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chunk_10_52 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS
2.4.2 Registration of CNICs for Minors
CNIC Registra on for Minors by Gender & District (2021)
500,000
In 2021 in Punjab, 63,30,308 CNICs were registered for minors of which 33,01,524 (52%) were for boys and
450,000
30,28,784 (48%) were for girls (Figure 2.37).
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
CNIC Registra on for Minors by Gender (2021) 200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
-
3,301,524 3,028,784
52% 48%
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority Girls Boys
Figure 2.39
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority Girls Boys
A yearly analysis between rural and urban Punjab (Figure 2.40) reveals that the registration of CNICs for minors fell
for both boys and girls in rural Punjab while an upward trend was observed in figures for their urban counterparts.
Figure 2.37 CNIC registration for girls in urban Punjab increased by 18 percent while in rural Punjab, it declined by a dismally
grand 66.5 percent.
31 32
The registration of CNICs for minors increased by 0.8 percent for boys from 32,75,000 in 2020 to 33,01,524 in 2021
while that for girls increased by 1.7 percent from 29,78,000 to 30,28,784 (Figure 2.38).
CNIC Registra on for Minors by Gender, Type of Area & Year
5,000
4,500
4,000
CNIC Registra on for Minors by Gender & Year
3,500 2,497
2,374 3,500
3,000
3,400 3,302
3,275 2,500
3,300 2,000
3,200 1,500
928
3,100 3,029 1,000 2,231 777 2,149
2,978
3,000 500 747 880
-
2,900
Rural Urban Rural Urban
2,800
2020 2021
2020 2021
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority Girls Boys
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority Female Male
Figure 2.38
Figure 2.40
A district-wise analysis, illustrated in Figure 2.39, reveals that the highest incidence of CNIC registration for girls
was observed in Lahore while the lowest was observed in Chakwal.
sdnasuohT
sdnasuohT
erohaL dabalasiaF nahK
raY
mihaR
alawnarjuG natluM hragraffazuM lawenahK idniplawaR toklaiS nahK
GD
raganlawahaB arakO rusaK ruplawahaB iraheV arupuhkiehS gnahJ ahdograS lawihaS hayyaL hgniS
TT
tarjuG laworaN na apkaP rupnajaR rakkahB narhdoL bihaS
anaknaN
toinihC nidduahaB
idnaM
ilawnaiM kco A dabazfiaH bahsuhK mulheJ lawkahC |
chunk_10_53 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS
2.4.3 Registration of CNICs with Disability Logo
Figure 2.41 depicts the district-wise distribution of CNIC registration for girls in Punjab in 2021.
In 2021 in Punjab, a total of 61,254 CNICs with the disability CNIC Registration with Disability Logo by Gender (2021)
logo were registered. Of these, 42,622 (70%) were issued to
men while 18,632 (30%) were issued to women.
CNIC Registra on for Minors by District (2021)
Overall, the registration of CNICs with the disability logo
increased manifold for both men and women between 2020
and 2021 (Figure 2.43). The registration for men increased
by 149.5 percent from 17,083 in 2020 while that for women 42,622 18,632
. increased by 225.7 percent This is a welcome observation as 70% 30%
far as the plight of PWDs is concerned, given the official
importance accorded to a valid ID for gaining access to
Male
services that may be meant for specific groups within Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority Female
Attock
society.
Rawalpindi Figure 2.42
Chakwal
Jhelum CNIC Registra on with Disability Logo by Gender & Year
Mianwali Gujrat
60,000
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Khushab Narowal 50,000 42,622
Sargodha Gujranwala
Hafizabad
40,000
Sheikhupura
Bhakkar Chiniot
30,000
Nankana Sahib Lahore 17,083 18,632
Faisalabad
20,000
Jhang
33 Kasur 34
Layyah
Toba Tek Singh 10,000
Okara 5,721
Sahiwal -
Muzaffargarh
Dera Ghazi Khan Khanewal 2020 2021
Pakpattan
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority
Multan Female Male
Vehari
Bahawalnagar
Lodhran Figure 2.43
A yearly comparison between statistics for urban and rural Punjab (Figure 2.44) reveals that the highest increase
Rajanpur for both men and women was recorded in rural Punjab although a generally upward trend was observed for both
genders in urban Punjab as well.
Bahawalpur
No. of Girls
Rahim Yar Khan Up to 45000 CNIC Registra on with Disability Logo by Gender, Type of Area & Year
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan 45001 - 90000
30,000
90001 - 135000 24,988
25,000
135001 - 180000
20,000 17,634
>180000
15,000
9,574 10,309
10,000 7,509 8,323
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority, Punjab
5,000 2,924 2,797
-
Rural Urban Rural Urban
2020 2021
Figure 2.41
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority
Female Male
Figure 2.44 |
chunk_10_54 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS
2.4.3 Registration of CNICs with Disability Logo
Figure 2.41 depicts the district-wise distribution of CNIC registration for girls in Punjab in 2021.
In 2021 in Punjab, a total of 61,254 CNICs with the disability CNIC Registration with Disability Logo by Gender (2021)
logo were registered. Of these, 42,622 (70%) were issued to
men while 18,632 (30%) were issued to women.
CNIC Registra on for Minors by District (2021)
Overall, the registration of CNICs with the disability logo
increased manifold for both men and women between 2020
and 2021 (Figure 2.43). The registration for men increased
by 149.5 percent from 17,083 in 2020 while that for women 42,622 18,632
. increased by 225.7 percent This is a welcome observation as 70% 30%
far as the plight of PWDs is concerned, given the official
importance accorded to a valid ID for gaining access to
Male
services that may be meant for specific groups within Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority Female
Attock
society.
Rawalpindi Figure 2.42
Chakwal
Jhelum CNIC Registra on with Disability Logo by Gender & Year
Mianwali Gujrat
60,000
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Khushab Narowal 50,000 42,622
Sargodha Gujranwala
Hafizabad
40,000
Sheikhupura
Bhakkar Chiniot
30,000
Nankana Sahib Lahore 17,083 18,632
Faisalabad
20,000
Jhang
33 Kasur 34
Layyah
Toba Tek Singh 10,000
Okara 5,721
Sahiwal -
Muzaffargarh
Dera Ghazi Khan Khanewal 2020 2021
Pakpattan
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority
Multan Female Male
Vehari
Bahawalnagar
Lodhran Figure 2.43
A yearly comparison between statistics for urban and rural Punjab (Figure 2.44) reveals that the highest increase
Rajanpur for both men and women was recorded in rural Punjab although a generally upward trend was observed for both
genders in urban Punjab as well.
Bahawalpur
No. of Girls
Rahim Yar Khan Up to 45000 CNIC Registra on with Disability Logo by Gender, Type of Area & Year
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan 45001 - 90000
30,000
90001 - 135000 24,988
25,000
135001 - 180000
20,000 17,634
>180000
15,000
9,574 10,309
10,000 7,509 8,323
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority, Punjab
5,000 2,924 2,797
-
Rural Urban Rural Urban
2020 2021
Figure 2.41
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority
Female Male
Figure 2.44 |
chunk_10_55 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS
In terms of a district-wise analysis, the highest incidence of registration among women was observed in Lahore 2.5 Conclusion
while the lowest was observed in Hafizabad. Figure 2.45 illustrates a detailed analysis.
The management and welfare of a population must be rooted in evidence-based conclusions that can be drawn if
CNIC Registra on with Disability Logo by Gender & District (2021) mechanisms for effective demographic data collection and analyses are in place. This is especially important as
6,000 the global community reaffirms its commitment to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; all goals tie
5,000 into one or another dimension of population management.
4,000
3,000 The demographic imperatives of Pakistan cannot be ignored and both the federal and provincial governments
2,000 have shifted focus towards realising the potential of its human capital such that it does not become a liability. For
1,000 Punjab, it is necessary to capitalise on the changing demographic structure by investing in urban space
- management, provision of safe sanitation for all especially women and young girls, increasing contraceptive use
and ensuring access to family planning services to reach a fertility rate that is a balance between the number of
children and resources to care for them. Heartening strides have emerged in terms of increasing the birth
registration for girls as well as enfranchising PWDs; such momentum must also be realised to ensure a safe
passage for transgender persons as they strive to gain access to public services. Positioning gender sensitivity and
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority Female Male
demographic needs at the core of policymaking is certain to help Punjab achieve a sustainable community.
Figure 2.45
Figure 2.46 illustrates the district-wise distribution of the registration of CNICs with disability logo for women in I. 2.6 Recommendations
2021.
II. 2.6.1 Policy
CNIC Registra on with Disability Logo for Women by District (2021)
III. Accountability of Nikkah Registrars
• Compliance of Nikkah Registrars with the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance (MFLO), 1961 must be checked
.
periodically by relevant public offices, and their licenses must be renewed based upon satisfactory review.
35 36
Attock
• Nikkah Registrars must hold an intermediate degree.
Rawalpindi
Chakwal Jhelum VI. Restraining Child Marriage
Mianwali Gujrat
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
• Minimum age of marriage for girls must be increased to 18 by amending the Punjab Child Marriage Restraint
Khushab Narowal
Sargodha Hafizabad Gujranwala (Amendment) Act (CMRA), 2015.
Sheikhupura
Bhakkar Chiniot
Nankana Sahib Lahore • Offenders must be held accountable through district-level task forces to track violations of CMRA.
Faisalabad
Jhang
Kasur
Layyah
Toba Tek Singh
2.6.2 Procedural
Okara
Sahiwal
Dera Ghazi KhanMuzaffargarh Khanewal Pakpattan
Capacity Building of Enumerators
Multan Vehari
Lodhran Bahawalnagar
• Enumerators must be sensitized to ensure maximum documentation of transgender persons and PWDs in
the population and housing census and surveys.
Rajanpur
Bahawalpur
Guarantee 100% birth registration
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan No. of CNICs • Continued efficacy of digitized birth registration processes must be ensured to achieve 100% birth
Up to 300 registration of all citizens.
301 - 600
601 - 900
Ensure 100% CNIC registration of women, girls, transgender persons and PWDS
901 - 1200
>1200
• Processes of CNIC registration must continue to be accessible for vulnerable communities to achieve 100%
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority, Punjab
CNIC registration.
Figure 2.46 Increase female ownership of housing units
• Incentivise women's ownership of housing units through property tax rebates.
erohaL idniplawaR dabalasiaF raganlawahaB hragraffazuM ahdograS ruplawahaB natluM nahK
raY
mihaR
arakO alawnarjuG kco A gnahJ rusaK lawenahK nahK
GD
lawkahC iraheV arupuhkiehS ilawnaiM rupnajaR hayyaL hgniS
TT
lawihaS tarjuG toklaiS bahsuhK na apkaP rakkahB mulheJ narhdoL laworaN toinihC nidduahaB
idnaM
bihaS
anaknaN
dabazifaH |
chunk_10_56 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS
In terms of a district-wise analysis, the highest incidence of registration among women was observed in Lahore 2.5 Conclusion
while the lowest was observed in Hafizabad. Figure 2.45 illustrates a detailed analysis.
The management and welfare of a population must be rooted in evidence-based conclusions that can be drawn if
CNIC Registra on with Disability Logo by Gender & District (2021) mechanisms for effective demographic data collection and analyses are in place. This is especially important as
6,000 the global community reaffirms its commitment to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; all goals tie
5,000 into one or another dimension of population management.
4,000
3,000 The demographic imperatives of Pakistan cannot be ignored and both the federal and provincial governments
2,000 have shifted focus towards realising the potential of its human capital such that it does not become a liability. For
1,000 Punjab, it is necessary to capitalise on the changing demographic structure by investing in urban space
- management, provision of safe sanitation for all especially women and young girls, increasing contraceptive use
and ensuring access to family planning services to reach a fertility rate that is a balance between the number of
children and resources to care for them. Heartening strides have emerged in terms of increasing the birth
registration for girls as well as enfranchising PWDs; such momentum must also be realised to ensure a safe
passage for transgender persons as they strive to gain access to public services. Positioning gender sensitivity and
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority Female Male
demographic needs at the core of policymaking is certain to help Punjab achieve a sustainable community.
Figure 2.45
Figure 2.46 illustrates the district-wise distribution of the registration of CNICs with disability logo for women in I. 2.6 Recommendations
2021.
II. 2.6.1 Policy
CNIC Registra on with Disability Logo for Women by District (2021)
III. Accountability of Nikkah Registrars
• Compliance of Nikkah Registrars with the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance (MFLO), 1961 must be checked
.
periodically by relevant public offices, and their licenses must be renewed based upon satisfactory review.
35 36
Attock
• Nikkah Registrars must hold an intermediate degree.
Rawalpindi
Chakwal Jhelum VI. Restraining Child Marriage
Mianwali Gujrat
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
• Minimum age of marriage for girls must be increased to 18 by amending the Punjab Child Marriage Restraint
Khushab Narowal
Sargodha Hafizabad Gujranwala (Amendment) Act (CMRA), 2015.
Sheikhupura
Bhakkar Chiniot
Nankana Sahib Lahore • Offenders must be held accountable through district-level task forces to track violations of CMRA.
Faisalabad
Jhang
Kasur
Layyah
Toba Tek Singh
2.6.2 Procedural
Okara
Sahiwal
Dera Ghazi KhanMuzaffargarh Khanewal Pakpattan
Capacity Building of Enumerators
Multan Vehari
Lodhran Bahawalnagar
• Enumerators must be sensitized to ensure maximum documentation of transgender persons and PWDs in
the population and housing census and surveys.
Rajanpur
Bahawalpur
Guarantee 100% birth registration
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan No. of CNICs • Continued efficacy of digitized birth registration processes must be ensured to achieve 100% birth
Up to 300 registration of all citizens.
301 - 600
601 - 900
Ensure 100% CNIC registration of women, girls, transgender persons and PWDS
901 - 1200
>1200
• Processes of CNIC registration must continue to be accessible for vulnerable communities to achieve 100%
Source: Na onal Database and Registra on Authority, Punjab
CNIC registration.
Figure 2.46 Increase female ownership of housing units
• Incentivise women's ownership of housing units through property tax rebates.
erohaL idniplawaR dabalasiaF raganlawahaB hragraffazuM ahdograS ruplawahaB natluM nahK
raY
mihaR
arakO alawnarjuG kco A gnahJ rusaK lawenahK nahK
GD
lawkahC iraheV arupuhkiehS ilawnaiM rupnajaR hayyaL hgniS
TT
lawihaS tarjuG toklaiS bahsuhK na apkaP rakkahB mulheJ narhdoL laworaN toinihC nidduahaB
idnaM
bihaS
anaknaN
dabazifaH |
chunk_10_57 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS
37 38
GOVERNANCE |
chunk_10_58 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / DEMOGRAPHICS
37 38
GOVERNANCE |
chunk_10_59 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
03
GOVERNANCE
INTRODUCTION
Governance is the process of decision-making and institutes in place and the extent of participation by social
defining whether certain policies will be groups, such as minorities and women; it is a well-known
implemented or not. This process includes formal notion that diverse groups make better decisions. This
and informal stakeholders in the development and inclusion of civil society into decision-making acts as a
implementation of decisions about administrative, representative force for marginalized groups and
KEY FINDINGS
political and financial affairs of a country. The legitimizes their voice. In fact, effective or ‘good’
process of governance allows citizens to express governance can address some of the deficiencies of the
their interests, enjoy their legal rights, inform them state in provision of public goods, and curtail selfish
Of 100 senators, 81% are men and 19% are women with a GPI of 0.235. Of the 23 Senators on seats
of their obligations and provide an enabling behaviour to maximize public interest.
allocated to Punjab, 19 (83%) are men and only 4 (17%) are women, with a GPI of 0.211.
environment to mediate their differences.
Women's interests form an important sec on of this public
The National Assembly of Pakistan consists of 341 members, of which 270 (79%) are men, and 71 (21%)
Globally, governance can take different forms and interest, but poli cs remains a male-dominated field. Yet,
are women, with a GPI of 0.262. Of these 71 women, 10 (4%) have been elected to general seats
has been theorized in multiple ways. The definition true empowerment cannot happen ll the gendered
compared to 261 (96%) men, while 60 are appointed on reserved seats for women and 1 on a seat
expanded beyond the economic realm when the dichotomy of public and private spheres is mediated.
reserved for minorities.
World Bank used the phrase "crisis in governance" Women's empowerment is documented to hold at least
to describe African political events in 1989. four dimensions; women's self-esteem, control over
The Punjab Assembly consists of 371 members, of which 296 (80%) are men and 75 (20%) are women,
Amongst at least five different theories of resources, mobility and par cipa on in decision-making.
with a GPI of 0.253. 66 (88%) women were appointed on seats reserved for women, 8 women (11%)
governance, all of which distinguish it from This la er component of par cipa on in decision-making
were elected to the general seats while 1 woman was appointed to a seat reserved for minorities.
‘Government,’ is Stoker's theory which identifies refers to power not just in the household but also the
governance as "the capacity to get things done public sphere.
In 2021 in Punjab, at the provincial level, of all non-gazetted staffers, 92% were men while 8% were
without relying on the power of the Government to
women. Of all gazetted staffers, 70% were men while 30% were women. At the district level, of all non-
command or use its authority." The equal participation of women and men in public life is
gazetted staffers, 89% were men while 11% were women. Of all gazetted staffers therein, 75% were men
39 also one of the foundations of the Convention on the 40
while 25% were women.
While government is made of public institutions Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
whose authority is rooted in the State, governance (CEDAW) adopted by the United Nations (UN) General
Data for Cantonment Board elections conducted across 12 districts of Punjab reveals that 7 out of 870
bodies can be public, private or a mixture. Assembly in 1979. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
candidates who stood for cantonment elections in 2021, were female.
Government is thus one of the actors in governance. Development also focuses on including women in
Other actors involved in governance depend upon positions of governance; SDG target 5.5, emphasizes the
Data obtained from the Provincial Election Commissioner reveals that of 69,049,301 registered voters in
the level of governance. inclusion of women in politics and the decision-making
Punjab, 54% are men while 46% are women.
process. Moreover, SDG target 16.7 aims to "ensure
For example, in rural areas, actors involved may responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative
include landlords, farmers, religious leaders, and decision-making at all levels." These goals underscore the
NGOs. Whereas, in urban areas, the situation is importance of women's contribution to public decision-
more complex. Here, civil society, media, and making and governance.
lobbying powers of multi-national corporations also
play important roles in affecting policy making. Evidence suggests that women legislators perform better
in terms of public goods provision and infrastructure
Effective governance at all levels is mandatory for development. Moreover, the management of common
efficient management of public and private affairs; natural resources is much more socially optimal when a
indeed, these can function without a government mixed-gender group is governing them, as opposed to just
but not without governance. The quality of one gender. This is truer when women's representation
governance is determined by the nature of serves to be more than symbolic tokenism - if they are
62 Governance: ICPS, 2022
63 United Na ons: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
64 Keping, 2018
65 Ibid.
66 Ibid.
67 Ibid.
68 United Na ons: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
69 Keping, 2018
70 Organiza on for Economic Co-opera on and Development, 2021
71 Keping, 2018
72 Jabeen, 2020
73 Hussain and Jullandhry, 2020
74 The Impact of the CEDAW Conven on: Paths to Equality, 2012
75 United Na ons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs
76 Ibid
77 Tusalem, 2022
78 Zhang et. Al., 2022 |
chunk_10_60 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
03
GOVERNANCE
INTRODUCTION
Governance is the process of decision-making and institutes in place and the extent of participation by social
defining whether certain policies will be groups, such as minorities and women; it is a well-known
implemented or not. This process includes formal notion that diverse groups make better decisions. This
and informal stakeholders in the development and inclusion of civil society into decision-making acts as a
implementation of decisions about administrative, representative force for marginalized groups and
KEY FINDINGS
political and financial affairs of a country. The legitimizes their voice. In fact, effective or ‘good’
process of governance allows citizens to express governance can address some of the deficiencies of the
their interests, enjoy their legal rights, inform them state in provision of public goods, and curtail selfish
Of 100 senators, 81% are men and 19% are women with a GPI of 0.235. Of the 23 Senators on seats
of their obligations and provide an enabling behaviour to maximize public interest.
allocated to Punjab, 19 (83%) are men and only 4 (17%) are women, with a GPI of 0.211.
environment to mediate their differences.
Women's interests form an important sec on of this public
The National Assembly of Pakistan consists of 341 members, of which 270 (79%) are men, and 71 (21%)
Globally, governance can take different forms and interest, but poli cs remains a male-dominated field. Yet,
are women, with a GPI of 0.262. Of these 71 women, 10 (4%) have been elected to general seats
has been theorized in multiple ways. The definition true empowerment cannot happen ll the gendered
compared to 261 (96%) men, while 60 are appointed on reserved seats for women and 1 on a seat
expanded beyond the economic realm when the dichotomy of public and private spheres is mediated.
reserved for minorities.
World Bank used the phrase "crisis in governance" Women's empowerment is documented to hold at least
to describe African political events in 1989. four dimensions; women's self-esteem, control over
The Punjab Assembly consists of 371 members, of which 296 (80%) are men and 75 (20%) are women,
Amongst at least five different theories of resources, mobility and par cipa on in decision-making.
with a GPI of 0.253. 66 (88%) women were appointed on seats reserved for women, 8 women (11%)
governance, all of which distinguish it from This la er component of par cipa on in decision-making
were elected to the general seats while 1 woman was appointed to a seat reserved for minorities.
‘Government,’ is Stoker's theory which identifies refers to power not just in the household but also the
governance as "the capacity to get things done public sphere.
In 2021 in Punjab, at the provincial level, of all non-gazetted staffers, 92% were men while 8% were
without relying on the power of the Government to
women. Of all gazetted staffers, 70% were men while 30% were women. At the district level, of all non-
command or use its authority." The equal participation of women and men in public life is
gazetted staffers, 89% were men while 11% were women. Of all gazetted staffers therein, 75% were men
39 also one of the foundations of the Convention on the 40
while 25% were women.
While government is made of public institutions Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
whose authority is rooted in the State, governance (CEDAW) adopted by the United Nations (UN) General
Data for Cantonment Board elections conducted across 12 districts of Punjab reveals that 7 out of 870
bodies can be public, private or a mixture. Assembly in 1979. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
candidates who stood for cantonment elections in 2021, were female.
Government is thus one of the actors in governance. Development also focuses on including women in
Other actors involved in governance depend upon positions of governance; SDG target 5.5, emphasizes the
Data obtained from the Provincial Election Commissioner reveals that of 69,049,301 registered voters in
the level of governance. inclusion of women in politics and the decision-making
Punjab, 54% are men while 46% are women.
process. Moreover, SDG target 16.7 aims to "ensure
For example, in rural areas, actors involved may responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative
include landlords, farmers, religious leaders, and decision-making at all levels." These goals underscore the
NGOs. Whereas, in urban areas, the situation is importance of women's contribution to public decision-
more complex. Here, civil society, media, and making and governance.
lobbying powers of multi-national corporations also
play important roles in affecting policy making. Evidence suggests that women legislators perform better
in terms of public goods provision and infrastructure
Effective governance at all levels is mandatory for development. Moreover, the management of common
efficient management of public and private affairs; natural resources is much more socially optimal when a
indeed, these can function without a government mixed-gender group is governing them, as opposed to just
but not without governance. The quality of one gender. This is truer when women's representation
governance is determined by the nature of serves to be more than symbolic tokenism - if they are
62 Governance: ICPS, 2022
63 United Na ons: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
64 Keping, 2018
65 Ibid.
66 Ibid.
67 Ibid.
68 United Na ons: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
69 Keping, 2018
70 Organiza on for Economic Co-opera on and Development, 2021
71 Keping, 2018
72 Jabeen, 2020
73 Hussain and Jullandhry, 2020
74 The Impact of the CEDAW Conven on: Paths to Equality, 2012
75 United Na ons, Department of Economic and Social Affairs
76 Ibid
77 Tusalem, 2022
78 Zhang et. Al., 2022 |
chunk_10_61 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
marginalised even as policy-makers unable to The public-private demarcation of gender roles as a 3.1 Federal
develop influential linkages with high-level persisting dynamic means that women are acceptable in
government officials, they may perform poorly. positions of power so long as they are perceived as "filling a
These findings have important policy implications to political void" created by an absent, related male. 3.1.1 Head of State
bolster female representation as well as agency at Patriarchal structures, therefore, use female leadership
higher levels of decision-making. opportunities as means of self-aggrandizement as
Since the creation of Pakistan in 1947, no female has ever served as the Head of State (or President). However,
opposed to meaningful and sustainable women's
among 26 Prime Ministers of Pakistan, Ms. Benazir Bhutto was the only woman political leader elected twice as
Political Participation of Women in development.
Prime Minister in the country's history of 70 years. She had served as Prime Minister from 1988 to 1990 and 1993
Pakistan and its Determinants to 1996.
The World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index
2022 ranks Pakistan 95 out of 146 countries in the thematic
Women's participation in parliament has been
area of women's political empowerment. This ranking is 3.1.2 Senate
secured through quotas and the provision of several
made on the basis of women in parliament, women in
rules for public sector positions for women. The
ministerial positions and years with female head of state
There are 100 Senators in the Senate of Pakistan. Of these, 81 percent are men and 19 percent are women with a
National Assembly of Pakistan consists of 342
over the last 50 years. In 2022, Pakistan's overall ranking
GPI of 0.235. Of the 23 Senators on seats allocated to Punjab, 19 (83%) are men and only 4 (17%) are women, with
members, out of which at least 60 must be women,
in gender equality in political participation has improved
a GPI of 0.211.
based on the 17.5% quota for women in National
slightly to 95 with 20.5 percent women in parliament while
Assembly and 33% of seats at the local government
the remaining indicators continued to stagnate, with only
Table 3.1 depicts that while women's share of membership in the Senate is higher than the regional average, it is
level must be reserved for women.
19 percent of the seats in the upper house being held by
significantly lower than the global average of women's representation in upper houses of parliaments.
women. On the voters’ end as well, as recent as 2018, a
Pakistan has committed to increasing women's
persisting gender gap in electoral participation in Pakistan
political participation under CEDAW (Article 7) as
is notable, with '11 million fewer women exercising their Table 3.1
well as its own National Plan of Action (1998) and its
right to vote than men.' It remains to be investigated why The Propor on of Women in the Upper House of Parliament
National Policy for Development and
this is the case. Mobility and ability to navigate the political
Empowerment of Women (2002) (Section 6).
arena freely could be one factor. Thus, studies that explore Pakistan Regional Average Global Average
the effect of policies on women's political participation and
When quotas were first introduced to include more
patterns of engaging with the electoral process investigate 19% 17.90% 25.10%
women in governance, a positive wave was seen
41 the impact of various interventions on political 42
with rural women councillors performing well and
participation and freedom. For example, one study looks at
55,000 women contested local government
the effects of cash transfers on women's voting behaviours.
elections in 2005. Yet the full realization of their 3.1.3 National Assembly
Jamil and Ludice study the effects of BISP on three
roles remains to be seen; a 2015 study of councillors
dimensions of women's political participation: 1) voting in
from Attock and Abbottabad revealed that while
elections, 2) engaging with elected representatives and 3) The National Assembly of Pakistan consists of 341 members, of which 270 (79%) are men, and 71 (21%) are
participation in these governance bodies remained
accessing the local state. They find that unconditional women, with a GPI of 0.262. Of these 71 women, only 10 (4%) women have been elected to general seats
good, women's influence over funds and policy
cash transfers such as BISP can allow women to express compared to 261 (96%) men, with an extremely low GPI of 0.038. The remaining majority (60) is appointed on
remained weak. While the quotas have been
their political preferences more freely as they become seats reserved for women and 1 on a seat reserved for minorities. Table 3.2 compares women's representation in
beneficial in giving more political space to women,
more insulated from the grips of patron-client linkages the National Assembly of Pakistan against the regional and global averages for the lower houses as of December
this has not come without challenges; for example,
with landlords. Further, grassroots forums created by such 2021.
women at the local tehsil and union council level
programs allow women to engage with the state more
face "hostile male attitudes, the lack of a Table 3.2
directly. This can be useful to mediate the constraints of
constituency due to the process of indirect The Propor on of Women in the Lower House of Parliament
mobility that women face.
elections, and being at the mercy of the male
councilors who elect them and often assign them to Pakistan Regional Average Global Average
These findings all serve as useful entry points to assess the
committees dealing only with women's issues.
constraints that women face in making their voices heard
When gauging the political empowerment of 21% 21.0% 26.1%
at a government level. The sub-sections ahead describe
women, it is therefore helpful to investigate
the status of women's participation in the political process
whether women are the subjects of change or
more precisely, focusing on Punjab.
agents of change.
Seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan are distributed in tune with the constitutional guidelines. Reserved
seats for women are allocated to each province through a proportional representation system, with the number of
seats being determined based on the number of general seats won by each political party from that province.
79 Zhang and Gajwani, 2015
80 Jabeen, 2019
81 Mubasher and Jabeen, 2017 Figure 3.1 shows the province-wise distribution of women on general and reserved seats for women across
82 Jabeen, 2019 Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and KP and Figure 3.2 illustrates the district-wise distribution of women on the
83 Shah et. al., 2015
84 Akhtar and Ali, 2012 reserved seats from Punjab.
85 Jabeen, 2019
86 Linda Richter (1990)
87 World Economic Forum, 2021
88 Ibid.
89 World Economic Forum, 2022
90 Cheema et. al., 2019 93 Data for Senate has been sourced from the official website of Pakistan Senate as of March 2022
91 Jamil and Ludice, 2021 94 Global and regional figures from Inter Parliamentary Union (IPU) as of December 2021.
92 Prillaman, 2017 95 Data for Na onal Assembly has been sourced from the official website of Pakistan Na onal Assembly as of March 2022 |
chunk_10_62 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
marginalised even as policy-makers unable to The public-private demarcation of gender roles as a 3.1 Federal
develop influential linkages with high-level persisting dynamic means that women are acceptable in
government officials, they may perform poorly. positions of power so long as they are perceived as "filling a
These findings have important policy implications to political void" created by an absent, related male. 3.1.1 Head of State
bolster female representation as well as agency at Patriarchal structures, therefore, use female leadership
higher levels of decision-making. opportunities as means of self-aggrandizement as
Since the creation of Pakistan in 1947, no female has ever served as the Head of State (or President). However,
opposed to meaningful and sustainable women's
among 26 Prime Ministers of Pakistan, Ms. Benazir Bhutto was the only woman political leader elected twice as
Political Participation of Women in development.
Prime Minister in the country's history of 70 years. She had served as Prime Minister from 1988 to 1990 and 1993
Pakistan and its Determinants to 1996.
The World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index
2022 ranks Pakistan 95 out of 146 countries in the thematic
Women's participation in parliament has been
area of women's political empowerment. This ranking is 3.1.2 Senate
secured through quotas and the provision of several
made on the basis of women in parliament, women in
rules for public sector positions for women. The
ministerial positions and years with female head of state
There are 100 Senators in the Senate of Pakistan. Of these, 81 percent are men and 19 percent are women with a
National Assembly of Pakistan consists of 342
over the last 50 years. In 2022, Pakistan's overall ranking
GPI of 0.235. Of the 23 Senators on seats allocated to Punjab, 19 (83%) are men and only 4 (17%) are women, with
members, out of which at least 60 must be women,
in gender equality in political participation has improved
a GPI of 0.211.
based on the 17.5% quota for women in National
slightly to 95 with 20.5 percent women in parliament while
Assembly and 33% of seats at the local government
the remaining indicators continued to stagnate, with only
Table 3.1 depicts that while women's share of membership in the Senate is higher than the regional average, it is
level must be reserved for women.
19 percent of the seats in the upper house being held by
significantly lower than the global average of women's representation in upper houses of parliaments.
women. On the voters’ end as well, as recent as 2018, a
Pakistan has committed to increasing women's
persisting gender gap in electoral participation in Pakistan
political participation under CEDAW (Article 7) as
is notable, with '11 million fewer women exercising their Table 3.1
well as its own National Plan of Action (1998) and its
right to vote than men.' It remains to be investigated why The Propor on of Women in the Upper House of Parliament
National Policy for Development and
this is the case. Mobility and ability to navigate the political
Empowerment of Women (2002) (Section 6).
arena freely could be one factor. Thus, studies that explore Pakistan Regional Average Global Average
the effect of policies on women's political participation and
When quotas were first introduced to include more
patterns of engaging with the electoral process investigate 19% 17.90% 25.10%
women in governance, a positive wave was seen
41 the impact of various interventions on political 42
with rural women councillors performing well and
participation and freedom. For example, one study looks at
55,000 women contested local government
the effects of cash transfers on women's voting behaviours.
elections in 2005. Yet the full realization of their 3.1.3 National Assembly
Jamil and Ludice study the effects of BISP on three
roles remains to be seen; a 2015 study of councillors
dimensions of women's political participation: 1) voting in
from Attock and Abbottabad revealed that while
elections, 2) engaging with elected representatives and 3) The National Assembly of Pakistan consists of 341 members, of which 270 (79%) are men, and 71 (21%) are
participation in these governance bodies remained
accessing the local state. They find that unconditional women, with a GPI of 0.262. Of these 71 women, only 10 (4%) women have been elected to general seats
good, women's influence over funds and policy
cash transfers such as BISP can allow women to express compared to 261 (96%) men, with an extremely low GPI of 0.038. The remaining majority (60) is appointed on
remained weak. While the quotas have been
their political preferences more freely as they become seats reserved for women and 1 on a seat reserved for minorities. Table 3.2 compares women's representation in
beneficial in giving more political space to women,
more insulated from the grips of patron-client linkages the National Assembly of Pakistan against the regional and global averages for the lower houses as of December
this has not come without challenges; for example,
with landlords. Further, grassroots forums created by such 2021.
women at the local tehsil and union council level
programs allow women to engage with the state more
face "hostile male attitudes, the lack of a Table 3.2
directly. This can be useful to mediate the constraints of
constituency due to the process of indirect The Propor on of Women in the Lower House of Parliament
mobility that women face.
elections, and being at the mercy of the male
councilors who elect them and often assign them to Pakistan Regional Average Global Average
These findings all serve as useful entry points to assess the
committees dealing only with women's issues.
constraints that women face in making their voices heard
When gauging the political empowerment of 21% 21.0% 26.1%
at a government level. The sub-sections ahead describe
women, it is therefore helpful to investigate
the status of women's participation in the political process
whether women are the subjects of change or
more precisely, focusing on Punjab.
agents of change.
Seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan are distributed in tune with the constitutional guidelines. Reserved
seats for women are allocated to each province through a proportional representation system, with the number of
seats being determined based on the number of general seats won by each political party from that province.
79 Zhang and Gajwani, 2015
80 Jabeen, 2019
81 Mubasher and Jabeen, 2017 Figure 3.1 shows the province-wise distribution of women on general and reserved seats for women across
82 Jabeen, 2019 Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and KP and Figure 3.2 illustrates the district-wise distribution of women on the
83 Shah et. al., 2015
84 Akhtar and Ali, 2012 reserved seats from Punjab.
85 Jabeen, 2019
86 Linda Richter (1990)
87 World Economic Forum, 2021
88 Ibid.
89 World Economic Forum, 2022
90 Cheema et. al., 2019 93 Data for Senate has been sourced from the official website of Pakistan Senate as of March 2022
91 Jamil and Ludice, 2021 94 Global and regional figures from Inter Parliamentary Union (IPU) as of December 2021.
92 Prillaman, 2017 95 Data for Na onal Assembly has been sourced from the official website of Pakistan Na onal Assembly as of March 2022 |
chunk_10_63 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
General and Reserved Seats for Women in the Na onal Assembly Members of Punjab Assembly by Gender
Federal 00
Balochistan 1 4
Sindh 4 14
80%
Punjab 5 33 (296)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 0 9 20%
(75)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Source: Na onal Assembly Website General Seats Reserved Seats
Figure 3.1
Source: Punjab Assembly Website
Figure 3.3
Women Members from Punjab on Reserved Seats in the
Na onal Assembly Figure 3.4 depicts that an overwhelming majority of 66 (88%) women were appointed on seats reserved for
women whereas, only 8 women (11%) were elected to the general seats with a GPI of 0.028. 1 woman was
appointed to a seat reserved for minorities.
Lahore 12
Rawalpindi 8
43 Rahim Yar Khan 2 44
Sialkot 2 Female Members in the Punjab Assembly (2021)
Rajanpur 1
DG Khan 1
Lodhran 1
Faisalabad 1
Khushab 1
Sargodha 1
Gujranwala 1
Gujrat 1
66 8 1
Chakwal 1
Source: Na onal Assembly Website
Reserved Seats Reserved Seats
General seats
for Women for Non–Muslims
Figure 3.2
Source: Punjab Assembly Website
3.2 Provincial
Figure 3.4
3.2.1 Punjab Assembly
As depicted in Figure 3.3, the Punjab Assembly consists of 371 members, of which an overwhelming majority 296
(80%) are men and 75 (20%) are women, with a GPI of 0.253. |
chunk_10_64 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
General and Reserved Seats for Women in the Na onal Assembly Members of Punjab Assembly by Gender
Federal 00
Balochistan 1 4
Sindh 4 14
80%
Punjab 5 33 (296)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 0 9 20%
(75)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Source: Na onal Assembly Website General Seats Reserved Seats
Figure 3.1
Source: Punjab Assembly Website
Figure 3.3
Women Members from Punjab on Reserved Seats in the
Na onal Assembly Figure 3.4 depicts that an overwhelming majority of 66 (88%) women were appointed on seats reserved for
women whereas, only 8 women (11%) were elected to the general seats with a GPI of 0.028. 1 woman was
appointed to a seat reserved for minorities.
Lahore 12
Rawalpindi 8
43 Rahim Yar Khan 2 44
Sialkot 2 Female Members in the Punjab Assembly (2021)
Rajanpur 1
DG Khan 1
Lodhran 1
Faisalabad 1
Khushab 1
Sargodha 1
Gujranwala 1
Gujrat 1
66 8 1
Chakwal 1
Source: Na onal Assembly Website
Reserved Seats Reserved Seats
General seats
for Women for Non–Muslims
Figure 3.2
Source: Punjab Assembly Website
3.2 Provincial
Figure 3.4
3.2.1 Punjab Assembly
As depicted in Figure 3.3, the Punjab Assembly consists of 371 members, of which an overwhelming majority 296
(80%) are men and 75 (20%) are women, with a GPI of 0.253. |
chunk_10_65 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
Figure 3.5 illustrates the district-wise breakdown of women's membership in the Punjab Assembly. 3.2.1.1 MPA Profiles
This sub-section will analyse the profile of female MPAs of the Punjab Assembly in terms of their age, level of
Punjab Assembly Female Membership by District education and level of political experience.
3.2.1.1.1 By Age
The age of politicians can affect governance, rate of re-election and public finances; young politicians have a
. longer career ahead so they may be more productive, may have a different time prospect as compared to their
older counterparts and might favour long-term policies. Social psychological theories suggest that increased
diversity in terms of age could result in more assorted opinions and critical thinking. This can help make decision-
making more innovative and creative.
Attock
To be eligible for the membership of a seat in the Punjab Assembly, members must be 25 years old or above. Figure
Rawalpindi
3.6 illustrates the age-wise breakdown of women MPs in the Assembly, sourced from the Punjab Assembly
website. Data was available for 158 members, including 20 of the 75 women members. Of these 20 women, most,
Chakwal Jhelum 12 (60%) fall in the age bracket of 51 years and above. 5 (25%) are aged between 41 to 50 years, whereas 3 fall in
Mianwali Gujrat the age bracket of 31 to 40 years. It is worth noting that no woman MPA falls within the age bracket of 25 to 30
years as compared to their male counterparts, 2 of whom fall between the age of 25 to 30 years.
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Khushab Narowal
Sargodha Gujranwala
Hafizabad
Female Membership in the Punjab Assembly by Age
Sheikhupura
Bhakkar Chiniot
Nankana SahibLahore
51 years & Above 12
Faisalabad
Jhang
Kasur
45 Layyah 46
Toba Tek Singh 41-50 years 5
Okara
Muzaffargarh Sahiwal
Khanewal 31-40 years 3
Pakpattan
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Vehari
25-30 years 0
Bahawalnagar
Lodhran
Source: Punjab Assembly Website
Rajanpur Figure 3.6
Bahawalpur 3.2.1.1.2 By Level of Education
The education of a legislator is one dimension of their identity. Empirical studies suggest that this identity affects
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan their policies. Education of legislators is also known to have an impact on their development spending as
Rahim Yar Khan
compared to their uneducated/less-educated counterparts at national as well as constituency levels.
No. of Female MPAs
(General & Reserved Seats)
Figure 3.7 depicts the academic qualification of women members of the Punjab Assembly. Data for academic
0 qualification was only available for 176 of 371 members of the Punjab Assembly.
1
Data was available for 153 male MPs of which, only 1 holds a Doctorate degree, 35 hold post-graduate degrees and
2 88 have completed graduation. 13 have completed matriculation and 13 hold intermediate degrees. 3 MPs do not
have any formal education.
3
Source: Punjab Assembly Website
>3
Of 23 women MPAs of Punjab Assembly, 8 are post-graduates, whereas 11 hold graduate degrees. 3 women MPAs
have passed matriculation and 1 holds an intermediate degree (High School Certificate).
Figure 3.5
96 Alberto F. Alesina, 2015
97 Carter, 2010
98 Neiman, 2017 |
chunk_10_66 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
Figure 3.5 illustrates the district-wise breakdown of women's membership in the Punjab Assembly. 3.2.1.1 MPA Profiles
This sub-section will analyse the profile of female MPAs of the Punjab Assembly in terms of their age, level of
Punjab Assembly Female Membership by District education and level of political experience.
3.2.1.1.1 By Age
The age of politicians can affect governance, rate of re-election and public finances; young politicians have a
. longer career ahead so they may be more productive, may have a different time prospect as compared to their
older counterparts and might favour long-term policies. Social psychological theories suggest that increased
diversity in terms of age could result in more assorted opinions and critical thinking. This can help make decision-
making more innovative and creative.
Attock
To be eligible for the membership of a seat in the Punjab Assembly, members must be 25 years old or above. Figure
Rawalpindi
3.6 illustrates the age-wise breakdown of women MPs in the Assembly, sourced from the Punjab Assembly
website. Data was available for 158 members, including 20 of the 75 women members. Of these 20 women, most,
Chakwal Jhelum 12 (60%) fall in the age bracket of 51 years and above. 5 (25%) are aged between 41 to 50 years, whereas 3 fall in
Mianwali Gujrat the age bracket of 31 to 40 years. It is worth noting that no woman MPA falls within the age bracket of 25 to 30
years as compared to their male counterparts, 2 of whom fall between the age of 25 to 30 years.
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Khushab Narowal
Sargodha Gujranwala
Hafizabad
Female Membership in the Punjab Assembly by Age
Sheikhupura
Bhakkar Chiniot
Nankana SahibLahore
51 years & Above 12
Faisalabad
Jhang
Kasur
45 Layyah 46
Toba Tek Singh 41-50 years 5
Okara
Muzaffargarh Sahiwal
Khanewal 31-40 years 3
Pakpattan
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Vehari
25-30 years 0
Bahawalnagar
Lodhran
Source: Punjab Assembly Website
Rajanpur Figure 3.6
Bahawalpur 3.2.1.1.2 By Level of Education
The education of a legislator is one dimension of their identity. Empirical studies suggest that this identity affects
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan their policies. Education of legislators is also known to have an impact on their development spending as
Rahim Yar Khan
compared to their uneducated/less-educated counterparts at national as well as constituency levels.
No. of Female MPAs
(General & Reserved Seats)
Figure 3.7 depicts the academic qualification of women members of the Punjab Assembly. Data for academic
0 qualification was only available for 176 of 371 members of the Punjab Assembly.
1
Data was available for 153 male MPs of which, only 1 holds a Doctorate degree, 35 hold post-graduate degrees and
2 88 have completed graduation. 13 have completed matriculation and 13 hold intermediate degrees. 3 MPs do not
have any formal education.
3
Source: Punjab Assembly Website
>3
Of 23 women MPAs of Punjab Assembly, 8 are post-graduates, whereas 11 hold graduate degrees. 3 women MPAs
have passed matriculation and 1 holds an intermediate degree (High School Certificate).
Figure 3.5
96 Alberto F. Alesina, 2015
97 Carter, 2010
98 Neiman, 2017 |
chunk_10_67 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
Participation of Women in the Punjab Assembly
Women Members of Punjab Assembly (By Level of Educa on)
As specified in the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, the core function of provincial assemblies is
Matricula on 3 making laws and policies for the province with respect to criminal law, procedure, evidence and any matter not
enumerated in the Federal Legislative List.
Intermediate 1
The introduction of a new legislation is an intuitive process, which goes through a long way of lobbying, vetting,
debating, examining, and voting before its adoption. This process also exhibits the level of participation of male
Graduate 11 and female members of the assembly.
This part of the chapter will analyse the involvement of male and female members of the Punjab Assembly in the
Postgraduate 8
process of provincial law-making.
Source: Punjab Assembly Website
3.2.1.2 Decision-Making Positions in the Punjab Assembly
Figure 3.7
Although women make up 20 percent of the Punjab Assembly, the number of women in decision-making positions
is very few. Figure 3.9 illustrates a gendered breakdown of MPs as Chairs of Standing Committees, Ministers and
3.2.1.1.3 By Political Experience Parliamentary Secretaries.
Around the globe, a number of commendable steps have been taken to open the doors for women for their
participation in politics through legislation and a quota system to reserve seats for them. However, very little has
MPAs in Decision - Making Posi ons in the Punjab Assembly by Gender
been done yet about financing the political campaigns to have more women in office.
41
As shown in table 3.3, 37 of the women members of the Punjab Assembly are affiliated with Pakistan Tehreek-e- 35
Insaaf (PTI), 34 with Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PMLN), 2 with Pakistan Muslim League, 1 woman is affiliated
with Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and 1 is an independent candidate.
47 Table 3.3 48
7
Women in the Punjab Assembly 10 2 3
PTI PML-N PML PPP IND Chairs of Standing Commi ees Ministers Parliamentary Secretaries
Source: Punjab Assembly Website Male Female
37 (49)% 34 (45%) 2 (3%) 1 (1%) 1 (1%)
Figure 3.9
Source: Punjab Assembly Website
3.2.1.2.1 Provincial Ministers
Figure 3.8 illustrates the gender and party-wise breakdown of Punjab Assembly's membership.
There are 37 Ministers in the provincial assembly. Of these, 35 (95%) were men and only 2 (5%) were women, with
a GPI of 0.057. A low GPI for positions of ministers is demonstrative and speaks to the challenges women may face
Party Affila on of the Punjab Assembly by Gender
in being a part of successive governments in Punjab Table 3.5 provides a list of all ministerial portfolios currently
146
held by women.
131
Table 3.5
Provincial Ministries Led by Women
Specialized Healthcare & Medical Educa on
37 34 Women Development
8
2 16 14 01
3.2.1.2.2 Parliamentary Secretaries
Of 44 Parliamentary Secretaries, 41 (93%) are men and only 3 (7%) are women with a significantly low GPI of
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz Pakistan Rah-e-Haq Independent Party Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) Pakistan Muslim League
(PTI) (PMLN) 0.073. Table 3.6 provides a list of all secretarial portfolios currently held by women.
Source: Punjab Assembly Website Male Female
Figure 3.8
100 Punjab Assembly website as of March 2022
99 Electoral Financing to Advance Women's Poli cal Par cipa on, 2007 101 Ibid |
chunk_10_68 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
Participation of Women in the Punjab Assembly
Women Members of Punjab Assembly (By Level of Educa on)
As specified in the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, the core function of provincial assemblies is
Matricula on 3 making laws and policies for the province with respect to criminal law, procedure, evidence and any matter not
enumerated in the Federal Legislative List.
Intermediate 1
The introduction of a new legislation is an intuitive process, which goes through a long way of lobbying, vetting,
debating, examining, and voting before its adoption. This process also exhibits the level of participation of male
Graduate 11 and female members of the assembly.
This part of the chapter will analyse the involvement of male and female members of the Punjab Assembly in the
Postgraduate 8
process of provincial law-making.
Source: Punjab Assembly Website
3.2.1.2 Decision-Making Positions in the Punjab Assembly
Figure 3.7
Although women make up 20 percent of the Punjab Assembly, the number of women in decision-making positions
is very few. Figure 3.9 illustrates a gendered breakdown of MPs as Chairs of Standing Committees, Ministers and
3.2.1.1.3 By Political Experience Parliamentary Secretaries.
Around the globe, a number of commendable steps have been taken to open the doors for women for their
participation in politics through legislation and a quota system to reserve seats for them. However, very little has
MPAs in Decision - Making Posi ons in the Punjab Assembly by Gender
been done yet about financing the political campaigns to have more women in office.
41
As shown in table 3.3, 37 of the women members of the Punjab Assembly are affiliated with Pakistan Tehreek-e- 35
Insaaf (PTI), 34 with Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PMLN), 2 with Pakistan Muslim League, 1 woman is affiliated
with Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and 1 is an independent candidate.
47 Table 3.3 48
7
Women in the Punjab Assembly 10 2 3
PTI PML-N PML PPP IND Chairs of Standing Commi ees Ministers Parliamentary Secretaries
Source: Punjab Assembly Website Male Female
37 (49)% 34 (45%) 2 (3%) 1 (1%) 1 (1%)
Figure 3.9
Source: Punjab Assembly Website
3.2.1.2.1 Provincial Ministers
Figure 3.8 illustrates the gender and party-wise breakdown of Punjab Assembly's membership.
There are 37 Ministers in the provincial assembly. Of these, 35 (95%) were men and only 2 (5%) were women, with
a GPI of 0.057. A low GPI for positions of ministers is demonstrative and speaks to the challenges women may face
Party Affila on of the Punjab Assembly by Gender
in being a part of successive governments in Punjab Table 3.5 provides a list of all ministerial portfolios currently
146
held by women.
131
Table 3.5
Provincial Ministries Led by Women
Specialized Healthcare & Medical Educa on
37 34 Women Development
8
2 16 14 01
3.2.1.2.2 Parliamentary Secretaries
Of 44 Parliamentary Secretaries, 41 (93%) are men and only 3 (7%) are women with a significantly low GPI of
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz Pakistan Rah-e-Haq Independent Party Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) Pakistan Muslim League
(PTI) (PMLN) 0.073. Table 3.6 provides a list of all secretarial portfolios currently held by women.
Source: Punjab Assembly Website Male Female
Figure 3.8
100 Punjab Assembly website as of March 2022
99 Electoral Financing to Advance Women's Poli cal Par cipa on, 2007 101 Ibid |
chunk_10_69 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
Table 3.6
Membership of Parliamentary Standing Commi ees of the Punjab Assembly by Gender
Secretarial Por olios in the Parliament Held by Women in Punjab GPI
3
Youth Affairs, Sports, Archaeology Zakat & Ushr 0.38
8
Appointed on: 28th June 2021
2
Specialized Healthcare and Medical Educa on 0.22
Women Development 9
Appointed on: 9th August 2021 School Educa on 4 0.57
7
Labour & Human Resource 2
Revenue, Relief and Consolida on 0.22
Appointed on: 15th February 2022 9
2
Public Prosecu on 0.22
9
1
Public Accounts Commi ee-II 0.06
16
4
Primary and Secondary Healthcare 0.57
7
3.2.1.2.3 Standing Committees 9
Popula on Welfare 4.50
2
Standing Committees play an important role in setting up the agenda of the parliament. Standing Committees Planning & Development 2 0.22
9
provide a platform for detailed examination of important bills, policies and other issues. Each Standing
2
Committee has 11 members with its relevant Minister and Parliamentary Secretary. Mines and Minerals 0.22
9
1
3.2.1.2.3.1 Chairpersons Local Government and Community Development 0.10
10
2
Law 0.22
There are 24 Parliamentary Standing Committees in the Punjab Assembly. Of these, 10 (59%) are chaired by 9
male chairpersons and 7 (41%) are headed by female chairpersons, with a GPI of 0.7. The position of Chairperson 2
Labour and Human Resource 0.22
is vacant in 7 Standing Committees as of March 2022. Table 3.7 provides the list of all Committees currently 9
49 50
chaired by women. 3
Industries, Commerce and Investment 0.38
8
7
Human Rights and Minori es Affairs 2.33
3
Table 3.7 2
Housing, Urban Development and Public Health Engineering 0.22
9
2
Home 0.22
Standing Commi ees in the Punjab Assembly Headed by Female Chairpersons 9
4
Higher Education 0.57
Higher Educa on 7
10
Environment Protec on Gender Mainstreaming (Women Development) 10.00
1
Law
0
Chief Ministers’ Inspec on Team Finance Commi ee of the Assembly 0.00
9
School Educa on 2
Excise & Taxa on 0.22
Excise & Taxa on 9
5
Environment Protec on 0.83
6
1
Commi ee on Privileges 0.06
16
3.2.1.2.3.2 Members
2
Chief Ministers’ Inspec on Team 0.22
9
Population Welfare, Gender Mainstreaming, and Human Rights and Minorities Affairs are the only three
Committees with a higher number of female members as compared to male members. These committees have 9,
Source: Punjab Assembly Website Female Male
10 and 7 women members, respectively. The Standing Committee on Gender Mainstreaming has the highest
number of women members (10), whereas there are none in the Finance Committee of the Assembly. There are 3 Figure 3.10
standing committees with only one female member each. These include the Committee on Privileges, Committee
on Local Government & Community Development, and the Public Accounts Committee-II. Figure 3.10 shows the
number of men and women in all 24 Standing Committees as well as the GPI value for each Committee.
102 Punjab Assembly website as of 7th March 2022 |
chunk_10_70 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
Table 3.6
Membership of Parliamentary Standing Commi ees of the Punjab Assembly by Gender
Secretarial Por olios in the Parliament Held by Women in Punjab GPI
3
Youth Affairs, Sports, Archaeology Zakat & Ushr 0.38
8
Appointed on: 28th June 2021
2
Specialized Healthcare and Medical Educa on 0.22
Women Development 9
Appointed on: 9th August 2021 School Educa on 4 0.57
7
Labour & Human Resource 2
Revenue, Relief and Consolida on 0.22
Appointed on: 15th February 2022 9
2
Public Prosecu on 0.22
9
1
Public Accounts Commi ee-II 0.06
16
4
Primary and Secondary Healthcare 0.57
7
3.2.1.2.3 Standing Committees 9
Popula on Welfare 4.50
2
Standing Committees play an important role in setting up the agenda of the parliament. Standing Committees Planning & Development 2 0.22
9
provide a platform for detailed examination of important bills, policies and other issues. Each Standing
2
Committee has 11 members with its relevant Minister and Parliamentary Secretary. Mines and Minerals 0.22
9
1
3.2.1.2.3.1 Chairpersons Local Government and Community Development 0.10
10
2
Law 0.22
There are 24 Parliamentary Standing Committees in the Punjab Assembly. Of these, 10 (59%) are chaired by 9
male chairpersons and 7 (41%) are headed by female chairpersons, with a GPI of 0.7. The position of Chairperson 2
Labour and Human Resource 0.22
is vacant in 7 Standing Committees as of March 2022. Table 3.7 provides the list of all Committees currently 9
49 50
chaired by women. 3
Industries, Commerce and Investment 0.38
8
7
Human Rights and Minori es Affairs 2.33
3
Table 3.7 2
Housing, Urban Development and Public Health Engineering 0.22
9
2
Home 0.22
Standing Commi ees in the Punjab Assembly Headed by Female Chairpersons 9
4
Higher Education 0.57
Higher Educa on 7
10
Environment Protec on Gender Mainstreaming (Women Development) 10.00
1
Law
0
Chief Ministers’ Inspec on Team Finance Commi ee of the Assembly 0.00
9
School Educa on 2
Excise & Taxa on 0.22
Excise & Taxa on 9
5
Environment Protec on 0.83
6
1
Commi ee on Privileges 0.06
16
3.2.1.2.3.2 Members
2
Chief Ministers’ Inspec on Team 0.22
9
Population Welfare, Gender Mainstreaming, and Human Rights and Minorities Affairs are the only three
Committees with a higher number of female members as compared to male members. These committees have 9,
Source: Punjab Assembly Website Female Male
10 and 7 women members, respectively. The Standing Committee on Gender Mainstreaming has the highest
number of women members (10), whereas there are none in the Finance Committee of the Assembly. There are 3 Figure 3.10
standing committees with only one female member each. These include the Committee on Privileges, Committee
on Local Government & Community Development, and the Public Accounts Committee-II. Figure 3.10 shows the
number of men and women in all 24 Standing Committees as well as the GPI value for each Committee.
102 Punjab Assembly website as of 7th March 2022 |
chunk_10_71 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
3.3 Women & Local Governance
protection of the constitutional rights of women, educating the public to cultivate local support and funding
A global shift towards emphasising effective local governance instead of just national governance is a trend
women at various levels of governance.
endorsed by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In doing so, it also sets targets to ensure women's
equal participation at all levels of governance (SDG Target 5.5) and indicators like proportion of seats held by
As a Temporary Special Measure (TSM), quotas must be monitored and their efficacy must be evaluated in robust
women in local governments (Indicator 5.5.1b). The need for local governance to be representative and
fashion to verify whether or not they are yielding desired results; this is relevant as every policy environment is
participatory arises from a notion concluded by local governance practitioners and theorists which asserts that
different in nature as well as structure. According to the Wilson Center's report titled Roadmap 50x50, Pakistan
people's felt-needs are understood and taken care of best by 'like' representatives. This would mean
falls in the category of countries ‘Pursuing Parity’ – a group of countries where groundwork still needs to be laid in
representatives from similar ethnic, linguistic and socioeconomic lived experiences; gender as an important
the sense that there are not many women leaders, nor are women able to move beyond traditional roles and
factor cannot be discounted.
functions. This also means that there is a vast window of opportunities for women to rise, provided an enabling
environment is realised for them.
The tussle in Punjab to actualize effective local governance is ongoing. After the dissolution of local governments
in 2019, promises to install new and more empowered ones emerged resulting in the Punjab Local Government
For the purposes of this report, the public sector includes all provincial departments attached to the Civil
Act 2019 – a party-based, directly elected mayoral system well-established in the United States. This proportional
Secretariat of Punjab, Statutory Bodies (autonomous/semi-autonomous/companies) and district government
representation system vested power in a directly elected mayor who could help ground a strong local
offices. These bodies work together for public service delivery as formulated by the Punjab Assembly.
government, not intimidated by politics at the provincial level. The Act also notified council oversight that could
help act as an internal check upon attempts of overreach by the mayor. After the Supreme Court restored the local
governments under the Local Government Act 2013, they were allowed to complete their term. Meanwhile, the 3.4.1 Contingent Staff in the Public Sector
Punjab Local Government Ordinance was promulgated in 2021, subsequently assented as an Act. This Act is a
strong departure from the proportional representation, mayoral system introduced in the 2019 Act and grants the
More men are employed in the public sector than women. In 2021, there were a total of 39,611 men and only
winning mayor an absolute majority. It also allows provincial governments to exercise significant control over the
5,999 women in Punjab's Provincial Departments. 87 percent of the public sector employees in the Provincial
local governments' heads opening room for misuse and subjugation.
Departments comprised men, with a very low GPI of 0.14. Since 2020, this has been a negligible improvement
with statistics showing men making up 87 percent of public sector employees. As far as district offices are
While the PLGO 2021 incorporates reserved seats for women in different bodies of the local government, caveats
concerned, in 2021, there were a total of 67,271 men and 11,215 women employed therein, rounding up a GPI of
remain as to whether this representation is logical and effective. Some examples include how reserved seats for
0.16.
women in Metropolitan Corporations and District Councils do not conform to a formula and may result in
disproportional representation when viewed in conjunction with the population size. Technically, concerns
51 The nature of staff hired in public offices in Punjab also includes contractual employees for a short term, to 52
have arisen over smaller districts having over 31 percent representation of women in local government councils
accomplish specific time sensitive tasks or projects. In 2021, only 14 percent of the contract-based staff in
whereas only 23 percent of it is reserved for women in districts with a population size of over 10 million. It
Provincial Departments and 20 percent of that in District Offices was female. This data is shown in Figure 3.11.
remains to be seen whether these gaps will be filled in a subsequent parliamentary process to realise a truly
socially inclusive local governance structure in Punjab.
Evidence suggests that having women in local governance particularly helps female citizens rally for their rights
related to community and family matters in a system that is otherwise often fraught by structural gender
Contractual Based Employees in Public Sector in Punjab (2021)
inequalities. In Punjab too, matters related to women's marriage, divorce, recovery of dower, property and
inheritance all come under the purview of the local government as per the Muslim Family Law Ordinance, 1961. In
light of this, it is imperative to installing a local government system in the province that empowers women leaders
and citizens at the grassroots level. 488 1,489
14% 20%
3.4 Women in the Public Sector
Worldwide, women's lack of participation in the public sector, administration and politics contribute significantly
to gender inequality. Most western philosophy and cultural norms have marked the political and public domain 3,003 5,845
86% 80%
as reserved for men. It is not surprising then that in South Asian countries like Pakistan, the presence of women
is low in bureaucratic and political institutions where lucrative and powerful domains are controlled by men. Provincial District
Departments Offices
As far as what works is concerned, quotas have been found to enable women to get through the door however, /Ins tu ons
they do not necessarily guarantee a progressive future for female representatives and/or parliamentarians. Male
Source: Provincial Departments / Ins tu ons and District Offices Female
Hence, a 'quota-plus' approach that calls upon governments, civil society organisations and other stakeholders
to synergize efforts to strengthen women's place in the public sector is required. These efforts may include
Figure 3.11
103 (Godwin, 2013)
104 (Centre for Peace and Development Ini a ves, 2022)
105 Ibid
106 (Uganda Bureau of Sta s cs, UNWOMEN, UKAID, 2017)
107 Mastracci, 2017
108 (Ali, 2012)
109 Ibid 112 (Whitman & Gomez, 2009)
110 (Maguire, 2018) 113 (Dahlerup, 2021)
111 Ibid 114 (Wilson Center, 2018) |
chunk_10_72 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
3.3 Women & Local Governance
protection of the constitutional rights of women, educating the public to cultivate local support and funding
A global shift towards emphasising effective local governance instead of just national governance is a trend
women at various levels of governance.
endorsed by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In doing so, it also sets targets to ensure women's
equal participation at all levels of governance (SDG Target 5.5) and indicators like proportion of seats held by
As a Temporary Special Measure (TSM), quotas must be monitored and their efficacy must be evaluated in robust
women in local governments (Indicator 5.5.1b). The need for local governance to be representative and
fashion to verify whether or not they are yielding desired results; this is relevant as every policy environment is
participatory arises from a notion concluded by local governance practitioners and theorists which asserts that
different in nature as well as structure. According to the Wilson Center's report titled Roadmap 50x50, Pakistan
people's felt-needs are understood and taken care of best by 'like' representatives. This would mean
falls in the category of countries ‘Pursuing Parity’ – a group of countries where groundwork still needs to be laid in
representatives from similar ethnic, linguistic and socioeconomic lived experiences; gender as an important
the sense that there are not many women leaders, nor are women able to move beyond traditional roles and
factor cannot be discounted.
functions. This also means that there is a vast window of opportunities for women to rise, provided an enabling
environment is realised for them.
The tussle in Punjab to actualize effective local governance is ongoing. After the dissolution of local governments
in 2019, promises to install new and more empowered ones emerged resulting in the Punjab Local Government
For the purposes of this report, the public sector includes all provincial departments attached to the Civil
Act 2019 – a party-based, directly elected mayoral system well-established in the United States. This proportional
Secretariat of Punjab, Statutory Bodies (autonomous/semi-autonomous/companies) and district government
representation system vested power in a directly elected mayor who could help ground a strong local
offices. These bodies work together for public service delivery as formulated by the Punjab Assembly.
government, not intimidated by politics at the provincial level. The Act also notified council oversight that could
help act as an internal check upon attempts of overreach by the mayor. After the Supreme Court restored the local
governments under the Local Government Act 2013, they were allowed to complete their term. Meanwhile, the 3.4.1 Contingent Staff in the Public Sector
Punjab Local Government Ordinance was promulgated in 2021, subsequently assented as an Act. This Act is a
strong departure from the proportional representation, mayoral system introduced in the 2019 Act and grants the
More men are employed in the public sector than women. In 2021, there were a total of 39,611 men and only
winning mayor an absolute majority. It also allows provincial governments to exercise significant control over the
5,999 women in Punjab's Provincial Departments. 87 percent of the public sector employees in the Provincial
local governments' heads opening room for misuse and subjugation.
Departments comprised men, with a very low GPI of 0.14. Since 2020, this has been a negligible improvement
with statistics showing men making up 87 percent of public sector employees. As far as district offices are
While the PLGO 2021 incorporates reserved seats for women in different bodies of the local government, caveats
concerned, in 2021, there were a total of 67,271 men and 11,215 women employed therein, rounding up a GPI of
remain as to whether this representation is logical and effective. Some examples include how reserved seats for
0.16.
women in Metropolitan Corporations and District Councils do not conform to a formula and may result in
disproportional representation when viewed in conjunction with the population size. Technically, concerns
51 The nature of staff hired in public offices in Punjab also includes contractual employees for a short term, to 52
have arisen over smaller districts having over 31 percent representation of women in local government councils
accomplish specific time sensitive tasks or projects. In 2021, only 14 percent of the contract-based staff in
whereas only 23 percent of it is reserved for women in districts with a population size of over 10 million. It
Provincial Departments and 20 percent of that in District Offices was female. This data is shown in Figure 3.11.
remains to be seen whether these gaps will be filled in a subsequent parliamentary process to realise a truly
socially inclusive local governance structure in Punjab.
Evidence suggests that having women in local governance particularly helps female citizens rally for their rights
related to community and family matters in a system that is otherwise often fraught by structural gender
Contractual Based Employees in Public Sector in Punjab (2021)
inequalities. In Punjab too, matters related to women's marriage, divorce, recovery of dower, property and
inheritance all come under the purview of the local government as per the Muslim Family Law Ordinance, 1961. In
light of this, it is imperative to installing a local government system in the province that empowers women leaders
and citizens at the grassroots level. 488 1,489
14% 20%
3.4 Women in the Public Sector
Worldwide, women's lack of participation in the public sector, administration and politics contribute significantly
to gender inequality. Most western philosophy and cultural norms have marked the political and public domain 3,003 5,845
86% 80%
as reserved for men. It is not surprising then that in South Asian countries like Pakistan, the presence of women
is low in bureaucratic and political institutions where lucrative and powerful domains are controlled by men. Provincial District
Departments Offices
As far as what works is concerned, quotas have been found to enable women to get through the door however, /Ins tu ons
they do not necessarily guarantee a progressive future for female representatives and/or parliamentarians. Male
Source: Provincial Departments / Ins tu ons and District Offices Female
Hence, a 'quota-plus' approach that calls upon governments, civil society organisations and other stakeholders
to synergize efforts to strengthen women's place in the public sector is required. These efforts may include
Figure 3.11
103 (Godwin, 2013)
104 (Centre for Peace and Development Ini a ves, 2022)
105 Ibid
106 (Uganda Bureau of Sta s cs, UNWOMEN, UKAID, 2017)
107 Mastracci, 2017
108 (Ali, 2012)
109 Ibid 112 (Whitman & Gomez, 2009)
110 (Maguire, 2018) 113 (Dahlerup, 2021)
111 Ibid 114 (Wilson Center, 2018) |
chunk_10_73 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
3.4.2 Gazetted and Non-Gazetted Staff 3.4.3 Women in Selection & Recruitment Committees
In 2021, gazetted posts in Punjab were dominated by men as were the non-gazetted ones, at both the district and It is compulsory to have at least one woman in all selection and recruitment committees for regular and
provincial levels. At the provincial level, 92 percent of non-gazetted staffers and 70 percent of gazetted staffers contractual employment. In 2021, it is apparent through Figure 3.14 that this requirement, while not fully met,
were male, while at the district level, 89 percent of non-gazetted staffers and 75 percent of gazetted staffers were was being followed by at least 60 percent of the departments and offices at both the provincial and district levels.
male. The exact figures of this distribution are shown in Figure 3.12.
Recruitment of at least 1 Woman in Selec on and Recruitment
Gazetted and Non-Gaze ed Staff by Gender & Level (2021) Commi ees in Public Offices of Punjab (2021)
Provincial Departments / District Offices
70,000
Ins tu ons
11,727
60,000
50,000
7,293 29 52 66 121
40,000
36% 64% 35% 65%
30,000
49,699
20,000
29,315 3,900
3,053
10,000
2,458 5,826 In Compliance
Source: Provincial Departments/Institu ons and District Offices Not in Compliance
-
Male Female Male Female
Provincial District Figure 3.14
53 54
Source: Provincial Departments / Ins tu ons and District Offices Non-Gaze ed Gaze ed The PWEP 2012 mandates public sector boards, committees, and task forces to ensure a minimum of 33 percent
representation of women. The Punjab Fair Representation of Women Act 2014 was built upon the provisions of
Figure 3.12 this package to mandate 33 percent representation of women on Boards and Committees.
Figure 3.15 shows that in 2021, only 27 percent of the provincial offices and 24 percent of the district offices had
Comparatively since 2020, no significant improvement has been noticed in terms of gender parity. While 90 at least 33 percent women on their Selection and Recruitment Committees.
percent of the non-gazetted staffers and 73 percent of gazetted staffers in 2020 were men, in 2021, 90.5 percent
of the non-gazetted staffers and 73 percent of the gazetted ones were men. This is shown in Figure 3.13.
33% Representa on of Women in Selec on and Recruitment Commi ees in Public
Offices of Punjab (2021)
Gazetted and Non-Gaze ed Staff in Punjab by Gender & Year Province District
90,000
80,000
70,000 55 20 138 44
73% 27% 76% 24%
60,000
50,000 74,199 79,014
40,000
30,000
18,629 19,020
20,000
10,000 6,725 8,222 6,953 8,284
In Compliance
- Source: Provincial Departments/Ins tu ons and District Offices Not in Compliance
Gaze ed Non-Gaze ed Gaze ed Non-Gaze ed
2020 2021
Source: Provincial Departments / Ins tu ons and District Offices Female Male Figure 3.15
Figure 3.13
115 (Public Sector Employment)
116 (Public Sector Employment, n.d.) |
chunk_10_74 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
3.4.2 Gazetted and Non-Gazetted Staff 3.4.3 Women in Selection & Recruitment Committees
In 2021, gazetted posts in Punjab were dominated by men as were the non-gazetted ones, at both the district and It is compulsory to have at least one woman in all selection and recruitment committees for regular and
provincial levels. At the provincial level, 92 percent of non-gazetted staffers and 70 percent of gazetted staffers contractual employment. In 2021, it is apparent through Figure 3.14 that this requirement, while not fully met,
were male, while at the district level, 89 percent of non-gazetted staffers and 75 percent of gazetted staffers were was being followed by at least 60 percent of the departments and offices at both the provincial and district levels.
male. The exact figures of this distribution are shown in Figure 3.12.
Recruitment of at least 1 Woman in Selec on and Recruitment
Gazetted and Non-Gaze ed Staff by Gender & Level (2021) Commi ees in Public Offices of Punjab (2021)
Provincial Departments / District Offices
70,000
Ins tu ons
11,727
60,000
50,000
7,293 29 52 66 121
40,000
36% 64% 35% 65%
30,000
49,699
20,000
29,315 3,900
3,053
10,000
2,458 5,826 In Compliance
Source: Provincial Departments/Institu ons and District Offices Not in Compliance
-
Male Female Male Female
Provincial District Figure 3.14
53 54
Source: Provincial Departments / Ins tu ons and District Offices Non-Gaze ed Gaze ed The PWEP 2012 mandates public sector boards, committees, and task forces to ensure a minimum of 33 percent
representation of women. The Punjab Fair Representation of Women Act 2014 was built upon the provisions of
Figure 3.12 this package to mandate 33 percent representation of women on Boards and Committees.
Figure 3.15 shows that in 2021, only 27 percent of the provincial offices and 24 percent of the district offices had
Comparatively since 2020, no significant improvement has been noticed in terms of gender parity. While 90 at least 33 percent women on their Selection and Recruitment Committees.
percent of the non-gazetted staffers and 73 percent of gazetted staffers in 2020 were men, in 2021, 90.5 percent
of the non-gazetted staffers and 73 percent of the gazetted ones were men. This is shown in Figure 3.13.
33% Representa on of Women in Selec on and Recruitment Commi ees in Public
Offices of Punjab (2021)
Gazetted and Non-Gaze ed Staff in Punjab by Gender & Year Province District
90,000
80,000
70,000 55 20 138 44
73% 27% 76% 24%
60,000
50,000 74,199 79,014
40,000
30,000
18,629 19,020
20,000
10,000 6,725 8,222 6,953 8,284
In Compliance
- Source: Provincial Departments/Ins tu ons and District Offices Not in Compliance
Gaze ed Non-Gaze ed Gaze ed Non-Gaze ed
2020 2021
Source: Provincial Departments / Ins tu ons and District Offices Female Male Figure 3.15
Figure 3.13
115 (Public Sector Employment)
116 (Public Sector Employment, n.d.) |
chunk_10_75 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
3.4.4 15% Representation of Women in Public Offices Contes ng Candidates in Cantonment Board Elections by
Gender (2021)
As per the 15 percent quota set out in the Punjab Women Empowerment Package (PWEP) 2012, public offices are
mandated to have at least 15 percent of women employees. However, data shows that all public offices are not in
compliance with this directive. At the district level, only 20 percent and at the provincial level, only 21 percent of
the offices are in compliance. This data is presented in Figure 3.16.
870, 99% 7, 1%
15% Representa on of Women in Public Offices of Punjab (2021)
Provincial Departments/Ins tu ons District Offices
Female
Source: Provincial Elec on Commissioner, PEC Punjab Male
Figure 3.17
A district-wise analysis reveals that barring Bahawalpur, Multan, Rawalpindi and Lahore, no other districts had
any woman contesting the elections, as depicted in Figure 3.18.
88 19 % 12 91 % 3 87 07 % 29 02 %
377
89
Contes ng Candidates in Cantonment Board Elections by District & Gender (2021)
300 273 265
250
In Compliance 200
Source: Provincial Departments / Ins tu ons and District Offices Not in Compliance 150
95
100 58
Figure 3.16 50 3 36 2 33 1 1 6 10 18 13 38 25
55 0 56
3.5 Women in the Electoral Process
The gender gap in political participation extends to the electoral process as well. As recently as 2018, 11 million
fewer women than men voted in the national election. Not only do such gaps hinder the democratic process, Source: Provincial Elec on Commissioner, PEC Punjab Male Female
but also prevent the welfare gains that women themselves can achieve as the work on suffrage extension has
shown. Inequality in the electoral process in deeply entrenched not just in the normative sense but also Figure 3.18
structural. One example of this is the electoral form which is "doubly undemocratic first in giving male-dominated
A review of logistical arrangements for voters reveals that through the Cantonment Board Elections process 2021,
political parties direct control over their nominees, and then in giving male top power holders the right to choose
there were a total of 15,35,677 polling stations, of which 52.4 percent were for men and 47.6 percent were for
from the list. Women chosen under such a system cannot be called in any real sense representatives of the people
women. Of a total of 3,332 polling booths, 52 percent were for men and 48 percent were designated for women.
(let alone a women's constituency)."
Overall, these statistics, illustrated in Figure 3.19, exhibit a positive picture as far as gender-sensitive
arrangements for voting are concerned.
In Pakistan, elections are administered by the Election Commission of Pakistan, a constitutionally established
federal body led by the Chief Election Commissioner. This section uses data provided by the Election
Commissioner of Punjab to analyze women's participation in voting and the polling infrastructure available.
Total Number of Polling Sta ons/Booths by Gender (2021)
3.5.1 Cantonment Board Elections 2021
Polling Sta ons Polling Booths
Cantonment Boards are local municipal and civic bodies that provide civil services to city cantonments. Data for
Cantonment Board elections conducted across 12 districts of Punjab reveals that only 7 out of 870 candidates who
stood for cantonment elections in 2021, were female. This amounts to only 1 percent of the share; a GPI of 0.01 is
dismal and points to the structural and normative hindrances women may face in entering the electoral process.
A district-wise analysis reveals that barring Bahawalpur, Multan, Rawalpindi and Lahore, no other districts had any 731,260 804,417 1,600 1,732
woman contesting the elections, as depicted in Figure 3.18.
Source: Provincial Elec on Commissioner, PEC Punjab
117 (Cheema, 2021)
118 Ibid Figure 3.19
119 (Ali, 2012)
Figure 3.17
idniplawaR natluM ruplawahaB erohaL kco A alawnarjuG tarjuG gnahJ mulehJ arakO ahdograS toklaiS |
chunk_10_76 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
3.4.4 15% Representation of Women in Public Offices Contes ng Candidates in Cantonment Board Elections by
Gender (2021)
As per the 15 percent quota set out in the Punjab Women Empowerment Package (PWEP) 2012, public offices are
mandated to have at least 15 percent of women employees. However, data shows that all public offices are not in
compliance with this directive. At the district level, only 20 percent and at the provincial level, only 21 percent of
the offices are in compliance. This data is presented in Figure 3.16.
870, 99% 7, 1%
15% Representa on of Women in Public Offices of Punjab (2021)
Provincial Departments/Ins tu ons District Offices
Female
Source: Provincial Elec on Commissioner, PEC Punjab Male
Figure 3.17
A district-wise analysis reveals that barring Bahawalpur, Multan, Rawalpindi and Lahore, no other districts had
any woman contesting the elections, as depicted in Figure 3.18.
88 19 % 12 91 % 3 87 07 % 29 02 %
377
89
Contes ng Candidates in Cantonment Board Elections by District & Gender (2021)
300 273 265
250
In Compliance 200
Source: Provincial Departments / Ins tu ons and District Offices Not in Compliance 150
95
100 58
Figure 3.16 50 3 36 2 33 1 1 6 10 18 13 38 25
55 0 56
3.5 Women in the Electoral Process
The gender gap in political participation extends to the electoral process as well. As recently as 2018, 11 million
fewer women than men voted in the national election. Not only do such gaps hinder the democratic process, Source: Provincial Elec on Commissioner, PEC Punjab Male Female
but also prevent the welfare gains that women themselves can achieve as the work on suffrage extension has
shown. Inequality in the electoral process in deeply entrenched not just in the normative sense but also Figure 3.18
structural. One example of this is the electoral form which is "doubly undemocratic first in giving male-dominated
A review of logistical arrangements for voters reveals that through the Cantonment Board Elections process 2021,
political parties direct control over their nominees, and then in giving male top power holders the right to choose
there were a total of 15,35,677 polling stations, of which 52.4 percent were for men and 47.6 percent were for
from the list. Women chosen under such a system cannot be called in any real sense representatives of the people
women. Of a total of 3,332 polling booths, 52 percent were for men and 48 percent were designated for women.
(let alone a women's constituency)."
Overall, these statistics, illustrated in Figure 3.19, exhibit a positive picture as far as gender-sensitive
arrangements for voting are concerned.
In Pakistan, elections are administered by the Election Commission of Pakistan, a constitutionally established
federal body led by the Chief Election Commissioner. This section uses data provided by the Election
Commissioner of Punjab to analyze women's participation in voting and the polling infrastructure available.
Total Number of Polling Sta ons/Booths by Gender (2021)
3.5.1 Cantonment Board Elections 2021
Polling Sta ons Polling Booths
Cantonment Boards are local municipal and civic bodies that provide civil services to city cantonments. Data for
Cantonment Board elections conducted across 12 districts of Punjab reveals that only 7 out of 870 candidates who
stood for cantonment elections in 2021, were female. This amounts to only 1 percent of the share; a GPI of 0.01 is
dismal and points to the structural and normative hindrances women may face in entering the electoral process.
A district-wise analysis reveals that barring Bahawalpur, Multan, Rawalpindi and Lahore, no other districts had any 731,260 804,417 1,600 1,732
woman contesting the elections, as depicted in Figure 3.18.
Source: Provincial Elec on Commissioner, PEC Punjab
117 (Cheema, 2021)
118 Ibid Figure 3.19
119 (Ali, 2012)
Figure 3.17
idniplawaR natluM ruplawahaB erohaL kco A alawnarjuG tarjuG gnahJ mulehJ arakO ahdograS toklaiS |
chunk_10_77 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
3.5.2 Registered Voters
Data from Punjab's Election Commissioner shows that in 2021, more men than women were registered to vote. At
Registered Voters for Punjab Assembly by District & Gender (2021)
least 6 million more men than women are registered to vote. While some of this discrepancy could be attributed 4,000,000
to the fact that there are more men than women in Pakistan, it is worth noting that a significant role is played by 3,500,000
the control of men in a household over the decision to vote.
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
37.6M
1,000,000
Between 2018 and 2021, the 33.7M
31.4M
500,000
number of female registered 27M
voters increased by 16% while -
that for men increased by 11.5%
2018 2021
Source: Provincial Elec on Commissioner, PEC Punjab
Male Female
Figure 3.21
Figure 3.20 shows that 54 percent of the registered voters are men and a breakdown based on age shows that
most of the voters are between 26 to 35 years old.
3.5.3 District Voter Education Committees
Members of DVECs by District & Gender (2021)
Registered Voters by Age Group & Gender (2021) Coordinated by the District Election Commissioners (DECs) and
74, 15%
supervised by the Regional Election Commissioners (RECs), the
57 58
formation of DVECs under the Voter Education Plan 2012-2013
Above 65 5.1% 5.2% serve as a forum for dialogue between stakeholders including
women, minority and PWD groups to improve electoral processes
and make them more inclusive. 408, 85%
56-65 4.4% 4.9%
Data obtained from the Election Commissioner for 2021 shows that
46% 54% 85 percent of the membership in DVECs in Punjab was made up of
46-55 6.8% 7.6%
31,427,200 37,622,101 men while 15 percent was made up of women. Figure 3.22 Source: PEC Punjab Male Female
illustrates these statistics.
36-45 10.2% 10.9% Figure 3.22
3.6 Women and Democracy
26-35 11.8% 14.1%
The Elections Act 2017 mandated that all political parties give at least 5 percent of their tickets to women
however, there was not even one female candidate in over 45 percent of parties that contested in the 2018
18-25 7.2% 11.8%
General Elections. It is pertinent for women to have meritocratic pathways ensuring access to and space in
democratic structures and processes. This must be evidenced through their meaningful participation when
Source: Provincial Elec on Commissioner, PEC Punjab Male Female occupying democratic roles; introducing resolutions in the Punjab assembly is a relevant indicator covered in this
section.
Figure 3.20
3.6.1 Resolutions
A district-wise analysis shows that in most cases, more men are registered voters than women, except in Chakwal
where there appears to be parity. This data is presented in Figure 3.21. In 2021, the Punjab Assembly passed 35 Resolutions of which 16 (46%) were introduced by female MPAs and 19
(54%) were introduced by male MPAs. Table 3.4 shows the details of women-led resolutions in 2021.
120 (Cheema, 2021) 121 (Kamray, 2020)
erohaL dabalasiaF idniplawaR alawnarjuG natluM nahK
raY
mihaR
toklaiS ahdograS hragraffazuM ruplawahaB rusaK tarjuG arakO arupuhkiehS lawenahK iraheV raganlawahaB lawihaS gnahJ nahK
GD
hgniS
TT
kco A lawkahC laworaN nidduahaB
idnaM
na apkaP narhdoL hayyaL rupnajaR mulheJ ilawnaiM rakkahB bahsuhK bihaS
anaknaN
toinihC dabazfiaH |
chunk_10_78 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
3.5.2 Registered Voters
Data from Punjab's Election Commissioner shows that in 2021, more men than women were registered to vote. At
Registered Voters for Punjab Assembly by District & Gender (2021)
least 6 million more men than women are registered to vote. While some of this discrepancy could be attributed 4,000,000
to the fact that there are more men than women in Pakistan, it is worth noting that a significant role is played by 3,500,000
the control of men in a household over the decision to vote.
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
37.6M
1,000,000
Between 2018 and 2021, the 33.7M
31.4M
500,000
number of female registered 27M
voters increased by 16% while -
that for men increased by 11.5%
2018 2021
Source: Provincial Elec on Commissioner, PEC Punjab
Male Female
Figure 3.21
Figure 3.20 shows that 54 percent of the registered voters are men and a breakdown based on age shows that
most of the voters are between 26 to 35 years old.
3.5.3 District Voter Education Committees
Members of DVECs by District & Gender (2021)
Registered Voters by Age Group & Gender (2021) Coordinated by the District Election Commissioners (DECs) and
74, 15%
supervised by the Regional Election Commissioners (RECs), the
57 58
formation of DVECs under the Voter Education Plan 2012-2013
Above 65 5.1% 5.2% serve as a forum for dialogue between stakeholders including
women, minority and PWD groups to improve electoral processes
and make them more inclusive. 408, 85%
56-65 4.4% 4.9%
Data obtained from the Election Commissioner for 2021 shows that
46% 54% 85 percent of the membership in DVECs in Punjab was made up of
46-55 6.8% 7.6%
31,427,200 37,622,101 men while 15 percent was made up of women. Figure 3.22 Source: PEC Punjab Male Female
illustrates these statistics.
36-45 10.2% 10.9% Figure 3.22
3.6 Women and Democracy
26-35 11.8% 14.1%
The Elections Act 2017 mandated that all political parties give at least 5 percent of their tickets to women
however, there was not even one female candidate in over 45 percent of parties that contested in the 2018
18-25 7.2% 11.8%
General Elections. It is pertinent for women to have meritocratic pathways ensuring access to and space in
democratic structures and processes. This must be evidenced through their meaningful participation when
Source: Provincial Elec on Commissioner, PEC Punjab Male Female occupying democratic roles; introducing resolutions in the Punjab assembly is a relevant indicator covered in this
section.
Figure 3.20
3.6.1 Resolutions
A district-wise analysis shows that in most cases, more men are registered voters than women, except in Chakwal
where there appears to be parity. This data is presented in Figure 3.21. In 2021, the Punjab Assembly passed 35 Resolutions of which 16 (46%) were introduced by female MPAs and 19
(54%) were introduced by male MPAs. Table 3.4 shows the details of women-led resolutions in 2021.
120 (Cheema, 2021) 121 (Kamray, 2020)
erohaL dabalasiaF idniplawaR alawnarjuG natluM nahK
raY
mihaR
toklaiS ahdograS hragraffazuM ruplawahaB rusaK tarjuG arakO arupuhkiehS lawenahK iraheV raganlawahaB lawihaS gnahJ nahK
GD
hgniS
TT
kco A lawkahC laworaN nidduahaB
idnaM
na apkaP narhdoL hayyaL rupnajaR mulheJ ilawnaiM rakkahB bahsuhK bihaS
anaknaN
toinihC dabazfiaH |
chunk_10_79 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
Table 3.4 3.8 Recommendations
Resolu on No. Summary of Resolu on
3.8.1 Policy
To demands from the Government to contact Google and Wikipedia
RES. 82 management to rec fy the informa on about the caliphs of Islam on
Google as the name of Qadiani Mirza Masroor appears on Wikipedia as caliph of Islam
Enhance & Facilitate Local Government
RES.83 To declare the district Chakwal as Tourist Des na on to promote historical places of the district • Speed up the formulation, implementation and continuity of local government legislation to enable
consistent grassroots participation of women workers.
To ask for, renaming the Kahuta to Azad Patan Road Rawalpindi District,
RES.84
a er the bane of late MPA Sobia Sa in recogni on of regional and parliamentary services
Facilitate Women in the Public Sector
To pay tribute to the Armed Forces of Pakistan for their dedicated efforts
RES.85
to make the Pakistan Army one of the 10 most powerful forces in the world • The Planning and Development Board must issue directives to line departments for mainstreaming gender
equality in their PSDP portfolios.
Ensure that educa on is compulsory and free for children of ages
RES.87
between 5-16 years under ar cle 25-A
• Public offices must be directed to ensure the provision of women-friendly amenities, ramp access, day-care
To acknowledge the contribu on of women in all walks of life in Pakistan
RES.89 centres and paternity and maternity leaves.
and show solidarity with women in Kashmir and Pales ne on Interna onal Women’s Day
To carry out awareness campaigns for the proper collec on and handling
RES.93 of sacred papers with Quranic Verses, hadiths, and Asma-ul-Husna, and to • Educational merit must be introduced to ensure the quality of female legislative membership.
act for legisla on in this regard
Facilitate Women in the Political Party Structures
RES.96 Ensure the inclusion of women members in the Council of Islamic
Ideology as per Ar cle 228 (3)(d) of the Cons tu on of Pakistan
• Election Commission of Pakistan must require political parties to ensure a minimum threshold of female
RES.97 For the provision of toilet facili es in all educa onal ins tutes of Punjab
representation in central leadership and membership.
RES.103 Related to the development of a comprehensive plan for the educa on
and training of transgender in the province • Introduce campaign finance regulations to ensure transparent pathways for women to participate in
59 60
To dis nguish between Muslim and non-Muslim (Qadiani, Ahmadi etc.) in elections.
RES. 104 Nikkah from, Passport and NADRA from there should be the addi on of a
declara on related to the end of prophecy
3.8.2 Procedural
To ensure that the morning assembly is being organised in all educa on
RES.106
ins tutes and na onal anthem and recita on of the Holy Quran should be
compulsory in the assembly
Ensure women's meaningful representation in political party candidature
RES.107 To increase the daily allowance of MPAs according to the infla on level
• Ensure safeguards for the 5% rule for political party candidature.
For the revitalisa on of hockey and take emergency measures to prevent the game of
RES.113
hockey from sinking and regain lost ground in te game
Facilitate Women's Parliamentary Role
RES.114 To regulate the registra on process of housing socie es
• Ensure expansion of women's role in parliament through Women's Parliamentary Caucuses and
Source: Website of Punjab Assembly as of 27 March 2022 appointment to decision-making positions.
Achieve 33% and 15% representation for women in all public offices (provincial and district)
3.7 Conclusion • Ensure implementation of provisions mandated by the Punjab Fair Representation of Women Act 2014 and
PWEP 2012.
Pakistan has scored its highest ranking, 95 , across the political empowerment indicator in the Global Gender
Enable women's meaningful participation in electoral processes
Gap Report 2022 which speaks to its efforts in the area. However, realizing the unfettered, meaningful
participation of women still remains a work in progress. This may be attributed to their lack of fair access, in
comparison with men, to opportunities in the parliament and other public bodies, especially as decision-makers. • Initiate campaigns with support from the district NADRA offices for local female voter registration in districts
Evidence explored in the sections above supports the notion that space for women is minimal or tokenistic in that have the largest numbers of unregistered female voters using mobile CNIC registration kiosks in colleges
nature. Policy work should therefore focus not just on increasing the numbers of women in politics but also on and training centres.
creating an environment enabling enough for women to venture into politics and public service without
intimidation or financial dependence. Particularly in Punjab, there is room for enhancing women's representation • Use existing social welfare schemes such as vouchers, services and training etc. to incentive female voter
across all levels of governance. This will ensure that aspects of governance are not selectively reserved for registration.
women's entry instead, the system as a whole is rebranded as a gender-neutral space, free from efforts to
demasculinize or effeminize it. • Provision of gender-sensitivity training to Presiding Officers, Returning Officers and other ECP personnel. |
chunk_10_80 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / GOVERNANCE
Table 3.4 3.8 Recommendations
Resolu on No. Summary of Resolu on
3.8.1 Policy
To demands from the Government to contact Google and Wikipedia
RES. 82 management to rec fy the informa on about the caliphs of Islam on
Google as the name of Qadiani Mirza Masroor appears on Wikipedia as caliph of Islam
Enhance & Facilitate Local Government
RES.83 To declare the district Chakwal as Tourist Des na on to promote historical places of the district • Speed up the formulation, implementation and continuity of local government legislation to enable
consistent grassroots participation of women workers.
To ask for, renaming the Kahuta to Azad Patan Road Rawalpindi District,
RES.84
a er the bane of late MPA Sobia Sa in recogni on of regional and parliamentary services
Facilitate Women in the Public Sector
To pay tribute to the Armed Forces of Pakistan for their dedicated efforts
RES.85
to make the Pakistan Army one of the 10 most powerful forces in the world • The Planning and Development Board must issue directives to line departments for mainstreaming gender
equality in their PSDP portfolios.
Ensure that educa on is compulsory and free for children of ages
RES.87
between 5-16 years under ar cle 25-A
• Public offices must be directed to ensure the provision of women-friendly amenities, ramp access, day-care
To acknowledge the contribu on of women in all walks of life in Pakistan
RES.89 centres and paternity and maternity leaves.
and show solidarity with women in Kashmir and Pales ne on Interna onal Women’s Day
To carry out awareness campaigns for the proper collec on and handling
RES.93 of sacred papers with Quranic Verses, hadiths, and Asma-ul-Husna, and to • Educational merit must be introduced to ensure the quality of female legislative membership.
act for legisla on in this regard
Facilitate Women in the Political Party Structures
RES.96 Ensure the inclusion of women members in the Council of Islamic
Ideology as per Ar cle 228 (3)(d) of the Cons tu on of Pakistan
• Election Commission of Pakistan must require political parties to ensure a minimum threshold of female
RES.97 For the provision of toilet facili es in all educa onal ins tutes of Punjab
representation in central leadership and membership.
RES.103 Related to the development of a comprehensive plan for the educa on
and training of transgender in the province • Introduce campaign finance regulations to ensure transparent pathways for women to participate in
59 60
To dis nguish between Muslim and non-Muslim (Qadiani, Ahmadi etc.) in elections.
RES. 104 Nikkah from, Passport and NADRA from there should be the addi on of a
declara on related to the end of prophecy
3.8.2 Procedural
To ensure that the morning assembly is being organised in all educa on
RES.106
ins tutes and na onal anthem and recita on of the Holy Quran should be
compulsory in the assembly
Ensure women's meaningful representation in political party candidature
RES.107 To increase the daily allowance of MPAs according to the infla on level
• Ensure safeguards for the 5% rule for political party candidature.
For the revitalisa on of hockey and take emergency measures to prevent the game of
RES.113
hockey from sinking and regain lost ground in te game
Facilitate Women's Parliamentary Role
RES.114 To regulate the registra on process of housing socie es
• Ensure expansion of women's role in parliament through Women's Parliamentary Caucuses and
Source: Website of Punjab Assembly as of 27 March 2022 appointment to decision-making positions.
Achieve 33% and 15% representation for women in all public offices (provincial and district)
3.7 Conclusion • Ensure implementation of provisions mandated by the Punjab Fair Representation of Women Act 2014 and
PWEP 2012.
Pakistan has scored its highest ranking, 95 , across the political empowerment indicator in the Global Gender
Enable women's meaningful participation in electoral processes
Gap Report 2022 which speaks to its efforts in the area. However, realizing the unfettered, meaningful
participation of women still remains a work in progress. This may be attributed to their lack of fair access, in
comparison with men, to opportunities in the parliament and other public bodies, especially as decision-makers. • Initiate campaigns with support from the district NADRA offices for local female voter registration in districts
Evidence explored in the sections above supports the notion that space for women is minimal or tokenistic in that have the largest numbers of unregistered female voters using mobile CNIC registration kiosks in colleges
nature. Policy work should therefore focus not just on increasing the numbers of women in politics but also on and training centres.
creating an environment enabling enough for women to venture into politics and public service without
intimidation or financial dependence. Particularly in Punjab, there is room for enhancing women's representation • Use existing social welfare schemes such as vouchers, services and training etc. to incentive female voter
across all levels of governance. This will ensure that aspects of governance are not selectively reserved for registration.
women's entry instead, the system as a whole is rebranded as a gender-neutral space, free from efforts to
demasculinize or effeminize it. • Provision of gender-sensitivity training to Presiding Officers, Returning Officers and other ECP personnel. |
chunk_10_81 | Health
PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
Introduction
Demographics
Governance
Health
Education
HEALTH
Economic Participation
Justice
Special Iniatives
Legislation for women
HEALTH |
chunk_10_82 | Health
PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
Introduction
Demographics
Governance
Health
Education
HEALTH
Economic Participation
Justice
Special Iniatives
Legislation for women
HEALTH |
chunk_10_83 | Health
PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
04
HEALTH
Of the 10,79,801 births recorded in Punjab in 2021, 10,69,553 (99%) were live-births whereas 10,248 (1%)
were still-births. Of all live births, 28,331 (2.6%) were LBW babies.
In 2021, a total of 9,84,111 post-natal care visits were made in facilities across 36 districts of Punjab.
As per data obtained from the National Aids Control Programme Website, between May 2020 and April
2021, of 49,504 female AIDS patients at treatment centres in Punjab, 42,659 (86%) received ART. Of 4,919
KEY FINDINGS transgender AIDS patients, 3,827 (78%) received ART.
As per data obtained from the Punjab Cancer Registry, the reported cases of breast cancer increased by 23
As of January 1st, 2020, there were 5,227 health facilities functioning across Punjab. Of these, 2,587 % from 3,129 in 2020 to 3,854 in 2021. The most vulnerable age group of women was 40-59 years, which
(49.5%) were BHUs, 1,411 (27%) dispensaries, 390 (7.5%) hospitals, 358 (7%) RHCs, 280 (5%) MCHCs, formed 55% of all breast cancer patients reported in 2021.
186 (3.5%) SHCs and 15 (0.3%) were TB Clinics.
As of January 1st 2020, there were a total of 72,130 beds in health facilities in Punjab. Of these, 59,574
were in hospitals, 89 in dispensaries, 7,182 in RHCs, 154 in TB Clinics and 5,131 were in BHUs.
As of January 1st, 2020, there were 122,879 registered medical personnel in Punjab. Of these, 87,121
(71%) were MBBS doctors, 10,124 (8%) BDS dentists and 25,634 (21%) were specialist doctors. Of the
specialist personnel, 24,596 (96%) were medical doctors while 1,038 (4%) were dental.
The number of male patients admitted at Punjab Institute of Mental Health increased by 1.5% to
115,805 in 2021 while the number of female patients decreased by 3.9% to 61,281.
As of December 2021, 2,343 Service Centres under the Population Welfare Department were operating
63 64
across Punjab. Of these, 2100 (89.6%) were Family Welfare Centres, 115 (5%) were Mobile Service Units
and 128 (5.4%) were Family Health Centres.
The number of male beneficiaries of Adolescent Health Centres under PWD increased by 67.3% to 1,010
in 2021 while that of female beneficiaries increased by 23% to 6,163.
In 2021, there were 1,608 Integrated Reproductive Maternal, Newborn & Child Health facilities
operational in Punjab of which, 1,234 (76.7%) were 24/7 BHUs, 316 (19.6%) were RHCs and 58 (3.6%)
were stabilisation centres.
In 2021, the total strength of human resources in IRMNCH facilities in Punjab was 47,216. Of these,
42,171 (89%) were Lady Health Workers (LHWs), 1,946 (4%) Lady Health Visitors (LHVs), 1,755 (4%) Lady
Health Supervisors (LHSs), 1,292 (3%) Ayas and 52 (0.1%) were nurses.
In 2021 in Punjab, the number of pregnant women who were successfully vaccinated against MNT in
decreased by 7.3% to 21,35,963.
The number of family planning visits in Punjab declined by 4.8% to 17,52,131 in 2021.
As per the Annual Contraceptive Performance Report 2019-20, in Punjab, the CPR by using estimated
modern method users increased by 1.5%, overall, between 2018-19 and 2019-20.
In 2021, 75,55,646 ANC visits took place in Punjab of which 43,43,591 (57.4%) were ANC-1 visits and
32,12,055 (42.6%) were second ANC visits. 21.4% of the ANC-1 visitors had anaemia.
The number of normal deliveries conducted in the province declined by 5% to 9,35,573 in 2021. The
number of caesarean-section deliveries declined by 6% to 1,91,393 in 2021. |
chunk_10_84 | Health
PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
04
HEALTH
Of the 10,79,801 births recorded in Punjab in 2021, 10,69,553 (99%) were live-births whereas 10,248 (1%)
were still-births. Of all live births, 28,331 (2.6%) were LBW babies.
In 2021, a total of 9,84,111 post-natal care visits were made in facilities across 36 districts of Punjab.
As per data obtained from the National Aids Control Programme Website, between May 2020 and April
2021, of 49,504 female AIDS patients at treatment centres in Punjab, 42,659 (86%) received ART. Of 4,919
KEY FINDINGS transgender AIDS patients, 3,827 (78%) received ART.
As per data obtained from the Punjab Cancer Registry, the reported cases of breast cancer increased by 23
As of January 1st, 2020, there were 5,227 health facilities functioning across Punjab. Of these, 2,587 % from 3,129 in 2020 to 3,854 in 2021. The most vulnerable age group of women was 40-59 years, which
(49.5%) were BHUs, 1,411 (27%) dispensaries, 390 (7.5%) hospitals, 358 (7%) RHCs, 280 (5%) MCHCs, formed 55% of all breast cancer patients reported in 2021.
186 (3.5%) SHCs and 15 (0.3%) were TB Clinics.
As of January 1st 2020, there were a total of 72,130 beds in health facilities in Punjab. Of these, 59,574
were in hospitals, 89 in dispensaries, 7,182 in RHCs, 154 in TB Clinics and 5,131 were in BHUs.
As of January 1st, 2020, there were 122,879 registered medical personnel in Punjab. Of these, 87,121
(71%) were MBBS doctors, 10,124 (8%) BDS dentists and 25,634 (21%) were specialist doctors. Of the
specialist personnel, 24,596 (96%) were medical doctors while 1,038 (4%) were dental.
The number of male patients admitted at Punjab Institute of Mental Health increased by 1.5% to
115,805 in 2021 while the number of female patients decreased by 3.9% to 61,281.
As of December 2021, 2,343 Service Centres under the Population Welfare Department were operating
63 64
across Punjab. Of these, 2100 (89.6%) were Family Welfare Centres, 115 (5%) were Mobile Service Units
and 128 (5.4%) were Family Health Centres.
The number of male beneficiaries of Adolescent Health Centres under PWD increased by 67.3% to 1,010
in 2021 while that of female beneficiaries increased by 23% to 6,163.
In 2021, there were 1,608 Integrated Reproductive Maternal, Newborn & Child Health facilities
operational in Punjab of which, 1,234 (76.7%) were 24/7 BHUs, 316 (19.6%) were RHCs and 58 (3.6%)
were stabilisation centres.
In 2021, the total strength of human resources in IRMNCH facilities in Punjab was 47,216. Of these,
42,171 (89%) were Lady Health Workers (LHWs), 1,946 (4%) Lady Health Visitors (LHVs), 1,755 (4%) Lady
Health Supervisors (LHSs), 1,292 (3%) Ayas and 52 (0.1%) were nurses.
In 2021 in Punjab, the number of pregnant women who were successfully vaccinated against MNT in
decreased by 7.3% to 21,35,963.
The number of family planning visits in Punjab declined by 4.8% to 17,52,131 in 2021.
As per the Annual Contraceptive Performance Report 2019-20, in Punjab, the CPR by using estimated
modern method users increased by 1.5%, overall, between 2018-19 and 2019-20.
In 2021, 75,55,646 ANC visits took place in Punjab of which 43,43,591 (57.4%) were ANC-1 visits and
32,12,055 (42.6%) were second ANC visits. 21.4% of the ANC-1 visitors had anaemia.
The number of normal deliveries conducted in the province declined by 5% to 9,35,573 in 2021. The
number of caesarean-section deliveries declined by 6% to 1,91,393 in 2021. |
chunk_10_85 | Health
PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
INTRODUCTION
public health. In 2019, Pakistan's per capita spending on health amounted to USD 15 which, although a
manifold improvement from decades past, still lags far behind in comparison with average spending of South Asian
counterparts as well as WHO's recommended minimum of USD 44. The federal health budget for FY 2021-22 is
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development The salient health and wellbeing targets outlined in the
slated at PKR. 28.3 billion as compared to PKR 25.5. billion in FY
which emerged in 2015, has now become the Sustainable Development Agenda include reducing
2020-21 ; the health budget is still a mere 0.4 percent of the total
centre of global development. Universal Health maternal mortality, ensuring UHC, access to reproductive
federal budget for FY 2021-22. Vision Statement
Coverage (UHC) corresponds to the third and family planning services as well as fighting
Sustainable Development Goal in the agenda – this communicable diseases and reducing mortality from non- To improve the health of all Pakistanis,
In terms of policy interventions, the federal government has
evidences its significance as the world confronts communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis par cularly women and children by
strengthened its work on its UHC initiative, Sehat Sahulat
challenges pertaining to long-term well-being of (TB). When understood in conjunction with measurable providing universal access to affordable,
Programme, by launching the Sehat Card – a health insurance facility quality, services which are delivered
the human population. These challenges include indicators, these targets highlight the importance of
afforded to permanent residents, including transgender persons, through a resilient and responsive
but are not limited to ageing populations, a rising documenting key statistics like fertility rates, need for
registered with NADRA. Possession of the Sehat Card allows citizens health system, capable of a aining the
incidence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) contraception, gender and age-disaggregated incidence of
to claim financial coverage of up to PKR 400,000 for indoor/IPD Sustainable Development Goals and
leading to increased morbidity and mortality, the disease occurrence, access to immunization, reproductive
treatment of any disease. This programme is a manifestation of fulfilling its other global health
potential for global pandemics, natural disasters and mental healthcare. This importance stems from the
Pakistan's National Health Vision 2016-2025 that prioritised UHC with Source: Na onal Health Vision, 2016-2025
and vulnerability to impacts of climate change. concept that these indicators are developed to drive
a focus on equitable and gender-equal access to healthcare.
evidence-based decision-making in public health
The importance of ensuring equal access to eventually leading to a reduction in unjust and preventable
The Sehat Card can prove to be an effective resource for women especially those in rural areas to access
healthcare lies in the promotion of healthy lives and inequalities related to a population's wellbeing.
reproductive, maternal and mental healthcare. However, it is noteworthy that having a valid CNIC as a prerequisite
building prosperous societies. Good health is a
to qualify for coverage means that universal CNIC registration of women and transgender persons by NADRA must
fundamental human right and intrinsically linked to While the world, still reeling from the effects of COVID-19
be ensured – a factor that is reported to be limiting access for the group.
the achievement of all other SDGs as it enables and unprecedented climate change, is committed to
populations to physically and mentally participate achieving Goal 3, this commitment is faced with significant
In a bid to prioritize improving reproductive health and welfare outcomes for women, the federal government has
in academic, economic and political aspects of life. challenges that are then further exacerbated for
intensified its Family Planning and Healthcare Programme (FP&HCP) through the Ehsaas Programme. Family
The link between good health and the achievement vulnerable groups especially women and children,
planning taskforces have been constituted to further efforts to increase the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) to
of key women's empowerment SDGs is illustrated particularly those living in low and middle-income
50 percent; public and private partnership has also been explored to ensure availability of a range of methods to the
below. countries (LMICs). There is mounting global consensus
masses including Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) and implants.
that health systems are not gender-neutral – the
65 intersectionality of gender with other social determinants 66
SDG 3 and health-related linkages with other SDGs The global awareness around increasing public health spending has found its way into the policy efforts of the
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being | Ensure healthy such as class and disability status accentuates
lives and promote well-being for all at all ages national and provincial governments of Pakistan as well. However, significant gaps remain as far as neonatal,
compromised health outcomes for women in general and
reproductive, mental healthcare, BOD and logistical and human resource requirements of healthcare facilities are
exponentially for ones in poverty and/or with disability.
Priori zing the health needs of the poor concerned. It is imperative for the government to work with all stakeholders in its mixed-delivery health system to
The gender and class-based differentials in access to
not only secure its international health-related commitments like the SDA but also to ensure gender-equal human
healthcare infrastructure including medicines, vaccines
development outcomes for its people.
Addressing the causes and consequences and reproductive autonomy for instance, make up a
of all forms of malnutri on common challenge prevalent in LMICs.
Organization of Analysis
Suppor ng high quality educa on for all to Pakistan, too is faced with similar challenges considering This section is structured as follows:
improve health and health equity
its own position as a developing economy. Evidence
suggests that although Pakistan's key health indicators like
III. Access to Healthcare
Figh ng gender inequality including VAW Maternal Mortality Ratio, Life Expectancy and Infant a. Healthcare Institutes in Punjab
Mortality Rates have shown significantly positive trends in b. Beds in Institutes
I. Na onal Health Profile
c. Human Resource at Government Facilities
recent years, causes of concern remain in other areas.
a. National Disease Burden, d. Punjab Institute of Mental Health
Preven ng disease through safe water and These causes of concern include stillbirth rates as high as Life Expectancy and Leading
sanita on for all
Causes of Death IV. Reproduc ve Health Services
53.5 per 1000 births , a rising double Burden of Disease
b. Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
a. Services by Population Welfare Department
(BOD) resulting from a compound of communicable and
Promo ng sustainable energy for healthy b. Integrated Reproductive Maternal and
houses and lives non-communicable illnesses and overall low levels of II. Punjab Health Profile Newborn Child Health and Nutrition Program (IRMNCH)
health, nutrition, immunization and family planning a. Life Expectancy c. Tetanus Toxoid Immunization
b. Infant and Under-5 Mortality Rates d. Births in Health Facilities
coverage especially among low-income groups.
Promo ng health employment as a driver c. Total Fertility Rate
of inclusive economic growth d. Maternal Mortality and Morbidity V. HIV & AIDS
Pakistan is also a victim of chronic under-investment in VI. Breast Cancer
VI. Tuberculosis
122 (United Na ons Organisa on, 2015)
123 (World Health Organisa on Regional Office for Europe, 2018)
124 (United Na ons Organisa on, 2018)
125 (United Na ons Organisa on, 2015)
126 (Pan American Health Organiza on, 2018) 133 (Joint Learning Network for Universal Health Coverage, Global Financing Facility, The World Bank Group, 2021)
127 (Morgan, et al., 2018) 134 Ibid
128 (World Health Organisa on, n.d.) 135 (Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, 2016)
129 (Jayachandran, 2014) 136 (Finance Division, 2021)
130 (Ministry of Na onal Health Services, Regula ons & Coordina on, 2016) 137 (Finance Division, 2020)
131 (Aziz, et al., 2020) 138 (Sehat Sahulat Programme, n.d.)
132 (Ministry of Na onal Health Services, Regula ons & Coordina on, 2016) 139 (Morgan L. , 2019) |
chunk_10_86 | Health
PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
INTRODUCTION
public health. In 2019, Pakistan's per capita spending on health amounted to USD 15 which, although a
manifold improvement from decades past, still lags far behind in comparison with average spending of South Asian
counterparts as well as WHO's recommended minimum of USD 44. The federal health budget for FY 2021-22 is
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development The salient health and wellbeing targets outlined in the
slated at PKR. 28.3 billion as compared to PKR 25.5. billion in FY
which emerged in 2015, has now become the Sustainable Development Agenda include reducing
2020-21 ; the health budget is still a mere 0.4 percent of the total
centre of global development. Universal Health maternal mortality, ensuring UHC, access to reproductive
federal budget for FY 2021-22. Vision Statement
Coverage (UHC) corresponds to the third and family planning services as well as fighting
Sustainable Development Goal in the agenda – this communicable diseases and reducing mortality from non- To improve the health of all Pakistanis,
In terms of policy interventions, the federal government has
evidences its significance as the world confronts communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis par cularly women and children by
strengthened its work on its UHC initiative, Sehat Sahulat
challenges pertaining to long-term well-being of (TB). When understood in conjunction with measurable providing universal access to affordable,
Programme, by launching the Sehat Card – a health insurance facility quality, services which are delivered
the human population. These challenges include indicators, these targets highlight the importance of
afforded to permanent residents, including transgender persons, through a resilient and responsive
but are not limited to ageing populations, a rising documenting key statistics like fertility rates, need for
registered with NADRA. Possession of the Sehat Card allows citizens health system, capable of a aining the
incidence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) contraception, gender and age-disaggregated incidence of
to claim financial coverage of up to PKR 400,000 for indoor/IPD Sustainable Development Goals and
leading to increased morbidity and mortality, the disease occurrence, access to immunization, reproductive
treatment of any disease. This programme is a manifestation of fulfilling its other global health
potential for global pandemics, natural disasters and mental healthcare. This importance stems from the
Pakistan's National Health Vision 2016-2025 that prioritised UHC with Source: Na onal Health Vision, 2016-2025
and vulnerability to impacts of climate change. concept that these indicators are developed to drive
a focus on equitable and gender-equal access to healthcare.
evidence-based decision-making in public health
The importance of ensuring equal access to eventually leading to a reduction in unjust and preventable
The Sehat Card can prove to be an effective resource for women especially those in rural areas to access
healthcare lies in the promotion of healthy lives and inequalities related to a population's wellbeing.
reproductive, maternal and mental healthcare. However, it is noteworthy that having a valid CNIC as a prerequisite
building prosperous societies. Good health is a
to qualify for coverage means that universal CNIC registration of women and transgender persons by NADRA must
fundamental human right and intrinsically linked to While the world, still reeling from the effects of COVID-19
be ensured – a factor that is reported to be limiting access for the group.
the achievement of all other SDGs as it enables and unprecedented climate change, is committed to
populations to physically and mentally participate achieving Goal 3, this commitment is faced with significant
In a bid to prioritize improving reproductive health and welfare outcomes for women, the federal government has
in academic, economic and political aspects of life. challenges that are then further exacerbated for
intensified its Family Planning and Healthcare Programme (FP&HCP) through the Ehsaas Programme. Family
The link between good health and the achievement vulnerable groups especially women and children,
planning taskforces have been constituted to further efforts to increase the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) to
of key women's empowerment SDGs is illustrated particularly those living in low and middle-income
50 percent; public and private partnership has also been explored to ensure availability of a range of methods to the
below. countries (LMICs). There is mounting global consensus
masses including Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) and implants.
that health systems are not gender-neutral – the
65 intersectionality of gender with other social determinants 66
SDG 3 and health-related linkages with other SDGs The global awareness around increasing public health spending has found its way into the policy efforts of the
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being | Ensure healthy such as class and disability status accentuates
lives and promote well-being for all at all ages national and provincial governments of Pakistan as well. However, significant gaps remain as far as neonatal,
compromised health outcomes for women in general and
reproductive, mental healthcare, BOD and logistical and human resource requirements of healthcare facilities are
exponentially for ones in poverty and/or with disability.
Priori zing the health needs of the poor concerned. It is imperative for the government to work with all stakeholders in its mixed-delivery health system to
The gender and class-based differentials in access to
not only secure its international health-related commitments like the SDA but also to ensure gender-equal human
healthcare infrastructure including medicines, vaccines
development outcomes for its people.
Addressing the causes and consequences and reproductive autonomy for instance, make up a
of all forms of malnutri on common challenge prevalent in LMICs.
Organization of Analysis
Suppor ng high quality educa on for all to Pakistan, too is faced with similar challenges considering This section is structured as follows:
improve health and health equity
its own position as a developing economy. Evidence
suggests that although Pakistan's key health indicators like
III. Access to Healthcare
Figh ng gender inequality including VAW Maternal Mortality Ratio, Life Expectancy and Infant a. Healthcare Institutes in Punjab
Mortality Rates have shown significantly positive trends in b. Beds in Institutes
I. Na onal Health Profile
c. Human Resource at Government Facilities
recent years, causes of concern remain in other areas.
a. National Disease Burden, d. Punjab Institute of Mental Health
Preven ng disease through safe water and These causes of concern include stillbirth rates as high as Life Expectancy and Leading
sanita on for all
Causes of Death IV. Reproduc ve Health Services
53.5 per 1000 births , a rising double Burden of Disease
b. Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
a. Services by Population Welfare Department
(BOD) resulting from a compound of communicable and
Promo ng sustainable energy for healthy b. Integrated Reproductive Maternal and
houses and lives non-communicable illnesses and overall low levels of II. Punjab Health Profile Newborn Child Health and Nutrition Program (IRMNCH)
health, nutrition, immunization and family planning a. Life Expectancy c. Tetanus Toxoid Immunization
b. Infant and Under-5 Mortality Rates d. Births in Health Facilities
coverage especially among low-income groups.
Promo ng health employment as a driver c. Total Fertility Rate
of inclusive economic growth d. Maternal Mortality and Morbidity V. HIV & AIDS
Pakistan is also a victim of chronic under-investment in VI. Breast Cancer
VI. Tuberculosis
122 (United Na ons Organisa on, 2015)
123 (World Health Organisa on Regional Office for Europe, 2018)
124 (United Na ons Organisa on, 2018)
125 (United Na ons Organisa on, 2015)
126 (Pan American Health Organiza on, 2018) 133 (Joint Learning Network for Universal Health Coverage, Global Financing Facility, The World Bank Group, 2021)
127 (Morgan, et al., 2018) 134 Ibid
128 (World Health Organisa on, n.d.) 135 (Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, 2016)
129 (Jayachandran, 2014) 136 (Finance Division, 2021)
130 (Ministry of Na onal Health Services, Regula ons & Coordina on, 2016) 137 (Finance Division, 2020)
131 (Aziz, et al., 2020) 138 (Sehat Sahulat Programme, n.d.)
132 (Ministry of Na onal Health Services, Regula ons & Coordina on, 2016) 139 (Morgan L. , 2019) |
chunk_10_87 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
4.1 Pakistan Health Profile 4.2 Punjab Health Profile
Pakistan Punjab
Health Health
Profile Profile
Maternal Mortality Ra o
Life Expectancy Life Expectancy
in Punjab (2022-2025) (2020)
(Forecast)
69.5 68.3
71.4
70.4 70.6 71 Years Years
186
Maternal Deaths 70.2
69.4 69.4
68.9
Per 100,000 live births
2022 2023 2024 2025
Infant Mortality and Under-5 Mortality are quan fied as
the number of deaths for every 1,000 live births.
67 IMR & U-5MR 68
(2020)
Infant & Under-5 Mortality Rates
Most Common Issues Reported in Punjab (2022-2025)
(Forecast)
by Women During Their Last Pregnancy
68.70
66.30
65.30
62.10
Extreme Weakness 58% IMR U-5MR
50.80 49.30 53.7/1,000 73.3/1,000
48.60
46.60
Body Aches 44% Infant Mortality Rate Under-5 Mortality Rate
2022 2023 2024 2025
Lower Abdominal Pain 42%
Total Fer lity Rate
is quan fied as the average number of live births a woman would have
by age 50 subject to age-specific fer lity rates, assuming no mortality.
Severe Headache 42%
Total Fer lity Rate
in Punjab (2022-2025)
Fever 39%
(Forecast)
TFR
2.4
2.3 2.3
Shortness of Breath 39% 2.5 live births/woman
2.2 (2020)
Total Fer lity Rate
2022 2023 2024 2025
Source: Pakistan Maternal Mortality Survey (PMMS) 2019 Source: PGPR 2019 & 2020 |
chunk_10_88 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
4.1 Pakistan Health Profile 4.2 Punjab Health Profile
Pakistan Punjab
Health Health
Profile Profile
Maternal Mortality Ra o
Life Expectancy Life Expectancy
in Punjab (2022-2025) (2020)
(Forecast)
69.5 68.3
71.4
70.4 70.6 71 Years Years
186
Maternal Deaths 70.2
69.4 69.4
68.9
Per 100,000 live births
2022 2023 2024 2025
Infant Mortality and Under-5 Mortality are quan fied as
the number of deaths for every 1,000 live births.
67 IMR & U-5MR 68
(2020)
Infant & Under-5 Mortality Rates
Most Common Issues Reported in Punjab (2022-2025)
(Forecast)
by Women During Their Last Pregnancy
68.70
66.30
65.30
62.10
Extreme Weakness 58% IMR U-5MR
50.80 49.30 53.7/1,000 73.3/1,000
48.60
46.60
Body Aches 44% Infant Mortality Rate Under-5 Mortality Rate
2022 2023 2024 2025
Lower Abdominal Pain 42%
Total Fer lity Rate
is quan fied as the average number of live births a woman would have
by age 50 subject to age-specific fer lity rates, assuming no mortality.
Severe Headache 42%
Total Fer lity Rate
in Punjab (2022-2025)
Fever 39%
(Forecast)
TFR
2.4
2.3 2.3
Shortness of Breath 39% 2.5 live births/woman
2.2 (2020)
Total Fer lity Rate
2022 2023 2024 2025
Source: Pakistan Maternal Mortality Survey (PMMS) 2019 Source: PGPR 2019 & 2020 |
chunk_10_89 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
4.3 Access to Healthcare
Most health policy literature interprets access to healthcare as the opportunity and ease with which consumers and
Punjab
communities are able to use resources in proportion to their needs ; in this sense, focus is centred upon a service,
Health
a provider and/or an institution. However, a more multidimensional approach to understanding access includes
considering characteristics of both the supply and demand sides. Here, the interaction between supply side factors
Profile
like location, availability and cost and demand-side factors like BOD, attitudes and knowledge is most important.
While barriers to care such as distance from health facilities and cost of care may affect both genders similarly, the
sociocultural determinants of gender norms such as restricted mobility and financial dependence, make women
Maternal Mortality Ra o (MMR) is quan fied disproportionately vulnerable to inadequate access to healthcare.
as the number of maternal deaths during a given
me period per 100,000 live births during the same me period. Punjab's primary and secondary healthcare system overseen by the Primary & Secondary Health Department
(P&SHD) comprises of hospitals, dispensaries, Basic Health Units (BHUs), Rural Health Centres (RHCs) and Mother
and Child Health Centres (MCHCs). The Specialized Healthcare & Medical Education Department (SH&MED)
corresponds to the tertiary level of healthcare provision whereby it oversees teaching hospitals and medical
Maternal Mortality Ra o education institutes.
(MMR) (2019)
298
4.3.1 Healthcare Institutes in Punjab
224
165
157 Data in this subsection is sourced from Health Facili es in Punjab (As of January 1st, 2020)
the Punjab Development Statistics 2021.
Basic Health Units
2587 Dispensaries
50% 1411
As of January 1st, 2020, there were 5,227 27%
Balochistan Sindh Khyber Punjab health facilities functioning across
Pakhtunkhwa Punjab. Of these, 2,587 (49.5%) were
BHUs, 1,411 (27%) dispensaries, 390
69 (7.5%) hospitals, 358 (7%) RHCs, 280 (5%) 70
Underlying Cause of Death for Women (aged 15-49) MCHCs, 186 (3.5%) SHCs and 15 (0.3%)
in Punjab (%) (2019) were TB Clinics. Hospitals
390
7%
T.B.Clinics
Cir c Du il sa et ao sr ey 22.3% 01 .35 % Sub-Heal 1t 4h 8 % 6CentersMCH 2 5 8C %0enters Rural Hea 3lt 5h 8 Centers
7%
Other Cause Source: Punjab Development Sta s cs (2020)
(Classified) 14.9%
Neoplasms 14.4% Figure 4.1
Infec ons and Overall, the number of health facilities in Punjab have increased by roughly 6 percent from 4,937 facilities in 2019.
14.1%
Paras c Disease This increase comes as a quick recovery from the downward trend recorded in 2019 amidst a generally upward
Maternal Causes 10.3% trend in health facilities in Punjab through years past.
Other External 9.6%
Causes
Nervous System
9.0% Health Institutes in Punjab by Year
Diges ve Respiratory
Transport Accidents 4.6% 8,000
7,000
No Cause Determined 0.8% 5,178 4,937 5,227
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
Source: PGPR 2019 & 2020
2,000
1,000
-
2018 2019 2020
Source: Punjab Development Sta s cs (2020)
Figure 4.2
140 (Levesque, Harris, & Russell, 2013)
141 (Azad, Charles, Ding, Trickey, & Wren, 2020)
142 (Punjab Commission on the Status of Women, 2021) |
chunk_10_90 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
4.3 Access to Healthcare
Most health policy literature interprets access to healthcare as the opportunity and ease with which consumers and
Punjab
communities are able to use resources in proportion to their needs ; in this sense, focus is centred upon a service,
Health
a provider and/or an institution. However, a more multidimensional approach to understanding access includes
considering characteristics of both the supply and demand sides. Here, the interaction between supply side factors
Profile
like location, availability and cost and demand-side factors like BOD, attitudes and knowledge is most important.
While barriers to care such as distance from health facilities and cost of care may affect both genders similarly, the
sociocultural determinants of gender norms such as restricted mobility and financial dependence, make women
Maternal Mortality Ra o (MMR) is quan fied disproportionately vulnerable to inadequate access to healthcare.
as the number of maternal deaths during a given
me period per 100,000 live births during the same me period. Punjab's primary and secondary healthcare system overseen by the Primary & Secondary Health Department
(P&SHD) comprises of hospitals, dispensaries, Basic Health Units (BHUs), Rural Health Centres (RHCs) and Mother
and Child Health Centres (MCHCs). The Specialized Healthcare & Medical Education Department (SH&MED)
corresponds to the tertiary level of healthcare provision whereby it oversees teaching hospitals and medical
Maternal Mortality Ra o education institutes.
(MMR) (2019)
298
4.3.1 Healthcare Institutes in Punjab
224
165
157 Data in this subsection is sourced from Health Facili es in Punjab (As of January 1st, 2020)
the Punjab Development Statistics 2021.
Basic Health Units
2587 Dispensaries
50% 1411
As of January 1st, 2020, there were 5,227 27%
Balochistan Sindh Khyber Punjab health facilities functioning across
Pakhtunkhwa Punjab. Of these, 2,587 (49.5%) were
BHUs, 1,411 (27%) dispensaries, 390
69 (7.5%) hospitals, 358 (7%) RHCs, 280 (5%) 70
Underlying Cause of Death for Women (aged 15-49) MCHCs, 186 (3.5%) SHCs and 15 (0.3%)
in Punjab (%) (2019) were TB Clinics. Hospitals
390
7%
T.B.Clinics
Cir c Du il sa et ao sr ey 22.3% 01 .35 % Sub-Heal 1t 4h 8 % 6CentersMCH 2 5 8C %0enters Rural Hea 3lt 5h 8 Centers
7%
Other Cause Source: Punjab Development Sta s cs (2020)
(Classified) 14.9%
Neoplasms 14.4% Figure 4.1
Infec ons and Overall, the number of health facilities in Punjab have increased by roughly 6 percent from 4,937 facilities in 2019.
14.1%
Paras c Disease This increase comes as a quick recovery from the downward trend recorded in 2019 amidst a generally upward
Maternal Causes 10.3% trend in health facilities in Punjab through years past.
Other External 9.6%
Causes
Nervous System
9.0% Health Institutes in Punjab by Year
Diges ve Respiratory
Transport Accidents 4.6% 8,000
7,000
No Cause Determined 0.8% 5,178 4,937 5,227
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
Source: PGPR 2019 & 2020
2,000
1,000
-
2018 2019 2020
Source: Punjab Development Sta s cs (2020)
Figure 4.2
140 (Levesque, Harris, & Russell, 2013)
141 (Azad, Charles, Ding, Trickey, & Wren, 2020)
142 (Punjab Commission on the Status of Women, 2021) |
chunk_10_91 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
The numbers of all facilities have seen an increase except MCHCs which have remained the same and TB Clinics 4.3.2 Number of Beds
which have declined, albeit marginally. Figure 4.3 illustrates a detailed comparison of the number of health
facilities in Punjab between 2019 and 2020.
As of January 1 2020, there were a total of 72,130 beds in health facilities in Punjab. Of these, 59,574 were in
hospitals, 89 in dispensaries, 7,182 in RHCs, 154 in TB Clinics and 5,131 were in BHUs. An increase was observed in
Health Facili es by Type & Year the number of beds in all health facilities except those in dispensaries, the number for which has dramatically
declined to 89 in 2020 from 379 in 2019, marking a 76 percent decrease.
T.B.Clinics
Sub-Health Centers
MCH Centers Beds in Health Facilities in Punjab
Rural Health Centers 2018 2019 2020
Hospitals
Hospitals
Dispensaries 48,259 48,804 59,574
Basic Health Units
Rural Health Centers
6,197 6,087 7,182
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Source: Punjab Development Sta cs (2020 -21) 2019 2020
Basic Health Units
4,966 4,948 5,131
Figure 4.3
In terms of a district-wise analysis, Faisalabad had the highest number of facilities overall (384) while Hafizabad Dispensaries
had 61 health facilities functioning in the district. It is noteworthy that many districts reported no SHCs and TB 455 379 89
Clinics at all.
T.B.Clinics
146 141 154
Health Facili es in Punjab by District (As of January 1 ,2020)
71 Faisalabad Source: Punjab Development Sta s cs (2021) 72
Lahore
Rawalpindi Figure 4.5
Gujranwala
Rahim Yar Khan
Sargodha
Bahawalnagar
4.3.3 Human Resource at Government Facilities
Bahawalpur
Multan
Muzaffargarh The availability of skilled and adequate medical personnel is critical to the effective functioning of a healthcare
Sialkot
system. This is reaffirmed in the World Health Organisation's (WHO) Global Strategy on Human Resources for
Jhang
Sheikhupura Health: Workforce 2030 which is a policy guide outlining targets for member countries to ensure effective
Sahiwal
healthcare human resources.
Okara
Gujrat
Kasur Although human resource shortage in healthcare is a global problem, Pakistan is one of the 57 Human Resource in
Vehari
TT Singh Health (HRH) crisis countries faced with myriad issues including shortages, rural-urban mal-distribution, quality
Chakwal and skill-mix issues as well as obstacles to rural retention.
Khanewal
D.G.Khan
A ock As of January 1 , 2020, there were 122,879 registered medical personnel in Punjab. Of these, 87,121 (71%) were
Mandi Bahauddin Hospitals (390)
MBBS doctors, 10,124 (8%) BDS dentists and 25,634 (21%) were specialist doctors. Of the specialist personnel,
Khushab
Dispensaries (1,411)
Bhakkar 24,596 (96%) were medical doctors while 1,038 (4%) were dental.
Jehlum RHCs (358)
Pakpa an
Layyah BHUs (2,587)
4.3.4 Punjab Institute of Mental Health
Nankana Sahib TBCs (15)
Mianwali
Narowal SHCs (186)
Rajanpur Administrative data obtained from the Punjab Institute of Mental Health revealed that the number of male patients
MCHCs (280)
Lodhran
at the facility increased while that of female patients decreased in 2021 as compared to 2020.
Chiniot
Hafizabad
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Source: Punjab Development Sta cs (2020-21)
Figure 4.4
143 (World Health Organisa on, 2016)
144 (World Health Organiza on Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2022) |
chunk_10_92 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
The numbers of all facilities have seen an increase except MCHCs which have remained the same and TB Clinics 4.3.2 Number of Beds
which have declined, albeit marginally. Figure 4.3 illustrates a detailed comparison of the number of health
facilities in Punjab between 2019 and 2020.
As of January 1 2020, there were a total of 72,130 beds in health facilities in Punjab. Of these, 59,574 were in
hospitals, 89 in dispensaries, 7,182 in RHCs, 154 in TB Clinics and 5,131 were in BHUs. An increase was observed in
Health Facili es by Type & Year the number of beds in all health facilities except those in dispensaries, the number for which has dramatically
declined to 89 in 2020 from 379 in 2019, marking a 76 percent decrease.
T.B.Clinics
Sub-Health Centers
MCH Centers Beds in Health Facilities in Punjab
Rural Health Centers 2018 2019 2020
Hospitals
Hospitals
Dispensaries 48,259 48,804 59,574
Basic Health Units
Rural Health Centers
6,197 6,087 7,182
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Source: Punjab Development Sta cs (2020 -21) 2019 2020
Basic Health Units
4,966 4,948 5,131
Figure 4.3
In terms of a district-wise analysis, Faisalabad had the highest number of facilities overall (384) while Hafizabad Dispensaries
had 61 health facilities functioning in the district. It is noteworthy that many districts reported no SHCs and TB 455 379 89
Clinics at all.
T.B.Clinics
146 141 154
Health Facili es in Punjab by District (As of January 1 ,2020)
71 Faisalabad Source: Punjab Development Sta s cs (2021) 72
Lahore
Rawalpindi Figure 4.5
Gujranwala
Rahim Yar Khan
Sargodha
Bahawalnagar
4.3.3 Human Resource at Government Facilities
Bahawalpur
Multan
Muzaffargarh The availability of skilled and adequate medical personnel is critical to the effective functioning of a healthcare
Sialkot
system. This is reaffirmed in the World Health Organisation's (WHO) Global Strategy on Human Resources for
Jhang
Sheikhupura Health: Workforce 2030 which is a policy guide outlining targets for member countries to ensure effective
Sahiwal
healthcare human resources.
Okara
Gujrat
Kasur Although human resource shortage in healthcare is a global problem, Pakistan is one of the 57 Human Resource in
Vehari
TT Singh Health (HRH) crisis countries faced with myriad issues including shortages, rural-urban mal-distribution, quality
Chakwal and skill-mix issues as well as obstacles to rural retention.
Khanewal
D.G.Khan
A ock As of January 1 , 2020, there were 122,879 registered medical personnel in Punjab. Of these, 87,121 (71%) were
Mandi Bahauddin Hospitals (390)
MBBS doctors, 10,124 (8%) BDS dentists and 25,634 (21%) were specialist doctors. Of the specialist personnel,
Khushab
Dispensaries (1,411)
Bhakkar 24,596 (96%) were medical doctors while 1,038 (4%) were dental.
Jehlum RHCs (358)
Pakpa an
Layyah BHUs (2,587)
4.3.4 Punjab Institute of Mental Health
Nankana Sahib TBCs (15)
Mianwali
Narowal SHCs (186)
Rajanpur Administrative data obtained from the Punjab Institute of Mental Health revealed that the number of male patients
MCHCs (280)
Lodhran
at the facility increased while that of female patients decreased in 2021 as compared to 2020.
Chiniot
Hafizabad
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Source: Punjab Development Sta cs (2020-21)
Figure 4.4
143 (World Health Organisa on, 2016)
144 (World Health Organiza on Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2022) |
chunk_10_93 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
115,805 male patients were admitted at PIMH in 2021, recording an increase of 1.5 percent from 114,100 4.4 Reproductive Health Services
patients in 2020. On the other hand, 61,281 female patients were admitted in 2021 as compared to 63,746 in
2020, marking a 3.9 percent decrease. Figure 4.6 illustrates these statistics.
The goal to achieve UHC by 2030 for communities around the world cannot be met without prioritizing the sexual
and reproductive health rights (SRHR) of populations. This means accounting for the SRHR needs of an individual
Pa ents at Punjab Ins tute of Mental Health by Gender & Year from infancy and childhood, through adolescence and into adulthood and old age.
115,805 The Guttmacher Institute has proposed a comprehensive definition and intervention model to ensure a robust SRH
system. Figure 4.8 outlines this approach.
61,281
Counseling and
Pa sre rvciicpeas foor n
114,100 conm trao cd ee pr n ves trP er ae tv men e no t n o fa Hnd IV
and others STIs
63,746
Comprehensive
sexuality
Male Female educa on
Safe abor on
Source: Punjab Ins tute of Mental Health 2020 2021 services and
treatment of
unsafe abor ons
Figure 4.6
DEFINING
Counseling
and services for SRHR
In terms of an analysis of the incidence of various types of mental illness for which data has been reported, the sexual health
and well-being INTERVENTIONS
narrowest gender gap was observed in patients of Dementia and Depression for OPD at PIMH in 2021. The widest
Detec ng and
gender gap was observed in patients of Drug Addiction with men making up 78 percent of all drug addicts preven ng sexual
and gender-based
violence
admitted at the facility.
Detec ng
Among female indoor patients, the incidence of intellectual disability and depression respectively, were managing
and preven ng
73 observed to be the highest in comparison with other mental illness types. No female patients of Drug Addiction rep cr ao nd cu ec r sve
Antenatal,
74
childbirth and
and Drug-Induced Psychosis were reported. postnatal care
Counseling and
services for
infer lity
The detailed OPD patients' analysis by gender is depicted in Figure 4.7.
Source: The Gu macher-Lancet Commission, 2018
Pa ents in Punjab Ins tute of Mental Health (2021)
Figure 4.8
(OPD)
While access to reproductive healthcare is pertinent for all, it is especially crucial for women and adolescent girls as
Others 69%, 3266 31%, 1466 they are more likely to experience gender-based violence, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and poor access to
O.C.D(F-42) 68%, 5644 32%, 2634 SRH services. Policy development and implementation is particularly lagging in LMICs with respect to enhanced
SRH outcomes for women and adolescent girls. Studies have found that although the core idea has been
G.A.D(F-41) 69%, 6185 31%, 2791
recognised, much remains to be done with regards to increasing age at marriage, reducing unintended pregnancies
Demen a 59%, 3955 41%, 2748
and early childbearing and ensuring that women and girls have access to necessary SRH information and services.
Mental retard 66%, 7784 34%, 3965
Drug Addict 78%, 12114 22%, 3419 Dedicated interventions by the Population Welfare Department, Directorate General Health Services and the
IRMNCH & Nutrition Program in Punjab are underway to address the SRH needs of the population. The following
Drug Induced Psy (F-19) 75%, 5069 25%, 1694
subsections analyse data from the abovementioned sources as well as survey data to evaluate the status of
Epilepsy 66%, 10488 34%, 5488
reproductive healthcare in the province.
Schizophrenia(F-20) 61%, 21347 39%, 13472
B.A.D(F-31) 66%, 15034 34%, 7579
4.5 Services by Population Welfare Department (PWD)
Depression 56%, 14913 44%, 11933
APE(F-23) 66%, 7671 34%, 3911
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
4.5.1 Service Centers under PWD in Punjab
Source: Punjab Ins tute of Mental Health, Lahore Male Female The three service centres under PWD are Family Health Clinics (FHCs), Mobile Service Units (MSUs) and Family
Figure 4.7
145 (United Na ons Popula on Fund, 2019)
146 (McGranahan, et al., 2021)
147 (Santhya & Jejeebhoy, 2015) |
chunk_10_94 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
115,805 male patients were admitted at PIMH in 2021, recording an increase of 1.5 percent from 114,100 4.4 Reproductive Health Services
patients in 2020. On the other hand, 61,281 female patients were admitted in 2021 as compared to 63,746 in
2020, marking a 3.9 percent decrease. Figure 4.6 illustrates these statistics.
The goal to achieve UHC by 2030 for communities around the world cannot be met without prioritizing the sexual
and reproductive health rights (SRHR) of populations. This means accounting for the SRHR needs of an individual
Pa ents at Punjab Ins tute of Mental Health by Gender & Year from infancy and childhood, through adolescence and into adulthood and old age.
115,805 The Guttmacher Institute has proposed a comprehensive definition and intervention model to ensure a robust SRH
system. Figure 4.8 outlines this approach.
61,281
Counseling and
Pa sre rvciicpeas foor n
114,100 conm trao cd ee pr n ves trP er ae tv men e no t n o fa Hnd IV
and others STIs
63,746
Comprehensive
sexuality
Male Female educa on
Safe abor on
Source: Punjab Ins tute of Mental Health 2020 2021 services and
treatment of
unsafe abor ons
Figure 4.6
DEFINING
Counseling
and services for SRHR
In terms of an analysis of the incidence of various types of mental illness for which data has been reported, the sexual health
and well-being INTERVENTIONS
narrowest gender gap was observed in patients of Dementia and Depression for OPD at PIMH in 2021. The widest
Detec ng and
gender gap was observed in patients of Drug Addiction with men making up 78 percent of all drug addicts preven ng sexual
and gender-based
violence
admitted at the facility.
Detec ng
Among female indoor patients, the incidence of intellectual disability and depression respectively, were managing
and preven ng
73 observed to be the highest in comparison with other mental illness types. No female patients of Drug Addiction rep cr ao nd cu ec r sve
Antenatal,
74
childbirth and
and Drug-Induced Psychosis were reported. postnatal care
Counseling and
services for
infer lity
The detailed OPD patients' analysis by gender is depicted in Figure 4.7.
Source: The Gu macher-Lancet Commission, 2018
Pa ents in Punjab Ins tute of Mental Health (2021)
Figure 4.8
(OPD)
While access to reproductive healthcare is pertinent for all, it is especially crucial for women and adolescent girls as
Others 69%, 3266 31%, 1466 they are more likely to experience gender-based violence, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and poor access to
O.C.D(F-42) 68%, 5644 32%, 2634 SRH services. Policy development and implementation is particularly lagging in LMICs with respect to enhanced
SRH outcomes for women and adolescent girls. Studies have found that although the core idea has been
G.A.D(F-41) 69%, 6185 31%, 2791
recognised, much remains to be done with regards to increasing age at marriage, reducing unintended pregnancies
Demen a 59%, 3955 41%, 2748
and early childbearing and ensuring that women and girls have access to necessary SRH information and services.
Mental retard 66%, 7784 34%, 3965
Drug Addict 78%, 12114 22%, 3419 Dedicated interventions by the Population Welfare Department, Directorate General Health Services and the
IRMNCH & Nutrition Program in Punjab are underway to address the SRH needs of the population. The following
Drug Induced Psy (F-19) 75%, 5069 25%, 1694
subsections analyse data from the abovementioned sources as well as survey data to evaluate the status of
Epilepsy 66%, 10488 34%, 5488
reproductive healthcare in the province.
Schizophrenia(F-20) 61%, 21347 39%, 13472
B.A.D(F-31) 66%, 15034 34%, 7579
4.5 Services by Population Welfare Department (PWD)
Depression 56%, 14913 44%, 11933
APE(F-23) 66%, 7671 34%, 3911
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
4.5.1 Service Centers under PWD in Punjab
Source: Punjab Ins tute of Mental Health, Lahore Male Female The three service centres under PWD are Family Health Clinics (FHCs), Mobile Service Units (MSUs) and Family
Figure 4.7
145 (United Na ons Popula on Fund, 2019)
146 (McGranahan, et al., 2021)
147 (Santhya & Jejeebhoy, 2015) |
chunk_10_95 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
Welfare Centres (FWCs).
Service Centres under Popula on Welfare Department by Type & Year
A district-wise breakdown of the availability of these service centres is depicted in Figure 4.9. As of December
2021, 2100 FWCs, 115 MSUs and 128 FHCs were operating across 36 districts of Punjab. Sargodha reported the 2,100 2,100
highest number of FWCs (116) while Chiniot reported the lowest number (17). The distribution of MSUs and FHCs
was observed to be roughly uniform across all districts ranging between 1 to 6 for MSUs and 1 to 7 for FHCs.
129
Service Centers under Popula on Welfare 128
115 115
Department by District (as of December 2021)
Sargodha 4 5 116 MOBILE SERVICE UNITS FAMILY HEALTH CLINICS FAMILY WELFARE CENTRES
Lahore 7 2 101
Source: Popula on Welfare Department As of June 2021 As of December 2021
Rahim Yar Khan 4 4 95
Bahawalnagar 5 5 88
Figure 4.10
Faisalabad 6 6 87
Kasur 3 3 86
Okara 3 3 85
4.5.2 Adolescent Health Centres under PWD
Gujrat 3 3 84
Muzaffargarh 4 3 80
The numbers of both male and female beneficiaries of Adolescent Health Centres (AHCs) under PWD increased
Bahawalpur 5 5 76
TT Singh 3 3 67 between 2020 and 2021. While the number of adolescent boys increased from 330 in 2020 to 1,010 in 2021,
Rawalpindi 7 6 66 marking a significant increase of 67.3 percent, the number of adolescent girls benefiting from these AHCs increased
Gujranwala 2 5 64 from 4,740 to 6,163, marking a 23 percent increase. Overall, female beneficiaries are observed to far outnumber
Multan 4 4 62 their male counterparts which is an alarming gender gap requiring attention towards adolescent boys' health. At
Narowal 2 2 56 this point, it may be worth noting that a high number of girls benefitting from AHCs may be understood in
75 A ock 5 5 56 conjunction with a possibly high rate of child marriage and/or adolescent pregnancies. 76
Sialkot 5 3 55
Mandi Bahauddin 3 3 51
Chakwal 3 2 51
Pakpa an 2 2 50 Beneficiaries of Adolescent Health Centres by Gender & Year
DG Khan 3 2 50
Mianwali 3 3 49
6,163
Jehlum 3 3 47
Vehari 3 3 44 4,740
Khanewal 4 4 44
Sheikhupura 4 3 43
Rajanpur 4 3 43
Sahiwal 2 2 42
1,010
Layyah 3 3 39
330
Khushab 2 2 39
Bhakkar 4 4 38
Jhang 3 2 37 Family Health Clinics (128) 2020 2021
Hafizabad 2 2 37
Mobile Service Units (115)
Lodhran 3 3 34 Source: Popula on Welfare Department Male Female
Nankana Sahib 3 1 21 Family Welfare Centre (2100)
Chiniot 2 1 17 Figure 4.11
Source: Popula on Welfare Department
Data was obtained for AHCs present across 12 districts of Punjab namely Lahore, Sargodha, Gujrat, Sahiwal,
Figure 4.9 Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan), Bahawalpur, Multan, Rahim Yar Khan (RY Khan)
and Sialkot. While no beneficiaries were reported at all for Bahawalpur, Multan, RY Khan and Sialkot in 2021,
significant numbers were reported for other districts. The highest number of beneficiaries was reported for Lahore
The number of service centres under PWD has remained consistent for MSUs and FWCs between June 2021 and with 2,641 (78%) girls and 733 (22%) boys. The widest gender gap of 99 percent was observed in Sahiwal with only 4
December 2021 whereas the number of FHCs declined negligibly from 129 to 128. boys as compared to 611 girl beneficiaries of the AHC. |
chunk_10_96 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
Welfare Centres (FWCs).
Service Centres under Popula on Welfare Department by Type & Year
A district-wise breakdown of the availability of these service centres is depicted in Figure 4.9. As of December
2021, 2100 FWCs, 115 MSUs and 128 FHCs were operating across 36 districts of Punjab. Sargodha reported the 2,100 2,100
highest number of FWCs (116) while Chiniot reported the lowest number (17). The distribution of MSUs and FHCs
was observed to be roughly uniform across all districts ranging between 1 to 6 for MSUs and 1 to 7 for FHCs.
129
Service Centers under Popula on Welfare 128
115 115
Department by District (as of December 2021)
Sargodha 4 5 116 MOBILE SERVICE UNITS FAMILY HEALTH CLINICS FAMILY WELFARE CENTRES
Lahore 7 2 101
Source: Popula on Welfare Department As of June 2021 As of December 2021
Rahim Yar Khan 4 4 95
Bahawalnagar 5 5 88
Figure 4.10
Faisalabad 6 6 87
Kasur 3 3 86
Okara 3 3 85
4.5.2 Adolescent Health Centres under PWD
Gujrat 3 3 84
Muzaffargarh 4 3 80
The numbers of both male and female beneficiaries of Adolescent Health Centres (AHCs) under PWD increased
Bahawalpur 5 5 76
TT Singh 3 3 67 between 2020 and 2021. While the number of adolescent boys increased from 330 in 2020 to 1,010 in 2021,
Rawalpindi 7 6 66 marking a significant increase of 67.3 percent, the number of adolescent girls benefiting from these AHCs increased
Gujranwala 2 5 64 from 4,740 to 6,163, marking a 23 percent increase. Overall, female beneficiaries are observed to far outnumber
Multan 4 4 62 their male counterparts which is an alarming gender gap requiring attention towards adolescent boys' health. At
Narowal 2 2 56 this point, it may be worth noting that a high number of girls benefitting from AHCs may be understood in
75 A ock 5 5 56 conjunction with a possibly high rate of child marriage and/or adolescent pregnancies. 76
Sialkot 5 3 55
Mandi Bahauddin 3 3 51
Chakwal 3 2 51
Pakpa an 2 2 50 Beneficiaries of Adolescent Health Centres by Gender & Year
DG Khan 3 2 50
Mianwali 3 3 49
6,163
Jehlum 3 3 47
Vehari 3 3 44 4,740
Khanewal 4 4 44
Sheikhupura 4 3 43
Rajanpur 4 3 43
Sahiwal 2 2 42
1,010
Layyah 3 3 39
330
Khushab 2 2 39
Bhakkar 4 4 38
Jhang 3 2 37 Family Health Clinics (128) 2020 2021
Hafizabad 2 2 37
Mobile Service Units (115)
Lodhran 3 3 34 Source: Popula on Welfare Department Male Female
Nankana Sahib 3 1 21 Family Welfare Centre (2100)
Chiniot 2 1 17 Figure 4.11
Source: Popula on Welfare Department
Data was obtained for AHCs present across 12 districts of Punjab namely Lahore, Sargodha, Gujrat, Sahiwal,
Figure 4.9 Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Dera Ghazi Khan (DG Khan), Bahawalpur, Multan, Rahim Yar Khan (RY Khan)
and Sialkot. While no beneficiaries were reported at all for Bahawalpur, Multan, RY Khan and Sialkot in 2021,
significant numbers were reported for other districts. The highest number of beneficiaries was reported for Lahore
The number of service centres under PWD has remained consistent for MSUs and FWCs between June 2021 and with 2,641 (78%) girls and 733 (22%) boys. The widest gender gap of 99 percent was observed in Sahiwal with only 4
December 2021 whereas the number of FHCs declined negligibly from 129 to 128. boys as compared to 611 girl beneficiaries of the AHC. |
chunk_10_97 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
Beneficiaries of Adolescent Health Centres by Gender & District (2021) IRMNCH Facili es by Type & Year
100%
90% 1,194 1,196 1,234
80%
70%
60% Nobeneficiaries
50%
40% reported for these
30% districts in 2021
20%
10%
0%
313 315 316
58 58 58
Source: Popula on Welfare Department
Male Female
2019 2020 2021
Figure 4.12
Source: IRMNCH & Nutri on Program, Punjab No. of 24/7 BHUs No. of RHCs Stabiliza on Centres
4.6 Integrated Reproductive Maternal, New-born & Child Health and
Figure 4.15
Nutrition Program (IRMNCH)
A district-wise analysis reveals that overall, the highest number of IRMNCH facilities were operational in Kasur with
a total of 87, of which, 75 were 24/7 BHUs, 11 RHCs and 1 was a stabilisation centre. Hafizabad and Khushab
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78
Table 4.1 as its key objectives. A bed fo ol re es c pe rn ec ge n aa nn cd y Pregnancy Birth P (mos ot tn ha et ra )l Maternal health Bahawalnagar
Lodhran
(P no es wtn ba ot ra nl ) Infancy Childhood Bahawalpur
Table 4.1 Multan
Figure 4.13
Okara
Maternal and Child Health (MNCH), Nutri on Objec ves
Mianwali
Sargodha
1. Ensure mely and free access to MNCH services for all in Punjab
Muzaffergarh
Khanewal
2. To ins tu onalise quality of care in MNCH services delivery system
Vehari
3. Ensure mely and free access to nutri on services for all in Punjab Gujranwala
TT Singh
4. To ins tu onalise quality of care in nutri on services delivery system Chiniot
Sialkot
Source: Punjab Health Sector Strategy, 2019-2029 Rawalpindi
Gujrat
Layyah
IRMNCH Facili es by Type (2021) Sheikhupura
4.6.1 IRMNCH Facilities in Punjab Sahiwal
Rajanpur
Pakpa an
There was a total of 1,608 IRMNCH facilities in Punjab in 2021. Narowal
316
Of these, 1,234 were 24/7 BHUs, 316 RHCs and 58 were Nankana Sahib
Mandi Bahauddin
stabilisation centres. While the numbers of RHCs and
1,234 Bhakkar
stabilization centres have seen negligible or no change at all over 58 Chakwal
No. of 24/7 BHUs
the last three years, the number of 24/7 BHUs has reported an Jhelum
Khushab No. of RHCs
increase of 3.3 percent. Figure 4.15 illustrates these statistics.
No. of RHCs Hafizabad Stabiliza on Centres
Source:IRMNCH & Nutri on Program, Punjab No. of 24/7 BHUs Lahore
Stabiliza on Centres
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 4.14
Source: IRMNCH & Nutri on Program, Punjab
Figure 4.16
148 (Shibanuma, et al., 2018)
erohaL ahdograS tarjuG lawihaS dabalasiaF idniplawaR alawnarjuG nahK
GD
ruplawahaB natluM nahK
YR
toklaiS |
chunk_10_98 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
Beneficiaries of Adolescent Health Centres by Gender & District (2021) IRMNCH Facili es by Type & Year
100%
90% 1,194 1,196 1,234
80%
70%
60% Nobeneficiaries
50%
40% reported for these
30% districts in 2021
20%
10%
0%
313 315 316
58 58 58
Source: Popula on Welfare Department
Male Female
2019 2020 2021
Figure 4.12
Source: IRMNCH & Nutri on Program, Punjab No. of 24/7 BHUs No. of RHCs Stabiliza on Centres
4.6 Integrated Reproductive Maternal, New-born & Child Health and
Figure 4.15
Nutrition Program (IRMNCH)
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a total of 87, of which, 75 were 24/7 BHUs, 11 RHCs and 1 was a stabilisation centre. Hafizabad and Khushab
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IRMNCH Facilities by District (2021)
78
Table 4.1 as its key objectives. A bed fo ol re es c pe rn ec ge n aa nn cd y Pregnancy Birth P (mos ot tn ha et ra )l Maternal health Bahawalnagar
Lodhran
(P no es wtn ba ot ra nl ) Infancy Childhood Bahawalpur
Table 4.1 Multan
Figure 4.13
Okara
Maternal and Child Health (MNCH), Nutri on Objec ves
Mianwali
Sargodha
1. Ensure mely and free access to MNCH services for all in Punjab
Muzaffergarh
Khanewal
2. To ins tu onalise quality of care in MNCH services delivery system
Vehari
3. Ensure mely and free access to nutri on services for all in Punjab Gujranwala
TT Singh
4. To ins tu onalise quality of care in nutri on services delivery system Chiniot
Sialkot
Source: Punjab Health Sector Strategy, 2019-2029 Rawalpindi
Gujrat
Layyah
IRMNCH Facili es by Type (2021) Sheikhupura
4.6.1 IRMNCH Facilities in Punjab Sahiwal
Rajanpur
Pakpa an
There was a total of 1,608 IRMNCH facilities in Punjab in 2021. Narowal
316
Of these, 1,234 were 24/7 BHUs, 316 RHCs and 58 were Nankana Sahib
Mandi Bahauddin
stabilisation centres. While the numbers of RHCs and
1,234 Bhakkar
stabilization centres have seen negligible or no change at all over 58 Chakwal
No. of 24/7 BHUs
the last three years, the number of 24/7 BHUs has reported an Jhelum
Khushab No. of RHCs
increase of 3.3 percent. Figure 4.15 illustrates these statistics.
No. of RHCs Hafizabad Stabiliza on Centres
Source:IRMNCH & Nutri on Program, Punjab No. of 24/7 BHUs Lahore
Stabiliza on Centres
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 4.14
Source: IRMNCH & Nutri on Program, Punjab
Figure 4.16
148 (Shibanuma, et al., 2018)
erohaL ahdograS tarjuG lawihaS dabalasiaF idniplawaR alawnarjuG nahK
GD
ruplawahaB natluM nahK
YR
toklaiS |
chunk_10_99 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
4.6.2 Human Resources in IRMNCH Facilities in Punjab A detailed district-wise analysis is illustrated in Figure 4.19.
The human resource strength in IRMNCH facilities in Punjab in 2021 was 47,216. Of these, 42,171 (89%) were
Human Resources in IRMNCH by Type & District (2021)
Lady Health Workers (LHWs), 1,946 (4%) Lady Health Visitors (LHVs), 1,755 (4%) Lady Health Supervisors (LHSs),
1,292 (3%) Ayas and 52 (0.1%) were nurses. Figure 4.17 illustrates these statistics. Faisalabad
Multan
Muzaffergarh
Sialkot
Human Resource in IRMNCH by Type (2021) Rahim Yar Khan
Khanewal
Lahore
Sargodha
Bhakkar
Gujranwala
Okara
LHV, 1,946 , 4.1% Bahawalnagar
LHWs, 42171, Gujrat
89.3% LHS, 1755, 3.7% Rawalpindi
Aya, 1,292 , 2.7% Jhang
Sahiwal
Nurses, 52, 0.1% Kasur
WMO, 0, 0% Vehari
TT Singh
DG Khan
Mandi Bahauddin
Narowal
Source: IRMNCH & Nutri on Program, Punjab Sheikhupura
Bahawalpur
Mianwali
Figure 4.17
Chakwal
Lodhran
A yearly comparison reveals that overall, the strength of IRMNCH human resource has decreased by 1.5 percent Layyah
Pakpa an
from 47,952 in 2020. Barring the number of LHSs, all types of human resources have recorded a decline between
Khushab
2020 and 2021; the numbers of LHWs have declined by 1.4 percent, LHVs by 5 percent, Ayas by 1.5 percent, A ock
Jhelum
nurses by 12 percent and WMOs by 100 percent. This comparison is illustrated in Figure 4.18.
Rajanpur
79 Nankana Sahib LHWs LHVs LHSs 80
Hafizabad Ayas Nurses WMOs
Chiniot
Human Resource in IRMNCH by Type & Year 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Source: IRMNCH & Nutri on Program, Punjab
Figure 4.19
4.7 Tetanus Toxoid Immunization Among Pregnant Women
Maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT) develops as a result of both inadequate immunisation as well as unhygienic
birth practices. MNT was recognised as a global public health concern in the late 1980s when WHO estimated the
Tetanus Toxoid Immuniza on Amoung Pregnant Women by Year
3000
LHWs LHV LHS Aya Nurses WMO
Source: IRMNCH & Nutri on Program, Punjab 2019 2020 2021 2500
2000
Figure 4.18
1500
Faisalabad had the highest number of human resources with a strength of 2,470 workers. Of these, 2,193 were
LHWs, 101 LHVs, 95 LHSs, 79 Ayas and 2 were nurses. On the other hand, Chiniot posted a strength of 480
1000
IRMNCH workers, of which, 415 were LHWs, LHVs and LHSs were 22 each, 20 were Ayas and 1 was a nurse. 2020 2021
Source: DG Health Services Punjab
Figure 4.20
149 (Iqbal, Ali, Ekmekcioglu, & Kundi, 2019)
65434 48724 17124
834,2 840,2 649,1
6671 6071 5571
263,1 213,1 292,1
36 95 25 75 34
0
sdnasuohT |
chunk_10_100 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
4.6.2 Human Resources in IRMNCH Facilities in Punjab A detailed district-wise analysis is illustrated in Figure 4.19.
The human resource strength in IRMNCH facilities in Punjab in 2021 was 47,216. Of these, 42,171 (89%) were
Human Resources in IRMNCH by Type & District (2021)
Lady Health Workers (LHWs), 1,946 (4%) Lady Health Visitors (LHVs), 1,755 (4%) Lady Health Supervisors (LHSs),
1,292 (3%) Ayas and 52 (0.1%) were nurses. Figure 4.17 illustrates these statistics. Faisalabad
Multan
Muzaffergarh
Sialkot
Human Resource in IRMNCH by Type (2021) Rahim Yar Khan
Khanewal
Lahore
Sargodha
Bhakkar
Gujranwala
Okara
LHV, 1,946 , 4.1% Bahawalnagar
LHWs, 42171, Gujrat
89.3% LHS, 1755, 3.7% Rawalpindi
Aya, 1,292 , 2.7% Jhang
Sahiwal
Nurses, 52, 0.1% Kasur
WMO, 0, 0% Vehari
TT Singh
DG Khan
Mandi Bahauddin
Narowal
Source: IRMNCH & Nutri on Program, Punjab Sheikhupura
Bahawalpur
Mianwali
Figure 4.17
Chakwal
Lodhran
A yearly comparison reveals that overall, the strength of IRMNCH human resource has decreased by 1.5 percent Layyah
Pakpa an
from 47,952 in 2020. Barring the number of LHSs, all types of human resources have recorded a decline between
Khushab
2020 and 2021; the numbers of LHWs have declined by 1.4 percent, LHVs by 5 percent, Ayas by 1.5 percent, A ock
Jhelum
nurses by 12 percent and WMOs by 100 percent. This comparison is illustrated in Figure 4.18.
Rajanpur
79 Nankana Sahib LHWs LHVs LHSs 80
Hafizabad Ayas Nurses WMOs
Chiniot
Human Resource in IRMNCH by Type & Year 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Source: IRMNCH & Nutri on Program, Punjab
Figure 4.19
4.7 Tetanus Toxoid Immunization Among Pregnant Women
Maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT) develops as a result of both inadequate immunisation as well as unhygienic
birth practices. MNT was recognised as a global public health concern in the late 1980s when WHO estimated the
Tetanus Toxoid Immuniza on Amoung Pregnant Women by Year
3000
LHWs LHV LHS Aya Nurses WMO
Source: IRMNCH & Nutri on Program, Punjab 2019 2020 2021 2500
2000
Figure 4.18
1500
Faisalabad had the highest number of human resources with a strength of 2,470 workers. Of these, 2,193 were
LHWs, 101 LHVs, 95 LHSs, 79 Ayas and 2 were nurses. On the other hand, Chiniot posted a strength of 480
1000
IRMNCH workers, of which, 415 were LHWs, LHVs and LHSs were 22 each, 20 were Ayas and 1 was a nurse. 2020 2021
Source: DG Health Services Punjab
Figure 4.20
149 (Iqbal, Ali, Ekmekcioglu, & Kundi, 2019)
65434 48724 17124
834,2 840,2 649,1
6671 6071 5571
263,1 213,1 292,1
36 95 25 75 34
0
sdnasuohT |
chunk_10_101 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
neonatal tetanus mortality rate to be 6.7 NT deaths per 1000 live births. Global target years for MNT
Table 4.2
Elimination (MNTE) were pushed from 1995 to 2000 to 2005 to 2015! At present, 12 countries have still not been
validated for MNTE including Pakistan however, it has achieved the status of partial elimination due to Province/Region PDHS 2017-18 Target 2025 Target 2030
satisfactory MNTE in Punjab. (%)
Sindh 30.9 47 57
This section analyses administrative data for tetanus toxoid immunization among pregnant women in the Punjab 38.3 54 64
province. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 30.9 46 56
Balochistan 19.8 36 46
The number of pregnant women who were successfully vaccinated against MNT in Punjab decreased by 7.3 Islamabad Capital Territory 45.7 62 72
percent from 23,06,196 in 2020 to 21,35,963 in 2021. Gilgit-Bal stan 39.0 55 65
Source: Pakistan Family Planning 2030 commitment
The highest incidence of vaccination against MNT in 2021 was observed in Gujranwala with 1,94,577 pregnant
women receiving the TT-2 vaccine while Jhelum recorded the lowest incidence with only 12,718 pregnant
LMICs have used household visits as a policy
women receiving the said vaccine. It is noteworthy that in 2020, 36,273 pregnant women were immunised
measure to generate acceptance and demand for
against tetanus toxoid in Jehlum making its statistic for 2021 drop by 65 percent. Gujranwala's incidence has Family Planning Visits by Year
family planning and contraception, for decades
increased by 50 percent, from 1,29,614 in 2020.
now. Sizeable evidence has confirmed the
3000000
success of this policy in developing countries
Figure 4.21 illustrates a comparison of district-wise numbers for vaccination against MNT in the province in 2020
and 2021. where Community Health Workers (CHW)-led 2500000 1,841,372 1,752,131
interventions have helped increase the use of
2000000
modern contraception and improved knowledge
Tetanus Toxoid Immuniza on Amoung Pregnant Women by District & Year and attitudes regarding FP as well. However, 1500000
350,000 gaps remain as researchers struggle to confirm 1000000
whether or not rural and urban settings, both are
300,000
500000
equally covered through CHW interventions, and 2020 2021
250,000
whether or not a good rate of non-users converts
Source: DG Health Services Punjab
200,000 to using contraception instead of only existing
150,000 users shifting to modern methods.
81 Figure 4.22 82
100,000
The number of family planning visits in the province declined by 4.8 percent from 18,41,372 in 2020 to 17,52,131 in
50,000
2021 as illustrated in Figure 4.22.
-
A district-wise analysis reveals that the highest number of FP visits was observed in Faisalabad with a total of
1,44,690 visits whereas the lowest number was observed in Khushab with 13,520 visits. Comparatively, in 2020, the
highest number was observed in Multan (1,20,203) where visits declined by 3.6 percent with 1,15,863 visits in
2021. FP visits in Faisalabad increased by a remarkable 34.6 percent to replace Multan as the top placeholder in
Source: DG Health Services Punjab 2020 2021 2021. Khushab fared worst in 2020 as well where the number of visits declined by 23.5 percent from 17,684 in 2020.
Figure 4.21 Figure 4.23 illustrates a comparison of FP visits in each of the 36 districts during 2020 and 2021.
Family Planning Visits by District & Year
4.8 Family Planning & Contraceptive Use in Punjab
300000
250000
Global commitments to women's empowerment have reaffirmed the need to improve access to family planning
200000
services; this includes Article 16 of the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against
150000
Women (CEDAW).
100000
Pakistan's vision stated in its Family Planning 2030 commitment is 50000
Women be accorded in comparison
particularly in line with the abovementioned provision of CEDAW. As per
with men, ‘’ the same rights to 0
the statement, Pakistan envisions a society where women and girls are
decide freely and responsibly
empowered and couples are able to exercise freely their right to decide
on the number and informa on,
the number of their children while striking a balance or "tawazun" educa on and means to enable
between their resources and family size. The commitment also lays out them to exercise these rights. Source: DG Health Services Punjab 2020 2021
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate targets pledged by each province and " Ar cle 16, CEDAW
region, outlined in Table 4.2. Figure 4.23
150 (World Health Organisa on, n.d.) 153 (Hacke , et al., 2020)
151 (World Health Organisa on, n.d.) 154 Ibid
152 (Ministry of Na onal Health Services Regula ons & Coordina on, Government of Pakistan, 2021) 155 (Hacke , et al., 2020)
alawnarjuG dabalasiaF iraheV natluM lawihaS arupuhkiehS ahdograS lawenahK ruplawahaB nahK
raY
mihaR
toklaiS tarjuG erohaL hgniS
TT
gnahJ hragraffazuM hayyaL rakkahB nidduahaB
idnaM
kco A bihaS
anaknaN
bahsuhK laworaN rupnajaR idniplawaR ilawnaiM raganlawahaB narhdoL toinihC dabazfiaH nahK
GD
arakO lawkahC nattapkaP rusaK mulehJ
dabalasiaF natluM iraheV arakO ahdograS erohaL idniplawaR toklaiS hragraffazuM hgniS
TT
alawnarjuG lawkahC nahK
raY
mihaR
kco A arupuhkiehS mulheJ lawihaS rusaK raganlawahaB gnahJ tarjuG narhdoL ilawnaiM bihaS
anaknaN
rupnajaR ruplawahaB nidduahaB
idnaM
rakkahB laworaN hayyaL toinihC dabazifaH nahK
GD
lawenahK na apkaP bahsuhK |
chunk_10_102 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
neonatal tetanus mortality rate to be 6.7 NT deaths per 1000 live births. Global target years for MNT
Table 4.2
Elimination (MNTE) were pushed from 1995 to 2000 to 2005 to 2015! At present, 12 countries have still not been
validated for MNTE including Pakistan however, it has achieved the status of partial elimination due to Province/Region PDHS 2017-18 Target 2025 Target 2030
satisfactory MNTE in Punjab. (%)
Sindh 30.9 47 57
This section analyses administrative data for tetanus toxoid immunization among pregnant women in the Punjab 38.3 54 64
province. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 30.9 46 56
Balochistan 19.8 36 46
The number of pregnant women who were successfully vaccinated against MNT in Punjab decreased by 7.3 Islamabad Capital Territory 45.7 62 72
percent from 23,06,196 in 2020 to 21,35,963 in 2021. Gilgit-Bal stan 39.0 55 65
Source: Pakistan Family Planning 2030 commitment
The highest incidence of vaccination against MNT in 2021 was observed in Gujranwala with 1,94,577 pregnant
women receiving the TT-2 vaccine while Jhelum recorded the lowest incidence with only 12,718 pregnant
LMICs have used household visits as a policy
women receiving the said vaccine. It is noteworthy that in 2020, 36,273 pregnant women were immunised
measure to generate acceptance and demand for
against tetanus toxoid in Jehlum making its statistic for 2021 drop by 65 percent. Gujranwala's incidence has Family Planning Visits by Year
family planning and contraception, for decades
increased by 50 percent, from 1,29,614 in 2020.
now. Sizeable evidence has confirmed the
3000000
success of this policy in developing countries
Figure 4.21 illustrates a comparison of district-wise numbers for vaccination against MNT in the province in 2020
and 2021. where Community Health Workers (CHW)-led 2500000 1,841,372 1,752,131
interventions have helped increase the use of
2000000
modern contraception and improved knowledge
Tetanus Toxoid Immuniza on Amoung Pregnant Women by District & Year and attitudes regarding FP as well. However, 1500000
350,000 gaps remain as researchers struggle to confirm 1000000
whether or not rural and urban settings, both are
300,000
500000
equally covered through CHW interventions, and 2020 2021
250,000
whether or not a good rate of non-users converts
Source: DG Health Services Punjab
200,000 to using contraception instead of only existing
150,000 users shifting to modern methods.
81 Figure 4.22 82
100,000
The number of family planning visits in the province declined by 4.8 percent from 18,41,372 in 2020 to 17,52,131 in
50,000
2021 as illustrated in Figure 4.22.
-
A district-wise analysis reveals that the highest number of FP visits was observed in Faisalabad with a total of
1,44,690 visits whereas the lowest number was observed in Khushab with 13,520 visits. Comparatively, in 2020, the
highest number was observed in Multan (1,20,203) where visits declined by 3.6 percent with 1,15,863 visits in
2021. FP visits in Faisalabad increased by a remarkable 34.6 percent to replace Multan as the top placeholder in
Source: DG Health Services Punjab 2020 2021 2021. Khushab fared worst in 2020 as well where the number of visits declined by 23.5 percent from 17,684 in 2020.
Figure 4.21 Figure 4.23 illustrates a comparison of FP visits in each of the 36 districts during 2020 and 2021.
Family Planning Visits by District & Year
4.8 Family Planning & Contraceptive Use in Punjab
300000
250000
Global commitments to women's empowerment have reaffirmed the need to improve access to family planning
200000
services; this includes Article 16 of the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against
150000
Women (CEDAW).
100000
Pakistan's vision stated in its Family Planning 2030 commitment is 50000
Women be accorded in comparison
particularly in line with the abovementioned provision of CEDAW. As per
with men, ‘’ the same rights to 0
the statement, Pakistan envisions a society where women and girls are
decide freely and responsibly
empowered and couples are able to exercise freely their right to decide
on the number and informa on,
the number of their children while striking a balance or "tawazun" educa on and means to enable
between their resources and family size. The commitment also lays out them to exercise these rights. Source: DG Health Services Punjab 2020 2021
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate targets pledged by each province and " Ar cle 16, CEDAW
region, outlined in Table 4.2. Figure 4.23
150 (World Health Organisa on, n.d.) 153 (Hacke , et al., 2020)
151 (World Health Organisa on, n.d.) 154 Ibid
152 (Ministry of Na onal Health Services Regula ons & Coordina on, Government of Pakistan, 2021) 155 (Hacke , et al., 2020)
alawnarjuG dabalasiaF iraheV natluM lawihaS arupuhkiehS ahdograS lawenahK ruplawahaB nahK
raY
mihaR
toklaiS tarjuG erohaL hgniS
TT
gnahJ hragraffazuM hayyaL rakkahB nidduahaB
idnaM
kco A bihaS
anaknaN
bahsuhK laworaN rupnajaR idniplawaR ilawnaiM raganlawahaB narhdoL toinihC dabazfiaH nahK
GD
arakO lawkahC nattapkaP rusaK mulehJ
dabalasiaF natluM iraheV arakO ahdograS erohaL idniplawaR toklaiS hragraffazuM hgniS
TT
alawnarjuG lawkahC nahK
raY
mihaR
kco A arupuhkiehS mulheJ lawihaS rusaK raganlawahaB gnahJ tarjuG narhdoL ilawnaiM bihaS
anaknaN
rupnajaR ruplawahaB nidduahaB
idnaM
rakkahB laworaN hayyaL toinihC dabazifaH nahK
GD
lawenahK na apkaP bahsuhK |
chunk_10_103 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
Figure 4.24 depicts the distribution of FP visits in the province in 2021. Most districts have recorded between Figure 4.25 summarises key features of the contraceptive profile of Punjab. It is noteworthy that the CPR by using
20,000 to 40,000 FP visits, while only 5 of 36 districts recorded more than 80,000 visits. estimated modern method users has registered a 1.5 percent increase overall between 2018-19 and 2019-20.
FP Visits in Punjab by District (2021)
Punjab
Contracep ve
PerformanceProfile
.
Attock
CPR in Punjab by using
Rawalpindi Es mated Modern Method
Users
Chakwal Jhelum
Mianwali Gujrat
1.5 %
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Khushab Narowal 2018-19 2019-20
Sargodha Gujranwala
Hafizabad
20.2 20.5
Sheikhupura
Bhakkar Chiniot
Nankana Sahib Lahore
Faisalabad
83 84
Jhang Contraceptive
Kasur
Layyah Usage By Method
Toba Tek Singh
Okara
Muzaffargarh Sahiwal Method 2018-19 2019-20 %
Khanewal
Pakpattan
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Vehari Condoms 88,893,840 66,329,576 25.4
Bahawalnagar
Lodhran Pills 4,733,481 4,292,302 9.3
Injectables 1,655,084 1,216,196 26.5
Rajanpur
IUCDs 904,395 656,143 27.4
Bahawalpur
Sterilization/Surgery 105,559 87,626 17.0
1,751 1,041 40.5
Rahim Yar Khan 103,808 86,585 16.6
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan
FP Visits Implants 47,350 39,149 17.3
Up to 20000
20001 - 40000
40001 - 60000
60001 - 80000
>80000
Source: DG Health Services Punjab Source: Annual Contracep ve Performance Report (2019-20)
Figure 4.24 Figure 4.25 |
chunk_10_104 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
Figure 4.24 depicts the distribution of FP visits in the province in 2021. Most districts have recorded between Figure 4.25 summarises key features of the contraceptive profile of Punjab. It is noteworthy that the CPR by using
20,000 to 40,000 FP visits, while only 5 of 36 districts recorded more than 80,000 visits. estimated modern method users has registered a 1.5 percent increase overall between 2018-19 and 2019-20.
FP Visits in Punjab by District (2021)
Punjab
Contracep ve
PerformanceProfile
.
Attock
CPR in Punjab by using
Rawalpindi Es mated Modern Method
Users
Chakwal Jhelum
Mianwali Gujrat
1.5 %
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Khushab Narowal 2018-19 2019-20
Sargodha Gujranwala
Hafizabad
20.2 20.5
Sheikhupura
Bhakkar Chiniot
Nankana Sahib Lahore
Faisalabad
83 84
Jhang Contraceptive
Kasur
Layyah Usage By Method
Toba Tek Singh
Okara
Muzaffargarh Sahiwal Method 2018-19 2019-20 %
Khanewal
Pakpattan
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Vehari Condoms 88,893,840 66,329,576 25.4
Bahawalnagar
Lodhran Pills 4,733,481 4,292,302 9.3
Injectables 1,655,084 1,216,196 26.5
Rajanpur
IUCDs 904,395 656,143 27.4
Bahawalpur
Sterilization/Surgery 105,559 87,626 17.0
1,751 1,041 40.5
Rahim Yar Khan 103,808 86,585 16.6
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan
FP Visits Implants 47,350 39,149 17.3
Up to 20000
20001 - 40000
40001 - 60000
60001 - 80000
>80000
Source: DG Health Services Punjab Source: Annual Contracep ve Performance Report (2019-20)
Figure 4.24 Figure 4.25 |
chunk_10_105 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
4.9 Antenatal Care
Anaemic Women within ANC-1 Visitors (2021)
Antenatal care is crucial to a positive pregnancy experience which may be defined as "maintaining physical and
sociocultural normality, maintaining a health pregnancy for mother and baby (including preventing or treating
risks, illness and death), having an effective transition to positive motherhood (including maternal self-esteem,
.
competence and autonomy)."
4.9.1 Antenatal Care Visits
Attock
In 2021, 75,55,646 ANC visits took place in Punjab of which 43,43,591 (57.4%) were ANC-1 visits and 32,12,055
(42.6%) were second ANC visits, 21.4 percent of the ANC-1 visitors had anaemia. Figure 4.26 illustrates these Rawalpindi
statistics.
Chakwal Jhelum
Mianwali Gujrat
Antenatal Care Visits (2021)
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Khushab Narowal
Sargodha Gujranwala
Hafizabad
Sheikhupura
Bhakkar Chiniot
Nankana Sahib Lahore
Faisalabad
4,343,591 3,212,055 Jhang
Kasur
Layyah
Toba Tek Singh
Women with Anaemia
Okara
85 689,793 (21.4%) Muzaffargarh Khanewal Sahiwal 86
Pakpattan
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Vehari
Source: DG Health Services Punjab ANC-1 ANC-2
Bahawalnagar
Lodhran
Figure 4.26
Rajanpur
A district-wise analysis reveals that Lahore had the highest incidence of women making two ANC visits with a
total 4,16,782 ANC-2 visits whereas Chiniot had the lowest incidence with 31,742 ANC-2 visitors. A complete
Bahawalpur
district-wise profile of ANC visits in Punjab in 2021 is depicted in Figure 4.27.
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan
Antenatal Care Visits by District (2021)
Rahim Yar Khan
700,000 Anaemic Women
600,000
Up to 10000
500,000
10001 - 20000
400,000
300,000 20001 - 30000
200,000
30001 - 40000
Source: DG Health Services Punjab
100,000
> 40000
-
Figure 4.28
Source: DG Health Services Punjab
ANC-1 ANC-2
Figure 4.27
156 (Ministry of Health, Government of Zambia, 2019)
erohaL dabalasiaF idniplawaR alawnarjuG ahdograS natluM toklaiS nahK
raY
mihaR
tarjuG arupuhkiehS hragraffazuM kco A mulheJ hayyaL gnahJ lawkahC iraheV hgniS
TT
ruplawahaB ilawnaiM laworaN na apkaP dabazfiaH arakO bahsuhK raganlawahaB rakkahB lawihaS lawenahK rusaK nahK
GD
bihaS
anaknaN
nidduahaB
idnaM
rupnajaR narhdoL toinihC |
chunk_10_106 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
4.9 Antenatal Care
Anaemic Women within ANC-1 Visitors (2021)
Antenatal care is crucial to a positive pregnancy experience which may be defined as "maintaining physical and
sociocultural normality, maintaining a health pregnancy for mother and baby (including preventing or treating
risks, illness and death), having an effective transition to positive motherhood (including maternal self-esteem,
.
competence and autonomy)."
4.9.1 Antenatal Care Visits
Attock
In 2021, 75,55,646 ANC visits took place in Punjab of which 43,43,591 (57.4%) were ANC-1 visits and 32,12,055
(42.6%) were second ANC visits, 21.4 percent of the ANC-1 visitors had anaemia. Figure 4.26 illustrates these Rawalpindi
statistics.
Chakwal Jhelum
Mianwali Gujrat
Antenatal Care Visits (2021)
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Khushab Narowal
Sargodha Gujranwala
Hafizabad
Sheikhupura
Bhakkar Chiniot
Nankana Sahib Lahore
Faisalabad
4,343,591 3,212,055 Jhang
Kasur
Layyah
Toba Tek Singh
Women with Anaemia
Okara
85 689,793 (21.4%) Muzaffargarh Khanewal Sahiwal 86
Pakpattan
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Vehari
Source: DG Health Services Punjab ANC-1 ANC-2
Bahawalnagar
Lodhran
Figure 4.26
Rajanpur
A district-wise analysis reveals that Lahore had the highest incidence of women making two ANC visits with a
total 4,16,782 ANC-2 visits whereas Chiniot had the lowest incidence with 31,742 ANC-2 visitors. A complete
Bahawalpur
district-wise profile of ANC visits in Punjab in 2021 is depicted in Figure 4.27.
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan
Antenatal Care Visits by District (2021)
Rahim Yar Khan
700,000 Anaemic Women
600,000
Up to 10000
500,000
10001 - 20000
400,000
300,000 20001 - 30000
200,000
30001 - 40000
Source: DG Health Services Punjab
100,000
> 40000
-
Figure 4.28
Source: DG Health Services Punjab
ANC-1 ANC-2
Figure 4.27
156 (Ministry of Health, Government of Zambia, 2019)
erohaL dabalasiaF idniplawaR alawnarjuG ahdograS natluM toklaiS nahK
raY
mihaR
tarjuG arupuhkiehS hragraffazuM kco A mulheJ hayyaL gnahJ lawkahC iraheV hgniS
TT
ruplawahaB ilawnaiM laworaN na apkaP dabazfiaH arakO bahsuhK raganlawahaB rakkahB lawihaS lawenahK rusaK nahK
GD
bihaS
anaknaN
nidduahaB
idnaM
rupnajaR narhdoL toinihC |
chunk_10_107 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
4.10 Births in Health Facilities in Punjab
Normal Deliveries Conducted by District & Year
Vehari
10,79,801 deliveries were conducted in health facilities across Punjab in 2021. Of these, the highest number of
TT Singh
them was conducted in Attock (91,994), while the lowest in Khushab (12,511). Figure 4.29 illustrates a district-
Sialkot
wise trend of deliveries conducted in 2021. Sheikhupura
Sargodha
Sahiwal
Rawalpindi
Rajanpur
Rahim Yar Khan
Deliveries Conducted by District (2021)
Pakpa an
Okara
100,000
Narowal
90,000
Nankana Sahib
80,000
Muzaffargarh
70,000
Multan
60,000
Mianwali
50,000
Mandi Bahauddin
40,000
Lodhran
30,000
Layyah
20,000
Lahore
10,000
Khushab
- Khanewal
Kasur
Jhelum
Jhang
Hafizabad
Gujrat
Source: DG Health Services Punjab
Gujranwala
Faisalabad
Figure 4.29 DG Khan
Chiniot
87 88
Chakwal
Bhakkar
4.10.1 Normal Deliveries
Bahawalpur
Bahawalnagar
The number of normal/vaginal deliveries conducted in the province declined starkly by 5 percent from 9,84,045 A ock
in 2020 to 9,35,573 in 2021. 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
Source: DG Health Services Punjab 2020 2021
Normal Deliveries Conducted by Year Figure 4.31
984,045 4.10.2 Caesarean Section
935,573
The C-section can be a life-saving intervention when medically indicated however, its short- and long-term adverse
effects for the mother and child are crucial to consider when performed in the absence of obstetric indication. In a
1985 report, the WHO indicated 5-15 percent as the optimal range for C-section rates however, a global rise in
caesarean deliveries overall, and particularly medically unindicated ones, has been observed.
While high-income countries with their ability to mitigate associated risks have come to consider caesarean
2020 2021
deliveries as safe as vaginal ones, LMICs struggle with an increased risk of adverse short-term and long-term
Source: DG Health Services Punjab maternal and neonatal outcomes. Short-term risks associated with C-section include altered immune
development, an increased likelihood of allergy, asthma and atopy while long-term risks comprise increased risk of
Figure 4.30
uterine rupture, abnormal placentation, still-birth or preterm birth and complications for future pregnancies.
In terms of a district-wise analysis, in 2021, the highest number of normal deliveries were conducted in Lahore The C-section rate in Pakistan shot up from 3.2 percent in 1990 to 19.6 percent in 2018 , which is a drastic increase.
(56,348) followed narrowly by Multan (55,068). On the other hand, the lowest number of normal deliveries was A study has found that in Pakistan, a doctor's referral for a caesarean delivery takes precedence over the patient's
conducted in Chakwal (11,940). A yearly comparison of normal deliveries conducted in each of the 36 districts is
illustrated in Figure 4.31. 157 (Sandall, et al., 2018)
158 (Keag, Norman, & Stock, 2018)
159 Ibid
160 (Sandall, et al., 2018)
161 (Amjad, et al., 2020)
162 Ibid
kco A raganlawahaB ruplawahaB rakkahB lawkahC toinihC nahK
GD
dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG dabazfiaH mulheJ gnahJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL narhdoL nidduahaB
idnaM
ilawnaiM natluM hragraffazuM bihaS
anaknaN
laworaN arakO na apkaP nahK
raY
mihaR
rupnajaR idniplawaR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS hgniS
TT
iraheV |
chunk_10_108 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
4.10 Births in Health Facilities in Punjab
Normal Deliveries Conducted by District & Year
Vehari
10,79,801 deliveries were conducted in health facilities across Punjab in 2021. Of these, the highest number of
TT Singh
them was conducted in Attock (91,994), while the lowest in Khushab (12,511). Figure 4.29 illustrates a district-
Sialkot
wise trend of deliveries conducted in 2021. Sheikhupura
Sargodha
Sahiwal
Rawalpindi
Rajanpur
Rahim Yar Khan
Deliveries Conducted by District (2021)
Pakpa an
Okara
100,000
Narowal
90,000
Nankana Sahib
80,000
Muzaffargarh
70,000
Multan
60,000
Mianwali
50,000
Mandi Bahauddin
40,000
Lodhran
30,000
Layyah
20,000
Lahore
10,000
Khushab
- Khanewal
Kasur
Jhelum
Jhang
Hafizabad
Gujrat
Source: DG Health Services Punjab
Gujranwala
Faisalabad
Figure 4.29 DG Khan
Chiniot
87 88
Chakwal
Bhakkar
4.10.1 Normal Deliveries
Bahawalpur
Bahawalnagar
The number of normal/vaginal deliveries conducted in the province declined starkly by 5 percent from 9,84,045 A ock
in 2020 to 9,35,573 in 2021. 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
Source: DG Health Services Punjab 2020 2021
Normal Deliveries Conducted by Year Figure 4.31
984,045 4.10.2 Caesarean Section
935,573
The C-section can be a life-saving intervention when medically indicated however, its short- and long-term adverse
effects for the mother and child are crucial to consider when performed in the absence of obstetric indication. In a
1985 report, the WHO indicated 5-15 percent as the optimal range for C-section rates however, a global rise in
caesarean deliveries overall, and particularly medically unindicated ones, has been observed.
While high-income countries with their ability to mitigate associated risks have come to consider caesarean
2020 2021
deliveries as safe as vaginal ones, LMICs struggle with an increased risk of adverse short-term and long-term
Source: DG Health Services Punjab maternal and neonatal outcomes. Short-term risks associated with C-section include altered immune
development, an increased likelihood of allergy, asthma and atopy while long-term risks comprise increased risk of
Figure 4.30
uterine rupture, abnormal placentation, still-birth or preterm birth and complications for future pregnancies.
In terms of a district-wise analysis, in 2021, the highest number of normal deliveries were conducted in Lahore The C-section rate in Pakistan shot up from 3.2 percent in 1990 to 19.6 percent in 2018 , which is a drastic increase.
(56,348) followed narrowly by Multan (55,068). On the other hand, the lowest number of normal deliveries was A study has found that in Pakistan, a doctor's referral for a caesarean delivery takes precedence over the patient's
conducted in Chakwal (11,940). A yearly comparison of normal deliveries conducted in each of the 36 districts is
illustrated in Figure 4.31. 157 (Sandall, et al., 2018)
158 (Keag, Norman, & Stock, 2018)
159 Ibid
160 (Sandall, et al., 2018)
161 (Amjad, et al., 2020)
162 Ibid
kco A raganlawahaB ruplawahaB rakkahB lawkahC toinihC nahK
GD
dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG dabazfiaH mulheJ gnahJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL narhdoL nidduahaB
idnaM
ilawnaiM natluM hragraffazuM bihaS
anaknaN
laworaN arakO na apkaP nahK
raY
mihaR
rupnajaR idniplawaR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS hgniS
TT
iraheV |
chunk_10_109 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
choice. This may not always be motivated by medical 4.10.3 Low Birth Weight Babies
Caesarean Cases by Year
indication instead, factors such as financial benefits,
time convenience or gaining surgical experience
250,000 203,522 191,393 A new-born is considered a low-birth-weight (LBW) baby if they weigh less than 2.5kg at the time of birth (usually
may be primary drivers of such referrals. It is hence
recorded within the first few hours of birth). LMICs account for 95 percent of all LBW infants in the world and
important to carefully monitor surges in C-section
200,000 tracking the incidence of LBW is valuable in assessing maternal health, nutrition, healthcare delivery and poverty ;
rates and ensure patients have access to information
in this sense it focuses on women's access to quality SRH.
regarding the risks associated with caesarean 150,000
delivery as well as the right to decide the choice of
Of the 10,79,801 births recorded in Punjab in 2021, 10,69,553 (99%) were live-births whereas 10,248 (1%) were
procedure, especially in case of no medical 100,000
still-births. Of all live births, 28,331 (2.6%) were LBW babies.
indication.
50,000
In Punjab, the number of caesarean deliveries
- Live and S ll-births (2021)
declined by 6 percent from 2,03,522 in 2020 to 2020 2021
1,91,393 in 2021 (Figure 4.32). Source: DG Health Services Punjab
Figure 4.32
A district-wise analysis reveals that in 2021, the highest number of caesarean deliveries was performed in Lahore
(45,106) while the lowest was in Kasur (196). A comparative analysis, of figures from 2020 and 2021 depicted in
<2.5kg
Figure 4.33, reveals that Lahore had the highest number of C-section cases in 2020 as well, while the lowest was
recorded in Kasur (862). 10,248 1,069,553
Live births with LBW
Caesarean Cases by District & Year 28,331 (2.6%)
Vehari
Source: DG Health Services Punjab Live births S ll-births
Toba Tek Singh
Sialkot
Sheikhupura Figure 4.34
Sargodha
89 Sahiwal 4.10.4 Neonatal Deaths 90
Rawalpindi
Rajanpur
Rahim Yar Khan Across the province in 2021, 299 cases of neonatal deaths were recorded. Although this statistic itself may be
Pakpa an
perceived as a low overall incidence, it is noteworthy that this figure is an alarming increase by 169 percent from
Okara
Narowal 111 neonatal deaths recorded in 2020 (Figure 4.35).
Nankana Sahib
Muzaffargarh
Multan Neonatal Deaths by Year
Mianwali
Mandi Bahauddin 299
Lodhran 350
Layyah
300
Lahore
Khushab
250
Khanewal
Kasur 200
111
Jhelum
Jhang 150
Hafizabad
100
Gujrat
Gujranwala 50
Faisalabad
DG Khan 0
Chiniot 2020 2021
Chakwal Source: DG Health Services Punjab
Bhakkar
Bahawalpur Figure 4.35
Bahawalnagar
A ock In terms of a district-wise analysis, TT Singh recorded the highest number of neonatal deaths (189) while 11 districts
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 recorded none. It is interesting to note that in the preceding year, TT Singh had only recorded one neonatal death
while 8 of 36 districts had recorded none. Jhang, Narowal, Lahore, Jhelum and Sahiwal all reduced their neonatal
Source: DG Health Services Punjab 2020 2021
death toll to 0 in 2021 as compared to their statistics in 2020.
Figure 4.33
Figure 4.36 illustrates a yearly comparison of district-wise neonatal deaths recorded in the province.
163 (Cutland, et al., 2017)
164 (Cutland, et al., 2017) |
chunk_10_110 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
choice. This may not always be motivated by medical 4.10.3 Low Birth Weight Babies
Caesarean Cases by Year
indication instead, factors such as financial benefits,
time convenience or gaining surgical experience
250,000 203,522 191,393 A new-born is considered a low-birth-weight (LBW) baby if they weigh less than 2.5kg at the time of birth (usually
may be primary drivers of such referrals. It is hence
recorded within the first few hours of birth). LMICs account for 95 percent of all LBW infants in the world and
important to carefully monitor surges in C-section
200,000 tracking the incidence of LBW is valuable in assessing maternal health, nutrition, healthcare delivery and poverty ;
rates and ensure patients have access to information
in this sense it focuses on women's access to quality SRH.
regarding the risks associated with caesarean 150,000
delivery as well as the right to decide the choice of
Of the 10,79,801 births recorded in Punjab in 2021, 10,69,553 (99%) were live-births whereas 10,248 (1%) were
procedure, especially in case of no medical 100,000
still-births. Of all live births, 28,331 (2.6%) were LBW babies.
indication.
50,000
In Punjab, the number of caesarean deliveries
- Live and S ll-births (2021)
declined by 6 percent from 2,03,522 in 2020 to 2020 2021
1,91,393 in 2021 (Figure 4.32). Source: DG Health Services Punjab
Figure 4.32
A district-wise analysis reveals that in 2021, the highest number of caesarean deliveries was performed in Lahore
(45,106) while the lowest was in Kasur (196). A comparative analysis, of figures from 2020 and 2021 depicted in
<2.5kg
Figure 4.33, reveals that Lahore had the highest number of C-section cases in 2020 as well, while the lowest was
recorded in Kasur (862). 10,248 1,069,553
Live births with LBW
Caesarean Cases by District & Year 28,331 (2.6%)
Vehari
Source: DG Health Services Punjab Live births S ll-births
Toba Tek Singh
Sialkot
Sheikhupura Figure 4.34
Sargodha
89 Sahiwal 4.10.4 Neonatal Deaths 90
Rawalpindi
Rajanpur
Rahim Yar Khan Across the province in 2021, 299 cases of neonatal deaths were recorded. Although this statistic itself may be
Pakpa an
perceived as a low overall incidence, it is noteworthy that this figure is an alarming increase by 169 percent from
Okara
Narowal 111 neonatal deaths recorded in 2020 (Figure 4.35).
Nankana Sahib
Muzaffargarh
Multan Neonatal Deaths by Year
Mianwali
Mandi Bahauddin 299
Lodhran 350
Layyah
300
Lahore
Khushab
250
Khanewal
Kasur 200
111
Jhelum
Jhang 150
Hafizabad
100
Gujrat
Gujranwala 50
Faisalabad
DG Khan 0
Chiniot 2020 2021
Chakwal Source: DG Health Services Punjab
Bhakkar
Bahawalpur Figure 4.35
Bahawalnagar
A ock In terms of a district-wise analysis, TT Singh recorded the highest number of neonatal deaths (189) while 11 districts
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 recorded none. It is interesting to note that in the preceding year, TT Singh had only recorded one neonatal death
while 8 of 36 districts had recorded none. Jhang, Narowal, Lahore, Jhelum and Sahiwal all reduced their neonatal
Source: DG Health Services Punjab 2020 2021
death toll to 0 in 2021 as compared to their statistics in 2020.
Figure 4.33
Figure 4.36 illustrates a yearly comparison of district-wise neonatal deaths recorded in the province.
163 (Cutland, et al., 2017)
164 (Cutland, et al., 2017) |
chunk_10_111 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
and those on ART were observed in the treatment centre in Lahore where 30 percent of the patients were not
120 Neonatal Deaths by District & Year receiving ART.
100
80 Did you Know?*
Most maternal and infant deaths occur in the first month
60
a er birth:
almost 1/2 of postnatal maternal deaths occur within the
40
first 24 hours, and 66% occur during the first week.
20
0
Transgender AIDS Pa ents by District & ART Status (as of April 2021)
2500
Source: DG Health Services Punjab
2020 2021 1919
2000
Figure 4.36 1500
1,073 997755 1057
1000 514 865
507 220
4.11 Postnatal Care Visits 500 0 29 83 12 0 2 11 19 8 58 197 12
0 29 71 12 0 2 11 19 8 46 12
0
The WHO guidelines on Postnatal Care (PNC) for the mother and new-born recommend ensuring provision of a
total of four PNC visits for every mother and baby. The timeline of these four visits is marked across the first day,
day 3, between days 7-14 and at six weeks.
91 92
Administrative data was available for the first PNC visit at health facilities in Punjab. In 2021, a total of 9,84,111 Source: Na onal AIDS Control Programe Website Pa ents Pa ents on ART
visits were made in facilities across 36 districts of Punjab. The highest number of visits was recorded in RY Khan
(53,191) while the lowest in Chiniot (11,962). Figure 4.37
Of 4,919 transgender AIDS patients reported at 14 centres (Bahawalnagar and Jhelum did not report any
4.12 HIV/AIDS
transgender AIDS patient), 3,827 (78%) received ART. The widest gap in this case was also observed in Lahore where
44 percent of the transgender AIDS patients did not receive ART.
The stigma around diseases like HIV/AIDS is an impetus to prioritize the integration of health services and human
rights as a policy approach. The rollout of the antiretroviral treatment (ART) is a breakthrough both in terms of
physical health as well as the creation of dignified space for patients.
Female AIDS Pa ents by District & ART Status (as of April 2021)
However, for the already vulnerable segments like women and girls, progress is likely to be obstructed by myriad
14,000
12,563
socioeconomic and cultural factors related to their entrenched position within a gender-unequal scheme of
12,000
circumstances. Their lack of bodily and reproductive autonomy in intimate relationships, financial dependence
and disproportionate exposure and/or vulnerability to violence are some manifestations of this inequality. 10,000 7,927 8,168 8,845
8,000 7,338 7,265 6,135
5,116
It is hence important for policymakers to prioritize a gender-sensitive response to HIV/AIDS control and 6,000 4,140 3,369
treatment. 4,065
4,000 3,369 2,090 1,334
Figure 4.37 and 4.38 illustrate the respective statistics for female and transgender AIDS patients and their 2,000 1 17 74
4
8 89 98 8 12 80 65 22 56 90 7 64
7
1,724 7 77 76 4 1,201 6 646 81 77 33 00
treatment status as per data obtained for 16 treatment centres across Punjab from May 2020 to April 2021. -
These centres are located in Bahawalnagar, Chiniot, DG Khan, Faisalabad, Gujrat, Jhelum, Lahore, Mianwali,
Multan, Muzaffargarh, Nankana Sahib, Okara, RY Khan, Rawalpindi, Sargodha and Sheikhupura.
Of 49,504 female AIDS patients, 42,659 (86%) received ART. The widest gap between the total number of patients
Source: Na onal AIDS Control Programe Website Pa ents Pa ents on ART
Figure 4.38
165 (World Health Organiza on, 2015)
* (World Health Organiza on, 2015)
166 (Lou y, Khosla, & Narasimhan, 2015)
167 (Lou y, Khosla, & Narasimhan, 2015)
kco A raganlawahaB ruplawahaB rakkahB lawkahC toinihC nahK
GD
dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG dabazfiaH gnahJ mulehJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL narhdoL nidduahaB
idnaM
ilawnaiM natluM hragraffazuM bihaS
anaknaN
laworaN arakO na apkaP nahK
raY
mihaR
rupnajaR idniplawaR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS hgniS
TT
iraheV
raganlawahaB
raganlawahaB
toinihC
toinihC
nahK
GD
nahK
GD
dabalasiaF
dabalasiaF
tarjuG
tarjuG
mulheJ
mulheJ
erohaL
erohaL
ilawnaiM
ilawnaiM
natluM
natluM
hragraffazuM
hragraffazuM
bihaS
anaknaN
bihaS
anaknaN
arakO
arakO
nahK
raY
mihaR
nahK
raY
mihaR
idniplawaR
idniplawaR
ahdograS arupuhkiehS
ahdograS arupuhkiehS |
chunk_10_112 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
and those on ART were observed in the treatment centre in Lahore where 30 percent of the patients were not
120 Neonatal Deaths by District & Year receiving ART.
100
80 Did you Know?*
Most maternal and infant deaths occur in the first month
60
a er birth:
almost 1/2 of postnatal maternal deaths occur within the
40
first 24 hours, and 66% occur during the first week.
20
0
Transgender AIDS Pa ents by District & ART Status (as of April 2021)
2500
Source: DG Health Services Punjab
2020 2021 1919
2000
Figure 4.36 1500
1,073 997755 1057
1000 514 865
507 220
4.11 Postnatal Care Visits 500 0 29 83 12 0 2 11 19 8 58 197 12
0 29 71 12 0 2 11 19 8 46 12
0
The WHO guidelines on Postnatal Care (PNC) for the mother and new-born recommend ensuring provision of a
total of four PNC visits for every mother and baby. The timeline of these four visits is marked across the first day,
day 3, between days 7-14 and at six weeks.
91 92
Administrative data was available for the first PNC visit at health facilities in Punjab. In 2021, a total of 9,84,111 Source: Na onal AIDS Control Programe Website Pa ents Pa ents on ART
visits were made in facilities across 36 districts of Punjab. The highest number of visits was recorded in RY Khan
(53,191) while the lowest in Chiniot (11,962). Figure 4.37
Of 4,919 transgender AIDS patients reported at 14 centres (Bahawalnagar and Jhelum did not report any
4.12 HIV/AIDS
transgender AIDS patient), 3,827 (78%) received ART. The widest gap in this case was also observed in Lahore where
44 percent of the transgender AIDS patients did not receive ART.
The stigma around diseases like HIV/AIDS is an impetus to prioritize the integration of health services and human
rights as a policy approach. The rollout of the antiretroviral treatment (ART) is a breakthrough both in terms of
physical health as well as the creation of dignified space for patients.
Female AIDS Pa ents by District & ART Status (as of April 2021)
However, for the already vulnerable segments like women and girls, progress is likely to be obstructed by myriad
14,000
12,563
socioeconomic and cultural factors related to their entrenched position within a gender-unequal scheme of
12,000
circumstances. Their lack of bodily and reproductive autonomy in intimate relationships, financial dependence
and disproportionate exposure and/or vulnerability to violence are some manifestations of this inequality. 10,000 7,927 8,168 8,845
8,000 7,338 7,265 6,135
5,116
It is hence important for policymakers to prioritize a gender-sensitive response to HIV/AIDS control and 6,000 4,140 3,369
treatment. 4,065
4,000 3,369 2,090 1,334
Figure 4.37 and 4.38 illustrate the respective statistics for female and transgender AIDS patients and their 2,000 1 17 74
4
8 89 98 8 12 80 65 22 56 90 7 64
7
1,724 7 77 76 4 1,201 6 646 81 77 33 00
treatment status as per data obtained for 16 treatment centres across Punjab from May 2020 to April 2021. -
These centres are located in Bahawalnagar, Chiniot, DG Khan, Faisalabad, Gujrat, Jhelum, Lahore, Mianwali,
Multan, Muzaffargarh, Nankana Sahib, Okara, RY Khan, Rawalpindi, Sargodha and Sheikhupura.
Of 49,504 female AIDS patients, 42,659 (86%) received ART. The widest gap between the total number of patients
Source: Na onal AIDS Control Programe Website Pa ents Pa ents on ART
Figure 4.38
165 (World Health Organiza on, 2015)
* (World Health Organiza on, 2015)
166 (Lou y, Khosla, & Narasimhan, 2015)
167 (Lou y, Khosla, & Narasimhan, 2015)
kco A raganlawahaB ruplawahaB rakkahB lawkahC toinihC nahK
GD
dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG dabazfiaH gnahJ mulehJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL narhdoL nidduahaB
idnaM
ilawnaiM natluM hragraffazuM bihaS
anaknaN
laworaN arakO na apkaP nahK
raY
mihaR
rupnajaR idniplawaR lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS hgniS
TT
iraheV
raganlawahaB
raganlawahaB
toinihC
toinihC
nahK
GD
nahK
GD
dabalasiaF
dabalasiaF
tarjuG
tarjuG
mulheJ
mulheJ
erohaL
erohaL
ilawnaiM
ilawnaiM
natluM
natluM
hragraffazuM
hragraffazuM
bihaS
anaknaN
bihaS
anaknaN
arakO
arakO
nahK
raY
mihaR
nahK
raY
mihaR
idniplawaR
idniplawaR
ahdograS arupuhkiehS
ahdograS arupuhkiehS |
chunk_10_113 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
Figure 4.39 illustrates the distribution of female and transgender AIDS patients across the 16 treatment centres in 4.13 Breast Cancer
Punjab between May 2020 and April 2021.
As per the last available statistic on the incidence of breast cancer in Pakistan, the country fares worst among its
Asian counterparts with every 1 in 9 women at the risk of developing the disease. Unfortunately, Pakistani
women have low rates of early detection which may be attributed to an overall lack of awareness and self-
examination.
Transgender & Female AIDS Pa e ts by District (as of April 2021)
In order to effectively prevent and treat the disease, it is imperative to generate data that provides an accurate
picture for public health policymaking and programming. While
historically under-researched within the country. Breast cancer
Breast Cancer Cases by Year
research has witnessed an unprecedented surge in Pakistan where
about two-thirds of all breast cancer research in Pakistan has been 3,854
conducted between 2015 and 2019. 3,129
The Punjab Cancer Registry is dedicated to tracking the population
level cancer statistics within the province by maintaining data for 15
districts at the moment with a plan to eventually expand to the
remaining ones as well. 2020 2021
Source: Punjab Cancer Registry
The reported cases of breast cancer increased by 23 percent from
Figure 4.40
3,129 in 2020 to 3,854 in 2021.
An age-wise analysis (Figure 4.41) reveals that the most vulnerable age group of women was 40-59 years which
formed almost 55 percent of all breast cancer patients reported in 2021.
93 94
Cancer Cases Among Women by Age Group (2021)
0-19 20-39 40-59 60+
AIDS Pa e ts
3
832
(0.1%) 896
(21.6%)
No Treatment Centres (23.2%)
2,123
Up to 2000
(55.1%)
2001 to 4000
Source: Punjab Cancer Registry
4001 to 6000
6001- 8000
Figure 4.41
> 8000
Source: Na onal AIDS Control Programme Website
Figure 4.39
168 (Khan, Duan, Wu, & Ji, 2021)
169 Ibid
170 (Ahmad, et al., 2021)
171 (Punjab Cancer Registry, n.d.) |
chunk_10_114 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
Figure 4.39 illustrates the distribution of female and transgender AIDS patients across the 16 treatment centres in 4.13 Breast Cancer
Punjab between May 2020 and April 2021.
As per the last available statistic on the incidence of breast cancer in Pakistan, the country fares worst among its
Asian counterparts with every 1 in 9 women at the risk of developing the disease. Unfortunately, Pakistani
women have low rates of early detection which may be attributed to an overall lack of awareness and self-
examination.
Transgender & Female AIDS Pa e ts by District (as of April 2021)
In order to effectively prevent and treat the disease, it is imperative to generate data that provides an accurate
picture for public health policymaking and programming. While
historically under-researched within the country. Breast cancer
Breast Cancer Cases by Year
research has witnessed an unprecedented surge in Pakistan where
about two-thirds of all breast cancer research in Pakistan has been 3,854
conducted between 2015 and 2019. 3,129
The Punjab Cancer Registry is dedicated to tracking the population
level cancer statistics within the province by maintaining data for 15
districts at the moment with a plan to eventually expand to the
remaining ones as well. 2020 2021
Source: Punjab Cancer Registry
The reported cases of breast cancer increased by 23 percent from
Figure 4.40
3,129 in 2020 to 3,854 in 2021.
An age-wise analysis (Figure 4.41) reveals that the most vulnerable age group of women was 40-59 years which
formed almost 55 percent of all breast cancer patients reported in 2021.
93 94
Cancer Cases Among Women by Age Group (2021)
0-19 20-39 40-59 60+
AIDS Pa e ts
3
832
(0.1%) 896
(21.6%)
No Treatment Centres (23.2%)
2,123
Up to 2000
(55.1%)
2001 to 4000
Source: Punjab Cancer Registry
4001 to 6000
6001- 8000
Figure 4.41
> 8000
Source: Na onal AIDS Control Programme Website
Figure 4.39
168 (Khan, Duan, Wu, & Ji, 2021)
169 Ibid
170 (Ahmad, et al., 2021)
171 (Punjab Cancer Registry, n.d.) |
chunk_10_115 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
Figure 4.42 depicts the top 10 districts for breast cancer cases reported in Punjab in 2021.
TB Cases by Gender & Year
250,000
212,481
200,000
152,503
Top 10 Districts Repor ng Cancer Among Women (2021)
150,000
104,196 96,430
100,000 74,661 67,025
50,000
4,769 6,048 5,318 6,537
-
M F M F M F M F
A ock
Rawalpindi Children Adult Total Children Adult Total
2020 2021
Chakwal Jhelum Source: TB Control Programe
Mianwali Gujrat
Figure 4.43
Mandi Bahauddin
Khushab Sialkot
Sargodha
H a
fiza b a d
Gujranwala
Narowal Lahore reported the highest incidence of TB cases among women in 2021 with more than 8000 cases, whereas
Bhakkar
Chiniot
Sheikhupura Rajanpur, Pakpattan, Lodhran, Layyah, Nankana Sahib, Sheikhupura, Chiniot, Hafizabad, Gujrat, Narowal, Attock,
Mianwali, Chakwal, TT Singh and Jhelum reported 2000 or fewer cases. Figure 4.44 illustrates the distribution of TB
Jhang
Faisala b a d Lahore cases in the province in 2021.
Layyah Kasur
Okara
Incidence of TB Among Women by District (2021)
Khanewal Pakpatan .
Multan Vehari
Lodhran
Attock
95 96
Rajanpur Rawalpindi
Bahawalpur
Chakwal Jhelum
Mianwali Gujrat
Cancer Cases
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Up to 880 Khushab Narowal
Sargodha Hafizabad Gujranwala
881-1,661
Sheikhupura
1,662-2,442 Bhakkar Chiniot
Nankana SahibLahore
> 2,442
Faisalabad
Source: Punjab Cancer Registry Jhang
Kasur
Layyah
Toba Tek Singh
Figure 4.42 Okara
Muzaffargarh Sahiwal
Khanewal
Pakpattan
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Vehari
4.14 Tuberculosis (TB)
Lodhran Bahawalnagar
Pakistan is one of the high TB burden countries and in 2020, it was one of the eight countries that accounted for
Rajanpur
two-thirds of the new TB cases globally. Although men outnumber women as TB patients globally, women's
TB Cases
journey as TB patients is compounded with other factors that inflict them with disproportionate social and Bahawalpur
economic suffering. Up to 2000
Rahim Yar Khan 2001 - 4000
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan
In 2021, 2,12,481 cases of TB were recorded of which 49 percent were of men, 45 percent women, 2.5 percent 4001 - 6000
boys and 3 percent were girls. It is interesting to note that in the minor age group, the higher incidence is found in 6001 - 8000
girls whereas this trend is reversed in adulthood where more cases are reported for men. Figure 4.43 illustrates a
> 8000
yearly comparison of reported cases of TB in the province for both genders in minors and adults. Source: Punjab TB Control Program
Figure 4.44
172 (World Health Organiza on, 2021)
173 (Srivastava, Kant, Narain, & Bajpai, 2018) |
chunk_10_116 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
Figure 4.42 depicts the top 10 districts for breast cancer cases reported in Punjab in 2021.
TB Cases by Gender & Year
250,000
212,481
200,000
152,503
Top 10 Districts Repor ng Cancer Among Women (2021)
150,000
104,196 96,430
100,000 74,661 67,025
50,000
4,769 6,048 5,318 6,537
-
M F M F M F M F
A ock
Rawalpindi Children Adult Total Children Adult Total
2020 2021
Chakwal Jhelum Source: TB Control Programe
Mianwali Gujrat
Figure 4.43
Mandi Bahauddin
Khushab Sialkot
Sargodha
H a
fiza b a d
Gujranwala
Narowal Lahore reported the highest incidence of TB cases among women in 2021 with more than 8000 cases, whereas
Bhakkar
Chiniot
Sheikhupura Rajanpur, Pakpattan, Lodhran, Layyah, Nankana Sahib, Sheikhupura, Chiniot, Hafizabad, Gujrat, Narowal, Attock,
Mianwali, Chakwal, TT Singh and Jhelum reported 2000 or fewer cases. Figure 4.44 illustrates the distribution of TB
Jhang
Faisala b a d Lahore cases in the province in 2021.
Layyah Kasur
Okara
Incidence of TB Among Women by District (2021)
Khanewal Pakpatan .
Multan Vehari
Lodhran
Attock
95 96
Rajanpur Rawalpindi
Bahawalpur
Chakwal Jhelum
Mianwali Gujrat
Cancer Cases
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Up to 880 Khushab Narowal
Sargodha Hafizabad Gujranwala
881-1,661
Sheikhupura
1,662-2,442 Bhakkar Chiniot
Nankana SahibLahore
> 2,442
Faisalabad
Source: Punjab Cancer Registry Jhang
Kasur
Layyah
Toba Tek Singh
Figure 4.42 Okara
Muzaffargarh Sahiwal
Khanewal
Pakpattan
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Vehari
4.14 Tuberculosis (TB)
Lodhran Bahawalnagar
Pakistan is one of the high TB burden countries and in 2020, it was one of the eight countries that accounted for
Rajanpur
two-thirds of the new TB cases globally. Although men outnumber women as TB patients globally, women's
TB Cases
journey as TB patients is compounded with other factors that inflict them with disproportionate social and Bahawalpur
economic suffering. Up to 2000
Rahim Yar Khan 2001 - 4000
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan
In 2021, 2,12,481 cases of TB were recorded of which 49 percent were of men, 45 percent women, 2.5 percent 4001 - 6000
boys and 3 percent were girls. It is interesting to note that in the minor age group, the higher incidence is found in 6001 - 8000
girls whereas this trend is reversed in adulthood where more cases are reported for men. Figure 4.43 illustrates a
> 8000
yearly comparison of reported cases of TB in the province for both genders in minors and adults. Source: Punjab TB Control Program
Figure 4.44
172 (World Health Organiza on, 2021)
173 (Srivastava, Kant, Narain, & Bajpai, 2018) |
chunk_10_117 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
4.15 Conclusion particularly those in underserved areas.
Facilitate Family Planning and Contraceptive Use
The status of public health in Punjab, despite some positive trends, remains subpar. This status is particularly
dismal for women and children when assessed in light of low CPR, high child mortality rates and increased
• Devise and scale up awareness campaigns to increase use of modern contraceptive methods.
vulnerability to communicable diseases and NCDs vis a vis obstructive access to quality healthcare services.
District-level analysis reveals variation in health outcomes across districts indicating the need to work towards
• Devise strategies like expansion of coverage to address district-wise discrepancies between incidence of
ensuring universal access and devoting a greater share of resources to underserved districts. As Punjab is
childbirth and antenatal care including ANC visits and tetanus immunization
forecasted to face a shortage of health-related HR, it is crucial to develop measures to increase and retain the
workforce. The need for policy interventions to be implemented uniformly across all districts, particularly in
adolescent healthcare, antenatal care and IRMNCH facilities, is also being on the deserving of priority agenda for • Increase targeted interventions in large districts with less than 20,000 family planning visits to strengthen
all government departments. population welfare efforts.
International best practices must be adopted to deepen progress earned on health outcomes in the province Public-private partnerships
over the recent years as well as to innovate equitable solutions for current challenges such that the entire
population benefits irrespective of gender, income and/or other social determinants. • Explore avenues for public-private partnerships in providing quality, low-cost primary healthcare, enhancing
patient experience and medical staff remuneration.
4.16 Recommendations
Address stigmatized Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases
• Initiate awareness campaigns to counter stigma around certain diseases and conditions such as HIV/AIDS,
4.16.1 Policy
breast cancer and TB. This will improve attitudes towards prevention, control and treatment.
Ensure maintenance of gender-disaggregated data
Improve Infrastructure at Government Health Facilities
• Establish standardised data-sharing protocols across all tiers of healthcare delivery relevant to health • Undertake systematic upgrade of health facilities across the province.
services, surveillance and staffing.
97 • Conduct research to identify the reasons for consistent decrease in health facilities across Punjab and devise 98
• Ensure maximum documentation of women, adolescent girls, transgender persons and PWDs. remedial strategies accordingly.
Increase focus on preventive healthcare Ensure continuity of effective service delivery by Lady Health Workers (LHWs)
• Establish policy frameworks aimed at disease prevention, expansion of immunization and nutrition • Retire and replace LHWs in a clearly defined service structure, and institutionalize training programs to ensure
well-trained and consistent healthcare human resources.
programs as well as reproductive healthcare initiatives.
Remove disparity in resource alloca on across districts
Integrate healthcare education in formal schooling
• Allocate more resources (facili es, beds, and HR) to underserved districts and rural areas.
• Healthcare departments must collaborate with the School Education Department to incorporate life skills-
based (LSB) educational module including reproductive health, nutrition and menstrual health.
Decrease maternal and child mortality
Gender-sensi ve planning of interven ons by the Punjab Mental Health Authority
• Ensure that women, especially those in remote areas, have greater access to emergency obstetric care.
• This may include behaviour change communica on to encourage more women to seek medical help, hiring
• Train more women at the community level as Lady Health Workers to disseminate key informa on on
a greater number of female psychiatrists and psychologists, and designing women-friendly mental health
reproduc ve health as well as shape community a tudes towards healthy pregnancies and safe delivery
facili es.
prac ces.
4.16.2 Procedural
Facilitate Women's Mental Health
• Establish support desks for mental health at gynaecology and obstetric care wards to detect and address
pre- and post-natal depression.
Increase and Retain Human Resources in Government Health Facilities
• Devise strategies to ensure adequate medical personnel and healthcare staff across all health facilities |
chunk_10_118 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
4.15 Conclusion particularly those in underserved areas.
Facilitate Family Planning and Contraceptive Use
The status of public health in Punjab, despite some positive trends, remains subpar. This status is particularly
dismal for women and children when assessed in light of low CPR, high child mortality rates and increased
• Devise and scale up awareness campaigns to increase use of modern contraceptive methods.
vulnerability to communicable diseases and NCDs vis a vis obstructive access to quality healthcare services.
District-level analysis reveals variation in health outcomes across districts indicating the need to work towards
• Devise strategies like expansion of coverage to address district-wise discrepancies between incidence of
ensuring universal access and devoting a greater share of resources to underserved districts. As Punjab is
childbirth and antenatal care including ANC visits and tetanus immunization
forecasted to face a shortage of health-related HR, it is crucial to develop measures to increase and retain the
workforce. The need for policy interventions to be implemented uniformly across all districts, particularly in
adolescent healthcare, antenatal care and IRMNCH facilities, is also being on the deserving of priority agenda for • Increase targeted interventions in large districts with less than 20,000 family planning visits to strengthen
all government departments. population welfare efforts.
International best practices must be adopted to deepen progress earned on health outcomes in the province Public-private partnerships
over the recent years as well as to innovate equitable solutions for current challenges such that the entire
population benefits irrespective of gender, income and/or other social determinants. • Explore avenues for public-private partnerships in providing quality, low-cost primary healthcare, enhancing
patient experience and medical staff remuneration.
4.16 Recommendations
Address stigmatized Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases
• Initiate awareness campaigns to counter stigma around certain diseases and conditions such as HIV/AIDS,
4.16.1 Policy
breast cancer and TB. This will improve attitudes towards prevention, control and treatment.
Ensure maintenance of gender-disaggregated data
Improve Infrastructure at Government Health Facilities
• Establish standardised data-sharing protocols across all tiers of healthcare delivery relevant to health • Undertake systematic upgrade of health facilities across the province.
services, surveillance and staffing.
97 • Conduct research to identify the reasons for consistent decrease in health facilities across Punjab and devise 98
• Ensure maximum documentation of women, adolescent girls, transgender persons and PWDs. remedial strategies accordingly.
Increase focus on preventive healthcare Ensure continuity of effective service delivery by Lady Health Workers (LHWs)
• Establish policy frameworks aimed at disease prevention, expansion of immunization and nutrition • Retire and replace LHWs in a clearly defined service structure, and institutionalize training programs to ensure
well-trained and consistent healthcare human resources.
programs as well as reproductive healthcare initiatives.
Remove disparity in resource alloca on across districts
Integrate healthcare education in formal schooling
• Allocate more resources (facili es, beds, and HR) to underserved districts and rural areas.
• Healthcare departments must collaborate with the School Education Department to incorporate life skills-
based (LSB) educational module including reproductive health, nutrition and menstrual health.
Decrease maternal and child mortality
Gender-sensi ve planning of interven ons by the Punjab Mental Health Authority
• Ensure that women, especially those in remote areas, have greater access to emergency obstetric care.
• This may include behaviour change communica on to encourage more women to seek medical help, hiring
• Train more women at the community level as Lady Health Workers to disseminate key informa on on
a greater number of female psychiatrists and psychologists, and designing women-friendly mental health
reproduc ve health as well as shape community a tudes towards healthy pregnancies and safe delivery
facili es.
prac ces.
4.16.2 Procedural
Facilitate Women's Mental Health
• Establish support desks for mental health at gynaecology and obstetric care wards to detect and address
pre- and post-natal depression.
Increase and Retain Human Resources in Government Health Facilities
• Devise strategies to ensure adequate medical personnel and healthcare staff across all health facilities |
chunk_10_119 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
99
99 100
EDUCATION |
chunk_10_120 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / HEALTH
99
99 100
EDUCATION |
chunk_10_121 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
05 INTRODUCTION
EDUCATION
Education is a combination of aspects including effect, severe gender gaps remain a challenge throughout
learning resources, technology, teaching global education. About one-third of the developing world
methodology, co-curricular activities and has not yet achieved gender parity in primary education.
performance rewards that engage learners in a Adult women still have less education than their male
process of individual and collective self- counterparts in two-thirds of the world's countries.
enlightenment. Education helps develop a Globally, 3 out of 4 students without access to remote
KEY FINDINGS
population's learning capabilities and enables them learning come from rural areas and/or belong to the
to apply knowledge in daily life scenarios. In this poorest households.
sense, quality education empowers people to live
According to the Labour Force Survey 2020-21, the total Literacy Rate (LR) in Punjab increased by 0.3%,
healthy and sustainable lives. These disparities have been exacerbated by the COVID-19
from 66.1% in 2018-19. The female literacy rate stood at 58.4% registering a 0.5% increase from 2018-
pandemic and its mitigation measures like lockdowns and
19. Conversely, the male LR witnessed a downward trend, declining by 0.1% from 74.3% in 2018-19 to
Having identified its significance, the United Nations the shift to digital learning. More than 460 million students
74.2% in 2020-21. Rural LR for women increased to 26.5% while that for men increased to 60%. Urban LR
Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 posited around the globe do not have access to Internet, computers
for women increased to 74.3% while that for men decreased marginally to 82.8%.
access to quality education as its 4th Goal in 2015. or mobile phones to participate in virtual learning. Among
The global community has since been involved in the ones that do, girls' safety online is a concern pushing
The ALR for men in Punjab stood at 70% while the female ALR stood at 53% in 2019-20, posting higher
renewed activism for fair and equal access to parents and caregivers to limit girl students' time spent
figures than the national averages. In Pakistan, the ALR for men in 2019-20 stood at 68% as opposed to
education for all. The agenda asserts that inclusive online, thus further jeopardising their access to
69% in 2018-19 while the female ALR stood at 46% recording a 2.2% increase from the year before.
education matters multi-fold. It enables the education. Progress on women's and girls' education is
achievement of many other Sustainable particularly threatened due to pre-existing higher drop-out
For 2019-20, Punjab's Net Enrolment Rates (NER) for both boys and girls stood at 56% - significantly
Development Goals (SDGs) by helping break the rates for girls, making them vulnerable to child marriage,
lower than the national figures of 59% for boys and 60% for girls.
cycle of poverty, reducing inequalities, reaching trafficking, sexual exploitation and other forms of Violence
gender equality and contributing to peaceful Against Women and Girls (VAWG). UNICEF estimates that
24% of children aged between 5 and 16 years in Punjab were out-of-school in 2019-20, of which 22%
societies fostering tolerance between people. 11 million girls may never return to school after the
were boys and 26% were girls. Overall, Out of School Children (OOSC) in Punjab increased by 14% as
101 pandemic. 102
compared to 2018-19.
A headline observation regarding the state of
education in developing countries maintains that Set against this global backdrop, Pakistan struggles to find a
The number of formal schools in Punjab increased marginally by 0.3% from 47,982 schools in FY 2019-20
although academic patterns are shaped by global footing in achieving universal education, enhancing access
to 48,133 in the academic year 2021. Of these, 22,620 (47%) are boys' schools whereas 25,513 (53%) are
structures, what plays out in practice is influenced and quality for women and girls and mitigating the risks
girls' schools. Of the total, 32,157 (67%) are primary schools, 7,177 (15%) middle, 8,023 (16.6%)
heavily by cultural factors. While enrolment in posed by COVID-19. Ranking 135 out of 146 countries in
secondary and 776 (1.6%) are higher secondary schools.
primary education in developing countries has the 'attainment of education' indicator of the Global
reached 91 percent , significant barriers persist in Gender Gap Index 2022, Pakistan lags behind on most of all
In the academic year 2020-21, 5.94 million boys and 5.92 million girls were enrolled in formal public
making access to education inclusive and 10 targets of the SDG 4.
schools of Punjab.
sustainable. Certain population groups continue to
struggle in gaining access to quality education; The Federal Government has devised new strategies to
In 2021, 357,088 teachers were available in formal schools in Punjab. Of these, 198,517 (55.6%) were
women and girls form a major segment of these overcome existing and novel challenges through innovative
female and 158,571 (44.4%) were male.
groups despite evidence supporting positive education. These include the Single National Curriculum
correlations between female education and human which has entered its phased implementation nationwide.
Overall, in 2021, girls' schools had more facilities than boys' schools. 89% of all schools had sewerage,
development. Investing in girls' education has The Ministry of Education and Professional Training has also
98% had boundary walls and 995 had a building, main gate, water supply, toilet facility and electricity.
historically been linked with high returns for female launched a pilot initiative focused on blended e-learning -
educational attainment, maternal and children's a concept combining online teaching tools and
In 2021, the overall PTR in formal schools in Punjab was 33.5 while the PTR for girls was 30 students per
health, more sustainable families, democracy, methodologies with traditional place-based ones. This
teacher and that for boys was 37 per teacher.
income growth and productivity. program is tailored to address the digital gap in education
which was accentuated due to the shift to e-classrooms
Although heartening statistics have emerged to this during the pandemic. Overall, the Federal Government has
174 (Thangeta, Bara seng, & Mompa , 2016)
175 (United Na ons, 2018)
176 Ibid
177 (Rowell, 2020)
178 (United Na ons, 2018)
179 (Evans, Akmal, & Jakiela, 2020)
180 Ibid
181 (United Na ons, 2018)
182 (Evans, Akmal, & Jakiela, 2020)
183 (UNICEF, 2020)
184 (Krywult-Albánska & Albánski, 2021)
185 (Varkey Founda on, 2021)
186 (Krywult-Albánska & Albánski, 2021)
187 (UNICEF, 2022)
188 (Ministry of Federal Educa on & Professional Training, Government of Pakistan, 2021) |
chunk_10_122 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
05 INTRODUCTION
EDUCATION
Education is a combination of aspects including effect, severe gender gaps remain a challenge throughout
learning resources, technology, teaching global education. About one-third of the developing world
methodology, co-curricular activities and has not yet achieved gender parity in primary education.
performance rewards that engage learners in a Adult women still have less education than their male
process of individual and collective self- counterparts in two-thirds of the world's countries.
enlightenment. Education helps develop a Globally, 3 out of 4 students without access to remote
KEY FINDINGS
population's learning capabilities and enables them learning come from rural areas and/or belong to the
to apply knowledge in daily life scenarios. In this poorest households.
sense, quality education empowers people to live
According to the Labour Force Survey 2020-21, the total Literacy Rate (LR) in Punjab increased by 0.3%,
healthy and sustainable lives. These disparities have been exacerbated by the COVID-19
from 66.1% in 2018-19. The female literacy rate stood at 58.4% registering a 0.5% increase from 2018-
pandemic and its mitigation measures like lockdowns and
19. Conversely, the male LR witnessed a downward trend, declining by 0.1% from 74.3% in 2018-19 to
Having identified its significance, the United Nations the shift to digital learning. More than 460 million students
74.2% in 2020-21. Rural LR for women increased to 26.5% while that for men increased to 60%. Urban LR
Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 posited around the globe do not have access to Internet, computers
for women increased to 74.3% while that for men decreased marginally to 82.8%.
access to quality education as its 4th Goal in 2015. or mobile phones to participate in virtual learning. Among
The global community has since been involved in the ones that do, girls' safety online is a concern pushing
The ALR for men in Punjab stood at 70% while the female ALR stood at 53% in 2019-20, posting higher
renewed activism for fair and equal access to parents and caregivers to limit girl students' time spent
figures than the national averages. In Pakistan, the ALR for men in 2019-20 stood at 68% as opposed to
education for all. The agenda asserts that inclusive online, thus further jeopardising their access to
69% in 2018-19 while the female ALR stood at 46% recording a 2.2% increase from the year before.
education matters multi-fold. It enables the education. Progress on women's and girls' education is
achievement of many other Sustainable particularly threatened due to pre-existing higher drop-out
For 2019-20, Punjab's Net Enrolment Rates (NER) for both boys and girls stood at 56% - significantly
Development Goals (SDGs) by helping break the rates for girls, making them vulnerable to child marriage,
lower than the national figures of 59% for boys and 60% for girls.
cycle of poverty, reducing inequalities, reaching trafficking, sexual exploitation and other forms of Violence
gender equality and contributing to peaceful Against Women and Girls (VAWG). UNICEF estimates that
24% of children aged between 5 and 16 years in Punjab were out-of-school in 2019-20, of which 22%
societies fostering tolerance between people. 11 million girls may never return to school after the
were boys and 26% were girls. Overall, Out of School Children (OOSC) in Punjab increased by 14% as
101 pandemic. 102
compared to 2018-19.
A headline observation regarding the state of
education in developing countries maintains that Set against this global backdrop, Pakistan struggles to find a
The number of formal schools in Punjab increased marginally by 0.3% from 47,982 schools in FY 2019-20
although academic patterns are shaped by global footing in achieving universal education, enhancing access
to 48,133 in the academic year 2021. Of these, 22,620 (47%) are boys' schools whereas 25,513 (53%) are
structures, what plays out in practice is influenced and quality for women and girls and mitigating the risks
girls' schools. Of the total, 32,157 (67%) are primary schools, 7,177 (15%) middle, 8,023 (16.6%)
heavily by cultural factors. While enrolment in posed by COVID-19. Ranking 135 out of 146 countries in
secondary and 776 (1.6%) are higher secondary schools.
primary education in developing countries has the 'attainment of education' indicator of the Global
reached 91 percent , significant barriers persist in Gender Gap Index 2022, Pakistan lags behind on most of all
In the academic year 2020-21, 5.94 million boys and 5.92 million girls were enrolled in formal public
making access to education inclusive and 10 targets of the SDG 4.
schools of Punjab.
sustainable. Certain population groups continue to
struggle in gaining access to quality education; The Federal Government has devised new strategies to
In 2021, 357,088 teachers were available in formal schools in Punjab. Of these, 198,517 (55.6%) were
women and girls form a major segment of these overcome existing and novel challenges through innovative
female and 158,571 (44.4%) were male.
groups despite evidence supporting positive education. These include the Single National Curriculum
correlations between female education and human which has entered its phased implementation nationwide.
Overall, in 2021, girls' schools had more facilities than boys' schools. 89% of all schools had sewerage,
development. Investing in girls' education has The Ministry of Education and Professional Training has also
98% had boundary walls and 995 had a building, main gate, water supply, toilet facility and electricity.
historically been linked with high returns for female launched a pilot initiative focused on blended e-learning -
educational attainment, maternal and children's a concept combining online teaching tools and
In 2021, the overall PTR in formal schools in Punjab was 33.5 while the PTR for girls was 30 students per
health, more sustainable families, democracy, methodologies with traditional place-based ones. This
teacher and that for boys was 37 per teacher.
income growth and productivity. program is tailored to address the digital gap in education
which was accentuated due to the shift to e-classrooms
Although heartening statistics have emerged to this during the pandemic. Overall, the Federal Government has
174 (Thangeta, Bara seng, & Mompa , 2016)
175 (United Na ons, 2018)
176 Ibid
177 (Rowell, 2020)
178 (United Na ons, 2018)
179 (Evans, Akmal, & Jakiela, 2020)
180 Ibid
181 (United Na ons, 2018)
182 (Evans, Akmal, & Jakiela, 2020)
183 (UNICEF, 2020)
184 (Krywult-Albánska & Albánski, 2021)
185 (Varkey Founda on, 2021)
186 (Krywult-Albánska & Albánski, 2021)
187 (UNICEF, 2022)
188 (Ministry of Federal Educa on & Professional Training, Government of Pakistan, 2021) |
chunk_10_123 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
losses in learning levels, quality and access to education continue to obstruct the pathway to universal education, a
right provided in the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973. The World Bank conducted a phone survey to assess the
SDGs Implementation Plan
effects of COVID-19 on the support for girls' education in Punjab. The survey revealed that 82 percent of the families
are unaware of remote learning opportunities, 31 percent do not have access to the internet or TV and 21 percent
of the parents of girls reported that their expectations for the highest grade their child will accomplish have fallen
owing, predominantly, to fear that the child will not be able to catch up with learning.
Although impediments like the pandemic may have marred educational progress on some accounts, the GoP took a
remarkable leap in 2021 by launching the Transeducation pilot project in Multan spearheaded by the School
Education Department, South Punjab. In an attempt to make education truly accessible and inclusive, transgender
Policies Review National Implementation
students are given formal education evening classes using an Accelerated Learning Programme module, the
Plan for SDGs
curriculum for which is a combined effort of the GoP's Literacy & Non-Formal Basic Education (NFBE) Department,
Punjab Textbook Board and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). This is an exceptional step to help
enhance academic reach and impact.
The impact of quality education trickles down and wide from the learner to the household and the society at large;
this underscores the need for strengthening the education sector in Punjab. This strength must be derived from a
holistic approach adopted by the Government of Punjab that addresses curriculum quality, gaps in learning
infrastructure and the gender divide in access to and survival rate within the education system.
National SDGs Framework Strategy for
for Monitoring and Media Engagement
Organization of Analysis
Evaluation
I. Na onal Educa onal Profile
103 II. Punjab’s Educa onal Profile 104
a. Literacy Rate
Developing Private Sector Financing of SDGs
b. Adult Literacy Rate
Engagement Framework for
c. Net Enrolment Rate
SDGs
d. Out Of School Children
III. Access to Educa on
a. Infrastructure & Enrolment in Formal Schools under PESRP
b. Enrolment in Formal, Non-Formal, Special Educa on, Voca onal and Higher Educa on Ins tutes
c. Basic Facili es in Schools
Developing Private Sector Development of University
IV. Educa onal Ini a ves
Analysis of ADP/PSDP Engagement Framework
a. Insaaf A ernoon Schools
for Academia
V. Quality of Educa on
Source: Federal SDGs Support Unit, Ministry of Planning, Development and Refourm
a. Teacher Availability
b. Pupil-Teacher Ra o
Figure 5.1
laid out a comprehensive implementation plan, illustrated in Figure 5.1, applicable to SDG 4 and 5.
Punjab, being the most populous province, must continuously endeavour to enhance its productive capacities to
absorb the human development strain of its population and make access to education gender inclusive. In line
with this purpose, the Government of Punjab (GoP) has earmarked a budgetary allocation of Rs. 442 billion for
educational development in FY 2021-2022. The spending plan has taken into account laudable initiatives such
as Insaaf Afternoon School Program and Taleem Ghar Program that were instituted during the pandemic to
mitigate the challenges posed by e-learning. While these efforts are likely to cushion the damage, significant
190 (Hassan, Geven, & Tahir, 2021)
189 (Finance Department, Government of Punjab, 2021) 191 (School Educa on Department South Punjab, 2021) |
chunk_10_124 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
losses in learning levels, quality and access to education continue to obstruct the pathway to universal education, a
right provided in the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973. The World Bank conducted a phone survey to assess the
SDGs Implementation Plan
effects of COVID-19 on the support for girls' education in Punjab. The survey revealed that 82 percent of the families
are unaware of remote learning opportunities, 31 percent do not have access to the internet or TV and 21 percent
of the parents of girls reported that their expectations for the highest grade their child will accomplish have fallen
owing, predominantly, to fear that the child will not be able to catch up with learning.
Although impediments like the pandemic may have marred educational progress on some accounts, the GoP took a
remarkable leap in 2021 by launching the Transeducation pilot project in Multan spearheaded by the School
Education Department, South Punjab. In an attempt to make education truly accessible and inclusive, transgender
Policies Review National Implementation
students are given formal education evening classes using an Accelerated Learning Programme module, the
Plan for SDGs
curriculum for which is a combined effort of the GoP's Literacy & Non-Formal Basic Education (NFBE) Department,
Punjab Textbook Board and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). This is an exceptional step to help
enhance academic reach and impact.
The impact of quality education trickles down and wide from the learner to the household and the society at large;
this underscores the need for strengthening the education sector in Punjab. This strength must be derived from a
holistic approach adopted by the Government of Punjab that addresses curriculum quality, gaps in learning
infrastructure and the gender divide in access to and survival rate within the education system.
National SDGs Framework Strategy for
for Monitoring and Media Engagement
Organization of Analysis
Evaluation
I. Na onal Educa onal Profile
103 II. Punjab’s Educa onal Profile 104
a. Literacy Rate
Developing Private Sector Financing of SDGs
b. Adult Literacy Rate
Engagement Framework for
c. Net Enrolment Rate
SDGs
d. Out Of School Children
III. Access to Educa on
a. Infrastructure & Enrolment in Formal Schools under PESRP
b. Enrolment in Formal, Non-Formal, Special Educa on, Voca onal and Higher Educa on Ins tutes
c. Basic Facili es in Schools
Developing Private Sector Development of University
IV. Educa onal Ini a ves
Analysis of ADP/PSDP Engagement Framework
a. Insaaf A ernoon Schools
for Academia
V. Quality of Educa on
Source: Federal SDGs Support Unit, Ministry of Planning, Development and Refourm
a. Teacher Availability
b. Pupil-Teacher Ra o
Figure 5.1
laid out a comprehensive implementation plan, illustrated in Figure 5.1, applicable to SDG 4 and 5.
Punjab, being the most populous province, must continuously endeavour to enhance its productive capacities to
absorb the human development strain of its population and make access to education gender inclusive. In line
with this purpose, the Government of Punjab (GoP) has earmarked a budgetary allocation of Rs. 442 billion for
educational development in FY 2021-2022. The spending plan has taken into account laudable initiatives such
as Insaaf Afternoon School Program and Taleem Ghar Program that were instituted during the pandemic to
mitigate the challenges posed by e-learning. While these efforts are likely to cushion the damage, significant
190 (Hassan, Geven, & Tahir, 2021)
189 (Finance Department, Government of Punjab, 2021) 191 (School Educa on Department South Punjab, 2021) |
chunk_10_125 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
5.1 National Profile 5.2 Punjab's Educational Profile
As per the Human Development Report 2020 , the average expected years of schooling in Pakistan are 8.3, and Data analysed in this section has been sourced from the Labour Force Survey 2020-21 and the Pakistan Social and
this figure is still lesser for girls (7.6 years). Considering the ever-competitive global landscape, 8.3 years is grossly Living Standards Measurement Survey 2019-20. For this report, the overall values for Punjab include statistics for
inadequate in comparison with 14 to 16 years of education – a common requirement for most employment Islamabad; however, the district-wise analysis omits the capital territory.
opportunities. The mean years of schooling quoted by the report paint an even more dismal picture whereby
boys attain 6.3 years of schooling and girls attain 3.8. The country also continues to hold the world's second-
5.2.1 Literacy Rate
highest number of Out of School Children (OOSC), with roughly 23 million children between the ages of 5 and 16
not attending school, accounting for 44 percent of the total population in this age group. These statistics help
understand the overall deficient quality of educational attainment in Pakistan today. According to the Labour Force Survey 2020-21, the total literacy rate (LR) in Punjab has increased by 0.3 percent,
from 66.1 percent in 2018-19 to 66.3 percent in 2020-21. The sporadic pandemic waves that continued to suspend
Impediments to educational attainment in Pakistan include but are not limited to uneven school access, long learning through the year may be identified as a reason for the marginality of this increase.
home-to-school distances, geographical and gender disparities and insufficient public spending for the sector.
Cultural limiting factors exist for girls, such as an anti-female education approach especially in poverty-stricken The female literacy rate in Punjab stood at 58.4 percent in 2020-21, registering a 0.5 percent increase from 58.1
households where spending on the male child's education is considered worthier than that on the girl child's. percent in 2018-19. Conversely, the male LR witnessed a downward trend, declining by 0.1 percent from 74.3
These, among other factors, are perhaps reasons for why Pakistan's Net Enrolment Rate (NER) has declined by 3 percent in 2018-19 to 74.2 percent in 2020-21. The figure below illustrates these statistics.
percentage points over 5 years, from 67 percent in 2014-15 to 64 percent in 2019-20. Despite improvements
brought about by past reform efforts mostly geared towards improving access at the primary level, Pakistan
Total Literacy Rate in Punjab by Gender & Year
remains far behind its regional counterparts including India, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka across
80 74.3 74.2
educational indicators like NER. Novel challenges like the pandemic-induced obstructions to student learning as
70
well as the health and psychological risks of COVID-19 continue to pose long-term threats to learning quality and 58.1 58.4
60
levels.
50
It is important, now more than ever in the wake of worsening indicators, to address the urgency to close the 40
gender gap persisting in education in Pakistan. Concerted government initiatives are required to ensure that 30
enrolment and survival rates experience a positive trend on a sustainable trajectory. Evidence-based 20
propositions suggest the prioritisation of universal education as a policy agenda by not only increasing fiscal 10
105 106
space for the subject but also enhancing budget absorption capacity, exploring public-private partnerships and 0
2018-19 2020-21
making learning environments conducive for girls with provision of safe sanitation facilities and trained female
teaching staff. Expanding conditional cash transfer programs such as Zewar-e-Taleem for low-income families Source: Labour Force Survey Male Female
is also likely to reap positive results.
Figure 5.3
A region-wise analysis reveals that, between 2018-19 and 2020-21, rural LRs for both men and women have
The Structure of Public Sector Educa on in Pakistan
increased dramatically. On the other hand, while the urban LR for men has declined from 82.8 percent to 82.5
percent, the urban female LR has pleasantly increased by 9.7 percent from 67.7 percent in 2018-19 to 74.3 percent
in 2020-21. This is noteworthy and corroborates the findings of global data and development theories which
suggest that urban LRs are often higher than their rural counterparts.
Figures 5.4 and 5.5 below depict the change in rural and urban LRs respectively between 2018-19 and 2020-21
Rural Literacy Rate in Punjab by Gender & Year
80
69
70
(Age Group 3-4) (Age Group 5-9) (Age Group 10-12) (Age Group 13-14) (Age Group 15-16) 60
60
48.9
1-5 6-8 9-10 11-12 50
Preschool
(Grade) (Grade) (Grade) (Grade) 40
26.5
30
Primary Educa on Secondary Educa on
20
Figure 5.2
10
0
2018-19 2020-21
192 (UNDP, 2020)
193 (Rizwan, Hiraoka, & Taniguchi, 2022) Source: Labour Force Survey Male Female
194 Ibid
195 (Saleem, 2020)
Figure 5.4
196 (Pakistan Bureau of Sta s cs, 2016)
197 (Pakistan Bureau of Sta s cs, 2021)
198 (Rizwan, Hiraoka, & Taniguchi, 2022)
199 Ibid
200 (Punjab Social Protec on Authority, n.d.) 201 (Kowsar P, 1995) |
chunk_10_126 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
5.1 National Profile 5.2 Punjab's Educational Profile
As per the Human Development Report 2020 , the average expected years of schooling in Pakistan are 8.3, and Data analysed in this section has been sourced from the Labour Force Survey 2020-21 and the Pakistan Social and
this figure is still lesser for girls (7.6 years). Considering the ever-competitive global landscape, 8.3 years is grossly Living Standards Measurement Survey 2019-20. For this report, the overall values for Punjab include statistics for
inadequate in comparison with 14 to 16 years of education – a common requirement for most employment Islamabad; however, the district-wise analysis omits the capital territory.
opportunities. The mean years of schooling quoted by the report paint an even more dismal picture whereby
boys attain 6.3 years of schooling and girls attain 3.8. The country also continues to hold the world's second-
5.2.1 Literacy Rate
highest number of Out of School Children (OOSC), with roughly 23 million children between the ages of 5 and 16
not attending school, accounting for 44 percent of the total population in this age group. These statistics help
understand the overall deficient quality of educational attainment in Pakistan today. According to the Labour Force Survey 2020-21, the total literacy rate (LR) in Punjab has increased by 0.3 percent,
from 66.1 percent in 2018-19 to 66.3 percent in 2020-21. The sporadic pandemic waves that continued to suspend
Impediments to educational attainment in Pakistan include but are not limited to uneven school access, long learning through the year may be identified as a reason for the marginality of this increase.
home-to-school distances, geographical and gender disparities and insufficient public spending for the sector.
Cultural limiting factors exist for girls, such as an anti-female education approach especially in poverty-stricken The female literacy rate in Punjab stood at 58.4 percent in 2020-21, registering a 0.5 percent increase from 58.1
households where spending on the male child's education is considered worthier than that on the girl child's. percent in 2018-19. Conversely, the male LR witnessed a downward trend, declining by 0.1 percent from 74.3
These, among other factors, are perhaps reasons for why Pakistan's Net Enrolment Rate (NER) has declined by 3 percent in 2018-19 to 74.2 percent in 2020-21. The figure below illustrates these statistics.
percentage points over 5 years, from 67 percent in 2014-15 to 64 percent in 2019-20. Despite improvements
brought about by past reform efforts mostly geared towards improving access at the primary level, Pakistan
Total Literacy Rate in Punjab by Gender & Year
remains far behind its regional counterparts including India, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka across
80 74.3 74.2
educational indicators like NER. Novel challenges like the pandemic-induced obstructions to student learning as
70
well as the health and psychological risks of COVID-19 continue to pose long-term threats to learning quality and 58.1 58.4
60
levels.
50
It is important, now more than ever in the wake of worsening indicators, to address the urgency to close the 40
gender gap persisting in education in Pakistan. Concerted government initiatives are required to ensure that 30
enrolment and survival rates experience a positive trend on a sustainable trajectory. Evidence-based 20
propositions suggest the prioritisation of universal education as a policy agenda by not only increasing fiscal 10
105 106
space for the subject but also enhancing budget absorption capacity, exploring public-private partnerships and 0
2018-19 2020-21
making learning environments conducive for girls with provision of safe sanitation facilities and trained female
teaching staff. Expanding conditional cash transfer programs such as Zewar-e-Taleem for low-income families Source: Labour Force Survey Male Female
is also likely to reap positive results.
Figure 5.3
A region-wise analysis reveals that, between 2018-19 and 2020-21, rural LRs for both men and women have
The Structure of Public Sector Educa on in Pakistan
increased dramatically. On the other hand, while the urban LR for men has declined from 82.8 percent to 82.5
percent, the urban female LR has pleasantly increased by 9.7 percent from 67.7 percent in 2018-19 to 74.3 percent
in 2020-21. This is noteworthy and corroborates the findings of global data and development theories which
suggest that urban LRs are often higher than their rural counterparts.
Figures 5.4 and 5.5 below depict the change in rural and urban LRs respectively between 2018-19 and 2020-21
Rural Literacy Rate in Punjab by Gender & Year
80
69
70
(Age Group 3-4) (Age Group 5-9) (Age Group 10-12) (Age Group 13-14) (Age Group 15-16) 60
60
48.9
1-5 6-8 9-10 11-12 50
Preschool
(Grade) (Grade) (Grade) (Grade) 40
26.5
30
Primary Educa on Secondary Educa on
20
Figure 5.2
10
0
2018-19 2020-21
192 (UNDP, 2020)
193 (Rizwan, Hiraoka, & Taniguchi, 2022) Source: Labour Force Survey Male Female
194 Ibid
195 (Saleem, 2020)
Figure 5.4
196 (Pakistan Bureau of Sta s cs, 2016)
197 (Pakistan Bureau of Sta s cs, 2021)
198 (Rizwan, Hiraoka, & Taniguchi, 2022)
199 Ibid
200 (Punjab Social Protec on Authority, n.d.) 201 (Kowsar P, 1995) |
chunk_10_127 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
As per the PSLM publications, in Pakistan, the ALR for men in 2019-20 stood at 68 percent as opposed to
Urban Literacy Rate in Punjab by Gender & Year
69 percent in 2018-19 while the female ALR stood at 46 percent recording a 1 percent increase from the
year before. The ALR for men in Punjab stood at 70 percent, while the female ALR stood at 53 percent.
90 82.8 82.5
80
70 74.3 Overall, Punjab continued to register higher figures than the national counterparts across gender and
60 67.7 urban-rural divides as illustrated below.
50
40
30
20
10 Adult Literacy Rate (aged 15 years and above) in
0 Punjab and Pakistan by Gender & Area (2019-20)
2018-19 2020-21
90 79 79
Source: Labour Force Survey Male Female 80 72 69 74
70 62 65 64
Figure 5.5 60 48 53
50 43
40 34
30
5.2.2.1 Literacy Rate by Age Cohorts 20
10
0
As per PSLM 2019-20, the LR for youth aged 15-24 years is high at 70 percent followed by that of 10 years and Rural Urban Rural Urban
older at 64 percent and finally, the LR for those aged 15 years and older stands at 61 percent. Figure 5.6 illustrates Pakistan Punjab
these statistics.
Source: PSLM Male Female Total
Figure 5.7
Literacy Rate in Punjab by Age Cohort
Interestingly, in comparison with 2018-19, the urban literacy rate in Punjab has fallen by 1 percentage point to 74
percent in 2019-20. On the other hand, a positive trend has been observed in the rural literacy rate, which increased
15-24 years (youth) by 1 percentage point, from 52 percent in 2018-19 to 53 percent in 2019-20.
107 This may be attributed to the provincial government's interventions to uplift the literacy profile of underperforming 108
districts and ones with a greater rural population than urban. The Ilm-o-Hunar Project , for instance, was piloted
15 years & older by the Government of Punjab as an adult literacy program concerned with imparting educational and vocational
expertise to the population aged 15-24 years in Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, Faisalabad and Rawalpindi.
10 years & older A district-wise analysis reveals that in 2019-20, Sialkot replaced Lahore to post the highest female ALR at 75 percent
whereas Rajanpur continued to post the lowest at 23 percent. The largest gender gap was observed in Mianwali
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 with the male ALR being 75 percent as opposed to the female ALR which lagged 36 percentage points behind at 39
percent.
Overall Total Overall Male Overall Female
Figure 5.6
Adult Literacy Rate (aged 15 Years and above) by Gender & District (2019-20)
100
5.2.2 Adult Literacy Rate 88
90 83
78 79 79 79 80 80
plT ith oee pr uaS c lau y t.s
i
t oTa nhin e aa gb a el de du D l 1t
5
e l v i yte e el ro aap rc sm y
a
e r nn a dt t e oG v(o A ea rLl R t4 ) h,.
a
6 d t. 2 e
c
f aic n no e r rdr ee abs dp y o atn nhd des wpto e
ri
r tcy eeo
,
nu istt a h mg eo
e
r ao sa f
u
d t ru ehl det R h ni au g r ha oel n rw aLo lR cm o(4e u3n n% to e)f r tP phu aa rn n tj ’ a stb h a e vh i ea r rv ae g a e 5678 0000 75 73 72 7074 69 68 66 6371 6170 6072 5770 5565 5569 54 5374 5367 4965 4965 4863 4668 4670 4572 4574 75 59 56 54 58 64 60 54 62 59 56 51
(34%). However, rural women
according to the ability to comprehend a short, simple statement on have a significantly lower 40 39 39 37 36 36 36 34 34 33 32 31
everyday life and includes numeracy which is measured against a simple 30 25 23
LR than urban women (69%)
arithmetic ability assessment. 20
in Punjab.
10
Adult learning gained traction globally especially once the International 0
Adult Literacy Survey (IALS), conducted from 1994 through 1998, assessed the qualitative and quantitative
literacy levels of the working-age population across 22 countries and found that many of them were performing
at a 'below functional' level. This expanded concern from just improvement in primary enrolment to enhancing
developmental education for learners who have missed out on primary education or those who need literate Source: PSLM
MALE FEMALE
skills to access higher education and productive opportunities.
Figure 5.8
202 (UNESCO, n.d.)
203 (Culligan, 2005)
204 (Weber, 2021) 205 (Planning & Development Board Government of Punjab, 2021)
toklaiS idniplawaR erohaL tarjuG alawnarjuG laworaN mulheJ lawkahC nidduhaB
idnaM
dabalasiaF hgniS.T.T bihaS
anaknaN
arupuhkiehS dabazfiaH kco A ahdograS natluM arakO lawihaS rusaK lawenahK gnahJ hayyaL bahsuhK ilawnaiM iraheV reganlawahaB ruplawahaB ne apkaP rahkahB narhdoL nahK
raY
mihaR
nahk.G.D toinihC hraG
raffazuM
rupnajaR |
chunk_10_128 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
As per the PSLM publications, in Pakistan, the ALR for men in 2019-20 stood at 68 percent as opposed to
Urban Literacy Rate in Punjab by Gender & Year
69 percent in 2018-19 while the female ALR stood at 46 percent recording a 1 percent increase from the
year before. The ALR for men in Punjab stood at 70 percent, while the female ALR stood at 53 percent.
90 82.8 82.5
80
70 74.3 Overall, Punjab continued to register higher figures than the national counterparts across gender and
60 67.7 urban-rural divides as illustrated below.
50
40
30
20
10 Adult Literacy Rate (aged 15 years and above) in
0 Punjab and Pakistan by Gender & Area (2019-20)
2018-19 2020-21
90 79 79
Source: Labour Force Survey Male Female 80 72 69 74
70 62 65 64
Figure 5.5 60 48 53
50 43
40 34
30
5.2.2.1 Literacy Rate by Age Cohorts 20
10
0
As per PSLM 2019-20, the LR for youth aged 15-24 years is high at 70 percent followed by that of 10 years and Rural Urban Rural Urban
older at 64 percent and finally, the LR for those aged 15 years and older stands at 61 percent. Figure 5.6 illustrates Pakistan Punjab
these statistics.
Source: PSLM Male Female Total
Figure 5.7
Literacy Rate in Punjab by Age Cohort
Interestingly, in comparison with 2018-19, the urban literacy rate in Punjab has fallen by 1 percentage point to 74
percent in 2019-20. On the other hand, a positive trend has been observed in the rural literacy rate, which increased
15-24 years (youth) by 1 percentage point, from 52 percent in 2018-19 to 53 percent in 2019-20.
107 This may be attributed to the provincial government's interventions to uplift the literacy profile of underperforming 108
districts and ones with a greater rural population than urban. The Ilm-o-Hunar Project , for instance, was piloted
15 years & older by the Government of Punjab as an adult literacy program concerned with imparting educational and vocational
expertise to the population aged 15-24 years in Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, Faisalabad and Rawalpindi.
10 years & older A district-wise analysis reveals that in 2019-20, Sialkot replaced Lahore to post the highest female ALR at 75 percent
whereas Rajanpur continued to post the lowest at 23 percent. The largest gender gap was observed in Mianwali
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 with the male ALR being 75 percent as opposed to the female ALR which lagged 36 percentage points behind at 39
percent.
Overall Total Overall Male Overall Female
Figure 5.6
Adult Literacy Rate (aged 15 Years and above) by Gender & District (2019-20)
100
5.2.2 Adult Literacy Rate 88
90 83
78 79 79 79 80 80
plT ith oee pr uaS c lau y t.s
i
t oTa nhin e aa gb a el de du D l 1t
5
e l v i yte e el ro aap rc sm y
a
e r nn a dt t e oG v(o A ea rLl R t4 ) h,.
a
6 d t. 2 e
c
f aic n no e r rdr ee abs dp y o atn nhd des wpto e
ri
r tcy eeo
,
nu istt a h mg eo
e
r ao sa f
u
d t ru ehl det R h ni au g r ha oel n rw aLo lR cm o(4e u3n n% to e)f r tP phu aa rn n tj ’ a stb h a e vh i ea r rv ae g a e 5678 0000 75 73 72 7074 69 68 66 6371 6170 6072 5770 5565 5569 54 5374 5367 4965 4965 4863 4668 4670 4572 4574 75 59 56 54 58 64 60 54 62 59 56 51
(34%). However, rural women
according to the ability to comprehend a short, simple statement on have a significantly lower 40 39 39 37 36 36 36 34 34 33 32 31
everyday life and includes numeracy which is measured against a simple 30 25 23
LR than urban women (69%)
arithmetic ability assessment. 20
in Punjab.
10
Adult learning gained traction globally especially once the International 0
Adult Literacy Survey (IALS), conducted from 1994 through 1998, assessed the qualitative and quantitative
literacy levels of the working-age population across 22 countries and found that many of them were performing
at a 'below functional' level. This expanded concern from just improvement in primary enrolment to enhancing
developmental education for learners who have missed out on primary education or those who need literate Source: PSLM
MALE FEMALE
skills to access higher education and productive opportunities.
Figure 5.8
202 (UNESCO, n.d.)
203 (Culligan, 2005)
204 (Weber, 2021) 205 (Planning & Development Board Government of Punjab, 2021)
toklaiS idniplawaR erohaL tarjuG alawnarjuG laworaN mulheJ lawkahC nidduhaB
idnaM
dabalasiaF hgniS.T.T bihaS
anaknaN
arupuhkiehS dabazfiaH kco A ahdograS natluM arakO lawihaS rusaK lawenahK gnahJ hayyaL bahsuhK ilawnaiM iraheV reganlawahaB ruplawahaB ne apkaP rahkahB narhdoL nahK
raY
mihaR
nahk.G.D toinihC hraG
raffazuM
rupnajaR |
chunk_10_129 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
5.2.3 Net Enrolment Rates
Net Enrolment Rate (aged 5-9 years) by Gender & District (2019-20)
140
The net enrolment rate (NER) is a key global indicator in assessing the education coverage in a specific level of a 120
73
ltc eho veu e n t lo t er t dy a u' ls c c e h ad til iu d oc r nea ,t n ii t o o in f s ts phy as e rt toe if cm f ui. c l aI it a r i l ls ys t c sh h ige o n or ia fl-t icaio ag neo tdf i t p nh o e ep vn u au l la um t aib o tie n nr , g o e cf x h s p ic r lh deo rs eso e nl- d 'a s ag ase c d a ce pc sh e si r l tcd oer e n fon ta u e g nn e dr . a o tl il oe Ad ns a i Nn l E sp cRr h i rm oe ola a lr it ny e ge s d t lyou i nc pa grt i amio ta n tr h t yo e- 1 80 00 72 70 68 67 65 65 64 64 62 62 62 62 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 57 56 55 55 54 53 52 51 48 48 47 46 39
60 43 42 36
very entry point of the academic system.
For 2019-20, Pakistan's NER for boys stood at 54 percent and the NER for girls at 48 percent. While the national
24 00 77 73 65 73 68 67 58 64 63 64 63 64 60 59 60 54 55 58 61 54 51 52 53 55 55 57 56 49 48 53 59 58 43 42 51 42
figures register a gender gap of 6 percentage points, Punjab registered equal figures with a NER of 56 percent for 0
both boys and girls.
Net Enrollment Rate at the Primary Level (aged 5 - 9 years) in Pakistan and
Source: PSLM MALE FEMALE
Punjab by Gender (2019-20)
Figure 5.11
58
As opposed to NER, which assesses age-specific enrolment within a given level of education, the Gross Enrolment
56 56
56 Ratio (GER) is the number of students enrolled in a certain level of education regardless of age, expressed as a
54
54 percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to that level of education. The discrepancies
52 between NER and GER help assess age-appropriate enrolment within total enrolment in primary level education.
Sharp discrepancies, for instance, may point towards possible inefficiencies in the academic system, over-age or
50
48 late entry into the primary grades which is likely to induce undue developmental pressure upon learners thereby
48
increasing risk of underperformance or dropping out.
46
44 Figure 5.12 illustrates the gap between NER and GER in each of Punjab's 36 districts. The widest gap, depicted at the
Pakistan Punjab
base of the graph, is observed in Jehlum followed by Sialkot and Narowal whereas the narrowest gap is observed in
Source: PSLM Male Female Rajanpur.
Figure 5.9
109 110
Female NER and GER by District (2019-20)
However, in comparison with figures from 2018-19, the NERs for both boys and girls in the province have fallen
Rajanpur 36 51
significantly; by 5 percent for boys and 6.6 percent for girls, respectively. Figure 5.10 illustrates these statistics.
Muzaffar Garh 39 59
Lodhran 42 65
Rahim Yar Khan 43 67
DG Khan 46 75
Mianwali 47 76
Net Enrollment Rate at the Primary Level (aged 5-9 years) in Punjab by Multan 48 77
Gender & Year Bahawalpur 48 78
Vehari 51 80
61
Sahiwal 52 81
60
60 Chiniot 53 85
59 Khanewal 54 87
59 Kasur 55 88
Bahawalnager 55 90
58
Lahore 56 90
57 Sheikhupura 57 90
56 56 Mandi Bahauddin 59 94
56 Jhang 59 94
Bhakhar 59 94
55
Hafizabad 60 95
54 Gujranwala 60 96
2018-19 2019-20 Faisalabad 60 96
Nankana Sahib 61 98
Source: PSLM TT Singh 62 99
Male Female
Rawalpindi 62 100
Pakpa en 62 101
Figure 5.10 Khushab 62 101
Sargodha 64 102
Okara 64 102
The highest NER for girls was recorded in Jhelum at 73 percent and the lowest was recorded in Rajanpur at a Gujrat 65 102
meagre 36 percent. The widest gender gap in NER amounting to 12 percentage points was observed in districts Chakwal 65 102
A ock 67 103
Mianwali, DG Khan and Muzaffargarh. A positive revelation is the absence of a gender gap in NER altogether Layyah 68 106
which was observed in districts Bahawalpur and Rahim Yar Khan. Narowal 70 108
Sialkot 72 115
Jehlum 73 115
A complete district-wise snapshot of the status of girls' and boys' NER across the province is illustrated in Figure 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
5.11. Source: PSLM Net Enrolment Ra o Gross Enrolment Ra o
Figure 5.12
206 (UN Economic Commission for Europe, 2012) 207 (UNICEF, 2017)
mulheJ toklaiS laworaN hayyaL kco A lawkahC tarjuG arakO ahdograS bahsuhK ne apkaP idniplawaR hgniS.T.T bihaS
anaknaN
dabalasiaF alawnarjuG dabazfiaH rahkahB gnahJ nidduhaB
idnaM
arupuhkiehS erohaL reganlawahaB rusaK lawenahK toinihC lawihaS iraheV ruplawahaB natluM ilawnaiM nahk.G.D nahK
raY
mihaR
narhdoL hraG
raffazuM
rupnajaR |
chunk_10_130 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
5.2.3 Net Enrolment Rates
Net Enrolment Rate (aged 5-9 years) by Gender & District (2019-20)
140
The net enrolment rate (NER) is a key global indicator in assessing the education coverage in a specific level of a 120
73
ltc eho veu e n t lo t er t dy a u' ls c c e h ad til iu d oc r nea ,t n ii t o o in f s ts phy as e rt toe if cm f ui. c l aI it a r i l ls ys t c sh h ige o n or ia fl-t icaio ag neo tdf i t p nh o e ep vn u au l la um t aib o tie n nr , g o e cf x h s p ic r lh deo rs eso e nl- d 'a s ag ase c d a ce pc sh e si r l tcd oer e n fon ta u e g nn e dr . a o tl il oe Ad ns a i Nn l E sp cRr h i rm oe ola a lr it ny e ge s d t lyou i nc pa grt i amio ta n tr h t yo e- 1 80 00 72 70 68 67 65 65 64 64 62 62 62 62 61 60 60 60 59 59 59 57 56 55 55 54 53 52 51 48 48 47 46 39
60 43 42 36
very entry point of the academic system.
For 2019-20, Pakistan's NER for boys stood at 54 percent and the NER for girls at 48 percent. While the national
24 00 77 73 65 73 68 67 58 64 63 64 63 64 60 59 60 54 55 58 61 54 51 52 53 55 55 57 56 49 48 53 59 58 43 42 51 42
figures register a gender gap of 6 percentage points, Punjab registered equal figures with a NER of 56 percent for 0
both boys and girls.
Net Enrollment Rate at the Primary Level (aged 5 - 9 years) in Pakistan and
Source: PSLM MALE FEMALE
Punjab by Gender (2019-20)
Figure 5.11
58
As opposed to NER, which assesses age-specific enrolment within a given level of education, the Gross Enrolment
56 56
56 Ratio (GER) is the number of students enrolled in a certain level of education regardless of age, expressed as a
54
54 percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to that level of education. The discrepancies
52 between NER and GER help assess age-appropriate enrolment within total enrolment in primary level education.
Sharp discrepancies, for instance, may point towards possible inefficiencies in the academic system, over-age or
50
48 late entry into the primary grades which is likely to induce undue developmental pressure upon learners thereby
48
increasing risk of underperformance or dropping out.
46
44 Figure 5.12 illustrates the gap between NER and GER in each of Punjab's 36 districts. The widest gap, depicted at the
Pakistan Punjab
base of the graph, is observed in Jehlum followed by Sialkot and Narowal whereas the narrowest gap is observed in
Source: PSLM Male Female Rajanpur.
Figure 5.9
109 110
Female NER and GER by District (2019-20)
However, in comparison with figures from 2018-19, the NERs for both boys and girls in the province have fallen
Rajanpur 36 51
significantly; by 5 percent for boys and 6.6 percent for girls, respectively. Figure 5.10 illustrates these statistics.
Muzaffar Garh 39 59
Lodhran 42 65
Rahim Yar Khan 43 67
DG Khan 46 75
Mianwali 47 76
Net Enrollment Rate at the Primary Level (aged 5-9 years) in Punjab by Multan 48 77
Gender & Year Bahawalpur 48 78
Vehari 51 80
61
Sahiwal 52 81
60
60 Chiniot 53 85
59 Khanewal 54 87
59 Kasur 55 88
Bahawalnager 55 90
58
Lahore 56 90
57 Sheikhupura 57 90
56 56 Mandi Bahauddin 59 94
56 Jhang 59 94
Bhakhar 59 94
55
Hafizabad 60 95
54 Gujranwala 60 96
2018-19 2019-20 Faisalabad 60 96
Nankana Sahib 61 98
Source: PSLM TT Singh 62 99
Male Female
Rawalpindi 62 100
Pakpa en 62 101
Figure 5.10 Khushab 62 101
Sargodha 64 102
Okara 64 102
The highest NER for girls was recorded in Jhelum at 73 percent and the lowest was recorded in Rajanpur at a Gujrat 65 102
meagre 36 percent. The widest gender gap in NER amounting to 12 percentage points was observed in districts Chakwal 65 102
A ock 67 103
Mianwali, DG Khan and Muzaffargarh. A positive revelation is the absence of a gender gap in NER altogether Layyah 68 106
which was observed in districts Bahawalpur and Rahim Yar Khan. Narowal 70 108
Sialkot 72 115
Jehlum 73 115
A complete district-wise snapshot of the status of girls' and boys' NER across the province is illustrated in Figure 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
5.11. Source: PSLM Net Enrolment Ra o Gross Enrolment Ra o
Figure 5.12
206 (UN Economic Commission for Europe, 2012) 207 (UNICEF, 2017)
mulheJ toklaiS laworaN hayyaL kco A lawkahC tarjuG arakO ahdograS bahsuhK ne apkaP idniplawaR hgniS.T.T bihaS
anaknaN
dabalasiaF alawnarjuG dabazfiaH rahkahB gnahJ nidduhaB
idnaM
arupuhkiehS erohaL reganlawahaB rusaK lawenahK toinihC lawihaS iraheV ruplawahaB natluM ilawnaiM nahk.G.D nahK
raY
mihaR
narhdoL hraG
raffazuM
rupnajaR |
chunk_10_131 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
5.2.4 Out of School Children
Children of primary school age who do not
OOSC (aged 5-16 years) in Pakistan and Punjab by Gender
participate in education programmes equivalent (%) (2019-20)
Func oning educa onal ins tutes
to the International Standard Classification of 40 37 and programmes to be available
35 in sufficient number through a
Education (ISCE) levels 1 or 2 are considered out-
30 27 26 public educa onal system,
of-school. 25 22 allowing private par es
to establish non-public
20 schools
15
PSLM 2019-20 reports that in Pakistan, 32 10
percent of children aged between 5 to 16 years 5
0
are out of school, of which 27 percent are boys Pakistan Punjab Educa on has to be flexible so it can adapt Educa onal ins tutes have to be
and 37 percent are girls. On the provincial level, Source: PSLM Male Female to the needs of changing communi es accessible to everyone without
and socie es, including the evolving discrimina on, also including
24 percent of the same cohort in Punjab is out of Figure 5.13 capaci es of the child physical and economic
accessibility
school, of which 22 percent are boys and 26 percent are girls. Figure 5.13 illustrates these statistics.
Overall, OOSC in Punjab have increased by 3 percentage points from 21 percent in 2018-19. OOS girls and boys
have also both increased by 3 percentage points as compared to 2018-19. Substance of educa on, including
curricula and teaching methods, has
to be relevant and culturally appropriate,
in accordance with the best interests
Barring 9 districts, the proportion of OOS girls is greater than that of boys across the province. The highest
of the child; this includes
proportion of OOSC was observed in Rajanpur at 48 percent and the lowest in Narowal at 9 percent. Figure 5.14 a safe and healthy
environment
illustrates the OOSC trends across 36 districts in Punjab.
Figure 5.15
OOSC (aged 5-16 years) by District and Gender (%) (2019-20)
This section analyses the status of enrolment, infrastructure and educational initiatives in the province. In so doing,
48
the section covers essential aspects of the 4-A scheme with a focus on the plight of girls within the provincial
43
38 41 40 education system. This focus is necessitated by the disproportionate vulnerability of girls to the multiple
111 45 35 34 79 34 17 34 66 34 81 182 37 6 3 33 02 5 23 832 5 22 3 28 4 23 730 4 23 730 3 22 3 126 33 3 12 2 22 3 58 1 22 437 0 12 923 7 12 2 852 22 122 3 202 21 2 192 221 22 2 100 22 221 0 171 28 0 191 18 8 131 16 8 11 718 8 11 1 86 5 11 1 86 5 1 11 3
8
1 1 15 2
8
11 1 42 1 19 0
9
1 100
9
1 1 10 0
0
1 111 20 17 19 Tamad cs his a c eta n eh d si se f cv sei ha r ts
o
on tg ot ae ta lh dn sg e od de m le
i
p e sr cssh - ucebe el san v n ss eo ete sm dhd i e ie n nd an i tm lso t ha hn y ed c; r sv aif a uao rd en br t se awa ex ng qa a dem y
u
us eip s , n
n
l i pce tno a s, c m eig l dui cr p ld tl a is o i obn f u nor gno su d tm rh ae o
r
edp er o ib c ln ao ay c ir r dit edh h o-eo we unu i tor cs iree p nkh o Fo ao v if t gel d he urs ot a
r
y ei mrn l a 5y er n - .u . 1ad r g 6a er l u l mo rac ala rlt o ri io c aan gts ei oa , nr se a. fl e e a tD ys i t s a l ai nk d de v l a my n t oto a b b g ilee its i y n f o is src s h g uo i ero sls ,l 112
SC91801 H711 62 O15243
OL
IN THIS SECTION
MALE FEMALE OVERALL
Source: PSLM
Formal Public Schools, Colleges and Universi es
Figure 5.14
Punjab Educa on Founda on Schools
5.3 Access to Education
Non-Formal Educa on Ins tutes
Na onal Commission for Human Development Schools
The importance of access to education lies in its ability to realise the universal right to education. In this sense,
elements of access to education become the pathway to human development. This may be understood by Technical Educa on and Voca onal Training Authority Ins tutes
considering the absence of education within a society; lack of education and the skills and knowledge it can
develop is what it means to be poor. On the other hand, ensuring continued access to quality education and Punjab Voca onal Training Council Ins tute
learning is linked to long-term improvements in development outcomes, including a reduction in inter-
Punjab Workers Welfare Board Schools
generational poverty, demographic transition, productivity and empowerment of women.
Punjab Daanish Schools and Centres of Excellence
For the purposes of this report, access to education may be understood as a holistic concept consisting of those
elements that enable and sustain education. Such elements may be identified in the '4-A Scheme' first used by Special Educa on Schools
the then UN Special Rapporteur on the right to education, Katarina Tomasevski in her preliminary report
submitted in 1999. This scheme is outlined in Figure 5.15. Figure 5.16
208 (Ministry of Educa on & Training Viet Nam, UNICEF, 2017)
209 (UNESCO IIEP, 2015)
210 (UNESCO IIEP, 2015)
211 (Coomans, 2007) 212 (Habib, 2013)
rupnajaR hragraffazuM nahk
GD
nahK
raY
mihaR
narhdoL ilawnaiM reganlawahaB ruplawahaB toinihC natluM lawenahK rahkahB iraheV na apkaP lawihaS gnahJ bahsuhK arakO dabalasiaF bihaS
anaknaN
rusaK arupuhkiehS hgniS
TT
dabazfiaH hayyaL ahdograS erohaL nidduahaB
idnaM
kco A alawnarjuG tarjuG lawkahC mulheJ idniplawaR toklaiS laworaN |
chunk_10_132 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
5.2.4 Out of School Children
Children of primary school age who do not
OOSC (aged 5-16 years) in Pakistan and Punjab by Gender
participate in education programmes equivalent (%) (2019-20)
Func oning educa onal ins tutes
to the International Standard Classification of 40 37 and programmes to be available
35 in sufficient number through a
Education (ISCE) levels 1 or 2 are considered out-
30 27 26 public educa onal system,
of-school. 25 22 allowing private par es
to establish non-public
20 schools
15
PSLM 2019-20 reports that in Pakistan, 32 10
percent of children aged between 5 to 16 years 5
0
are out of school, of which 27 percent are boys Pakistan Punjab Educa on has to be flexible so it can adapt Educa onal ins tutes have to be
and 37 percent are girls. On the provincial level, Source: PSLM Male Female to the needs of changing communi es accessible to everyone without
and socie es, including the evolving discrimina on, also including
24 percent of the same cohort in Punjab is out of Figure 5.13 capaci es of the child physical and economic
accessibility
school, of which 22 percent are boys and 26 percent are girls. Figure 5.13 illustrates these statistics.
Overall, OOSC in Punjab have increased by 3 percentage points from 21 percent in 2018-19. OOS girls and boys
have also both increased by 3 percentage points as compared to 2018-19. Substance of educa on, including
curricula and teaching methods, has
to be relevant and culturally appropriate,
in accordance with the best interests
Barring 9 districts, the proportion of OOS girls is greater than that of boys across the province. The highest
of the child; this includes
proportion of OOSC was observed in Rajanpur at 48 percent and the lowest in Narowal at 9 percent. Figure 5.14 a safe and healthy
environment
illustrates the OOSC trends across 36 districts in Punjab.
Figure 5.15
OOSC (aged 5-16 years) by District and Gender (%) (2019-20)
This section analyses the status of enrolment, infrastructure and educational initiatives in the province. In so doing,
48
the section covers essential aspects of the 4-A scheme with a focus on the plight of girls within the provincial
43
38 41 40 education system. This focus is necessitated by the disproportionate vulnerability of girls to the multiple
111 45 35 34 79 34 17 34 66 34 81 182 37 6 3 33 02 5 23 832 5 22 3 28 4 23 730 4 23 730 3 22 3 126 33 3 12 2 22 3 58 1 22 437 0 12 923 7 12 2 852 22 122 3 202 21 2 192 221 22 2 100 22 221 0 171 28 0 191 18 8 131 16 8 11 718 8 11 1 86 5 11 1 86 5 1 11 3
8
1 1 15 2
8
11 1 42 1 19 0
9
1 100
9
1 1 10 0
0
1 111 20 17 19 Tamad cs his a c eta n eh d si se f cv sei ha r ts
o
on tg ot ae ta lh dn sg e od de m le
i
p e sr cssh - ucebe el san v n ss eo ete sm dhd i e ie n nd an i tm lso t ha hn y ed c; r sv aif a uao rd en br t se awa ex ng qa a dem y
u
us eip s , n
n
l i pce tno a s, c m eig l dui cr p ld tl a is o i obn f u nor gno su d tm rh ae o
r
edp er o ib c ln ao ay c ir r dit edh h o-eo we unu i tor cs iree p nkh o Fo ao v if t gel d he urs ot a
r
y ei mrn l a 5y er n - .u . 1ad r g 6a er l u l mo rac ala rlt o ri io c aan gts ei oa , nr se a. fl e e a tD ys i t s a l ai nk d de v l a my n t oto a b b g ilee its i y n f o is src s h g uo i ero sls ,l 112
SC91801 H711 62 O15243
OL
IN THIS SECTION
MALE FEMALE OVERALL
Source: PSLM
Formal Public Schools, Colleges and Universi es
Figure 5.14
Punjab Educa on Founda on Schools
5.3 Access to Education
Non-Formal Educa on Ins tutes
Na onal Commission for Human Development Schools
The importance of access to education lies in its ability to realise the universal right to education. In this sense,
elements of access to education become the pathway to human development. This may be understood by Technical Educa on and Voca onal Training Authority Ins tutes
considering the absence of education within a society; lack of education and the skills and knowledge it can
develop is what it means to be poor. On the other hand, ensuring continued access to quality education and Punjab Voca onal Training Council Ins tute
learning is linked to long-term improvements in development outcomes, including a reduction in inter-
Punjab Workers Welfare Board Schools
generational poverty, demographic transition, productivity and empowerment of women.
Punjab Daanish Schools and Centres of Excellence
For the purposes of this report, access to education may be understood as a holistic concept consisting of those
elements that enable and sustain education. Such elements may be identified in the '4-A Scheme' first used by Special Educa on Schools
the then UN Special Rapporteur on the right to education, Katarina Tomasevski in her preliminary report
submitted in 1999. This scheme is outlined in Figure 5.15. Figure 5.16
208 (Ministry of Educa on & Training Viet Nam, UNICEF, 2017)
209 (UNESCO IIEP, 2015)
210 (UNESCO IIEP, 2015)
211 (Coomans, 2007) 212 (Habib, 2013)
rupnajaR hragraffazuM nahk
GD
nahK
raY
mihaR
narhdoL ilawnaiM reganlawahaB ruplawahaB toinihC natluM lawenahK rahkahB iraheV na apkaP lawihaS gnahJ bahsuhK arakO dabalasiaF bihaS
anaknaN
rusaK arupuhkiehS hgniS
TT
dabazfiaH hayyaL ahdograS erohaL nidduahaB
idnaM
kco A alawnarjuG tarjuG lawkahC mulheJ idniplawaR toklaiS laworaN |
chunk_10_133 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
5.3.1 Infrastructure and Enrolment Figure 5.17 shows availability of public sector schools for girls in Punjab. The availability trends reflect that girls have
better access than boys with respect to availability of schools. The only level where the percentage of girls' schools
is less than 50, is secondary level of education, where 48.4 percent of the schools are for girls.
Enrolment is a basic indicator to ascertain coverage, access and learning gaps within an education system. It also
helps policymakers address discrepancies that are especially common to developing countries, such as increased
Figures 5.18 and 5.19 depict the number of schools by academic stage available to boys and girls across 36 districts
enrolment but stagnating attainment – a scenario rooted in low levels of completion.
of Punjab.
5.3.1.1 Formal Public Schools
Formal Secondary Schools under Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Program (2021)*
The key features of formal education that set it apart from its non-formal or informal counterparts mainly
Secondary School
include its intentional and organized nature of learning, imparted through recognized public and private
educational institutes. This intentionality and organization support pre-determined learning outcomes District Female Male
embedded in guided course syllabi assessed periodically through systematic testing. Faisalabad 301 233
Rawalpindi 227 232
For this report, formal schools have been restricted to public schools falling under the purview of the Punjab
Sargodha 209 181
Education Sector Reform Programme (PESRP). The number of formal schools in Punjab increased marginally by
Lahore 208 174
0.3 percent from 47,982 schools in FY 2019-20 to 48,133 in academic year 2021. Of these, 22,620 (47%) are boys'
Sialkot 184 123
schools whereas 25,513 (53%) are girls' schools.
Gujranwala 164 140
Gujrat 163 155
Formal Schools in Punjab (2021)*
TT Singh 147 107
Chakwal 141 146
Sahiwal 133 128
H.Sec. Secondary Middle Primary
2,942 4,235 15,163 16,994 Rahim yar Khan 118 185
41% 59% 47% 53% Kasur 112 121
Bahawalnagar 111 121
7,177
32,157
Vehari 108 106
113 114
8,023 A ock 106 133
776 Okara 106 141
Khanewal 103 130
Narowal 99 84
4,140 3,883 375 401
52% 48% 48% 52% Mandi Bahauddin 94 82
Layyah 92 90
Bahawalpur 89 107
Source: Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Programme (PESRP) Jehlum 89 94
* Academic Year Jhang 87 114
Figure 5.17 Sheikhupura 83 85
Multan 76 135
In 2021, the number of primary schools for boys continued to record a decline, consistent with the trend Khushab 69 79
reported in 2019-20; the number fell by 0.5 percent from 15,250 in FY 2019-20 to 15,163 in 2021. On the other
Muzaffargarh 68 110
hand, the number of primary schools for girls continued to increase, reflecting a 0.6 percent change from 16,888
Mianwali 59 95
in FY 2019-20 to 16,994 in 2021.
DG Khan 55 90
Nankana Sahib 53 54
Middle schools for both boys and girls declined by 17 percent and 11 percent, respectively. The number for boys'
middle schools fell from 1,550 in FY 2019-20 to 2,942 in 2021, whereas the number of girls' middle schools fell Bhakkar 50 84
from 4,777 to 4,235 over the same time period. Lodhran 45 64
Pakpa an 44 76
The numbers of secondary and higher secondary schools increased for both boys and girls in the province
Chiniot 31 47
between FY 2019-20 and 2021; this statistic may be understood as a commitment to ensuring access to higher
Hafizabad 31 40
secondary level education. Boys' secondary schools increased from 3,513 to 4,140 and higher secondary schools
Rajanpur 28 54
increased from 368 to 375 between FY 2019-20 and 2021. Girls' secondary schools increased from 3,244 to 3,883
and higher secondary schools increased from 392 to 401.
Figure 5.18
213 (The Brookings Ins tu on, 2015)
214 (UNESCO Ins tute for Sta s cs, 2016) |
chunk_10_134 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
5.3.1 Infrastructure and Enrolment Figure 5.17 shows availability of public sector schools for girls in Punjab. The availability trends reflect that girls have
better access than boys with respect to availability of schools. The only level where the percentage of girls' schools
is less than 50, is secondary level of education, where 48.4 percent of the schools are for girls.
Enrolment is a basic indicator to ascertain coverage, access and learning gaps within an education system. It also
helps policymakers address discrepancies that are especially common to developing countries, such as increased
Figures 5.18 and 5.19 depict the number of schools by academic stage available to boys and girls across 36 districts
enrolment but stagnating attainment – a scenario rooted in low levels of completion.
of Punjab.
5.3.1.1 Formal Public Schools
Formal Secondary Schools under Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Program (2021)*
The key features of formal education that set it apart from its non-formal or informal counterparts mainly
Secondary School
include its intentional and organized nature of learning, imparted through recognized public and private
educational institutes. This intentionality and organization support pre-determined learning outcomes District Female Male
embedded in guided course syllabi assessed periodically through systematic testing. Faisalabad 301 233
Rawalpindi 227 232
For this report, formal schools have been restricted to public schools falling under the purview of the Punjab
Sargodha 209 181
Education Sector Reform Programme (PESRP). The number of formal schools in Punjab increased marginally by
Lahore 208 174
0.3 percent from 47,982 schools in FY 2019-20 to 48,133 in academic year 2021. Of these, 22,620 (47%) are boys'
Sialkot 184 123
schools whereas 25,513 (53%) are girls' schools.
Gujranwala 164 140
Gujrat 163 155
Formal Schools in Punjab (2021)*
TT Singh 147 107
Chakwal 141 146
Sahiwal 133 128
H.Sec. Secondary Middle Primary
2,942 4,235 15,163 16,994 Rahim yar Khan 118 185
41% 59% 47% 53% Kasur 112 121
Bahawalnagar 111 121
7,177
32,157
Vehari 108 106
113 114
8,023 A ock 106 133
776 Okara 106 141
Khanewal 103 130
Narowal 99 84
4,140 3,883 375 401
52% 48% 48% 52% Mandi Bahauddin 94 82
Layyah 92 90
Bahawalpur 89 107
Source: Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Programme (PESRP) Jehlum 89 94
* Academic Year Jhang 87 114
Figure 5.17 Sheikhupura 83 85
Multan 76 135
In 2021, the number of primary schools for boys continued to record a decline, consistent with the trend Khushab 69 79
reported in 2019-20; the number fell by 0.5 percent from 15,250 in FY 2019-20 to 15,163 in 2021. On the other
Muzaffargarh 68 110
hand, the number of primary schools for girls continued to increase, reflecting a 0.6 percent change from 16,888
Mianwali 59 95
in FY 2019-20 to 16,994 in 2021.
DG Khan 55 90
Nankana Sahib 53 54
Middle schools for both boys and girls declined by 17 percent and 11 percent, respectively. The number for boys'
middle schools fell from 1,550 in FY 2019-20 to 2,942 in 2021, whereas the number of girls' middle schools fell Bhakkar 50 84
from 4,777 to 4,235 over the same time period. Lodhran 45 64
Pakpa an 44 76
The numbers of secondary and higher secondary schools increased for both boys and girls in the province
Chiniot 31 47
between FY 2019-20 and 2021; this statistic may be understood as a commitment to ensuring access to higher
Hafizabad 31 40
secondary level education. Boys' secondary schools increased from 3,513 to 4,140 and higher secondary schools
Rajanpur 28 54
increased from 368 to 375 between FY 2019-20 and 2021. Girls' secondary schools increased from 3,244 to 3,883
and higher secondary schools increased from 392 to 401.
Figure 5.18
213 (The Brookings Ins tu on, 2015)
214 (UNESCO Ins tute for Sta s cs, 2016) |
chunk_10_135 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
Formal Higher Secondary Schools under Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Program (2021)*
Girls' Formal Schools by District (2021)
Higher Secondary School
District Female Male
Faisalabad 37 27
Sargodha 22 21
.
Sialkot 22 11
Sahiwal 21 13
Rawalpindi 20 22
Attock
Lahore 20 10
Khanewal 17 14 Rawalpindi
Bahawalpur 15 13
Gujrat 14 13 Chakwal Jhelum
Rahim yar Khan 13 11 Mianwali Gujrat
TT Singh 12 5 Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Chakwal 12 13
Khushab Narowal
Vehari 12 13 Sargodha Gujranwala
Hafizabad
Sheikhupura 11 7
Multan 11 19 Bhakkar Chiniot Sheikhupura
Bahawalnagar 10 8 Nankana SahibLahore
A ock 10 12 Faisalabad
Jhang
Mandi Bahauddin 10 6
Kasur
Gujranwala 9 11 Layyah
Toba Tek Singh
Lodhran 9 6 Okara
Narowal 8 13 Muzaffargarh Sahiwal
Jhang 8 10 Khanewal Pakpattan
Kasur 7 8
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Jehlum 7 5 Vehari
115 116
DG Khan 7 10 Bahawalnagar
Lodhran
Hafizabad 7 7
Okara 6 7
Khushab 6 7 Rajanpur
Bhakkar 6 6
Muzaffargarh 5 11 Bahawalpur
Mianwali 5 9
Nankana Sahib 5 4 Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan
Rajanpur 5 8 Rahim Yar Khan
Layyah 4 6 Formal Schools
Pakpa an 4 6
Up to 400
Chiniot 4 3
401 - 600
Source: Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Programme (PESRP)
601 - 800
* Academic Year
801 - 1000
Figure 5.19 Source: : Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Programme (PESRP)
>1000
District Rahim Yar Khan recorded the highest number of girls' primary schools at 1,065, whereas Nanakana Sahib
Figure 5.20
recorded the lowest number at 223. With 280 schools available, Faisalabad recorded the highest number of girls'
middle schools as opposed to Rajanpur which recorded the lowest number at 32. Faisalabad also posted the
Enrolment in Formal Public Schools
highest numbers of girls' high and higher secondary schools at 301 and 37, respectively. Contrarily, Rajanpur
posted the lowest total for girls' high schools at 28. Pakpattan, Layyah and Chiniot all registered the lowest
In academic year 2021, 5.94 million boys and 5.92 million girls were enrolled in formal public schools of Punjab. The
number for girls’ higher secondary schools with only 4 of them in each of these districts.
figure for boys reflects a negligible fluctuation, however, girls' enrolment has shown a welcome increase of 2
percent compared with the last reported figures of 5.76 million in FY 2019-20.
Overall, districts Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalnagar, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Sialkot and Rawalpindi have more than
1000 formal schools for girls whereas interventions are required in Khushab, Chiniot, Hafizabad and Nankana
A GPI analysis of enrolment across Punjab's districts, illustrated in Figure 5.21, reveals that as opposed to 15 districts
Sahib, all of which have 400 or fewer girls' schools. Figure 5.20 illustrates this scenario.
in FY 2019-20, 17 districts reflect a female-dominated enrolment trend in 2021. Sahiwal and Hafizabad exhibit
perfect parity in enrolment which is a laudable feat considering that disproportionate enrolment of either gender is
undesirable. |
chunk_10_136 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
Formal Higher Secondary Schools under Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Program (2021)*
Girls' Formal Schools by District (2021)
Higher Secondary School
District Female Male
Faisalabad 37 27
Sargodha 22 21
.
Sialkot 22 11
Sahiwal 21 13
Rawalpindi 20 22
Attock
Lahore 20 10
Khanewal 17 14 Rawalpindi
Bahawalpur 15 13
Gujrat 14 13 Chakwal Jhelum
Rahim yar Khan 13 11 Mianwali Gujrat
TT Singh 12 5 Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Chakwal 12 13
Khushab Narowal
Vehari 12 13 Sargodha Gujranwala
Hafizabad
Sheikhupura 11 7
Multan 11 19 Bhakkar Chiniot Sheikhupura
Bahawalnagar 10 8 Nankana SahibLahore
A ock 10 12 Faisalabad
Jhang
Mandi Bahauddin 10 6
Kasur
Gujranwala 9 11 Layyah
Toba Tek Singh
Lodhran 9 6 Okara
Narowal 8 13 Muzaffargarh Sahiwal
Jhang 8 10 Khanewal Pakpattan
Kasur 7 8
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Jehlum 7 5 Vehari
115 116
DG Khan 7 10 Bahawalnagar
Lodhran
Hafizabad 7 7
Okara 6 7
Khushab 6 7 Rajanpur
Bhakkar 6 6
Muzaffargarh 5 11 Bahawalpur
Mianwali 5 9
Nankana Sahib 5 4 Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan
Rajanpur 5 8 Rahim Yar Khan
Layyah 4 6 Formal Schools
Pakpa an 4 6
Up to 400
Chiniot 4 3
401 - 600
Source: Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Programme (PESRP)
601 - 800
* Academic Year
801 - 1000
Figure 5.19 Source: : Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Programme (PESRP)
>1000
District Rahim Yar Khan recorded the highest number of girls' primary schools at 1,065, whereas Nanakana Sahib
Figure 5.20
recorded the lowest number at 223. With 280 schools available, Faisalabad recorded the highest number of girls'
middle schools as opposed to Rajanpur which recorded the lowest number at 32. Faisalabad also posted the
Enrolment in Formal Public Schools
highest numbers of girls' high and higher secondary schools at 301 and 37, respectively. Contrarily, Rajanpur
posted the lowest total for girls' high schools at 28. Pakpattan, Layyah and Chiniot all registered the lowest
In academic year 2021, 5.94 million boys and 5.92 million girls were enrolled in formal public schools of Punjab. The
number for girls’ higher secondary schools with only 4 of them in each of these districts.
figure for boys reflects a negligible fluctuation, however, girls' enrolment has shown a welcome increase of 2
percent compared with the last reported figures of 5.76 million in FY 2019-20.
Overall, districts Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalnagar, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Sialkot and Rawalpindi have more than
1000 formal schools for girls whereas interventions are required in Khushab, Chiniot, Hafizabad and Nankana
A GPI analysis of enrolment across Punjab's districts, illustrated in Figure 5.21, reveals that as opposed to 15 districts
Sahib, all of which have 400 or fewer girls' schools. Figure 5.20 illustrates this scenario.
in FY 2019-20, 17 districts reflect a female-dominated enrolment trend in 2021. Sahiwal and Hafizabad exhibit
perfect parity in enrolment which is a laudable feat considering that disproportionate enrolment of either gender is
undesirable. |
chunk_10_137 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
5.3.1.2 Punjab Education Foundation Schools
GPI for Enrolment in Formal Schools by District (2021)*
Punjab Educa on Founda on Schools
SSCCHHOOOOLL
Founda on New Educa on
Assisted Schools School program Voucher Scheme
(FAS) (NSP) (EVS)
Source: Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Programme (PESRP) Perfect Parity Male Dominated Female Dominated
New
* Academic Year
Figure 5.21
FAS is a flagship program The NSP engages private The EVS aims to provide
Enrolment by Academic Stage of Punjab Educa on sector entrepreneurs quality educa on to out
Founda on under which to set up new schools in of school children
financial and technical remote, distant and in slums.
An analysis of enrolment trends across the four academic stages of primary, middle, secondary and higher
support is provided to under -served areas
secondary education reveals that while more boys enrolled in primary education, girls outdid boys in enrolment partner schools in rural of the province.
in the higher secondary level. This is so despite enrolment for boys and girls in secondary schooling having been and urban Punjab.
117 The FAS program has 118
roughly equal. Figure 5.22 illustrates a complete picture of enrolment of boys and girls in formal schools across been extended to all
academic stages. 36 districts in Punjab.
Figure 5.23
Enrolment in Formal Schools by Academic Stage (In Thousands) (2021)*
In 2021, 7,308 schools under PEF were functional in Punjab as opposed to 7,376 in 2020; the number of schools
registered a 0.9 percent decline. All three categories of schools posted a declining trend. Figure 5.24 illustrates a
Higher Secondary 502 392
detailed analysis.
50% 50%
5,923,446 5,940,899
Middle 1,077 949 Schools under Punjab Educa on Foundation by Year & Type
3,646 3,625
Primary 1,922 2,149
2,165 2,129
Secondary 2,422 2,451
3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 1,565 1,554
Thousands
Source: Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Programme (PESRP)
Boys Girls 2020 2021
* Academic Year
Source: Punjab Educa on Founda on
EVS FAS NSP
Figure 5.22
Figure 5.24
62.1
erohaL
42.1
idniplawaR
12.1
toklaiS
81.1
alawnarjuG
81.1
tarjuG
41.1
mulheJ
11.1
arupuhkiehS
11.1
nidduahaB
idnaM
01.1
laworaN
80.1
dabalasiaF
60.1
lawkahC
60.1
hgniS
T
T
50.1
ahdograS
50.1
kco A
30.1
rusaK
00.1
lawihaS
00.1
dabazfiaH
89.0
arakO
69.0
natluM
69.0
iraheV
69.0
bihaS
anaknaN
49.0
raganlawahaB
39.0
lawenahK
29.0
hayyaL
19.0
ruplawahaB
09.0
na apkaP
78.0
gnahJ
68.0
narhdoL
58.0
bahsuhK
58.0
nahK
ray
mihaR
48.0
toinihC
28.0
hragraffazuM
08.0
nahK
GD
87.0
ilawnaiM
87.0
rakkahB
26.0
rupnajaR |
chunk_10_138 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
5.3.1.2 Punjab Education Foundation Schools
GPI for Enrolment in Formal Schools by District (2021)*
Punjab Educa on Founda on Schools
SSCCHHOOOOLL
Founda on New Educa on
Assisted Schools School program Voucher Scheme
(FAS) (NSP) (EVS)
Source: Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Programme (PESRP) Perfect Parity Male Dominated Female Dominated
New
* Academic Year
Figure 5.21
FAS is a flagship program The NSP engages private The EVS aims to provide
Enrolment by Academic Stage of Punjab Educa on sector entrepreneurs quality educa on to out
Founda on under which to set up new schools in of school children
financial and technical remote, distant and in slums.
An analysis of enrolment trends across the four academic stages of primary, middle, secondary and higher
support is provided to under -served areas
secondary education reveals that while more boys enrolled in primary education, girls outdid boys in enrolment partner schools in rural of the province.
in the higher secondary level. This is so despite enrolment for boys and girls in secondary schooling having been and urban Punjab.
117 The FAS program has 118
roughly equal. Figure 5.22 illustrates a complete picture of enrolment of boys and girls in formal schools across been extended to all
academic stages. 36 districts in Punjab.
Figure 5.23
Enrolment in Formal Schools by Academic Stage (In Thousands) (2021)*
In 2021, 7,308 schools under PEF were functional in Punjab as opposed to 7,376 in 2020; the number of schools
registered a 0.9 percent decline. All three categories of schools posted a declining trend. Figure 5.24 illustrates a
Higher Secondary 502 392
detailed analysis.
50% 50%
5,923,446 5,940,899
Middle 1,077 949 Schools under Punjab Educa on Foundation by Year & Type
3,646 3,625
Primary 1,922 2,149
2,165 2,129
Secondary 2,422 2,451
3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 1,565 1,554
Thousands
Source: Punjab Educa on Sector Reform Programme (PESRP)
Boys Girls 2020 2021
* Academic Year
Source: Punjab Educa on Founda on
EVS FAS NSP
Figure 5.22
Figure 5.24
62.1
erohaL
42.1
idniplawaR
12.1
toklaiS
81.1
alawnarjuG
81.1
tarjuG
41.1
mulheJ
11.1
arupuhkiehS
11.1
nidduahaB
idnaM
01.1
laworaN
80.1
dabalasiaF
60.1
lawkahC
60.1
hgniS
T
T
50.1
ahdograS
50.1
kco A
30.1
rusaK
00.1
lawihaS
00.1
dabazfiaH
89.0
arakO
69.0
natluM
69.0
iraheV
69.0
bihaS
anaknaN
49.0
raganlawahaB
39.0
lawenahK
29.0
hayyaL
19.0
ruplawahaB
09.0
na apkaP
78.0
gnahJ
68.0
narhdoL
58.0
bahsuhK
58.0
nahK
ray
mihaR
48.0
toinihC
28.0
hragraffazuM
08.0
nahK
GD
87.0
ilawnaiM
87.0
rakkahB
26.0
rupnajaR |
chunk_10_139 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
Overall, the highest number of schools was observed in Muzaffargarh (1,142 schools) and the lowest was upskilling learners to help them lead effectual lives; lessons are often tailored to address ethics and primary
recorded in Jehlum, having only 6 schools. skillsets. Studies suggest that as developing countries struggle to make formal education universally available,
non-formal literacy programmes help them further the cause of education for all.
Enrolment in PEF Schools
The Literacy and Non-Formal Basic Education (NFBE) Department in Punjab has prioritized provision of primary-
In 2021, a total of 27,02,687 students were enrolled across the three PEF institutes (FAS, NSP and EVS). Of these, level education to OOSC and imparting basic literacy through its Non-Formal Basic Education Schools (NFEFSs),
14,30,734 (53%) were boys and 12,71,953 (47%) were girls. The highest number of girls were enrolled in FASs Non-Formal Education Feeder Schools (NFEFSs) and Accelerated Education Programmes (AEPs). The AEP which is
(903,716) and the lowest were in NSPs (136,578). In comparison with the year before, enrolment in PEF schools a condensed, accelerated (fast-track) and flexible equivalent to the formal national curriculum is particularly viable
increased by 14 percent from 23,68,672 in 2020. The detailed enrolment statistics are illustrated in Figure 5.25. for OOS girls faced with accessibility challenges owing to socio-cultural constraints. Based on administrative data,
26,964 schools under the Literacy & NFBE Department were functional in Punjab in 2021. Of these, 23,977 were
NFBEs, 2,507 were NFEFSs and 480 were AEPs, as illustrated in Figure 5.27.
Enrolment in Punjab Educa on Founda on Schools by Year & Type
(In Thousands)
1,200
Non-Formal Schools by Category (2021)
1,003
1,000 890 904
810
800
600 NFEFS
2,507
400 NFBES 9%
200
195
115
226
133
232
137
270
158
23 8, 99 %77 A 48E 0P
2%
-
Girls Boys Girls Boys AEP
NFBES
2020 2021 Source: Literacy & Non-Formal Basic Educa on Department NFEFS
Source: Punjab Educa on Founda on EVS FAS NSP
Figure 5.27
Figure 5.25
This is a 0.9 percent increase from 26,718 schools in 2020; the highest increase was observed in the number of
The highest incidence of female enrolment was observed in Muzaffargarh where 178,339 girls were enrolled
NFBESs which rose from 23,744 in 2020 to 23,977 in 2021.
119 making up 14 percent of all girls enrolled in PEF schools across Punjab. The lowest incidence of female enrolment 120
was observed in Jhelum where 992 girls were enrolled. In terms of GPI, perfect parity in student enrolment was
observed in districts Okara, Chakwal and Sargodha and the lowest GPIs were scored by districts DG Khan (0.67)
and Rajanpur (0.61). Figure 5.26 provides a district-wise analysis of student enrolment in PEF schools. Schools under Literacy & NFBE by Year & Category
50,000
40,000 23,744 23,977
Enrollment under Punjab Educa on Founda on Schools by District & Gender (2021)
450,000
400,000 30,000
350,000 26,718 26,964
300,000
250,000 20,000
200,000 479 2,495 480 2,507
150,000
10,000
100,000
50,000
-
-
2020 2021
Source: Literacy & Non-Formal Basic Educa on Department Total AEP NFBES NFEFS
Source: Punjab Educa on Founda on Figure 5.28
Girls Boys
Figure 5.26
Enrolment in Non-Formal Education
5.3.1.3 Non-Formal Education Institutes
Enrolment in non-formal schools in Punjab increased marginally by 1 percent from 425,802 students in 2020 to
430,355 in 2021. Of all enrolled students in 2021, 47 percent were boys and 53 percent were girls. The number of
Non-formal education is primarily targeted at the vulnerable and underclass groups within a society. This
boys enrolled increased by 1.6 percent from 197,375 in 2020 to 200,640 in 2021 while girls' enrolment increased by
vulnerability may be multidimensional and involve limitations relevant to gender, age, finances or simply missed
0.6 percent from 228,427 girl students in 2020 to 229,715 in 2021. These statistics are illustrated in Figure 5.29 .
enrolment opportunities. Another key aspect of this type of education is that it is inherently focused on
215 (Kapur, 2019) 217 (Latchem, 2018)
216 Ibid 218 (Planning & Development Board, Government of the Punjab, 2020)
hragraffazuM natluM ruplawahaB raganlawahaB nahK
GD
narhdoL gnahJ iraheV erohaL nahK
raY
mihaR
ruP
najaR
arakO hayyaL na apkaP rakkahB rusaK dabalasiaF lawenahK ilawnaiM toklaiS bahsuhK arupuhkiehS ruplawahaB ahdograS laworaN lawkahC tarjuG toinihC bihaS
anaknaN
lawihaS alawnarjuG idniplawaR hgniS
TT
nidduahaB
idnaM
kco A dabazfiaH mulheJ |
chunk_10_140 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
Overall, the highest number of schools was observed in Muzaffargarh (1,142 schools) and the lowest was upskilling learners to help them lead effectual lives; lessons are often tailored to address ethics and primary
recorded in Jehlum, having only 6 schools. skillsets. Studies suggest that as developing countries struggle to make formal education universally available,
non-formal literacy programmes help them further the cause of education for all.
Enrolment in PEF Schools
The Literacy and Non-Formal Basic Education (NFBE) Department in Punjab has prioritized provision of primary-
In 2021, a total of 27,02,687 students were enrolled across the three PEF institutes (FAS, NSP and EVS). Of these, level education to OOSC and imparting basic literacy through its Non-Formal Basic Education Schools (NFEFSs),
14,30,734 (53%) were boys and 12,71,953 (47%) were girls. The highest number of girls were enrolled in FASs Non-Formal Education Feeder Schools (NFEFSs) and Accelerated Education Programmes (AEPs). The AEP which is
(903,716) and the lowest were in NSPs (136,578). In comparison with the year before, enrolment in PEF schools a condensed, accelerated (fast-track) and flexible equivalent to the formal national curriculum is particularly viable
increased by 14 percent from 23,68,672 in 2020. The detailed enrolment statistics are illustrated in Figure 5.25. for OOS girls faced with accessibility challenges owing to socio-cultural constraints. Based on administrative data,
26,964 schools under the Literacy & NFBE Department were functional in Punjab in 2021. Of these, 23,977 were
NFBEs, 2,507 were NFEFSs and 480 were AEPs, as illustrated in Figure 5.27.
Enrolment in Punjab Educa on Founda on Schools by Year & Type
(In Thousands)
1,200
Non-Formal Schools by Category (2021)
1,003
1,000 890 904
810
800
600 NFEFS
2,507
400 NFBES 9%
200
195
115
226
133
232
137
270
158
23 8, 99 %77 A 48E 0P
2%
-
Girls Boys Girls Boys AEP
NFBES
2020 2021 Source: Literacy & Non-Formal Basic Educa on Department NFEFS
Source: Punjab Educa on Founda on EVS FAS NSP
Figure 5.27
Figure 5.25
This is a 0.9 percent increase from 26,718 schools in 2020; the highest increase was observed in the number of
The highest incidence of female enrolment was observed in Muzaffargarh where 178,339 girls were enrolled
NFBESs which rose from 23,744 in 2020 to 23,977 in 2021.
119 making up 14 percent of all girls enrolled in PEF schools across Punjab. The lowest incidence of female enrolment 120
was observed in Jhelum where 992 girls were enrolled. In terms of GPI, perfect parity in student enrolment was
observed in districts Okara, Chakwal and Sargodha and the lowest GPIs were scored by districts DG Khan (0.67)
and Rajanpur (0.61). Figure 5.26 provides a district-wise analysis of student enrolment in PEF schools. Schools under Literacy & NFBE by Year & Category
50,000
40,000 23,744 23,977
Enrollment under Punjab Educa on Founda on Schools by District & Gender (2021)
450,000
400,000 30,000
350,000 26,718 26,964
300,000
250,000 20,000
200,000 479 2,495 480 2,507
150,000
10,000
100,000
50,000
-
-
2020 2021
Source: Literacy & Non-Formal Basic Educa on Department Total AEP NFBES NFEFS
Source: Punjab Educa on Founda on Figure 5.28
Girls Boys
Figure 5.26
Enrolment in Non-Formal Education
5.3.1.3 Non-Formal Education Institutes
Enrolment in non-formal schools in Punjab increased marginally by 1 percent from 425,802 students in 2020 to
430,355 in 2021. Of all enrolled students in 2021, 47 percent were boys and 53 percent were girls. The number of
Non-formal education is primarily targeted at the vulnerable and underclass groups within a society. This
boys enrolled increased by 1.6 percent from 197,375 in 2020 to 200,640 in 2021 while girls' enrolment increased by
vulnerability may be multidimensional and involve limitations relevant to gender, age, finances or simply missed
0.6 percent from 228,427 girl students in 2020 to 229,715 in 2021. These statistics are illustrated in Figure 5.29 .
enrolment opportunities. Another key aspect of this type of education is that it is inherently focused on
215 (Kapur, 2019) 217 (Latchem, 2018)
216 Ibid 218 (Planning & Development Board, Government of the Punjab, 2020)
hragraffazuM natluM ruplawahaB raganlawahaB nahK
GD
narhdoL gnahJ iraheV erohaL nahK
raY
mihaR
ruP
najaR
arakO hayyaL na apkaP rakkahB rusaK dabalasiaF lawenahK ilawnaiM toklaiS bahsuhK arupuhkiehS ruplawahaB ahdograS laworaN lawkahC tarjuG toinihC bihaS
anaknaN
lawihaS alawnarjuG idniplawaR hgniS
TT
nidduahaB
idnaM
kco A dabazfiaH mulheJ |
chunk_10_141 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
Focusing on 5-7 years of schooling age, one of
Enrollment in Non Formal Schools by Year & Gender Number of Schools under NCHD (2021)
NCHD's strategy components for its Universal
Primary Education program is the setting up of
700,000
community-based feeder schools in areas where
600,000 the population does not have access to public
228,427 229,715
primary schools. The Commission has established
500,000 more than 17,000 such facilities across Pakistan. 684
425,802 430,355
400,000
Based on administrative data received, 1,662 978
300,000 197,375 200,640 Community Feeder Schools were operating in 34 41% 59%
districts of Punjab in 2021. Of these, 684 (41%)
200,000
were boys' schools and 978 were girls' schools. No
change in the number of schools was observed
100,000
Source: NCHD Girls Boys
since 2020.
- Figure 5.31
2020 2021
A district-wise analysis, depicted in Figure 5.32, reveals that the largest number of CFSs were located in Rahim Yar
Khan which had a total strength of 406 schools, of which 219 (54%) were boys' schools and 187 (46%) were for girls.
Source: Literacy & NFBE Department
Total Female Male
Rawalpindi had only 2 CFSs, both of which were girls' schools, making it the district with the lowest overall number
of schools under NCHD.
Figure 5.29
A district-wise analysis reveals that the highest number of girls enrolled in non-formal schools in Rahim Yar Khan
Community Feeder Schools by Gender & District (2021)
(9,268) where girls made up 51 percent of all students enrolled. The lowest number of girls enrolled in non-
formal schools in Chakwal (3,344). However, it is worth noting that in 35 out of 36 districts, the number of girls
450
enrolled was more than their male counterparts; Mianwali was found to be the only district where girls made up
400
45 percent of all students enrolled. Figure 5.30 illustrates the district profile of enrolment in non-formal schools 350
in Punjab. 300
250
200
121 122
150
100
50
Enrolment in Non Formal Schools by District & Gender (2021)
0
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000 Source: NCHD Female Male
2,000
0
Figure 5.32
It is worth noting that in addition to Rawalpindi, 7 other districts including Lahore, Narowal, Gujrat, Hafizabad,
Sialkot, Nankana Sahib and Gujranwala, also do not have any CFSs for boys.
Source: Literacy & NFBE Department Girls Boys
Enrolment in Community Feeder Schools of NCHD
Figure 5.30
Enrolment in CFSs increased by 0.7 percent, from 76,138 students in 2021 to 76,699 in 2021. Statistics for both boys
and girls rose at a roughly equal rate whereby 0.7 percent more boys were enrolled in 2021 (40,351) than 2020
5.3.1.4 Schools Under National Commission for Human Development (NCHD)
(40,072) and 0.8 percent more girls were enrolled in 2021 (36,348) than there were in 2020 (36,066).
Set up in 2002, the National Commission for Human Development is a not-for-profit entity tasked with uplifting
the lives of vulnerable communities across Pakistan. The NCHD is involved in the education sector through two
primary goals namely increasing access to universal primary education across the country and enhancing adult
literacy particularly among the female population.
219 (Na onal Commission on Human Development, n.d.) 220 (Na onal Commission on Human Development, n.d.)
nahK
raY
mihaR
ahdograS lawenahK raganlawahaB nahK
izahG
areD
ruplawahaB natluM rupnajaR arakO iraheV hayyaL hragraffazuM narhdoL alawnarjuG lawihaS erohaL gnahJ dabalasiaF nattapkaP bahsuhK rakkahB rusaK arupuhkiehS toinihC dabazfiaH idniplawaR hgniS
keT
aboT
bihaS
anaknaN
kco A ilawnaiM toklaiS nidduahaB
idnaM
tarjuG mulehJ laworaN lawkahC
nahK
raY
mihaR
ruP
lawahaB
hragraffazuM nahK
GD
raganlawahaB rupnajaR rusaK rakkahB gnahJ natluM kco A hayyaL ahdograS toinnihC na apkaP lawihaS lawenahK arupuhkiehS iraheV arakO narhdoL laworaN ilawnaiM dabalasiaF nidduahaB
idnaM
bahsuhK erohal hgniS
TT
dabazfiaH alawnarjuG toklaiS tarjuG bihaS
anaknaN
idniplawaR |
chunk_10_142 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
Focusing on 5-7 years of schooling age, one of
Enrollment in Non Formal Schools by Year & Gender Number of Schools under NCHD (2021)
NCHD's strategy components for its Universal
Primary Education program is the setting up of
700,000
community-based feeder schools in areas where
600,000 the population does not have access to public
228,427 229,715
primary schools. The Commission has established
500,000 more than 17,000 such facilities across Pakistan. 684
425,802 430,355
400,000
Based on administrative data received, 1,662 978
300,000 197,375 200,640 Community Feeder Schools were operating in 34 41% 59%
districts of Punjab in 2021. Of these, 684 (41%)
200,000
were boys' schools and 978 were girls' schools. No
change in the number of schools was observed
100,000
Source: NCHD Girls Boys
since 2020.
- Figure 5.31
2020 2021
A district-wise analysis, depicted in Figure 5.32, reveals that the largest number of CFSs were located in Rahim Yar
Khan which had a total strength of 406 schools, of which 219 (54%) were boys' schools and 187 (46%) were for girls.
Source: Literacy & NFBE Department
Total Female Male
Rawalpindi had only 2 CFSs, both of which were girls' schools, making it the district with the lowest overall number
of schools under NCHD.
Figure 5.29
A district-wise analysis reveals that the highest number of girls enrolled in non-formal schools in Rahim Yar Khan
Community Feeder Schools by Gender & District (2021)
(9,268) where girls made up 51 percent of all students enrolled. The lowest number of girls enrolled in non-
formal schools in Chakwal (3,344). However, it is worth noting that in 35 out of 36 districts, the number of girls
450
enrolled was more than their male counterparts; Mianwali was found to be the only district where girls made up
400
45 percent of all students enrolled. Figure 5.30 illustrates the district profile of enrolment in non-formal schools 350
in Punjab. 300
250
200
121 122
150
100
50
Enrolment in Non Formal Schools by District & Gender (2021)
0
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000 Source: NCHD Female Male
2,000
0
Figure 5.32
It is worth noting that in addition to Rawalpindi, 7 other districts including Lahore, Narowal, Gujrat, Hafizabad,
Sialkot, Nankana Sahib and Gujranwala, also do not have any CFSs for boys.
Source: Literacy & NFBE Department Girls Boys
Enrolment in Community Feeder Schools of NCHD
Figure 5.30
Enrolment in CFSs increased by 0.7 percent, from 76,138 students in 2021 to 76,699 in 2021. Statistics for both boys
and girls rose at a roughly equal rate whereby 0.7 percent more boys were enrolled in 2021 (40,351) than 2020
5.3.1.4 Schools Under National Commission for Human Development (NCHD)
(40,072) and 0.8 percent more girls were enrolled in 2021 (36,348) than there were in 2020 (36,066).
Set up in 2002, the National Commission for Human Development is a not-for-profit entity tasked with uplifting
the lives of vulnerable communities across Pakistan. The NCHD is involved in the education sector through two
primary goals namely increasing access to universal primary education across the country and enhancing adult
literacy particularly among the female population.
219 (Na onal Commission on Human Development, n.d.) 220 (Na onal Commission on Human Development, n.d.)
nahK
raY
mihaR
ahdograS lawenahK raganlawahaB nahK
izahG
areD
ruplawahaB natluM rupnajaR arakO iraheV hayyaL hragraffazuM narhdoL alawnarjuG lawihaS erohaL gnahJ dabalasiaF nattapkaP bahsuhK rakkahB rusaK arupuhkiehS toinihC dabazfiaH idniplawaR hgniS
keT
aboT
bihaS
anaknaN
kco A ilawnaiM toklaiS nidduahaB
idnaM
tarjuG mulehJ laworaN lawkahC
nahK
raY
mihaR
ruP
lawahaB
hragraffazuM nahK
GD
raganlawahaB rupnajaR rusaK rakkahB gnahJ natluM kco A hayyaL ahdograS toinnihC na apkaP lawihaS lawenahK arupuhkiehS iraheV arakO narhdoL laworaN ilawnaiM dabalasiaF nidduahaB
idnaM
bahsuhK erohal hgniS
TT
dabazfiaH alawnarjuG toklaiS tarjuG bihaS
anaknaN
idniplawaR |
chunk_10_143 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
5.3.1.5 Technical and Vocational Schools by Technical Education and Vocational Training
Students Enrolled in Schools under NCHD by Gender & Year
Authority (TEVTA)
76,699
TEVTA is the largest skill-providing institute in Punjab that came into existence in 1999 and its functions were
enhanced through an Act in 2010. In line with its Vision 2023, TEVTA is attempting to bridge the disconnect between
skill provision and market demand. The salient tenants of TEVTA's Vision 2023 are illustrated in Figure x.
40,351
36,348
5
76,138
Pillars of TEVTA Vision 2023
40,072 36,066
2020 2021
Source: NCHD Total Girl Boy
Figure 5.33
Access to Quality Demand Economic
Innova on
Skills Educa on Assurance Driven Skills Opportuni es
The highest average number of students enrolled per school was posted by Jhang at 65 students and the lowest
by Rawalpindi at 17 students. In terms of a district-wise analysis of the average enrolment of girls per school, 6
out of 34 districts recorded 22 female students making it the most commonly observed average figure.
Enrolment in Adult Literacy Centers of NCHD
123 124
Data obtained from NCHD reveals that its functioning Adult Literacy Centres are targeted specifically at female Source: TEVTA Vision 2023
learners.
Figure 5.35
400 ALCs were established across 8 districts in Punjab in 2020. This number rose to 830 as 430 additional centres
across 32 districts were established in the 2021-2022 academic cycle. 10,718 students enrolled for 2021-2022. In 2021, 403 TEVTA institutes were functional across 36 districts of Punjab; 227 (56.4%) were for men and 176
(43.6%) for women. Lahore had the highest number of female institutes (17) and Pakpattan reported no female
A district-wise analysis reveals that the highest number of ALCs were established in Bahawalnagar and Jhang (80 TEVTA institutes. Lahore also had the highest number of TEVTA institutes overall (29) whereas, Pakpattan had the
each) in 2020. In 2021-2022, the highest number of ALCs was established in DG Khan (30), (Figure 5.34). lowest - only 2 institutes. Figure 5.36 presents a district-wise picture of TEVTA institutes by gender of students.
Ins tutes of TEVTA by District & Gender of Students (2021)
35
Adult Literacy Centers established by District (2021)* 30
25
35
30 20
30
15
25
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10
20 17
11 05 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 05 12 10 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 0
5
0
Source: Technical Educa on & Voca onal Training Authority (TEVTA) Female Male
Source: NCHD Figure 5.36
*Academic Year
Figure 5.34
221 (Technical Educa onal and Voca onal Training Authority Punjab, n.d.)
nahK
GD
raganlawahaB ruplawahaB gnahJ narhdoL hraG
M
arakO na apkaP rupnajaR iraheV kco A rakkahB dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG dabazfiaH rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL niD
BM
ilawnaiM natluM anaknaN laworaN nahK
YR
lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS hgniS
keT
aboT
erohaL idniplawaR dabalasiaF natluM raganlawahaB ruplawahaB lawkahC nahK
GD
rusaK hragraffazuM ahdograS kco A lawenahK ilawnaiM rakkahB alawnarjuG tarjuG mulheJ hayyaL nahK
raY
mihaR
rupnajaR arupuhkiehS toklaiS gnahJ bahsuhK narhdoL nidduahaB
idnaM
bihaS
anaknaN
laworaN arakO lawihaS hgniS
TT
iraheV toinihC dabazfiaH nattapkaP |
chunk_10_144 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
5.3.1.5 Technical and Vocational Schools by Technical Education and Vocational Training
Students Enrolled in Schools under NCHD by Gender & Year
Authority (TEVTA)
76,699
TEVTA is the largest skill-providing institute in Punjab that came into existence in 1999 and its functions were
enhanced through an Act in 2010. In line with its Vision 2023, TEVTA is attempting to bridge the disconnect between
skill provision and market demand. The salient tenants of TEVTA's Vision 2023 are illustrated in Figure x.
40,351
36,348
5
76,138
Pillars of TEVTA Vision 2023
40,072 36,066
2020 2021
Source: NCHD Total Girl Boy
Figure 5.33
Access to Quality Demand Economic
Innova on
Skills Educa on Assurance Driven Skills Opportuni es
The highest average number of students enrolled per school was posted by Jhang at 65 students and the lowest
by Rawalpindi at 17 students. In terms of a district-wise analysis of the average enrolment of girls per school, 6
out of 34 districts recorded 22 female students making it the most commonly observed average figure.
Enrolment in Adult Literacy Centers of NCHD
123 124
Data obtained from NCHD reveals that its functioning Adult Literacy Centres are targeted specifically at female Source: TEVTA Vision 2023
learners.
Figure 5.35
400 ALCs were established across 8 districts in Punjab in 2020. This number rose to 830 as 430 additional centres
across 32 districts were established in the 2021-2022 academic cycle. 10,718 students enrolled for 2021-2022. In 2021, 403 TEVTA institutes were functional across 36 districts of Punjab; 227 (56.4%) were for men and 176
(43.6%) for women. Lahore had the highest number of female institutes (17) and Pakpattan reported no female
A district-wise analysis reveals that the highest number of ALCs were established in Bahawalnagar and Jhang (80 TEVTA institutes. Lahore also had the highest number of TEVTA institutes overall (29) whereas, Pakpattan had the
each) in 2020. In 2021-2022, the highest number of ALCs was established in DG Khan (30), (Figure 5.34). lowest - only 2 institutes. Figure 5.36 presents a district-wise picture of TEVTA institutes by gender of students.
Ins tutes of TEVTA by District & Gender of Students (2021)
35
Adult Literacy Centers established by District (2021)* 30
25
35
30 20
30
15
25
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10
20 17
11 05 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 05 12 10 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 0
5
0
Source: Technical Educa on & Voca onal Training Authority (TEVTA) Female Male
Source: NCHD Figure 5.36
*Academic Year
Figure 5.34
221 (Technical Educa onal and Voca onal Training Authority Punjab, n.d.)
nahK
GD
raganlawahaB ruplawahaB gnahJ narhdoL hraG
M
arakO na apkaP rupnajaR iraheV kco A rakkahB dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG dabazfiaH rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL niD
BM
ilawnaiM natluM anaknaN laworaN nahK
YR
lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS hgniS
keT
aboT
erohaL idniplawaR dabalasiaF natluM raganlawahaB ruplawahaB lawkahC nahK
GD
rusaK hragraffazuM ahdograS kco A lawenahK ilawnaiM rakkahB alawnarjuG tarjuG mulheJ hayyaL nahK
raY
mihaR
rupnajaR arupuhkiehS toklaiS gnahJ bahsuhK narhdoL nidduahaB
idnaM
bihaS
anaknaN
laworaN arakO lawihaS hgniS
TT
iraheV toinihC dabazfiaH nattapkaP |
chunk_10_145 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
Enrolment in TEVTA In 2021, there were 128 Vocational Training Institutes (VTIs) operational under PVTC across Punjab. Lahore was
observed to be the most populous in terms of VTIs with 12 of them in the district whereas Chiniot was the least
83,596 students were enrolled in TEVTA institutes across Punjab in academic year 2020-21. Of these, 28,772 populous with just 1 institute. VTIs under PVTC are responsible for imparting skills-based education relevant to
were women and 54,824 were men; it is noteworthy that female enrolment has jumped exponentially from more than 90 trades including competency based and city and guild courses compatible with industry needs.
2,476 in 2019-20. Figure 5.37 illustrates year- and gender-wise enrolment in TEVTA institutes.
Voca onal Training Ins tutes under PVTC by District (2021)
Enrolment in TEVTA Ins tutes by Gender & Year
12
38,467
7
6 6 6 6
26,296 5
4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
16,357 1
2,476
2019-20 2020-21
Source: Punjab Voca onal Training Council
Source: Technical Educa on & Voca onal Training Authority (TEVTA) Female Male
Figure 5.39
Figure 5.37
Enrolment in PVTC
The highest incidence of female enrolment was observed in Lahore where 3,952 women were enrolled in TEVTA
institutes, whereas no female students were enrolled in Pakpattan given the lack of TEVTA institutes for them in
In 2021, 13,490 students enrolled in 128 VTIs of which, 3,559 (26.4%) were men and 9,931 (73.6%) were women.
125 the district. 126
The highest incidence of female enrolment was observed in district Rahim Yar Khan with 1,072 women enrolling in
2021 and the lowest was observed in Narowal with only 25 women. It is worth noting that at least 1 woman enrolled
in each district however, the same was not true for men. 6 out of 36 districts did not have any male enrolment in
Enrollment in TEVTA Ins tutes by Gender & District (2021)
2021. Figure 5.40 illustrates these statistics.
9000
8000
7000
Students Enrolled in PVTC VTIs by Gender & District (2021)
6000
1600
5000
1400
4000 1200
3000 1000
800
2000
600
1000
400
0 200
0
Source: Technical Educa on & Voca onal Training Authority (TEVTA)
Female Male
Figure 5.18 Source: Punjab Voca onal Traning Council Women Men
Figure 5.40
5.3.1.6 Technical and Vocational Schools by Punjab Vocational Training Council
5,641 women graduated from PVTC VTIs in 2021 as compared to 5,756 graduates in 2020. The highest number of
The PVTC is a dedicated body providing vocational training to the people, especially youth, of Punjab. The
graduates, 736, was observed in Rahim Yar Khan whereas the lowest, 18, was observed in Mianwali. The incidence
organization utilizes a unique model of using Zakat funds for the purpose and also thrives on its collaborations
of women completing their courses at PVTC VTIs by district is depicted in Figure 5.41.
with leading international development donors.
222 (Punjab Voca onal Training Council, n.d.) 223 (Punjab Voca onal Training Council, n.d.)
erohaL dabalasiaF idniplawaR natluM alawnarjuG lawihaS ahdograS ruplawahaB gnahJ toklaiS nahK
raY
mihaR
nahK
GD
tarjuG mulehJ hgniS
TT
hragraffazuM kco A lawkahC rakkahB hayyaL arupuhkiehS raganlawahaB bahsuhK bihaS
anaknaN
rusaK lawenahK ilawnaiM nidduahaB
idnaM
toinihC iraheV arakO laworaN dabazfiaH narhdoL rupnajaR na apkaP
erohaL dabalasiaF nahK
raY
mihaR
nahK
raY
mihaR
idniplawaR
erohaL
lawihaS
hragraffazuM
ahdograS
dabalasiaF
arupuhkiehS
ahdograS
raganlawahaB
toklaiS
ruplawahaB
arupuhkiehS
bahsuhK
ruplawahaB
ilawnaiM
alawnarjuG
bihaS
anaknaN
kco A
kco A
bahsuhK
lawkahC
rusaK rakkahB
alawnarjuG
idniplawaR
gnahJ
natluM
rusaK
bihaS
anaknaN
hayyaL
nahK
izahG
areD
natluM
rupnajaR
hragraffazuM
hayyaL
arakO
hgniS
keT
aboT
rupnajaR
lawihaS
toklaiS
lawkahC
hgniS
TT
mulehJ
iraheV
toinihC tarjuG
rakkahB
nidduahaB
idnaM
nahK
GD
gnahJ
tarjuG
iraheV
dabazifaH
na apkaP
mulheJ
narhdoL
lawenahK
dabazfiaH
narhdoL
arakO
nidduahaB
idnaM
lawenahK
laworaN
raganlawahaB
na apkaP
ilawnaiM
toinihC |
chunk_10_146 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
Enrolment in TEVTA In 2021, there were 128 Vocational Training Institutes (VTIs) operational under PVTC across Punjab. Lahore was
observed to be the most populous in terms of VTIs with 12 of them in the district whereas Chiniot was the least
83,596 students were enrolled in TEVTA institutes across Punjab in academic year 2020-21. Of these, 28,772 populous with just 1 institute. VTIs under PVTC are responsible for imparting skills-based education relevant to
were women and 54,824 were men; it is noteworthy that female enrolment has jumped exponentially from more than 90 trades including competency based and city and guild courses compatible with industry needs.
2,476 in 2019-20. Figure 5.37 illustrates year- and gender-wise enrolment in TEVTA institutes.
Voca onal Training Ins tutes under PVTC by District (2021)
Enrolment in TEVTA Ins tutes by Gender & Year
12
38,467
7
6 6 6 6
26,296 5
4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
16,357 1
2,476
2019-20 2020-21
Source: Punjab Voca onal Training Council
Source: Technical Educa on & Voca onal Training Authority (TEVTA) Female Male
Figure 5.39
Figure 5.37
Enrolment in PVTC
The highest incidence of female enrolment was observed in Lahore where 3,952 women were enrolled in TEVTA
institutes, whereas no female students were enrolled in Pakpattan given the lack of TEVTA institutes for them in
In 2021, 13,490 students enrolled in 128 VTIs of which, 3,559 (26.4%) were men and 9,931 (73.6%) were women.
125 the district. 126
The highest incidence of female enrolment was observed in district Rahim Yar Khan with 1,072 women enrolling in
2021 and the lowest was observed in Narowal with only 25 women. It is worth noting that at least 1 woman enrolled
in each district however, the same was not true for men. 6 out of 36 districts did not have any male enrolment in
Enrollment in TEVTA Ins tutes by Gender & District (2021)
2021. Figure 5.40 illustrates these statistics.
9000
8000
7000
Students Enrolled in PVTC VTIs by Gender & District (2021)
6000
1600
5000
1400
4000 1200
3000 1000
800
2000
600
1000
400
0 200
0
Source: Technical Educa on & Voca onal Training Authority (TEVTA)
Female Male
Figure 5.18 Source: Punjab Voca onal Traning Council Women Men
Figure 5.40
5.3.1.6 Technical and Vocational Schools by Punjab Vocational Training Council
5,641 women graduated from PVTC VTIs in 2021 as compared to 5,756 graduates in 2020. The highest number of
The PVTC is a dedicated body providing vocational training to the people, especially youth, of Punjab. The
graduates, 736, was observed in Rahim Yar Khan whereas the lowest, 18, was observed in Mianwali. The incidence
organization utilizes a unique model of using Zakat funds for the purpose and also thrives on its collaborations
of women completing their courses at PVTC VTIs by district is depicted in Figure 5.41.
with leading international development donors.
222 (Punjab Voca onal Training Council, n.d.) 223 (Punjab Voca onal Training Council, n.d.)
erohaL dabalasiaF idniplawaR natluM alawnarjuG lawihaS ahdograS ruplawahaB gnahJ toklaiS nahK
raY
mihaR
nahK
GD
tarjuG mulehJ hgniS
TT
hragraffazuM kco A lawkahC rakkahB hayyaL arupuhkiehS raganlawahaB bahsuhK bihaS
anaknaN
rusaK lawenahK ilawnaiM nidduahaB
idnaM
toinihC iraheV arakO laworaN dabazfiaH narhdoL rupnajaR na apkaP
erohaL dabalasiaF nahK
raY
mihaR
nahK
raY
mihaR
idniplawaR
erohaL
lawihaS
hragraffazuM
ahdograS
dabalasiaF
arupuhkiehS
ahdograS
raganlawahaB
toklaiS
ruplawahaB
arupuhkiehS
bahsuhK
ruplawahaB
ilawnaiM
alawnarjuG
bihaS
anaknaN
kco A
kco A
bahsuhK
lawkahC
rusaK rakkahB
alawnarjuG
idniplawaR
gnahJ
natluM
rusaK
bihaS
anaknaN
hayyaL
nahK
izahG
areD
natluM
rupnajaR
hragraffazuM
hayyaL
arakO
hgniS
keT
aboT
rupnajaR
lawihaS
toklaiS
lawkahC
hgniS
TT
mulehJ
iraheV
toinihC tarjuG
rakkahB
nidduahaB
idnaM
nahK
GD
gnahJ
tarjuG
iraheV
dabazifaH
na apkaP
mulheJ
narhdoL
lawenahK
dabazfiaH
narhdoL
arakO
nidduahaB
idnaM
lawenahK
laworaN
raganlawahaB
na apkaP
ilawnaiM
toinihC |
chunk_10_147 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
An analysis by academic level of the Special Education schools depicted in Figure 5.43 reveals that the highest
Female Graduates by District (2021)
number of schools were primary and middle in nature while the number of vocational and higher secondary schools
was observed to be the lowest.
.
Special Education Schools by Level (2021)
Attock
Rawalpindi 106 109
Chakwal Jhelum
Mianwali Gujrat
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Khushab Narowal
Sargodha Hafizabad Gujranwala
41
Sheikhupura
Bhakkar Chiniot
Nankana SahibLahore
Jhang Faisalabad 10 14 12
Kasur 2 4 1 1 3
Layyah
Toba Tek Singh
Okara
Muzaffargarh Sahiwal Degree college High High Secondary Middle Primary Voca onal
Khanewal
Pakpattan
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Vehari
Lodhran Bahawalnagar Source: Special Educa on Department Boys’ Co-Educa on Girls’
Figure 5.43
Rajanpur
Bahawalpur
It is worth noting that 25 out of 36 districts do not have any girls- or boys- only Special Education schools which
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan could mean that several needy students may be left at the margins of the system, especially girls who face cultural
Rahim Yar Khan
No. of Female
pressure against studying in co-educational environments.
127 Up to 100 128
101 - 200
Overall, the highest number of Special Education schools was observed in Lahore (22) whereas the lowest was
201 - 300
observed in Hafizabad which only had 3 schools. The district-wise analysis is depicted in Figure 5.44.
301 - 400
Source: Punjab Voca onal Training Council
> 400
Figure 5.41
Special Educa on Schools by District (2021)
Boys',Girls’ and Co-Ed Schools Only Co-Ed Schools
5.3.1.7 Special Education
The Special Education Department of Punjab is responsible for realising the Government of Punjab's Special Education Schools (2021)
vision for consolidating academic services for persons
with disabilities. The department oversees its schools and institutions for the provision of quality teaching and 14
instructional facilities for PWDs with an aim to enhance 5%
enrolment and increase functional literacy of the
students . The schools under the department currently 273 16
90% 5%
address the needs of persons with hearing, visual,
intellectual and physical disabilities as well as those who
are slow learners. Source:Special Educa on Department Boys’ Co-Educa on Girls’
Source: Special Educa on Department Boys’ Co-Educa on Girls’ Figure 5.44
In 2021, 332 Special Education schools (Figure 5.42) were
operational in Punjab, of which 273 (90%) were co- Figure 5.42
education schools, 16 (5%) were girls' schools and 14 (5%) were boys' schools, respectively.
224 (Special Educa on Department, Government of Punjab, n.d.) 225 (Khan, 2014)
1
01
1
ruplawahaB
1
41
2
dabalasiaF
1
31
1
alawnarjuG
1
6 1
tarjuG
1
6 1
lawenahK
2
71
3
erohaL
1
5 1
ilawnaiM
1
21
1
natluM
2
21
2
idniplawaR
1
6 1
lawihaS
2
11
2
ahdograS
01
kco A
6
raganlawahaB
6
rakkahB
9
lawkahC
5
toinihC
9
nahK
GD
3
dabazfiaH
7
mulheJ
8
gnahJ
6
rusaK
6
bahsuhK
7
hayyaL
4
narhdoL
4
nidduahaB
idnaM
8
hragraffazuM
4
bihaS
anaknaN
4
laworaN
8
arakO
4
nattapkaP
7
nahK
raY
mihaR
6
rupnajaR
9
arupuhkiehS
8
toklaiS
7
hgniS
TT
6
iraheV |
chunk_10_148 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
An analysis by academic level of the Special Education schools depicted in Figure 5.43 reveals that the highest
Female Graduates by District (2021)
number of schools were primary and middle in nature while the number of vocational and higher secondary schools
was observed to be the lowest.
.
Special Education Schools by Level (2021)
Attock
Rawalpindi 106 109
Chakwal Jhelum
Mianwali Gujrat
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Khushab Narowal
Sargodha Hafizabad Gujranwala
41
Sheikhupura
Bhakkar Chiniot
Nankana SahibLahore
Jhang Faisalabad 10 14 12
Kasur 2 4 1 1 3
Layyah
Toba Tek Singh
Okara
Muzaffargarh Sahiwal Degree college High High Secondary Middle Primary Voca onal
Khanewal
Pakpattan
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Vehari
Lodhran Bahawalnagar Source: Special Educa on Department Boys’ Co-Educa on Girls’
Figure 5.43
Rajanpur
Bahawalpur
It is worth noting that 25 out of 36 districts do not have any girls- or boys- only Special Education schools which
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan could mean that several needy students may be left at the margins of the system, especially girls who face cultural
Rahim Yar Khan
No. of Female
pressure against studying in co-educational environments.
127 Up to 100 128
101 - 200
Overall, the highest number of Special Education schools was observed in Lahore (22) whereas the lowest was
201 - 300
observed in Hafizabad which only had 3 schools. The district-wise analysis is depicted in Figure 5.44.
301 - 400
Source: Punjab Voca onal Training Council
> 400
Figure 5.41
Special Educa on Schools by District (2021)
Boys',Girls’ and Co-Ed Schools Only Co-Ed Schools
5.3.1.7 Special Education
The Special Education Department of Punjab is responsible for realising the Government of Punjab's Special Education Schools (2021)
vision for consolidating academic services for persons
with disabilities. The department oversees its schools and institutions for the provision of quality teaching and 14
instructional facilities for PWDs with an aim to enhance 5%
enrolment and increase functional literacy of the
students . The schools under the department currently 273 16
90% 5%
address the needs of persons with hearing, visual,
intellectual and physical disabilities as well as those who
are slow learners. Source:Special Educa on Department Boys’ Co-Educa on Girls’
Source: Special Educa on Department Boys’ Co-Educa on Girls’ Figure 5.44
In 2021, 332 Special Education schools (Figure 5.42) were
operational in Punjab, of which 273 (90%) were co- Figure 5.42
education schools, 16 (5%) were girls' schools and 14 (5%) were boys' schools, respectively.
224 (Special Educa on Department, Government of Punjab, n.d.) 225 (Khan, 2014)
1
01
1
ruplawahaB
1
41
2
dabalasiaF
1
31
1
alawnarjuG
1
6 1
tarjuG
1
6 1
lawenahK
2
71
3
erohaL
1
5 1
ilawnaiM
1
21
1
natluM
2
21
2
idniplawaR
1
6 1
lawihaS
2
11
2
ahdograS
01
kco A
6
raganlawahaB
6
rakkahB
9
lawkahC
5
toinihC
9
nahK
GD
3
dabazfiaH
7
mulheJ
8
gnahJ
6
rusaK
6
bahsuhK
7
hayyaL
4
narhdoL
4
nidduahaB
idnaM
8
hragraffazuM
4
bihaS
anaknaN
4
laworaN
8
arakO
4
nattapkaP
7
nahK
raY
mihaR
6
rupnajaR
9
arupuhkiehS
8
toklaiS
7
hgniS
TT
6
iraheV |
chunk_10_149 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
Enrolment in Special Educa on by Gender & Year
Girls' Special Educa on Schools (2021)
23,390
21,417
.
13,698
Attock 12,377
Rawalpindi
Chakwal Jhelum
2020 2021
Mianwali Gujrat
Source: Special Educa on Department Boys Girls
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Khushab Narowal Figure 5.46
Sargodha Gujranwala
Hafizabad
Bhakkar Chiniot Sheikhupura Figure 5.47 reveals a picture of enrolment in Special Education schools with respect to the type of disability
Nankana SahibLahore addressed at the institute. The highest number of enrolments for both boys and girls were made for hearing-
Faisalabad impaired students; of 20,931 hearing-impaired enrolments, 12,505 (60%) were boys and 8,426 (40%) were girls.
Jhang
Kasur The overall lowest number of enrolment was observed for the physically disabled category; 2,857 students enrolled
Layyah
Toba Tek Singh in 2021 of which 2,057 (22%) were boys and 800 (28%) were girls.
Okara
Muzaffargarh Sahiwal
Khanewal
Pakpattan
Enrolment in Special Educa on by Gender & Type of Disability (2021)
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Vehari
129 130
Bahawalnagar 12,505
Lodhran
8,426
Rajanpur
Bahawalpur 5,036
Rahim Yar Khan 2,065 2,057 1,914 1,878
RaR ha imhi m Ya Y r a Kr h K ah nan 800 1,416 991
No. of Schools
Up to 4
5 - 8
9 - 12
Source: Special Educa on Department Hearing Impairment Intellectual Disability Physical Disability Slow Learners Visual Impairment
13 - 16
>16
Source: Special Educa on Department Boys Girls
Figure 5.45
Figure 5.47
Enrolment in Special Education
From a district-wise standpoint, Lahore had the highest number (1,368) of female enrolment in Special Education in
2021 which correlates to the fact that Lahore also had the most amount of Special Education schools. Rajanpur had
In 2021, enrolments in Special Education increased for both boys and girls from the year before. 37,088 students
the lowest number of female enrolment in Special Education.
enrolled in Special Education in 2021 of which, 23,390 (63%) were boys and 13,698 (37%) were girls. These
statistics are illustrated in Figure 5.46. |
chunk_10_150 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
Enrolment in Special Educa on by Gender & Year
Girls' Special Educa on Schools (2021)
23,390
21,417
.
13,698
Attock 12,377
Rawalpindi
Chakwal Jhelum
2020 2021
Mianwali Gujrat
Source: Special Educa on Department Boys Girls
Mandi Bahauddin Sialkot
Khushab Narowal Figure 5.46
Sargodha Gujranwala
Hafizabad
Bhakkar Chiniot Sheikhupura Figure 5.47 reveals a picture of enrolment in Special Education schools with respect to the type of disability
Nankana SahibLahore addressed at the institute. The highest number of enrolments for both boys and girls were made for hearing-
Faisalabad impaired students; of 20,931 hearing-impaired enrolments, 12,505 (60%) were boys and 8,426 (40%) were girls.
Jhang
Kasur The overall lowest number of enrolment was observed for the physically disabled category; 2,857 students enrolled
Layyah
Toba Tek Singh in 2021 of which 2,057 (22%) were boys and 800 (28%) were girls.
Okara
Muzaffargarh Sahiwal
Khanewal
Pakpattan
Enrolment in Special Educa on by Gender & Type of Disability (2021)
Dera Ghazi Khan Multan
Vehari
129 130
Bahawalnagar 12,505
Lodhran
8,426
Rajanpur
Bahawalpur 5,036
Rahim Yar Khan 2,065 2,057 1,914 1,878
RaR ha imhi m Ya Y r a Kr h K ah nan 800 1,416 991
No. of Schools
Up to 4
5 - 8
9 - 12
Source: Special Educa on Department Hearing Impairment Intellectual Disability Physical Disability Slow Learners Visual Impairment
13 - 16
>16
Source: Special Educa on Department Boys Girls
Figure 5.45
Figure 5.47
Enrolment in Special Education
From a district-wise standpoint, Lahore had the highest number (1,368) of female enrolment in Special Education in
2021 which correlates to the fact that Lahore also had the most amount of Special Education schools. Rajanpur had
In 2021, enrolments in Special Education increased for both boys and girls from the year before. 37,088 students
the lowest number of female enrolment in Special Education.
enrolled in Special Education in 2021 of which, 23,390 (63%) were boys and 13,698 (37%) were girls. These
statistics are illustrated in Figure 5.46. |
chunk_10_151 | PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION PUNJAB GENDER PARITY REPORT 2021 / EDUCATION
Enrolment in Special Educa on by Gender & District (2021) Schools under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund by Level
30
27
20 20
18
17
1 1
2020 2021
Source: Special Educa on Department Boys Girls Higher Secondary Middle
Source: Punjab Workers Welfare Fund
Primary Secondary
Figure 5.48
Figure 5.50
5.3.1.8 Punjab Workers Welfare Board Schools
In 2021, the number of co-education, boys' and girls' schools under the Punjab Workers Welfare Fund all
increased in comparison with the year before. The proportions of increase for all categories were roughly equal. Schools under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund are located in 20 out of 36 districts of Punjab of which only Lahore and
In 2021, 3 co-education schools, 35 boys' schools and 31 girls' schools were operational in Punjab. These statistics Sheikhupura have co-education schools as well. The remaining 18 districts only have segregated schools. The
are illustrated in Figure 5.49. overall highest number of these schools were operating in Gujranwala (9) and the lowest in Layyah where only 1
boys' school was operational in 2021.
131 132
Schools under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund by Year & Gender of Students
Schools under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund by District & Gender of Students (2021)
31
30
35
33
4
4
2
2 3 3 3
2 2 2
2020 2021 5 1 1 1 3
1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
Source: Punjab Workers Welfare Fund 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Boys & Girls Both Boys Girls
Figure 5.49
In terms of academic level, the highest frequency of schools was observed for secondary schools with a total of 30
of those operational in 2021. Alarmingly, only 1 middle school under Punjab Workers Welfare Fund was
functioning in 2020 and no increase in the number of middle schools was observed in 2021; this middle school is
located in DG Khan. Figure 5.50 depicts a clear picture of the change in the number of these schools. Source: Punjab Workers Welfare Fund Co Educa on Boys' Girls'
Figure 5.51
863,1
760,2
erohaL
288
114,1
dabalasiaF
937
810,1
ahdograS
836
811,1
idniplawaR
065
750,1
ruplawahaB
055
410,1
natluM
425
738
arupuhkiehS
615
958
alawnarjuG
684
697
arakO
654
197
kco A
193
396
gnahJ
093
776
iraheV
583
136
nahK
raY
mihaR
563
956
rusaK
833
606
hgniS
TT
133
406
lawenahK
123
446
raganlawahaB
003
205
toklaiS
792
564
tarjuG
592
515
nahK
GD
392
694
lawihaS
572
524
lawkahC
562
945
rakkahB
852
054
narhdoL
052
365
hragraffazuM
832
834
hayyaL
432
463
laworaN
622
533
nidduahaB
idnaM
622
683
bihaS
anaknaN
512
793
bahsuhK
212
623
na apkaP
491
083
mulheJ
981
773
ilawnaiM
081
003
dabazfiaH
761
392
toinihC
441
743
rupnajaR
ruplawahaB nahK
GD
dabalasiaF alawnarjuG tarjuG mulheJ rusaK lawenahK bahsuhK erohaL hayyaL natluM hragraffazuM bihaS
anaknaN
idniplawaR nahK
raY
mihaR
lawihaS ahdograS arupuhkiehS toklaiS |