rajanpur 28 33 education sector, including PEIMA, PESRP, PED and SED. Rahim Yar Khan 30 41 30 37 Pakpaan 42 40 Budget Allocation Okara 36 38 Narowal 23 34 Nankana Sahib 31 34 • Review allocation of education budget with gender lens, and ensure educational spending is 4 percent of the Muzaffargarh 31 32 GDP. Multan 30 35 Mianwali 25 34 Mandi Bahauddin 32 41 Increase Enrolment And Reduce Dropout Of Girls 149 150 Lodhran 25 32 Layyah 29 32 • Take all necessary measures to increase enrolment and reduce dropout of girls, especially at the secondary Lahore 33 53 Khushab 28 28 level by inter alia formulang re-entry policies for young women to return to schools aer marriage and Khanewal 38 41 pregnancy. Kasur 38 39 Jehlum 24 34 Jhang 32 41 5.7.2 Procedural Hafizabad 32 32 Gujrat 28 41 Gujranwala 31 37 Interventions for OOSC Faisalabad 37 46 DG Khan 32 33 Chiniot 41 45 • Weekend and afternoon school programs must be instituted targeting districts posting high rates of OOSC. Chakwal 18 31 Bhakkar 29 34 Provision of female-friendly and accessibility services Bahawalpur 22 29 Bahawalnagar 27 35 Aock 24 38 • Establish safe transportation programs for all students particularly girls to ensure adequate enrolment and 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 retention at all levels of education. Source: Punjab Educaon Sector Reform Programme (PESRP) • Ensure implementation of SED Minimum Standards framework across all schools to realise a disability- * Academic Year friendly and women-friendly environment. Male Female Figure 5.79 • Expand coverage of Special Education Institutes for females across all districts of Punjab to ensure safe and equitable access for children with special needs and learning difficulties. 5.6 Conclusion Improve Pupil-Teacher Rao As a universal human right, access to quality education remains a priority area but also a leading challenge for • Hire more male and female teachers to improve pupil-teacher raos and enhance learning experience of developing economies around the world. Pakistan's own experience with its hybrid education system has students. This measure will ulmately decrease dropouts. 234 (Ajani & Akinyele, 2014) 235 Ibid 236 (UNICEF, 2019)
chunk_10_170	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION 5.5.2 Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR) revealed potholes that demand immediate and sustainable coverage to ensure healthy and productive lives for its citizens, especially girls. Heartening strides have emerged in terms of increasing girls' enrolment rates and social The PTR is a comparison of the number of students to the number of teachers at a given educational level. protection academic initiatives however, inconsistencies remain in terms of ensuring survival through the system, Studies suggest that lower PTRs are beneficial as students are able to get individual attention from teachers access to WASH and other facilities and expanding special education services. With increased activism for higher particularly reducing student achievement gap. While this is especially advisable for LMICs, reducing the PTR budgetary priority for education as well as a commitment to revamp the outcomes of the existing educational must be at a practicable pace to ensure teaching quality is not compromised. system in Punjab, it is likely that innovative solutions will help combat impediments to safe and equal access to education in the province. In 2021, the PTR in formal schools in Punjab was 33.5 while the PTR for girls was 30 students per teacher and that for boys was 37 per teacher. Lahore and Chiniot posted the highest overall PTRs at 43 students per teacher. The 5.7 Recommendations district wise PTRs are illustrated in Figure 5.79. 5.7.1 Policy Pupil Teacher Rao by District (2021)* Vehari 31 37 Synethesize education systems TT Singh 32 42 Sialkot 27 38 Sheikhupura 36 38 • Streamline parallel education systems to ensure the pursuit of common goals through integrated strategies. Sargodha 31 37 Sahiwal 32 39 • Integrate mechanisms and encourage collaboration among government departments working in the Rawalpindi 20 37 Rajanpur 28 33 education sector, including PEIMA, PESRP, PED and SED. Rahim Yar Khan 30 41 30 37 Pakpaan 42 40 Budget Allocation Okara 36 38 Narowal 23 34 Nankana Sahib 31 34 • Review allocation of education budget with gender lens, and ensure educational spending is 4 percent of the Muzaffargarh 31 32 GDP. Multan 30 35 Mianwali 25 34 Mandi Bahauddin 32 41 Increase Enrolment And Reduce Dropout Of Girls 149 150 Lodhran 25 32 Layyah 29 32 • Take all necessary measures to increase enrolment and reduce dropout of girls, especially at the secondary Lahore 33 53 Khushab 28 28 level by inter alia formulang re-entry policies for young women to return to schools aer marriage and Khanewal 38 41 pregnancy. Kasur 38 39 Jehlum 24 34 Jhang 32 41 5.7.2 Procedural Hafizabad 32 32 Gujrat 28 41 Gujranwala 31 37 Interventions for OOSC Faisalabad 37 46 DG Khan 32 33 Chiniot 41 45 • Weekend and afternoon school programs must be instituted targeting districts posting high rates of OOSC. Chakwal 18 31 Bhakkar 29 34 Provision of female-friendly and accessibility services Bahawalpur 22 29 Bahawalnagar 27 35 Aock 24 38 • Establish safe transportation programs for all students particularly girls to ensure adequate enrolment and 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 retention at all levels of education. Source: Punjab Educaon Sector Reform Programme (PESRP) • Ensure implementation of SED Minimum Standards framework across all schools to realise a disability- * Academic Year friendly and women-friendly environment. Male Female Figure 5.79 • Expand coverage of Special Education Institutes for females across all districts of Punjab to ensure safe and equitable access for children with special needs and learning difficulties. 5.6 Conclusion Improve Pupil-Teacher Rao As a universal human right, access to quality education remains a priority area but also a leading challenge for • Hire more male and female teachers to improve pupil-teacher raos and enhance learning experience of developing economies around the world. Pakistan's own experience with its hybrid education system has students. This measure will ulmately decrease dropouts. 234 (Ajani & Akinyele, 2014) 235 Ibid 236 (UNICEF, 2019)
chunk_10_171	Economic Participation Introduction Demographics Governance Health ECONOMIC 151 152 Education PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Economic Participation Justice Special Iniatives Legislation for women
chunk_10_172	Economic Participation Introduction Demographics Governance Health ECONOMIC 151 152 Education PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Economic Participation Justice Special Iniatives Legislation for women
chunk_10_173	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 06 ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES The number of active borrowers with Pakistan Microfinance Network increased by 16% in 2021, however, women's share declined. Of the total borrowers, 4,412,560 (56.8%) were men and 3,348,932 (43.1%) were women. In 2021, there were 46,669 (94%) male beneficiaries and 3,205 (6%) female beneficiaries of the Punjab Employees Social Security Institution. In the same year, PESSI disbursed Rs. 344.59 million (86%) to men and Rs. 56.55 million (14%) to women. KEY FINDINGS In 2021, there were 287,962 (50.4%) male and 283,073 (49.6%) female beneficiaries of Conditional Cash In 2020-21, the male LFPR for Punjab, in comparison to 2018-19, increased from 71.9% to 72.2%, the Transfers (CCTs) under Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP). Whereas, BISP disbursed female LFPR decreased from 28.1% to 27.8%. Rural female LFPR, at 33.6% was considerably higher than Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCTs) to 2,279,013 (96.1%) married women and 91,614 (3.9%) the urban female LFPR at 15.4%. divorced/widowed women. Of the total 28.41 million employed men, 17.9 million worked in rural areas as compared with 10.5 million in urban areas. Of the 10.66 million employed women, 8.93 million were recorded in rural areas as opposed to 1.74 million in urban areas. 20.42% of men and 18.54% of women were employed in the agriculture sector. The non-agriculture sector employed 52.29% of men as compared to 8.75% of women. Male employed population received an average of Rs. 24,043 and females received an average of Rs. 20,047 in 2020-21. The average monthly wage of women was 16.6% less than their male counterparts which was lesser than the national average wage gap of 18.4%. Of the total 2.83 million unemployed persons in Punjab, 1.85 million were men whereas 0.98 million 153 154 were women in 2020-21. In 2021, there were 613,301 (70.7%) male participants and 253,934 (29.7%) female participants who completed the training under Digiskills, Tech Innovation, and Incubation programmes led by the Ministry of IT and Telecom. In 2021, there were 17.7 million (69%) male land owners and 8.1 million (3%) female land owners in Punjab. 1,363,202 (98.3 %) men and 23,539 (1.7 %) women owned a vehicle in Punjab. While, in 2021, 152,734 (92.7 %) driving licenses were issued to men and 12,143 (7.4 %) to women. The number of male-owned active, saving and loan accounts with the BOP was 1,217,486 (74.2%) and female-owned accounts was only 421,812 (25.7%) in 2021. While 8.22% of the total loan amount was issued to women. In 2021, there were 5,234 (51 %) male-owned active accounts and 5,037 (49 %) female accounts with the FWBL. The share of female-owned loan accounts was very low, while, women's share in the value of loan issued was just 1%. ZTBL issued loans to 248,137 (94.47%) men, 11,156 (4.25%) women and 3,358 (1.28%) joint borrowers in 2021. Loans of Rs. 55,008.34 million (94.6%) were issued to men, Rs. 2,769.79 million (4.8%) to women and Rs. 386.60 (0.7%) to joint borrowers.
chunk_10_174	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 06 ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES The number of active borrowers with Pakistan Microfinance Network increased by 16% in 2021, however, women's share declined. Of the total borrowers, 4,412,560 (56.8%) were men and 3,348,932 (43.1%) were women. In 2021, there were 46,669 (94%) male beneficiaries and 3,205 (6%) female beneficiaries of the Punjab Employees Social Security Institution. In the same year, PESSI disbursed Rs. 344.59 million (86%) to men and Rs. 56.55 million (14%) to women. KEY FINDINGS In 2021, there were 287,962 (50.4%) male and 283,073 (49.6%) female beneficiaries of Conditional Cash In 2020-21, the male LFPR for Punjab, in comparison to 2018-19, increased from 71.9% to 72.2%, the Transfers (CCTs) under Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP). Whereas, BISP disbursed female LFPR decreased from 28.1% to 27.8%. Rural female LFPR, at 33.6% was considerably higher than Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCTs) to 2,279,013 (96.1%) married women and 91,614 (3.9%) the urban female LFPR at 15.4%. divorced/widowed women. Of the total 28.41 million employed men, 17.9 million worked in rural areas as compared with 10.5 million in urban areas. Of the 10.66 million employed women, 8.93 million were recorded in rural areas as opposed to 1.74 million in urban areas. 20.42% of men and 18.54% of women were employed in the agriculture sector. The non-agriculture sector employed 52.29% of men as compared to 8.75% of women. Male employed population received an average of Rs. 24,043 and females received an average of Rs. 20,047 in 2020-21. The average monthly wage of women was 16.6% less than their male counterparts which was lesser than the national average wage gap of 18.4%. Of the total 2.83 million unemployed persons in Punjab, 1.85 million were men whereas 0.98 million 153 154 were women in 2020-21. In 2021, there were 613,301 (70.7%) male participants and 253,934 (29.7%) female participants who completed the training under Digiskills, Tech Innovation, and Incubation programmes led by the Ministry of IT and Telecom. In 2021, there were 17.7 million (69%) male land owners and 8.1 million (3%) female land owners in Punjab. 1,363,202 (98.3 %) men and 23,539 (1.7 %) women owned a vehicle in Punjab. While, in 2021, 152,734 (92.7 %) driving licenses were issued to men and 12,143 (7.4 %) to women. The number of male-owned active, saving and loan accounts with the BOP was 1,217,486 (74.2%) and female-owned accounts was only 421,812 (25.7%) in 2021. While 8.22% of the total loan amount was issued to women. In 2021, there were 5,234 (51 %) male-owned active accounts and 5,037 (49 %) female accounts with the FWBL. The share of female-owned loan accounts was very low, while, women's share in the value of loan issued was just 1%. ZTBL issued loans to 248,137 (94.47%) men, 11,156 (4.25%) women and 3,358 (1.28%) joint borrowers in 2021. Loans of Rs. 55,008.34 million (94.6%) were issued to men, Rs. 2,769.79 million (4.8%) to women and Rs. 386.60 (0.7%) to joint borrowers.
chunk_10_175	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES INTRODUCTION Years of research have shown that gender equality is "smart economics." The unfolded potential of women is a lost opportunity for overall economic development and Economic participation has broad-based advantages. At a micro level, it can increase economic mobility through growth. Among other advantages, the fact of having a positive effects on wealth creation of individuals. Overall, people's standard of living improves as economic paid job reduces the economic dependence of the participation gets inclusive in character. On the other hand, at macro level, economic participation pushes the woman vis-à-vis her male relatives. It offers her a way out production frontier of an economy outwards, which ultimately helps an economy to sustain higher economic to escape, for example, family violence. growth in the long run. Women's economic empowerment uplifts agricultural However, these benefits can only be leveraged when opportunities are within grasp of the people regardless of productivity, enterprise development at the micro, small, their station on the socioeconomic ladder. Each country in the world has some embedded friction when it and medium enterprise levels, and enhances business comes to a level playing field. Unfortunately, many challenges are being faced in ensuring equitable economic management and returns on investment. It boosts opportunities. Over time, economists and social scientists have delineated and translated these challenges, economic diversification and income equality pocketed including, but not limited to, education, geographical location, climate, religion, ethnicity and gender. with other development outcomes. While some of these challenges have a random pattern, like geographical location and climate, the lack of Figure 6.1 economic opportunities based on gender is perhaps the most unfortunate intrinsic reason why economic participation remains restricted in so many countries. It is a byproduct of cultural norms/taboos, institutions and regulatory structure. The negative ramifications of gender-based economic discrimination can Closing the gender gap in the workforce could add a staggering $28 reverberate across generations and over time. Human welfare and progress, in its true essence, cannot be trillion to the global GDP. achieved unless women are provided with not just equal opportunities to work just as men but also a safe workplace. Achieving gender equality in economic activity is not only an end in itself; investment in women brings a multiplier Its seriousness can be further gauged from the fact that it is targeted as a goal in Sustainable Development Goals effect. Women tend to reinvest a major chunk of their income in their families and communities. Women also help (SDGs) as well as its precursor, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Empowering women in the in generating a peaceful and stable society. economy and closing gender gaps in the workforce are crucial factors in achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Unfortunately, these long-term benefits have not been recognised yet and have, therefore, not translated into full 155 economic participation of women. Women still face hurdles in establishing new businesses, expanding existing 156 ones, accessing property rights, financing, training, technology, markets, and mentors. Women everywhere Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 5 and 8 earn less, save less, work less stable, and are more likely to be employed in the informal sector. 8.5 By 2030, achive full and producve employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people Barriers to women's economic empowerment and opportunities also include a lack of gender-sensitive policies, and persons with disabilies, and equal pay for work of equal value stereotypes defining women's role in a society, and cultural norms. Moreover, for women already in the active 8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, workforce, the additional barriers include, workplace harassment, lack of safe and secure public transportation in parcular women migrants, and those in precarious employment and infrastructure, discrimination in professional development and leadership opportunities, and other occupational hazards. 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domesc work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protecon policies and the promoon of shared responsibility within the household and the family as naonally appropriate In almost all countries, women do not have the same opportunities as men to contribute to and benefit from economic activities. Women around the globe perform two-thirds of the work for only 10 percent of the income 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effecve parcipaon and equal opportunies for leadership at all levels of decision making and one percent of the assets. However, women account for seventy percent of the world's poor, which indicates in polical, economic and public life the lag in women’s earnings. Wage equality now stands at 72.5% and income equality stands at 77.9%. Women 5.A Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over on average earn thirty percent less than men's wages in the Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region and between land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with naonal laws 60 and 70 percent in East Asia. The Global Gender Gap Index 2022 shows a 40 percent gap in global economic participation and opportunities Yet, empowerment is a complex process, from women's accession to full participation in civil, political, social, between women and men and is the second largest of the four major indicators. The magnitude of inequalities is and economic life to exercising corresponding rights. Economic empowerment of women includes, but is not striking as women make up 38.8 percent of the total employment but account for 54 percent of job losses across limited to, an increase in resources such as income, employment, human capital (education, skills, training), the globe. Also, women earn only two-thirds of men's expected lifetime income. financial capital (loans, savings), social capital (networks, connections, mentors) and physical capital (land, machinery, tools, inventory). 245 (Gender Equality Is Smart Economics, 2022) 246 Ibid 247 (Promong Women's Economic Parcipaon, 2017) 248 (To Build A Brighter Future, Invest In Women And Girls, 2018) 249 (Promong Women's Economic Parcipaon, 2017) 250 (Women at Work in G20 countries: Progress and policy acon, 2019) 237 (Economic Parcipaon; Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage, 2020) 251 Ibid 238 (Does Gender Discriminaon in Social Instuons Maer for Long-term Growth?, 2016) 252 (UNDP, 2021) 239 (World Economic Forum, 2020)/ 253 (Women Are Beer Off Today, But Sll Far From Being Equal With Men, 2014) 240 (Our World in Data, 2018) 254 (Orz-Ospina & Roser, 2018) 241 (IZA-World of Labor, 2018) 255 (Women Are Beer Off Today, But Sll Far From Being Equal With Men, 2014) 242 (Leave No One Behind; A Call To Acon For Gender Equality And Women'S Economic Empowerment, 2016) 256 Global Gender Gap Report 2022. 243 (Wilney Online Library, 2016) 257 (Anu Madgavkar, 2020) 244 Ibid 258 (Wodon, 2020)
chunk_10_176	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES INTRODUCTION Years of research have shown that gender equality is "smart economics." The unfolded potential of women is a lost opportunity for overall economic development and Economic participation has broad-based advantages. At a micro level, it can increase economic mobility through growth. Among other advantages, the fact of having a positive effects on wealth creation of individuals. Overall, people's standard of living improves as economic paid job reduces the economic dependence of the participation gets inclusive in character. On the other hand, at macro level, economic participation pushes the woman vis-à-vis her male relatives. It offers her a way out production frontier of an economy outwards, which ultimately helps an economy to sustain higher economic to escape, for example, family violence. growth in the long run. Women's economic empowerment uplifts agricultural However, these benefits can only be leveraged when opportunities are within grasp of the people regardless of productivity, enterprise development at the micro, small, their station on the socioeconomic ladder. Each country in the world has some embedded friction when it and medium enterprise levels, and enhances business comes to a level playing field. Unfortunately, many challenges are being faced in ensuring equitable economic management and returns on investment. It boosts opportunities. Over time, economists and social scientists have delineated and translated these challenges, economic diversification and income equality pocketed including, but not limited to, education, geographical location, climate, religion, ethnicity and gender. with other development outcomes. While some of these challenges have a random pattern, like geographical location and climate, the lack of Figure 6.1 economic opportunities based on gender is perhaps the most unfortunate intrinsic reason why economic participation remains restricted in so many countries. It is a byproduct of cultural norms/taboos, institutions and regulatory structure. The negative ramifications of gender-based economic discrimination can Closing the gender gap in the workforce could add a staggering $28 reverberate across generations and over time. Human welfare and progress, in its true essence, cannot be trillion to the global GDP. achieved unless women are provided with not just equal opportunities to work just as men but also a safe workplace. Achieving gender equality in economic activity is not only an end in itself; investment in women brings a multiplier Its seriousness can be further gauged from the fact that it is targeted as a goal in Sustainable Development Goals effect. Women tend to reinvest a major chunk of their income in their families and communities. Women also help (SDGs) as well as its precursor, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Empowering women in the in generating a peaceful and stable society. economy and closing gender gaps in the workforce are crucial factors in achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Unfortunately, these long-term benefits have not been recognised yet and have, therefore, not translated into full 155 economic participation of women. Women still face hurdles in establishing new businesses, expanding existing 156 ones, accessing property rights, financing, training, technology, markets, and mentors. Women everywhere Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 5 and 8 earn less, save less, work less stable, and are more likely to be employed in the informal sector. 8.5 By 2030, achive full and producve employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people Barriers to women's economic empowerment and opportunities also include a lack of gender-sensitive policies, and persons with disabilies, and equal pay for work of equal value stereotypes defining women's role in a society, and cultural norms. Moreover, for women already in the active 8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, workforce, the additional barriers include, workplace harassment, lack of safe and secure public transportation in parcular women migrants, and those in precarious employment and infrastructure, discrimination in professional development and leadership opportunities, and other occupational hazards. 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domesc work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protecon policies and the promoon of shared responsibility within the household and the family as naonally appropriate In almost all countries, women do not have the same opportunities as men to contribute to and benefit from economic activities. Women around the globe perform two-thirds of the work for only 10 percent of the income 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effecve parcipaon and equal opportunies for leadership at all levels of decision making and one percent of the assets. However, women account for seventy percent of the world's poor, which indicates in polical, economic and public life the lag in women’s earnings. Wage equality now stands at 72.5% and income equality stands at 77.9%. Women 5.A Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over on average earn thirty percent less than men's wages in the Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region and between land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with naonal laws 60 and 70 percent in East Asia. The Global Gender Gap Index 2022 shows a 40 percent gap in global economic participation and opportunities Yet, empowerment is a complex process, from women's accession to full participation in civil, political, social, between women and men and is the second largest of the four major indicators. The magnitude of inequalities is and economic life to exercising corresponding rights. Economic empowerment of women includes, but is not striking as women make up 38.8 percent of the total employment but account for 54 percent of job losses across limited to, an increase in resources such as income, employment, human capital (education, skills, training), the globe. Also, women earn only two-thirds of men's expected lifetime income. financial capital (loans, savings), social capital (networks, connections, mentors) and physical capital (land, machinery, tools, inventory). 245 (Gender Equality Is Smart Economics, 2022) 246 Ibid 247 (Promong Women's Economic Parcipaon, 2017) 248 (To Build A Brighter Future, Invest In Women And Girls, 2018) 249 (Promong Women's Economic Parcipaon, 2017) 250 (Women at Work in G20 countries: Progress and policy acon, 2019) 237 (Economic Parcipaon; Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage, 2020) 251 Ibid 238 (Does Gender Discriminaon in Social Instuons Maer for Long-term Growth?, 2016) 252 (UNDP, 2021) 239 (World Economic Forum, 2020)/ 253 (Women Are Beer Off Today, But Sll Far From Being Equal With Men, 2014) 240 (Our World in Data, 2018) 254 (Orz-Ospina & Roser, 2018) 241 (IZA-World of Labor, 2018) 255 (Women Are Beer Off Today, But Sll Far From Being Equal With Men, 2014) 242 (Leave No One Behind; A Call To Acon For Gender Equality And Women'S Economic Empowerment, 2016) 256 Global Gender Gap Report 2022. 243 (Wilney Online Library, 2016) 257 (Anu Madgavkar, 2020) 244 Ibid 258 (Wodon, 2020)
chunk_10_177	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Likewise, Pakistan's performance in achieving SDG Goal 5 of gender equality is abysmal. As per the Global Organisation of Analysis Gender Gap index, Pakistan has improved its score over the year but it's rank is 144 out of 145. Among 9 South Asian economies, Pakistan is ranked 8th, only better than Afghanistan on Gender Parity Index. So far, Pakistan has been able to close the gender gap in the labour force by 57.35, less than the Economic Parcipaon Opportunies Sub-Index Global gap of 62.9 percent. (Pakistan) I-Labour Market Outcomes: Access and Quality Pakistani women constitute 49% of the Pakistan’s Pakistan’s No of Countries a. Labour Force Parcipaon population while representing only 21.4% Year Posion Rank Included b. Employment (by sector, industry, occupaon, marital status, educaon levels, wages) of the labour force against 67.9 percent of 2022 145 0.331 146 men. Pakistan is still far from achieving c. Underemployment and Unemployment 2021 152 0.316 156 the ambitious target of achieving 45 2020 150 0.327 153 percent labour force participation rate of II-Female Entrepreneurship women by 2025. III-Access, Ownership and Control of Physical Resources Meanwhile, women across Pakistan in majority of households are bound to give all or a significant chunk of their earnings to their male members leaving them with no financial independence or freedom to spend their a. Ownership of Land income. b. Sale and Purchase of Land c. Transportaon and Women’s Mobility The Eight Women, Business and the Law Indicators IV-Access, Ownership and Control of Financial Resources a. Access to Banking Services Mobility Pay Parenthood Assets b. Access to Microfinance Examines constraints Measures laws and regulaons Examines laws affecng women’s Considers gender differences on freedom of movement affecng women’s pay work aer having children in property and inheritance v-Social Security and Safety Nets 75 50 20 40 55.6 157 a. Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) 158 b. Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) 100 60 50 50 Workplace Marriage Entrepreneurship Pension VI. Recommendaons Analyzes laws affecng Assesses legal constraints Analyzes constraints on women’s Assesses laws affecng the women’s decisions to work related to marriage starng and running businesses size of a woman’s pension a. Policy Source: Women, Business and the Law 2022 b. Procedural Figure 6.2 Trends are similar in Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan. Women face social as well as cultural discrimination. Women in Southern Punjab face a higher incidence of poverty, low level of education 6.1 Labour Market Opportunities: Access and Quality attainment, and a lower life expectancy. In area of health, many social and cultural norms bar women from crucial healthcare related facilities, especially in rural Punjab. Similarly, Pakistan's prospects of even to coming anywhere close to achieving 5th goal of SDGs have become grim. The recent industrial developments have brought in two major transitions; the flight of workers from agriculture to manufacturing and services, and rural to urban migration. These transitions are associated with declining rates of Pakistan stands to lose on potential improvement in its GDP if the gender gap is not closed and equal economic fertility, an increase in the level of education, and socio-economic shifts in the driving factors of female labour opportunities are denied to women. The best way to achieve this target is through a holistic approach. force participation. In this context, female labour supply and development have a causal relationship. Economies tend to grow faster in response to higher labour input and developing economies increase the chance Legislation enacted in favour of women’s empowerment must be implemented with the full force of law. of women's participation in labour market through improved human capital and increased opportunities. Pakistan is notorious for implementation-gap when it comes to any economic policy. Justice system must provide a speedy decision on cases pertaining to women's empowerment. Social norms, level of education, fertility rates, economic growth and access to on-job support services defines the women's participation in the labour market. It is critical to focus on these issues as women's labour force Considering the situation of Pakistan, a proactive approach towards an inclusive economy is much needed. participation is a key factor to promote inclusive growth and can help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals Access of women to potential markets is a considerable challenge, especially for women working in the informal (SDGs), particularly SDG 5 -"achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls." sector and rural markets. 259 Global Gender Gap Report 2022. 260 Ibid. 261 Labour Force Survey, 2020-21 265 (Migraon, Agriculture And Rural Development) 262 (Female Labor Force Parcipaon in Pakistan : What Do We Know?, 2018) 266 (Mujahid, 2012) 263 (Awan, January-June 2020 ) 267 (IZA-World of Labor, 2018)
chunk_10_178	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Likewise, Pakistan's performance in achieving SDG Goal 5 of gender equality is abysmal. As per the Global Organisation of Analysis Gender Gap index, Pakistan has improved its score over the year but it's rank is 144 out of 145. Among 9 South Asian economies, Pakistan is ranked 8th, only better than Afghanistan on Gender Parity Index. So far, Pakistan has been able to close the gender gap in the labour force by 57.35, less than the Economic Parcipaon Opportunies Sub-Index Global gap of 62.9 percent. (Pakistan) I-Labour Market Outcomes: Access and Quality Pakistani women constitute 49% of the Pakistan’s Pakistan’s No of Countries a. Labour Force Parcipaon population while representing only 21.4% Year Posion Rank Included b. Employment (by sector, industry, occupaon, marital status, educaon levels, wages) of the labour force against 67.9 percent of 2022 145 0.331 146 men. Pakistan is still far from achieving c. Underemployment and Unemployment 2021 152 0.316 156 the ambitious target of achieving 45 2020 150 0.327 153 percent labour force participation rate of II-Female Entrepreneurship women by 2025. III-Access, Ownership and Control of Physical Resources Meanwhile, women across Pakistan in majority of households are bound to give all or a significant chunk of their earnings to their male members leaving them with no financial independence or freedom to spend their a. Ownership of Land income. b. Sale and Purchase of Land c. Transportaon and Women’s Mobility The Eight Women, Business and the Law Indicators IV-Access, Ownership and Control of Financial Resources a. Access to Banking Services Mobility Pay Parenthood Assets b. Access to Microfinance Examines constraints Measures laws and regulaons Examines laws affecng women’s Considers gender differences on freedom of movement affecng women’s pay work aer having children in property and inheritance v-Social Security and Safety Nets 75 50 20 40 55.6 157 a. Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) 158 b. Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) 100 60 50 50 Workplace Marriage Entrepreneurship Pension VI. Recommendaons Analyzes laws affecng Assesses legal constraints Analyzes constraints on women’s Assesses laws affecng the women’s decisions to work related to marriage starng and running businesses size of a woman’s pension a. Policy Source: Women, Business and the Law 2022 b. Procedural Figure 6.2 Trends are similar in Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan. Women face social as well as cultural discrimination. Women in Southern Punjab face a higher incidence of poverty, low level of education 6.1 Labour Market Opportunities: Access and Quality attainment, and a lower life expectancy. In area of health, many social and cultural norms bar women from crucial healthcare related facilities, especially in rural Punjab. Similarly, Pakistan's prospects of even to coming anywhere close to achieving 5th goal of SDGs have become grim. The recent industrial developments have brought in two major transitions; the flight of workers from agriculture to manufacturing and services, and rural to urban migration. These transitions are associated with declining rates of Pakistan stands to lose on potential improvement in its GDP if the gender gap is not closed and equal economic fertility, an increase in the level of education, and socio-economic shifts in the driving factors of female labour opportunities are denied to women. The best way to achieve this target is through a holistic approach. force participation. In this context, female labour supply and development have a causal relationship. Economies tend to grow faster in response to higher labour input and developing economies increase the chance Legislation enacted in favour of women’s empowerment must be implemented with the full force of law. of women's participation in labour market through improved human capital and increased opportunities. Pakistan is notorious for implementation-gap when it comes to any economic policy. Justice system must provide a speedy decision on cases pertaining to women's empowerment. Social norms, level of education, fertility rates, economic growth and access to on-job support services defines the women's participation in the labour market. It is critical to focus on these issues as women's labour force Considering the situation of Pakistan, a proactive approach towards an inclusive economy is much needed. participation is a key factor to promote inclusive growth and can help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals Access of women to potential markets is a considerable challenge, especially for women working in the informal (SDGs), particularly SDG 5 -"achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls." sector and rural markets. 259 Global Gender Gap Report 2022. 260 Ibid. 261 Labour Force Survey, 2020-21 265 (Migraon, Agriculture And Rural Development) 262 (Female Labor Force Parcipaon in Pakistan : What Do We Know?, 2018) 266 (Mujahid, 2012) 263 (Awan, January-June 2020 ) 267 (IZA-World of Labor, 2018)
chunk_10_179	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES For this subsection, data and computations from the most recent Labour Force Survey (LFS) 2020-21, and Labour Force Parcipaon Rate in Punjab (Absolute Figures) (In Millions) by Gender & Year comparisons from its predecessor LFS 2018-19 are drawn. 45 41.9 41.26 6.1.1 Labour Force Participation Rate 40 35 The labour force participation rate (LFPR) is the proportion of a country's working-age population actively 29.67 27.99 30.25 30 28.62 participating in the labour market either through work or by searching for work. The sum of employed and 25 unemployed indicates the labour supply that is readily accessible to engage in the production of goods and services. Individuals who are actively engaged or are in search of activities, covered under the System of 20 18.41 13.27 19.01 11.24 National Accounts, are considered to be a part of labour force. 15 11.59 11.26 11.65 13.28 9.58 9.61 In comparison to the LFS 2018-19, the male LFPR for Punjab increased from 71.9 percent to 72.2 percent 10 however, the female LFPR decreased from 28.1 percent to 27.8 percent in 2020-21. Whereas, the LFPR in rural 5 2.01 2.04 and urban areas present a different picture. The male LFPR in rural areas is 66.4 percent as opposed to 33.6 percent of female LFPR, which is higher than the provincial average of female LFPR. The high rates of female LFPR 0 Punjab Rural Urban Punjab Rural Urban in rural areas are mainly attributed to the increased female participation in the agriculture sector. However, the 2018-18 2020-21 male LFPR in urban areas is 84.6 percent, significantly higher than the female LFPR of 15.4 percent. Male Female Total Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Figure 6.3 presents data disaggregated by area over the year. It indicates that the male LFPR in rural areas Figure 6.4 increased from 65.8 percent in 2018-19 to 66.4 percent in 2020-21, while, the female LFPR in rural areas on the other hand, has decreased from 34.6 percent in 2018-19 to 33.6 percent in 2020-21. While, the male LFPR in urban areas has slightly decreased from 84.8 percent in 2018-19 to 84.6 percent in 2020-21. The female LFPR of 6.1.2 Augmented Labour Force urban area increased from 15.2 percent in 2018-19 to 15.4 percent in 2020-21. The LFS also reports the augmented LFPR which draws a loose upper bound of the LFPR by including the persons involved in marginal activities. The augmented activity rate is derived from in-depth interviews with individuals excluded from the conventional labour force measurement in order to account for marginal economic activities 159 160 such as subsistence agriculture and home construction. Labour Force Parcipation Rate by Gender & Year The resulting LFPR and the comparison between the conventional and augmented LFPR in rural and urban areas of 90.0 84.8 84.6 Punjab are given in Figure 6.5 below. 80.0 71.9 72.2 70.0 65.8 66.4 60.0 50.0 Convenonal & Augmented LFPR (2018-19) 40.0 34.2 33.6 28.1 27.8 30.0 20.0 15.2 15.4 84.8 10.0 78.9 0.0 71.9 Overall Rural Urban Overall Rural Urban 65.8 66.0 60.0 2018-19 2020-21 Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female 40.0 34.2 34.0 Figure 6.3 28.1 21.1 15.2 In absolute terms, 41.9 million people in 2020-21 account to the labour force of Punjab. Of the total, 30.25 Overall Rural Urban Overall Rural Urban million are men and 11.65 million are women. 68 percent of the LF belong to rural areas where 19.01 million LFPR Augmented LFPR were men and 9.61 million were women. The situation is grimmer in urban areas with 11.24 million men and only 2.04 million women as part of the LF. Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female Figure 6.5 269 (LFS, 2018-2019) 270 An esmate of Augmented LF is important from the policy perspecve. Since the LFS 2020-21 has not included the augmented LF, for the purposes of this report the latest available 268 (Internaonal Labour Office,Geneva, 2010) data from LFS 2018-19 is used.
chunk_10_180	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES For this subsection, data and computations from the most recent Labour Force Survey (LFS) 2020-21, and Labour Force Parcipaon Rate in Punjab (Absolute Figures) (In Millions) by Gender & Year comparisons from its predecessor LFS 2018-19 are drawn. 45 41.9 41.26 6.1.1 Labour Force Participation Rate 40 35 The labour force participation rate (LFPR) is the proportion of a country's working-age population actively 29.67 27.99 30.25 30 28.62 participating in the labour market either through work or by searching for work. The sum of employed and 25 unemployed indicates the labour supply that is readily accessible to engage in the production of goods and services. Individuals who are actively engaged or are in search of activities, covered under the System of 20 18.41 13.27 19.01 11.24 National Accounts, are considered to be a part of labour force. 15 11.59 11.26 11.65 13.28 9.58 9.61 In comparison to the LFS 2018-19, the male LFPR for Punjab increased from 71.9 percent to 72.2 percent 10 however, the female LFPR decreased from 28.1 percent to 27.8 percent in 2020-21. Whereas, the LFPR in rural 5 2.01 2.04 and urban areas present a different picture. The male LFPR in rural areas is 66.4 percent as opposed to 33.6 percent of female LFPR, which is higher than the provincial average of female LFPR. The high rates of female LFPR 0 Punjab Rural Urban Punjab Rural Urban in rural areas are mainly attributed to the increased female participation in the agriculture sector. However, the 2018-18 2020-21 male LFPR in urban areas is 84.6 percent, significantly higher than the female LFPR of 15.4 percent. Male Female Total Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Figure 6.3 presents data disaggregated by area over the year. It indicates that the male LFPR in rural areas Figure 6.4 increased from 65.8 percent in 2018-19 to 66.4 percent in 2020-21, while, the female LFPR in rural areas on the other hand, has decreased from 34.6 percent in 2018-19 to 33.6 percent in 2020-21. While, the male LFPR in urban areas has slightly decreased from 84.8 percent in 2018-19 to 84.6 percent in 2020-21. The female LFPR of 6.1.2 Augmented Labour Force urban area increased from 15.2 percent in 2018-19 to 15.4 percent in 2020-21. The LFS also reports the augmented LFPR which draws a loose upper bound of the LFPR by including the persons involved in marginal activities. The augmented activity rate is derived from in-depth interviews with individuals excluded from the conventional labour force measurement in order to account for marginal economic activities 159 160 such as subsistence agriculture and home construction. Labour Force Parcipation Rate by Gender & Year The resulting LFPR and the comparison between the conventional and augmented LFPR in rural and urban areas of 90.0 84.8 84.6 Punjab are given in Figure 6.5 below. 80.0 71.9 72.2 70.0 65.8 66.4 60.0 50.0 Convenonal & Augmented LFPR (2018-19) 40.0 34.2 33.6 28.1 27.8 30.0 20.0 15.2 15.4 84.8 10.0 78.9 0.0 71.9 Overall Rural Urban Overall Rural Urban 65.8 66.0 60.0 2018-19 2020-21 Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female 40.0 34.2 34.0 Figure 6.3 28.1 21.1 15.2 In absolute terms, 41.9 million people in 2020-21 account to the labour force of Punjab. Of the total, 30.25 Overall Rural Urban Overall Rural Urban million are men and 11.65 million are women. 68 percent of the LF belong to rural areas where 19.01 million LFPR Augmented LFPR were men and 9.61 million were women. The situation is grimmer in urban areas with 11.24 million men and only 2.04 million women as part of the LF. Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female Figure 6.5 269 (LFS, 2018-2019) 270 An esmate of Augmented LF is important from the policy perspecve. Since the LFS 2020-21 has not included the augmented LF, for the purposes of this report the latest available 268 (Internaonal Labour Office,Geneva, 2010) data from LFS 2018-19 is used.
chunk_10_181	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES The proportion of male in the augmented LFPR is 66 percent which is almost 6 percent points less than the 6.1.3.1 Major Sectors of Employment in Punjab conventional LFPR. While, the share of female in the augmented LFPR is 34 percent which is 6 percent higher than the conventional LFPR. The difference between augmented and conventional LFPR is more profound in Of the total employed population in Punjab (see Figure 6.7 (a)), 20.42 percent of men and 18.54 percent of women rural areas of Punjab, where the share of females in the augmented LFPR is 40 percent. The male augmented contribute to the agriculture sector. However, the non-agriculture sector poses huge disparities where almost 52 LFPR is 78.9 percent which is less than the conventional LFPR. The share of female in the augmented LFPR is 21.1 percent of the employed population are men and women have a marginal share of just 8.7 percent. percent higher than the conventional LFPR. The share of men and women in the agriculture sector has slightly deteriorated, whereas the share of population in The difference between the augmented and conventional female LFPR is higher in rural areas than urban areas the non-agriculture sector has increased as compared to 2018-19. which can be attributed to the fact that among non-household work (i.e. excluding care work and domestic activities), the underestimation of labour is typically observed in two main areas: subsistence production and informal paid work. Due to the high concentration of women in these areas, their participation in the labour Percentage Distribuon of Employed Persons by Major Sector of Employment force has a tendency to be underestimated. (10 Years and above) in Punjab (All Area) by Gender & Year 6.1.3 Employed Persons in Punjab 59.25 61.04 50.96 52.29 The LFS defines employment as "the standard measure of employment comprises all persons ten years of age and above who worked at least one hour during the reference period and were either paid employed or self- 40.75 38.96 employed. Persons employed on permanent/regular footings, who have not worked for any reason during the reference period are also treated as employed, regardless of the duration of the absence or whether workers 21.56 19.19 20.42 18.54 continued to receive a salary during the absence." 8.29 8.75 According to the LFS 2020-21, of the total 39.07 million people employed in Punjab, 28.41 million are men whereas 10.66 million are women, the GPI is 0.37. Figure 6.4 presents an outlook of the employed persons in Total Male Female Total Male Female rural and urban areas of Punjab. Of the total 26.84million employed persons 93in rural areas of Punjab, 17.91 2018-19 2020-21 are men and 8.8 million are women. The disparity is more significant in urban areas, where 10.5 million are men Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Agriculture Non-Agriculture and 1.74 million of the total 12.23 million are women. 161 Figure 6.7 (a) 162 Overall, the total employed population of Punjab increased from 38.21 million in 2018-19 to 39.07 million in 2020-21. The increase is credited to the account of employed male population as the employed female population witnessed a decline over the last period. LFS 2020-21 further divides the non-agriculture sector into formal and informal sector where the latter is defined as a person working in a household (informal own-account enterprise), contributing family workers excluding all those working in the agriculture sector or the ones involved in non-market activities. Employed Populaon (In Millions) by Gender & Year Data from LFS reveals that like other sectors the concentration of men in the informal sector is significantly higher than women. Out of 26.7 percent of men working in the non-agriculture sector of rural areas, 6.12 percent are working in the formal sector whereas 20.64 percent are working in the informal sector. 39.07 38.21 Around 1.6 percent, of the total 4.8 percent women are working in the formal non-agriculture sector of rural areas while 3.5 percent are working in the informal sector. Women work in the informal sector for a variety of reasons 27.71 28.41 including lack of formal employment opportunities, low education, issues of access and social barriers. 26.84 26.09 In the urban areas, 7.5 percent of men are working in the formal sector and 18 percent are working otherwise. Of the total 3.8 percent, 1.6 percent women are working in the formal sector and 2.2 percent are part of the informal 17.29 17.91 sector. The lower female employment rate and high unemployment rate in urban areas can be attributed to, but not limited to, lack of reliable public transportation, fear of harassment, and absence of female-friendly amenities 10.5 10.42 12.12 10.66 10.5 12.23 in work spaces. Another factor possibly contributing to low employment rates in urban areas is the reluctance of 8.8 8.93 highly qualified women to work in less rewarding positions. 1.7 1.74 The higher rates of male labour force participation are attributed to: i) differences in the time input, levels of education, ii) gendered differences in the types of jobs taken up by men and women and in access to productive Punjab Rural Urban Punjab Rural Urban inputs, iii) stereotyping in the vocational and skilled training, iv) unequal distribution of domestic responsibilities 2018-19 2020-21 and care work. Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female Total Figure 6.6 272 (LFS, 2018-2019) 273 Women Economic Parcipaon and Empowerment in Pakistan Status Report, 2016 274 (Biggs, 2016) 271 (Rural Women in Pakistan, Status Report 2018, 2018) 275 (GSDRC, 2015)
chunk_10_182	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES The proportion of male in the augmented LFPR is 66 percent which is almost 6 percent points less than the 6.1.3.1 Major Sectors of Employment in Punjab conventional LFPR. While, the share of female in the augmented LFPR is 34 percent which is 6 percent higher than the conventional LFPR. The difference between augmented and conventional LFPR is more profound in Of the total employed population in Punjab (see Figure 6.7 (a)), 20.42 percent of men and 18.54 percent of women rural areas of Punjab, where the share of females in the augmented LFPR is 40 percent. The male augmented contribute to the agriculture sector. However, the non-agriculture sector poses huge disparities where almost 52 LFPR is 78.9 percent which is less than the conventional LFPR. The share of female in the augmented LFPR is 21.1 percent of the employed population are men and women have a marginal share of just 8.7 percent. percent higher than the conventional LFPR. The share of men and women in the agriculture sector has slightly deteriorated, whereas the share of population in The difference between the augmented and conventional female LFPR is higher in rural areas than urban areas the non-agriculture sector has increased as compared to 2018-19. which can be attributed to the fact that among non-household work (i.e. excluding care work and domestic activities), the underestimation of labour is typically observed in two main areas: subsistence production and informal paid work. Due to the high concentration of women in these areas, their participation in the labour Percentage Distribuon of Employed Persons by Major Sector of Employment force has a tendency to be underestimated. (10 Years and above) in Punjab (All Area) by Gender & Year 6.1.3 Employed Persons in Punjab 59.25 61.04 50.96 52.29 The LFS defines employment as "the standard measure of employment comprises all persons ten years of age and above who worked at least one hour during the reference period and were either paid employed or self- 40.75 38.96 employed. Persons employed on permanent/regular footings, who have not worked for any reason during the reference period are also treated as employed, regardless of the duration of the absence or whether workers 21.56 19.19 20.42 18.54 continued to receive a salary during the absence." 8.29 8.75 According to the LFS 2020-21, of the total 39.07 million people employed in Punjab, 28.41 million are men whereas 10.66 million are women, the GPI is 0.37. Figure 6.4 presents an outlook of the employed persons in Total Male Female Total Male Female rural and urban areas of Punjab. Of the total 26.84million employed persons 93in rural areas of Punjab, 17.91 2018-19 2020-21 are men and 8.8 million are women. The disparity is more significant in urban areas, where 10.5 million are men Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Agriculture Non-Agriculture and 1.74 million of the total 12.23 million are women. 161 Figure 6.7 (a) 162 Overall, the total employed population of Punjab increased from 38.21 million in 2018-19 to 39.07 million in 2020-21. The increase is credited to the account of employed male population as the employed female population witnessed a decline over the last period. LFS 2020-21 further divides the non-agriculture sector into formal and informal sector where the latter is defined as a person working in a household (informal own-account enterprise), contributing family workers excluding all those working in the agriculture sector or the ones involved in non-market activities. Employed Populaon (In Millions) by Gender & Year Data from LFS reveals that like other sectors the concentration of men in the informal sector is significantly higher than women. Out of 26.7 percent of men working in the non-agriculture sector of rural areas, 6.12 percent are working in the formal sector whereas 20.64 percent are working in the informal sector. 39.07 38.21 Around 1.6 percent, of the total 4.8 percent women are working in the formal non-agriculture sector of rural areas while 3.5 percent are working in the informal sector. Women work in the informal sector for a variety of reasons 27.71 28.41 including lack of formal employment opportunities, low education, issues of access and social barriers. 26.84 26.09 In the urban areas, 7.5 percent of men are working in the formal sector and 18 percent are working otherwise. Of the total 3.8 percent, 1.6 percent women are working in the formal sector and 2.2 percent are part of the informal 17.29 17.91 sector. The lower female employment rate and high unemployment rate in urban areas can be attributed to, but not limited to, lack of reliable public transportation, fear of harassment, and absence of female-friendly amenities 10.5 10.42 12.12 10.66 10.5 12.23 in work spaces. Another factor possibly contributing to low employment rates in urban areas is the reluctance of 8.8 8.93 highly qualified women to work in less rewarding positions. 1.7 1.74 The higher rates of male labour force participation are attributed to: i) differences in the time input, levels of education, ii) gendered differences in the types of jobs taken up by men and women and in access to productive Punjab Rural Urban Punjab Rural Urban inputs, iii) stereotyping in the vocational and skilled training, iv) unequal distribution of domestic responsibilities 2018-19 2020-21 and care work. Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female Total Figure 6.6 272 (LFS, 2018-2019) 273 Women Economic Parcipaon and Empowerment in Pakistan Status Report, 2016 274 (Biggs, 2016) 271 (Rural Women in Pakistan, Status Report 2018, 2018) 275 (GSDRC, 2015)
chunk_10_183	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Percentage Distribuon of Employed Persons (10 Years & above) Sector wise Percentage Distribuon of Employed Persons by Major Sectors of Employment (2021) (10 Years and above) by Gender & Area (2020-21) 20.64 19.08 17.96 18 Other Acvies 11.04 2.24 4.93 1.02 6.1 1.23 Educaon 1.40 2.20 0.69 1.05 0.70 1.15 7.53 6.12 3.41 Transportaon and Storage 5.19 0.01 3.03 0 2.16 0.00 2.24 1.47 1.34 1.62 0.59 Male Female Male Female Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor 13.56 0.37 5.97 0.20 7.60 0.16 Rural Urban Vehicles and Motorcycles Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Agriculture Non-Agriculture (Formal) Non-Agriculture (Informal) Figure 6.7 (b) Construcon 8.47 0.11 6.09 0.05 2.38 0.05 6.1.3.2 Employment in Major Industries of Punjab Manufacturing 12.64 3.82 6.07 2.56 6.57 1.26 163 Beyond the absolute numbers of employed population, the nature of jobs that women are engaged in is far 164 more important. The industry-wise distribution of the employed population of Punjab, as shown in Figure 6.8 reveals that a major chunk of the employed workforce is working in the agriculture sector, followed by the manufacturing and wholesale/retail trade. Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 20.42 18.55 19.08 17.96 1.340.59 The gendered distribution of the employed population across these sectors follows the same pattern where All Areas Male All Areas Female Rural Male Rural Female Urban Male Urban Female 20.4 percent men are involved in agriculture, forestry and fishing while, women's share in this sector is 18.5 percent. Since, agriculture is mainly a rural phenomenon, 19.08 percent of the total 20.4 percent men and 17.96 of the total 18.5 percent of women are working in the rural agriculture sector of Punjab. Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Around 13 percent of men and 4 percent of women are working in the manufacturing sector of Punjab. The Figure 6.8 rural-urban disaggregation of the data reveals that 6 percent of men and 2.6 percent of women are working in the rural areas, while 7 percent of men and 1.3 percent of women are working in the urban manufacturing sector. 6.1.3.3 Employment by Occupational Status LFS defines occupation as the type of work done by the persons employed (or previously done if now unemployed), irrespective of the industry or the employment status of the person. Figure 6.9 presents a snapshot of the employed population disaggregated by major occupations in Punjab. A major chunk of the employed population, 18.7 percent of the men and 16.5 percent of the women, are Skilled Agricultural, forestry and fishery workers. 13.7 of men and only 0.6 percent of women are Service and Sales Workers. 12.7 percent of the men and 3.9 percent women have elementary occupations.
chunk_10_184	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Percentage Distribuon of Employed Persons (10 Years & above) Sector wise Percentage Distribuon of Employed Persons by Major Sectors of Employment (2021) (10 Years and above) by Gender & Area (2020-21) 20.64 19.08 17.96 18 Other Acvies 11.04 2.24 4.93 1.02 6.1 1.23 Educaon 1.40 2.20 0.69 1.05 0.70 1.15 7.53 6.12 3.41 Transportaon and Storage 5.19 0.01 3.03 0 2.16 0.00 2.24 1.47 1.34 1.62 0.59 Male Female Male Female Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor 13.56 0.37 5.97 0.20 7.60 0.16 Rural Urban Vehicles and Motorcycles Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Agriculture Non-Agriculture (Formal) Non-Agriculture (Informal) Figure 6.7 (b) Construcon 8.47 0.11 6.09 0.05 2.38 0.05 6.1.3.2 Employment in Major Industries of Punjab Manufacturing 12.64 3.82 6.07 2.56 6.57 1.26 163 Beyond the absolute numbers of employed population, the nature of jobs that women are engaged in is far 164 more important. The industry-wise distribution of the employed population of Punjab, as shown in Figure 6.8 reveals that a major chunk of the employed workforce is working in the agriculture sector, followed by the manufacturing and wholesale/retail trade. Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 20.42 18.55 19.08 17.96 1.340.59 The gendered distribution of the employed population across these sectors follows the same pattern where All Areas Male All Areas Female Rural Male Rural Female Urban Male Urban Female 20.4 percent men are involved in agriculture, forestry and fishing while, women's share in this sector is 18.5 percent. Since, agriculture is mainly a rural phenomenon, 19.08 percent of the total 20.4 percent men and 17.96 of the total 18.5 percent of women are working in the rural agriculture sector of Punjab. Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Around 13 percent of men and 4 percent of women are working in the manufacturing sector of Punjab. The Figure 6.8 rural-urban disaggregation of the data reveals that 6 percent of men and 2.6 percent of women are working in the rural areas, while 7 percent of men and 1.3 percent of women are working in the urban manufacturing sector. 6.1.3.3 Employment by Occupational Status LFS defines occupation as the type of work done by the persons employed (or previously done if now unemployed), irrespective of the industry or the employment status of the person. Figure 6.9 presents a snapshot of the employed population disaggregated by major occupations in Punjab. A major chunk of the employed population, 18.7 percent of the men and 16.5 percent of the women, are Skilled Agricultural, forestry and fishery workers. 13.7 of men and only 0.6 percent of women are Service and Sales Workers. 12.7 percent of the men and 3.9 percent women have elementary occupations.
chunk_10_185	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.1.5 Employment by Literacy Level Employees by Major Occupaon Groups (2021) Literacy is the first step toward women's empowerment and economic self-sufficiency. An increase in the level of 3.90 Elementary Occupaons literacy enables women to acquire a better position in the labour market. People with low skills are more likely to 12.68 settle for a less-paying job. A decent job with a decent income requires basic skills like reading, writing, Plant and Machine Operators, and 0.13 Assemblers 7.06 mathematics and critical thinking. 3.15 Cra and Related Trade Workers 11.35 In Punjab, an estimated 26 percent of the total male population and 42 percent of the female population lack basic Skilled Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery 16.49 literacy skills. Of which, 20 percent of males and 15 percent of females are employed. 45 percent male and 9 Workers 18.69 percent females are part of the literate employed population. 0.63 Service and Sales Workers 13.72 0.06 Clerical Support Workers Percentage Distribuon of Populaon (10 Year of age and Over) by Nature of Acvity 1.08 (2021) 0.37 Technicians and Associate Professionals 3.35 Professionals 2.40 Literate 58.38 10.81 8.89 1.91 47.60 2.57 0.15 Managers 2.22 Illiterate 41.62 15.45 15.15 0.32 26.16 27.29 TOTAL 72.71 100.00 26.26 24.05 2.23 73.76 Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Female Male Literate 74.20 48.51 44.99 3.51 25.70 Figure 6.9 Illiterate 25.78 20.12 19.44 0.68 5.66 165 166 6.1.4 Employment by Marital Status 100 68.63 64.43 4.19 31.35 Populaon (10 Years & over) Civilian Labour Force Marital Status and employment decision? Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Employed Unemployed Not in Labour Force As per LFS 2020-21, the difference between employed male population of rural areas (32.71 percent) and urban Figure 6.11 areas (31.17), as per their marital status, is almost negligible. However, a significant chunk of employed female population (16.3 percent) lives in the rural areas, of which 11.65 percent are married and 3.8 are unmarried. 6.1.5.1 Level of Education Employed women population of urban areas is 5.16 percent, of which 3.4 percent are married and 1.3 are unmarried. The labour market has established a positive wage bias Percentage Distribuon of Female Populaon towards education level and skills. Given the saturation of with a Graduate Degree or Above (2021) the market, a higher level of education also significantly reduces the time required to find a new one. Percentage Distribuon of Employed Populaon (10 years of age and over) by 27% 16% 57% Sex & Marital Status (2021) Around 12 percent of the male and 2.4 percent of the 32.71 31.17 female population are employed with a pre-Matric level of education. The employed population with at least matric 22.85 21.89 qualification is relatively lesser where 5.3 percent are male and 0.57 percent are female. Only 2.16 percent male and 16.3 0.3 percent females are employed with an Intermediate Employed Unemployed Not in Labour 11.65 degree. 2.36 percent males and 1.01 percent females are 8.97 8.64 Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs employed with a graduate degree or above. 5.16 3.8 3.42 0.9 0.89 0.63 1.31 0.42 Figure 6.12 Male Female Male Female Rural Urban Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Total Never Married Married Widow/Widower/Divorced 276 (ScienceDirect, 2010) Figure 6.10 277 (Kerka, n.d.) 278 (Ibr, Indiana Business Review, 2022) elameF elaM
chunk_10_186	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.1.5 Employment by Literacy Level Employees by Major Occupaon Groups (2021) Literacy is the first step toward women's empowerment and economic self-sufficiency. An increase in the level of 3.90 Elementary Occupaons literacy enables women to acquire a better position in the labour market. People with low skills are more likely to 12.68 settle for a less-paying job. A decent job with a decent income requires basic skills like reading, writing, Plant and Machine Operators, and 0.13 Assemblers 7.06 mathematics and critical thinking. 3.15 Cra and Related Trade Workers 11.35 In Punjab, an estimated 26 percent of the total male population and 42 percent of the female population lack basic Skilled Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery 16.49 literacy skills. Of which, 20 percent of males and 15 percent of females are employed. 45 percent male and 9 Workers 18.69 percent females are part of the literate employed population. 0.63 Service and Sales Workers 13.72 0.06 Clerical Support Workers Percentage Distribuon of Populaon (10 Year of age and Over) by Nature of Acvity 1.08 (2021) 0.37 Technicians and Associate Professionals 3.35 Professionals 2.40 Literate 58.38 10.81 8.89 1.91 47.60 2.57 0.15 Managers 2.22 Illiterate 41.62 15.45 15.15 0.32 26.16 27.29 TOTAL 72.71 100.00 26.26 24.05 2.23 73.76 Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Female Male Literate 74.20 48.51 44.99 3.51 25.70 Figure 6.9 Illiterate 25.78 20.12 19.44 0.68 5.66 165 166 6.1.4 Employment by Marital Status 100 68.63 64.43 4.19 31.35 Populaon (10 Years & over) Civilian Labour Force Marital Status and employment decision? Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Employed Unemployed Not in Labour Force As per LFS 2020-21, the difference between employed male population of rural areas (32.71 percent) and urban Figure 6.11 areas (31.17), as per their marital status, is almost negligible. However, a significant chunk of employed female population (16.3 percent) lives in the rural areas, of which 11.65 percent are married and 3.8 are unmarried. 6.1.5.1 Level of Education Employed women population of urban areas is 5.16 percent, of which 3.4 percent are married and 1.3 are unmarried. The labour market has established a positive wage bias Percentage Distribuon of Female Populaon towards education level and skills. Given the saturation of with a Graduate Degree or Above (2021) the market, a higher level of education also significantly reduces the time required to find a new one. Percentage Distribuon of Employed Populaon (10 years of age and over) by 27% 16% 57% Sex & Marital Status (2021) Around 12 percent of the male and 2.4 percent of the 32.71 31.17 female population are employed with a pre-Matric level of education. The employed population with at least matric 22.85 21.89 qualification is relatively lesser where 5.3 percent are male and 0.57 percent are female. Only 2.16 percent male and 16.3 0.3 percent females are employed with an Intermediate Employed Unemployed Not in Labour 11.65 degree. 2.36 percent males and 1.01 percent females are 8.97 8.64 Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs employed with a graduate degree or above. 5.16 3.8 3.42 0.9 0.89 0.63 1.31 0.42 Figure 6.12 Male Female Male Female Rural Urban Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Total Never Married Married Widow/Widower/Divorced 276 (ScienceDirect, 2010) Figure 6.10 277 (Kerka, n.d.) 278 (Ibr, Indiana Business Review, 2022) elameF elaM
chunk_10_187	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.1.6.1 Employees by Wage Group Percentage Distribuon of Populaon (10 years & above) By Level Of Educaon, Gender and Activity Status (2021) LFS (2020-21) demonstrates that, in Punjab, around 1 percent of the employed male in urban areas and 1.43 percent in rural areas earn up to Rs 5,000 per month. On the contrary, 9.98 percent of employed women of urban 12.1% 32.1% 1.1% Job ? 2.1% 37.0% 15.63% areas and 14.9 percent of rural areas earn up to Rs 5,000. The pattern of disparity continues as we move upward towards higher wage groups with lesser women participation in high wage groups. In urban areas, 74.5 percent of the employed men and 48.6 percent of women earn over and above Rs 15,000 per month. In rural areas, the 14.47 12.18 13.12 disparity is even wider, where 63.5 percent of employed men earn above Rs 15,000 per month as compared to 29.8 9.69 9.94 7.60 percent of women. 0.35 0.16 2.425.38 0.572.16 0.302.36 1.01 0.340.16 0.050.01 0.67 0.180.51 0.100.27 0.140.25 0.53 2.82 0.090.2 1.614.69 0.752.47 0.422.04 Employment by Wage Group by Gender & Area (2021) Employed (44.2%) Unemployed (3.2%) Not in Labour Force (52.62%) Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female 48.58 29.79 Figure 6.13 74.53 6.1.6 Monthly Wages of Employed Persons 36.69 18.65 23.27 18.17 63.48 Despite changes in gender patterns of the labour markets, female participation is often confined to low-wage or informal sector. However, the informal economy is less regulated and thus without any minimum wage 9.98 14.87 8.30 standardization, poor working conditions, and/or social 6.06 18.47 safety nets to cover any unforeseen circumstances. 0.94 1.43 26.79 Only 19 companies globally have 167 168 upto Rs 5k Rs 5k-10k Rs 10k-15k > Rs 15k upto Rs 5k Rs 5k-10k Rs 10k-15k > Rs 15k closed their gender pay gap. There exists a sizable disparity in average monthly wages of men and women in Punjab. According to the LFS, the male Source: Gender Equality Global Report & Ranking 2022. Urban Rural employed population received an average of Rs 24,043 in Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female 2020-21 which is 12.7 percent higher than Rs. 21,472 in 2018-19. However, female employees received an average of Rs 20,047 in 2020-21 which is 44 percent higher Figure 6.15 than Rs 13,950 in 2018-19. The average monthly wage of women is 16.6 percent lesser than their male counterparts which is lesser than the national average wage gap of 18.4 percent. The statutory minimum wage in Pakistan excludes both domestic and agricultural workers. Although workers in the informal sectors are not expressly excluded from minimum wage legislation, historically and universally, legal Average Monthly Wages of Employees (Rupees) by Year & Gender protections are assumed to be applied to the formal sectors of the economy. 60,000 50,000 20,047 13,950 40,000 30,000 24,043 21,472 20,000 10,000 - 2018-19 2020-21 Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female Figure 6.14 279 hps://gsdrc.org/topic-guides/gender/gender-and-economic-rights/ 280 (Internaonal Labour Organizaon, 2016) etaretillI lamrofnI cirtaM-erP craM tsoP retnI rehgiH etaretillI lamrofnI cirtaM-erP craM tsoP retnI rehgiH etaretillI lamrofnI cirtaM-erP craM tsoP retnI rehgiH
chunk_10_188	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.1.6.1 Employees by Wage Group Percentage Distribuon of Populaon (10 years & above) By Level Of Educaon, Gender and Activity Status (2021) LFS (2020-21) demonstrates that, in Punjab, around 1 percent of the employed male in urban areas and 1.43 percent in rural areas earn up to Rs 5,000 per month. On the contrary, 9.98 percent of employed women of urban 12.1% 32.1% 1.1% Job ? 2.1% 37.0% 15.63% areas and 14.9 percent of rural areas earn up to Rs 5,000. The pattern of disparity continues as we move upward towards higher wage groups with lesser women participation in high wage groups. In urban areas, 74.5 percent of the employed men and 48.6 percent of women earn over and above Rs 15,000 per month. In rural areas, the 14.47 12.18 13.12 disparity is even wider, where 63.5 percent of employed men earn above Rs 15,000 per month as compared to 29.8 9.69 9.94 7.60 percent of women. 0.35 0.16 2.425.38 0.572.16 0.302.36 1.01 0.340.16 0.050.01 0.67 0.180.51 0.100.27 0.140.25 0.53 2.82 0.090.2 1.614.69 0.752.47 0.422.04 Employment by Wage Group by Gender & Area (2021) Employed (44.2%) Unemployed (3.2%) Not in Labour Force (52.62%) Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female 48.58 29.79 Figure 6.13 74.53 6.1.6 Monthly Wages of Employed Persons 36.69 18.65 23.27 18.17 63.48 Despite changes in gender patterns of the labour markets, female participation is often confined to low-wage or informal sector. However, the informal economy is less regulated and thus without any minimum wage 9.98 14.87 8.30 standardization, poor working conditions, and/or social 6.06 18.47 safety nets to cover any unforeseen circumstances. 0.94 1.43 26.79 Only 19 companies globally have 167 168 upto Rs 5k Rs 5k-10k Rs 10k-15k > Rs 15k upto Rs 5k Rs 5k-10k Rs 10k-15k > Rs 15k closed their gender pay gap. There exists a sizable disparity in average monthly wages of men and women in Punjab. According to the LFS, the male Source: Gender Equality Global Report & Ranking 2022. Urban Rural employed population received an average of Rs 24,043 in Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female 2020-21 which is 12.7 percent higher than Rs. 21,472 in 2018-19. However, female employees received an average of Rs 20,047 in 2020-21 which is 44 percent higher Figure 6.15 than Rs 13,950 in 2018-19. The average monthly wage of women is 16.6 percent lesser than their male counterparts which is lesser than the national average wage gap of 18.4 percent. The statutory minimum wage in Pakistan excludes both domestic and agricultural workers. Although workers in the informal sectors are not expressly excluded from minimum wage legislation, historically and universally, legal Average Monthly Wages of Employees (Rupees) by Year & Gender protections are assumed to be applied to the formal sectors of the economy. 60,000 50,000 20,047 13,950 40,000 30,000 24,043 21,472 20,000 10,000 - 2018-19 2020-21 Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female Figure 6.14 279 hps://gsdrc.org/topic-guides/gender/gender-and-economic-rights/ 280 (Internaonal Labour Organizaon, 2016) etaretillI lamrofnI cirtaM-erP craM tsoP retnI rehgiH etaretillI lamrofnI cirtaM-erP craM tsoP retnI rehgiH etaretillI lamrofnI cirtaM-erP craM tsoP retnI rehgiH
chunk_10_189	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.1.7 Underemployed Population in Punjab LFS defines underemployment as a time-related phenomenon where the employed people; a) worked less than 35 hours a week, b) sought or were available for alternative/additional work. Indicators such as the unemployment, underemployment and part-time work help to better take into account the margins or "shadows" of unemployment, where women continue to be over-represented. Overall, in Punjab, men are almost twice as affected by underemployment as women. Around 66 percent of men are underemployed, of which, 45 percent belong to rural areas and 21 percent belong to urban areas. Whereas 33 percent of women are underemployed; 24 percent are from rural areas and 9 percent belong to urban areas. This 62.4% shows that men are less likely to obtain more hours of work or additional contracts in the existing markets. of the Female Employed Populaon earns < Rs.15,000/= Underemployed Persons by Gender & Area (2021) 66.73 Rs 45.28 8,836 Rs 20,000 33.28 23.99 21.44 Acvies of Households as Employers; Undifferenated Goods & Services-Producing Acvies 9.29 employs women earn 16.75% 55.82% Overall Rural Urban of all employed women < minimum wage Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female 169 Figure 6.17 170 Rs Rs 6.1.8 Unemployed Population in Punjab 9,576 20,000 LFS defines an unemployed worker as a person; a) without work b) currently available for work, c) not currently Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Wage Disparity available due to specific reasons like illness, temporary lay-off and others. employs women earn 15.90% 52.12% In comparison to LFS 2018-19, the unemployed population of Punjab has decreased in its size from 3.05 million to 2.83 million in 2020-21 and is unevenly distributed among male-female and rural-urban divide. According to LFS of all employed women < minimum wage 2020-21, 4.41 percent of the total LF or 65.24 percent of the total unemployed are men. Similarly, 2.35 percent of the total LF or 34.7 percent of the total unemployed are women which is almost 2 percent higher than 2018-19. Rs Percentage of Unemployed Persons (10 years & above) by Rs 15,678 20,000 Year & Gender Manufacturing Unemployed employs women earn 23.93% 21.61% Urban 71.21 28.79 of all employed women < minimum wage Rural 61.74 38.26 *Minimum Wage is Rs. 20,000/= Punjab 65.24 34.76 Source: Labour Force Survey 2021 Urban 73.04 26.96 Figure 6.16 Rural 58.95 41.05 Punjab 64.26 35.74 Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female Figure 6.18 12-0202 91-8102
chunk_10_190	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.1.7 Underemployed Population in Punjab LFS defines underemployment as a time-related phenomenon where the employed people; a) worked less than 35 hours a week, b) sought or were available for alternative/additional work. Indicators such as the unemployment, underemployment and part-time work help to better take into account the margins or "shadows" of unemployment, where women continue to be over-represented. Overall, in Punjab, men are almost twice as affected by underemployment as women. Around 66 percent of men are underemployed, of which, 45 percent belong to rural areas and 21 percent belong to urban areas. Whereas 33 percent of women are underemployed; 24 percent are from rural areas and 9 percent belong to urban areas. This 62.4% shows that men are less likely to obtain more hours of work or additional contracts in the existing markets. of the Female Employed Populaon earns < Rs.15,000/= Underemployed Persons by Gender & Area (2021) 66.73 Rs 45.28 8,836 Rs 20,000 33.28 23.99 21.44 Acvies of Households as Employers; Undifferenated Goods & Services-Producing Acvies 9.29 employs women earn 16.75% 55.82% Overall Rural Urban of all employed women < minimum wage Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female 169 Figure 6.17 170 Rs Rs 6.1.8 Unemployed Population in Punjab 9,576 20,000 LFS defines an unemployed worker as a person; a) without work b) currently available for work, c) not currently Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Wage Disparity available due to specific reasons like illness, temporary lay-off and others. employs women earn 15.90% 52.12% In comparison to LFS 2018-19, the unemployed population of Punjab has decreased in its size from 3.05 million to 2.83 million in 2020-21 and is unevenly distributed among male-female and rural-urban divide. According to LFS of all employed women < minimum wage 2020-21, 4.41 percent of the total LF or 65.24 percent of the total unemployed are men. Similarly, 2.35 percent of the total LF or 34.7 percent of the total unemployed are women which is almost 2 percent higher than 2018-19. Rs Percentage of Unemployed Persons (10 years & above) by Rs 15,678 20,000 Year & Gender Manufacturing Unemployed employs women earn 23.93% 21.61% Urban 71.21 28.79 of all employed women < minimum wage Rural 61.74 38.26 *Minimum Wage is Rs. 20,000/= Punjab 65.24 34.76 Source: Labour Force Survey 2021 Urban 73.04 26.96 Figure 6.16 Rural 58.95 41.05 Punjab 64.26 35.74 Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Male Female Figure 6.18 12-0202 91-8102
chunk_10_191	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.2 District Profile of Labour Force in Punjab Working Age Populaon by District & Gender (2021) Percentage Distribuon of Labour Force by Acvity Status, District & Gender (2021) Female Male Vehari Vehari TT Singh TT Singh Sialkot Sialkot Sheikhupura Sheikhupura Sargodha Sargodha Sahiwal Sahiwal RY Khan RY Khan Rawalpindi Rawalpindi Rajanpur Rajanpur Pakpaan Pakpaan Okara Okara Narowal Narowal NankanaSahib Muzaffargarh NankanaSahib Multan Muzaffargarh Mianwali Multan Mandi Bahauddin Mianwali Lodhran Mandi Bahauddin Layyah Lodhran Lahore Layyah Khushab Lahore Khanewal 171 Khushab 172 Kasur Khanewal Jhang Kasur Jehlum Hafizabad Jhang Gujrat Jehlum Gujranwala Hafizabad Faisalabad Gujrat DG Khan Gujranwala Chiniot Faisalabad Chakwal DG Khan Bhakkar Chiniot Bahawalpur Chakwal Bahawalnagar Bhakkar Aock Bahawalpur 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Bahawalnagar Attock Working Age Populaon Working Age Populaon Labour Force (Employed+Unemployed) Labour Force (Employed+Unemployed) 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 Employed Employed Formal Informal Formal Informal Unemployed Unemployed Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Figure 6.19 Figure 6.20
chunk_10_192	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.2 District Profile of Labour Force in Punjab Working Age Populaon by District & Gender (2021) Percentage Distribuon of Labour Force by Acvity Status, District & Gender (2021) Female Male Vehari Vehari TT Singh TT Singh Sialkot Sialkot Sheikhupura Sheikhupura Sargodha Sargodha Sahiwal Sahiwal RY Khan RY Khan Rawalpindi Rawalpindi Rajanpur Rajanpur Pakpaan Pakpaan Okara Okara Narowal Narowal NankanaSahib Muzaffargarh NankanaSahib Multan Muzaffargarh Mianwali Multan Mandi Bahauddin Mianwali Lodhran Mandi Bahauddin Layyah Lodhran Lahore Layyah Khushab Lahore Khanewal 171 Khushab 172 Kasur Khanewal Jhang Kasur Jehlum Hafizabad Jhang Gujrat Jehlum Gujranwala Hafizabad Faisalabad Gujrat DG Khan Gujranwala Chiniot Faisalabad Chakwal DG Khan Bhakkar Chiniot Bahawalpur Chakwal Bahawalnagar Bhakkar Aock Bahawalpur 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Bahawalnagar Attock Working Age Populaon Working Age Populaon Labour Force (Employed+Unemployed) Labour Force (Employed+Unemployed) 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 Employed Employed Formal Informal Formal Informal Unemployed Unemployed Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs Figure 6.19 Figure 6.20
chunk_10_193	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Gender stereotypes continue to have an impact on the choice of professions. Many professions remain linked to Percentage Distribuon of Labour Force by Sector, District & Gender (2021) the male image and their feminization is almost non-existent. Entrepreneurship itself also remains associated with Female Male man in the collective unconscious. Breaking these stereotypes and fostering gender equality in entrepreneurship RY Khan is therefore essential. Bahawalnagar Bahawalpur The equal participation of women entrepreneurs represents significant potential for additional economic Muzaffargarh contribution. 50 percent of women's productive potential is underutilized, compared to 22 percent for men. Layyah Rajanpur Research shows that women entrepreneurs do not have sufficient access to the resources needed to develop their DG Khan full economic potential. There are disparities in all sectors and for all types of businesses, and they are amplified in Khanewal the context of international markets. Women-owned businesses have lower sales volume and fewer assets, and Lodhran women entrepreneurs tend to be overrepresented in informal and smaller businesses. Vehari Multan In the fast-paced technological world, it is impractical to undermine the importance of digital knowledge. Programs for training on various scopes of the digital and information technology world are recommended to Pakpaan allow women's skill sets to be relevant in today's times. Okara Sahiwal TT Singh 6.3.1 Ignite Program Jhang Chiniot The ministry of IT & Telecom funded Ignite technology which funds and promotes technological innovations and Faisalabad start-ups in Pakistan. The programme focuses on the fourth industrial wave tech and ecosystem development NankanaSahib initiatives. A network of incubators nurtures entrepreneurial start-ups, while tech innovation grants are also Sheikhupura offered to deep tech projects. In 2021, there were 613,301 (70.7%) male participants and 253,934 (29.7%) female Kasur participants who completed the training under Digiskills, Tech Innovation, and Incubation programmes led by the Lahore Ministry of IT and Telecom. Narowal Sialkot The DigiSkills.pk Program is aimed at equipping our youth, freelancers, students, professionals, etc. with the 173 174 Mandi Bahauddin knowledge, skills, tools & techniques necessary to work as a freelancer. The programme equips the participants to Gujrat earn a living or to supplement the existing income by seizing the opportunities available in online job markets Hafizabad places especially the post-COVID-19 window of opportunity arising from the work-from-home setups. Gujranwala Mianwali As per the data, the total number of participants decreased by 9.5 percent from 454,193 in 2020 to 411,332 in Khushab 2021. However, the male-to-female ratio reveals that women's participation has increased. In 2021, 278,053 male Bhakkar participants completed the Digiskills training program as compared to 333,915 in 2020, down by 16.7 percent. Sargodha 133,225 female participants successfully completed their training in 2021 which is 10.5 percent higher than last Chakwal year's participation of 120,264 female participants. It is worth mentioning here, that the participation of transgender persons in these training has significantly increased from 14 in 2020 to 54 in 2021. Jehlum Rawalpindi Aock Digi Skill Trainings Completed by Gender & Year 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 400000 333915 Agriculture Industry Services Agriculture Industry Services 350000 300000 278053 Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs 250000 200000 Figure 6.21 150000 120264 133225 100000 50000 14 54 0 6.3 Female Entrepreneurship 2020 2021 Source: Ignite-Naonal Technology Fund Male Female Trans While breaking the gender gap in entrepreneurship is a major challenge, the promotion of female entrepreneurship is based on several factors; from the fight against stereotypes to the promotion of female Figure 6.22 entrepreneurial successes possible through the implementation of administrative and financial support solutions. 281 (Ramaci T, 2017) 282 (Women Entrepreneurs: Catalyzing Growth, Innovaon, and Equality, 2022) 283 (Haan, 2016)
chunk_10_194	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Gender stereotypes continue to have an impact on the choice of professions. Many professions remain linked to Percentage Distribuon of Labour Force by Sector, District & Gender (2021) the male image and their feminization is almost non-existent. Entrepreneurship itself also remains associated with Female Male man in the collective unconscious. Breaking these stereotypes and fostering gender equality in entrepreneurship RY Khan is therefore essential. Bahawalnagar Bahawalpur The equal participation of women entrepreneurs represents significant potential for additional economic Muzaffargarh contribution. 50 percent of women's productive potential is underutilized, compared to 22 percent for men. Layyah Rajanpur Research shows that women entrepreneurs do not have sufficient access to the resources needed to develop their DG Khan full economic potential. There are disparities in all sectors and for all types of businesses, and they are amplified in Khanewal the context of international markets. Women-owned businesses have lower sales volume and fewer assets, and Lodhran women entrepreneurs tend to be overrepresented in informal and smaller businesses. Vehari Multan In the fast-paced technological world, it is impractical to undermine the importance of digital knowledge. Programs for training on various scopes of the digital and information technology world are recommended to Pakpaan allow women's skill sets to be relevant in today's times. Okara Sahiwal TT Singh 6.3.1 Ignite Program Jhang Chiniot The ministry of IT & Telecom funded Ignite technology which funds and promotes technological innovations and Faisalabad start-ups in Pakistan. The programme focuses on the fourth industrial wave tech and ecosystem development NankanaSahib initiatives. A network of incubators nurtures entrepreneurial start-ups, while tech innovation grants are also Sheikhupura offered to deep tech projects. In 2021, there were 613,301 (70.7%) male participants and 253,934 (29.7%) female Kasur participants who completed the training under Digiskills, Tech Innovation, and Incubation programmes led by the Lahore Ministry of IT and Telecom. Narowal Sialkot The DigiSkills.pk Program is aimed at equipping our youth, freelancers, students, professionals, etc. with the 173 174 Mandi Bahauddin knowledge, skills, tools & techniques necessary to work as a freelancer. The programme equips the participants to Gujrat earn a living or to supplement the existing income by seizing the opportunities available in online job markets Hafizabad places especially the post-COVID-19 window of opportunity arising from the work-from-home setups. Gujranwala Mianwali As per the data, the total number of participants decreased by 9.5 percent from 454,193 in 2020 to 411,332 in Khushab 2021. However, the male-to-female ratio reveals that women's participation has increased. In 2021, 278,053 male Bhakkar participants completed the Digiskills training program as compared to 333,915 in 2020, down by 16.7 percent. Sargodha 133,225 female participants successfully completed their training in 2021 which is 10.5 percent higher than last Chakwal year's participation of 120,264 female participants. It is worth mentioning here, that the participation of transgender persons in these training has significantly increased from 14 in 2020 to 54 in 2021. Jehlum Rawalpindi Aock Digi Skill Trainings Completed by Gender & Year 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 400000 333915 Agriculture Industry Services Agriculture Industry Services 350000 300000 278053 Source: Labour Force Survey, Pakistan Bureau of Stascs 250000 200000 Figure 6.21 150000 120264 133225 100000 50000 14 54 0 6.3 Female Entrepreneurship 2020 2021 Source: Ignite-Naonal Technology Fund Male Female Trans While breaking the gender gap in entrepreneurship is a major challenge, the promotion of female entrepreneurship is based on several factors; from the fight against stereotypes to the promotion of female Figure 6.22 entrepreneurial successes possible through the implementation of administrative and financial support solutions. 281 (Ramaci T, 2017) 282 (Women Entrepreneurs: Catalyzing Growth, Innovaon, and Equality, 2022) 283 (Haan, 2016)
chunk_10_195	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES The Tech Innovation Grants offered to deep tech projects and startups decreased by 56 percent from 128 grants Final Year Projects NGIRI by Gender & Year in 2020 to 56 grants in 2021. Of the total 56 grants, 42 were offered to males and 14 were offered to females with a GPI of 0.33. 800 700 600 169 178 Tech Innovaon Grants by Gender & Year 500 120 400 300 515 526 96 100 200 100 80 0 2020 2021 60 Source: Ignite-Naonal Technology Fund Male Female 42 40 32 Figure 6.25 20 14 6.3.2 E-Rozgaar Graduates 0 2020 2021 Punjab Information Technology Board and Youth Affairs and Sports Department have established e-Rozgaar Source: Ignite-Naonal Technology Fund Male Female centres in 36 districts of Punjab to provide training to budding freelancers and enhance their professional capabilities. In 2020, 10,985 people graduated under this scheme which increased by 21 percent in 2021. Of the total 13,205 graduates, 7,751 were male and 5,554 were female with a GPI of 0.71. Figure 6.23 175 176 The number of participants enrolled in the NIC incubation programs increased from 62 in 2020 to 144 in 2021 (132.2 percent increase). Of the total 144 enrolled participants, 110 were male and 34 were female with a GPI of E-Rozgaar's Graduates by Gender & Year 0.31. 9,000 8,000 Enrolled in Incubaon Program by Gender & Year 7,000 120 110 6,000 5,000 100 58% 4,000 7,751 80 53% 3,000 47% 42% 5,872 5,113 5,554 60 2,000 44 34 1,000 40 - 18 20 2020 2021 Source: PITB Male Female 0 2020 2021 Figure 6.26 Source: Ignite-Naonal Technology Fund Male Female Figure 6.24 6.3.3 APO & NPO Programs National Grassroots ICT Research Initiative (NGIRI) aims to provide financial assistance to undergraduate final The Federal Ministry of Industries nominates individuals for trainings conducted by Asian Productivity year students of ICT related disciplines. The assistance will help them develop prototypes and working models of Organisation (APO) and National Productivity Organisation (NPO) on a wide range of programs/topics. For all the their projects. In 2020, a total of 684 students were assisted which increased by 3 percent to 704 in 2021. Of the trainings conducted in 2020-21, there were 3,650 male participants from Punjab in contrast to 471 female total 704 students, 526 were male students and 178 were female students with a GPI of 0.34. participants with a 0.13 GPI. srebmuN
chunk_10_196	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES The Tech Innovation Grants offered to deep tech projects and startups decreased by 56 percent from 128 grants Final Year Projects NGIRI by Gender & Year in 2020 to 56 grants in 2021. Of the total 56 grants, 42 were offered to males and 14 were offered to females with a GPI of 0.33. 800 700 600 169 178 Tech Innovaon Grants by Gender & Year 500 120 400 300 515 526 96 100 200 100 80 0 2020 2021 60 Source: Ignite-Naonal Technology Fund Male Female 42 40 32 Figure 6.25 20 14 6.3.2 E-Rozgaar Graduates 0 2020 2021 Punjab Information Technology Board and Youth Affairs and Sports Department have established e-Rozgaar Source: Ignite-Naonal Technology Fund Male Female centres in 36 districts of Punjab to provide training to budding freelancers and enhance their professional capabilities. In 2020, 10,985 people graduated under this scheme which increased by 21 percent in 2021. Of the total 13,205 graduates, 7,751 were male and 5,554 were female with a GPI of 0.71. Figure 6.23 175 176 The number of participants enrolled in the NIC incubation programs increased from 62 in 2020 to 144 in 2021 (132.2 percent increase). Of the total 144 enrolled participants, 110 were male and 34 were female with a GPI of E-Rozgaar's Graduates by Gender & Year 0.31. 9,000 8,000 Enrolled in Incubaon Program by Gender & Year 7,000 120 110 6,000 5,000 100 58% 4,000 7,751 80 53% 3,000 47% 42% 5,872 5,113 5,554 60 2,000 44 34 1,000 40 - 18 20 2020 2021 Source: PITB Male Female 0 2020 2021 Figure 6.26 Source: Ignite-Naonal Technology Fund Male Female Figure 6.24 6.3.3 APO & NPO Programs National Grassroots ICT Research Initiative (NGIRI) aims to provide financial assistance to undergraduate final The Federal Ministry of Industries nominates individuals for trainings conducted by Asian Productivity year students of ICT related disciplines. The assistance will help them develop prototypes and working models of Organisation (APO) and National Productivity Organisation (NPO) on a wide range of programs/topics. For all the their projects. In 2020, a total of 684 students were assisted which increased by 3 percent to 704 in 2021. Of the trainings conducted in 2020-21, there were 3,650 male participants from Punjab in contrast to 471 female total 704 students, 526 were male students and 178 were female students with a GPI of 0.34. participants with a 0.13 GPI. srebmuN
chunk_10_197	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES APO & NPO Training Programs (2020-21) Training under SMEDA by Types & Gender (2021) (Parcipaon from Punjab) 2500 2246 2000 1428 1500 1000 572 500 279 224 216 108 104 7 80 0 Awareness & Business & Trade Entrepreneurial Financial Freelancing 471 3,650 Opportunies 11% 89% Source: SMEDA Female Male Source: Ministry of Industries and Producon Figure 6.29 Figure 6.27 6.4 Access, Ownership and Control of Physical Resources 6.3.4 SMEDA The rights of women over the physical resources come from the intersection of two issues; a question of women's right to own, inherit, administer the physical resources in their own name and at the same time the right to SMEDA organizes training programs to help improve major performance indicators like; productivity, possess, acquire, manage, enjoy and dispose of the resources. Cultural and collateral restraints are major reasons competitiveness, quality and knowledge management. These training help SMEs achieve ISO compliance and for this gender gap. WTO requirement easier and faster. In 2020, a sum of 2,228 people received training under SMEDA, which increased by 136 percent in 2021. Of the total 5,264 participants in 2021, 4,194 were male and 1,070 were The assets indicator examines gender differences in property and inheritance law. Providing women with control 177 female with a GPI of 0.26. over assets can increase their bargaining power within the household, 178 increase their autonomy, and possibly modify household investment 76 (40%) of the 190 economies patterns. restrict women’s property Source: Women, Business and the Law 2022 Punjab Land Record Authority (PLRA) maintains data related to land Training under SMEDA by Gender & Year ownership, sale, purchase, mutations, mortgage mutation and inheritance depicted in the following subsections. 5,000 4,500 4,194 4,000 6.4.1 Ownership of Land 3,500 3,000 The data received on land ownership reveals a significant gender disparity. In 2021, there are 25.9 million 2,500 landowners in Punjab, of which 17.7 million (69 percent) are men and 8.1 million (3 percent) are female 2,000 landowners with a GPI of 0.46. 1,774 1,500 1,000 1,070 Landowners by Gender & Year 500 454 20,000 17,201 17,745 - 18,000 2020 2021 16,000 14,000 Source: SMEDA Female Male 12,000 10,000 7,891 8,147 8,000 Figure 6.28 6,000 4,000 2,000 - SMEDA provides need-based training related to business & trade, awareness & opportunities for upcoming 2020 2021 businesses, entrepreneurial, financial and freelancing. The data reveals that more than 50 percent of the female Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Female Male trainees participated in business and trade-related workshops and training, followed by seminars and conferences on upcoming business opportunities (26 percent). Figure 6.30 284 (SMEDA, n.d.) 285 Women, Business And The Law 2022 )sdnasuohT( srenwodnaL fo .oN
chunk_10_198	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES APO & NPO Training Programs (2020-21) Training under SMEDA by Types & Gender (2021) (Parcipaon from Punjab) 2500 2246 2000 1428 1500 1000 572 500 279 224 216 108 104 7 80 0 Awareness & Business & Trade Entrepreneurial Financial Freelancing 471 3,650 Opportunies 11% 89% Source: SMEDA Female Male Source: Ministry of Industries and Producon Figure 6.29 Figure 6.27 6.4 Access, Ownership and Control of Physical Resources 6.3.4 SMEDA The rights of women over the physical resources come from the intersection of two issues; a question of women's right to own, inherit, administer the physical resources in their own name and at the same time the right to SMEDA organizes training programs to help improve major performance indicators like; productivity, possess, acquire, manage, enjoy and dispose of the resources. Cultural and collateral restraints are major reasons competitiveness, quality and knowledge management. These training help SMEs achieve ISO compliance and for this gender gap. WTO requirement easier and faster. In 2020, a sum of 2,228 people received training under SMEDA, which increased by 136 percent in 2021. Of the total 5,264 participants in 2021, 4,194 were male and 1,070 were The assets indicator examines gender differences in property and inheritance law. Providing women with control 177 female with a GPI of 0.26. over assets can increase their bargaining power within the household, 178 increase their autonomy, and possibly modify household investment 76 (40%) of the 190 economies patterns. restrict women’s property Source: Women, Business and the Law 2022 Punjab Land Record Authority (PLRA) maintains data related to land Training under SMEDA by Gender & Year ownership, sale, purchase, mutations, mortgage mutation and inheritance depicted in the following subsections. 5,000 4,500 4,194 4,000 6.4.1 Ownership of Land 3,500 3,000 The data received on land ownership reveals a significant gender disparity. In 2021, there are 25.9 million 2,500 landowners in Punjab, of which 17.7 million (69 percent) are men and 8.1 million (3 percent) are female 2,000 landowners with a GPI of 0.46. 1,774 1,500 1,000 1,070 Landowners by Gender & Year 500 454 20,000 17,201 17,745 - 18,000 2020 2021 16,000 14,000 Source: SMEDA Female Male 12,000 10,000 7,891 8,147 8,000 Figure 6.28 6,000 4,000 2,000 - SMEDA provides need-based training related to business & trade, awareness & opportunities for upcoming 2020 2021 businesses, entrepreneurial, financial and freelancing. The data reveals that more than 50 percent of the female Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Female Male trainees participated in business and trade-related workshops and training, followed by seminars and conferences on upcoming business opportunities (26 percent). Figure 6.30 284 (SMEDA, n.d.) 285 Women, Business And The Law 2022 )sdnasuohT( srenwodnaL fo .oN
chunk_10_199	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES District-wise data also highlights the gender disparity among landowners in different districts of Punjab. District Average Landholding by Gender & District (2021) Jhang, with 611,847 male owners and 213,912 female owners, depicts the lowest GPI (0.349) followed by Kasur (0.351) and Bahawalnagar (0.353). Whereas, district Chakwal, with 501,942 male and 340,462 female owners, 18,000 has the highest GPI of 0.68 followed by Rawalpindi and Jehlum. 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 Landowners by Gender & District (2021) 6,000 4,000 2,000 - 17.7 8.1 In Million Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Female Male Figure 6.33 Source: Land Record Management Informaon System 6.4.1.2 Mutations Male Female Figure 6.31 Sale and Purchase (Non-Warasati Intiqals) In 2021, intiqals or property transfers were made in the name of 4.14 million people, which is 43 percent higher 6.4.1.1 Average Landholding than 2020. Of the total 4,145,181 intiqals in 2021, 2,780,744 are male buyers and 1,364,437 are female buyers 179 with a GPI of 0.49. 180 In 2021, the average value of landownership in Punjab is 3998.7 sq. meters. However, the average value of land ownership by men is 5,781.6 sq. meters and that by women is 2,215.7 sq. meters with a GPI of 0.38 which is lesser than the GPI of land ownership in Punjab. Buyer of Land by Gender & Year Average Landholding by Gender & Year 2,780,744 7,000.00 5,996.90 5,781.64 6,000.00 1,904,917 5,000.00 4,000.00 3,000.00 2,283.64 2,215.68 2,000.00 1,364,437 1,000.00 929,726 - 2020 2021 2020 2021 Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Female Male Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Male Female Figure 6.32 Figure 6.34 Khushab has the lowest GPI (0.28) where the average landholding by men is 13,031 sq. meters as compared to 3,692 sq. meters by women followed by Mianwali (0.32) and Mandi Bahauddin (0.33). Multan, on the other hand, has the highest GPI of 0.48 with an average 2, 989 sq. meters owned by men and 1,447 sq. meters by In 2021, 2,537,239 people sold their land of which, 1,840,654 (72.5 percent) are men and 696,585 (27.5 percent) women followed by Lodhran (0.47) and Pakpattan (0.46). are women with a GPI of 0.38. srebmuN idniplawaR hragraffazuM kcoA reteM erauqS dabalasiaF natluM nahK raY mihaR tarjuG lawkahC nahK GD ruplawahaB toklaiS mulheJ ilawnaiM gnahJ alawnarjuG ahdograS lawenahK rakkahB arupuhkiehS arakO rusaK rupnajaR iraheV narhdoL raganlawahaB hgniS TT lawihaS laworaN hayyaL nidduahaB idnaM toinihC bahsuhK naapkaP erohaL bihaS anaknaN reteM erauqS kcoA raganlawahaB ruplawahaB rakkahB lawkahC toinihC nahK GD dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG dabazifaH mulheJ gnahJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL narhdoL nidduahaB idnaM ilawnaiM natluM hragraffazuM bihaS anaknaN laworaN arakO naapkaP nahK raY mihaR rupnajaR idniplawaR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS hgniS TT iraheV
chunk_10_200	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES District-wise data also highlights the gender disparity among landowners in different districts of Punjab. District Average Landholding by Gender & District (2021) Jhang, with 611,847 male owners and 213,912 female owners, depicts the lowest GPI (0.349) followed by Kasur (0.351) and Bahawalnagar (0.353). Whereas, district Chakwal, with 501,942 male and 340,462 female owners, 18,000 has the highest GPI of 0.68 followed by Rawalpindi and Jehlum. 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 Landowners by Gender & District (2021) 6,000 4,000 2,000 - 17.7 8.1 In Million Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Female Male Figure 6.33 Source: Land Record Management Informaon System 6.4.1.2 Mutations Male Female Figure 6.31 Sale and Purchase (Non-Warasati Intiqals) In 2021, intiqals or property transfers were made in the name of 4.14 million people, which is 43 percent higher 6.4.1.1 Average Landholding than 2020. Of the total 4,145,181 intiqals in 2021, 2,780,744 are male buyers and 1,364,437 are female buyers 179 with a GPI of 0.49. 180 In 2021, the average value of landownership in Punjab is 3998.7 sq. meters. However, the average value of land ownership by men is 5,781.6 sq. meters and that by women is 2,215.7 sq. meters with a GPI of 0.38 which is lesser than the GPI of land ownership in Punjab. Buyer of Land by Gender & Year Average Landholding by Gender & Year 2,780,744 7,000.00 5,996.90 5,781.64 6,000.00 1,904,917 5,000.00 4,000.00 3,000.00 2,283.64 2,215.68 2,000.00 1,364,437 1,000.00 929,726 - 2020 2021 2020 2021 Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Female Male Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Male Female Figure 6.32 Figure 6.34 Khushab has the lowest GPI (0.28) where the average landholding by men is 13,031 sq. meters as compared to 3,692 sq. meters by women followed by Mianwali (0.32) and Mandi Bahauddin (0.33). Multan, on the other hand, has the highest GPI of 0.48 with an average 2, 989 sq. meters owned by men and 1,447 sq. meters by In 2021, 2,537,239 people sold their land of which, 1,840,654 (72.5 percent) are men and 696,585 (27.5 percent) women followed by Lodhran (0.47) and Pakpattan (0.46). are women with a GPI of 0.38. srebmuN idniplawaR hragraffazuM kcoA reteM erauqS dabalasiaF natluM nahK raY mihaR tarjuG lawkahC nahK GD ruplawahaB toklaiS mulheJ ilawnaiM gnahJ alawnarjuG ahdograS lawenahK rakkahB arupuhkiehS arakO rusaK rupnajaR iraheV narhdoL raganlawahaB hgniS TT lawihaS laworaN hayyaL nidduahaB idnaM toinihC bahsuhK naapkaP erohaL bihaS anaknaN reteM erauqS kcoA raganlawahaB ruplawahaB rakkahB lawkahC toinihC nahK GD dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG dabazifaH mulheJ gnahJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL narhdoL nidduahaB idnaM ilawnaiM natluM hragraffazuM bihaS anaknaN laworaN arakO naapkaP nahK raY mihaR rupnajaR idniplawaR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS hgniS TT iraheV
chunk_10_201	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Mortgager by Gender & District (2021) Seller of Land by Gender & Year 10,000 700 9,000 600 8,000 7,000 500 1,840,654 6,000 400 5,000 4,000 300 1,279,243 3,000 200 2,000 100 1,000 - - 696,585 441,948 Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Male Female 2020 2021 Figure 6.37 Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Male Female The area of mortgaged land has increased by 33.7 percent from 205,056 acres in 2020 to 274,102 acres in 2021. Of Figure 6.35 the total area mortgaged in 2021, 258,835 acres (94 percent) are mortgaged by men and 15,267 acres (6 percent) by women with a 0.06 GPI. Mortgage-Mutation In 2021, PLRA registered 134,473 mortgage mutations, of which 127,086 were male mortgagers and 7,387 were Mortgage-Mutaon Area by Gender & Year female mortgagers with a very low GPI of 0.06. 300,000 258,835 181 182 250,000 194,436 200,000 Mortgager by Gender & Year 150,000 127,086 140,000 100,000 120,000 50,000 10,620 15,267 89,337 100,000 - 80,000 2020 2021 Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Female Male 60,000 Figure 6.38 40,000 20,000 4,729 7,387 6.4.1.3 Inheritance Mutations (Warasati Intiqals) - 2020 2021 In 2021, 2,300,723 people inherited property from 414,437 deceased. The number of male deceased is 302,171 (72.9 percent) and female deceased is 112,266 (27.1 percent). However, the ratio of legal heirs depicts greater gender parity, where 1,157,039 men (50.3 percent) and 1,143,684 women (49.7) inherited property from the Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Female Male deceased with a GPI of 0.99. The parity in inherited property can be attributed, or at least in part, to the Punjab Land Revenue Act amended in Figure 6.36 2012 and later in 2015. The act helps protect women's inheritance rights, ensuring a definite share of women in the property as per the succession law. Moreover, the digitization of land records has tremendously contributed to protecting women's land rights. The PLRA provides special facilitation to senior citizens and working women District-wise data reveals that Mandi Bahauddin has a GPI close to zero (0.018) with 2,592 male and only 49 operated by female staff. female mortgagers, followed by Rajanpur (0.02) and Bhakar (0.03). However, the districts with the highest female participation still reflect a poor GPI like Multan where 4,022 male and 453 females mortgaged their 286 (Inheritance Rights, n.d.) property with a GPI of 0.11. 287 (Land Records Go Digital In Punjab, Pakistan, 2016) srebmuN srebmuN ercA ni aerA kcottA raganlawahaB ruplawahaB rakkahB lawkahC toinihC nahK GD dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG dabazifaH mulheJ gnahJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL narhdoL nidduahaB idnaM ilawnaiM natluM hragraffazuM bihaS anaknaN laworaN arakO naapkaP nahK raY mihaR rupnajaR idniplawaR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS hgniS TT iraheV srebmuN
chunk_10_202	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Mortgager by Gender & District (2021) Seller of Land by Gender & Year 10,000 700 9,000 600 8,000 7,000 500 1,840,654 6,000 400 5,000 4,000 300 1,279,243 3,000 200 2,000 100 1,000 - - 696,585 441,948 Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Male Female 2020 2021 Figure 6.37 Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Male Female The area of mortgaged land has increased by 33.7 percent from 205,056 acres in 2020 to 274,102 acres in 2021. Of Figure 6.35 the total area mortgaged in 2021, 258,835 acres (94 percent) are mortgaged by men and 15,267 acres (6 percent) by women with a 0.06 GPI. Mortgage-Mutation In 2021, PLRA registered 134,473 mortgage mutations, of which 127,086 were male mortgagers and 7,387 were Mortgage-Mutaon Area by Gender & Year female mortgagers with a very low GPI of 0.06. 300,000 258,835 181 182 250,000 194,436 200,000 Mortgager by Gender & Year 150,000 127,086 140,000 100,000 120,000 50,000 10,620 15,267 89,337 100,000 - 80,000 2020 2021 Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Female Male 60,000 Figure 6.38 40,000 20,000 4,729 7,387 6.4.1.3 Inheritance Mutations (Warasati Intiqals) - 2020 2021 In 2021, 2,300,723 people inherited property from 414,437 deceased. The number of male deceased is 302,171 (72.9 percent) and female deceased is 112,266 (27.1 percent). However, the ratio of legal heirs depicts greater gender parity, where 1,157,039 men (50.3 percent) and 1,143,684 women (49.7) inherited property from the Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Female Male deceased with a GPI of 0.99. The parity in inherited property can be attributed, or at least in part, to the Punjab Land Revenue Act amended in Figure 6.36 2012 and later in 2015. The act helps protect women's inheritance rights, ensuring a definite share of women in the property as per the succession law. Moreover, the digitization of land records has tremendously contributed to protecting women's land rights. The PLRA provides special facilitation to senior citizens and working women District-wise data reveals that Mandi Bahauddin has a GPI close to zero (0.018) with 2,592 male and only 49 operated by female staff. female mortgagers, followed by Rajanpur (0.02) and Bhakar (0.03). However, the districts with the highest female participation still reflect a poor GPI like Multan where 4,022 male and 453 females mortgaged their 286 (Inheritance Rights, n.d.) property with a GPI of 0.11. 287 (Land Records Go Digital In Punjab, Pakistan, 2016) srebmuN srebmuN ercA ni aerA kcottA raganlawahaB ruplawahaB rakkahB lawkahC toinihC nahK GD dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG dabazifaH mulheJ gnahJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL narhdoL nidduahaB idnaM ilawnaiM natluM hragraffazuM bihaS anaknaN laworaN arakO naapkaP nahK raY mihaR rupnajaR idniplawaR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS hgniS TT iraheV srebmuN
chunk_10_203	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES No. of Deceased/Heirs by Gender & Year Reported Cases of Land Disputes by Gender & Year 1,400 1,157 1,144 1,200 300 1,000 236 771 775 800 250 600 400 302 200 165 205 200 72 112 150 - 2020 2021 2020 2021 91 100 No. of Deceased No. of Heirs 60 Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Male Female 50 Figure 6.39 - 2020 2021 Warasa Inqal (2021) Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Female Male Figure 6.41 Deceased Heirs 183 6.4.2 Transportation and Women's Mobility 184 6.4.2.1 Vehicle Ownership in Punjab Figure 6.42 shows that in 2020, 922,343 people owned vehicles of which 907,881 (98.4 percent) were male and 55,682 141,644 14,462 (1.6 percent) were female owners. The number increased by 50.3 percent to 1,386,741 in 2021, of which 14% 35% 1,363,202 (98.3 percent) were male and 23,539 (1.7 percent) were female owners with a very low GPI of 0.02. Vehicle Ownership by Gender & Year 2020 2021 344,169 (Area in Acres) 258,646 86% 65% Source: Land Record Management Informaon System 1.6% 98.4% 1.7% 98.3% 14,462 907,881 23,539 1,363,202 Figure 6.40 Source: Excise and Taxaon 6.4.1.4 Land Disputes In Punjab Figure 6.42 6.4.2.2 Driving Licenses In 2020, 225 people reported a land dispute to PLRA, of which 165 (73.3 percent) were men and 60 (26.7 percent) were women. However, in 2021, the number of reported land disputes increased by 45 percent to 327, of which, 236 (72.1 percent) were men and 91 (27.8 percent) were women as shown in Figure 6.41. In 2020, 155,296 motorcar/jeep and motorcycle/bike licenses were issued, where 144,921 (93.3 percent) were issued to men and 10,375 (6.7 percent) to women and a GPI of 0.07. However, in 2021, 164,877 licenses were issued, where 152,734 (92.7 percent) were issued to men and 12,143 (7.4 percent) to women and the GPI slightly improved to 0.08 as shown in the Figure 6.43. sdnasuohT sdnasuohT ni srebmuN
chunk_10_204	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES No. of Deceased/Heirs by Gender & Year Reported Cases of Land Disputes by Gender & Year 1,400 1,157 1,144 1,200 300 1,000 236 771 775 800 250 600 400 302 200 165 205 200 72 112 150 - 2020 2021 2020 2021 91 100 No. of Deceased No. of Heirs 60 Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Male Female 50 Figure 6.39 - 2020 2021 Warasa Inqal (2021) Source: Land Record Management Informaon System Female Male Figure 6.41 Deceased Heirs 183 6.4.2 Transportation and Women's Mobility 184 6.4.2.1 Vehicle Ownership in Punjab Figure 6.42 shows that in 2020, 922,343 people owned vehicles of which 907,881 (98.4 percent) were male and 55,682 141,644 14,462 (1.6 percent) were female owners. The number increased by 50.3 percent to 1,386,741 in 2021, of which 14% 35% 1,363,202 (98.3 percent) were male and 23,539 (1.7 percent) were female owners with a very low GPI of 0.02. Vehicle Ownership by Gender & Year 2020 2021 344,169 (Area in Acres) 258,646 86% 65% Source: Land Record Management Informaon System 1.6% 98.4% 1.7% 98.3% 14,462 907,881 23,539 1,363,202 Figure 6.40 Source: Excise and Taxaon 6.4.1.4 Land Disputes In Punjab Figure 6.42 6.4.2.2 Driving Licenses In 2020, 225 people reported a land dispute to PLRA, of which 165 (73.3 percent) were men and 60 (26.7 percent) were women. However, in 2021, the number of reported land disputes increased by 45 percent to 327, of which, 236 (72.1 percent) were men and 91 (27.8 percent) were women as shown in Figure 6.41. In 2020, 155,296 motorcar/jeep and motorcycle/bike licenses were issued, where 144,921 (93.3 percent) were issued to men and 10,375 (6.7 percent) to women and a GPI of 0.07. However, in 2021, 164,877 licenses were issued, where 152,734 (92.7 percent) were issued to men and 12,143 (7.4 percent) to women and the GPI slightly improved to 0.08 as shown in the Figure 6.43. sdnasuohT sdnasuohT ni srebmuN
chunk_10_205	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Closing the Gender Gap in Women’s Access to Driving Licenses Issued to Men and Women by Gender & Year Financial Products and Services Could Unlock $330 Billion in Annual Global Revenue UNLOCKING WOMEN’S ACCESS TO 2020 10,331 (7%) 129,366 (83%) 44 (0.03%) 15,555 (10%) RETAIL BANKING LIFE INSURANCE 2021 12,070 (7%) 133,899 (81%) 73 (0.04%) 18,835 (11%) COULD GENERATE AN COULD GENERATE ADDITIONAL AN ADDITIONAL $40 BILLION $290 BILLION Source: DIG Traffic Police Female Male IN ANNUAL GLOBAL REVENUE IN ANNUAL GLOBAL REVENUE Figure 6.43 Significant disparities exist between men and women in all districts of Punjab (Figure 6.44). District Rajanpur has FINANCIAL SERVICES FIRMS the lowest GPI (0.015) where 608 men and only 9 women were issued driving licenses followed by Mianwali (0.02) and Bhakar (0.03). Lahore has the highest GPI (0.17) which is still very low where 18,735 men and 3,163 women were issued driving licenses. COULD GROW THEIR SHARE OF THE ALREADY $100 BILLION TO $120 BILLION Driving Licenses Issued to Men and Women by District (2021) IN ANNUAL REVENUE THAT WOMEN CURRENTLY 25000 CONTRIBUTE TO THE RETAIL INVESTMENT MARKET 20000 185 15000 Source: Powering Potenal: Increasing Women’s Access to Financial Products and Services 186 10000 5000 Figure 6.45 0 In Pakistan, stark differences exist between the two genders when it comes to financial inclusion, where men are more likely to be included financially as women. This can be mainly attributed to inadequate policies (and implementation gaps) and gender bias in lending institutions along with socio-cultural norms, lesser women's mobility, and low literacy. Pakistan has witnessed its gender gap, in overall account ownership, narrowed down Source: DIG Traffic Police Female Male from 28 percent in 2017 to 15 percent in 2021. However, women in Pakistan still make up more than half of the unbanked population. Figure 6.44 The State Bank of Pakistan has tried to address the gender gap in Pakistan's financial sector with a variety of interventions and policy measures. SBP has recently launched a "Banking on Equality Policy" which aims to 6.5 Access, Ownership and Control of Financial Resources increase the outreach of financial products & services, and financial instruments for women entrepreneurs to an ambitious target of 20 million active digital accounts by 2023. Money is at the centre of concern when embarking on an entrepreneurial project. It should not be an obstacle to a business's creation, takeover or development. This is why financial support and access to banks and credit Policy Interventions by SBP must be facilitated for women entrepreneurs. Access to finance includes but is not limited to products offered by banks (accounts, credit/debit cards), and 2001 2002 2008 2012 2015 2015 2017 2018 2020 microfinance institutions. Financial access is a major hurdle, leaving women with an estimated $1.7 trillion of unmet demand for credit. Although women's borrowing behaviour tends to be similar to that of men, their uac nc de es rs s t eo r vf ein da on rc nia ol ts se er rv vic ee ds a i ts ao ln l bly y 7 fi7 n% an t ch ia at l io nf s m tite un ti. o n s7 .0 % of women-owned SMEs in developing countries are M Oic rr do infi an na cn ece R MeP g icr uu rS l oadB fieP o nn’s an nsa cl f eor RB er B ga a un n lc akh inle ogs ns s F PN Li rina t oe a grno rac an ci ma a yl l IFN Sni tna c rl a aun to s ecn i goia a ynl l AMA ccs oa oba uin l ne t PrFN L oi ina gte a rarno a mcn cia a y fl ol r IFN Sni tna c rl a aun to s ecn i goia a ynl l D ora n PE oqB lua ican ylk itin yg Banks (PR’s) (NFLP) (NFIS) 2020 Youth (NFLP-Y) (NFIS) 2023 Figure 6.46 291 (The Global Findex Database 2021) 288 (Charis, 2017) 289 (Creang Markets, Annual Report, 2017) 292 (What is Banking on Equality Policy?, 2021) 290 (How Advancing Women'S Equality Can Add $12 Trillion To Global Growth, 2015) 293 (Banking on Equality, n.d.) erohaL dabalasiaF toklaiS natluM idniplawaR ahdograS tarjuG alawnarjuG lawihaS ruplawahaB mulheJ nahK raY mihaR nidduahaB idnaM arakO arupuhkiehS kcoA hgniS TT iraheV raganlawahaB narhdoL nahK GD lawkahC dabazfiaH rusaK hayyaL lawenahK naapkaP hragraffazuM bihaS anaknaN bahsuhK toinihC gnahJ laworaN ilawnaiM rahkahB rupnajaR
chunk_10_206	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Closing the Gender Gap in Women’s Access to Driving Licenses Issued to Men and Women by Gender & Year Financial Products and Services Could Unlock $330 Billion in Annual Global Revenue UNLOCKING WOMEN’S ACCESS TO 2020 10,331 (7%) 129,366 (83%) 44 (0.03%) 15,555 (10%) RETAIL BANKING LIFE INSURANCE 2021 12,070 (7%) 133,899 (81%) 73 (0.04%) 18,835 (11%) COULD GENERATE AN COULD GENERATE ADDITIONAL AN ADDITIONAL $40 BILLION $290 BILLION Source: DIG Traffic Police Female Male IN ANNUAL GLOBAL REVENUE IN ANNUAL GLOBAL REVENUE Figure 6.43 Significant disparities exist between men and women in all districts of Punjab (Figure 6.44). District Rajanpur has FINANCIAL SERVICES FIRMS the lowest GPI (0.015) where 608 men and only 9 women were issued driving licenses followed by Mianwali (0.02) and Bhakar (0.03). Lahore has the highest GPI (0.17) which is still very low where 18,735 men and 3,163 women were issued driving licenses. COULD GROW THEIR SHARE OF THE ALREADY $100 BILLION TO $120 BILLION Driving Licenses Issued to Men and Women by District (2021) IN ANNUAL REVENUE THAT WOMEN CURRENTLY 25000 CONTRIBUTE TO THE RETAIL INVESTMENT MARKET 20000 185 15000 Source: Powering Potenal: Increasing Women’s Access to Financial Products and Services 186 10000 5000 Figure 6.45 0 In Pakistan, stark differences exist between the two genders when it comes to financial inclusion, where men are more likely to be included financially as women. This can be mainly attributed to inadequate policies (and implementation gaps) and gender bias in lending institutions along with socio-cultural norms, lesser women's mobility, and low literacy. Pakistan has witnessed its gender gap, in overall account ownership, narrowed down Source: DIG Traffic Police Female Male from 28 percent in 2017 to 15 percent in 2021. However, women in Pakistan still make up more than half of the unbanked population. Figure 6.44 The State Bank of Pakistan has tried to address the gender gap in Pakistan's financial sector with a variety of interventions and policy measures. SBP has recently launched a "Banking on Equality Policy" which aims to 6.5 Access, Ownership and Control of Financial Resources increase the outreach of financial products & services, and financial instruments for women entrepreneurs to an ambitious target of 20 million active digital accounts by 2023. Money is at the centre of concern when embarking on an entrepreneurial project. It should not be an obstacle to a business's creation, takeover or development. This is why financial support and access to banks and credit Policy Interventions by SBP must be facilitated for women entrepreneurs. Access to finance includes but is not limited to products offered by banks (accounts, credit/debit cards), and 2001 2002 2008 2012 2015 2015 2017 2018 2020 microfinance institutions. Financial access is a major hurdle, leaving women with an estimated $1.7 trillion of unmet demand for credit. Although women's borrowing behaviour tends to be similar to that of men, their uac nc de es rs s t eo r vf ein da on rc nia ol ts se er rv vic ee ds a i ts ao ln l bly y 7 fi7 n% an t ch ia at l io nf s m tite un ti. o n s7 .0 % of women-owned SMEs in developing countries are M Oic rr do infi an na cn ece R MeP g icr uu rS l oadB fieP o nn’s an nsa cl f eor RB er B ga a un n lc akh inle ogs ns s F PN Li rina t oe a grno rac an ci ma a yl l IFN Sni tna c rl a aun to s ecn i goia a ynl l AMA ccs oa oba uin l ne t PrFN L oi ina gte a rarno a mcn cia a y fl ol r IFN Sni tna c rl a aun to s ecn i goia a ynl l D ora n PE oqB lua ican ylk itin yg Banks (PR’s) (NFLP) (NFIS) 2020 Youth (NFLP-Y) (NFIS) 2023 Figure 6.46 291 (The Global Findex Database 2021) 288 (Charis, 2017) 289 (Creang Markets, Annual Report, 2017) 292 (What is Banking on Equality Policy?, 2021) 290 (How Advancing Women'S Equality Can Add $12 Trillion To Global Growth, 2015) 293 (Banking on Equality, n.d.) erohaL dabalasiaF toklaiS natluM idniplawaR ahdograS tarjuG alawnarjuG lawihaS ruplawahaB mulheJ nahK raY mihaR nidduahaB idnaM arakO arupuhkiehS kcoA hgniS TT iraheV raganlawahaB narhdoL nahK GD lawkahC dabazfiaH rusaK hayyaL lawenahK naapkaP hragraffazuM bihaS anaknaN bahsuhK toinihC gnahJ laworaN ilawnaiM rahkahB rupnajaR
chunk_10_207	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.5.1 Access to Banking Services Number of Acve Current Accounts by Female to Male Rao (2021) Currently, there are 33 SBP-regulated financial institutions in Pakistan. For the purposes of this report, data received from the Bank of Punjab (BOP), First Women Bank Limited (FWBL) and Zarai Tarqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL) and Pakistan Microfinance Network (PMN) will be analysed. 6.5.1.1 The Bank of Punjab Ownership of Accounts As per the data received from BOP, in 2020, there were 1,096,852 male- and 384,940 female-owned active accounts with a GPI of 0.351. However, in 2021, there are 1,217,486 (74.3 percent) male- and 421,812 (25.7 percent) female-owned active accounts with a slightly lower GPI of 0.346. Of the total 1,639,298 active accounts, there are 265,649 current accounts, 150,420 savings accounts and 5,743 loan accounts. Women's share is highest in saving accounts with a GPI of 0.45 followed by current accounts (GPI 0.32) and loan accounts (GPI 0.11). Accounts by Type, Gender & Year 50,487 42,809 333,057 314,926 187 188 4,875 5,743 739,117 833,942 143,275 150,420 236,790 265,649 2020 2021 2020 2021 Male Female Source: Bank of Punjab Acve Current Accounts Acve Savings Accounts Acve loan Accounts F/M - Rao Figure 6.47 Up to 0.18 0.19 to 0.22 District-wise data for active current accounts shows that district Rajanpur has the highest gender disparity 0.23 to 0.26 where 22,825 (86 percent) men and only 3,643 (14 percent) women own an account with a GPI of 0.16, followed by Chiniot (0.18) and Pakpattan (0.22). Whereas, Attock has the lowest disparity in male (79 percent) and female 0.27 to 0.30 (21 percent) owned active accounts and a GPI of 0.41 followed by Rawalpindi and Gujrat (0.40). Source: Bank of Punjab >0.30 Figure 6.48 District Sheikhupora and Rajanpur have the lowest numbers of female loan accounts, with a GPI of 0.05 and 0.06, respectively. However, the districts with the highest numbers of female loan accounts, Muzaffargarh (14 percent) and Lahore (13 percent), still have a very low GPI of 0.16 and 0.15, respectively. 294 (SBP Regulated Instutes)
chunk_10_208	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.5.1 Access to Banking Services Number of Acve Current Accounts by Female to Male Rao (2021) Currently, there are 33 SBP-regulated financial institutions in Pakistan. For the purposes of this report, data received from the Bank of Punjab (BOP), First Women Bank Limited (FWBL) and Zarai Tarqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL) and Pakistan Microfinance Network (PMN) will be analysed. 6.5.1.1 The Bank of Punjab Ownership of Accounts As per the data received from BOP, in 2020, there were 1,096,852 male- and 384,940 female-owned active accounts with a GPI of 0.351. However, in 2021, there are 1,217,486 (74.3 percent) male- and 421,812 (25.7 percent) female-owned active accounts with a slightly lower GPI of 0.346. Of the total 1,639,298 active accounts, there are 265,649 current accounts, 150,420 savings accounts and 5,743 loan accounts. Women's share is highest in saving accounts with a GPI of 0.45 followed by current accounts (GPI 0.32) and loan accounts (GPI 0.11). Accounts by Type, Gender & Year 50,487 42,809 333,057 314,926 187 188 4,875 5,743 739,117 833,942 143,275 150,420 236,790 265,649 2020 2021 2020 2021 Male Female Source: Bank of Punjab Acve Current Accounts Acve Savings Accounts Acve loan Accounts F/M - Rao Figure 6.47 Up to 0.18 0.19 to 0.22 District-wise data for active current accounts shows that district Rajanpur has the highest gender disparity 0.23 to 0.26 where 22,825 (86 percent) men and only 3,643 (14 percent) women own an account with a GPI of 0.16, followed by Chiniot (0.18) and Pakpattan (0.22). Whereas, Attock has the lowest disparity in male (79 percent) and female 0.27 to 0.30 (21 percent) owned active accounts and a GPI of 0.41 followed by Rawalpindi and Gujrat (0.40). Source: Bank of Punjab >0.30 Figure 6.48 District Sheikhupora and Rajanpur have the lowest numbers of female loan accounts, with a GPI of 0.05 and 0.06, respectively. However, the districts with the highest numbers of female loan accounts, Muzaffargarh (14 percent) and Lahore (13 percent), still have a very low GPI of 0.16 and 0.15, respectively. 294 (SBP Regulated Instutes)
chunk_10_209	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Share of women in long-term loan accounts (three years and above) is even lesser. In 2020, BOP issued 6,525 long- Number of Acve Loan Accounts by Female to Male Rao (2021) term loans of which 5,801 (88.9 percent) were issued to men and 724 (11.1 percent) to women. In 2021, the number increased by 216 percent to 20,629, however, this does not affect the female share in long-term loans. Of the total, 18,365 (89 percent) were issued to men and only 2,264 (11 percent) to women with a GPI of 0.12. Loan Acounts By Type, Gender & Year 40,000 35,000 30,000 18,365 25,000 5,801 20,000 15,000 10,000 13,229 14,315 724 2,264 5,000 1,865 1,888 - 2020 2021 2020 2021 Male Female 189 Source: Bank of Punjab Short-Term Loan Accounts Long-Term Loan Accounts 190 Figure 6.50 The gender gap is even more profound in the value of loans issued to men and women. As per the data, in 2021, the value of loans issues was Rs. 43,914 million, of which Rs 40,302 million (91.8 percent) were issued to men and Rs. 3,611 million (8.2 percent) were issued to women and the GPI is 0.09. F/M-Rao Up to 0.06 0.07 to 0.08 Value of Loans Issued (In Millions) by Gender & Year 0.09 to 0.10 0.11 to 0.12 50,000 40,302 >0.12 40,000 Source: Bank of Punjab 30,000 18,747 Figure 6.49 20,000 10,000 3,612 1,683 Number of Loans Issued - 2020 2021 In 2020, BOP issued 15,094 short-term loans (one to three years) of which 13,229 (87.6 percent) were issued to men and 1,865 (11.5 percent) to women. In 2021, the number increased by 7.3 percent to 16,203, of which, 14,315 (88.3 percent) were issued to men and 1,888 (11.7 percent) to women with a GPI of 0.13. Source: Bank of Punjab Male Female Figure 6.51
chunk_10_210	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Share of women in long-term loan accounts (three years and above) is even lesser. In 2020, BOP issued 6,525 long- Number of Acve Loan Accounts by Female to Male Rao (2021) term loans of which 5,801 (88.9 percent) were issued to men and 724 (11.1 percent) to women. In 2021, the number increased by 216 percent to 20,629, however, this does not affect the female share in long-term loans. Of the total, 18,365 (89 percent) were issued to men and only 2,264 (11 percent) to women with a GPI of 0.12. Loan Acounts By Type, Gender & Year 40,000 35,000 30,000 18,365 25,000 5,801 20,000 15,000 10,000 13,229 14,315 724 2,264 5,000 1,865 1,888 - 2020 2021 2020 2021 Male Female 189 Source: Bank of Punjab Short-Term Loan Accounts Long-Term Loan Accounts 190 Figure 6.50 The gender gap is even more profound in the value of loans issued to men and women. As per the data, in 2021, the value of loans issues was Rs. 43,914 million, of which Rs 40,302 million (91.8 percent) were issued to men and Rs. 3,611 million (8.2 percent) were issued to women and the GPI is 0.09. F/M-Rao Up to 0.06 0.07 to 0.08 Value of Loans Issued (In Millions) by Gender & Year 0.09 to 0.10 0.11 to 0.12 50,000 40,302 >0.12 40,000 Source: Bank of Punjab 30,000 18,747 Figure 6.49 20,000 10,000 3,612 1,683 Number of Loans Issued - 2020 2021 In 2020, BOP issued 15,094 short-term loans (one to three years) of which 13,229 (87.6 percent) were issued to men and 1,865 (11.5 percent) to women. In 2021, the number increased by 7.3 percent to 16,203, of which, 14,315 (88.3 percent) were issued to men and 1,888 (11.7 percent) to women with a GPI of 0.13. Source: Bank of Punjab Male Female Figure 6.51
chunk_10_211	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.5.1.2 First Women Bank Limited Women's share in the value of loans issued by FWBL is even lesser than the number of loan accounts. Of the total Rs 10,027.55 million loans issued in 2020, Rs 9,926.93 million (99 percent) were issued to men and Rs 100.62 million (1 percent) to women. Whereas, in 2021, the total amount fell by 14.4 percent to Rs 8,581.5 million, of Ownership of Accounts which, Rs 8,439.9 million (98.35 percent) to men and Rs 141.6 million (26.6 percent) were issued to women with a As per the data received by the First Women Bank Limited (FWBL), in 2020, there were 8,326 active accounts in GPI of 0.02. FWBL of which, 4,041 (48.5 percent) were men-owned accounts and 4,285 (51.5 percent) were female accounts, the GPI is 1.06. In 2021, out of 10,271 active accounts in FWBL, 5,234 (51 percent) were men-owned accounts and 5,037 (49 percent) were female accounts and a GPI of 0.96. Value of Loan Issued to Men and Women by Year 10000 9000 9926.933 Acve Current and Savings Accounts in FWBL by Gender & Year 8000 8439.898 7000 6000 5000 2,081 2,850 2,956 4000 3000 2000 1,435 1000 100.615 141.615 0 2,691 2,546 2,543 2020 2021 1,495 Source: First Women Bank Limited Karachi Head Office Male Female 2020 2021 2020 2021 Figure 6.54 Acve Current Accounts Acve Savings Accounts Source: First Women Bank Limited (FWBL) Male Female 191 192 Figure 6.52 In 2020, 647 debit cards were issued, of which 331 (51.2 percent) cards were issued to men and 316 (48.8 percent) cards were issued to women. In 2021, of the total 851 debit cards, 455 (53.5 percent) were issued to men and 396 (46.5 percent) were issued to women with a GPI of 0.87. The share of female-owned loan accounts is very low as compared to active accounts in FWBL. Of the total 906 loan accounts in 2020, 727 (80.24 percent) were male loan accounts and 179 (19.76 percent) were female. However, in 2021, the total number fell by 58.5 percent to 376, of which, 276 (73.4 percent) were male and 100 (26.6 percent) were female-owned accounts with a GPI of 0.36. Debit Cards Issued to Men and Women by Year Active Loan Accounts by Gender & Year 396 800 727 316 700 600 455 500 400 331 276 300 179 200 100 2020 2021 100 Source: First Women Bank Limited Karachi Head Office Male Female 0 2020 2021 Figure 6.55 Source: First Women Bank Limited Karachi Head Office Male Female Figure 6.53 srebmuN snoilliM
chunk_10_212	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.5.1.2 First Women Bank Limited Women's share in the value of loans issued by FWBL is even lesser than the number of loan accounts. Of the total Rs 10,027.55 million loans issued in 2020, Rs 9,926.93 million (99 percent) were issued to men and Rs 100.62 million (1 percent) to women. Whereas, in 2021, the total amount fell by 14.4 percent to Rs 8,581.5 million, of Ownership of Accounts which, Rs 8,439.9 million (98.35 percent) to men and Rs 141.6 million (26.6 percent) were issued to women with a As per the data received by the First Women Bank Limited (FWBL), in 2020, there were 8,326 active accounts in GPI of 0.02. FWBL of which, 4,041 (48.5 percent) were men-owned accounts and 4,285 (51.5 percent) were female accounts, the GPI is 1.06. In 2021, out of 10,271 active accounts in FWBL, 5,234 (51 percent) were men-owned accounts and 5,037 (49 percent) were female accounts and a GPI of 0.96. Value of Loan Issued to Men and Women by Year 10000 9000 9926.933 Acve Current and Savings Accounts in FWBL by Gender & Year 8000 8439.898 7000 6000 5000 2,081 2,850 2,956 4000 3000 2000 1,435 1000 100.615 141.615 0 2,691 2,546 2,543 2020 2021 1,495 Source: First Women Bank Limited Karachi Head Office Male Female 2020 2021 2020 2021 Figure 6.54 Acve Current Accounts Acve Savings Accounts Source: First Women Bank Limited (FWBL) Male Female 191 192 Figure 6.52 In 2020, 647 debit cards were issued, of which 331 (51.2 percent) cards were issued to men and 316 (48.8 percent) cards were issued to women. In 2021, of the total 851 debit cards, 455 (53.5 percent) were issued to men and 396 (46.5 percent) were issued to women with a GPI of 0.87. The share of female-owned loan accounts is very low as compared to active accounts in FWBL. Of the total 906 loan accounts in 2020, 727 (80.24 percent) were male loan accounts and 179 (19.76 percent) were female. However, in 2021, the total number fell by 58.5 percent to 376, of which, 276 (73.4 percent) were male and 100 (26.6 percent) were female-owned accounts with a GPI of 0.36. Debit Cards Issued to Men and Women by Year Active Loan Accounts by Gender & Year 396 800 727 316 700 600 455 500 400 331 276 300 179 200 100 2020 2021 100 Source: First Women Bank Limited Karachi Head Office Male Female 0 2020 2021 Figure 6.55 Source: First Women Bank Limited Karachi Head Office Male Female Figure 6.53 srebmuN snoilliM
chunk_10_213	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.5.2 Access to Financial Services ZTBL Borrowers (2021) Evidence from parts of the developing world suggests the advantages of micro-financing for women towards Rahim yar Khan improving self-sufficiency. The micro-finance credit lending model can comprise of business loans, money Okara transfers and other processes that are potentially believed to provide women with autonomy over their resources. Yet still, financial literacy needs to be inculcated to cultivate the maximum benefits of a micro-finance Bahawalpur scheme. Bahawalnagar Multan 6.5.2.1 ZTBL Muzaffargarh Jhang In 2020, ZTBL issued 260,053 loans, of which, 245,990 (94.6 percent) were issued to men, 10,622 (4.08 percent) Vehari to women and 3,441 (1.32) to joint borrowers. Whereas, in 2021, of the total 262,651 loans issued, 248,137 Khanewal (94.47 percent) were issued to men, 11,156 (4.25 percent) to women and 3,358 (1.28 percent) to joint Lodhran borrowers with a very low GPI (0.045). Pakpaan Gujranwala TT Singh Sheikhupura ZTBL Borrowers by Year Sargodha Faisalabad Hafilzabad 248,137 245,990 Chiniot Kasur Bhakkar 250,000 Sahiwal 193 200,000 DG Khan 194 Sialkot 150,000 Nankana Sahib Layyah 100,000 Narowal 3,358 3,441 50,000 11,156 10,622 MALE Rajanpur Mandibahauddin JOINT - Mianwali 2021 2020 FEMALE Lahore Gujrat Source: Zarai Taraqqia Bank Limited Aock FEMALE JOINT MALE Khushab Jehlum Figure 6.56 Chakwal Rawalpindi District Mianwali has the least share of women in the total number of borrowers, where 3,489 (98.53 percent) Source: Zarai Taraqqia Bank Limited FEMALE JOINT MALE are male and 34 (0.96 percent) are female borrowers and a very low GPI of 0.009, followed by Khushab (1.03) and Chakwal (1.04). However, Bahawalpur district has the highest share of female borrowers but still very low as compared to their male counterparts. Of the total, 14,909 (90.34 percent) were male and 1,272 (7.7 percent) Figure 6.57 were female and a GPI of 0.08. ZTBL issued loans of Rs. 53,115.78 million in 2020 of which, Rs. 50,297.94 million (94.7 percent) were issued to men, Rs. 2,439.05 million (4.2 percent) to women and Rs. 378.79 million (0.7 percent) to joint borrowers. However, in 2021, loans of amount Rs. 58,164.72 million were issued, of which, Rs. 55,008.34 million (94.6 percent) were issued to men, Rs. 2,769.79 million (4.8 percent) to women and Rs. 386.60 (0.7 percent) to joint borrowers with a GPI of 0.05.
chunk_10_214	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.5.2 Access to Financial Services ZTBL Borrowers (2021) Evidence from parts of the developing world suggests the advantages of micro-financing for women towards Rahim yar Khan improving self-sufficiency. The micro-finance credit lending model can comprise of business loans, money Okara transfers and other processes that are potentially believed to provide women with autonomy over their resources. Yet still, financial literacy needs to be inculcated to cultivate the maximum benefits of a micro-finance Bahawalpur scheme. Bahawalnagar Multan 6.5.2.1 ZTBL Muzaffargarh Jhang In 2020, ZTBL issued 260,053 loans, of which, 245,990 (94.6 percent) were issued to men, 10,622 (4.08 percent) Vehari to women and 3,441 (1.32) to joint borrowers. Whereas, in 2021, of the total 262,651 loans issued, 248,137 Khanewal (94.47 percent) were issued to men, 11,156 (4.25 percent) to women and 3,358 (1.28 percent) to joint Lodhran borrowers with a very low GPI (0.045). Pakpaan Gujranwala TT Singh Sheikhupura ZTBL Borrowers by Year Sargodha Faisalabad Hafilzabad 248,137 245,990 Chiniot Kasur Bhakkar 250,000 Sahiwal 193 200,000 DG Khan 194 Sialkot 150,000 Nankana Sahib Layyah 100,000 Narowal 3,358 3,441 50,000 11,156 10,622 MALE Rajanpur Mandibahauddin JOINT - Mianwali 2021 2020 FEMALE Lahore Gujrat Source: Zarai Taraqqia Bank Limited Aock FEMALE JOINT MALE Khushab Jehlum Figure 6.56 Chakwal Rawalpindi District Mianwali has the least share of women in the total number of borrowers, where 3,489 (98.53 percent) Source: Zarai Taraqqia Bank Limited FEMALE JOINT MALE are male and 34 (0.96 percent) are female borrowers and a very low GPI of 0.009, followed by Khushab (1.03) and Chakwal (1.04). However, Bahawalpur district has the highest share of female borrowers but still very low as compared to their male counterparts. Of the total, 14,909 (90.34 percent) were male and 1,272 (7.7 percent) Figure 6.57 were female and a GPI of 0.08. ZTBL issued loans of Rs. 53,115.78 million in 2020 of which, Rs. 50,297.94 million (94.7 percent) were issued to men, Rs. 2,439.05 million (4.2 percent) to women and Rs. 378.79 million (0.7 percent) to joint borrowers. However, in 2021, loans of amount Rs. 58,164.72 million were issued, of which, Rs. 55,008.34 million (94.6 percent) were issued to men, Rs. 2,769.79 million (4.8 percent) to women and Rs. 386.60 (0.7 percent) to joint borrowers with a GPI of 0.05.
chunk_10_215	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Disbursement by ZTBL (in Millions) (2021) Disbursement (in Millions) by Year Rahim yar Khan 349 58 4,716 Bahawalpur 311 35 3,176 Okara 294 36 4,908 55,008 Bahawalnagar 238 22 3,816 50,298 Muzaffargarh 181 47 2,772 60,000 Jhang 173 15 4,419 50,000 Vehari 127 17 2,360 Multan 122 8 1,590 40,000 Khanewal 108 7 1,586 30,000 Pakpaan 102 10 1,652 20,000 Lodhran 89 10 1,324 379 387 Sheikhupura 79 8 1,814 10,000 2,439 2,770 MALE Gujranwala 72 11 2,022 - JOINT Sargodha 67 3 1,814 2020 2021 FEMALE TT Singh 67 7 1,693 Faisalabad 58 18 1,911 Source: Zarai Taraqqia Bank Limited FEMALE JOINT MALE Hafilzabad 50 9 1,497 Chiniot 37 1 941 Figure 6.58 Bhakkar 34 7 1,553 195 Kasur 34 13 1,545 196 In 2021, the share of women in amount of loans disbursed by ZTBL was least in Chakwal. Rs. 64.3 million (99.5 DG Khan 30 11 920 percent) were disbursed to men and only Rs. 0.3 million (0.5 percent) to women with a GPI of 0.005 followed by Nankana Sahib 26 7 1,010 Minawali (0.01) and Mandi Bahauddin (0.015). The districts with women's highest share are Bahawalpur, where Sialkot 22 2 894 Rs. 3,175.8 million (90.2 percent) loan was disbursed to men and Rs. 310.7 million (8.82 percent) to women, with a GPI of 0.10, followed by Multan (0.08). Sahiwal 21 6 853 Rajanpur 15 4 731 Layyah 15 6 938 Narowal 11 2 421 Aock 9 0 138 Mandibahauddin 8 2 496 Lahore 7 3 441 Mianwali 7 2 637 Gujrat 3 - 163 Khushab 3 0 138 Jehlum 1 0 39 Rawalpindi 0 - 17 Chakwal 0 - 64 Source: Zarai Taraqqia Bank Limited FEMALE JOINT MALE Figure 6.59
chunk_10_216	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Disbursement by ZTBL (in Millions) (2021) Disbursement (in Millions) by Year Rahim yar Khan 349 58 4,716 Bahawalpur 311 35 3,176 Okara 294 36 4,908 55,008 Bahawalnagar 238 22 3,816 50,298 Muzaffargarh 181 47 2,772 60,000 Jhang 173 15 4,419 50,000 Vehari 127 17 2,360 Multan 122 8 1,590 40,000 Khanewal 108 7 1,586 30,000 Pakpaan 102 10 1,652 20,000 Lodhran 89 10 1,324 379 387 Sheikhupura 79 8 1,814 10,000 2,439 2,770 MALE Gujranwala 72 11 2,022 - JOINT Sargodha 67 3 1,814 2020 2021 FEMALE TT Singh 67 7 1,693 Faisalabad 58 18 1,911 Source: Zarai Taraqqia Bank Limited FEMALE JOINT MALE Hafilzabad 50 9 1,497 Chiniot 37 1 941 Figure 6.58 Bhakkar 34 7 1,553 195 Kasur 34 13 1,545 196 In 2021, the share of women in amount of loans disbursed by ZTBL was least in Chakwal. Rs. 64.3 million (99.5 DG Khan 30 11 920 percent) were disbursed to men and only Rs. 0.3 million (0.5 percent) to women with a GPI of 0.005 followed by Nankana Sahib 26 7 1,010 Minawali (0.01) and Mandi Bahauddin (0.015). The districts with women's highest share are Bahawalpur, where Sialkot 22 2 894 Rs. 3,175.8 million (90.2 percent) loan was disbursed to men and Rs. 310.7 million (8.82 percent) to women, with a GPI of 0.10, followed by Multan (0.08). Sahiwal 21 6 853 Rajanpur 15 4 731 Layyah 15 6 938 Narowal 11 2 421 Aock 9 0 138 Mandibahauddin 8 2 496 Lahore 7 3 441 Mianwali 7 2 637 Gujrat 3 - 163 Khushab 3 0 138 Jehlum 1 0 39 Rawalpindi 0 - 17 Chakwal 0 - 64 Source: Zarai Taraqqia Bank Limited FEMALE JOINT MALE Figure 6.59
chunk_10_217	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.5.2.2 Pakistan Microfinance Network The district wise borrowers of microfinance and gross loan portfolio is presented below; In 2020, there were 6.7 million active borrowers of microfinance in Punjab, of which, 3,434,157 (51.5 percent) were male and 3,230,951 (48.5 percent) were female. The number of active borrowers increased by 16 percent Acve Borrowers Registered with PMFN by District (2021) to 7.8 million in 2021, however, women's share has declined. Of the total borrowers, 4,412,560 (56.8 percent) are men and 3,348,932 (43.1 percent) are female with a GPI of 0.76. 350,000 300,000 Acve Borrowers of Microfinance by Gender & Year 250,000 200,000 150,000 4.4 M 100,000 57% 50,000 - 3.4 M 52 % Source: Pakistan Microfinance Network 3.3 M 3.2 M 43% Figure 6.62 48% 2020 2021 Acve Borrowers vs. Gross Loan Porolio (PKR) by District (2021) 350 20 Source: Pakistan Microfinance Network Male Female 18 300 16 197 198 250 14 Figure 6.60 12 200 10 150 Gross Loan Portfolio (GLP) refers to the amount of all the outstanding loans with the borrowers. As per the data 8 received by PMFN, in 2020, the GLP was Rs. 314.9 billion of which the GLP of men was Rs. 211.9 billion (67.3 100 6 4 percent) and the GLP of women was Rs. 102.9 billion (32.7 percent). In 2021, the GLP increased by 20.6 percent 50 2 to Rs. 379.8 billion, of which GLP of men is Rs. 257.2 billion (67.7 percent) and GLP of women is Rs. 122.6 billion - - (32.3 percent) with a GPI of 0.48. Gross Loan Porolio of Borrowers by Gender & Year Source: Pakistan Microfinance Network Acve Borrowers Gross Loan Porolio (PKR) (Billion Rs.) Figure 6.63 68% 257 67% 6.6 Social Security and Safety Nets 212 32% 6.6.1 Punjab Employees Social Security Institution (PESSI) 123 33% The Punjab Employees Social Security Institution (PESSI) provides cash benefits to the secured workers in Punjab. 103 In 2020, PESSI provided these benefits to 42,472 beneficiaries, of which, 39,364 (93 percent) were male beneficiaries and 3,108 (7 percent) were female. However, in 2021, of the total 49,874 beneficiaries, 46,669 (94 percent) were male and 3,205 (6 percent) were female with a very low GPI (0.06). 2020 2021 Source: Pakistan Microfinance Network Male Female Figure 6.61 sdnasuohT 689,192 dabalasiaF kcoA ruplawahaB 375,062 erohaL rakkahB 160,232 nahK raY mihaR raganlawahB 675,122 raganlawahB lawkahC 773,022 alawnarjuG toinihC 686,202 ruplawahaB nahK .G.D 289,981 natluM dabalasiaF 685,661 ahdograS alawnarjuG 797,951 hragraffazuM tarjuG 851,851 toklaiS dabazifaH 440,241 arakO mulheJ 667,831 idniplawaR gnahJ 872,631 arupuhkiehS rusaK 105,231 hayyaL lawenahK 937,921 gnahJ bahsuhK 311,821 lawihaS erohaL 614,621 irahiV hayyaL 346,221 rusaK narhdoL 475,911 hgniS TT nidduahaB idnaM 983,511 lawenahK ilawnaiM 584,111 rupnajaR natluM hragraffazuM 367,301 laworaN bihaS anaknaN 354,99 narhdoL laworaN 691,99 rakkahB arakO 194,79 bihaS anaknaN nattapkaP 496,19 lawkahC nahK raY mihaR 565,19 kcoA rupnajaR 484,28 tarjuG idniplawaR 749,08 mulheJ lawihaS 404,57 nattapkaP ahdograS 507,47 bahsuhK arupuhkiehS 830,37 nidduahaB idnaM toklaiS 071,56 nahK .G.D hgniS TT 262,45 dabazfiaH irahiV 416,25 ilawnaiM 126,84 toinihC snoilliB
chunk_10_218	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.5.2.2 Pakistan Microfinance Network The district wise borrowers of microfinance and gross loan portfolio is presented below; In 2020, there were 6.7 million active borrowers of microfinance in Punjab, of which, 3,434,157 (51.5 percent) were male and 3,230,951 (48.5 percent) were female. The number of active borrowers increased by 16 percent Acve Borrowers Registered with PMFN by District (2021) to 7.8 million in 2021, however, women's share has declined. Of the total borrowers, 4,412,560 (56.8 percent) are men and 3,348,932 (43.1 percent) are female with a GPI of 0.76. 350,000 300,000 Acve Borrowers of Microfinance by Gender & Year 250,000 200,000 150,000 4.4 M 100,000 57% 50,000 - 3.4 M 52 % Source: Pakistan Microfinance Network 3.3 M 3.2 M 43% Figure 6.62 48% 2020 2021 Acve Borrowers vs. Gross Loan Porolio (PKR) by District (2021) 350 20 Source: Pakistan Microfinance Network Male Female 18 300 16 197 198 250 14 Figure 6.60 12 200 10 150 Gross Loan Portfolio (GLP) refers to the amount of all the outstanding loans with the borrowers. As per the data 8 received by PMFN, in 2020, the GLP was Rs. 314.9 billion of which the GLP of men was Rs. 211.9 billion (67.3 100 6 4 percent) and the GLP of women was Rs. 102.9 billion (32.7 percent). In 2021, the GLP increased by 20.6 percent 50 2 to Rs. 379.8 billion, of which GLP of men is Rs. 257.2 billion (67.7 percent) and GLP of women is Rs. 122.6 billion - - (32.3 percent) with a GPI of 0.48. Gross Loan Porolio of Borrowers by Gender & Year Source: Pakistan Microfinance Network Acve Borrowers Gross Loan Porolio (PKR) (Billion Rs.) Figure 6.63 68% 257 67% 6.6 Social Security and Safety Nets 212 32% 6.6.1 Punjab Employees Social Security Institution (PESSI) 123 33% The Punjab Employees Social Security Institution (PESSI) provides cash benefits to the secured workers in Punjab. 103 In 2020, PESSI provided these benefits to 42,472 beneficiaries, of which, 39,364 (93 percent) were male beneficiaries and 3,108 (7 percent) were female. However, in 2021, of the total 49,874 beneficiaries, 46,669 (94 percent) were male and 3,205 (6 percent) were female with a very low GPI (0.06). 2020 2021 Source: Pakistan Microfinance Network Male Female Figure 6.61 sdnasuohT 689,192 dabalasiaF kcoA ruplawahaB 375,062 erohaL rakkahB 160,232 nahK raY mihaR raganlawahB 675,122 raganlawahB lawkahC 773,022 alawnarjuG toinihC 686,202 ruplawahaB nahK .G.D 289,981 natluM dabalasiaF 685,661 ahdograS alawnarjuG 797,951 hragraffazuM tarjuG 851,851 toklaiS dabazifaH 440,241 arakO mulheJ 667,831 idniplawaR gnahJ 872,631 arupuhkiehS rusaK 105,231 hayyaL lawenahK 937,921 gnahJ bahsuhK 311,821 lawihaS erohaL 614,621 irahiV hayyaL 346,221 rusaK narhdoL 475,911 hgniS TT nidduahaB idnaM 983,511 lawenahK ilawnaiM 584,111 rupnajaR natluM hragraffazuM 367,301 laworaN bihaS anaknaN 354,99 narhdoL laworaN 691,99 rakkahB arakO 194,79 bihaS anaknaN nattapkaP 496,19 lawkahC nahK raY mihaR 565,19 kcoA rupnajaR 484,28 tarjuG idniplawaR 749,08 mulheJ lawihaS 404,57 nattapkaP ahdograS 507,47 bahsuhK arupuhkiehS 830,37 nidduahaB idnaM toklaiS 071,56 nahK .G.D hgniS TT 262,45 dabazfiaH irahiV 416,25 ilawnaiM 126,84 toinihC snoilliB
chunk_10_219	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Beneficiaries of the Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) by Gender & Year Employees Secured Under PESSI (94%) (93%) Employed Populaon PESSI Beneficiaries Secured Employees 46,669 39,364 (LFS 2020-21) Total 41900000 49874 0.12% 30250000 46669 0.15% (7%) (6%) 3,108 3,205 11650000 3205 0.03% 2020 2021 Source: Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) Female Male Figure 6.64 Figure 6.66 District-wise data reveals that 7 districts out of 36 districts in Punjab had no female beneficiary at all. District 6.6.1.1 Amount Disbursed to Beneficiaries Jehlum and TT Singh had the lowest share of women, with 99.5 percent male, and only 0.5 percent female beneficiaries; a GPI of 0.005. Narowal and Pakpattan, on the other hand, had a very low number of beneficiaries In 2020, PESSI disbursed Rs. 320.15 million to its beneficiaries, of which, Rs. 273.70 million (85 percent) and Rs. of which 66.7 percent were male, 33.3 percent were female and 0.5 GPI. 46.45 million (15 percent) were disbursed to women. In 2021, the disbursed amount increased by 25 percent to Rs. 199 200 401.14 million, however, the share of women in the disbursed amount further decreased. Of the total amount, Rs. 344.59 million (86 percent) were disbursed to men and Rs. 56.55 million (14 percent) to women with a very low GPI of 0.16. Beneficiaries of the Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon by Gender & District (2021) Amount Disbursed by the Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) by Gender & Year (85%) (86%) 273,701,562 344,588,724 (15%) (14%) 46,447,868 56,549,953 2020 2021 Source: Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) Female Male Source: Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) Female Male Figure 6.67 Figure 6.65 Of the total 29 districts (with women's beneficiaries), Sheikhupura has the lowest share of women out of the total amount disbursed in the district. Of the total Rs. 78.96 million disbursed, Rs. 77.6 million (98.3 percent) was disbursed to men and Rs. 1.33 million (1.7 percent) to women with a GPI of 0.02 followed by Rahim Yar Khan (1.9). On the contrary, Narowal (despite having a very low share in the overall amount disbursed) has the highest share of women in the total amount disbursed. Of the total Rs. 195000, Rs. 15,000 (7.7 percent) was disbursed to men and Rs. 180,000 (92.3 percent) to women. 765,6 440,2 erohaL 921,4 842 rusaK 341,11 312 dabalsiaF 744,4 301 natluM 666 48 dabazfiaH 147,1 66 idniplawaR 032,1 55 arakO 734 94 hragraffazuM 996,2 54 arupuhkiehS 246 24 ahdograS 906 83 toklaiS 281,1 73 tarjuG 658 63 lawihaS 981 92 ruplawahaB 563 92 alawnarjuG 877 51 lawkahC 85 31 raganlawahaB 42 21 naapkaP 962 8 rakkahB 351 7 iraheV 201 6 toinihC 525 6 gnahJ 91 6 narhdoL 548 4 mulheJ 344 4 bahsuhK 251 3 ilawnaiM 2 1 laworaN 241 1 nahK ray mihaR 402 1 hgniS TT 714 - kcoA 272 - nahK GD 444,3 - lawenahK 81 - hayyaL 395 - nidduahaB idnaM 192,1 - bihaS anakanaN 61 - rupnajaR
chunk_10_220	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Beneficiaries of the Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) by Gender & Year Employees Secured Under PESSI (94%) (93%) Employed Populaon PESSI Beneficiaries Secured Employees 46,669 39,364 (LFS 2020-21) Total 41900000 49874 0.12% 30250000 46669 0.15% (7%) (6%) 3,108 3,205 11650000 3205 0.03% 2020 2021 Source: Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) Female Male Figure 6.64 Figure 6.66 District-wise data reveals that 7 districts out of 36 districts in Punjab had no female beneficiary at all. District 6.6.1.1 Amount Disbursed to Beneficiaries Jehlum and TT Singh had the lowest share of women, with 99.5 percent male, and only 0.5 percent female beneficiaries; a GPI of 0.005. Narowal and Pakpattan, on the other hand, had a very low number of beneficiaries In 2020, PESSI disbursed Rs. 320.15 million to its beneficiaries, of which, Rs. 273.70 million (85 percent) and Rs. of which 66.7 percent were male, 33.3 percent were female and 0.5 GPI. 46.45 million (15 percent) were disbursed to women. In 2021, the disbursed amount increased by 25 percent to Rs. 199 200 401.14 million, however, the share of women in the disbursed amount further decreased. Of the total amount, Rs. 344.59 million (86 percent) were disbursed to men and Rs. 56.55 million (14 percent) to women with a very low GPI of 0.16. Beneficiaries of the Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon by Gender & District (2021) Amount Disbursed by the Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) by Gender & Year (85%) (86%) 273,701,562 344,588,724 (15%) (14%) 46,447,868 56,549,953 2020 2021 Source: Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) Female Male Source: Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) Female Male Figure 6.67 Figure 6.65 Of the total 29 districts (with women's beneficiaries), Sheikhupura has the lowest share of women out of the total amount disbursed in the district. Of the total Rs. 78.96 million disbursed, Rs. 77.6 million (98.3 percent) was disbursed to men and Rs. 1.33 million (1.7 percent) to women with a GPI of 0.02 followed by Rahim Yar Khan (1.9). On the contrary, Narowal (despite having a very low share in the overall amount disbursed) has the highest share of women in the total amount disbursed. Of the total Rs. 195000, Rs. 15,000 (7.7 percent) was disbursed to men and Rs. 180,000 (92.3 percent) to women. 765,6 440,2 erohaL 921,4 842 rusaK 341,11 312 dabalsiaF 744,4 301 natluM 666 48 dabazfiaH 147,1 66 idniplawaR 032,1 55 arakO 734 94 hragraffazuM 996,2 54 arupuhkiehS 246 24 ahdograS 906 83 toklaiS 281,1 73 tarjuG 658 63 lawihaS 981 92 ruplawahaB 563 92 alawnarjuG 877 51 lawkahC 85 31 raganlawahaB 42 21 naapkaP 962 8 rakkahB 351 7 iraheV 201 6 toinihC 525 6 gnahJ 91 6 narhdoL 548 4 mulheJ 344 4 bahsuhK 251 3 ilawnaiM 2 1 laworaN 241 1 nahK ray mihaR 402 1 hgniS TT 714 - kcoA 272 - nahK GD 444,3 - lawenahK 81 - hayyaL 395 - nidduahaB idnaM 192,1 - bihaS anakanaN 61 - rupnajaR
chunk_10_221	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Amount (Thousand Rupees) Disbursed amongst the workers of the Punjab Employees Social Security BISP-CCT Beneficiaries by Gender & District (2021) Instuon by Gender & District (2021) 50000 45000 100% 40000 90% 35000 80% 30000 25000 70% 20000 60% 15000 50% 10000 5000 40% 0 30% 20% 10% 0% Source: Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) FEMALE MALE Figure 6.70 Source: Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) 6.6.2.2 Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCTs) Female Male Figure 6.68 In 2020, BISP provided UCTs to 1,610,100 women, of which, 1,544,574 (95.9 percent) were married and 65,526 (4.1 percent) were either divorced or widowed. However, in 2021 the number of beneficiaries increased by 47 6.6.2 Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) percent to 2,370,627. Of the total, 2,279,013 (96.1 percent) were married women and 91,614 (3.9 percent) were divorced/widowed. BISP provides Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT) to families and Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCT) directly to BISP-UCT Beneficiaries by Year & Category female beneficiaries (ever-married women) within households that are deemed eligible through the implementation of the BISP poverty scorecard. 96.14% 2,279,013 201 6.6.2.1 Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT) 202 95.93% 1,544,574 In 2020, BISP provided CCTs to 241,685 beneficiaries, of which, 132,139 (54.7 percent) were male and 109,546 (45.3 percent) were female. However, women's share increased in 2021 where, of the total 571,035 beneficiaries, 287,962 (50.4 percent) were male, 283,073 (49.6 percent) were female with a GPI of 0.98. 4.07% 3.86% 65,526 91,614 BISP-CCT Beneficiaries by Gender & Year 2020 2021 49.6% 50.4% Source: Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) Married Divorced/Widowed 283,073 287,962 Figure 6.71 District Jehlum has the lowest number of UCT beneficiaries (9,434) followed by Narowal (14,228). On the other hand, Muzaffargarh has the highest number of UCT beneficiaries (276,791) followed by Rahim Yar Khan (234,506) and Multan (142,761). 54.7% 45.3% 132,139 BISP-UCT Beneficiaries by Category & District (2021) 109,546 300,000 250,000 200,000 2020 2021 150,000 Source: Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) FEMALE MALE 100,000 Figure 6.69 50,000 Distrcit wise data reveals that Rajanpur has the lowest share of women in CCT programme. Of the total, 9,942 - (56.02 percent) beneficiaries are male and 7,804 (43.98 percent) are female with a GPI of 0.78 followed by DG Khan and Mianwali (0.88). On the contrary, 19 districts of Punjab have more female beneficiaries than male of which, Narowal has the lowest share of male beneficiaries (47.13% percent) as compared to female Source: Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) Married Divorced/Widowed beneficiaries (52.87 percent). Figure 6.72 858,1 939,21 idniplawaR 216,35 166,9 erohaL 357,52 789,6 natluM 880,93 437,5 rusaK 828,14 003,5 dabalsiaF 207,51 662,3 hragraffazuM 228,6 955,2 ahdograS 358,8 042,2 toklaiS 766,6 017,1 ruplawahaB 226,77 933,1 arupuhkiehS 775,2 247 lawkahC 033,4 495 arakO 270,01 765 tarjuG 961,1 294 raganlawahaB 943,2 614 iraheV 692,1 204 dabazfiaH 122,4 493 alawnarjuG 417,3 412 lawihaS 064 202 narhdoL 51 081 laworaN 127,2 021 bahsuhK 810,2 201 gnahJ 179 18 ilawnaiM 213,1 97 rakkahB 142 16 toinihC 103,2 65 mulheJ 98 54 naapkaP 470,2 14 nahK ray mihaR 445 72 hgniS TT 543,5 - kcoA 287,3 - nahK GD 860,6 - lawenahK 362 - hayyaL 361,2 - nidduahaB idnaM 532,6 - bihaS anakanaN 254 - rupnajaR laworaN hragraffazuM toklaiS nahK raY mihaR idniplawaR natluM gnahJ ruplawahaB arakO rupnajaR dabazifaH nahK izahG areD hgniS TT rusaK raganlawahaB dabalasiaF alawnarjuG gnahJ arupuhkiehS lawenahK nidduahaB idnaM narhdoL rusaK hayyaL lawihaS arakO erohaL nattapkaP ruplawahaB toinihC lawkahC rakkahB naapkaP erohaL iraheV raganlawahaB hayyaL ahdograS lawenahK alawnarjuG bihaS anaknaN lawihaS mulheJ iraheV dabalasiaF ilawnaiM ahdograS arupuhkiehS nahK raY mihaR idniplawaR bahsuhK lawkahC kcoA bihaS anaknaN hragraffazuM toklaiS natluM hgniS TT tarjuG tarjuG toinihC bahsuhK rakkahB nidduahaB idnaM narhdoL kcoA ilawnaiM dabazfiaH nahK izahG areD laworaN rupnajaR mulheJ
chunk_10_222	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES Amount (Thousand Rupees) Disbursed amongst the workers of the Punjab Employees Social Security BISP-CCT Beneficiaries by Gender & District (2021) Instuon by Gender & District (2021) 50000 45000 100% 40000 90% 35000 80% 30000 25000 70% 20000 60% 15000 50% 10000 5000 40% 0 30% 20% 10% 0% Source: Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) FEMALE MALE Figure 6.70 Source: Punjab Employees Social Security Instuon (PESSI) 6.6.2.2 Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCTs) Female Male Figure 6.68 In 2020, BISP provided UCTs to 1,610,100 women, of which, 1,544,574 (95.9 percent) were married and 65,526 (4.1 percent) were either divorced or widowed. However, in 2021 the number of beneficiaries increased by 47 6.6.2 Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) percent to 2,370,627. Of the total, 2,279,013 (96.1 percent) were married women and 91,614 (3.9 percent) were divorced/widowed. BISP provides Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT) to families and Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCT) directly to BISP-UCT Beneficiaries by Year & Category female beneficiaries (ever-married women) within households that are deemed eligible through the implementation of the BISP poverty scorecard. 96.14% 2,279,013 201 6.6.2.1 Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT) 202 95.93% 1,544,574 In 2020, BISP provided CCTs to 241,685 beneficiaries, of which, 132,139 (54.7 percent) were male and 109,546 (45.3 percent) were female. However, women's share increased in 2021 where, of the total 571,035 beneficiaries, 287,962 (50.4 percent) were male, 283,073 (49.6 percent) were female with a GPI of 0.98. 4.07% 3.86% 65,526 91,614 BISP-CCT Beneficiaries by Gender & Year 2020 2021 49.6% 50.4% Source: Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) Married Divorced/Widowed 283,073 287,962 Figure 6.71 District Jehlum has the lowest number of UCT beneficiaries (9,434) followed by Narowal (14,228). On the other hand, Muzaffargarh has the highest number of UCT beneficiaries (276,791) followed by Rahim Yar Khan (234,506) and Multan (142,761). 54.7% 45.3% 132,139 BISP-UCT Beneficiaries by Category & District (2021) 109,546 300,000 250,000 200,000 2020 2021 150,000 Source: Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) FEMALE MALE 100,000 Figure 6.69 50,000 Distrcit wise data reveals that Rajanpur has the lowest share of women in CCT programme. Of the total, 9,942 - (56.02 percent) beneficiaries are male and 7,804 (43.98 percent) are female with a GPI of 0.78 followed by DG Khan and Mianwali (0.88). On the contrary, 19 districts of Punjab have more female beneficiaries than male of which, Narowal has the lowest share of male beneficiaries (47.13% percent) as compared to female Source: Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) Married Divorced/Widowed beneficiaries (52.87 percent). Figure 6.72 858,1 939,21 idniplawaR 216,35 166,9 erohaL 357,52 789,6 natluM 880,93 437,5 rusaK 828,14 003,5 dabalsiaF 207,51 662,3 hragraffazuM 228,6 955,2 ahdograS 358,8 042,2 toklaiS 766,6 017,1 ruplawahaB 226,77 933,1 arupuhkiehS 775,2 247 lawkahC 033,4 495 arakO 270,01 765 tarjuG 961,1 294 raganlawahaB 943,2 614 iraheV 692,1 204 dabazfiaH 122,4 493 alawnarjuG 417,3 412 lawihaS 064 202 narhdoL 51 081 laworaN 127,2 021 bahsuhK 810,2 201 gnahJ 179 18 ilawnaiM 213,1 97 rakkahB 142 16 toinihC 103,2 65 mulheJ 98 54 naapkaP 470,2 14 nahK ray mihaR 445 72 hgniS TT 543,5 - kcoA 287,3 - nahK GD 860,6 - lawenahK 362 - hayyaL 361,2 - nidduahaB idnaM 532,6 - bihaS anakanaN 254 - rupnajaR laworaN hragraffazuM toklaiS nahK raY mihaR idniplawaR natluM gnahJ ruplawahaB arakO rupnajaR dabazifaH nahK izahG areD hgniS TT rusaK raganlawahaB dabalasiaF alawnarjuG gnahJ arupuhkiehS lawenahK nidduahaB idnaM narhdoL rusaK hayyaL lawihaS arakO erohaL nattapkaP ruplawahaB toinihC lawkahC rakkahB naapkaP erohaL iraheV raganlawahaB hayyaL ahdograS lawenahK alawnarjuG bihaS anaknaN lawihaS mulheJ iraheV dabalasiaF ilawnaiM ahdograS arupuhkiehS nahK raY mihaR idniplawaR bahsuhK lawkahC kcoA bihaS anaknaN hragraffazuM toklaiS natluM hgniS TT tarjuG tarjuG toinihC bahsuhK rakkahB nidduahaB idnaM narhdoL kcoA ilawnaiM dabazfiaH nahK izahG areD laworaN rupnajaR mulheJ
chunk_10_223	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.7 Conclusion Gender Responsive Budgeting This chapter made an attempt to highlight the existing gender gaps in Economic Participation and Opportunities • Punjab Finance Department should prepare a 'Gender Responsive Budget' where the targets must reflect in Punjab. From a policy perspective, special focus has been made on gender gaps and situational analysis of the gender. For instance; gender-disaggregated statistics for indicators related to individuals, and indicators existing labour market, women's access to physical and financial resources, and the availability of social safety related to gender-sensitive issues must be separated. This can help identify and address the individual needs nets for women across Punjab. of all segments. Women's labour force participation is abysmal with a major chunk of employed women contributing to the 6.8.2 Procedural informal sector. The situation is further exacerbated by additional issues like barriers at the workplace, pay gaps, discrimination in professional development & leadership opportunities, and other occupational hazards. Special Economic Zones for Women Women's presence in the entrepreneurial ecosystem is not even close to half that of men, which includes the availability of finance, access and agency over physical resources, and a range of institutional support. • Create Entrepreneurship opportunities for females by enhancing local capacities and generating synergies across the ecosystem. Government should create Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for female entrepreneurs Punjab stands to lose out on potential improvement in its contribution to the national GDP if the gender gap is and provide them with financial and technical training. not closed and equal economic opportunities are denied to women. However, this situation does not seem to be improving any time soon in absence of gender-sensitive policies and stereotypes prevalent in Punjab regarding D ocumentation of Small Businesses the role of women in society. • Encourage and incentivise the documentation of the small businesses/enterprises with the help of modern technologies and payment methods so that the size of the informal sector can be reduced and workers/ 6.8 Recommendations individuals associated with the informal sector can benefit. Registration of workers in Informal Sector 6.8.1 Policy • There is a pressing need to recognize and register agricultural workers, daily wagers, domestic and home- Equip Workers Across Value Chain based workers and self-employed females on priority basis. 203 • Majority of women workers are associated with the agriculture sector. Promote policies that equip 204 Provision of Safe Travelling Facilities workers across the value chain through value-added production, skills and enterprise. Ensure access to soft loans for women in agriculture. • A sizeable chunk of the women abstains from working due to unsafe travelling facilities. Government can establish dedicated public transportation services for women. S implify The Process Of Registering Women-Led Businesses Women Focused Professional Services • Initiate and simplify the process of registering women-led businesses. A woman is still limited in her ability to register her business under The Companies Act of Pakistan, despite an amendment in 2020. Married • Provide information and prepare women for job applications, matching skills to market demand, linkages women must specify their spouse's information when signing the company memorandum due to the with potential employers and outreach programmes like 'Job Asaan' piloted and initiated by PCSW. discriminatory provisions in Articles 31 and 37. G ender and Development Budget I ncentivise Businesses Offering Gender Equitable Packages • Gender and development budget should be allocated to initiatives such as microfinance pilot programme for • SECP can regulate and incentivise companies to; equate remuneration packages, especially benefits women working in the informal sectors, training and skills development programmes etc. related to medical and maternity situations, transport, child care, and accommodation, tackle gender stereotypes in the workplace and ensure strict enforcement of harassment policies. Inclusion of Women in Beer Returns Skills T ax Rebates • Skills offered and taken up by women in training are important; encourage and redirect women from tradional, low-returns skills to more market-driven beer returns skills. • An effective use of our tax system can open up opportunities for women. For instance, offer tax incentives to the private sector businesses for hiring more women. Reduction in the tax contribution of the second • Foster industry-academia linkages to produce female graduates that meet industry requirements. earner can increase female labour force participation. Women-friendly Workplace Environment Implementation of Minimum Wage Policy • The literature suggests that minimum wages can make a significant contribution towards narrowing • Monitor enforcement of Punjab Protecon of Women from Harassment at the Workplace Act, 2012. gender pay gaps. The link between minimum wages and reduced gender pay gaps has been observed in numerous countries. • Connue the establishment of Day Care Centers (DCCs) under the Punjab Day Care Fund Society in all districts.
chunk_10_224	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION & OPPORTUNITIES 6.7 Conclusion Gender Responsive Budgeting This chapter made an attempt to highlight the existing gender gaps in Economic Participation and Opportunities • Punjab Finance Department should prepare a 'Gender Responsive Budget' where the targets must reflect in Punjab. From a policy perspective, special focus has been made on gender gaps and situational analysis of the gender. For instance; gender-disaggregated statistics for indicators related to individuals, and indicators existing labour market, women's access to physical and financial resources, and the availability of social safety related to gender-sensitive issues must be separated. This can help identify and address the individual needs nets for women across Punjab. of all segments. Women's labour force participation is abysmal with a major chunk of employed women contributing to the 6.8.2 Procedural informal sector. The situation is further exacerbated by additional issues like barriers at the workplace, pay gaps, discrimination in professional development & leadership opportunities, and other occupational hazards. Special Economic Zones for Women Women's presence in the entrepreneurial ecosystem is not even close to half that of men, which includes the availability of finance, access and agency over physical resources, and a range of institutional support. • Create Entrepreneurship opportunities for females by enhancing local capacities and generating synergies across the ecosystem. Government should create Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for female entrepreneurs Punjab stands to lose out on potential improvement in its contribution to the national GDP if the gender gap is and provide them with financial and technical training. not closed and equal economic opportunities are denied to women. However, this situation does not seem to be improving any time soon in absence of gender-sensitive policies and stereotypes prevalent in Punjab regarding D ocumentation of Small Businesses the role of women in society. • Encourage and incentivise the documentation of the small businesses/enterprises with the help of modern technologies and payment methods so that the size of the informal sector can be reduced and workers/ 6.8 Recommendations individuals associated with the informal sector can benefit. Registration of workers in Informal Sector 6.8.1 Policy • There is a pressing need to recognize and register agricultural workers, daily wagers, domestic and home- Equip Workers Across Value Chain based workers and self-employed females on priority basis. 203 • Majority of women workers are associated with the agriculture sector. Promote policies that equip 204 Provision of Safe Travelling Facilities workers across the value chain through value-added production, skills and enterprise. Ensure access to soft loans for women in agriculture. • A sizeable chunk of the women abstains from working due to unsafe travelling facilities. Government can establish dedicated public transportation services for women. S implify The Process Of Registering Women-Led Businesses Women Focused Professional Services • Initiate and simplify the process of registering women-led businesses. A woman is still limited in her ability to register her business under The Companies Act of Pakistan, despite an amendment in 2020. Married • Provide information and prepare women for job applications, matching skills to market demand, linkages women must specify their spouse's information when signing the company memorandum due to the with potential employers and outreach programmes like 'Job Asaan' piloted and initiated by PCSW. discriminatory provisions in Articles 31 and 37. Gender and Development Budget I ncentivise Businesses Offering Gender Equitable Packages • Gender and development budget should be allocated to initiatives such as microfinance pilot programme for • SECP can regulate and incentivise companies to; equate remuneration packages, especially benefits women working in the informal sectors, training and skills development programmes etc. related to medical and maternity situations, transport, child care, and accommodation, tackle gender stereotypes in the workplace and ensure strict enforcement of harassment policies. Inclusion of Women in Beer Returns Skills T ax Rebates • Skills offered and taken up by women in training are important; encourage and redirect women from tradional, low-returns skills to more market-driven beer returns skills. • An effective use of our tax system can open up opportunities for women. For instance, offer tax incentives to the private sector businesses for hiring more women. Reduction in the tax contribution of the second • Foster industry-academia linkages to produce female graduates that meet industry requirements. earner can increase female labour force participation. Women-friendly Workplace Environment Implementation of Minimum Wage Policy • The literature suggests that minimum wages can make a significant contribution towards narrowing • Monitor enforcement of Punjab Protecon of Women from Harassment at the Workplace Act, 2012. gender pay gaps. The link between minimum wages and reduced gender pay gaps has been observed in numerous countries. • Connue the establishment of Day Care Centers (DCCs) under the Punjab Day Care Fund Society in all districts.
chunk_10_225	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 205 206 JUSTICE
chunk_10_226	PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 205 206 JUSTICE
chunk_10_227	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / Jusce 07 JUSTICE INTRODUCTION Justice is the process of treating individuals based on whether the rights of the accused and due process of the two factors; the civic rights granted by the State and law are ensured. the individual's conduct in society. The justice system is responsible for ensuring that the rights of Data collected by the WJP suggests that individuals resort individuals granted via law and policies are being to violence less when they believe that the criminal justice provided to them in practice. As an independent system is working effectively. The lack of faith in the KEY FINDINGS mechanism of the State, it is required to adjudicate system leads to citizens mistrusting the accountability civil and criminal matters, ensuring that the measures of the State. They fear unequal treatment by 9734 cases of violence against women were reported in 2021. Rape was the most commonly reported Constitution is upheld and that law reigns supreme. authorities and perceive the executive as weak or complicit act of violence against women. Conversely, cases of stove burning and wani were reported least often. under pressure or during conflict. This is why informal The concept of superiority of law stems from the justice systems such as "panchayats" are popular as redress A total of 1,415 domestic violence cases were reported in Punjab. This included 444 cases of murder, 'rule of law' principle i.e., all individuals and the mechanisms in several societies till date and many citizens 218 cases of attempted murder and 753 cases of domestic beating. The highest number of domestic State are equal under the law. The rule of law is a are uncomfortable with recourse to the formal justice violence cases was reported in Lahore (248), while none were reported in Bhakkar and Narowal. critical instrument of governance for the system. maintenance of law and order and carrying out A total of 4329 cases of rape and 269 cases of gang rape were reported in Punjab. District Lahore sustainable development. For this, governments are The Criminal Justice System of Pakistan was ranked 108 on reported the highest number of cases (762) in 2021, while Khushab reported the lowest (22 cases). required to ensure an evolving legislature, good the Rule of Law Index. This indicates shortcomings that governance and efficient institutions. hamper development and overall provision of justice. The 34 cases of acid burning were reported in Punjab. District Faisalabad reported the highest number of backlog of cases at Courts has reached as high as 2.8 million cases (7) in 2021, while none were reported in 20 out of 36 districts of the province. The criminal justice system in particular, is tasked to cases. This supersedes the capacity and resources of Police administer justice, address the consequences of and prosecution to investigate and prosecute, 197 women were killed in the name of honour in Punjab. Faisalabad reported the highest number of criminal behaviour in society, and uphold laws that respectively. cases (16) while Bhakkar, Chakwal, Jhelum and Toba Tek Singh reported zero cases. protect human rights. Criminal justice can be 207 defined as the "rights-respecting treatment that is Justice or the lack of it significantly affects those with less 208 Of all VAW cases decided in Punjab; only 5 percent resulted in convictions and 95 percent resulted in deserved by virtue of criminal conduct as judged by power and control in society such as the poor, religious and acquittals. the rule of law". This branch of the justice system gender minorities, persons living with disabilities and comprises of the courts, judges, prosecution particularly women. Women have more difficulty accessing 2021 saw a phenomenal increase (81 percent) in the number of women provided redress through the service, defence, police force, probation and parole justice due to socio-economic constraints and because Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Human Rights Centres in Punjab. department, prison department, the executive redress mechanisms and government institutes are not office, legislature, etc.. All components of the gender-sensitised. There is also a strong taboo around The most frequent complaint received by the VAWC in Multan in 2021 was domestic violence (678 criminal justice system perform distinct duties: the reporting rape/sodomy cases due to strict, unyielding complaints). The least number of complaints were received for psychological violence (1 complaint), police conduct the investigation and maintain law gender roles. These factors often discourage women from property dispute (2 complaints) and physical abuse (3 complaints). and order, the prosecution service carries out legal reaching out to the justice system, reinforcing a cycle of proceedings in court, the defence attorney discrimination and lack of access to justice. For instance, Of the 1089 prosecutors working with the Public Prosecution Department only 166 (15 percent) were represents the accused, the judiciary adjudicates, between 2017 and 2019, 53% of women reported women; 923 (85 percent) were men, giving a GPI of 0.18. and the prison and parole department ensure experiencing a legal problem. However, only 13% chose a correctional measures decided by the court. recourse that involved assistance from an authority or third 1,733 judges served in the district Judiciary, of which 1,577 (91%) were men and 156 (9%) were women. party. The criminal justice system's effectiveness is The number of women residing in social service institutions dropped significantly from 9964 in 2020 to dependent on the performance of each of these One of Pakistan's most significant international obligations 6389 in 2021. This amounts to a drop of 36%. justice system actors. The World Justice Project is to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of (WJP) measures this performance globally based on Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). As a State Party, two metrics: i) assessing whether the criminal Pakistan is committed and has a legal obligation to protect adjudication system is timely and effective and ii) its women against gender-based violence and 295 (U.S. Department of Jusce, 1993) 296 (Good Governance Pracces For The Protecon Of Human Rights, 2007) 297 ("Crime Prevenon & Criminal Jusce") 298 (U.S. Department of Jusce, 1993) 299 (Actors in the Criminal Jusce System) 300 (Botero and Ponce, 2012) 301 (What the Data Says About Criminal Jusce Systems Around the World, 2019) 302 (Effecveness And Fairness Of Judicial Systems, 2017) 303 (Doing Jusce:How Informal Jusce Systems Can Contribute, 2006) 304 Ibid 305 (F.S., 2022) 306 (What the Data Says About Criminal Jusce Systems Around the World, 2019) 307 Ibid 308 (What the Data Says About Criminal Jusce Systems Around the World, 2019)
chunk_10_228	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / Jusce 07 JUSTICE INTRODUCTION Justice is the process of treating individuals based on whether the rights of the accused and due process of the two factors; the civic rights granted by the State and law are ensured. the individual's conduct in society. The justice system is responsible for ensuring that the rights of Data collected by the WJP suggests that individuals resort individuals granted via law and policies are being to violence less when they believe that the criminal justice provided to them in practice. As an independent system is working effectively. The lack of faith in the KEY FINDINGS mechanism of the State, it is required to adjudicate system leads to citizens mistrusting the accountability civil and criminal matters, ensuring that the measures of the State. They fear unequal treatment by 9734 cases of violence against women were reported in 2021. Rape was the most commonly reported Constitution is upheld and that law reigns supreme. authorities and perceive the executive as weak or complicit act of violence against women. Conversely, cases of stove burning and wani were reported least often. under pressure or during conflict. This is why informal The concept of superiority of law stems from the justice systems such as "panchayats" are popular as redress A total of 1,415 domestic violence cases were reported in Punjab. This included 444 cases of murder, 'rule of law' principle i.e., all individuals and the mechanisms in several societies till date and many citizens 218 cases of attempted murder and 753 cases of domestic beating. The highest number of domestic State are equal under the law. The rule of law is a are uncomfortable with recourse to the formal justice violence cases was reported in Lahore (248), while none were reported in Bhakkar and Narowal. critical instrument of governance for the system. maintenance of law and order and carrying out A total of 4329 cases of rape and 269 cases of gang rape were reported in Punjab. District Lahore sustainable development. For this, governments are The Criminal Justice System of Pakistan was ranked 108 on reported the highest number of cases (762) in 2021, while Khushab reported the lowest (22 cases). required to ensure an evolving legislature, good the Rule of Law Index. This indicates shortcomings that governance and efficient institutions. hamper development and overall provision of justice. The 34 cases of acid burning were reported in Punjab. District Faisalabad reported the highest number of backlog of cases at Courts has reached as high as 2.8 million cases (7) in 2021, while none were reported in 20 out of 36 districts of the province. The criminal justice system in particular, is tasked to cases. This supersedes the capacity and resources of Police administer justice, address the consequences of and prosecution to investigate and prosecute, 197 women were killed in the name of honour in Punjab. Faisalabad reported the highest number of criminal behaviour in society, and uphold laws that respectively. cases (16) while Bhakkar, Chakwal, Jhelum and Toba Tek Singh reported zero cases. protect human rights. Criminal justice can be 207 defined as the "rights-respecting treatment that is Justice or the lack of it significantly affects those with less 208 Of all VAW cases decided in Punjab; only 5 percent resulted in convictions and 95 percent resulted in deserved by virtue of criminal conduct as judged by power and control in society such as the poor, religious and acquittals. the rule of law". This branch of the justice system gender minorities, persons living with disabilities and comprises of the courts, judges, prosecution particularly women. Women have more difficulty accessing 2021 saw a phenomenal increase (81 percent) in the number of women provided redress through the service, defence, police force, probation and parole justice due to socio-economic constraints and because Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Human Rights Centres in Punjab. department, prison department, the executive redress mechanisms and government institutes are not office, legislature, etc.. All components of the gender-sensitised. There is also a strong taboo around The most frequent complaint received by the VAWC in Multan in 2021 was domestic violence (678 criminal justice system perform distinct duties: the reporting rape/sodomy cases due to strict, unyielding complaints). The least number of complaints were received for psychological violence (1 complaint), police conduct the investigation and maintain law gender roles. These factors often discourage women from property dispute (2 complaints) and physical abuse (3 complaints). and order, the prosecution service carries out legal reaching out to the justice system, reinforcing a cycle of proceedings in court, the defence attorney discrimination and lack of access to justice. For instance, Of the 1089 prosecutors working with the Public Prosecution Department only 166 (15 percent) were represents the accused, the judiciary adjudicates, between 2017 and 2019, 53% of women reported women; 923 (85 percent) were men, giving a GPI of 0.18. and the prison and parole department ensure experiencing a legal problem. However, only 13% chose a correctional measures decided by the court. recourse that involved assistance from an authority or third 1,733 judges served in the district Judiciary, of which 1,577 (91%) were men and 156 (9%) were women. party. The criminal justice system's effectiveness is The number of women residing in social service institutions dropped significantly from 9964 in 2020 to dependent on the performance of each of these One of Pakistan's most significant international obligations 6389 in 2021. This amounts to a drop of 36%. justice system actors. The World Justice Project is to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of (WJP) measures this performance globally based on Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). As a State Party, two metrics: i) assessing whether the criminal Pakistan is committed and has a legal obligation to protect adjudication system is timely and effective and ii) its women against gender-based violence and 295 (U.S. Department of Jusce, 1993) 296 (Good Governance Pracces For The Protecon Of Human Rights, 2007) 297 ("Crime Prevenon & Criminal Jusce") 298 (U.S. Department of Jusce, 1993) 299 (Actors in the Criminal Jusce System) 300 (Botero and Ponce, 2012) 301 (What the Data Says About Criminal Jusce Systems Around the World, 2019) 302 (Effecveness And Fairness Of Judicial Systems, 2017) 303 (Doing Jusce:How Informal Jusce Systems Can Contribute, 2006) 304 Ibid 305 (F.S., 2022) 306 (What the Data Says About Criminal Jusce Systems Around the World, 2019) 307 Ibid 308 (What the Data Says About Criminal Jusce Systems Around the World, 2019)
chunk_10_229	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE discrimination. Pakistan is also a State Party to the areas for women development. endorse resolutions inside the house. Child Rights Convention which also carries legal obligations to ensure the equality of girls. The The government of Pakistan has made legislative and In Punjab, the provincial government launched the Punjab Women Development Policy 2018 to enable and uplift Government of Pakistan presented the fifth Periodic policy changes to combat the rise in gender-based women by honouring the Constitution and Pakistan's international obligations. Report of CEDAW in 2020 to showcase the efforts violence and discrimination. Over the last six years, the toward CEDAW's agenda. The report highlighted key government has enacted various legislations for the The Policy is intended for women empowerment across key areas such as health, education, reduction of gender- policy initiatives by the Government and the way protection of women such as the Criminal Law based violence, female economic participation, climate change and information technology. In this regard, forward. In response, the Committee has (Amendment) (Offences relating to Rape) Act, 2016, Punjab Women Development Policy Implementation Framework 2020-2024 was developed. The Implementation commended Pakistan's efforts towards women's the National Commission on the Status of Women Framework includes carrying out awareness drives for those affected by the policy as well as other stakeholders protection and empowerment. It highlighted (Amendment) Act, 2018, Zainab Alert, Response and that can facilitate the policy and also assist in monitoring and enforcement. Interventions planned under the Pakistan's initiative of monitoring provincial progress Recovery Act 2020 and the Punjab Enforcement of Framework include gender-disaggregated data collection across Punjab, awareness regarding the Punjab Safe towards human rights obligations of women and Women's Property Rights Act 2021. The Government Cities Authority (PSCA) Women Safety App, departmental gender policy and guidelines development, awareness children through the Human Rights Information also established a GBV Court in Lahore in 2019. The campaigns for parents regarding sexual abuse of children, low-cost progress and replication of Violence Against Management System. The Committee recommended specialised court was designed to be a speedy, Women Centers. that parallel justice systems such as panchayats and sensitised redressal system for gender-based crimes. jirgas that discriminate against women be The Court allow for special protection measures, such Despite the Government of Punjab’s efforts, data from the province shows that the status quo of gender-based discouraged, and instead, judicial remedies be as in-camera trials, testimony through video-link or violence has not changed much from the past years. The reported cases of VAW in Punjab increased by 0.34 preferred amongst the masses. It also urged Pakistan pre-recorded video testimony, use of screens/curtain percent between 2019 and 2020. Domestic violence reportedly decreased to 376 cases in 2020, compared to 413 to enable accessible information on remedies to in order to ensure that the victims/survivors and in 2019. However, the number of domestic attempted murder remained constant from 2019 to 2020, with 166 women with the help of technology and modern vulnerable witnesses do not have to face the accused reported cases in both years. There was a reduction in reported cases of rape with a 2.8 percent decrease. devices. persons etc.. While, government initiatives such as Safe Cities, Punjab Women's Helpline 1043 and PSCA Women Safety Mobile Other international obligations of Pakistan to However, despite State efforts gender-based violence Application are steps in the right direction, it is hoped that the effects of these progressive actions will be seen in safeguard women's rights include ILO Conventions, and discrimination have remained rampant in the following years. At the same time, the government's approach must be consistent in its efforts to protect and Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, Agenda Pakistan. In 2021, Pakistan's position on the gender 2030 and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) gap index fell by two spots since 2020. The 'Global Organisation of Analysis and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Gender Gap Report 2021' ranked Pakistan 153rd out of 209 SDGs in particular have been a priority for the 156 countries on the Gender Parity Index. The (World 210 government to reduce poverty, improve institutional Economic Forum) WEF also highlighted domestic transparency and promote gender equality and violence as a pertinent issue in Pakistan. It suggested women empowerment. Pakistan was also the first that a staggering 85% of women in Pakistan have I. Violence Against Women country to adopt the SDGs as part of its national suffered intimate partner violence by 2021. development agenda through a National Assembly a. Reported Cases Resolution in 2016. Thereafter, the Government of The Human Rights Watch Report 2021 has also b. Outcomes of Cases Pakistan began work on various fronts particularly for highlighted the spike in domestic violence, indicating Goal 5 i.e. "achieving gender equality and empowering that there has been a 200 percent increase in domestic III.Access to Justice for Women all women and girls". violence cases between January-March 2020. a. Police Stations According to the Report, there are around 1,000 b. Prosecutors The "Pakistan Vision 2025" has also incorporated women every year that become victims to honor c. Prisons women empowerment into its agenda. The strategy killings.. d. Judiciary envisions to achieve targets such as promoting e. Gender-Based Violence Courts women's self-worth, protecting their right to choose, Gender norms are embedded in patriarchy, women f. Punjab Forensic Science Agency (PFSA) making opportunities and resources more accessible are expected to be submissive and socialized in the g. Punjab Safe City Authority (PSCA) Women Safety Mobile Application to women, promoting and safeguarding their same way from a young age. According to the Pakistan h. Punjab Women’s Helpline 1043 autonomy over life decisions inside and outside the Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012–13, 68% i. Government Run Social Services Institutions house etc.. The National Policy on Ending Violence of female respondents found at least one acceptable j. SBB Human Rights Centers for Women against Women (NPE-VAW) was also drafted by the justification for wife beating. These female k. Punjab Women Protection Authority (PWPA) government in 2019 to identify gender gaps, develop respondents also agreed that women who find l. Violence Against Women Centers (VAWCs) provincial correspondence and streamline reform domestic violence to be unacceptable/criminal should m. Child Protection and Welfare Bureau 309 (Annual Report, 2020) 310 (Convenon on the Eliminaon of All Forms of Discriminaon against Women, 2020) 311 (The Punjab Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW)) 312 (Sustainable Development Goals, 2019) 313 (Ministry of Planning Development & Special Iniaves, 2022) 314 (Women's Empowerment) 315 (Govt Dras Policy On Violence Against Women, Girls, 2019) 316 (Doing Jusce:How Informal Jusce Systems Can Contribute, 2006) 317 (The Conversaon, 2021) 320 (Punjab Women Development Policy Implementaon Framework 2020-2024, 2019-20) 318 (World Report 2021, 2021) 321 Ibid 319 (Pakistan Country Gender Assessment, 2016) 322 (Implementaon Framework For Punjab Women Development Policy, 2019)
chunk_10_230	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE discrimination. Pakistan is also a State Party to the areas for women development. endorse resolutions inside the house. Child Rights Convention which also carries legal obligations to ensure the equality of girls. The The government of Pakistan has made legislative and In Punjab, the provincial government launched the Punjab Women Development Policy 2018 to enable and uplift Government of Pakistan presented the fifth Periodic policy changes to combat the rise in gender-based women by honouring the Constitution and Pakistan's international obligations. Report of CEDAW in 2020 to showcase the efforts violence and discrimination. Over the last six years, the toward CEDAW's agenda. The report highlighted key government has enacted various legislations for the The Policy is intended for women empowerment across key areas such as health, education, reduction of gender- policy initiatives by the Government and the way protection of women such as the Criminal Law based violence, female economic participation, climate change and information technology. In this regard, forward. In response, the Committee has (Amendment) (Offences relating to Rape) Act, 2016, Punjab Women Development Policy Implementation Framework 2020-2024 was developed. The Implementation commended Pakistan's efforts towards women's the National Commission on the Status of Women Framework includes carrying out awareness drives for those affected by the policy as well as other stakeholders protection and empowerment. It highlighted (Amendment) Act, 2018, Zainab Alert, Response and that can facilitate the policy and also assist in monitoring and enforcement. Interventions planned under the Pakistan's initiative of monitoring provincial progress Recovery Act 2020 and the Punjab Enforcement of Framework include gender-disaggregated data collection across Punjab, awareness regarding the Punjab Safe towards human rights obligations of women and Women's Property Rights Act 2021. The Government Cities Authority (PSCA) Women Safety App, departmental gender policy and guidelines development, awareness children through the Human Rights Information also established a GBV Court in Lahore in 2019. The campaigns for parents regarding sexual abuse of children, low-cost progress and replication of Violence Against Management System. The Committee recommended specialised court was designed to be a speedy, Women Centers. that parallel justice systems such as panchayats and sensitised redressal system for gender-based crimes. jirgas that discriminate against women be The Court allow for special protection measures, such Despite the Government of Punjab’s efforts, data from the province shows that the status quo of gender-based discouraged, and instead, judicial remedies be as in-camera trials, testimony through video-link or violence has not changed much from the past years. The reported cases of VAW in Punjab increased by 0.34 preferred amongst the masses. It also urged Pakistan pre-recorded video testimony, use of screens/curtain percent between 2019 and 2020. Domestic violence reportedly decreased to 376 cases in 2020, compared to 413 to enable accessible information on remedies to in order to ensure that the victims/survivors and in 2019. However, the number of domestic attempted murder remained constant from 2019 to 2020, with 166 women with the help of technology and modern vulnerable witnesses do not have to face the accused reported cases in both years. There was a reduction in reported cases of rape with a 2.8 percent decrease. devices. persons etc.. While, government initiatives such as Safe Cities, Punjab Women's Helpline 1043 and PSCA Women Safety Mobile Other international obligations of Pakistan to However, despite State efforts gender-based violence Application are steps in the right direction, it is hoped that the effects of these progressive actions will be seen in safeguard women's rights include ILO Conventions, and discrimination have remained rampant in the following years. At the same time, the government's approach must be consistent in its efforts to protect and Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, Agenda Pakistan. In 2021, Pakistan's position on the gender 2030 and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) gap index fell by two spots since 2020. The 'Global Organisation of Analysis and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Gender Gap Report 2021' ranked Pakistan 153rd out of 209 SDGs in particular have been a priority for the 156 countries on the Gender Parity Index. The (World 210 government to reduce poverty, improve institutional Economic Forum) WEF also highlighted domestic transparency and promote gender equality and violence as a pertinent issue in Pakistan. It suggested women empowerment. Pakistan was also the first that a staggering 85% of women in Pakistan have I. Violence Against Women country to adopt the SDGs as part of its national suffered intimate partner violence by 2021. development agenda through a National Assembly a. Reported Cases Resolution in 2016. Thereafter, the Government of The Human Rights Watch Report 2021 has also b. Outcomes of Cases Pakistan began work on various fronts particularly for highlighted the spike in domestic violence, indicating Goal 5 i.e. "achieving gender equality and empowering that there has been a 200 percent increase in domestic III.Access to Justice for Women all women and girls". violence cases between January-March 2020. a. Police Stations According to the Report, there are around 1,000 b. Prosecutors The "Pakistan Vision 2025" has also incorporated women every year that become victims to honor c. Prisons women empowerment into its agenda. The strategy killings.. d. Judiciary envisions to achieve targets such as promoting e. Gender-Based Violence Courts women's self-worth, protecting their right to choose, Gender norms are embedded in patriarchy, women f. Punjab Forensic Science Agency (PFSA) making opportunities and resources more accessible are expected to be submissive and socialized in the g. Punjab Safe City Authority (PSCA) Women Safety Mobile Application to women, promoting and safeguarding their same way from a young age. According to the Pakistan h. Punjab Women’s Helpline 1043 autonomy over life decisions inside and outside the Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012–13, 68% i. Government Run Social Services Institutions house etc.. The National Policy on Ending Violence of female respondents found at least one acceptable j. SBB Human Rights Centers for Women against Women (NPE-VAW) was also drafted by the justification for wife beating. These female k. Punjab Women Protection Authority (PWPA) government in 2019 to identify gender gaps, develop respondents also agreed that women who find l. Violence Against Women Centers (VAWCs) provincial correspondence and streamline reform domestic violence to be unacceptable/criminal should m. Child Protection and Welfare Bureau 309 (Annual Report, 2020) 310 (Convenon on the Eliminaon of All Forms of Discriminaon against Women, 2020) 311 (The Punjab Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW)) 312 (Sustainable Development Goals, 2019) 313 (Ministry of Planning Development & Special Iniaves, 2022) 314 (Women's Empowerment) 315 (Govt Dras Policy On Violence Against Women, Girls, 2019) 316 (Doing Jusce:How Informal Jusce Systems Can Contribute, 2006) 317 (The Conversaon, 2021) 320 (Punjab Women Development Policy Implementaon Framework 2020-2024, 2019-20) 318 (World Report 2021, 2021) 321 Ibid 319 (Pakistan Country Gender Assessment, 2016) 322 (Implementaon Framework For Punjab Women Development Policy, 2019)
chunk_10_231	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 7.1 Violence Against Women There are many different factors contributing to violence against women globally. Socio-economic conditions and the perpetrator's mindset play a significant role. In the South Asian region particularly, generational social conditioning translates into behavioural patterns where the abuse is often not a surprise. For instance, women Gender-Based Violence (GBV) refers to sexist acts directed at an individual due to their gender. It is rooted in whose fathers beat up their wives are 2.5 times more likely to experience intimate partner violence. For the abuser discrimination, the abuse of power and harmful norms. The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of as well, witnessing domestic violence as a child can adversely affect their ability for caregiving. Some of the Violence against Women defines Violence Against Women (VAW) as "any act of gender-based violence that typical factors contributing to VAW are summed up in the figure below. results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life". Almost one out of three women (736 million) in the world are subjected to physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence, non-partner sexual violence, or both at least once in their life . Perpetrator's Family History of Abuse There are many different forms of gender-based violence and it is not limited to physical abuse. The following Low Female figure highlights the different categories of VAW. Economic Alcohol and Drug Use Parcipaon Types of Violence Against Women Weak Laws Discriminatory and Community Societal Norms Deterrence for Predators Physical violence Harmful Customary 03 (beang, choking, Pracces (honour throwing acid etc.) killing, vani etc.) 02 04 01 05 Psychological Violence Sexual Violence (rape, (emoonal abuse, molestaon etc.) narcissisc behavior) 211 Common Risk Factors for 212 Violence against Women Economic Violence Violence Against (denial of financial Women in the Polical independence, Area (predetermining Source: Washington Coalion of Sexual Assault Program threaten to deprive of vote, coercion etc.) basic needs) Figure 7.2 Source: Naonal Commission on the Satus of Women Pakistan In 2021, a record 52,370 cases of violence against women and children were reported in Pakistan. Out of these, 49% were reported in Punjab. Figure 7.1 7.1.1 Reported Cases of Violence against Women The emergence of COVID-19 and the subsequent country-wide lockdowns made matters worse as it brought women and their violent partners into closer proximity for longer durations. The UN went as far as suggesting VAW offences are amongst the most under-reported crimes and end up in acquittals more often than they result in that the increase in VAW during COVID is a "shadow pandemic". It carried out a survey in 13 countries during the convictions. In Pakistan, the obstacles to convictions are often embedded in gender stereotypes, cultural pandemic and 23% of the women reported that such conflicts/arguments at home had become more frequent limitations, legislation lacunas and poor capacity of the criminal justice system. Survivors of VAW experience during the pandemic. In Pakistan, data from domestic violence helplines suggests that domestic violence victim-blaming, death threats, humiliating and unnecessary medical examination like the two-finger test. Many increased 200% between January and March 2020 and worsened during the COVID lockdown post March choose not to report in the face of shame and stigma, the perceived impunity for perpetrators and lack of access to 2020. judicial authorities. A Survey conducted by the National Institute of Population Studies between 2017 and 2018 in which more than In this section, data regarding VAW will showcase the status-quo of VAW in Punjab. This data is obtained from the 4000 Pakistani women participated, found that between the age of 15 and 49, 28% faced physical violence and Office of the Inspector General of Police (IGP) that collects and maintains the incidence of these crimes across the 6% faced sexual violence. 7% of women who had been pregnant disclosed that they had faced violence during province. Figure 7.3 lists all VAW offences traced by the IGP and their yearly incidence in Punjab between 2019 and pregnancy. In 2019, lifetime physical and/or intimate partner violence was at 24.5% in Pakistan. Multiple 2020. It is important to mention here that to calculate total reported offences of VAW, kidnapping/abduction have reports suggest that the case of violence against women is an endemic and statistics often under-report the been excluded. The following figure depicts the yearly trend for violence against women. It shows that while rape actual number of incidences. It is therefore common for Pakistani women to lead a life of fear, where they may and murder have marginally increased (14.7% and 0.67% respectively), offences like beating, gang rape and incest be coerced into marriage, especially early marriages followed by early/risky childbirth and a lifetime of domestic have increased considerably. 323 Refugees, United. "Gender-Based Violence". UNHCR, 2022, (UNHCR, 2021-22) 324 (The Naonal Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children, 2011) 325 ("Facts And Figures: Ending Violence Against Women") 331 Early Life Exposure to Violence: Developmental Consequences on Brain and Behavior 326 ("Measuring The Shadow Pandemic: Violence Against Women During COVID-19") 332 (State of Violence against Women and Children in Pakistan: District Wise Analysis, 2022) 327 ("World Report 2021: Rights Trends In Pakistan") 333 Ibid 328 (Court Companion On Gender-Based Violence Cases, 2021) 334 (Gender-Based Violence Against Women, n.d.) 329 (Naons) 335 The test has been declared illegal by the Supreme Court of Pakistan re- P L D 2021 Supreme Court 550 330 (Pakistan: Women Fearing Gender Based Violence, 2020) 336 (Tip of the Iceberg: Reporng and Gender-Based Violence in Developing Countries, 2013)
chunk_10_232	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 7.1 Violence Against Women There are many different factors contributing to violence against women globally. Socio-economic conditions and the perpetrator's mindset play a significant role. In the South Asian region particularly, generational social conditioning translates into behavioural patterns where the abuse is often not a surprise. For instance, women Gender-Based Violence (GBV) refers to sexist acts directed at an individual due to their gender. It is rooted in whose fathers beat up their wives are 2.5 times more likely to experience intimate partner violence. For the abuser discrimination, the abuse of power and harmful norms. The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of as well, witnessing domestic violence as a child can adversely affect their ability for caregiving. Some of the Violence against Women defines Violence Against Women (VAW) as "any act of gender-based violence that typical factors contributing to VAW are summed up in the figure below. results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life". Almost one out of three women (736 million) in the world are subjected to physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence, non-partner sexual violence, or both at least once in their life . Perpetrator's Family History of Abuse There are many different forms of gender-based violence and it is not limited to physical abuse. The following Low Female figure highlights the different categories of VAW. Economic Alcohol and Drug Use Parcipaon Types of Violence Against Women Weak Laws Discriminatory and Community Societal Norms Deterrence for Predators Physical violence Harmful Customary 03 (beang, choking, Pracces (honour throwing acid etc.) killing, vani etc.) 02 04 01 05 Psychological Violence Sexual Violence (rape, (emoonal abuse, molestaon etc.) narcissisc behavior) 211 Common Risk Factors for 212 Violence against Women Economic Violence Violence Against (denial of financial Women in the Polical independence, Area (predetermining Source: Washington Coalion of Sexual Assault Program threaten to deprive of vote, coercion etc.) basic needs) Figure 7.2 Source: Naonal Commission on the Satus of Women Pakistan In 2021, a record 52,370 cases of violence against women and children were reported in Pakistan. Out of these, 49% were reported in Punjab. Figure 7.1 7.1.1 Reported Cases of Violence against Women The emergence of COVID-19 and the subsequent country-wide lockdowns made matters worse as it brought women and their violent partners into closer proximity for longer durations. The UN went as far as suggesting VAW offences are amongst the most under-reported crimes and end up in acquittals more often than they result in that the increase in VAW during COVID is a "shadow pandemic". It carried out a survey in 13 countries during the convictions. In Pakistan, the obstacles to convictions are often embedded in gender stereotypes, cultural pandemic and 23% of the women reported that such conflicts/arguments at home had become more frequent limitations, legislation lacunas and poor capacity of the criminal justice system. Survivors of VAW experience during the pandemic. In Pakistan, data from domestic violence helplines suggests that domestic violence victim-blaming, death threats, humiliating and unnecessary medical examination like the two-finger test. Many increased 200% between January and March 2020 and worsened during the COVID lockdown post March choose not to report in the face of shame and stigma, the perceived impunity for perpetrators and lack of access to 2020. judicial authorities. A Survey conducted by the National Institute of Population Studies between 2017 and 2018 in which more than In this section, data regarding VAW will showcase the status-quo of VAW in Punjab. This data is obtained from the 4000 Pakistani women participated, found that between the age of 15 and 49, 28% faced physical violence and Office of the Inspector General of Police (IGP) that collects and maintains the incidence of these crimes across the 6% faced sexual violence. 7% of women who had been pregnant disclosed that they had faced violence during province. Figure 7.3 lists all VAW offences traced by the IGP and their yearly incidence in Punjab between 2019 and pregnancy. In 2019, lifetime physical and/or intimate partner violence was at 24.5% in Pakistan. Multiple 2020. It is important to mention here that to calculate total reported offences of VAW, kidnapping/abduction have reports suggest that the case of violence against women is an endemic and statistics often under-report the been excluded. The following figure depicts the yearly trend for violence against women. It shows that while rape actual number of incidences. It is therefore common for Pakistani women to lead a life of fear, where they may and murder have marginally increased (14.7% and 0.67% respectively), offences like beating, gang rape and incest be coerced into marriage, especially early marriages followed by early/risky childbirth and a lifetime of domestic have increased considerably. 323 Refugees, United. "Gender-Based Violence". UNHCR, 2022, (UNHCR, 2021-22) 324 (The Naonal Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children, 2011) 325 ("Facts And Figures: Ending Violence Against Women") 331 Early Life Exposure to Violence: Developmental Consequences on Brain and Behavior 326 ("Measuring The Shadow Pandemic: Violence Against Women During COVID-19") 332 (State of Violence against Women and Children in Pakistan: District Wise Analysis, 2022) 327 ("World Report 2021: Rights Trends In Pakistan") 333 Ibid 328 (Court Companion On Gender-Based Violence Cases, 2021) 334 (Gender-Based Violence Against Women, n.d.) 329 (Naons) 335 The test has been declared illegal by the Supreme Court of Pakistan re- P L D 2021 Supreme Court 550 330 (Pakistan: Women Fearing Gender Based Violence, 2020) 336 (Tip of the Iceberg: Reporng and Gender-Based Violence in Developing Countries, 2013)
chunk_10_233	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 7.1.1.1 Domestic Violence The Domestic Violence Bill 2020 in Pakistan has defined domestic violence as physical, emotional, psychological, Rape Murder sexual and economic abuse committed against women and/or children, vulnerable persons, or any other person that has a domestic relationship with the perpetrator. Domestic abuse is one of the most prevalent crimes against women. Customary practices, misinterpretation of religion and unequal socio-economic power contribute to the commission of this offence. Women experience domestic violence in many different forms of assault such as slaps, kicks, beating, coercive sex and sometimes also murder. According to data, 35% of ever-married/partnered women (aged between 15-49 years) in South Asia Aempted Murder Beang experienced violence by their intimate partners in 2018. Domestic violence is committed predominantly in families of the lower socio-economic strata. Men with higher education are less A poll by the WJP found that 31% of men in Pakistan consider that a man has an inherent likely to abuse their partners. Other factors such as poor wealth right to hit his wife if she’’misbehaves’’ index, (husband's) old age and use of alcohol significantly affect a man's attitude towards his partner. In 2020, domestic violence Gang Rape Honour Killing was the second most prevalent crime against women in Pakistan at 21%, followed by murder at 18%. In Punjab, domestic violence has been of significant concern for the government due to the consistent spike in cases. COVID-19 has also contributed to a 25% increase in domestic violence cases reported under the Punjab Safe City Authority and the Punjab Unified Communication and Response Data. Over the years, the most common form of domestic violence in Punjab has been 'beating'. In 2020 and 2021, more Acid Burning Incest than 50% of domestic violence cases were charged under beating. In comparison, murder comprised of 31% in 2021 and 34% in 2020 of the total. 213 214 Reported Cases of Domesc Violence in Punjab by Year (Beang, Aempted Murder and Murder) Stove Burning Custodial Rape 1,400 Total 1,415 1,200 Total 1,118 1,000 753 800 576 444 376 Vini Other Burning 600 218 166 400 200 Beang Attempted Murder Beang Attempted Murder Murder Murder - 2020 2021 Hurt Cases Other Cases Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Figure 7.4 Yearly trends for domestic violence paint a worrisome picture as the number are consistently rising with less Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab change in the rate of convictions. Between 2019 and 2021, the cases of domestic violence increased by 22%. On average, there were 1230 domestic violence cases in a year, between 2019 and 2021. A year-wise comparison of Figure 7.3 the reported domestic violence cases is shown in the figure 7.5. 337 (Domesc violence (Prevenon and Protecon) Act, 2020., 2020) 338 Domesc Violence Against Women: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan: Dr Muhammad Abrar ul Haq 339 WHO, on behalf of the United Naons Inter-Agency Working Group on Violence Against Women Esmaon and Data (VAW-IAWGED) 340 (Eradicang Acid Violence, 2018) 341 (Imran M, Yasmeen R., IJWE. 2020) 342 (Annual Report on VAWG, 2020) 343 (Naonal Gender Policy Framework, 2020) srebmuN
chunk_10_234	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 7.1.1.1 Domestic Violence The Domestic Violence Bill 2020 in Pakistan has defined domestic violence as physical, emotional, psychological, Rape Murder sexual and economic abuse committed against women and/or children, vulnerable persons, or any other person that has a domestic relationship with the perpetrator. Domestic abuse is one of the most prevalent crimes against women. Customary practices, misinterpretation of religion and unequal socio-economic power contribute to the commission of this offence. Women experience domestic violence in many different forms of assault such as slaps, kicks, beating, coercive sex and sometimes also murder. According to data, 35% of ever-married/partnered women (aged between 15-49 years) in South Asia Aempted Murder Beang experienced violence by their intimate partners in 2018. Domestic violence is committed predominantly in families of the lower socio-economic strata. Men with higher education are less A poll by the WJP found that 31% of men in Pakistan consider that a man has an inherent likely to abuse their partners. Other factors such as poor wealth right to hit his wife if she’’misbehaves’’ index, (husband's) old age and use of alcohol significantly affect a man's attitude towards his partner. In 2020, domestic violence Gang Rape Honour Killing was the second most prevalent crime against women in Pakistan at 21%, followed by murder at 18%. In Punjab, domestic violence has been of significant concern for the government due to the consistent spike in cases. COVID-19 has also contributed to a 25% increase in domestic violence cases reported under the Punjab Safe City Authority and the Punjab Unified Communication and Response Data. Over the years, the most common form of domestic violence in Punjab has been 'beating'. In 2020 and 2021, more Acid Burning Incest than 50% of domestic violence cases were charged under beating. In comparison, murder comprised of 31% in 2021 and 34% in 2020 of the total. 213 214 Reported Cases of Domesc Violence in Punjab by Year (Beang, Aempted Murder and Murder) Stove Burning Custodial Rape 1,400 Total 1,415 1,200 Total 1,118 1,000 753 800 576 444 376 Vini Other Burning 600 218 166 400 200 Beang Attempted Murder Beang Attempted Murder Murder Murder - 2020 2021 Hurt Cases Other Cases Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Figure 7.4 Yearly trends for domestic violence paint a worrisome picture as the number are consistently rising with less Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab change in the rate of convictions. Between 2019 and 2021, the cases of domestic violence increased by 22%. On average, there were 1230 domestic violence cases in a year, between 2019 and 2021. A year-wise comparison of Figure 7.3 the reported domestic violence cases is shown in the figure 7.5. 337 (Domesc violence (Prevenon and Protecon) Act, 2020., 2020) 338 Domesc Violence Against Women: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan: Dr Muhammad Abrar ul Haq 339 WHO, on behalf of the United Naons Inter-Agency Working Group on Violence Against Women Esmaon and Data (VAW-IAWGED) 340 (Eradicang Acid Violence, 2018) 341 (Imran M, Yasmeen R., IJWE. 2020) 342 (Annual Report on VAWG, 2020) 343 (Naonal Gender Policy Framework, 2020) srebmuN
chunk_10_235	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 7.1.1.2 Sexual Violence against Women and Children Reported Cases of Domesc Violence in Punjab by Year (Beang, Aempted Murder and Murder) According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), sexual violence is an "act or attempt at sexual advances directed at a person's sexuality by way of coercion." This coercion may take the form of rape, sexual abuse, 1,600 forced pregnancy, and prostitution. However, physical subjugation is not a necessary component of sexual violence, and it may also look like psychological intimidation, blackmail or other threats. 1,400 1,200 1,415 Around the world, one out of three women (35%) between the ages of 15 and 49, have experienced physical 1,000 violence, sexual violence, or both. The offence directly results from the perpetrator's assumption of power and 1,158 1,118 sense of entitlement over the victim. This mentality is aided by the cultural norms that treat women as inferior and 800 their bodies as commodities. 600 400 In Pakistan, women are commonly subjected to sexual violence, infringing upon their basic human rights and pushing them into lifelong mental and physical health issues. The criminal offence of sexual violence is reported 200 against section 376 of the Pakistan Penal Code 1860. The categories of sexual violence maintained by the IGP 0 include rape, gang rape, custodial rape and incest. 2019 2020 2021 Between 2020 and 2021, rape has been a recurring sexual crime in Punjab, more so than other sexual crimes. In Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab 2021, rape accounted for 92% of the total sexual crimes. This was not much different from 2020, when rape was 93% of the total sexual crimes reported in Punjab. Figure 7.5 Reported Cases of Sexual Crimes in Punjab by Year The yearly spike in cases has alarmed authorities that are making legislative changes and creating awareness (Rape, Gang Rape, Incest and Custodial Rape) regarding reporting of the offence. Under the PCSW, the Punjab Women's Helpline 1043 is working to address complaints of violence against women and follow up with distressed women calling the helpline for redress Total 4,704 options. Similarly, the Women Safety App provides women with options to engage with a police representative 5,000 Total 215 for registration of complaints or queries regarding their safety. These initiatives have been monumental in the 4,500 4,056 216 protection of women against violence increase in domestic violence incidences indicates that more needs to be 4,000 done. 3,500 3,000 4329 3773 2,500 In 2021, Lahore reported the highest number of domestic violence cases i.e. 18% of the total, followed by 2,000 Gujranwala that reported 13% of the total. Rajanpur reported 3 cases in 2021, the lowest in Punjab, while 1,500 Bhakkar and Narowal were the only two cities to report zero cases. 1,000 500 219 56 8 269 97 9 - Rape Gang Rape Incest Custodial Rape Rape Gang Rape Incest Custodial Rape Reported Cases of Domesc Violence in Punjab by District (2021) 2020 2021 300 Total:1,415 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab 250 200 Figure 7.7 150 100 In 2020, the reporting for sexual crimes had dropped by 0.8% since 2019. However, in 2021, the percentage 50 increased by 14%. It is particularly alarming that on average there were more than 4000 cases of sexual violence 0 annually, between 2019 and 2021 in Punjab. Figure 7.8 depicts the yearly situation for sexual violence in Punjab. Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Figure 7.6 344 (Sexual Violence Against Women: Understanding Cross-Cultural Intersecons, 2013) 345 (World Health Organisaon, 2012). 346 (Developing Data To End Violence Against Women And Girls, 2021) 347 (Rape Is About Power, Not Sex, 2013) 348 PGPR 2019 AND 2020 srebmuN srebmuN erohaL alawnarjuG iraheV dabalasiaF idniplawaR dabazifaH ruplawahaB ahdograS tarjuG kcoA arakO lawihaS rusaK hayyaL nahK raY mihaR natluM raganlawahaB lawenahK arupuhkiehS toinihC nahK GD mulheJ ilawnaiM nidduahaB idnaM hgniS TT naapkaP toklaiS bihaS anaknaN bahsuhK narhdoL lawkahC hragrafazuM gnahJ rupnajaR rakkahB laworaN srebmuN
chunk_10_236	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 7.1.1.2 Sexual Violence against Women and Children Reported Cases of Domesc Violence in Punjab by Year (Beang, Aempted Murder and Murder) According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), sexual violence is an "act or attempt at sexual advances directed at a person's sexuality by way of coercion." This coercion may take the form of rape, sexual abuse, 1,600 forced pregnancy, and prostitution. However, physical subjugation is not a necessary component of sexual violence, and it may also look like psychological intimidation, blackmail or other threats. 1,400 1,200 1,415 Around the world, one out of three women (35%) between the ages of 15 and 49, have experienced physical 1,000 violence, sexual violence, or both. The offence directly results from the perpetrator's assumption of power and 1,158 1,118 sense of entitlement over the victim. This mentality is aided by the cultural norms that treat women as inferior and 800 their bodies as commodities. 600 400 In Pakistan, women are commonly subjected to sexual violence, infringing upon their basic human rights and pushing them into lifelong mental and physical health issues. The criminal offence of sexual violence is reported 200 against section 376 of the Pakistan Penal Code 1860. The categories of sexual violence maintained by the IGP 0 include rape, gang rape, custodial rape and incest. 2019 2020 2021 Between 2020 and 2021, rape has been a recurring sexual crime in Punjab, more so than other sexual crimes. In Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab 2021, rape accounted for 92% of the total sexual crimes. This was not much different from 2020, when rape was 93% of the total sexual crimes reported in Punjab. Figure 7.5 Reported Cases of Sexual Crimes in Punjab by Year The yearly spike in cases has alarmed authorities that are making legislative changes and creating awareness (Rape, Gang Rape, Incest and Custodial Rape) regarding reporting of the offence. Under the PCSW, the Punjab Women's Helpline 1043 is working to address complaints of violence against women and follow up with distressed women calling the helpline for redress Total 4,704 options. Similarly, the Women Safety App provides women with options to engage with a police representative 5,000 Total 215 for registration of complaints or queries regarding their safety. These initiatives have been monumental in the 4,500 4,056 216 protection of women against violence increase in domestic violence incidences indicates that more needs to be 4,000 done. 3,500 3,000 4329 3773 2,500 In 2021, Lahore reported the highest number of domestic violence cases i.e. 18% of the total, followed by 2,000 Gujranwala that reported 13% of the total. Rajanpur reported 3 cases in 2021, the lowest in Punjab, while 1,500 Bhakkar and Narowal were the only two cities to report zero cases. 1,000 500 219 56 8 269 97 9 - Rape Gang Rape Incest Custodial Rape Rape Gang Rape Incest Custodial Rape Reported Cases of Domesc Violence in Punjab by District (2021) 2020 2021 300 Total:1,415 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab 250 200 Figure 7.7 150 100 In 2020, the reporting for sexual crimes had dropped by 0.8% since 2019. However, in 2021, the percentage 50 increased by 14%. It is particularly alarming that on average there were more than 4000 cases of sexual violence 0 annually, between 2019 and 2021 in Punjab. Figure 7.8 depicts the yearly situation for sexual violence in Punjab. Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Figure 7.6 344 (Sexual Violence Against Women: Understanding Cross-Cultural Intersecons, 2013) 345 (World Health Organisaon, 2012). 346 (Developing Data To End Violence Against Women And Girls, 2021) 347 (Rape Is About Power, Not Sex, 2013) 348 PGPR 2019 AND 2020 srebmuN srebmuN erohaL alawnarjuG iraheV dabalasiaF idniplawaR dabazifaH ruplawahaB ahdograS tarjuG kcoA arakO lawihaS rusaK hayyaL nahK raY mihaR natluM raganlawahaB lawenahK arupuhkiehS toinihC nahK GD mulheJ ilawnaiM nidduahaB idnaM hgniS TT naapkaP toklaiS bihaS anaknaN bahsuhK narhdoL lawkahC hragrafazuM gnahJ rupnajaR rakkahB laworaN srebmuN
chunk_10_237	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 7.1.1.3 Honour Crimes Reported Cases of Sexual Crimes in Punjab by Year Honour crimes are violent crimes, including murder, resulting from the perpetrator's assertion that the victim has (Rape, Gang Rape, Incest and Custodial Rape) brought shame to the family or clan. Typically, such 'dishonor' results from marrying out of own choice, committing adultery or any other action deemed unacceptable by the family. 6,000 5,500 4,704 In 2021, the percentage of honour crimes reported dropped across Punjab by 17%. Compared to this, the 5,000 4,090 4,056 4,500 percentage had increased in 2020 by 17% since 2019. The figure 7.10 below shows the number of honor crimes 4,000 reported yearly in Punjab between 2019 and 2021. 3,500 3,000 2,500 Reported Cases of Honour Crimes in Punjab by Year 2,000 1,500 350 1,000 500 300 237 - 250 197 197 2019 2020 2021 200 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab 150 Figure 7.8 100 50 - District-wise data for sexual crimes in 2021 is shown in Figure 7.9. Lahore reported the highest number of sexual 2019 2020 2021 violence cases in Punjab with 762 cases. Other districts have reported far lesser cases, Faisalabad reported the second highest figure which was 332 cases. Khushab reported the least number of cases i.e.22. Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Figure 7.10 217 218 While yearly figures have dropped in 2021, certain districts remain consistently problematic. Faisalabad for Reported Cases of Sexual Crimes by District (2021) instance, reported 16 honour crimes which is the highest in Punjab in 2021. It also had the highest number of honour crimes' cases (19 cases) in 2020 along with Sargodha. 900 Total:4,704 800 The lowest number of honour crimes were reported in Narowal and Sahiwal (1 case each), while Bhakkar, Chakwal, 700 Jhelum and Toba Tek Singh reported zero cases. 600 500 400 300 200 100 Reported Cases of Honour Crimes by District (2021) 0 18 Total:197 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab 0 Figure 7.9 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Figure 7.11 349 (Pakistan Country Gender Assessment, 2016) srebmuN srebmuN erohaL dabalasiaF hragrafazuM ruplawahaB rusaK natluM alawnarjuG arakO nahK raY mihaR arupuhkiehS raganlawahaB gnahJ lawenahK ahdograS hayyaL naapkaP idniplawaR toklaiS hgniS TT dabazfiaH nahK GD narhdoL lawihaS iraheV toinihC rupnajaR tarjuG bihaS anaknaN nidduahaB idnaM kcoA rakkahB laworaN mulheJ lawkahC ilawnaiM bahsuhK dabalasiaF ahdograS nahK raY mihaR alawnarjuG srebmuN rupnajaR dabazfiaH bihaS anaknaN tarjuG bahsuhK hragrafazuM arakO raganlawahaB lawenahK narhdoL erohaL nidduahaB idnaM iraheV toinihC nahK GD rusaK ilawnaiM natluM arupuhkiehS toklaiS gnahJ hayyaL idniplawaR kcoA ruplawahaB naapkaP laworaN lawihaS rakkahB lawkahC mulheJ hgniS TT
chunk_10_238	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 7.1.1.3 Honour Crimes Reported Cases of Sexual Crimes in Punjab by Year Honour crimes are violent crimes, including murder, resulting from the perpetrator's assertion that the victim has (Rape, Gang Rape, Incest and Custodial Rape) brought shame to the family or clan. Typically, such 'dishonor' results from marrying out of own choice, committing adultery or any other action deemed unacceptable by the family. 6,000 5,500 4,704 In 2021, the percentage of honour crimes reported dropped across Punjab by 17%. Compared to this, the 5,000 4,090 4,056 4,500 percentage had increased in 2020 by 17% since 2019. The figure 7.10 below shows the number of honor crimes 4,000 reported yearly in Punjab between 2019 and 2021. 3,500 3,000 2,500 Reported Cases of Honour Crimes in Punjab by Year 2,000 1,500 350 1,000 500 300 237 - 250 197 197 2019 2020 2021 200 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab 150 Figure 7.8 100 50 - District-wise data for sexual crimes in 2021 is shown in Figure 7.9. Lahore reported the highest number of sexual 2019 2020 2021 violence cases in Punjab with 762 cases. Other districts have reported far lesser cases, Faisalabad reported the second highest figure which was 332 cases. Khushab reported the least number of cases i.e.22. Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Figure 7.10 217 218 While yearly figures have dropped in 2021, certain districts remain consistently problematic. Faisalabad for Reported Cases of Sexual Crimes by District (2021) instance, reported 16 honour crimes which is the highest in Punjab in 2021. It also had the highest number of honour crimes' cases (19 cases) in 2020 along with Sargodha. 900 Total:4,704 800 The lowest number of honour crimes were reported in Narowal and Sahiwal (1 case each), while Bhakkar, Chakwal, 700 Jhelum and Toba Tek Singh reported zero cases. 600 500 400 300 200 100 Reported Cases of Honour Crimes by District (2021) 0 18 Total:197 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab 0 Figure 7.9 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Figure 7.11 349 (Pakistan Country Gender Assessment, 2016) srebmuN srebmuN erohaL dabalasiaF hragrafazuM ruplawahaB rusaK natluM alawnarjuG arakO nahK raY mihaR arupuhkiehS raganlawahaB gnahJ lawenahK ahdograS hayyaL naapkaP idniplawaR toklaiS hgniS TT dabazfiaH nahK GD narhdoL lawihaS iraheV toinihC rupnajaR tarjuG bihaS anaknaN nidduahaB idnaM kcoA rakkahB laworaN mulheJ lawkahC ilawnaiM bahsuhK dabalasiaF ahdograS nahK raY mihaR alawnarjuG srebmuN rupnajaR dabazfiaH bihaS anaknaN tarjuG bahsuhK hragrafazuM arakO raganlawahaB lawenahK narhdoL erohaL nidduahaB idnaM iraheV toinihC nahK GD rusaK ilawnaiM natluM arupuhkiehS toklaiS gnahJ hayyaL idniplawaR kcoA ruplawahaB naapkaP laworaN lawihaS rakkahB lawkahC mulheJ hgniS TT
chunk_10_239	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE Acid Burning Kidnapping/Abduction An acid attack is an act of violence, often premeditated, in which acid or another corrosive substance is thrown Kidnapping of women may sometimes be an offence committed to execute a larger offence such as trafficking, at a person in order to main, disfigure or blind them. Common motives behind an acid attack are putting the forced conversion, forced marriage etc. Yearly figures suggest that it is a frequent crime. However, in certain cases victim "in her place" for disobedience, "restoring honour" of the family or avenging rejection of a marriage bogus abduction charges are pressed where a girl has run away from home to marry someone of her own proposal. choosing. The true number of kidnappings therefore, is often controversial. Victims of acid burning suffer from chronic physical and psychological issues. As part of the recovery, they In Punjab, the number of recorded abductions has continuously increased between 2017 and 2021. In 2017 undergo surgical treatments and psychological rehabilitation which may last years. reported abductions were around 136. This rose dramatically to 2395 in 2021. This amounts to an increase of over 1500% in 4 years. In South Asian countries like Pakistan, acid attacks often lead to social isolation which further adds to the victim's pain. The Government of Pakistan, cognizant of this offence's life-altering consequences, enacted the Acid In 2021, a total of 16483 cases of kidnapping were reported. This is a considerable increase (25%) from 2020 where Control and Acid Crimes Prevention Act in 2011, which indicates 14-years imprisonment for the convict. In a the number of cases was 12433. The figure below depicts the yearly number of cases from 2019 to 2021. landmark judgment, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has further ruled that forgiveness by the victim will not allow the accused to have impunity from law as the law cannot forgive anyone who burns someone's face with acid. Reported Cases of Kidnapping in Punjab by Year In 2021, there was an 18% increase in acid-throwing cases reported in Punjab compared to 2020. The following 20,000 16,483 figure depicts this rise. 18,000 16,000 12,646 12,433 14,000 Reported Cases of Acid Burning in Punjab by Year 12,000 10,000 60 8,000 50 6,000 37 34 4,000 40 28 2,000 30 - 219 20 2019 2020 2021 220 10 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab - 2019 2020 2021 Figure 7.14 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Out of all districts in Punjab, Lahore has reported the highest number of cases i.e. 3939. This number is 24% of the total cases of kidnapping in Punjab. Lahore had also reported the highest number of cases in 2020. Figure 7.12 The lowest number of cases reported in 2021 was 103, in Chakwal. The following figure illustrates the number of Out of all districts in Punjab, the highest number of acid-throwing cases was reported in Faisalabad (7). cases reported in each district. Sheikhupura reported 1 case, and several districts reported zero. A district-wise count is shown in the figure below. Reported Cases of Acid Burning by District (2021) Reported Cases of Kidnapping by District (2021) 8 7 Total:34 4500 6 4000 Total:16,483 5 3500 4 3000 3 2500 2 2000 1 1500 0 1000 500 0 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Figure 7.13 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab 350 (Acid Aacks) Figure 7.15 351 (Kuriakose, 2017) 352 (Causes and Consequences of Acid Aacks on Women, 2014) 353 Ibid 354 (No Forgiveness For You: Supreme Court Rejects Acquial Plea in Acid Aack Case, 2019) 355 (Where are Punjab's missing daughters?, 2022) dabalasiaF natluM ruplawahaB gnahJ srebmuN erohaL narhdoL hragrafazuM iraheV raganlawahaB alawnarjuG tarjuG hayyaL nidduahaB idnaM nahK raY mihaR idniplawaR arupuhkiehS kcoA rakkahB lawkahC toinihC nahK GD dabazfiaH mulheJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK ilawnaiM bihaS anaknaN laworaN arakO naapkaP rupnajaR lawihaS ahdograS toklaiS hgniS TT erohaL dabalasiaF idniplawaR srebmuN arupuhkiehS natluM ruplawahaB rusaK arakO nahK raY mihaR alawnarjuG ahdograS lawenahK toklaiS tarjuG raganlawahaB iraheV hragrafazuM lawihaS bihaS anaknaN hgniS TT naapkaP nidduahaB idnaM rupnajaR narhdoL nahK GD gnahJ dabazfiaH hayyaL laworaN kcoA rakkahB mulheJ toinihC ilawnaiM bahsuhK lawkahC
chunk_10_240	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE Acid Burning Kidnapping/Abduction An acid attack is an act of violence, often premeditated, in which acid or another corrosive substance is thrown Kidnapping of women may sometimes be an offence committed to execute a larger offence such as trafficking, at a person in order to main, disfigure or blind them. Common motives behind an acid attack are putting the forced conversion, forced marriage etc. Yearly figures suggest that it is a frequent crime. However, in certain cases victim "in her place" for disobedience, "restoring honour" of the family or avenging rejection of a marriage bogus abduction charges are pressed where a girl has run away from home to marry someone of her own proposal. choosing. The true number of kidnappings therefore, is often controversial. Victims of acid burning suffer from chronic physical and psychological issues. As part of the recovery, they In Punjab, the number of recorded abductions has continuously increased between 2017 and 2021. In 2017 undergo surgical treatments and psychological rehabilitation which may last years. reported abductions were around 136. This rose dramatically to 2395 in 2021. This amounts to an increase of over 1500% in 4 years. In South Asian countries like Pakistan, acid attacks often lead to social isolation which further adds to the victim's pain. The Government of Pakistan, cognizant of this offence's life-altering consequences, enacted the Acid In 2021, a total of 16483 cases of kidnapping were reported. This is a considerable increase (25%) from 2020 where Control and Acid Crimes Prevention Act in 2011, which indicates 14-years imprisonment for the convict. In a the number of cases was 12433. The figure below depicts the yearly number of cases from 2019 to 2021. landmark judgment, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has further ruled that forgiveness by the victim will not allow the accused to have impunity from law as the law cannot forgive anyone who burns someone's face with acid. Reported Cases of Kidnapping in Punjab by Year In 2021, there was an 18% increase in acid-throwing cases reported in Punjab compared to 2020. The following 20,000 16,483 figure depicts this rise. 18,000 16,000 12,646 12,433 14,000 Reported Cases of Acid Burning in Punjab by Year 12,000 10,000 60 8,000 50 6,000 37 34 4,000 40 28 2,000 30 - 219 20 2019 2020 2021 220 10 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab - 2019 2020 2021 Figure 7.14 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Out of all districts in Punjab, Lahore has reported the highest number of cases i.e. 3939. This number is 24% of the total cases of kidnapping in Punjab. Lahore had also reported the highest number of cases in 2020. Figure 7.12 The lowest number of cases reported in 2021 was 103, in Chakwal. The following figure illustrates the number of Out of all districts in Punjab, the highest number of acid-throwing cases was reported in Faisalabad (7). cases reported in each district. Sheikhupura reported 1 case, and several districts reported zero. A district-wise count is shown in the figure below. Reported Cases of Acid Burning by District (2021) Reported Cases of Kidnapping by District (2021) 8 7 Total:34 4500 6 4000 Total:16,483 5 3500 4 3000 3 2500 2 2000 1 1500 0 1000 500 0 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Figure 7.13 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab 350 (Acid Aacks) Figure 7.15 351 (Kuriakose, 2017) 352 (Causes and Consequences of Acid Aacks on Women, 2014) 353 Ibid 354 (No Forgiveness For You: Supreme Court Rejects Acquial Plea in Acid Aack Case, 2019) 355 (Where are Punjab's missing daughters?, 2022) dabalasiaF natluM ruplawahaB gnahJ srebmuN erohaL narhdoL hragrafazuM iraheV raganlawahaB alawnarjuG tarjuG hayyaL nidduahaB idnaM nahK raY mihaR idniplawaR arupuhkiehS kcoA rakkahB lawkahC toinihC nahK GD dabazfiaH mulheJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK ilawnaiM bihaS anaknaN laworaN arakO naapkaP rupnajaR lawihaS ahdograS toklaiS hgniS TT erohaL dabalasiaF idniplawaR srebmuN arupuhkiehS natluM ruplawahaB rusaK arakO nahK raY mihaR alawnarjuG ahdograS lawenahK toklaiS tarjuG raganlawahaB iraheV hragrafazuM lawihaS bihaS anaknaN hgniS TT naapkaP nidduahaB idnaM rupnajaR narhdoL nahK GD gnahJ dabazfiaH hayyaL laworaN kcoA rakkahB mulheJ toinihC ilawnaiM bahsuhK lawkahC
chunk_10_241	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE Assault 7.1.2 Outcomes of VAW Cases The legal definition of assault varies depending on the jurisdiction, but generally, assault refers to "intentionally The effectiveness of a criminal justice system depends on the time and efficiency of the investigation and putting another person in reasonable apprehension of an imminent harmful or offensive contact". Under the adjudication system. Pakistan ranks at 114 and 102, respectively, out of 139 in these measures. This ranking Pakistan Penal Code, Section 354 (assault or criminal force with intent to outrage a woman's modesty) and 354- depicts the status quo of the criminal justice system in Pakistan. A (assault or criminal force to strip a woman of her clothes) criminalize assault against women. A victim's access to justice in Pakistan is heavily affected by the practices of the criminal justice actors. Victims have In Punjab, the number of assault cases increased by an alarming 47% in 2021. In 2021, a total of 9299 cases were to pass through multiple procedures to get their voices heard in a court of law. From registering a complaint to reported, whereas the figure was 4925 in 2020. The following figure is a yearly depiction of the reported assault undergoing a medico-legal examination, the entire process puts a toll on the victim. Poor training of investigating against women cases in Punjab. The figure highlights the steep rise in cases between 2019 and 2021. officers often leads to insufficient protection of the crime scene and/or mishandling of evidence. This further results in the victims' gradual mistrust of the judicial system. The incapacity of the justice system actors to provide victims with adequate redress leads to high acquittals in Reported Cases of Assault in Punjab by Year violence against women cases. In 2017 alone, the conviction rate for reported crimes of violence against women was 4%. 9,299 10,000 Four years on, the conviction rate has not improved. In 2021, the conviction rate was only 5% as shown in the figure 9,000 below. 8,000 7,000 6,000 4,666 4,684 Convicon Rate for Violence Against Women (2021) 5,000 95% 4,000 5794 3,000 2,000 1,000 - 5% 221 2019 2020 2021 222 281 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab ACQUITTAL CONVICTION Figure 7.16 Source: Public Prosecuon Department In 2021, cases of assault (2207) were most frequently reported in Lahore. The lowest number of cases was 37, Figure 7.18 reported in Khushab. In comparison, the highest figure was 669 in 2020, also reported in Lahore. The following figure shows a district-wise analysis of the assault cases in Punjab. The conviction-to-acquittal ratio has not changed much between 2020 and 2021. The acquittal rate in Punjab for VAW cases was 95% in 2021 and 94% in 2020 as per the data provided by the Punjab Prosecution Department. The figure below shows the yearly percentage for acquittals and convictions which have not changed between 2020 Reported Cases of Assault by District (2021) and 2021. 2500 Total:9,299 Convicon Rate for Violence Against Women by Year 2000 1500 Convicon 5% 1000 Convicon 5% 6,075 500 4,105 0 Acquial 95% Acquial 95% 2020 2021 Source: Public Prosecuon Department Total Acquittal Conviction Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Figure 7.19 Figure 7.17 356 (Assault) 358 (What the Data Says About Criminal Jusce Systems Around the World, 2019) 357 PGPR 2019 and 2020. 359 (Improving the State's Response to Gender-Based Violence in Punjab,Pakistan) erohaL srebmuN rusaK dabalasiaF arupuhkiehS ruplawahaB idniplawaR rupnajaR raganlawahaB nahK raY mihaR arakO alawnarjuG tarjuG hragrafazuM natluM laworaN ahdograS toklaiS bihaS anaknaN nahK GD hgniS TT iraheV nidduahaB idnaM dabazfiaH hayyaL narhdoL naapkaP gnahJ ilawnaiM lawenahK lawihaS kcoA rakkahB toinihC lawkahC mulheJ bahsuhK
chunk_10_242	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE Assault 7.1.2 Outcomes of VAW Cases The legal definition of assault varies depending on the jurisdiction, but generally, assault refers to "intentionally The effectiveness of a criminal justice system depends on the time and efficiency of the investigation and putting another person in reasonable apprehension of an imminent harmful or offensive contact". Under the adjudication system. Pakistan ranks at 114 and 102, respectively, out of 139 in these measures. This ranking Pakistan Penal Code, Section 354 (assault or criminal force with intent to outrage a woman's modesty) and 354- depicts the status quo of the criminal justice system in Pakistan. A (assault or criminal force to strip a woman of her clothes) criminalize assault against women. A victim's access to justice in Pakistan is heavily affected by the practices of the criminal justice actors. Victims have In Punjab, the number of assault cases increased by an alarming 47% in 2021. In 2021, a total of 9299 cases were to pass through multiple procedures to get their voices heard in a court of law. From registering a complaint to reported, whereas the figure was 4925 in 2020. The following figure is a yearly depiction of the reported assault undergoing a medico-legal examination, the entire process puts a toll on the victim. Poor training of investigating against women cases in Punjab. The figure highlights the steep rise in cases between 2019 and 2021. officers often leads to insufficient protection of the crime scene and/or mishandling of evidence. This further results in the victims' gradual mistrust of the judicial system. The incapacity of the justice system actors to provide victims with adequate redress leads to high acquittals in Reported Cases of Assault in Punjab by Year violence against women cases. In 2017 alone, the conviction rate for reported crimes of violence against women was 4%. 9,299 10,000 Four years on, the conviction rate has not improved. In 2021, the conviction rate was only 5% as shown in the figure 9,000 below. 8,000 7,000 6,000 4,666 4,684 Convicon Rate for Violence Against Women (2021) 5,000 95% 4,000 5794 3,000 2,000 1,000 - 5% 221 2019 2020 2021 222 281 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab ACQUITTAL CONVICTION Figure 7.16 Source: Public Prosecuon Department In 2021, cases of assault (2207) were most frequently reported in Lahore. The lowest number of cases was 37, Figure 7.18 reported in Khushab. In comparison, the highest figure was 669 in 2020, also reported in Lahore. The following figure shows a district-wise analysis of the assault cases in Punjab. The conviction-to-acquittal ratio has not changed much between 2020 and 2021. The acquittal rate in Punjab for VAW cases was 95% in 2021 and 94% in 2020 as per the data provided by the Punjab Prosecution Department. The figure below shows the yearly percentage for acquittals and convictions which have not changed between 2020 Reported Cases of Assault by District (2021) and 2021. 2500 Total:9,299 Convicon Rate for Violence Against Women by Year 2000 1500 Convicon 5% 1000 Convicon 5% 6,075 500 4,105 0 Acquial 95% Acquial 95% 2020 2021 Source: Public Prosecuon Department Total Acquittal Conviction Source: Office of the Inspector General of Police, Punjab Figure 7.19 Figure 7.17 356 (Assault) 358 (What the Data Says About Criminal Jusce Systems Around the World, 2019) 357 PGPR 2019 and 2020. 359 (Improving the State's Response to Gender-Based Violence in Punjab,Pakistan) erohaL srebmuN rusaK dabalasiaF arupuhkiehS ruplawahaB idniplawaR rupnajaR raganlawahaB nahK raY mihaR arakO alawnarjuG tarjuG hragrafazuM natluM laworaN ahdograS toklaiS bihaS anaknaN nahK GD hgniS TT iraheV nidduahaB idnaM dabazfiaH hayyaL narhdoL naapkaP gnahJ ilawnaiM lawenahK lawihaS kcoA rakkahB toinihC lawkahC mulheJ bahsuhK
chunk_10_243	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE The short and long-term effects of VAW are physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health problems. This Female Police Staff at Help Desks in Punjab (2021) violence leads to high social and economic costs for women, their families and societies. In many cases VAW eventually turns into more serious offences such as murder or rape. 90 80 70 60 7.2 Access to Justice 50 40 30 Access to justice can be defined as the ability to procure formal or informal remedies from justice institutions for 20 10 grievances, according to human rights standards. It is an important implementation tool for the SDGs and 0 involves awareness of legal rights, having access to legal representation, legal aid and the services of justice system actors like the police, prosecutors and courts. In terms of gender parity, data suggests that women's access to justice is a worldwide predicament. As marginalised members of society, women often lack the voice or agency to seek redress. Systematic gender bias, stereotyping and cultural limitations constantly hold women back from approaching avenues that can assist in providing justice to them. The difficulty of access is not just Source: Punjab Police Website limited to cultural norms or the patriarchal setup at home, it is also rooted in shortcomings of policy, legislation Figure 7.20 and other justice system actors. In this regard, methods to protect vulnerable victims and witnesses have been introduced into the justice system. The Punjab Witness Protection Act was enacted in 2018. Under the Act, Witness Protection Units are developed to provide vulnerable victims with provision of close protection service, It is also commendable that initiatives like the Women and Juvenile Facilitation Center were opened in 2019 in relocation to a temporary safe house, change of identity etc.. Similarly, initiatives like the gender-based Gujrat, Pakistan. The Center has an entire trained female police force for women and children survivors of violence court provide female victims with protected trial processes to avoid intimidation and residing of violence. It provides redress services, psychological counselling, first aid etc.. victim/witness. These reforms have been a welcome development in the struggle of access to justice for women but their reach must be expanded. For instance, in South Asia particularly, all 8 countries have ratified CEDAW 7.2.1.1 Women in Punjab Police and have domestic legal provisions that protect women against violence. However, women in these countries are not awarded the same privilege as men to access justice. Patriarchal norms at home and within justice Male staff typically outnumbers female police staff in Punjab. In 2021 the percentage of male police staff was 96%, institutions inhibit the women of this region from realizing their rights as equal citizen. and female police staff was 4% leading to a low GPI of 0.04. The figure below shows male and female police staff. 7.2.1 Police 223 224 Police Staff by Gender (2021) When seeking redress, the police is the first institution that comes into play. Other than maintaining peace and order, the police is also responsible for registering complaints and investigating crimes. Therefore, it plays a significant role in a victim's access to justice. In Pakistan the female police officers represent a miniscule 1.8% of the entire police force. Social and religious norms often forbid female victims to engage with the police and visit police stations. Women are especially a target of victim-shaming and have a harder time testifying after an incident. This may be a significant reason why 98% of women who suffer from violence in Pakistan do not seek help from the police. 86,741 3,904 96% 4% The provincial governments in Pakistan have been working to improve access of women to the police and train female police officers for gender-sensitive policing. Female police officers are being recruited in Balochistan and KP, as a first of its kind step. In 2021, the first female police station was inaugurated in Quetta. It has 19 female police officers, specifically addressing female victims. In Punjab, women help desks has been a significant initiative by the Punjab Police. Help desks were inaugurated Source: Office of Inspector General of Police, Punjab Female Male in 2014 and are run by both, male and female officers. The aim of the initiative was. to provide a safe environment for female complainants who may engage with female police officers without hesistance or Figure 7.21 shame. However, over time the Desks are only being used for generating an electronic application for the The availability of female police staff in police stations and help desks allows for gender-sensitive culture in the complainant. Figure 7.20 shows the total number of female police officers at women help desks in each district, force that reflects on the institution and encourages young girls to join the criminal justice system. It is however, a as updated by the Punjab Police website. tough road for most women in Pakistan due to multiple glass ceilings and a general stereotype that it is an office more suited to men. Albeit slowly, female police staff is being inducted across Punjab. As the largest police force in Pakistan, this step towards inclusion of women is definitely a positive one by the Punjab Police. The map below shows the range of 360 (Violence Against Women , 2021) 361 (Necessary Condion: Access to Jusce ) female police staff across 36 districts in Punjab. As can be seen, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan and Gujranwala 362 (Toolkit: Women's Access to Jusce, 2018) had the highest number of female police staff. Other districts like Attock, Chakwal and Khushab had less than 50 363 (The Punjab Witness Protecon Act, 2018) 364 (Violence against Women and Girls, 2014) female police staffers. 365 (Building Trust: Pakistan Police Address Barriers To Women'S Access To Criminal Jusce, 2021) 366 Ibid 367 (The Case For Effecve, Gender-Responsive Policing In Pakistan, 2022) 368 (Female Help Desks in Punjab Police Staons - Status Report , 2017) 369 (Building Trust: Pakistan Police Address Barriers To Women'S Access To Criminal Jusce, 2021) erohaL natluM alawnarjuG idniplawaR dabalasiaF nahK YR ahdograS toklaiS ruplawahaB tarjuG raganlawahaB hragraffazuM rusaK ilawnaiM arakO iraheV nahK GD lawenahK lawihaS arupuhkiehS gnahJ laworaN bihaS anaknaN naapkaP rakkahB lawkahC mulheJ nidduahaB idnaM hgniS TT kcoA narhdoL rupnajaR toinihC bahsuhK hayyaL dabazfiaH
chunk_10_244	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE The short and long-term effects of VAW are physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health problems. This Female Police Staff at Help Desks in Punjab (2021) violence leads to high social and economic costs for women, their families and societies. In many cases VAW eventually turns into more serious offences such as murder or rape. 90 80 70 60 7.2 Access to Justice 50 40 30 Access to justice can be defined as the ability to procure formal or informal remedies from justice institutions for 20 10 grievances, according to human rights standards. It is an important implementation tool for the SDGs and 0 involves awareness of legal rights, having access to legal representation, legal aid and the services of justice system actors like the police, prosecutors and courts. In terms of gender parity, data suggests that women's access to justice is a worldwide predicament. As marginalised members of society, women often lack the voice or agency to seek redress. Systematic gender bias, stereotyping and cultural limitations constantly hold women back from approaching avenues that can assist in providing justice to them. The difficulty of access is not just Source: Punjab Police Website limited to cultural norms or the patriarchal setup at home, it is also rooted in shortcomings of policy, legislation Figure 7.20 and other justice system actors. In this regard, methods to protect vulnerable victims and witnesses have been introduced into the justice system. The Punjab Witness Protection Act was enacted in 2018. Under the Act, Witness Protection Units are developed to provide vulnerable victims with provision of close protection service, It is also commendable that initiatives like the Women and Juvenile Facilitation Center were opened in 2019 in relocation to a temporary safe house, change of identity etc.. Similarly, initiatives like the gender-based Gujrat, Pakistan. The Center has an entire trained female police force for women and children survivors of violence court provide female victims with protected trial processes to avoid intimidation and residing of violence. It provides redress services, psychological counselling, first aid etc.. victim/witness. These reforms have been a welcome development in the struggle of access to justice for women but their reach must be expanded. For instance, in South Asia particularly, all 8 countries have ratified CEDAW 7.2.1.1 Women in Punjab Police and have domestic legal provisions that protect women against violence. However, women in these countries are not awarded the same privilege as men to access justice. Patriarchal norms at home and within justice Male staff typically outnumbers female police staff in Punjab. In 2021 the percentage of male police staff was 96%, institutions inhibit the women of this region from realizing their rights as equal citizen. and female police staff was 4% leading to a low GPI of 0.04. The figure below shows male and female police staff. 7.2.1 Police 223 224 Police Staff by Gender (2021) When seeking redress, the police is the first institution that comes into play. Other than maintaining peace and order, the police is also responsible for registering complaints and investigating crimes. Therefore, it plays a significant role in a victim's access to justice. In Pakistan the female police officers represent a miniscule 1.8% of the entire police force. Social and religious norms often forbid female victims to engage with the police and visit police stations. Women are especially a target of victim-shaming and have a harder time testifying after an incident. This may be a significant reason why 98% of women who suffer from violence in Pakistan do not seek help from the police. 86,741 3,904 96% 4% The provincial governments in Pakistan have been working to improve access of women to the police and train female police officers for gender-sensitive policing. Female police officers are being recruited in Balochistan and KP, as a first of its kind step. In 2021, the first female police station was inaugurated in Quetta. It has 19 female police officers, specifically addressing female victims. In Punjab, women help desks has been a significant initiative by the Punjab Police. Help desks were inaugurated Source: Office of Inspector General of Police, Punjab Female Male in 2014 and are run by both, male and female officers. The aim of the initiative was. to provide a safe environment for female complainants who may engage with female police officers without hesistance or Figure 7.21 shame. However, over time the Desks are only being used for generating an electronic application for the The availability of female police staff in police stations and help desks allows for gender-sensitive culture in the complainant. Figure 7.20 shows the total number of female police officers at women help desks in each district, force that reflects on the institution and encourages young girls to join the criminal justice system. It is however, a as updated by the Punjab Police website. tough road for most women in Pakistan due to multiple glass ceilings and a general stereotype that it is an office more suited to men. Albeit slowly, female police staff is being inducted across Punjab. As the largest police force in Pakistan, this step towards inclusion of women is definitely a positive one by the Punjab Police. The map below shows the range of 360 (Violence Against Women , 2021) 361 (Necessary Condion: Access to Jusce ) female police staff across 36 districts in Punjab. As can be seen, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan and Gujranwala 362 (Toolkit: Women's Access to Jusce, 2018) had the highest number of female police staff. Other districts like Attock, Chakwal and Khushab had less than 50 363 (The Punjab Witness Protecon Act, 2018) 364 (Violence against Women and Girls, 2014) female police staffers. 365 (Building Trust: Pakistan Police Address Barriers To Women'S Access To Criminal Jusce, 2021) 366 Ibid 367 (The Case For Effecve, Gender-Responsive Policing In Pakistan, 2022) 368 (Female Help Desks in Punjab Police Staons - Status Report , 2017) 369 (Building Trust: Pakistan Police Address Barriers To Women'S Access To Criminal Jusce, 2021) erohaL natluM alawnarjuG idniplawaR dabalasiaF nahK YR ahdograS toklaiS ruplawahaB tarjuG raganlawahaB hragraffazuM rusaK ilawnaiM arakO iraheV nahK GD lawenahK lawihaS arupuhkiehS gnahJ laworaN bihaS anaknaN naapkaP rakkahB lawkahC mulheJ nidduahaB idnaM hgniS TT kcoA narhdoL rupnajaR toinihC bahsuhK hayyaL dabazfiaH
chunk_10_245	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE Female Police Staff by District (2021) Police Staff by Gender & Ranks (2021) 65,000 Constable . 3,463 9,008 HC 146 4,070 Attock SI 207 Rawalpindi 7,402 ASI 68 Chakwal 946 Jhelum IP Mianwali Gujrat 9 216 DSP Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot 6 Khushab Narowal 10 Sargodha Hafizabad Gujranwala ASP 1 48 Sheikhupura SP Bhakkar Chiniot 3 Nankana Sahib Lahore 31 SSP Faisalabad 1 Jhang Kasur DIG 8 Layyah Toba Tek Singh Okara Addl:IGP 2 Sahiwal Muzaffargarh Dera Ghazi Khan Khanewal Pakpattan Source: Office of Inspector General of Police, Punjab Female Male Multan Vehari 225 226 Lodhran Bahawalnagar Figure 7.23 Rajanpur 7.2.2 Prosecutors Bahawalpur Prosecutors are a key player in a victim's access to justice. As advocates, they analyse evidence, prepare for trial Rahim Yar Khan and present the case in a court of law. The prosecution service aims to charge the accused based on the evidence Rahim Yar Khan and the prosecutor is an officer of the government. There are 4 categories of prosecutors, depending on the Rahim Yar Khan No. of Women seniority of the prosecutor. These categories from the lowest grade to the highest grade are: Assistant District Up to 50 Public Prosecutors, Deputy District Public Prosecutors, District Public Prosecutors and Additional Prosecutor Generals. These prosecutors are headed by the Prosecutor General of the province. 51 - 100 101 - 150 Female prosecutors are encouraged in the Punjab Criminal Prosecution Service (PCPS). In VAW cases especially, 151 - 200 female prosecutors offer a more comfortable outlook for female victims and children. However, female Source: Office of the inspector General of Police, Punjab prosecutors still make a small proportion of the total PCPS. Figure 7.24 shows a male-to-female comparison in the >200 five categories of the prosecution service. Figure 7.22 It is also helpful to determine the male-to-female ratio within the hierarchy of the Punjab Police. Figure 7.22 shows the comparison between the number of female and male police staffers across Punjab as per their ranks. Under the lowest rank i.e. Constables, 95% are male and 5% are female leading to a GPI of 0.05. The gender parity further squeezed under the Head Constable (HC) rank with a GPI of 0.015. Higher ranks also have a low percentage of female staffers. The SP and SSP rank have 0.04 and 0.03 GPI respectively. It is important to note that there are no women in the DIG rank or the Additional IGP rank which are the two highest ranks after the IG.
chunk_10_246	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE Female Police Staff by District (2021) Police Staff by Gender & Ranks (2021) 65,000 Constable . 3,463 9,008 HC 146 4,070 Attock SI 207 Rawalpindi 7,402 ASI 68 Chakwal 946 Jhelum IP Mianwali Gujrat 9 216 DSP Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot 6 Khushab Narowal 10 Sargodha Hafizabad Gujranwala ASP 1 48 Sheikhupura SP Bhakkar Chiniot 3 Nankana Sahib Lahore 31 SSP Faisalabad 1 Jhang Kasur DIG 8 Layyah Toba Tek Singh Okara Addl:IGP 2 Sahiwal Muzaffargarh Dera Ghazi Khan Khanewal Pakpattan Source: Office of Inspector General of Police, Punjab Female Male Multan Vehari 225 226 Lodhran Bahawalnagar Figure 7.23 Rajanpur 7.2.2 Prosecutors Bahawalpur Prosecutors are a key player in a victim's access to justice. As advocates, they analyse evidence, prepare for trial Rahim Yar Khan and present the case in a court of law. The prosecution service aims to charge the accused based on the evidence Rahim Yar Khan and the prosecutor is an officer of the government. There are 4 categories of prosecutors, depending on the Rahim Yar Khan No. of Women seniority of the prosecutor. These categories from the lowest grade to the highest grade are: Assistant District Up to 50 Public Prosecutors, Deputy District Public Prosecutors, District Public Prosecutors and Additional Prosecutor Generals. These prosecutors are headed by the Prosecutor General of the province. 51 - 100 101 - 150 Female prosecutors are encouraged in the Punjab Criminal Prosecution Service (PCPS). In VAW cases especially, 151 - 200 female prosecutors offer a more comfortable outlook for female victims and children. However, female Source: Office of the inspector General of Police, Punjab prosecutors still make a small proportion of the total PCPS. Figure 7.24 shows a male-to-female comparison in the >200 five categories of the prosecution service. Figure 7.22 It is also helpful to determine the male-to-female ratio within the hierarchy of the Punjab Police. Figure 7.22 shows the comparison between the number of female and male police staffers across Punjab as per their ranks. Under the lowest rank i.e. Constables, 95% are male and 5% are female leading to a GPI of 0.05. The gender parity further squeezed under the Head Constable (HC) rank with a GPI of 0.015. Higher ranks also have a low percentage of female staffers. The SP and SSP rank have 0.04 and 0.03 GPI respectively. It is important to note that there are no women in the DIG rank or the Additional IGP rank which are the two highest ranks after the IG.
chunk_10_247	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE Recommendation 1469 (2000)" had suggested the introduction of community-based penalties for mothers of Prosecutors by Grade & Scale (2021) infants and young children. Additional guidance was provided to countries when the United Nations adopted the famous 'Bangkok Rules" in 2010 for the "Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders". The Rules were 1 BS-19 a landmark development for women protection. These Rules primarily cover admission and search procedures, 17 healthcare, humane treatment, and children who accompany their mothers into prison. However, despite these international efforts, the number of incarcerated women around the world is at an all-time 0 high. By 2020 in most parts of the world, there are more women in prison today than 10 years ago. Across Asia BS-19 45 there has been a dramatic 50% increase from 207,000 to 310,000 women in prison. Pakistan too, needs improved facilities for female prisoners. In a report to the Prime Minister of Pakistan, the Human Rights Ministry of Pakistan identified inadequate health care and poor conditions in women prisons, 4 BS-18 stating that "Pakistan's prison laws did not meet international standards and that officials often ignore laws meant 69 to protect women prisoners". In 2020, 66% of those detained had not been convicted and awaited their trial. Over 300 women were detained in facilities outside the districts where they lived, making family visits nearly impossible. And only 24 female health workers are available to provide full-time care to women and girls in prisons 28 across the country. With the onset of Covid in Pakistan, prisoners have found themselves in worse conditions, BS-18 261 more susceptible of contracting the virus and left at the disposal of inadequate medical facilities of the State. 7.2.3.1 Prison Population 133 BS-17 Punjab has a total of 41 central and district-level prisons, as of January 2020. These include 25 district jails, 10 531 central jails and 6 borstal Institutions, Juvenile/Women Jails and Sub Jails376. According to a report by the Ministry of Human Rights, 29 out of 41 prisons were overcrowded in 2020. Gender desegregation of prison population 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 shows that in 2020 and 2021, the female: male ratio remained the same. The figure below shows the yearly 227 number of male and female prisoners in 2020 and 2021. 228 Source: Public Prosecuon Department Female Male Figure 7.24 Populaon of Prisoners in Punjab by Year & Gender 2020 The highest number of female prosecutors was amongst the Assistant District Prosecutors, resulting in a 2021 percentage of 25% female prosecutors, compared to 75% male prosecutors- a GPI of 0.25. Within the highest 51,715 rank i.e., the Additional Prosecutor General, there is only 1 female prosecutor, compared to 17 male 51,370 98% 98% prosecutors. This results in a GPI of 0.05. 890 7.2.3 Prisons 933 2% 2% 2020 Female Male Source: Office of the Inspector General of Prisons, Punjab Prisons are a tool of law enforcement in any country. It protects the society by putting criminals behind bars and also provides these criminals with correctional facilities. It is common for jails to be overcrowded due to backlog Figure 7.25 in court and inefficient bail procedures. The IG Prisons Punjab desegregates its data under three categories: prisoners undertrial, convicted and condemned. It is important to note that most of the prison population in Punjab is undertrial. The total number of Prison management often overlooks the specific needs of female prisoners, most importantly hygiene prisoners in 2021 were 51715. Out of this total, 33493 (65%) are under-trial. The predominance of under-trial requirements such as sanitary pads and showers during menstruation, adequate nutrition and regular check- prisoners within the prison population is a failing of the criminal justice system. An undertrial prisoner loses basic ups during pregnancy etc.. This is often a result of lack of prison staff training around gender sensitivity. The liberties of life similar to a convicted prisoner and is also incapable of preparing for his defence from inside the mental health of the prisoners is not a matter of concern in many facilities, and untreated mental health issues prison377. The most common reasons for overcrowding of under-trial prisoners have been identified as remission often lead to drug abuse, especially if the prisoner has a history of drug use prior to imprisonment. delays by competent authority, judicial officers carrying out limited visits, delay or non-payment of fines, lack of legal aid/ legal representation and non-production of prisoner in court378. Data suggests that women comprise a The international community has given particular importance to female prisoner rights and relaxations for those small percentage of the total number of prisoners. The following figure presents an analysis of male and women with special needs. The "United Nations Basic Principles on the Use of Restorative Justice Programmes in prisoners by percentage under each of the three categories. Criminal Matters 2002" provides guidance to states in developing appropriate responses to women issues in the criminal justice system, where appropriate. A special case has been made globally for incarcerated pregnant 371 (Penal Reform Internaonal) 372 (Addressing The 105,000 Increase In The Global Female Prison Populaon, Ten Years Aer The Bangkok Rules Were Adopted, 2020) women and those with young children. In this spirit, the "Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly 373 Ibid 374 (Pakistan: Poor Condions Rife in Women's Prisons, 2020) 375 Ibid 376 (Punjab Prisons) 377 (Undertrial Prisoners And The Criminal Jusce System, 2010) 370 (Women's Health In Prison, 2009) 378 (Under-Trial Prisoners And The Pandemic The Way Forward) lanoiddA ytupeD tcirtsiD ytupeD tnatsissA rotucesorP cilbuP tcirtsiD rotucesorP cilbuP cilbuP tcirtsiD slareneG srotucesorP slareneG srotucesorP srotucesorP )sGPA( )sPPD( )sGPD( )sPPDD( )sPPDA(
chunk_10_248	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE Recommendation 1469 (2000)" had suggested the introduction of community-based penalties for mothers of Prosecutors by Grade & Scale (2021) infants and young children. Additional guidance was provided to countries when the United Nations adopted the famous 'Bangkok Rules" in 2010 for the "Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders". The Rules were 1 BS-19 a landmark development for women protection. These Rules primarily cover admission and search procedures, 17 healthcare, humane treatment, and children who accompany their mothers into prison. However, despite these international efforts, the number of incarcerated women around the world is at an all-time 0 high. By 2020 in most parts of the world, there are more women in prison today than 10 years ago. Across Asia BS-19 45 there has been a dramatic 50% increase from 207,000 to 310,000 women in prison. Pakistan too, needs improved facilities for female prisoners. In a report to the Prime Minister of Pakistan, the Human Rights Ministry of Pakistan identified inadequate health care and poor conditions in women prisons, 4 BS-18 stating that "Pakistan's prison laws did not meet international standards and that officials often ignore laws meant 69 to protect women prisoners". In 2020, 66% of those detained had not been convicted and awaited their trial. Over 300 women were detained in facilities outside the districts where they lived, making family visits nearly impossible. And only 24 female health workers are available to provide full-time care to women and girls in prisons 28 across the country. With the onset of Covid in Pakistan, prisoners have found themselves in worse conditions, BS-18 261 more susceptible of contracting the virus and left at the disposal of inadequate medical facilities of the State. 7.2.3.1 Prison Population 133 BS-17 Punjab has a total of 41 central and district-level prisons, as of January 2020. These include 25 district jails, 10 531 central jails and 6 borstal Institutions, Juvenile/Women Jails and Sub Jails376. According to a report by the Ministry of Human Rights, 29 out of 41 prisons were overcrowded in 2020. Gender desegregation of prison population 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 shows that in 2020 and 2021, the female: male ratio remained the same. The figure below shows the yearly 227 number of male and female prisoners in 2020 and 2021. 228 Source: Public Prosecuon Department Female Male Figure 7.24 Populaon of Prisoners in Punjab by Year & Gender 2020 The highest number of female prosecutors was amongst the Assistant District Prosecutors, resulting in a 2021 percentage of 25% female prosecutors, compared to 75% male prosecutors- a GPI of 0.25. Within the highest 51,715 rank i.e., the Additional Prosecutor General, there is only 1 female prosecutor, compared to 17 male 51,370 98% 98% prosecutors. This results in a GPI of 0.05. 890 7.2.3 Prisons 933 2% 2% 2020 Female Male Source: Office of the Inspector General of Prisons, Punjab Prisons are a tool of law enforcement in any country. It protects the society by putting criminals behind bars and also provides these criminals with correctional facilities. It is common for jails to be overcrowded due to backlog Figure 7.25 in court and inefficient bail procedures. The IG Prisons Punjab desegregates its data under three categories: prisoners undertrial, convicted and condemned. It is important to note that most of the prison population in Punjab is undertrial. The total number of Prison management often overlooks the specific needs of female prisoners, most importantly hygiene prisoners in 2021 were 51715. Out of this total, 33493 (65%) are under-trial. The predominance of under-trial requirements such as sanitary pads and showers during menstruation, adequate nutrition and regular check- prisoners within the prison population is a failing of the criminal justice system. An undertrial prisoner loses basic ups during pregnancy etc.. This is often a result of lack of prison staff training around gender sensitivity. The liberties of life similar to a convicted prisoner and is also incapable of preparing for his defence from inside the mental health of the prisoners is not a matter of concern in many facilities, and untreated mental health issues prison377. The most common reasons for overcrowding of under-trial prisoners have been identified as remission often lead to drug abuse, especially if the prisoner has a history of drug use prior to imprisonment. delays by competent authority, judicial officers carrying out limited visits, delay or non-payment of fines, lack of legal aid/ legal representation and non-production of prisoner in court378. Data suggests that women comprise a The international community has given particular importance to female prisoner rights and relaxations for those small percentage of the total number of prisoners. The following figure presents an analysis of male and women with special needs. The "United Nations Basic Principles on the Use of Restorative Justice Programmes in prisoners by percentage under each of the three categories. Criminal Matters 2002" provides guidance to states in developing appropriate responses to women issues in the criminal justice system, where appropriate. A special case has been made globally for incarcerated pregnant 371 (Penal Reform Internaonal) 372 (Addressing The 105,000 Increase In The Global Female Prison Populaon, Ten Years Aer The Bangkok Rules Were Adopted, 2020) women and those with young children. In this spirit, the "Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly 373 Ibid 374 (Pakistan: Poor Condions Rife in Women's Prisons, 2020) 375 Ibid 376 (Punjab Prisons) 377 (Undertrial Prisoners And The Criminal Jusce System, 2010) 370 (Women's Health In Prison, 2009) 378 (Under-Trial Prisoners And The Pandemic The Way Forward) lanoiddA ytupeD tcirtsiD ytupeD tnatsissA rotucesorP cilbuP tcirtsiD rotucesorP cilbuP cilbuP tcirtsiD slareneG srotucesorP slareneG srotucesorP srotucesorP )sGPA( )sPPD( )sGPD( )sPPDD( )sPPDA(
chunk_10_249	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 7.2.3.3 Women with Children in Punjab Prisons Prisoners in Punjab by Gender (2021) 107 out of 745 (14%) female prisoners were accompanied by their children in 2021. Data from all jails in Punjab Undertrials Convicted Condemned shows that the majority of female prisoners with children are under trial; fewer are convicted. This points to a delay in trials and possible inefficiency of the justice system. The highest number of female prisoners with children 33,493 15,798 2,424 98% 98% 99% in 2021 was in Central Jail, Rawalpindi which holds a total of 25 prisoners with children. This is followed by Central Jail Lahore (14) and a close third is Central Jail Gujranwala (10). Data for incarcerated women with children is shown below 618,2% 256, 2% 16, 1% Male Female Source: Office of the Inspector General of Prisons, Punjab Female Prisoners with Children by Jails (2021) Figure 7.26 Central Jail, Rawalpindi Despite being a small percentage, female prisoners face more complex risks as inmates. A shortage of female Central Jail, Lahore doctors results in fewer visits to the district jails. Pregnant prisoners often have to be moved from district jails to larger cities to give birth. Doctors are often substituted by midwives when pregnant prisoners cannot be moved. Central Jail, Gujranwala Moreover, mental health is deemed as an alien phenomenon. The lack of clinical psychologists available for Women Jail, Multan inmates makes affects their mental stability irrespective of whether they had a mental illness at the time of entry. District Jail Faisalabad Central Jail, Sahiwal 7.2.3.2 Female Prisoners In Punjab Central Jail Mianwali According to data from the IG Prisons, 852 women were incarcerated in 2021 in Punjab. The highest number of District Jail, Okara female prisoners was found in Central Jail, Rawalpindi (143), followed by Central Jail, Lahore (132). The lowest District Jail, Sheikhupura number of female prisoners was in District Jail, Rajanpur (2) and District Jail, Bhakkar (2). The complete list of Central Jail, DGKhan jails and their female prisoners is displayed in the figure below. 229 230 District Jail, Hahfizabad District Jail Toba Tek Singh Female Prisoners by District & Jails (2021) District Jail, Jhelum Central Jail, Rawalpindi 143 Central Jail, Lahore 132 District Jail, Sialkot Women Jail, Multan 85 District Jail Faisalabad 75 District Jail Shahpur Central Jail, Gujranwala 54 District Jail, Sialkot 43 District Jail Jhang District Jail, Sheikhupura 38 District Jail Jhang 32 District Jail, Pakpaan District Jail, Gujrat 27 Central Jail, Sahiwal 25 District Jail, Rajanpur District Jail, Pakpaan 23 District Jail, Jhelum 22 District Jail, RYKhan District Jail, Hahfizabad 16 District Jail Sargodha 15 District Jail, Gujrat District Jail, Okara 14 Central Jail, Bahawalpur 13 District Jail, Aock District Jail, Kasur 13 Central Jail, DGKhan 12 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 District Jail, RYKhan 11 District Jail, Aock 11 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Prisons, Punjab UT CT UCCP District Jail Shahpur 8 District Jail, Vehari 8 District Jail, BNagar 7 Figure 7.28 Central Jail Mianwali 7 District Jail Toba Tek Singh 7 District Jail, Layyah 4 District Jail, Narowal 3 The picture of the female prison population points to policy and implementation changes that are urgent for District Jail, Rajanpur 2 upholding rights of female prisoners. With international standards of jails evolving and the concept of punishment District Jail, Bhakkar 2 translating into correction and rehabilitation, prison management ought to welcome institutional changes. 0 50 100 150 200 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Prisons, Punjab Figure 7.27 379 (Situaon and Needs Assessment in Female Prisons and Barracks, Females Behind Bars ) 380 (History of Prison Reforms in Pakistan)
chunk_10_250	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 7.2.3.3 Women with Children in Punjab Prisons Prisoners in Punjab by Gender (2021) 107 out of 745 (14%) female prisoners were accompanied by their children in 2021. Data from all jails in Punjab Undertrials Convicted Condemned shows that the majority of female prisoners with children are under trial; fewer are convicted. This points to a delay in trials and possible inefficiency of the justice system. The highest number of female prisoners with children 33,493 15,798 2,424 98% 98% 99% in 2021 was in Central Jail, Rawalpindi which holds a total of 25 prisoners with children. This is followed by Central Jail Lahore (14) and a close third is Central Jail Gujranwala (10). Data for incarcerated women with children is shown below 618,2% 256, 2% 16, 1% Male Female Source: Office of the Inspector General of Prisons, Punjab Female Prisoners with Children by Jails (2021) Figure 7.26 Central Jail, Rawalpindi Despite being a small percentage, female prisoners face more complex risks as inmates. A shortage of female Central Jail, Lahore doctors results in fewer visits to the district jails. Pregnant prisoners often have to be moved from district jails to larger cities to give birth. Doctors are often substituted by midwives when pregnant prisoners cannot be moved. Central Jail, Gujranwala Moreover, mental health is deemed as an alien phenomenon. The lack of clinical psychologists available for Women Jail, Multan inmates makes affects their mental stability irrespective of whether they had a mental illness at the time of entry. District Jail Faisalabad Central Jail, Sahiwal 7.2.3.2 Female Prisoners In Punjab Central Jail Mianwali According to data from the IG Prisons, 852 women were incarcerated in 2021 in Punjab. The highest number of District Jail, Okara female prisoners was found in Central Jail, Rawalpindi (143), followed by Central Jail, Lahore (132). The lowest District Jail, Sheikhupura number of female prisoners was in District Jail, Rajanpur (2) and District Jail, Bhakkar (2). The complete list of Central Jail, DGKhan jails and their female prisoners is displayed in the figure below. 229 230 District Jail, Hahfizabad District Jail Toba Tek Singh Female Prisoners by District & Jails (2021) District Jail, Jhelum Central Jail, Rawalpindi 143 Central Jail, Lahore 132 District Jail, Sialkot Women Jail, Multan 85 District Jail Faisalabad 75 District Jail Shahpur Central Jail, Gujranwala 54 District Jail, Sialkot 43 District Jail Jhang District Jail, Sheikhupura 38 District Jail Jhang 32 District Jail, Pakpaan District Jail, Gujrat 27 Central Jail, Sahiwal 25 District Jail, Rajanpur District Jail, Pakpaan 23 District Jail, Jhelum 22 District Jail, RYKhan District Jail, Hahfizabad 16 District Jail Sargodha 15 District Jail, Gujrat District Jail, Okara 14 Central Jail, Bahawalpur 13 District Jail, Aock District Jail, Kasur 13 Central Jail, DGKhan 12 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 District Jail, RYKhan 11 District Jail, Aock 11 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Prisons, Punjab UT CT UCCP District Jail Shahpur 8 District Jail, Vehari 8 District Jail, BNagar 7 Figure 7.28 Central Jail Mianwali 7 District Jail Toba Tek Singh 7 District Jail, Layyah 4 District Jail, Narowal 3 The picture of the female prison population points to policy and implementation changes that are urgent for District Jail, Rajanpur 2 upholding rights of female prisoners. With international standards of jails evolving and the concept of punishment District Jail, Bhakkar 2 translating into correction and rehabilitation, prison management ought to welcome institutional changes. 0 50 100 150 200 Source: Office of the Inspector General of Prisons, Punjab Figure 7.27 379 (Situaon and Needs Assessment in Female Prisons and Barracks, Females Behind Bars ) 380 (History of Prison Reforms in Pakistan)
chunk_10_251	Justice PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / JUSTICE 7.2.4 Judiciary District Judiciary in Punjab (2021) Judiciary acts as the custodian of rule of law in a criminal justice system. It includes magistrates, courts and judges that adjudicate on matters and pass out a ruling. These rulings either result from a set principle in law or become a precedent for future similar matters as a result of judicial law making. Under the doctrine of 36 Addl: District & Session "separation of power", a successful judicial system is impartial, free of bias or political considerations. This Judges 446 means that with the ordinary citizens as the beneficiaries, the judiciary follows the law of the land regardless of what suits the powerful entities in the country. Arbitrary rulings, pending cases and unfair acquittals and 4 convictions can infect the system, leading to injustice. District & Session Judges 120 To encourage impartiality within the justice system, female representation is essential. Female judges, lawyers, magistrates and clerks allow for more representation of women in the justice system and also further the 110 Civil Judges 'woman cause'. According to the International Development Law Organization (IDLO), empirical research 909 indicates that female judges understand justice requirements for women and contribute positively to women's improved access to justiceThe Organisation has stressed that individual, social and institutional barriers exist 6 around the world for women in justice and law making. In its 2018 Report, "Women Delivering Justice", the Senior Civil Judges 102 Organisation pointed out that female judges are often limited to a category of courts such as juvenile or family courts. This bars them from working on a range of legal areas, hampering their career and professional growth. 0 500 1000 Incorporating more female judges into the justice system can further the SDG cause of sustainable development and impartial justice for all. Source: Lahore High Court Website Female Male It is important to note that Pakistan has vowed to take measures for the inclusion of women in justice and law Figure 7.29 making. It has endorsed the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action which, at the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995, urged states to ensure the inclusion of women into the judiciary as advocates, judges and There is also significant inequality across civil, district and session courts in Punjab. The percentage of women is law makers. It stressed that this gender balance must be established through positive actions by setting specific highest amongst the civil judges, as compared to other cadres. In 2021, there were 909 (90%) male judges and 110 targets and implementation measures". (10%) female judges, making a GPI of 0.12. 231 The judiciary of Pakistan however, has historically been male-dominated. Female judges are few in number and Data for senior civil judges shows 102 (95%) male senior civil judges and 6 (5%) female senior civil judges, resulting 232 naturally few are elevated. This elevation too comes after decades' old glass ceiling for female judges and the in a GPI of 0.05. appointment is celebrated across Pakistan as a positive step towards gender equality. Gender parity is worse within district and session court. There are a total of 120 (97%) male judges and 4 (3%) Overall, however, there is low gender parity in the judiciary. In 2021, female judges made only about 4% of all of female judges in district and session courts. This makes a GPI of 0.03. Amongst the Additional District and Sessions Pakistan's High Courts. There are a total of 3005 judges in the lower and higher courts of Pakistan and only 17% Judges, there are 446 (93%) male judges and 36 (7%) female judges which results in GPI of 0.08. are women. The highest court in Punjab, the Lahore High Court had a total of 45 sitting judges in 2021. Of these 44 (98%) are The total number of judges in the district Judiciary in 2021 in Punjab was 1733. This includes district and session male and only 1 is female (2%) with a GPI as low as 0.02. Compared to this, in the year 2020, the Lahore High Court judges, additional district and additional sessions judges, civil judges and senior civil judges. Of these, 1577 had 2 female judges with a GPI of 0.06. The figure below shows a yearly comparison. (91%) were men and 156 (9%) were women. Male and female Judges in different cadres of the District Judiciary in Punjab are depicted in Figure 7.29. Honorable Sitng Judges by Year 35 2 44 1 95% 5% 98% 2% 2020 2021 Source: Lahore High Court Website 381 (Independent Judiciary and its Role in Naon- Building: Case Study of Pakistan) 382 ( WOMEN DELIVERING JUSTICE: Contribuons, Barriers, Pathways, n.d.) 383 (Pakistan: Women in the Law, 2016) Figure 7.30 384 (Pakistan May Have its First Woman Supreme Court Jusce, 2021)