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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou%20Junji

Hou Junji

Hou Junji (died April 29, 643) was a Chinese general and official who served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Taizong in the Tang dynasty. He is best known for leading the Tang military campaigns against the Gaochang and Tuyuhun kingdoms. In 643, he was implicated in a plot by the crown prince, Li Chengqian, to overthrow Emperor Taizong, and was executed. During Emperor Gaozu's reign Hou Junji's date of birth is unknown. Little is known about his family background other than that he was from Bin Prefecture (豳州, roughly modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). It was said that he was pretentious and always wanted to appear impressive. He favored using the bow and arrow; while he never achieved greatness in archery, he became known for his fighting abilities. At a point early in the reign of Emperor Gaozu, who was then still trying to reunify China after the collapse of the Sui Dynasty, Hou came to serve under Emperor Gaozu's son, the major general Li Shimin the Prince of Qin. While serving under Li Shimin, for his accomplishments, Hou was created the Viscount of Quanjiao. He also became a close associate of Li Shimin, often offering Li his strategies. By 626, Li Shimin was locked in an intense rivalry with his older brother Li Jiancheng, who was the Crown Prince. He feared that Li Jiancheng would kill him. Hou, along with Li Shimin's brother-in-law Zhangsun Wuji, Zhangsun's uncle Gao Shilian, and the general Yuchi Gong, advised Li Shimin to act first and ambush Li Jiancheng and another brother who supported Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji the Prince of Qi. Li Shimin agreed, and in 626 ambushed Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, killing them. During the subsequent battles between Li Shimin's forces and Li Jiancheng's and Li Yuanji's forces, Hou led Li Shimin's forces. Following these battles, Li Shimin effectively forced Emperor Gaozu to make him the crown prince, and then to yield the throne to him (as Emperor Taizong). During Emperor Taizong's reign Late In 626, when Emperor Taizong personally ranked the contributions of the generals and officials in order to grant them fiefs, Emperor Taizong ranked five of them—Hou Junji, Zhangsun Wuji, Fang Xuanling, Du Ruhui, and Yuchi Gong to be contributors of the highest grade, and Hou was created the Duke of Lu. In 630, Emperor Taizong made Hou the minister of defense and gave him the additional designation of Canyi Chaozheng (), making him a de facto chancellor. In 634, Emperor Taizong, sending the senior general Li Jing to command the campaign against Tuyuhun's Busabo Khan Murong Fuyun, made Hou and Li Daozong the Prince of Rencheng Li Jing's assistants on the campaign. By spring 635, Tang forces achieved initial victories, but Tuyuhun forces then burned the grazing grass to cut the food supplies to Tang horses. Most Tang generals wanted to withdraw, but Hou advocated continued advance, and Li Jing agreed, eventually allowing complete victory, as Murong Fuyun was killed by his subordinates, allowing his son Murong Shun, whom Tang supported, to become khan (as Yidou Khan). Around the new year 636, after Murong Shun was assassinated by his subordinates, Emperor Taizong sent Hou with an army to try to secure the throne for Murong Shun's son Murong Nuohebo. In 637, as part of Emperor Taizong's scheme to bestow prefectures on his relatives and great generals and officials as their permanent domains, Hou's title was changed to Duke of Chen, and he was given the post of prefect of Chen Prefecture (陳州, roughly modern Zhoukou, Henan), to be inherited by his heirs. Soon, however, with many objections to the system, the strongest of which came from Zhangsun Wuji, Emperor Taizong cancelled the scheme, although Hou's title remained Duke of Chen. In 638, Tufan's Songtsen Gampo, after hearing that the rulers of Tujue and Tuyuhun were all able to marry Tang princesses, requested to marry one as well, but was rebuffed by Emperor Taizong. In anger, he launched a major attack on Tang, capturing a number of prefectures. Emperor Taizong sent Hou to counterattack, assisted by other generals Zhishi Sili (), Niu Jinda (), and Liu Jian (). Niu was subsequently able to defeat Tufan forces at Song Prefecture (松州, roughly modern Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan), and Songtsen Gampo, in fear, withdrew, but still requested to marry a Tang princess. (This time, Emperor Taizong agreed, sending Princess Wencheng, a daughter of a clansman, to marry Songtsen Gampo.) Around the new year of 640, Qu Wentai (), the king of Gaochang, formed an alliance with Western Tujues who are hostile to Tang. Emperor Taizong sent Hou, assisted by Xue Wanjun (), to attack Gaochang. When Hou arrived at Gaochang, Qu Wentai died of distress and was succeeded by his son Qu Zhisheng (). Rejecting a proposal by some of his generals to ambush the Gaochang nobles when they were burying Qu Wentai (finding that doing so would be immoral), he put Gaochang's capital under siege, forcing Qu Zhisheng to surrender. Emperor Taizong annexed Gaochang territory except for three cities, which Gaochang had seized from Yanqi, and therefore were returned to Yanqi after the king of Yanqi met with Hou to congratulate him), and Hou returned to the Tang capital Chang'an with Qu Zhisheng and his subordinates as captives. Upon Hou's return to Chang'an, however, he found himself in trouble, as it was alleged that Hou had taken for himself treasures from the Gaochang imperial treasury and forced certain Gaochang captives to be his slaves. The other generals, seeing Hou's example, also did likewise, and he was in no position to stop them. Emperor Taizong, when he found out about these events, put Hou and some of his generals under arrest less than 10 days after their return to Chang'an. However, upon the advice of the official Cen Wenben, Emperor Taizong released Hou. Death Hou Junji was resentful that, despite his great achievement, he was put under arrest, albeit briefly. In the spring of 643, when fellow general Zhang Liang was sent out of the capital to serve as the commandant at Luo Prefecture (洛州, roughly modern Luoyang, Henan), Hou tried to provoke Zhang by asking him, "Who squeezed you out?" Zhang, in jest, responded, "Other than you, who can squeeze me out?" Hou responded, "I conquered a kingdom, but I ran into someone throwing a temper tantrum big enough to overturn a house. What strength do I have to squeeze you out?" He then rolled up his sleeves and yelled, "I am so unhappy that I would rather die. Do you want to commit treason? I will commit treason with you!" Zhang secretly reported this exchange to Emperor Taizong, but Emperor Taizong pointed out that this was a private conversation with no corroboration, and took no action on it. In 643, when Emperor Taizong commissioned the Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion to commemorate the 24 great contributors to Tang rule, Hou's was one of portraits commissioned. Around the same time, however, Emperor Taizong's crown prince Li Chengqian was becoming fearful because Emperor Taizong had greatly favored another son, Li Tai the Prince of Wei, and Li Tai was making designs on the crown prince position. Li Chengqian therefore gathered a group of political and military officials around him to consider overthrowing his father, including his uncle Li Yuanchang () the Prince of Han, his cousin Zhao Jie (), and brother-in-law Du He (杜荷, Du Ruhui's son). Hou's son-in-law Helan Chushi (), the commander of Li Chengqian's guards, was also part of the plot, and through Helan, Li Chengqian invited Hou to join the plot as well, as Hou agreed. However, he was deeply disturbed by his own involvement, and he developed insomnia. His wife sensed that something was wrong, and told him, "You, Duke, are an important official of the state, so why are you acting like this? If there is something you are doing wrong, you should report yourself so that your life can be spared." However, Hou did not do so. However, Li Chengqian's plot was betrayed by his guard Gegan Chengji (), and after an investigation ordered by Emperor Taizong and conducted by Zhangsun Wuji, Fang Xuanling, Xiao Yu, Li Shiji, as well as responsible officials from the supreme court and the legislative and examination bureaus of government, Li Chengqian was removed. The other conspirators, including Hou, were sentenced to death. Emperor Taizong initially considered commuting Hou's death sentence because of his accomplishments, but the other officials opposed, and Emperor Taizong stated to Hou, "I have to bid you, Duke, farewell. From now, I can only see your portrait!" Both he and Hou wept. As Hou was about to be beheaded, he stated to the general overseeing the execution, "I, Hou Junji, am not the type to commit treason, but I stumbled many times and reached this point. But as I destroyed two kingdoms as a general, please speak for me to His Imperial Majesty to request that I could have a son remaining to carry on the lineage, on the basis of my accomplishments." Emperor Taizong, when he heard this, pardoned Hou's wife and children but exiled them to the modern Guangdong region, and confiscated his properties. It was said that years earlier, after Emperor Taizong ordered Li Jing to teach Hou strategies, Hou reported to Emperor Taizong, "Li Jing is about to commit treason." When Emperor Taizong asked him why, Hou responded, "Li Jing only teaches me basic principles and does not teach me the best strategies, keeping them for himself." When Emperor Taizong asked Li Jing about this, Li Jing responded, "This is proof that Hou Junji will commit treason. China is secure right now, and the empire is united. What I taught him is sufficient to use against barbarians. If not for treasonous purposes, why would Hou want to learn all of the strategies?" At one point, Li Daozong also spoke to Emperor Taizong, stating, "Hou Junji has too much ambition and too little talent. He overvalued his achievements and found it shameful to be lower in position than Fang Xuanling and Li Jing. Even though he serves as a minister, he finds the position insufficient. I believe one day he will create a disturbance." Emperor Taizong responded, "Hou Junji is very talented and capable of serving in any position. It is not that I am unwilling to give him the highest post; it is just that it is not yet his turn. How can I distrust him and believe that he will commit treason?" After Hou was put to death, Emperor Taizong apologized to Li Daozong. Notes Old Book of Tang, vol. 69. New Book of Tang, vol. 94. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197. 643 deaths Tang dynasty generals from Shaanxi Chancellors under Emperor Taizong of Tang Tuyuhun Politicians from Xianyang Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi Year of birth unknown Executed Tang dynasty people People executed by the Tang dynasty by decapitation Executed people from Shaanxi Transition from Sui to Tang

<mask> (died April 29, 643) was a Chinese general and official who served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Taizong in the Tang dynasty. He is best known for leading the Tang military campaigns against the Gaochang and Tuyuhun kingdoms. In 643, he was implicated in a plot by the crown prince, Li Chengqian, to overthrow Emperor Taizong, and was executed. During Emperor Gaozu's reign <mask>'s date of birth is unknown. Little is known about his family background other than that he was from Bin Prefecture (豳州, roughly modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). It was said that he was pretentious and always wanted to appear impressive. He favored using the bow and arrow; while he never achieved greatness in archery, he became known for his fighting abilities.At a point early in the reign of Emperor Gaozu, who was then still trying to reunify China after the collapse of the Sui Dynasty, Hou came to serve under Emperor Gaozu's son, the major general Li Shimin the Prince of Qin. While serving under Li Shimin, for his accomplishments, Hou was created the Viscount of Quanjiao. He also became a close associate of Li Shimin, often offering Li his strategies. By 626, Li Shimin was locked in an intense rivalry with his older brother Li Jiancheng, who was the Crown Prince. He feared that Li Jiancheng would kill him. <mask>, along with Li Shimin's brother-in-law Zhangsun Wuji, Zhangsun's uncle Gao Shilian, and the general Yuchi Gong, advised Li Shimin to act first and ambush Li Jiancheng and another brother who supported Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji the Prince of Qi. Li Shimin agreed, and in 626 ambushed Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, killing them.During the subsequent battles between Li Shimin's forces and Li Jiancheng's and Li Yuanji's forces, <mask> led Li Shimin's forces. Following these battles, Li Shimin effectively forced Emperor Gaozu to make him the crown prince, and then to yield the throne to him (as Emperor Taizong). During Emperor Taizong's reign Late In 626, when Emperor Taizong personally ranked the contributions of the generals and officials in order to grant them fiefs, Emperor Taizong ranked five of them—<mask> <mask>, Zhangsun Wuji, Fang Xuanling, Du Ruhui, and Yuchi Gong to be contributors of the highest grade, and Hou was created the Duke of Lu. In 630, Emperor Taizong made Hou the minister of defense and gave him the additional designation of Canyi Chaozheng (), making him a de facto chancellor. In 634, Emperor Taizong, sending the senior general Li Jing to command the campaign against Tuyuhun's Busabo Khan Murong Fuyun, made Hou and Li Daozong the Prince of Rencheng Li Jing's assistants on the campaign. By spring 635, Tang forces achieved initial victories, but Tuyuhun forces then burned the grazing grass to cut the food supplies to Tang horses. Most Tang generals wanted to withdraw, but Hou advocated continued advance, and Li Jing agreed, eventually allowing complete victory, as Murong Fuyun was killed by his subordinates, allowing his son Murong Shun, whom Tang supported, to become khan (as Yidou Khan).Around the new year 636, after Murong Shun was assassinated by his subordinates, Emperor Taizong sent Hou with an army to try to secure the throne for Murong Shun's son Murong Nuohebo. In 637, as part of Emperor Taizong's scheme to bestow prefectures on his relatives and great generals and officials as their permanent domains, Hou's title was changed to Duke of Chen, and he was given the post of prefect of Chen Prefecture (陳州, roughly modern Zhoukou, Henan), to be inherited by his heirs. Soon, however, with many objections to the system, the strongest of which came from Zhangsun Wuji, Emperor Taizong cancelled the scheme, although Hou's title remained Duke of Chen. In 638, Tufan's Songtsen Gampo, after hearing that the rulers of Tujue and Tuyuhun were all able to marry Tang princesses, requested to marry one as well, but was rebuffed by Emperor Taizong. In anger, he launched a major attack on Tang, capturing a number of prefectures. Emperor Taizong sent Hou to counterattack, assisted by other generals Zhishi Sili (), Niu Jinda (), and Liu Jian (). Niu was subsequently able to defeat Tufan forces at Song Prefecture (松州, roughly modern Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan), and Songtsen Gampo, in fear, withdrew, but still requested to marry a Tang princess.(This time, Emperor Taizong agreed, sending Princess Wencheng, a daughter of a clansman, to marry Songtsen Gampo.) Around the new year of 640, Qu Wentai (), the king of Gaochang, formed an alliance with Western Tujues who are hostile to Tang. Emperor Taizong sent Hou, assisted by Xue Wanjun (), to attack Gaochang. When Hou arrived at Gaochang, Qu Wentai died of distress and was succeeded by his son Qu Zhisheng (). Rejecting a proposal by some of his generals to ambush the Gaochang nobles when they were burying Qu Wentai (finding that doing so would be immoral), he put Gaochang's capital under siege, forcing Qu Zhisheng to surrender. Emperor Taizong annexed Gaochang territory except for three cities, which Gaochang had seized from Yanqi, and therefore were returned to Yanqi after the king of Yanqi met with Hou to congratulate him), and <mask> Zhisheng and his subordinates as captives. Upon Hou's return to Chang'an, however, he found himself in trouble, as it was alleged that Hou had taken for himself treasures from the Gaochang imperial treasury and forced certain Gaochang captives to be his slaves.The other generals, seeing Hou's example, also did likewise, and he was in no position to stop them. Emperor Taizong, when he found out about these events, put Hou and some of his generals under arrest less than 10 days after their return to Chang'an. However, upon the advice of the official Cen Wenben, Emperor Taizong released Hou. Death Hou Junji was resentful that, despite his great achievement, he was put under arrest, albeit briefly. In the spring of 643, when fellow general Zhang Liang was sent out of the capital to serve as the commandant at Luo Prefecture (洛州, roughly modern Luoyang, Henan), Hou tried to provoke Zhang by asking him, "Who squeezed you out?" Zhang, in jest, responded, "Other than you, who can squeeze me out?" Hou responded, "I conquered a kingdom, but I ran into someone throwing a temper tantrum big enough to overturn a house.What strength do I have to squeeze you out?" He then rolled up his sleeves and yelled, "I am so unhappy that I would rather die. Do you want to commit treason? I will commit treason with you!" Zhang secretly reported this exchange to Emperor Taizong, but Emperor Taizong pointed out that this was a private conversation with no corroboration, and took no action on it. In 643, when Emperor Taizong commissioned the Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion to commemorate the 24 great contributors to Tang rule, Hou's was one of portraits commissioned. Around the same time, however, Emperor Taizong's crown prince Li Chengqian was becoming fearful because Emperor Taizong had greatly favored another son, Li Tai the Prince of Wei, and Li Tai was making designs on the crown prince position.Li Chengqian therefore gathered a group of political and military officials around him to consider overthrowing his father, including his uncle Li Yuanchang () the Prince of Han, his cousin Zhao Jie (), and brother-in-law Du He (杜荷, Du Ruhui's son). Hou's son-in-law Helan Chushi (), the commander of Li Chengqian's guards, was also part of the plot, and through Helan, Li Chengqian invited <mask> to join the plot as well, as Hou agreed. However, he was deeply disturbed by his own involvement, and he developed insomnia. His wife sensed that something was wrong, and told him, "You, Duke, are an important official of the state, so why are you acting like this? If there is something you are doing wrong, you should report yourself so that your life can be spared." However, Hou did not do so. However, Li Chengqian's plot was betrayed by his guard Gegan Chengji (), and after an investigation ordered by Emperor Taizong and conducted by Zhangsun Wuji, Fang Xuanling, Xiao Yu, Li Shiji, as well as responsible officials from the supreme court and the legislative and examination bureaus of government, Li Chengqian was removed.The other conspirators, including Hou, were sentenced to death. Emperor Taizong initially considered commuting Hou's death sentence because of his accomplishments, but the other officials opposed, and Emperor Taizong stated to Hou, "I have to bid you, Duke, farewell. From now, I can only see your portrait!" Both he and Hou wept. As Hou was about to be beheaded, he stated to the general overseeing the execution, "I, Hou Junji, am not the type to commit treason, but I stumbled many times and reached this point. But as I destroyed two kingdoms as a general, please speak for me to His Imperial Majesty to request that I could have a son remaining to carry on the lineage, on the basis of my accomplishments." Emperor Taizong, when he heard this, pardoned Hou's wife and children but exiled them to the modern Guangdong region, and confiscated his properties.It was said that years earlier, after Emperor Taizong ordered Li Jing to teach Hou strategies, Hou reported to Emperor Taizong, "Li Jing is about to commit treason." When Emperor Taizong asked him why, Hou responded, "Li Jing only teaches me basic principles and does not teach me the best strategies, keeping them for himself." When Emperor Taizong asked Li Jing about this, Li Jing responded, "This is proof that Hou Junji will commit treason. China is secure right now, and the empire is united. What I taught him is sufficient to use against barbarians. If not for treasonous purposes, why would Hou want to learn all of the strategies?" At one point, Li Daozong also spoke to Emperor Taizong, stating, "Hou Junji has too much ambition and too little talent.He overvalued his achievements and found it shameful to be lower in position than Fang Xuanling and Li Jing. Even though he serves as a minister, he finds the position insufficient. I believe one day he will create a disturbance." Emperor Taizong responded, "Hou Junji is very talented and capable of serving in any position. It is not that I am unwilling to give him the highest post; it is just that it is not yet his turn. How can I distrust him and believe that he will commit treason?" After Hou was put to death, Emperor Taizong apologized to Li Daozong.Notes Old Book of Tang, vol. 69. New Book of Tang, vol. 94. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197. 643 deaths Tang dynasty generals from Shaanxi Chancellors under Emperor Taizong of Tang Tuyuhun Politicians from Xianyang Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi Year of birth unknown Executed Tang dynasty people People executed by the Tang dynasty by decapitation Executed people from Shaanxi Transition from Sui to Tang

<mask> was a Chinese general and official who served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Taizong. He led the Tang military campaigns against the Tuyuhun kingdoms. He was executed for his involvement in a plot by the crown prince to overthrow Emperor Taizong. <mask>'s date of birth is not known. He was from Bin Prefecture, but little is known about his family background. He wanted to appear impressive and was said to be pretentious. He was known for his fighting abilities, even though he never achieved greatness in archery.After the collapse of the Sui Dynasty, Hou came to serve under the Prince of Qin, who was the son of Emperor Gaozu. Hou was created the Viscount of Quanjiao because of his accomplishments. He offered Li his strategies and became a close associate of Li. The Crown Prince was locked in an intense rivalry with his brother Li Shimin. He was afraid that Li would kill him. Hou, along with Li Shimin's brother-in-law, his brother-in-law's uncle, and the general Yuchi Gong, advised Li Shimin to ambush Li Jiancheng and another brother. In 626, Li Shimin killed Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji.Hou was the leader of Li Shimin's forces during the battles with Li Jiancheng's and Li Yuanji's forces. Li Shimin forced Emperor Gaozu to make him the crown prince and then to give the throne to him. When Emperor Taizong ruled Late In 626, he ranked the contributions of the generals and officials in order to grant them fiefs. In 630, Emperor Taizong made Hou the minister of defense and gave him an additional designation. <mask> and Li Daozong were made to work on the campaign by Emperor Taizong. Tuyuhun forces cut the food supplies to Tang horses after they achieved initial victories. Most Tang generals wanted to withdraw, but Hou advocated continued advance, and Li Jing agreed, eventually allowing complete victory, as Murong Fuyun was killed by his subordinates, allowing his son to become khan.Hou was sent by Emperor Taizong to try to get the throne for Murong Nuohebo after his father was killed. As part of Emperor Taizong's scheme to give prefectures on his relatives and great generals and officials as their permanent domain, Hou's title was changed to Duke of Chen, and he was given the post of prefect of Chen Prefecture. Although Hou's title remained Duke of Chen, Emperor Taizong canceled the scheme after many objections. After hearing that the rulers of Tujue and Tuyuhun were able to marry Tang princesses, Tufan's Songtsen Gampo requested to marry one of them, but was turned down by Emperor Taizong. He launched a major attack on Tang, capturing a number of prefectures. Hou was sent to attack by Emperor Taizong, assisted by other generals. Niu was able to defeat Tufan forces at Song Prefecture, but still wanted to marry a Tang princess.A daughter of a clansman was sent by Emperor Taizong to marry Songtsen Gampo. Qu Wentai formed an alliance with Western Tujues who were hostile to Tang. Hou was sent by Taizong to attack Gaochang. Qu Wentai died of distress when Hou arrived at Gaochang. He put Gaochang's capital under siege after rejecting a proposal by some of his generals to ambush the nobles when they were burying Qu Wentai. After the king of Yanqi met with Hou to congratulate him, Hou returned to the Tang capital Chang'an. Hou found himself in trouble after he returned to Chang'an, as it was claimed that he had taken treasures from the Gaochang imperial treasury and forced some captives to be his slaves.The other generals saw Hou's example and did the same. <mask> and some of his generals were put under arrest less than a week after they returned to Chang'an. The emperor released Hou after the advice of the official. Death Hou Junji was not happy that he was put under arrest. Hou tried to provokeZhang when he was sent out of the capital to serve as the commandant at Luo Prefecture. "Other than you, who can squeeze me out?" asked Zhang. Hou said, "I conquered a kingdom, but I ran into someone throwing a temper tantrum big enough to overturn a house."What strength do I need to get you out? He yelled, "I am so unhappy that I would rather die," as he rolled up his sleeves. Are you going to commit treason? I'm going to commit treason with you! Emperor Taizong pointed out that this was a private conversation with no corroboration, and took no action on it. Hou's portrait was one of the portraits that Emperor Taizong commissioned to commemorate the 24 great contributors to Tang rule. The crown prince of Taizong, Li Chengqian, was becoming fearful because Emperor Taizong had favored another son, Li Tai the Prince of Wei, and Li Tai was making designs on the crown prince position.Li Chengqian gathered a group of political and military officials around him to consider overthrowing his father. The commander of Li Chengqian's guards, Helan ChuShi, was also part of the plot, and Hou agreed to join it as well. He developed insomnia because he was deeply disturbed by his own involvement. Duke was told by his wife that he was acting like an important official of the state. If there is something wrong with you, you should report it. Hou did not do that. Li Chengqian's plot was betrayed by his guard Gegan Chengji, after an investigation ordered by Emperor Taizong, as well as responsible officials from the supreme court.Hou was sentenced to death. Emperor Taizong initially considered commuting Hou's death sentence because of his accomplishments, but the other officials opposed, and he said to Hou, "I have to bid you, Duke, farewell." I will only be able to see your portrait now. He and Hou cried. As Hou was about to be beheaded, he stated to the general overseeing the execution, "I, Hou Junji, am not the type to commit treason, but I stumbled many times and reached this point." As I destroyed two kingdoms as a general, please speak for me to His Imperial Majesty to request that I have a son remaining to carry on the lineage, on the basis of my accomplishments. Hou's wife and children were exiled to the modern Guangdong region after Emperor Taizong pardoned them.Hou reported to Emperor Taizong that Li Jing was about to commit treason after he was ordered to teach Hou strategies. Hou told Emperor Taizong that Li Jing only teaches basic principles and doesn't teach him the best strategies. Li Jing said that this was proof that <mask> Junji would commit treason. The empire is united and China is secure. I taught him how to fight barbarians. Why would Hou want to learn all of the strategies? Li Daozong told Emperor <mask> Junji has too much ambition and too little talent.He found it shameful to be lower in position than the other two. He finds the position insufficient even though he serves as a minister. I think he will create a commotion one day. <mask> Junji is capable of serving in any position, according to Emperor Taizong. It's not that I'm unwilling to give him the highest post, it's just that it's not yet his turn. How can I believe that he will commit treason? Emperor Taizong apologized to Li Daozong after Hou was put to death.There is an old book of Tang. 69. The new book is called Tang. 95. There are three vols. 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 343 deaths Tang dynasty generals from Shaanxi Chancellors under Emperor Taizong of Tang Tuyuhun were executed.

144043

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Liddell

Alice Liddell

Alice Pleasance Hargreaves (née Liddell, ; 4 May 1852 – 16 November 1934), was, in her childhood, an acquaintance and photography subject of Lewis Carroll. One of the stories he told her during a boating trip became the children's classic 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. She shared her name with "Alice", the heroine of the story, but scholars disagree about the extent to which the character was based upon her. Early life Alice Liddell was the fourth of the ten children of Henry Liddell, ecclesiastical dean of Christ Church, Oxford, one of the editors of A Greek-English Lexicon, and his wife Lorina Hanna Liddell (née Reeve). She had two older brothers, Harry (born 1847) and Arthur (1850–53), an older sister Lorina (born 1849), and six younger siblings, including her sister Edith (born 1854) to whom she was very close and her brother Frederick (born 1865), who became a lawyer and senior civil servant. At the time of her birth, Liddell's father was the Headmaster of Westminster School but was soon after appointed to the deanery of Christ Church, Oxford. The Liddell family moved to Oxford in 1856. Soon after this move, Alice met Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), who encountered the family while he was photographing the cathedral on 25 April 1856. He became a close friend of the Liddell family in subsequent years. Alice was three years younger than Lorina and two years older than Edith, and the three sisters were constant childhood companions. She and her family regularly spent holidays at their holiday home Penmorfa, which later became the Gogarth Abbey Hotel, on the West Shore of Llandudno in North Wales. When Alice Liddell was a young woman, she set out on a grand tour of Europe with Lorina and Edith. One story has it that she became a romantic interest of Prince Leopold, the youngest son of Queen Victoria, during the four years he spent at Christ Church, but the evidence for this is sparse. It is true that years later, Leopold named his first child Alice, and acted as godfather to Alice's second son Leopold. However, it is possible Alice was named in honour of Leopold's deceased elder sister instead, the Grand Duchess of Hesse. A recent biographer of Leopold suggests it is far more likely that Alice's sister Edith was the true recipient of Leopold's attention. Edith died on 26 June 1876, possibly of measles or peritonitis (accounts differ), shortly before she was to be married to Aubrey Harcourt, a cricket player. At her funeral on 30 June 1876, Prince Leopold served as a pall-bearer. Later life Alice Liddell married Reginald Hargreaves, also a cricketer, on 15 September 1880, at the age of 28 in Westminster Abbey. They had three sons: Alan Knyveton Hargreaves and Leopold Reginald "Rex" Hargreaves (both were killed in action in World War I); and Caryl Liddell Hargreaves, who survived to have a daughter of his own. Liddell denied that the name 'Caryl' was in any way associated with Charles Dodgson's pseudonym. Reginald Hargreaves inherited a considerable fortune, and was a local magistrate; he also played cricket for Hampshire. Alice became a noted society hostess and was the first president of Emery Down Women's Institute. She took to referring to herself as "Lady Hargreaves", but there was no basis for such a title. After her husband's death in 1926, the cost of maintaining their home, Cuffnells, was such that she deemed it necessary to sell her copy of Alice's Adventures under Ground (Lewis Carroll's earlier title for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland). The manuscript fetched £15,400 (), nearly four times the reserve price given to it by Sotheby's auction house. It later became the possession of Eldridge R. Johnson and was displayed at Columbia University on the centennial of Carroll's birth. Alice was present, aged 80, and it was on this visit to the United States that she met Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the brothers who inspired J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. Upon Johnson's death, the book was purchased by a consortium of American bibliophiles and presented to the British people "in recognition of Britain's courage in facing Hitler". The manuscript is held by the British Library. For most of her life, Alice lived in and around Lyndhurst in the New Forest, in the county of Hampshire. Death After her death in 1934, her body was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, with her ashes being buried in the graveyard of the church of St Michael and All Angels in Lyndhurst. A memorial plaque, naming her "Mrs. Reginald Hargreaves" can be seen in the picture in the monograph. Alice's mirror can be found on display at the New Forest Heritage Centre, Lyndhurst, a free museum sharing the history of the New Forest. Origin of Alice in Wonderland On 4 July 1862, in a rowing boat travelling on the Isis from Folly Bridge, Oxford, to Godstow for a picnic outing, 10-year-old Alice asked Charles Dodgson (who wrote under the pen name Lewis Carroll) to entertain her and her sisters, Edith (aged 8) and Lorina (13), with a story. As the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed the boat, Dodgson regaled the girls with fantastic stories of a girl, named Alice, and her adventures after she fell into a rabbit-hole. The story was not unlike those Dodgson had spun for the sisters before, but this time Liddell asked Mr. Dodgson to write it down for her. He promised to do so but did not get around to the task for some months. He eventually presented her with the manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864. In the meantime, Dodgson had decided to rewrite the story as a possible commercial venture. Probably with a view to canvassing his opinion, Dodgson sent the manuscript of Under Ground to a friend, the author George MacDonald, in the spring of 1863. The MacDonald children read the story and loved it, and this response probably persuaded Dodgson to seek a publisher. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, with illustrations by John Tenniel, was published in 1865, under the name Lewis Carroll. A second book about the character Alice, Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, followed in 1871. In 1886, a facsimile of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, the original manuscript that Dodgson had given Liddell, was published. Relationship with Lewis Carroll The relationship between Liddell and Dodgson has been the source of much controversy. Dodgson met the Liddell family in 1855; he first befriended Harry, the older brother, and later took both Harry and Ina on several boating trips and picnics to the scenic areas around Oxford. Later, when Harry went to school, Alice and her younger sister Edith joined the party. Dodgson entertained the children by telling them fantastic stories to while away the time. He also used them as subjects for his hobby, photography. It has often been stated that Alice was clearly his favourite subject in these years, but there is very little evidence to suggest that this is so; Dodgson's diaries from 18 April 1858 to 8 May 1862 are missing. "Cut pages in diary" The relationship between the Liddells and Dodgson suffered a sudden break in June 1863. There was no record of why the rift occurred, since the Liddells never openly spoke of it, and the single page in Dodgson's diary recording 27–29 June 1863 (which seems to cover the period in which it began) was missing; it has been speculated by biographers such as Morton N. Cohen that Dodgson may have wanted to marry the 11-year-old Alice Liddell, and that this was the cause of the unexplained break with the family in June 1863. Alice Liddell's biographer, Anne Clark, writes that Alice's descendants were under the impression that Dodgson wanted to marry her, but that "Alice's parents expected a much better match for her." Clark argues that in Victorian England such arrangements were not as improbable as they might seem; John Ruskin, for example, fell in love with a 12-year-old girl while Dodgson's younger brother sought to marry a 14-year-old, but postponed the wedding for six years. In 1996, Karoline Leach found what became known as the "Cut pages in diary" document—a note allegedly written by Charles Dodgson's niece, Violet Dodgson, summarising the missing page from 27–29 June 1863, apparently written before she (or her sister Menella) removed the page. The note reads: "L.C. learns from Mrs. Liddell that he is supposed to be using the children as a means of paying court to the governess—he is also supposed by some to be courting Ina" This might imply that the break between Dodgson and the Liddell family was caused by concern over alleged gossip linking Dodgson to the family governess and to "Ina" (Alice's older sister, Lorina). In her biography, The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, Jenny Woolf suggests that the problem was caused by Lorina becoming too attached to Dodgson and not the other way around. Woolf then uses this theory to explain why "Menella [would] remove the page itself, yet keep a note of what was on it." The note, she submits, is a "censored version" of what really happened, intended to prevent Lorina from being offended or humiliated at having her feelings for Dodgson made public. It is uncertain who wrote the note. Leach has said that the handwriting on the front of the document most closely resembles that of either Menella or Violet Dodgson, Dodgson's nieces. However, Morton N. Cohen in an article published in the Times Literary Supplement in 2003 said that in the 1960s, Dodgson's great-nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques told him that Jacques had written the note himself based on conversations he remembered with Dodgson's nieces. Cohen's article offered no evidence to support this, however, and known samples of Jacques' handwriting do not seem to resemble the writing of the note. After this incident, Dodgson avoided the Liddell home for six months but eventually returned for a visit in December 1863. However, the former closeness does not seem to have been re-established, and the friendship gradually faded away, possibly because Dodgson was in opposition to Dean Liddell over college politics. Comparison with fictional Alice The extent to which Dodgson's Alice may be or could be identified with Liddell is controversial. The two Alices are clearly not identical, and though it was long assumed that the fictional Alice was based very heavily on Liddell, recent research has contradicted this assumption. Dodgson himself claimed in later years that his Alice was entirely imaginary and not based upon any real child at all. There was a rumour that Dodgson sent Tenniel a photo of one of his other child-friends, Mary Hilton Badcock, suggesting that he used her as a model, but attempts to find documentary support for this theory have proved fruitless. Dodgson's own drawings of the character in the original manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground show little resemblance to Liddell. Biographer Anne Clark suggests that Dodgson might have used Edith Liddell as a model for his drawings. There are at least four direct links to Liddell in the two books. First, he set them on 4 May (Liddell's birthday) and 4 November (her "half-birthday"), and in Through the Looking-Glass the fictional Alice declares that her age is "seven and a half exactly", the same as Liddell on that date. Second, he dedicated them "to Alice Pleasance Liddell". Third, in the first book, the Dormouse tells a story which begins, "Once upon a time there were three little sisters... and their names were Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie." The name Liddell was pronounced with the accent on the first syllable and would sound like "little" as spoken with the "T" sound softened. Also the name "Lacie" is an anagram of "Alice", whilst 'Elsie' refers to Lorina, whose second name was Charlotte, giving her the initials L.C. 'Tillie' refers to Edith's family nickname of 'Matilda'. Fourth, there is an acrostic poem at the end of Through the Looking-Glass. Reading downward, taking the first letter of each line, spells out Liddell's full name. The poem has no title in Through the Looking-Glass, but is usually referred to by its first line, "A Boat Beneath a Sunny Sky". A boat beneath a sunny sky, Lingering onward dreamily In an evening of July— Children three that nestle near, Eager eye and willing ear, Pleased a simple tale to hear— Long has paled that sunny sky: Echoes fade and memories die. Autumn frosts have slain July. Still she haunts me, phantomwise, Alice moving under skies Never seen by waking eyes. Children yet, the tale to hear, Eager eye and willing ear, Lovingly shall nestle near. In a Wonderland they lie, Dreaming as the days go by, Dreaming as the summers die: Ever drifting down the stream— Lingering in the golden gleam— Life, what is it but a dream? In addition, all of those who participated in the Thames boating expedition where the story was originally told (Carroll, Duckworth and the three Liddell sisters) appear in the chapter "A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale" – but only if Alice Liddell is represented by Alice herself. Alice Liddell in other works Several later writers have written fictional accounts of Liddell: Liddell is the main character of Melanie Benjamin's novel Alice I Have Been, a fictional account of Alice's life from childhood through old age, focusing on her relationship with Lewis Carroll and the impact that Alice's Adventures Under Ground had on her. She is one of the main characters of the Riverworld series of books by Philip José Farmer. She plays a small but critical role in Lewis Padgett's short story "Mimsy Were the Borogoves". Katie Roiphe has written a fictional (claimed to be based on fact) account of the relationship between Alice and Carroll, titled Still She Haunts Me. The 1985 film Dreamchild deals with her trip to America for the Columbia University presentation described above; through a series of flashbacks, it promotes the popular assumption that Dodgson was romantically attracted to Alice. Frank Beddor wrote The Looking Glass Wars, which reimagines the Alice in Wonderland story and includes real-life characters such as the Liddells and Prince Leopold. The 1863 incident features in Marshall N Klimasewiski's 2006 novel, The Cottagers, in which two characters are engaged in varying degrees on biographical projects about Dodgson. Liddell and Dodgson are used as protagonists in Bryan Talbot's 2007 graphic novel Alice in Sunderland to relay the history and myths of the area. The 2008 opera by Alan John and Andrew Upton Through the Looking Glass covers both the fictional Alice and Liddell. Peter and Alice, John Logan's play in 2013, features the encounter of Alice Liddell Hargreaves and Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the boys who inspired the Peter Pan character. In Colin Greenland's science fiction novel Take Back Plenty, a central role is played by spaceship called Alice Liddell. The spaceship has a sentient persona which is the best friend of the protagonist, space pilot Tabitha Jute. Alice the ship always asks Tabitha to tell her stories. The Looking Glass House (2015), a novel written by Liddell's great-granddaughter Vanessa Tait, tells the story of her relationship with Dodgson through the eyes of her governess Miss Prickett. In the television show Warehouse 13, Alice Liddell is a character whose spirit is trapped in Lewis Caroll's mirror and causes trouble by possessing people. She is portrayed as a homicidal maniac that killed many people (including her own mother which led to her madness) before being trapped in the mirror. Her back story is revealed in the episode Fractures. The stage-play adaptation of Through the Looking-Glass by Jim Geisel (Eldridge Publishing Company, 1990) is narrated by the character of the historical Alice Liddell. The videogame American McGee's Alice features a version of Alice with brown hair, like the historical Liddell. The likeness is confirmed in the sequel, Alice: Madness Returns, where Alice's surname, Lidell , is revealed. References Literature Gardner, Martin (1965). Introduction to Alice's Adventures under Ground by Lewis Carroll. Dover Publications. . Gardner, Martin (ed.) (2000). The Annotated Alice (The Definitive Edition). Allen Lane The Penguin Press. . Official website 1852 births 1934 deaths 19th-century English people 20th-century English people 19th-century English women 20th-century English women English artists' models Women of the Victorian era English children Burials in Hampshire People from Westminster Muses Lewis Carroll Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Liddell family

<mask> (née <mask>, ; 4 May 1852 – 16 November 1934), was, in her childhood, an acquaintance and photography subject of Lewis Carroll. One of the stories he told her during a boating trip became the children's classic 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. She shared her name with "<mask>", the heroine of the story, but scholars disagree about the extent to which the character was based upon her. Early life <mask> was the fourth of the ten children of <mask>, ecclesiastical dean of Christ Church, Oxford, one of the editors of A Greek-English Lexicon, and his wife <mask> (née Reeve). She had two older brothers, Harry (born 1847) and Arthur (1850–53), an older sister Lorina (born 1849), and six younger siblings, including her sister Edith (born 1854) to whom she was very close and her brother Frederick (born 1865), who became a lawyer and senior civil servant. At the time of her birth, Liddell's father was the Headmaster of Westminster School but was soon after appointed to the deanery of Christ Church, Oxford. The Liddell family moved to Oxford in 1856.Soon after this move, <mask> met Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), who encountered the family while he was photographing the cathedral on 25 April 1856. He became a close friend of the Liddell family in subsequent years. <mask> was three years younger than Lorina and two years older than Edith, and the three sisters were constant childhood companions. She and her family regularly spent holidays at their holiday home Penmorfa, which later became the Gogarth Abbey Hotel, on the West Shore of Llandudno in North Wales. When <mask> was a young woman, she set out on a grand tour of Europe with Lorina and Edith. One story has it that she became a romantic interest of Prince Leopold, the youngest son of Queen Victoria, during the four years he spent at Christ Church, but the evidence for this is sparse. It is true that years later, Leopold named his first child <mask>, and acted as godfather to <mask>'s second son Leopold.However, it is possible <mask> was named in honour of Leopold's deceased elder sister instead, the Grand Duchess of Hesse. A recent biographer of Leopold suggests it is far more likely that <mask>'s sister Edith was the true recipient of Leopold's attention. Edith died on 26 June 1876, possibly of measles or peritonitis (accounts differ), shortly before she was to be married to Aubrey Harcourt, a cricket player. At her funeral on 30 June 1876, Prince Leopold served as a pall-bearer. Later life <mask> married Reginald Hargreaves, also a cricketer, on 15 September 1880, at the age of 28 in Westminster Abbey. They had three sons: Alan Knyveton Hargreaves and Leopold Reginald "Rex" Hargreaves (both were killed in action in World War I); and Caryl <mask> Hargreaves, who survived to have a daughter of his own. Liddell denied that the name 'Caryl' was in any way associated with Charles Dodgson's pseudonym.Reginald Hargreaves inherited a considerable fortune, and was a local magistrate; he also played cricket for Hampshire. <mask> became a noted society hostess and was the first president of Emery Down Women's Institute. She took to referring to herself as "Lady Hargreaves", but there was no basis for such a title. After her husband's death in 1926, the cost of maintaining their home, Cuffnells, was such that she deemed it necessary to sell her copy of Alice's Adventures under Ground (Lewis Carroll's earlier title for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland). The manuscript fetched £15,400 (), nearly four times the reserve price given to it by Sotheby's auction house. It later became the possession of Eldridge R. Johnson and was displayed at Columbia University on the centennial of Carroll's birth. <mask> was present, aged 80, and it was on this visit to the United States that she met Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the brothers who inspired J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan.Upon Johnson's death, the book was purchased by a consortium of American bibliophiles and presented to the British people "in recognition of Britain's courage in facing Hitler". The manuscript is held by the British Library. For most of her life, <mask> lived in and around Lyndhurst in the New Forest, in the county of Hampshire. Death After her death in 1934, her body was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, with her ashes being buried in the graveyard of the church of St Michael and All Angels in Lyndhurst. A memorial plaque, naming her "Mrs. Reginald Hargreaves" can be seen in the picture in the monograph. <mask>'s mirror can be found on display at the New Forest Heritage Centre, Lyndhurst, a free museum sharing the history of the New Forest. Origin of Alice in Wonderland On 4 July 1862, in a rowing boat travelling on the Isis from Folly Bridge, Oxford, to Godstow for a picnic outing, 10-year-old <mask> asked Charles Dodgson (who wrote under the pen name Lewis Carroll) to entertain her and her sisters, Edith (aged 8) and Lorina (13), with a story.As the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed the boat, Dodgson regaled the girls with fantastic stories of a girl, named <mask>, and her adventures after she fell into a rabbit-hole. The story was not unlike those Dodgson had spun for the sisters before, but this time Liddell asked Mr. Dodgson to write it down for her. He promised to do so but did not get around to the task for some months. He eventually presented her with the manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864. In the meantime, Dodgson had decided to rewrite the story as a possible commercial venture. Probably with a view to canvassing his opinion, Dodgson sent the manuscript of Under Ground to a friend, the author George MacDonald, in the spring of 1863. The MacDonald children read the story and loved it, and this response probably persuaded Dodgson to seek a publisher.Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, with illustrations by John Tenniel, was published in 1865, under the name Lewis Carroll. A second book about the character <mask>, Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, followed in 1871. In 1886, a facsimile of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, the original manuscript that Dodgson had given <mask>, was published. Relationship with Lewis Carroll The relationship between <mask> and Dodgson has been the source of much controversy. Dodgson met the <mask> family in 1855; he first befriended Harry, the older brother, and later took both Harry and Ina on several boating trips and picnics to the scenic areas around Oxford. Later, when Harry went to school, <mask> and her younger sister Edith joined the party. Dodgson entertained the children by telling them fantastic stories to while away the time.He also used them as subjects for his hobby, photography. It has often been stated that <mask> was clearly his favourite subject in these years, but there is very little evidence to suggest that this is so; Dodgson's diaries from 18 April 1858 to 8 May 1862 are missing. "Cut pages in diary" The relationship between the Liddells and Dodgson suffered a sudden break in June 1863. There was no record of why the rift occurred, since the Liddells never openly spoke of it, and the single page in Dodgson's diary recording 27–29 June 1863 (which seems to cover the period in which it began) was missing; it has been speculated by biographers such as Morton N. Cohen that Dodgson may have wanted to marry the 11-year-old <mask>, and that this was the cause of the unexplained break with the family in June 1863. <mask>'s biographer, Anne Clark, writes that <mask>'s descendants were under the impression that Dodgson wanted to marry her, but that "<mask>'s parents expected a much better match for her." Clark argues that in Victorian England such arrangements were not as improbable as they might seem; John Ruskin, for example, fell in love with a 12-year-old girl while Dodgson's younger brother sought to marry a 14-year-old, but postponed the wedding for six years. In 1996, Karoline Leach found what became known as the "Cut pages in diary" document—a note allegedly written by Charles Dodgson's niece, Violet Dodgson, summarising the missing page from 27–29 June 1863, apparently written before she (or her sister Menella) removed the page.The note reads: "L.C. learns from Mrs. <mask> that he is supposed to be using the children as a means of paying court to the governess—he is also supposed by some to be courting Ina" This might imply that the break between Dodgson and the <mask> family was caused by concern over alleged gossip linking Dodgson to the family governess and to "Ina" (<mask>'s older sister, Lorina). In her biography, The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, Jenny Woolf suggests that the problem was caused by Lorina becoming too attached to Dodgson and not the other way around. Woolf then uses this theory to explain why "Menella [would] remove the page itself, yet keep a note of what was on it." The note, she submits, is a "censored version" of what really happened, intended to prevent Lorina from being offended or humiliated at having her feelings for Dodgson made public. It is uncertain who wrote the note. Leach has said that the handwriting on the front of the document most closely resembles that of either Menella or Violet Dodgson, Dodgson's nieces.However, Morton N. Cohen in an article published in the Times Literary Supplement in 2003 said that in the 1960s, Dodgson's great-nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques told him that Jacques had written the note himself based on conversations he remembered with Dodgson's nieces. Cohen's article offered no evidence to support this, however, and known samples of Jacques' handwriting do not seem to resemble the writing of the note. After this incident, Dodgson avoided the Liddell home for six months but eventually returned for a visit in December 1863. However, the former closeness does not seem to have been re-established, and the friendship gradually faded away, possibly because Dodgson was in opposition to <mask> over college politics. Comparison with fictional <mask> The extent to which Dodgson's Alice may be or could be identified with Liddell is controversial. The two Alices are clearly not identical, and though it was long assumed that the fictional Alice was based very heavily on Liddell, recent research has contradicted this assumption. Dodgson himself claimed in later years that his Alice was entirely imaginary and not based upon any real child at all.There was a rumour that Dodgson sent Tenniel a photo of one of his other child-friends, Mary Hilton Badcock, suggesting that he used her as a model, but attempts to find documentary support for this theory have proved fruitless. Dodgson's own drawings of the character in the original manuscript of <mask>'s Adventures Under Ground show little resemblance to <mask>. Biographer Anne Clark suggests that Dodgson might have used <mask> as a model for his drawings. There are at least four direct links to Liddell in the two books. First, he set them on 4 May (Liddell's birthday) and 4 November (her "half-birthday"), and in Through the Looking-Glass the fictional <mask> declares that her age is "seven and a half exactly", the same as Liddell on that date. Second, he dedicated them "to <mask> <mask>". Third, in the first book, the Dormouse tells a story which begins, "Once upon a time there were three little sisters... and their names were Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie."The name <mask> was pronounced with the accent on the first syllable and would sound like "little" as spoken with the "T" sound softened. Also the name "Lacie" is an anagram of "<mask>", whilst 'Elsie' refers to Lorina, whose second name was Charlotte, giving her the initials L.C. 'Tillie' refers to Edith's family nickname of 'Matilda'. Fourth, there is an acrostic poem at the end of Through the Looking-Glass. Reading downward, taking the first letter of each line, spells out <mask>'s full name. The poem has no title in Through the Looking-Glass, but is usually referred to by its first line, "A Boat Beneath a Sunny Sky". A boat beneath a sunny sky, Lingering onward dreamily In an evening of July— Children three that nestle near, Eager eye and willing ear, Pleased a simple tale to hear— Long has paled that sunny sky: Echoes fade and memories die.Autumn frosts have slain July. Still she haunts me, phantomwise, <mask> moving under skies Never seen by waking eyes. Children yet, the tale to hear, Eager eye and willing ear, Lovingly shall nestle near. In a Wonderland they lie, Dreaming as the days go by, Dreaming as the summers die: Ever drifting down the stream— Lingering in the golden gleam— Life, what is it but a dream? In addition, all of those who participated in the Thames boating expedition where the story was originally told (Carroll, Duckworth and the three Liddell sisters) appear in the chapter "A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale" – but only if <mask> is represented by <mask> herself. <mask> in other works Several later writers have written fictional accounts of Liddell: Liddell is the main character of Melanie Benjamin's novel Alice I Have Been, a fictional account of <mask>'s life from childhood through old age, focusing on her relationship with Lewis Carroll and the impact that <mask>'s Adventures Under Ground had on her. She is one of the main characters of the Riverworld series of books by Philip José Farmer.She plays a small but critical role in Lewis Padgett's short story "Mimsy Were the Borogoves". Katie Roiphe has written a fictional (claimed to be based on fact) account of the relationship between <mask> and Carroll, titled Still She Haunts Me. The 1985 film Dreamchild deals with her trip to America for the Columbia University presentation described above; through a series of flashbacks, it promotes the popular assumption that Dodgson was romantically attracted to <mask>. Frank Beddor wrote The Looking Glass Wars, which reimagines the Alice in Wonderland story and includes real-life characters such as the Liddells and Prince Leopold. The 1863 incident features in Marshall N Klimasewiski's 2006 novel, The Cottagers, in which two characters are engaged in varying degrees on biographical projects about Dodgson. <mask> and Dodgson are used as protagonists in Bryan Talbot's 2007 graphic novel Alice in Sunderland to relay the history and myths of the area. The 2008 opera by Alan John and Andrew Upton Through the Looking Glass covers both the fictional <mask> and Liddell.Peter and <mask>, John Logan's play in 2013, features the encounter of <mask> Hargreaves and Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the boys who inspired the Peter Pan character. In Colin Greenland's science fiction novel Take Back Plenty, a central role is played by spaceship called <mask>ell. The spaceship has a sentient persona which is the best friend of the protagonist, space pilot Tabitha Jute. <mask> the ship always asks Tabitha to tell her stories. The Looking Glass House (2015), a novel written by Liddell's great-granddaughter Vanessa Tait, tells the story of her relationship with Dodgson through the eyes of her governess Miss Prickett. In the television show Warehouse 13, <mask> is a character whose spirit is trapped in Lewis Caroll's mirror and causes trouble by possessing people. She is portrayed as a homicidal maniac that killed many people (including her own mother which led to her madness) before being trapped in the mirror.Her back story is revealed in the episode Fractures. The stage-play adaptation of Through the Looking-Glass by Jim Geisel (Eldridge Publishing Company, 1990) is narrated by the character of the historical <mask>. The videogame American McGee's Alice features a version of <mask> with brown hair, like the historical Liddell. The likeness is confirmed in the sequel, Alice: Madness Returns, where <mask>'s surname, Lidell , is revealed. References Literature Gardner, Martin (1965). Introduction to Alice's Adventures under Ground by Lewis Carroll. Dover Publications. . Gardner, Martin (ed.)(2000). The Annotated Alice (The Definitive Edition). Allen Lane The Penguin Press. . Official website 1852 births 1934 deaths 19th-century English people 20th-century English people 19th-century English women 20th-century English women English artists' models Women of the Victorian era English children Burials in Hampshire People from Westminster Muses Lewis Carroll Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Liddell family

In her childhood, <mask> was an acquaintance and photography subject of Lewis Carroll. One of the stories he told her was a children's novel. She shared her name with "<mask>", the main character of the story, but scholars disagree about the extent to which she was based upon her. The dean of Christ Church, Oxford, and one of the editors of A Greek-English Lexicon, was the fourth child of <mask> and <mask>. She had two older brothers, Harry and Arthur, as well as six younger siblings, including her sister Edith, who became a lawyer. The deanery of Christ Church, Oxford was where <mask>'s father was appointed after she was born. The family moved to Oxford in 1856.<mask> met the Dodgson family while he was photographing the cathedral. He was a close friend of the <mask> family. Two years older than Edith, <mask> was three years younger than the other two sisters. The Gogarth Abbey Hotel, on the West Shore of Llandudno in North Wales, became her family's holiday home. When <mask> was a young woman, she went on a tour of Europe with her friends. There is a story that she became enamored with Prince Leopold, the youngest son of Queen Victoria, after he spent four years at Christ Church. Leopold acted as a godfather to <mask>'s second son after naming his first child <mask>.It is possible that <mask> was named in honor of Leopold's dead sister. <mask>'s sister Edith may be the true recipient of Leopold's attention according to a recent biographer. Edith died of an illness just before she was to be married to a cricket player. Prince Leopold was a pall-bearer at her funeral. At the age of 28, <mask> was married to a cricketer named Reginald Hargreaves, who was also a cricketer. They had three sons, two of which were killed in World War I. The name 'Caryl' was not associated with Charles Dodgson.He played cricket for Hampshire and was a local magistrate. <mask> was the first president of the Emery Down Women's Institute. She referred to herself as "Lady Hargreaves", but there was no basis for such a title. The cost of maintaining Cuffnells made it necessary for her to sell her copy of <mask>'s adventures under ground. The manuscript was sold for over four times the reserve price by the auction house. It was displayed at Columbia University on the 100th anniversary of Carroll's birth. On her visit to the United States, <mask> met Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the brothers who inspired Peter Pan.The book was purchased by a group of American bibliophiles and presented to the British people in recognition of Britain's courage in facing Hitler. The manuscript is in the British Library. <mask> lived in the New Forest for most of her life. Her ashes were buried in the graveyard of the church of St Michael and All Angels in Lyndhurst after her death in 1934. There is a picture of a memorial plaque in the monograph. The New Forest Heritage Centre is a free museum sharing the history of the New Forest. On July 4, 1862, 10-year-old <mask> asked Charles Dodgson to entertain her and her sisters at a picnic on the Isis from Folly Bridge, Oxford, to Godstow.As the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed the boat, Dodgson regaled the girls with fantastic stories of a girl, named <mask>, and her adventures after she fell into a rabbit-hole. It was the same story Dodgson had told for the sisters before, but this time she asked him to write it down. He didn't get around to the task for a while. She received the manuscript of <mask>'s adventures under ground in November of 1864. Dodgson decided to rewrite the story as a commercial venture. George MacDonald received the manuscript of Under Ground from Dodgson in the spring of 1863. The MacDonald children loved the story so Dodgson probably sought a publisher.The book was published under the name Lewis Carroll. There were two books about the character <mask>, Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There. The original manuscript of <mask>'s adventures under ground was published in 1886. The relationship between <mask> and Dodgson has caused a lot of controversy. After befriending Harry, the older brother, Dodgson took both Harry and Ina on several boating trips and picnics to the scenic areas around Oxford. <mask> and Edith joined the party when Harry went to school. The children were entertained by Dodgson while he was away.He used them as subjects for his photography hobby. It has been said that <mask> was his favourite subject in these years, but there is no evidence that this is the case; Dodgson's diaries from April 1858 to May 1862 are missing. The relationship between the Liddells and Dodgson broke down in June 1863. The single page in Dodgson's diary recording 27–29 June 1863, which seems to cover the period in which it began, was missing, and it has been speculated by biographers that it was the reason for the rift. Anne Clark writes that <mask>'s descendants were under the impression that Dodgson wanted to marry her, but that <mask>'s parents expected a better match for her. John Ruskin fell in love with a girl 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 A note written by Charles Dodgson's niece, Violet Dodgson, summarising the missing page from 27–29 June 1863, became known as the "Cut pages in diary" document.L.C. is written in a note. According to Mrs. <mask>, Dodgson is supposed to be using the children as a means of paying court to the governess, and he is also supposed to be courting Ina. Jenny Woolf suggests in her biography that the problem was caused byLorina becoming too attached to Dodgson and not the other way around. This theory explains why Menella would remove the page and keep a note of what was on it. She claims that the note is acensored version of what actually happened to prevent her from being offended or humiliated by having her feelings for Dodgson made public. It's not clear who wrote the note. The handwriting on the front of the document most closely resembles that of either Menella orViolet Dodgson, Dodgson's nieces.According to Morton N. Cohen, Dodgson's great-nephew told him that Jacques had written the note himself, based on conversations he had with Dodgson's nieces. Cohen's article didn't offer any evidence to support this, and samples of Jacques' handwriting don't seem to match the writing on the note. After the incident, Dodgson stayed away from the home for six months. The friendship faded away due to Dodgson's opposition to <mask>'s college politics. The extent to which Dodgson's Alice could be compared to the fictional <mask> is controversial. Recent research has shown that the fictional <mask> is not the same as the real <mask>. Dodgson claimed that his Alice was not based on a real child at all.There was a rumour that Dodgson sent Tenniel a photo of Mary Badcock, suggesting that he used her as a model, but attempts to find documentary support for this theory have proved futile. Dodgson's drawings of the character in the original manuscript of <mask>'s adventures under ground are not very similar to <mask>'s. According to Anne Clark, Dodgson might have used <mask> as a model for his drawings. There are at least four links between the two books. In Through the Looking-Glass, the fictional <mask> declares that her age is "seven and a half exactly", the same as Liddell's birthday. He dedicated them to <mask>. In the first book, the Dormouse tells a story about three little sisters.As spoken with the "T" sound softened, the name Liddell would sound like little. "Lacie" is an anagram of "<mask>" and "Elsie" is the second name of Charlotte. Edith's family nickname is 'Matilda'. There is a poem at the end of Through the Looking-Glass. Taking the first letter of each line spells out <mask>'s full name. The poem is referred to as "A Boat Beneath a Sunny Sky" in Through the Looking-Glass. A boat beneath a sunny sky, Lingering onward dreamily in an evening of July, Children three that nestle near, Eager eye and willing ear, Pleased a simple tale to hear.July has been killed by autumn frosts. She is still haunting me, phantomwise, <mask> moving under skies. The tale to hear, Eager eye and willing ear, will nestle near the children. They lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they lie, they In the chapter "A Caucus- Race and a Long Tale", all of those who participated in the Thames boating expedition appear, but only if <mask> is represented by her. The main character of Melanie Benjamin's novel, Alice I Have Been, is a fictional account of <mask>'s life from childhood through old age, focusing on her relationship with Lewis Carroll. Philip José Farmer wrote the Riverworld series of books.She plays a small role in a short story. Still She Haunts Me is a fictional account of the relationship between <mask> and Carroll that is said to be based on fact. The 1985 film Dreamchild deals with her trip to America for a Columbia University presentation and promotes the popular assumption that Dodgson was attracted to <mask>. Frank Beddor wrote The Looking Glass Wars, a novel that retells the Alice in Wonderland story with real-life characters such as the Liddells and Prince Leopold. The 1863 incident is included in the novel, The Cottagers, in which two characters are engaged in differing degrees on biographical projects about Dodgson. Bryan Talbot used <mask> and Dodgson as main characters in his graphic novel Alice in Sunderland to relay the history and myths of the area. The opera Through the Looking Glass covers both the fictional <mask> and the real one.One of the boys who inspired the Peter Pan character was Peter Llewelyn Davies. The central role in Take Back Plenty is played by a spaceship called <mask>. Tabitha Jute is the best friend of the spaceship's sentient persona. Tabitha is asked to tell her stories by <mask>. The Looking Glass House is a novel written by Liddell's great-granddaughter and tells the story of her relationship with Dodgson. <mask> is a character in Warehouse 13 who is trapped in Lewis Caroll's mirror and causes trouble bypossessing people. She is portrayed as a maniac that killed many people, including her own mother, before being trapped in the mirror.In the episode Fractures, her back story is revealed. The stage-play adaptation of Through the Looking-Glass is narrated by the character of <mask>. There is a version of <mask> with brown hair in American McGee's Alice. <mask>'s name, Lidell, is revealed in the sequel, Alice: Madness Returns. Literature Gardner, Martin. Lewis Carroll wrote an introduction to <mask>'s adventures. There is a publication by Dover Publications.The year 2000. The definitive edition of The Annotated Alice. The official website for the deaths of 19th-century English people and 20th-century English women.

15195690

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Houston%20Stewart

William Houston Stewart

Admiral Sir William Houston Stewart, (7 September 1822 – 13 November 1901) was a senior British naval officer who, after a long, active career, eventually held the office of the Controller of the Royal Navy from 1872 to 1881. Personal life William Houston Stewart was born on 7 September 1822 at Kirkmichael House, Ayrshire. He was the son of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Houston Stewart (1791–1875), and Martha (d. 1870), youngest daughter of Sir William Miller, Bart (1785–1846). William Houston Stewart is sometimes referred to as William Houston Shaw-Stewart; his paternal grandfather was Sir Michael Shaw-Stewart, Bt (1766–1825). On 20 February 1850, he married Catherine Elizabeth Coote (1829–1867), only daughter of Eyre Coote (1806–1834) of West Park, Hampshire. Catherine died on 23 November 1867. His remarried on 11 January 1872, this time to Blanche Caroline (1845–1927), the third child of Admiral Hon. Keith Stewart (1814–1879), and Mary Caroline Stewart (née Fitzroy) (1823–95). They had one daughter: Blanche Nita Mary Stewart (b. 1873 - d. 1947). Early career Stewart entered the Navy on 29 April 1835. His first active service was aboard the Tweed during the Carlist Wars in Spain 1836–37, and then during the Syrian campaign 1840–41, in HMS Carysfort, during which time he was wounded and mentioned in dispatches. He served as lieutenant on 28-gun frigate Volage from 29 June 1843 until March 1843, though officially he was not promoted to Lieutenant until 26 September 1842. Volage was commanded by Captain William Dickson, and was on the North America and West Indies station. In March 1843 he was appointed lieutenant in the 74-gun two-decker Illustrious, commanded by Captain John Elphinstone Erskine, flagship of Vice-Admiral Charles Adam, on the North America and West Indies station. In 1844, he was appointed lieutenant in the 16-gun brig-sloop Ringdove, serving on the west coast of Africa station. The captain of Ringdove, Commander Sir William Daniell, died in command at Sierra Leone on 12 September 1845. (The previous commander of Ringdove was Commander Keith Stewart, whose daughter Blanche was later to become William Stewart's second wife.) William Stewart's next appointment was as lieutenant in the 50-gun razee frigate Grampus, which was commissioned at Woolwich by Captain Henry Byam Martin, and then went out to the Pacific station. Stewart served in Grampus until 1847, when he studied steam engineering at Woolwich. On 18 May 1848, he was promoted to commander. On 5 August 1851, Commander Stewart commissioned the 6-gun paddle-sloop Virago at Woolwich. Virago served on the Pacific station. On 4 December 1851, Virago put into the Chilean port of Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan. This city was "a penitentiary colony for relapsing criminals and relegated military". When Virago arrived, the port was in the hands of a group of mutinous prisoners "headed by one Cambiaso, second lieutenant of the troops stationed there; who... had committed some offence and been imprisoned a short time before." Cambiaso had captured two merchant vessels: the barque Florida of New Orleans and the brig Eliza Cornish of Liverpool. The officers of the Virago came on shore, visited the barracks, and the Florida, and then left the harbour without having their suspicions excited. When Virago arrived Cambiaso had considered trying to capture her, but was deterred because of "the order and discipline on board, the well manned guns, the well drilled marines", and "of the capability of even the smallest midshipman to take command of the crew in case of the absence of the superior officers". Early in January 1852, intelligence of the mutiny was transmitted to the Chilean government at Valparaíso. "The Chilean authorities despatched two Chilean men-of-war [Indefatigable and Meteoro], and some Chilean troops under Don Santiago Jorge Bynon. The troops were put on board the Chilean men-of-war; the latter on board the Virago, on the same service. The English steamer proceeded immediately to the Straits, and it was to be hoped that her officers would learn a lesson from experience, and prove themselves more sharp sighted than they had done a month before, in their former visit to the colony." The mutineers and their prisoners sailed from Punta Arenas on the Florida and the Eliza Cornish. Virago searched for, and recaptured the Eliza Cornish at sea and rescued some colonists who had been abandoned on Wood's Bay. Meanwhile, Cambiaso and his men on board the Florida had been overpowered by some of her original crew. When Virago and the Chilean ships encountered the Florida, at a place called Ancud, the Florida was back in friendly hands. Viragos crew lent assistance to Florida, took the prisoners and treasure on board. After the incident, there was some dispute about treasure recaptured by the Virago; an American called Charles H. Brown from the Florida tried to claim it was his, and wrote a book to back up his claims. On 5 April 1853, Commander Edward Marshall took over command of Virago. Crimean War service On 9 July 1854, Stewart was promoted to captain. He was then appointed captain of the 4-gun 2nd-class paddle-frigate Firebrand, replacing Captain Hyde Parker. During this time Firebrand was serving in the Black Sea during the Crimean War during which time Stewart was wounded during the bombardment of Sebastopol, mentioned in dispatches and awarded the French Legion of Honour. He also received the Ottoman Order of the Medjidieh and the C.B. for service in the Crimea. On 29 August, Stewart was superseded by Captain William Moorsom. On 2 February 1855, he was appointed captain of the 6-gun 2nd-class paddle-frigate Dragon; his predecessor, Captain James Willcox, had only commanded her for 11 days. Under Stewart, Dragon served in the Baltic Fleet in the second year of campaigning in the Baltic in 1855 and was present in the attack on Sweabourg, commanding the bombarding force of rocket and mortar boats (mentioned in dispatches). These operations were part of the Russian War of 1854-56 (the Crimean War). After the Crimean War From 4 May 1857 to 3 May 1860, Stewart was captain of the Impregnable, the harbour flagship of Vice-Admiral Barrington Reynolds, Devonport. Impregnable was a 47-year-old 98-gun sail three-decker, which had been modernised in 1825–26, but had been a harbour flagship since 1839. On 3 May 1860, he became captain of the modern 131-gun steam three-decker Marlborough, flagship of Vice-Admiral William Fanshawe Martin, C-in-C of the Mediterranean Fleet. Vice-Admiral Robert Smart superseded Vice-Admiral Martin on 20 April 1863. Stewart was superseded by Captain Charles Fellowes in June 1863. Stewart was then superintendent of Chatham dockyard from 19 November 1863 to 30 November 1868; for part of this time, from 3 January 1866, he flew his flag in Wellesley, guard ship of ordinary, Chatham. On 1 April 1870 Stewart was promoted to rear admiral. From 13 July 1870 to 21 November 1871 Stewart was Superintendent of Devonport dockyard. From 20 November 1871 to 28 April 1872 he was Superintendent of Portsmouth dockyard. Controller Rear Admiral Stewart was appointed Controller of the Navy on 29 April 1872, and held this post until 1 December 1881. During this time he was promoted to vice admiral (12 November 1876) and then admiral (23 November 1881). He was appointed K.C.B. (Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath) on 2 June 1877. End of his career Admiral Stewart's last post was Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, which he held from 1 December 1881 to 1 December 1884. He retired on 30 March 1885. He was appointed GCB (Knight Grand Cross of the Bath) on 21 June 1887, and died in London on 13 November 1901. Legacy Houston Stewart Channel, in the Queen Charlotte Islands, is named for William Houston Stewart. See also Footnotes |- Royal Navy admirals Royal Navy personnel of the Crimean War Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 1822 births 1901 deaths People from South Ayrshire Burials at Brompton Cemetery

Admiral Sir <mask>, (7 September 1822 – 13 November 1901) was a senior British naval officer who, after a long, active career, eventually held the office of the Controller of the Royal Navy from 1872 to 1881. Personal life <mask> was born on 7 September 1822 at Kirkmichael House, Ayrshire. He was the son of Admiral of the Fleet <mask> (1791–1875), and Martha (d. 1870), youngest daughter of Sir <mask>, Bart (1785–1846). <mask> is sometimes referred to as <mask>; his paternal grandfather was Sir <mask>, Bt (1766–1825). On 20 February 1850, he married Catherine Elizabeth Coote (1829–1867), only daughter of Eyre Coote (1806–1834) of West Park, Hampshire. Catherine died on 23 November 1867. His remarried on 11 January 1872, this time to Blanche Caroline (1845–1927), the third child of Admiral Hon.<mask> (1814–1879), and Mary Caroline <mask> (née Fitzroy) (1823–95). They had one daughter: Blanche Nita <mask> (b. 1873 - d. 1947). Early career <mask> entered the Navy on 29 April 1835. His first active service was aboard the Tweed during the Carlist Wars in Spain 1836–37, and then during the Syrian campaign 1840–41, in HMS Carysfort, during which time he was wounded and mentioned in dispatches. He served as lieutenant on 28-gun frigate Volage from 29 June 1843 until March 1843, though officially he was not promoted to Lieutenant until 26 September 1842. Volage was commanded by Captain <mask>, and was on the North America and West Indies station.In March 1843 he was appointed lieutenant in the 74-gun two-decker Illustrious, commanded by Captain John Elphinstone Erskine, flagship of Vice-Admiral Charles Adam, on the North America and West Indies station. In 1844, he was appointed lieutenant in the 16-gun brig-sloop Ringdove, serving on the west coast of Africa station. The captain of Ringdove, Commander Sir <mask>, died in command at Sierra Leone on 12 September 1845. (The previous commander of Ringdove was Commander <mask>, whose daughter Blanche was later to become <mask>'s second wife.) <mask>'s next appointment was as lieutenant in the 50-gun razee frigate Grampus, which was commissioned at Woolwich by Captain Henry Byam Martin, and then went out to the Pacific station. <mask> served in Grampus until 1847, when he studied steam engineering at Woolwich. On 18 May 1848, he was promoted to commander.On 5 August 1851, Commander <mask> commissioned the 6-gun paddle-sloop Virago at Woolwich. Virago served on the Pacific station. On 4 December 1851, Virago put into the Chilean port of Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan. This city was "a penitentiary colony for relapsing criminals and relegated military". When Virago arrived, the port was in the hands of a group of mutinous prisoners "headed by one Cambiaso, second lieutenant of the troops stationed there; who... had committed some offence and been imprisoned a short time before." Cambiaso had captured two merchant vessels: the barque Florida of New Orleans and the brig Eliza Cornish of Liverpool. The officers of the Virago came on shore, visited the barracks, and the Florida, and then left the harbour without having their suspicions excited.When Virago arrived Cambiaso had considered trying to capture her, but was deterred because of "the order and discipline on board, the well manned guns, the well drilled marines", and "of the capability of even the smallest midshipman to take command of the crew in case of the absence of the superior officers". Early in January 1852, intelligence of the mutiny was transmitted to the Chilean government at Valparaíso. "The Chilean authorities despatched two Chilean men-of-war [Indefatigable and Meteoro], and some Chilean troops under Don Santiago Jorge Bynon. The troops were put on board the Chilean men-of-war; the latter on board the Virago, on the same service. The English steamer proceeded immediately to the Straits, and it was to be hoped that her officers would learn a lesson from experience, and prove themselves more sharp sighted than they had done a month before, in their former visit to the colony." The mutineers and their prisoners sailed from Punta Arenas on the Florida and the Eliza Cornish. Virago searched for, and recaptured the Eliza Cornish at sea and rescued some colonists who had been abandoned on Wood's Bay.Meanwhile, Cambiaso and his men on board the Florida had been overpowered by some of her original crew. When Virago and the Chilean ships encountered the Florida, at a place called Ancud, the Florida was back in friendly hands. Viragos crew lent assistance to Florida, took the prisoners and treasure on board. After the incident, there was some dispute about treasure recaptured by the Virago; an American called Charles H. Brown from the Florida tried to claim it was his, and wrote a book to back up his claims. On 5 April 1853, Commander Edward Marshall took over command of Virago. Crimean War service On 9 July 1854, <mask> was promoted to captain. He was then appointed captain of the 4-gun 2nd-class paddle-frigate Firebrand, replacing Captain Hyde Parker.During this time Firebrand was serving in the Black Sea during the Crimean War during which time <mask> was wounded during the bombardment of Sebastopol, mentioned in dispatches and awarded the French Legion of Honour. He also received the Ottoman Order of the Medjidieh and the C.B. for service in the Crimea. On 29 August, <mask> was superseded by Captain <mask>. On 2 February 1855, he was appointed captain of the 6-gun 2nd-class paddle-frigate Dragon; his predecessor, Captain James Willcox, had only commanded her for 11 days. Under <mask>, Dragon served in the Baltic Fleet in the second year of campaigning in the Baltic in 1855 and was present in the attack on Sweabourg, commanding the bombarding force of rocket and mortar boats (mentioned in dispatches). These operations were part of the Russian War of 1854-56 (the Crimean War).After the Crimean War From 4 May 1857 to 3 May 1860, <mask> was captain of the Impregnable, the harbour flagship of Vice-Admiral Barrington Reynolds, Devonport. Impregnable was a 47-year-old 98-gun sail three-decker, which had been modernised in 1825–26, but had been a harbour flagship since 1839. On 3 May 1860, he became captain of the modern 131-gun steam three-decker Marlborough, flagship of Vice-Admiral <mask> Martin, C-in-C of the Mediterranean Fleet. Vice-Admiral Robert Smart superseded Vice-Admiral Martin on 20 April 1863. <mask> was superseded by Captain Charles Fellowes in June 1863. <mask> was then superintendent of Chatham dockyard from 19 November 1863 to 30 November 1868; for part of this time, from 3 January 1866, he flew his flag in Wellesley, guard ship of ordinary, Chatham. On 1 April 1870 <mask> was promoted to rear admiral.From 13 July 1870 to 21 November 1871 <mask> was Superintendent of Devonport dockyard. From 20 November 1871 to 28 April 1872 he was Superintendent of Portsmouth dockyard. Controller Rear Admiral <mask> was appointed Controller of the Navy on 29 April 1872, and held this post until 1 December 1881. During this time he was promoted to vice admiral (12 November 1876) and then admiral (23 November 1881). He was appointed K.C.B. (Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath) on 2 June 1877. End of his career Admiral <mask>'s last post was Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, which he held from 1 December 1881 to 1 December 1884.He retired on 30 March 1885. He was appointed GCB (Knight Grand Cross of the Bath) on 21 June 1887, and died in London on 13 November 1901. <mask> <mask> Channel, in the Queen Charlotte Islands, is named for <mask> <mask>. See also Footnotes |- Royal Navy admirals Royal Navy personnel of the Crimean War Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 1822 births 1901 deaths People from South Ayrshire Burials at Brompton Cemetery

Sir <mask> was a senior British naval officer who held the office of the controller of the Royal Navy from 1872 to 1884. <mask> was born at Kirkmichael House. Martha was the youngest daughter of Sir <mask>. <mask> is sometimes referred to as <mask> because his paternal grandfather was Sir <mask>. He married Catherine Elizabeth Coote on February 20, 1850. Catherine died on November 23, 1867. His third child, the third child of admiral Hon., was married on 11 January 1872.There are two Stewarts, one is named Mary Caroline <mask> and the other is named <mask>. They had a daughter named <mask>. The year was 1873 and the year 1947. <mask> entered the Navy in 1835. During the Carlist Wars in Spain 1836–37 and during the Syrian campaign 1840–41, he was wounded and mentioned in dispatches. He was a lieutenant on the Volage from June 29, 1843 to March 31, 1843, but was not promoted to Lieutenant until September 26, 1842. Volage was on the North America and West Indies station.In March 1843 he was appointed lieutenant in the two-decker Illustrious, commanded by Captain John Elphinstone Erskine, flagship of Vice-Admiral Charles Adam, on the North America and West Indies station. He served on the west coast of Africa station as a lieutenant in the 16-gun brig-sloop Ringdove. Sir <mask> was the captain of Ringdove when he died. The daughter of the previous commander of Ringdove was later to become <mask>'s second wife. <mask> went out to the Pacific station as lieutenant in the 50-gun razee frigate Grampus, which was commissioned at Woolwich by Captain Henry Byam Martin. <mask> studied steam engineering while he was in Grampus. He was promoted to commander in May of 1848.The 6-gun paddle-sloop Virago was commissioned by Commander <mask>. He served at the Pacific station. The port of Punta Arenas was put into service on December 4, 1851. The city was a penitentiary colony for criminals. The port was taken over by a group of prisoners "headed by one Cambiaso, second lieutenant of the troops stationed there, who had committed some offence and been imprisoned a short time before." The barque Florida of New Orleans was captured by Cambiaso. The officers of the Virago came on shore, visited the barracks, and then left the harbour without being excited.The order and discipline on board, the well manned guns, the well drilled marines, and the ability of even the smallest midshipman to take command of the crew deterred Cambiaso from trying to capture her. The intelligence of the mutiny was transmitted to the government in Valparaso. Two men-of-war, Indefatigable and Meteoro, were dispatched by the authorities of the country. On the same service, the troops were put on the Chilean men-of-war and the Virago. The English steamer proceeded immediately to the Straits, and it was to be hoped that her officers would learn a lesson from their previous visit to the colony. They sailed from the Florida to the Eliza Cornish. Some people who had been abandoned on Wood's Bay were rescued by Virago.The Florida had been taken over by some of her original crew. The Florida was back in the hands of the ships when they encountered it. The prisoners and treasure were taken by the Viragos crew. An American called Charles H. Brown from Florida wrote a book to back up his claim that he was the rightful owner of the treasure. Commander Edward Marshall took over command of Virago on April 5, 1854. <mask> was promoted to captain on July 9, 1854. He was appointed captain of the 4-gun 2nd-class paddle-frigate Firebrand.During the war in the Black Sea, Firebrand was wounded during the bombardment of Sebastopol and <mask> was awarded the French Legion of Honour. The Ottoman Order of the Medjidieh and the C.B. were given to him. For service in the peninsula. <mask> was replaced by Captain <mask>m. His predecessor, Captain James Willcox, had only commanded her for 11 days before he was appointed captain. Dragon commanded the bombarding force of rocket and mortar boats in the attack on Sweabourg in the second year of campaigning in the Baltic, under <mask>. The Russian War of 1854-56 included these operations.<mask> was the captain of the Impregnable after the war in the Crimean War. The harbour flagship has been a 98-gun sail three-decker since 1839. On 3 May 1860, he became captain of the modern 131-gun steam three-decker Marlborough, flagship of Vice-Admiral <mask> Martin, C-in-C of the Mediterranean Fleet. Vice-Admiral Robert Smart replaced Vice-Admiral Martin on April 20, 1863. In June 1863, <mask> was replaced by Captain Charles Fellowes. <mask> flew his flag in Wellesley, a guard ship of ordinary, Chatham, for part of the time he was Chatham dockyard's superintendent from 19 November 1863 to 30 November 1868. <mask> was promoted to rear admiral on April 1, 1870.<mask> was in charge of the dockyard from 13 July 1870 to 21 November 1871. He was in charge of the dockyard from November 1871 to April 1872. The controller of the Navy was appointed on April 29, 1872, and held the post until December 1, 1884. He was promoted to vice admiral and admiral in November 1876. He was appointed as a K.C.B. The Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath was born on June 2, 1877. Commander-in-Chief,Plymouth, was the last post that admiral <mask> held.He retired on March 30, 1885. He died in London on November 13, 1901, after being appointed GCB on June 21, 1887. The Queen Charlotte Islands have a channel named after <mask> <mask>. The Royal Navy personnel of the Crimean War Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath died in 1901.

342031

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Vandenberg

Arthur Vandenberg

Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg Sr. (March 22, 1884April 18, 1951) was an American politician who served as a United States senator from Michigan from 1928 to 1951. A member of the Republican Party, he participated in the creation of the United Nations. He is best known for leading the Republican Party from a foreign policy of isolationism to one of internationalism, and supporting the Cold War, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO. He served as president pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1947 to 1949. Born and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in a family of Dutch Americans, Vandenberg began his career as a newspaper editor and publisher. In 1928, Republican Governor Fred W. Green appointed Vandenberg to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy that arose after the death of Woodbridge Nathan Ferris. Vandenberg won election to a full term later that year and remained in the Senate until his death in 1951. He supported the early New Deal programs but came to oppose most of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's domestic policies. During the late 1930s, Vandenberg also opposed the United States' becoming involved in World War II and urged Roosevelt to reach an accommodation with Japan. Vandenberg abandoned his isolationism, however, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. He became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1947 and supported Democratic President Harry Truman's Cold War policies, asserting that "politics stops at the water's edge." Vandenberg also served as the chairman of the Republican Senate Conference from 1945 to 1947 and as the president pro tempore of the Senate from 1947 to 1949. He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president in 1940 and 1948. Early life and family Vandenberg was born and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the son of Alpha (née Hendrick) and Aaron Vandenberg, of mostly Dutch heritage. Vandenberg attended the public schools of Grand Rapids and graduated from Grand Rapids Central High School in June 1900 ranked first in his class. He then studied law at the University of Michigan (1900–1901), where he was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity. After a brief stint working in New York at Collier's Weekly magazine, he returned home in 1906 to marry his childhood sweetheart, Elizabeth Watson. They had three children. She died in 1917, and in 1918 Vandenberg married Hazel Whitaker. They had no children. From 1906 to 1928, he worked as a newspaper editor and publisher at the Grand Rapids Herald. It was owned by William Alden Smith, who served as a Republican in the U.S. Senate from 1907 to 1919. As publisher, Vandenberg made the paper highly profitable. He wrote most of the editorials, many of which called for more Progressivism in the spirit of his hero Theodore Roosevelt. However he supported incumbent President William Howard Taft over Roosevelt in the 1912 election. In 1915 Vandenberg coined the term "loon ship" for Henry Ford's Peace Ship in reaction to Ford's more outlandish ideas. A talented public speaker, during political campaigns Vandenberg often gave speeches on behalf of Republican candidates. He also attended numerous local, county and state Republican conventions as a delegate, and gave several convention keynote addresses. His work on behalf of the party gave Vandenberg a high public profile, and he was frequently mentioned as a candidate for governor or other offices. As a widower with three small children, Vandenberg was ineligible for active military service during World War I. To contribute to the war effort, Vandenberg gave speeches at hundreds of Liberty bond rallies in Michigan and Ohio, in which he urged listeners to demonstrate their patriotism by helping finance U.S. military preparedness and combat. In addition, he joined the Michigan State Troops, the volunteer organization that performed many of the National Guard's duties after the Guard was federalized. Appointed a first lieutenant, Vandenberg commanded a company in Grand Rapids until the end of the war. After the war, Vandenberg aided in founding and organizing the Michigan branch of the American Legion. Vandenberg gained national attention for his 1921 biography The Greatest American: Alexander Hamilton. He followed this in 1923 with If Hamilton Were Here Today: American Fundamentals Applied to Modern Problems; and, in 1926, The Trail of a Tradition, a study of American nationalism and U.S. foreign policy. A civic activist, Vandenberg's fraternal memberships included Masons, Shriners, Elks, and Woodmen of the World. Senate career 1928–1935 On March 31, 1928, Governor Fred W. Green appointed 44-year-old Vandenberg, a Republican, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Woodbridge Nathan Ferris, a Democrat. Green considered resigning so he could be appointed to the vacancy. He also considered several other candidates, including former Governors Albert Sleeper and Chase Osborn. In addition, Green considered Representative Joseph W. Fordney, who would have been a placeholder until the election for the remainder of Ferris' term. Green finally decided upon Vandenberg, who immediately declared his intention to stand for election to both the short, unexpired term and the full six-year term. He became the fifth former journalist then serving in the U.S. Senate. Governor Green "stressed the advantage of youth as a qualification for the rough-and-tumble of life in Washington committee rooms" which was deemed an explanation for appointing Vandenberg over the aged Fordney. "Fellow Republican publishers to whom he can look from behind his horn-rimmed glasses for encouragement in his maiden speech are Cutting of New Mexico, Capper of Kansas, La Follette of Wisconsin. Senator-publisher Carter Glass of Virginia sits across the aisle among the Democrats." In November 1928, Vandenberg was handily elected for a full term, defeating Democratic challenger John W. Bailey with over 70% of the vote. In the Senate, he piloted into law the Reapportionment Act of 1929, which updated the process for redistricting of the House of Representatives after each national census and capped the number of representatives at 435. He was at first an ardent supporter of Republican President Herbert Hoover but he became discouraged by Hoover's intransigence, and failures in dealing with the Great Depression. After the election of Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932, Vandenberg went along with most of the early New Deal measures, except for the National Industrial Recovery Act and Agricultural Adjustment Act. With the exception of his amendment to the 1933 Glass–Steagall Banking Act, that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Vandenberg failed to secure enactment of any significant legislative proposals. By the 1934 election, though his own political position was precarious, he was still reelected over Democratic candidate Frank Albert Picard by 52,443 votes. Opposing the New Deal 1935–1939 When the new Congress convened in 1935, there were only twenty-five Republican senators, and Vandenberg was one of the most effective opponents of the second New Deal. He voted against most Roosevelt-sponsored measures, notable exceptions being the Banking Act of 1935 and the Social Security Act. He pursued a policy of what he called fiscal responsibility, a balanced budget, states' rights, and reduced taxation. He felt that Franklin Roosevelt had usurped the powers of Congress, and he spoke of the dictatorship of Roosevelt. But at the 1936 Republican National Convention, Vandenberg refused to permit the party to nominate him for vice president, anticipating Roosevelt's victory that year. As part of the conservative coalition of Republicans and Democrats in the Senate, Vandenberg helped defeat Roosevelt's plan to pack the Supreme Court. He helped defeat the Passamaquoddy Bay tidal power and Florida Canal projects, voted against the National Labor Relations Act, various New Deal tax measures, and the Hours and Wages Act. American foreign policy Vandenberg became a member of the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1929. Starting as an internationalist, he voted in favor of United States membership on the World Court. However, the war clouds gathering in Europe moved him towards isolationism. His experiences during the Nye Committee hearings on the munitions industry, of which he was the Senate co-sponsor, convinced him that entry into World War I had been a disastrous error. He supported the isolationist Neutrality Acts of the 1930s but wanted and sponsored more severe bills designed to renounce all traditional neutral "rights" and restrict and prevent any action by the president that might cause the United States to be drawn into war. He was one of the most effective of the diehard isolationists in the Senate. Except for advocating aid to Finland after the Soviet invasion of that country and urging a quid pro quo in the Far East to prevent a war with Japan over the Manchuria-China question, his position was consistently isolationist. In mid-1939 he introduced legislation nullifying the 1911 Treaty of Navigation and Commerce with Japan and urged that the administration negotiate a new treaty with Japan recognizing the status quo with regard to Japan's occupation of Chinese territory. Instead, Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull used the resolution as a pretext for giving Japan the required six months' notice of intent to cancel the treaty. On the day of the Pearl Harbor attack however his position changed radically. In his private papers he wrote that at Pearl Harbor, isolationism died for any realist. In the end, only one member of Congress, Republican Jeannette Rankin, voted against war with Japan. United Nations and internationalism 1940–1950 In the election of 1940, Vandenberg secured a third term in the Senate by defeating Democratic challenger Frank Fitzpatrick by over 100,000 votes. During World War II, Vandenberg's position on American foreign policy changed radically. Although he continued to vote with the conservative coalition against Roosevelt's domestic proposals, Vandenberg gradually abandoned his isolationism to become an architect of a bipartisan foreign policy, which he defined as a consensus developed by consultation between the president, the State Department, and congressional leaders from both parties, especially those in the Senate. In 1943 British scholar Isaiah Berlin, working for the British embassy, prepared a confidential intelligence summary of the leaders of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He described Vandenberg as: On January 10, 1945, he delivered a celebrated "speech heard round the world" in the Senate Chamber, publicly announcing his conversion from "isolationism" to "internationalism". Following the completion of the Second World War, Vandenberg was elected to his fourth and final term in the U.S. Senate, defeating his Democratic challenger, James H. Lee, by earning over two-thirds of the vote in the 1946 election. In 1947, at the start of the Cold War, Vandenberg became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In that position, he cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support for the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO, including presenting the critical Vandenberg resolution. As chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, he asserted that "politics stops at the water's edge", and cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support. Francis O. Wilcox, first chief of staff of the Foreign Relations Committee, recalled Vandenberg's Senate career as an exemplar of bipartisanship in American foreign policy. In October 2000, the Senate bestowed a rare honor on Vandenberg, voting to include his portrait in a "very select collection" in the United States Senate Reception Room. Last years In 1940 and 1948 Vandenberg was a "favorite son" candidate for the Republican presidential nomination. In 1950 Vandenberg announced that he had developed cancer. He died on April 18, 1951, and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Grand Rapids. Legacy The former Vandenberg Creative Arts Academy of the Grand Rapids Public Schools was named after him. In September 2004, a portrait of Vandenberg, along with one of Senator Robert F. Wagner, was unveiled in the Senate Reception Room. The two new portraits joined a group of highly distinguished senators including Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Robert M. La Follette, and Robert A. Taft. Portraits of this group of senators, known as the "Famous Five", had been unveiled in March 1959. A statue dedicated to Vandenberg was unveiled in May 2005 in downtown Grand Rapids, on Monroe Street, north of Rosa Parks Circle. Senator Vandenberg is memorialized in a Michigan historical marker for the Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg/Vandenberg Center in Grand Rapids The Vandenberg Room (formerly the Grand Rapids Room) at the University of Michigan is named in his honor of Senator Vandenberg's second wife, Hazel. Vandenberg Hall at Oakland University is named in his honor. In southeast Michigan, three elementary schools were named after him - one in Redford, another in Southfield, and the third in Wayne which closed in 2016. Noteworthy family members Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr. (1907–1968), the senator's son, worked for the senator for more than a decade. In 1952 President Eisenhower appointed him appointments secretary, but he took a leave of absence before Eisenhower was inaugurated. Senator Vandenberg's nephew, U.S. Air Force General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, served as Air Force Chief of Staff and director of Central Intelligence. Vandenberg Air Force Base was named in his honor. Senator Vandenberg's great nephew, Hoyt S. Vandenberg Jr., served as a major general in the Air Force. Committee assignments and diplomatic service President pro tempore of the Senate during the 80th Congress, 1947–1949 Chairman, U.S. Senate Committee on Enrolled Bills, 1931–1933 Chairman, Senate Republican Conference, 1945–1947 Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, 1947–1949 Delegate to the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945 Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly at London and New York City in 1946 United States adviser to the 2nd and 3rd Council of Foreign Ministers at Paris, and New York City in 1946 Delegate to the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security, at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 15 – September 2, 1947, which drafted the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (also known as the Rio Treaty) See also List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–1999) References Further reading "Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg," in Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 5: 1951–1955, American Council of Learned Societies, 1977 Egan, Maurice Francis. "Hamilton's Ghost Walking the Stage of Politics." The New York Times Book Review: June 10, 1923. (Review of Vandenberg's book If Hamilton Were Here Today.) Gagnon, Frédérick. "Dynamic Men: Vandenberg, Fulbright, Helms and the Activity of the Chairman of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee Since 1945." online (2013) Gazell, James A. "Arthur H. Vandenberg, Internationalism, and the United Nations." Political Science Quarterly (1973): 375–94. in JSTOR Haas, Lawrence J. Harry and Arthur: Truman, Vandenberg, and the Partnership That Created the Free World (Potomac Books, 2016), excerpt Hill, Thomas Michael. "Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, the Politics of Bipartisanship, and the Origins of Anti-Soviet Consensus, 1941–1946", World Affairs 138 (Winter 1975–1976), pp. 219–41. Hudson, Daryl J. "Vandenberg Reconsidered: Senate Resolution 239 and US Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History (1977) 1#1 Kaplan, Lawrence S. The Conversion of Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg: From Isolation to International Engagement. (University Press of Kentucky, 2015); major scholarly study excerpt Meijer, Hendrik. Arthur Vandenberg: The Man in the Middle of the American Century (University of Chicago Press, 2017), Meijer, Hank. "Arthur Vandenberg and the Fight for Neutrality, 1939." Michigan Historical Review (1990): 1-21. Tompkins, C. David. Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg: the evolution of a modern Republican, 1884–1945 (Michigan State University Press, 1970) Williams, Phil. The Senate and US Troops in Europe (Palgrave Macmillan, 1985), excerpt chapter on "The North Atlantic Treaty, Military Assistance and the Troops to Europe Decision." pp. 11-41. Primary sources Vandenberg Jr, Arthur H. The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg (Boston, 1952). Published works The Greatest American: Alexander Hamilton. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1921. If Hamilton Were Here Today: American Fundamentals Applied to Modern Problems. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1923. The Trail of a Tradition. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1926. External links Cover – Arthur Vandenberg – October 2, 1939 Time magazine Biographical Directory of the United States Congress "Memorial services held in the House of Representatives together with remarks presented in eulogy of Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg, late a senator from Michigan" 1884 births 1951 deaths American newspaper publishers (people) American Congregationalists Burials in Michigan Deaths from cancer in Michigan Deaths from lung cancer Michigan Republicans Politicians from Grand Rapids, Michigan American people of Dutch descent Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate Republican Party United States senators United States senators from Michigan Candidates in the 1936 United States presidential election Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election Candidates in the 1948 United States presidential election University of Michigan Law School alumni Old Right (United States) 20th-century American politicians Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

<mask>. (March 22, 1884April 18, 1951) was an American politician who served as a United States senator from Michigan from 1928 to 1951. A member of the Republican Party, he participated in the creation of the United Nations. He is best known for leading the Republican Party from a foreign policy of isolationism to one of internationalism, and supporting the Cold War, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO. He served as president pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1947 to 1949. Born and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in a family of Dutch Americans, <mask> began his career as a newspaper editor and publisher. In 1928, Republican Governor Fred W. Green appointed <mask> to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy that arose after the death of Woodbridge Nathan Ferris. <mask> won election to a full term later that year and remained in the Senate until his death in 1951.He supported the early New Deal programs but came to oppose most of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's domestic policies. During the late 1930s, Vandenberg also opposed the United States' becoming involved in World War II and urged Roosevelt to reach an accommodation with Japan. <mask> abandoned his isolationism, however, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. He became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1947 and supported Democratic President Harry Truman's Cold War policies, asserting that "politics stops at the water's edge." <mask> also served as the chairman of the Republican Senate Conference from 1945 to 1947 and as the president pro tempore of the Senate from 1947 to 1949. He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president in 1940 and 1948. Early life and family <mask> was born and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the son of Alpha (née Hendrick) and <mask>, of mostly Dutch heritage.Vandenberg attended the public schools of Grand Rapids and graduated from Grand Rapids Central High School in June 1900 ranked first in his class. He then studied law at the University of Michigan (1900–1901), where he was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity. After a brief stint working in New York at Collier's Weekly magazine, he returned home in 1906 to marry his childhood sweetheart, Elizabeth Watson. They had three children. She died in 1917, and in 1918 Vandenberg married Hazel Whitaker. They had no children. From 1906 to 1928, he worked as a newspaper editor and publisher at the Grand Rapids Herald.It was owned by William Alden Smith, who served as a Republican in the U.S. Senate from 1907 to 1919. As publisher, <mask> made the paper highly profitable. He wrote most of the editorials, many of which called for more Progressivism in the spirit of his hero Theodore Roosevelt. However he supported incumbent President William Howard Taft over Roosevelt in the 1912 election. In 1915 Vandenberg coined the term "loon ship" for Henry Ford's Peace Ship in reaction to Ford's more outlandish ideas. A talented public speaker, during political campaigns <mask> often gave speeches on behalf of Republican candidates. He also attended numerous local, county and state Republican conventions as a delegate, and gave several convention keynote addresses.His work on behalf of the party gave <mask> a high public profile, and he was frequently mentioned as a candidate for governor or other offices. As a widower with three small children, <mask> was ineligible for active military service during World War I. To contribute to the war effort, Vandenberg gave speeches at hundreds of Liberty bond rallies in Michigan and Ohio, in which he urged listeners to demonstrate their patriotism by helping finance U.S. military preparedness and combat. In addition, he joined the Michigan State Troops, the volunteer organization that performed many of the National Guard's duties after the Guard was federalized. Appointed a first lieutenant, <mask> commanded a company in Grand Rapids until the end of the war. After the war, <mask> aided in founding and organizing the Michigan branch of the American Legion. <mask> gained national attention for his 1921 biography The Greatest American: Alexander Hamilton.He followed this in 1923 with If Hamilton Were Here Today: American Fundamentals Applied to Modern Problems; and, in 1926, The Trail of a Tradition, a study of American nationalism and U.S. foreign policy. A civic activist, Vandenberg's fraternal memberships included Masons, Shriners, Elks, and Woodmen of the World. Senate career 1928–1935 On March 31, 1928, Governor Fred W. Green appointed 44-year-old <mask>, a Republican, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Woodbridge Nathan Ferris, a Democrat. Green considered resigning so he could be appointed to the vacancy. He also considered several other candidates, including former Governors Albert Sleeper and Chase Osborn. In addition, Green considered Representative Joseph W. Fordney, who would have been a placeholder until the election for the remainder of Ferris' term. Green finally decided upon <mask>, who immediately declared his intention to stand for election to both the short, unexpired term and the full six-year term.He became the fifth former journalist then serving in the U.S. Senate. Governor Green "stressed the advantage of youth as a qualification for the rough-and-tumble of life in Washington committee rooms" which was deemed an explanation for appointing <mask> over the aged Fordney. "Fellow Republican publishers to whom he can look from behind his horn-rimmed glasses for encouragement in his maiden speech are Cutting of New Mexico, Capper of Kansas, La Follette of Wisconsin. Senator-publisher Carter Glass of Virginia sits across the aisle among the Democrats." In November 1928, <mask> was handily elected for a full term, defeating Democratic challenger John W. Bailey with over 70% of the vote. In the Senate, he piloted into law the Reapportionment Act of 1929, which updated the process for redistricting of the House of Representatives after each national census and capped the number of representatives at 435. He was at first an ardent supporter of Republican President Herbert Hoover but he became discouraged by Hoover's intransigence, and failures in dealing with the Great Depression.After the election of Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932, <mask> went along with most of the early New Deal measures, except for the National Industrial Recovery Act and Agricultural Adjustment Act. With the exception of his amendment to the 1933 Glass–Steagall Banking Act, that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, <mask> failed to secure enactment of any significant legislative proposals. By the 1934 election, though his own political position was precarious, he was still reelected over Democratic candidate Frank Albert Picard by 52,443 votes. Opposing the New Deal 1935–1939 When the new Congress convened in 1935, there were only twenty-five Republican senators, and <mask> was one of the most effective opponents of the second New Deal. He voted against most Roosevelt-sponsored measures, notable exceptions being the Banking Act of 1935 and the Social Security Act. He pursued a policy of what he called fiscal responsibility, a balanced budget, states' rights, and reduced taxation. He felt that Franklin Roosevelt had usurped the powers of Congress, and he spoke of the dictatorship of Roosevelt.But at the 1936 Republican National Convention, <mask> refused to permit the party to nominate him for vice president, anticipating Roosevelt's victory that year. As part of the conservative coalition of Republicans and Democrats in the Senate, <mask> helped defeat Roosevelt's plan to pack the Supreme Court. He helped defeat the Passamaquoddy Bay tidal power and Florida Canal projects, voted against the National Labor Relations Act, various New Deal tax measures, and the Hours and Wages Act. American foreign policy <mask> became a member of the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1929. Starting as an internationalist, he voted in favor of United States membership on the World Court. However, the war clouds gathering in Europe moved him towards isolationism. His experiences during the Nye Committee hearings on the munitions industry, of which he was the Senate co-sponsor, convinced him that entry into World War I had been a disastrous error.He supported the isolationist Neutrality Acts of the 1930s but wanted and sponsored more severe bills designed to renounce all traditional neutral "rights" and restrict and prevent any action by the president that might cause the United States to be drawn into war. He was one of the most effective of the diehard isolationists in the Senate. Except for advocating aid to Finland after the Soviet invasion of that country and urging a quid pro quo in the Far East to prevent a war with Japan over the Manchuria-China question, his position was consistently isolationist. In mid-1939 he introduced legislation nullifying the 1911 Treaty of Navigation and Commerce with Japan and urged that the administration negotiate a new treaty with Japan recognizing the status quo with regard to Japan's occupation of Chinese territory. Instead, Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull used the resolution as a pretext for giving Japan the required six months' notice of intent to cancel the treaty. On the day of the Pearl Harbor attack however his position changed radically. In his private papers he wrote that at Pearl Harbor, isolationism died for any realist.In the end, only one member of Congress, Republican Jeannette Rankin, voted against war with Japan. United Nations and internationalism 1940–1950 In the election of 1940, <mask> secured a third term in the Senate by defeating Democratic challenger Frank Fitzpatrick by over 100,000 votes. During World War II, <mask>'s position on American foreign policy changed radically. Although he continued to vote with the conservative coalition against Roosevelt's domestic proposals, <mask> gradually abandoned his isolationism to become an architect of a bipartisan foreign policy, which he defined as a consensus developed by consultation between the president, the State Department, and congressional leaders from both parties, especially those in the Senate. In 1943 British scholar Isaiah Berlin, working for the British embassy, prepared a confidential intelligence summary of the leaders of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He described <mask> as: On January 10, 1945, he delivered a celebrated "speech heard round the world" in the Senate Chamber, publicly announcing his conversion from "isolationism" to "internationalism". Following the completion of the Second World War, <mask> was elected to his fourth and final term in the U.S. Senate, defeating his Democratic challenger, James H. Lee, by earning over two-thirds of the vote in the 1946 election.In 1947, at the start of the Cold War, <mask> became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In that position, he cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support for the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO, including presenting the critical Vandenberg resolution. As chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, he asserted that "politics stops at the water's edge", and cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support. Francis O. Wilcox, first chief of staff of the Foreign Relations Committee, recalled <mask>'s Senate career as an exemplar of bipartisanship in American foreign policy. In October 2000, the Senate bestowed a rare honor on Vandenberg, voting to include his portrait in a "very select collection" in the United States Senate Reception Room. Last years In 1940 and 1948 Vandenberg was a "favorite son" candidate for the Republican presidential nomination. In 1950 <mask> announced that he had developed cancer.He died on April 18, 1951, and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Grand Rapids. Legacy The former Vandenberg Creative Arts Academy of the Grand Rapids Public Schools was named after him. In September 2004, a portrait of <mask>, along with one of Senator Robert F. Wagner, was unveiled in the Senate Reception Room. The two new portraits joined a group of highly distinguished senators including Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Robert M. La Follette, and Robert A. Taft. Portraits of this group of senators, known as the "Famous Five", had been unveiled in March 1959. A statue dedicated to <mask> was unveiled in May 2005 in downtown Grand Rapids, on Monroe Street, north of Rosa Parks Circle. Senator <mask> is memorialized in a Michigan historical marker for the Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg/Vandenberg Center in Grand Rapids The Vandenberg Room (formerly the Grand Rapids Room) at the University of Michigan is named in his honor of Senator <mask>'s second wife, Hazel.<mask> Hall at Oakland University is named in his honor. In southeast Michigan, three elementary schools were named after him - one in Redford, another in Southfield, and the third in Wayne which closed in 2016. Noteworthy family members <mask><mask> Jr. (1907–1968), the senator's son, worked for the senator for more than a decade. In 1952 President Eisenhower appointed him appointments secretary, but he took a leave of absence before Eisenhower was inaugurated. Senator <mask>'s nephew, U.S. Air Force General Hoyt S<mask>, served as Air Force Chief of Staff and director of Central Intelligence. Vandenberg Air Force Base was named in his honor. Senator <mask>'s great nephew, Hoyt S<mask> Jr., served as a major general in the Air Force.Committee assignments and diplomatic service President pro tempore of the Senate during the 80th Congress, 1947–1949 Chairman, U.S. Senate Committee on Enrolled Bills, 1931–1933 Chairman, Senate Republican Conference, 1945–1947 Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, 1947–1949 Delegate to the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945 Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly at London and New York City in 1946 United States adviser to the 2nd and 3rd Council of Foreign Ministers at Paris, and New York City in 1946 Delegate to the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security, at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 15 – September 2, 1947, which drafted the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (also known as the Rio Treaty) See also List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–1999) References Further reading "<mask> <mask>," in Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 5: 1951–1955, American Council of Learned Societies, 1977 Egan, Maurice Francis. "Hamilton's Ghost Walking the Stage of Politics." The New York Times Book Review: June 10, 1923. (Review of Vandenberg's book If Hamilton Were Here Today.) Gagnon, Frédérick. "Dynamic Men: Vandenberg, Fulbright, Helms and the Activity of the Chairman of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee Since 1945." online (2013) Gazell, James A."<mask><mask>, Internationalism, and the United Nations." Political Science Quarterly (1973): 375–94. in JSTOR Haas, Lawrence J. Harry and <mask>: Truman, Vandenberg, and the Partnership That Created the Free World (Potomac Books, 2016), excerpt Hill, Thomas Michael. "Senator <mask><mask>, the Politics of Bipartisanship, and the Origins of Anti-Soviet Consensus, 1941–1946", World Affairs 138 (Winter 1975–1976), pp. 219–41. Hudson, Daryl J. "Vandenberg Reconsidered: Senate Resolution 239 and US Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History (1977) 1#1 Kaplan, Lawrence S. The Conversion of Senator <mask><mask>: From Isolation to International Engagement.(University Press of Kentucky, 2015); major scholarly study excerpt Meijer, Hendrik. <mask>: The Man in the Middle of the American Century (University of Chicago Press, 2017), Meijer, Hank. "<mask> and the Fight for Neutrality, 1939." Michigan Historical Review (1990): 1-21. Tompkins, C. David. Senator <mask><mask>: the evolution of a modern Republican, 1884–1945 (Michigan State University Press, 1970) Williams, Phil. The Senate and US Troops in Europe (Palgrave Macmillan, 1985), excerpt chapter on "The North Atlantic Treaty, Military Assistance and the Troops to Europe Decision."pp. 11-41. Primary sources <mask> Jr, <mask>. The Private Papers of Senator <mask> (Boston, 1952). Published works The Greatest American: Alexander Hamilton. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1921. If Hamilton Were Here Today: American Fundamentals Applied to Modern Problems.New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1923. The Trail of a Tradition. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1926. External links Cover – <mask> – October 2, 1939 Time magazine Biographical Directory of the United States Congress "Memorial services held in the House of Representatives together with remarks presented in eulogy of <mask> <mask>, late a senator from Michigan" 1884 births 1951 deaths American newspaper publishers (people) American Congregationalists Burials in Michigan Deaths from cancer in Michigan Deaths from lung cancer Michigan Republicans Politicians from Grand Rapids, Michigan American people of Dutch descent Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate Republican Party United States senators United States senators from Michigan Candidates in the 1936 United States presidential election Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election Candidates in the 1948 United States presidential election University of Michigan Law School alumni Old Right (United States) 20th-century American politicians Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

He was an American politician who served as a United States senator from Michigan from 1928 to 1951. He was a member of the Republican Party. He was the leader of the Republican Party from a foreign policy of isolationism to one of internationalism. He was president pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1947 to 1949. Born and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in a family of Dutch Americans, <mask> began his career as a newspaper editor and publisher. After the death of Nathan Ferris, Republican Governor Fred W. Green appointed <mask> to the U.S. Senate. He was elected to a full term later that year and remained in the Senate until his death in 1951.He was against most of Roosevelt's domestic policies. In the late 1930s, <mask> urged Roosevelt to reach an accommodation with Japan, as he opposed the United States becoming involved in World War II. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he abandoned his isolationism. He was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1947 and supported the policies of Harry Truman. He was the chairman of the Republican Senate Conference from 1945 to 1947 and the president pro tempore of the Senate from 1947 to 1949. He tried to get the Republican nomination for president. Early life and family <mask> was born and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the son of Alpha (née Hendrick) and a mostly Dutch heritage.He graduated from Grand Rapids Central High School in June 1900 and was ranked first in his class. He was a member of the Delta Upsilon Fraternity while he was at the University of Michigan. He returned home in 1906 to marry his childhood sweetheart, Elizabeth, after a brief stint working in New York. They had three children. She died in 1917 and was married in 1918. They didn't have any children. He was an editor and publisher at the Grand Rapids Herald from 1906 to 1928.William Alden Smith was a Republican in the U.S. Senate from 1907 to 1919. The paper was highly profitable as publisher. He called for more Progressivism in the spirit of Theodore Roosevelt in most of the editorials he wrote. He supported the incumbent President in the 1912 election. The term "loon ship" was created in response to Henry Ford's more outrageous ideas. During political campaigns, <mask> gave speeches on behalf of Republican candidates. He gave keynote addresses at many local, county and state Republican conventions as a delegate.His work on behalf of the party gave him a high public profile, and he was frequently mentioned as a candidate for governor or other offices. He wasn't eligible for military service during World War I because he was a widower with three small children. He gave speeches at hundreds of Liberty bond rallies in Michigan and Ohio in order to contribute to the war effort. After the National Guard was federalized, he joined the Michigan State Troops, a volunteer organization that performed many of the Guard's duties. He commanded a company in Grand Rapids until the end of the war. The Michigan branch of the American Legion was formed after the war. The Greatest American: Alexander Hamilton was a biography that gained national attention.If Hamilton Were Here Today: American Fundamentals Applied to Modern Problems and The Trail of a Tradition were both published in 1923. Vandenberg's memberships included Masonics, Shriners, and Woodmen of the World. The death of Senator Nathan Ferris caused Governor Fred W. Green to appoint a Republican to fill the seat. Green wanted to be appointed to the position. Several other candidates were also considered. Green considered Representative Joseph W. Fordney, who would have been a substitute until the election for the remainder of Ferris' term. Green finally decided upon <mask>, who immediately declared his intention to stand for election to both the short, unexpired term and the full six-year term.He was the fifth journalist to serve in the U.S. Senate. Governor Green said the advantage of youth was a qualification for the rough-and-tumble of life in Washington committee rooms. "Fellow Republican publishers to whom he can look from behind his horn-rimmed glasses for encouragement in his maiden speech are Cutting of New Mexico, Capper of Kansas, and La Follette of Wisconsin." Carter Glass is a democrat and sits across the aisle. In November 1928, <mask> was elected for a full term, defeating John W. Bailey with 70% of the vote. The House of Representatives had to be redrawn after each national census, and the number of representatives had to be capped at 435. He became discouraged by Hoover's failures in dealing with the Great Depression and became an ardent supporter of the Republican Party.The National Industrial Recovery Act and Agricultural Adjustment Act were not included in the early New Deal measures. With the exception of his amendment to the 1933 Glass–Steagall Banking Act, which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, no significant legislative proposals were enacted. He was reelected in 1934 over Frank Albert Picard despite his precarious political position. When the new Congress convened in 1935, there were only twenty-five Republican senators, and <mask> was one of the most effective opponents of the second New Deal. The Banking Act of 1935 and the Social Security Act were the only Roosevelt-sponsored measures he voted against. Fiscal responsibility, a balanced budget, states' rights, and reduced taxation were some of the policies he pursued. He thought that Franklin Roosevelt had taken over the powers of Congress.At the 1936 Republican National Convention, <mask> refused to allow the party to nominate him for vice president, anticipating Roosevelt's victory that year. As part of the conservative coalition of Republicans and Democrats in the Senate, <mask> helped defeat Roosevelt's plan to pack the Supreme Court. He helped defeat the Passamaquoddy Bay tidal power and Florida Canal projects. The United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee had a member in 1929. He voted in favor of the United States becoming a member of the World Court. The war clouds in Europe moved him towards isolationism. He believed that entry into World War I had been a mistake after hearing about the munitions industry.He supported the isolationist Neutrality Acts of the 1930s but wanted and sponsored more severe bills designed to restrict and prevent any action by the president that might cause the United States to be drawn into war. He was an effective isolationist in the Senate. His position was consistently isolationist, except for advocating aid to Finland after the Soviet invasion of that country and urging a quid pro quo in the Far East to prevent a war with Japan over the Manchuria-China question. He urged the administration to negotiate a new treaty with Japan that would recognize the status quo with regard to Japan's occupation of Chinese territory. Roosevelt and Hull used the resolution as a pretext to give Japan six months' notice of intent to cancel the treaty. His position changed dramatically on the day of the Pearl Harbor attack. He wrote in his private papers that isolationism died at Pearl Harbor.There was only one member of Congress who voted against war with Japan. In the election of 1940, <mask> secured a third term in the Senate by defeating Frank Fitzpatrick by over 100,000 votes. During World War II, <mask>'s position on American foreign policy changed dramatically. Although he continued to vote with the conservative coalition against Roosevelt's domestic proposals, <mask> gradually abandoned his isolationism to become an architect of a bipartisan foreign policy, which he defined as a consensus developed by consultation between the president, the State Department, and congressional leaders from both parties. A confidential intelligence summary of the leaders of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee was prepared by a British scholar in 1943. On January 10, 1945, he delivered a celebrated "speech heard round the world" in the Senate Chamber, publicly announcing his conversion from "isolationism" to "internationalism". After the end of the Second World War, <mask> was elected to his fourth and final term in the U.S. Senate, defeating his Democratic challenger, James H. Lee, by earning over two-thirds of the vote.At the start of the Cold War, <mask> became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He worked with the Truman administration to forge bipartisan support for the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO. He stated that politics stops at the water's edge and cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support. Francis O. Wilcox was the first chief of staff of the Foreign Relations Committee. In October 2000 the Senate voted to include his portrait in a "very select collection" in the reception room. In 1940 and 1948, <mask> was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination. He announced in 1950 that he had cancer.He was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Grand Rapids. The Grand Rapids Public Schools named the academy after him. A portrait of Senator Robert F.Wagner was unveiled in the Senate reception room in 2004. Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Robert M. La Follette, and Robert A. Taft are a group of highly distinguished senators. The "Famous Five" are a group of senators. There is a statue dedicated to the man on Monroe Street in downtown Grand Rapids. The Vandenberg Room at the University of Michigan is named after Senator <mask>'s second wife, Hazel.The hall at Oakland University is named after him. Three elementary schools in southeast Michigan were named after him, one of which closed in 2016 The senator's son worked for more than a decade for the senator. He took a leave of absence before Eisenhower was inaugurated, but he was appointed secretary by Eisenhower. Senator <mask>'s nephew was the Air Force Chief of Staff and director of Central Intelligence. The base was named after him. Senator <mask>'s nephew was a major general in the Air Force.The Chairman of the Senate during the 80th Congress was the Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations. "Hamilton's Ghost walking the stage of politics." The New York Times Book Review was published in 1923. The book If Hamilton Were Here Today was reviewed. Frédérick Gagnon. The activity of the Chairman of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee since 1945 has been described. James A. Gazell was online."<mask><mask>, Internationalism, and the United Nations." The Political Science Quarterly was published in 1973. The partnership that created the free world was written by Lawrence J. Harry and <mask>. The Politics of Bipartisanship, and the Origin of Anti-Soviet Consensus was written by Senator <mask><mask>. 219–41. Hudson and J. "<mask> Reconsidered: Senate Resolution 239 and US Foreign Policy" was published in 1977.The University Press of Kentucky has a major scholarly study excerpt. The Man in the Middle of the American Century was published by the University of Chicago Press. The Fight for Neutrality was written by <mask>. The Michigan Historical Review was published in 1990. C. David Tompkins. The evolution of a modern Republican was written by Senator <mask><mask>. "The North Atlantic Treaty, Military Assistance and the Troops to Europe Decision" is an excerpt from The Senate and US Troops in Europe.pp. 11-40. <mask>. The Private Papers of Senator <mask> is one of the primary sources. The greatest American is Alexander Hamilton. G.P. is located in New York. Putnam's Sons was founded in 1921. If Hamilton were here today, American Fundamentals would be applied to modern problems.G.P. is located in New York. Putnam's Sons was founded in 1923. There is a trail of a tradition. G.P. is located in New York. Putnam's Sons was founded in 1926. The biographical Directory of the United States Congress was published in 1939 by Time magazine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20III%20of%20Callinicum

Peter III of Callinicum

Peter III of Callinicum (, ) was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 581 until his death in 591. He is commemorated as a saint by the Syriac Orthodox Church in the Martyrology of Rabban Sliba, and his feast day is 22 April. Under considerable pressure from the most prominent non-Chalcedonians, Peter agreed to become patriarch of Antioch, and thus spiritual leader of the Syrian non-Chalcedonians, in opposition to its incumbent Paul the Black, and led the church as he faced the division he inherited from Paul's tenure as patriarch. Whilst he had some success in dealing with the tritheists, Peter quarrelled with his erstwhile ally the Egyptian non-Chalcedonian Pope Damian of Alexandria, and entered into a schism with him that would persist past his death until 616. Biography Early life Peter was born at Callinicum in c. 550, and was the son of an orator named Paul. He was educated in Greek, Syriac, philosophy, and theology, and likely became a monk at the monastery of Saint Ananias near Callinicum. The 570s was a tumultuous period for the Syrian non-Chalcedonian community as its spiritual leader and patriarch of Antioch Paul the Black was declared deposed by the Egyptian non-Chalcedonian Pope Damian of Alexandria and eminent bishop Jacob Baradaeus, thus creating a schism between the Paulites, who supported Paul as patriarch, and Jacobites, who supported the deposition of Paul. Paul's opponents conspired to consecrate a new patriarch of Antioch in his stead, and Jacob Baradaeus twice offered to appoint Peter as Paul's successor, but he refused on both occasions as he was reluctant to assume the office whilst Paul was still alive. Damian travelled to Syria in 579 after Jacob Baradaeus' death to arrange for the election of a new patriarch, and again Peter was asked to become patriarch, but he refused once more. Finally, after Damian had unsuccessfully attempted to consecrate a certain Severus as patriarch, and a meeting between the Paulites and Jacobites at Constantinople in 580 had failed to reunite the factions, Peter relented and agreed to become patriarch of Antioch on Damian's request. The sources differ on the date, location, and bishop responsible for Peter's consecration. The Chronicle of 1234 places Peter's consecration in 570/571 (AG 882), the Zuqnin Chronicle gives 578 (AG 889), and John of Ephesus in his Ecclesiastical History records 581 (AG 892). The Chronicle of 846 also supports 580/581 (AG 892) as the year of Peter's consecration. The earliest date 570/571 is disregarded as an erroneous copy of 581, and 578, although previously accepted by earlier Syriac historians, including William Wright, Rubens Duval, Carl Anton Baumstark, Jean-Baptiste Chabot, and Ortiz de Urbina, has since been rejected in favour of 581. John of Ephesus reported that Peter was consecrated patriarch of Antioch by Damian at Alexandria, and is supported by the Chronicle of 1234, whereas the historians Michael the Syrian and Bar Hebraeus record that Peter was consecrated at the aforementioned monastery of Saint Ananias by the archbishop Joseph of Amid with the support of the Egyptian non-Chalcedonians. It is also suggested that he was consecrated at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo near Cyrrhus. After his consecration, Peter sent a letter to Damian to confirm their churches were in communion, and included a refutation of tritheism. Damian responded with a letter to Peter to give his official endorsement, and enthusiastically praised the new patriarch of Antioch. Patriarch of Antioch Upon his ascension to the patriarchal office, Peter became remorseful that he had agreed to become patriarch whilst its previous incumbent still lived, travelled to Alexandria with the theologians Probus and archimandrite John Barbour, and offered his resignation to Damian in an effort to reunite the Paulites and Jacobites. Damian refused Peter's offer, and Paul may have died soon after, thus bringing an end to the split between the two factions, however, it is alternatively asserted that Paul instead died in 584, suggesting the schism endured for several more years. Peter returned to Syria, whereas his companions Probus and John Barbour decided to remain at Alexandria as they had become disgruntled with Peter for not consecrating them as bishops. In 582, Peter met with the Cilician tritheist bishops Antoninus and Elias and archimandrite Theodore to discuss their reunion with the Syrian non-Chalcedonians under Peter, and he asserted that he would only assent to this if they renounced tritheism and its proponents, namely John Philoponus, and accepted the denunciation of tritheism as expressed in the aforementioned synodal letters of Peter and Damian, and the treatise of Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria. To Theodore's surprise, Antoninus renounced tritheism, and was supported by Elias, but neither of the two bishops broke off from the tritheist faction. After several years, the tritheists Elias and Theodore met with Peter on behalf of Conon of Tarsus and Antoninus to again discuss the patriarch's demands for their reunion. At the meeting's conclusion, Elias and Theodore accepted Peter's main conditions, and it was agreed they would write to the other tritheists at Constantinople to consult them before a union was formalised. A few days later, Peter received the delegation's reply and a letter from Elias declaring an end to talks of union as Conon and Antoninus refused to condemn proponents of tritheism. Theodore concurred with Conon and Antoninus, but Elias separated from the tritheist faction at this point and met with Peter. Elias underwent penance for a short period of time, presented Peter with a plerophoria (confession of faith) in accordance with his conditions on 21 July 585, and entered into communion with him. At Alexandria, Probus and John Barbour had been swayed to Neo-Chalcedonism by Stephanus of Alexandria, and the former's open support for this christological position had led Damian to expel him from the city, and he travelled to Syria to continue his campaign in support of the position against non-Chalcedonianism. Probus was consequently excommunicated, and after an appeal from John Barbour, who had concealed his support for neo-Chalcedonism, Peter convened a synod at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo in c. 585 to hear an apologia by John Barbour that he had composed in defence of Probus. The synod concluded that John had also adopted neo-Chalcedonism, and he was duly deposed and excommunicated, and Peter issued a synodal letter to condemn and refute their christological position. Alexandrine schism In c. 586, the formerly cordial relationship between Peter and Damian was soured by theological controversy, and ultimately led to schism between their two churches that would endure until its resolution in 616. However, the origins of this quarrel is obscured by the partisanship of the available sources. The Egyptian sources, the History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Synaxaire Arabe-Jacobite, support Damian, and subsequently attest that the dispute had begun with Peter's synodal letter to Damian, in which he had allegedly declared it was unnecessary to speak of the Trinity, thereby constituting an accusation of the heresy of sabellianism, but had also supported the division of the Trinity, thus suggesting he supported tritheism, which was theologically opposed to sabellianism. It is claimed that Peter had ignored a treatise from Damian that had informed him of his errors. On the other hand, the Syrian sources, including Peter's letters and the histories of Michael the Syrian and Bar Hebraeus, favour Peter, and record the dispute had begun after Damian had written an anti-tritheist book in response to a tritheist tract, and sent it to Peter to be examined and correct any errors. Peter's reply to Damian gave praise of his refutation of tritheism, but also noted that he may have deviated from the doctrine that had been established by the Cappadocian Fathers, Cyril of Alexandria, Severus of Antioch, and Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria, and asked that he clarified several points. Damian resented Peter's request, and claimed that he had rejected his work out of envy, thus prompting Peter to assemble a synod, which compiled and conveyed a text to Damian to reply to his claims. This was to no avail, however, as Damian issued festal letters and apologia to defend his book, and continued to criticise Peter. Peter issued a letter addressed to the Church of Alexandria to encourage its members to prevail upon Damian to resolve the dispute. According to Michael the Syrian, after Peter had invited him to meet to discuss their disagreement several times, Damian reluctantly agreed to meet at Paralos in Egypt to make arrangements for a formal debate between the two. However, Peter, in his letter to the monastery of the Antonines at the Enaton in Egypt, instead relayed that he had travelled to Egypt with his entourage without any prior agreement with Damian, and had planned to travel to Alexandria, but had been prevented from entering the city and made to stay at Paralos, only three days march from the city. Both Michael the Syrian's history and Peter's letter suggest that, although he did not meet with Damian at Paralos, he did receive a number of letters from him whilst he was there. Peter's letter to the Antonines attests that after staying at Paralos for four months, during which time he was poorly treated, Peter and his companions were expelled from Egypt with no agreement on a meeting between him and Damian, whereas Michael the Syrian's history suggests a second meeting was arranged to be held in the province of Arabia. The letter from Peter to the Syrians at Alexandria clarifies that a meeting in Arabia was agreed upon once Damian had travelled to Tyre in secret, and sent representatives to Peter at his residence at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo. As a region with a strong non-Chalcedonian presence, and the residence of the non-Chalcedonian Ghassanids, who had previously arbitrated ecclesiastical disputes, Arabia was an ideal location for the meeting between the two patriarchs under the arbitration of the Ghassanid phylarch Jafna. Thus the phylarch Jafna presided over two ill-fated meetings in Arabia in 587, the first of which was held at a monastery, and the second took place at the Church of Saint Sergius at Jabiyah. Both meetings were tumultuous as Damian's entourage created commotion and Jafna could not impose order on the proceedings. Nothing came of the discussions as no agreement could be made on the location or participants of a synod to discuss their theological disagreement, and ultimately Jafna gave up and left out of frustration. Peter continued to push for a resolution, and he followed Damian when he returned to Egypt after the assembly in Arabia, but this was in vain as Damian evaded any meeting by travelling from monastery to monastery. Later life Peter's failure to end the dispute with Damian even after he had followed him to Egypt led him to write a treatise later named Contra Damianum ("Against Damian") to provide an account of the dispute between the two patriarchs. The treatise served as a defence against Damian's accusations of sabellianism and tritheism, and at its end Peter declared an end to the communion with Damian, thus officially marking the schism between the Syrian and Egyptian non-Chalcedonian churches. Peter later died of natural causes on 22 April 591, and was buried at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo. Works Peter is known to have written an anaphora in Syriac, which survives in two manuscripts dated to the 15th century, and a poem on the crucifixion in Syriac, of which a single manuscript likely from the end of the 6th century is still extant. Contra Damianum ("Against Damian") survives in six manuscripts, the most complete of which includes chapters five to twenty-two of book two, and all fifty chapters of book three. In the treatise, Peter utilised quotations from Church Fathers to support his argument, including Athanasius of Alexandria, Basil of Caesarea, Cyril of Alexandria, Eustathius of Antioch, Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa, John Chrysostom, and Severus of Antioch. He quoted at least 107 passages from 27 of Severus' works. References Bibliography Primary sources Secondary sources Syriac Patriarchs of Antioch from 512 to 1783 591 deaths 6th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops 6th-century Syriac Orthodox Church bishops Syriac writers 550 births 6th-century Byzantine bishops People from Raqqa Governorate People of Roman Syria 6th-century Byzantine writers Syriac Orthodox Church saints

<mask> of Callinicum (, ) was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 581 until his death in 591. He is commemorated as a saint by the Syriac Orthodox Church in the Martyrology of Rabban Sliba, and his feast day is 22 April. Under considerable pressure from the most prominent non-Chalcedonians, <mask> agreed to become patriarch of Antioch, and thus spiritual leader of the Syrian non-Chalcedonians, in opposition to its incumbent Paul the Black, and led the church as he faced the division he inherited from Paul's tenure as patriarch. Whilst he had some success in dealing with the tritheists, <mask> quarrelled with his erstwhile ally the Egyptian non-Chalcedonian Pope Damian of Alexandria, and entered into a schism with him that would persist past his death until 616. Biography Early life <mask> was born at Callinicum in c. 550, and was the son of an orator named Paul. He was educated in Greek, Syriac, philosophy, and theology, and likely became a monk at the monastery of Saint Ananias near Callinicum. The 570s was a tumultuous period for the Syrian non-Chalcedonian community as its spiritual leader and patriarch of Antioch Paul the Black was declared deposed by the Egyptian non-Chalcedonian Pope Damian of Alexandria and eminent bishop Jacob Baradaeus, thus creating a schism between the Paulites, who supported Paul as patriarch, and Jacobites, who supported the deposition of Paul.Paul's opponents conspired to consecrate a new patriarch of Antioch in his stead, and Jacob Baradaeus twice offered to appoint <mask> as Paul's successor, but he refused on both occasions as he was reluctant to assume the office whilst Paul was still alive. Damian travelled to Syria in 579 after Jacob Baradaeus' death to arrange for the election of a new patriarch, and again <mask> was asked to become patriarch, but he refused once more. Finally, after Damian had unsuccessfully attempted to consecrate a certain Severus as patriarch, and a meeting between the Paulites and Jacobites at Constantinople in 580 had failed to reunite the factions, <mask> relented and agreed to become patriarch of Antioch on Damian's request. The sources differ on the date, location, and bishop responsible for <mask>'s consecration. The Chronicle of 1234 places <mask>'s consecration in 570/571 (AG 882), the Zuqnin Chronicle gives 578 (AG 889), and John of Ephesus in his Ecclesiastical History records 581 (AG 892). The Chronicle of 846 also supports 580/581 (AG 892) as the year of <mask>'s consecration. The earliest date 570/571 is disregarded as an erroneous copy of 581, and 578, although previously accepted by earlier Syriac historians, including William Wright, Rubens Duval, Carl Anton Baumstark, Jean-Baptiste Chabot, and Ortiz de Urbina, has since been rejected in favour of 581.John of Ephesus reported that <mask> was consecrated patriarch of Antioch by Damian at Alexandria, and is supported by the Chronicle of 1234, whereas the historians Michael the Syrian and Bar Hebraeus record that <mask> was consecrated at the aforementioned monastery of Saint Ananias by the archbishop Joseph of Amid with the support of the Egyptian non-Chalcedonians. It is also suggested that he was consecrated at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo near Cyrrhus. After his consecration, <mask> sent a letter to Damian to confirm their churches were in communion, and included a refutation of tritheism. Damian responded with a letter to <mask> to give his official endorsement, and enthusiastically praised the new patriarch of Antioch. Patriarch of Antioch Upon his ascension to the patriarchal office, <mask> became remorseful that he had agreed to become patriarch whilst its previous incumbent still lived, travelled to Alexandria with the theologians Probus and archimandrite John Barbour, and offered his resignation to Damian in an effort to reunite the Paulites and Jacobites. Damian refused <mask>'s offer, and Paul may have died soon after, thus bringing an end to the split between the two factions, however, it is alternatively asserted that Paul instead died in 584, suggesting the schism endured for several more years. <mask> returned to Syria, whereas his companions Probus and John Barbour decided to remain at Alexandria as they had become disgruntled with <mask> for not consecrating them as bishops.In 582, <mask> met with the Cilician tritheist bishops Antoninus and Elias and archimandrite Theodore to discuss their reunion with the Syrian non-Chalcedonians under <mask>, and he asserted that he would only assent to this if they renounced tritheism and its proponents, namely John Philoponus, and accepted the denunciation of tritheism as expressed in the aforementioned synodal letters of <mask> and Damian, and the treatise of Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria. To Theodore's surprise, Antoninus renounced tritheism, and was supported by Elias, but neither of the two bishops broke off from the tritheist faction. After several years, the tritheists Elias and Theodore met with <mask> on behalf of Conon of Tarsus and Antoninus to again discuss the patriarch's demands for their reunion. At the meeting's conclusion, Elias and Theodore accepted <mask>'s main conditions, and it was agreed they would write to the other tritheists at Constantinople to consult them before a union was formalised. A few days later, <mask> received the delegation's reply and a letter from Elias declaring an end to talks of union as Conon and Antoninus refused to condemn proponents of tritheism. Theodore concurred with Conon and Antoninus, but Elias separated from the tritheist faction at this point and met with <mask>. Elias underwent penance for a short period of time, presented <mask> with a plerophoria (confession of faith) in accordance with his conditions on 21 July 585, and entered into communion with him.At Alexandria, Probus and John Barbour had been swayed to Neo-Chalcedonism by Stephanus of Alexandria, and the former's open support for this christological position had led Damian to expel him from the city, and he travelled to Syria to continue his campaign in support of the position against non-Chalcedonianism. Probus was consequently excommunicated, and after an appeal from John Barbour, who had concealed his support for neo-Chalcedonism, <mask> convened a synod at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo in c. 585 to hear an apologia by John Barbour that he had composed in defence of Probus. The synod concluded that John had also adopted neo-Chalcedonism, and he was duly deposed and excommunicated, and <mask> issued a synodal letter to condemn and refute their christological position. Alexandrine schism In c. 586, the formerly cordial relationship between <mask> and Damian was soured by theological controversy, and ultimately led to schism between their two churches that would endure until its resolution in 616. However, the origins of this quarrel is obscured by the partisanship of the available sources. The Egyptian sources, the History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Synaxaire Arabe-Jacobite, support Damian, and subsequently attest that the dispute had begun with <mask>'s synodal letter to Damian, in which he had allegedly declared it was unnecessary to speak of the Trinity, thereby constituting an accusation of the heresy of sabellianism, but had also supported the division of the Trinity, thus suggesting he supported tritheism, which was theologically opposed to sabellianism. It is claimed that <mask> had ignored a treatise from Damian that had informed him of his errors.On the other hand, the Syrian sources, including <mask>'s letters and the histories of Michael the Syrian and Bar Hebraeus, favour <mask>, and record the dispute had begun after Damian had written an anti-tritheist book in response to a tritheist tract, and sent it to <mask> to be examined and correct any errors. <mask>'s reply to Damian gave praise of his refutation of tritheism, but also noted that he may have deviated from the doctrine that had been established by the Cappadocian Fathers, Cyril of Alexandria, Severus of Antioch, and Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria, and asked that he clarified several points. Damian resented <mask>'s request, and claimed that he had rejected his work out of envy, thus prompting <mask> to assemble a synod, which compiled and conveyed a text to Damian to reply to his claims. This was to no avail, however, as Damian issued festal letters and apologia to defend his book, and continued to criticise <mask>. <mask> issued a letter addressed to the Church of Alexandria to encourage its members to prevail upon Damian to resolve the dispute. According to Michael the Syrian, after <mask> had invited him to meet to discuss their disagreement several times, Damian reluctantly agreed to meet at Paralos in Egypt to make arrangements for a formal debate between the two. However, <mask>, in his letter to the monastery of the Antonines at the Enaton in Egypt, instead relayed that he had travelled to Egypt with his entourage without any prior agreement with Damian, and had planned to travel to Alexandria, but had been prevented from entering the city and made to stay at Paralos, only three days march from the city.Both Michael the Syrian's history and <mask>'s letter suggest that, although he did not meet with Damian at Paralos, he did receive a number of letters from him whilst he was there. <mask>'s letter to the Antonines attests that after staying at Paralos for four months, during which time he was poorly treated, <mask> and his companions were expelled from Egypt with no agreement on a meeting between him and Damian, whereas Michael the Syrian's history suggests a second meeting was arranged to be held in the province of Arabia. The letter from <mask> to the Syrians at Alexandria clarifies that a meeting in Arabia was agreed upon once Damian had travelled to Tyre in secret, and sent representatives to <mask> at his residence at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo. As a region with a strong non-Chalcedonian presence, and the residence of the non-Chalcedonian Ghassanids, who had previously arbitrated ecclesiastical disputes, Arabia was an ideal location for the meeting between the two patriarchs under the arbitration of the Ghassanid phylarch Jafna. Thus the phylarch Jafna presided over two ill-fated meetings in Arabia in 587, the first of which was held at a monastery, and the second took place at the Church of Saint Sergius at Jabiyah. Both meetings were tumultuous as Damian's entourage created commotion and Jafna could not impose order on the proceedings. Nothing came of the discussions as no agreement could be made on the location or participants of a synod to discuss their theological disagreement, and ultimately Jafna gave up and left out of frustration.<mask> continued to push for a resolution, and he followed Damian when he returned to Egypt after the assembly in Arabia, but this was in vain as Damian evaded any meeting by travelling from monastery to monastery. Later life <mask>'s failure to end the dispute with Damian even after he had followed him to Egypt led him to write a treatise later named Contra Damianum ("Against Damian") to provide an account of the dispute between the two patriarchs. The treatise served as a defence against Damian's accusations of sabellianism and tritheism, and at its end <mask> declared an end to the communion with Damian, thus officially marking the schism between the Syrian and Egyptian non-Chalcedonian churches. <mask> later died of natural causes on 22 April 591, and was buried at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo. Works <mask> is known to have written an anaphora in Syriac, which survives in two manuscripts dated to the 15th century, and a poem on the crucifixion in Syriac, of which a single manuscript likely from the end of the 6th century is still extant. Contra Damianum ("Against Damian") survives in six manuscripts, the most complete of which includes chapters five to twenty-two of book two, and all fifty chapters of book three. In the treatise, <mask> utilised quotations from Church Fathers to support his argument, including Athanasius of Alexandria, Basil of Caesarea, Cyril of Alexandria, Eustathius of Antioch, Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa, John Chrysostom, and Severus of Antioch.He quoted at least 107 passages from 27 of Severus' works. References Bibliography Primary sources Secondary sources Syriac Patriarchs of Antioch from 512 to 1783 591 deaths 6th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops 6th-century Syriac Orthodox Church bishops Syriac writers 550 births 6th-century Byzantine bishops People from Raqqa Governorate People of Roman Syria 6th-century Byzantine writers Syriac Orthodox Church saints

The head of the Syriac Orthodox Church, <mask> of Callinicum, died in 591. His feast day is 22 April and he is remembered as a saint by the Syriac Orthodox Church. <mask> agreed to become the spiritual leader of the Syrian non-Chalcedonians in opposition to its incumbent Paul the Black, and led the church as he faced the division he inherited from. <mask> had a dispute with the Egyptian Pope Damian of Alexandria that would last until his death in 616. <mask> was the son of an orator named Paul. He probably became a monk at the monastery of Saint Ananias near Callinicum, since he was educated in Greek, Syriac, philosophy, and theology. The Egyptian Pope Damian of Alexandria deposed the spiritual leader of the Syrian non-Chalcedonian community, Paul the Black, creating a schism between the two.Jacob Baradaeus twice offered to appoint <mask> as Paul's successor, but he refused on both occasions as he was reluctant to assume the office while Paul was still alive. After Jacob Baradaeus' death, Damian went to Syria to arrange for the election of a new patriarch, but <mask> refused again. After a meeting between the Paulites and Jacobites at Constantinople in 580 failed to unite the group, <mask> relented and agreed to become the leader of the group. The date, location, and bishop responsible for <mask>'s consecration are different. The Zuqnin Chronicle gives 578 and the Chronicle of 1234 gives <mask>'s consecration in 570/571. The year of <mask>'s consecration is supported by the Chronicle of 846. The earliest date is not considered an accurate copy of 581 and 578 because it was previously accepted by other historians.The Chronicle of 1234 supports the report of John of Ephesus that <mask> was consecrated at the monastery of Saint Ananias by the archbishop Joseph of Amid. He is thought to have been consecrated at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo. After his consecration, <mask> sent a letter to Damian that included a refutation of tritheism. Damian wrote a letter to <mask> to give his official endorsement. <mask> became remorseful that he had agreed to become patriarch whilst its previous incumbent still lived, traveled to Alexandria with the theology Probus and archimandrite John Barbour, and offered his resignation to Damian in an effort to unite the Paulites. Paul may have died soon after Damian refused <mask>'s offer, thus bringing an end to the split between the two groups, however, it is believed that the schism lasted for several more years. <mask> returned to Syria, whereas his companions Probus and John Barbour decided to stay at Alexandria because they were unhappy with him for not consecrating them as bishops.In 582, <mask> met with the Cilician tritheist bishops Antoninus and Elias and archimandrite Theodore to discuss their reunion with the Syrian non-Chalcedonians under <mask>. Antoninus broke away from the tritheist group, but neither of the two bishops broke away from the tritheist group. The tritheists met with <mask> on behalf of Conon of Tarsus and Antoninus to discuss their demands for a reunion. At the conclusion of the meeting, it was agreed that the other tritheists at Constantinople would be consulted before a union was formalised. <mask> received the delegation's reply and a letter from Elias declaring an end to talks of union as Conon and Antoninus refused to condemn proponents of tritheism. Theodore was in agreement with Conon and Antoninus, but he separated from the tritheist group and met with <mask>. After undergoing penance for a short period of time, he presented <mask> with a plerophoria and entered into communion with him.At Alexandria, Probus and John Barbour were swayed to Neo-Chalcedonism by Stephanus of Alexandria, and the former's open support for this position led Damian to expel him from the city, and he travelled to Syria to continue his campaign in support of this position. <mask> convened a synod at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo to hear an apologia from John Barbour, who had concealed his support for neo-Chalcedonism. John was deposed and excommunicated after the synod concluded that he had adopted neo-Chalcedonism. The once friendly relationship between <mask> and Damian was soured by theological controversy and eventually led to the split of their two churches in 616. The partisanship of the available sources obscures the origins of the quarrel. According to the Egyptian sources, the dispute began with <mask>'s letter to Damian, in which he declared it was not necessary to speak of the Trinity. It is claimed that <mask> ignored the advice given to him by Damian.The Syrian sources, including <mask>'s letters and the histories of Michael the Syrian and Bar Hebraeus, favour <mask>, and the dispute began after Damian wrote an anti-tritheist book. <mask>'s reply to Damian gave praise to his refutation of tritheism, but also noted that he may have deviated from the doctrine that had been established by the Cappadocian Fathers, Cyril of Alexandria, and Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria. Damian resented <mask>'s request, and claimed that he had rejected his work out of envy, prompting <mask> to assemble a synod, which compiled and conveyed a text to Damian to reply to his claims. Damian continued to criticize <mask> even after issuing festal letters and apologia to defend his book. <mask> wrote a letter to the Church of Alexandria to encourage them to resolve the dispute with Damian. According to Michael the Syrian, after <mask> invited him to meet to discuss their disagreement several times, Damian reluctantly agreed to meet at Paralos in Egypt to make arrangements for a formal debate between the two. <mask>, in his letter to the monastery of the Antonines at the Enaton in Egypt, stated that he had traveled to Egypt without any prior agreement with Damian and had been prevented from entering the city and made to stay.Although he did not meet with Damian at Paralos, Michael's history and <mask>'s letter suggest that he received a number of letters from him while he was there. After staying at Paralos for four months, <mask> and his companions were kicked out of Egypt with no agreement on a meeting between him and Damian, whereas Michael's history suggests a second meeting was. <mask> sent a letter to the Syrians at Alexandria explaining that a meeting in Arabia was agreed upon after Damian traveled to Tyre in secret. Arabia was an ideal location for the meeting because of its strong non-Chalcedonian presence and the residence of the non-Chalcedonian Ghassanids, who had previously arbitrated ecclesiastical disputes. The first meeting was held at a monastery and the second at the Church of Saint Sergius. Jafna could not impose order on the proceedings as Damian's team created commotion. Nothing came of the discussions as no agreement could be reached on the location or participants of a synod to discuss their theological disagreement, and Jafna gave up and left out of frustration.<mask> followed Damian when he returned to Egypt after the assembly in Arabia, but this was in vain as Damian evaded any meeting by travelling from monastery to monastery. <mask>'s failure to end the dispute with Damian, even after he had followed him to Egypt, led him to write a book about the dispute. <mask> declared an end to the communion with Damian after the treatise served as a defence against Damian's accusations. <mask> was buried at the monastery of Gubo Baroyo after he died of natural causes. Two manuscripts from the 15th century and a single manuscript from the end of the 6th century are believed to be the originals of <mask>'s anaphora and crucifixion poem. The most complete manuscript is the one with chapters five to twenty-two of book two, and all fifty chapters of book three. <mask> used quotations from Church Fathers to support his argument, including Athanasius of Alexandria, Basil of Caesarea, Cyril of Alexandria, Eustathius of Antioch, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Gregory of Nyssa.The passages he quoted were from 27 works by the author. There were 591 deaths in the 6th-century and 541 births in the 6th-century.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford%20I.%20Weill

Sanford I. Weill

Sanford I. "Sandy" Weill (; born March 16, 1933) is an American banker, financier and philanthropist. He is a former chief executive and chairman of Citigroup. He served in those positions from 1998 until October 1, 2003, and April 18, 2006, respectively. Early life and education Weill was born in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York, to Polish Jewish immigrants, Etta Kalika and Max Weill. He attended P.S. 200 in Bensonhurst. He also attended Peekskill Military Academy in Peekskill, New York, then enrolled at Cornell University where he was active in the Air Force ROTC and the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity. Weill received a Bachelor of Arts degree in government from Cornell in 1955. Weill's middle initial of "I" is not an abbreviation for anything. He has said: Business career Weill, shortly after graduating from Cornell University, got his first job on Wall Street in 1955 – as a runner for Bear Stearns. In 1956, he became a licensed broker at Bear Stearns. Rather than making phone calls or personal visits to solicit clients, Weill found he was far more comfortable sitting at his desk, poring through companies' financial statements and disclosures made to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. For weeks his only client was his mother, Etta, until his later to be wife, Joan, persuaded an ex-boyfriend to open a brokerage account. Building Shearson (1960–1981) While working at Bear Stearns, Weill was a neighbor of Arthur L. Carter who was working at Lehman Brothers. Together with Roger Berlind and Peter Potoma, they formed Carter, Berlind, Potoma & Weill in May 1960. In 1962 the firm became Carter, Berlind & Weill after the New York Stock Exchange brought disciplinary proceedings against Potoma. In 1968, with the departure of Arthur Carter, the firm was renamed Cogan, Berlind, Weill & Levitt (Marshall Cogan, Arthur Levitt), or CBWL jokingly referred to on Wall Street as "Corned Beef With Lettuce". Weill served as the firm's Chairman from 1965 to 1984, a period in which it completed over 15 acquisitions to become the country's second-largest securities brokerage firm. The company became CBWL-Hayden, Stone, Inc. in 1970; Hayden Stone, Inc. in 1972; Shearson Hayden Stone in 1974, when it merged with Shearson Hammill & Co.; and Shearson Loeb Rhoades in 1979, when it merged with Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower & Co. With capital totaling $250 million, Shearson Loeb Rhoades trailed only Merrill Lynch as the largest securities broker. American Express (1981–1985) In 1981, Weill sold Shearson Loeb Rhoades to American Express for about $915 million in stock. In 1982, he founded the National Academy Foundation with the Academy of Finance to educate high school students. Weill began serving as president of American Express Co. in 1983 and as chairman and CEO of American Express's insurance subsidiary, Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, in 1984. Weill was succeeded by his protégé, Peter A. Cohen, who became the youngest head of a Wall Street firm. While at American Express, Weill began grooming his newest protégé, Jamie Dimon, the future CEO of JPMorgan Chase. Before Citigroup (1986–1998) Weill resigned from American Express in August 1985 at age 52. After an attempt to become the CEO of BankAmerica Corp., he persuaded Minneapolis-based Control Data Corporation to spin off a troubled subsidiary, Commercial Credit, a consumer finance company. In 1986 Weill bought Commercial Credit for $7 million. After a period of layoffs and reorganization, the company completed a successful IPO. In 1987, he acquired Gulf Insurance. The next year, he paid $1.5 billion for Primerica, the parent company of Smith Barney and the A. L. Williams insurance company. In 1989, he acquired Drexel Burnham Lambert's retail brokerage outlets. In 1992, he paid $722 million to buy a 27% share of Travelers Insurance, which had gotten into trouble because of bad real estate investments. In 1993 he reacquired his old Shearson brokerage (now Shearson Lehman) from American Express for $1.2 billion. By the end of the year, he had completely taken over Travelers Corp in a $4 billion stock deal and officially began calling his corporation Travelers Group Inc. In 1996 he added to his holdings, at a cost of $4 billion, the property and casualty operations of Aetna Life & Casualty. In September 1997 Weill acquired Salomon Inc., the parent company of Salomon Brothers Inc. for over $9 billion in stock. Citigroup (1998-2003) In April 1998, Travelers Group announced an agreement to undertake the $76 billion merger between Travelers and Citicorp, and the merger was completed on October 8, 1998. The possibility remained that the merger would run into problems connected with federal law. Ever since the Glass–Steagall Act, banking and insurance businesses had been kept separate. Weill and John S. Reed bet that Congress would soon pass legislation overturning those regulations, which Weill, Reed and a number of businesspeople considered not in their interest. To speed up the process, they recruited to the Board of Directors former President Gerald Ford (Republican) and former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin (who served during the Democratic Clinton Administration) whom Weill was close to. With both Democrats and Republicans on their side, the law was taken down in less than two years. Many European countries, for instance, had already torn down the firewall between banking and insurance. During a two-to-five-year grace period allowed by law, Citigroup could conduct business in its merged form; should that period have elapsed without a change in the law, Citigroup would have had to spin off its insurance businesses. Weill's office holds a wood etching of him engraved with the words "The Shatterer of Glass–Steagall". Weill denies that the repeal of Glass–Steagall played a role in the recent financial crisis. In 1998, Weill was the recipient of FinancialWorld Magazines CEO of the Year Award and received the same honor from ChiefExecutive Magazine in 2002. In 2001, Weill became a Class A director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Class A directors are those elected by Federal Reserve member banks. Also in 2001, Weill established several offshore enterprises, including one through which he owned his yacht. These entities were identified in the Panama Papers. In 2002, the company was hit by the wave of Wall Street managerial restructuring that followed the stock market downturn of 2002. In 2003, Weill sold 5.6 million shares of Citigroup back to the financial institution for nearly $264 million and relinquished the title of CEO to Charles O. Prince. He remained Chairman of Citigroup until 2006. Advocate for bank break-up On July 25, 2012, Weill apparently reversed course on the financial supermarket. "What we should probably do is go and split up investment banking from banking, have banks be deposit takers, have banks make commercial loans and real estate loans, have banks do something that's not going to risk the taxpayer dollars, that's not too big to fail," Weill said on CNBC. "If they want to hedge what they're doing with their investments, let them do it in a way that's going to be mark-to-market so they're never going to be hit." Personal life Weill married Joan Mosher on June 20, 1955. The couple lives in Sonoma, California. They have two adult children, Marc Weill (formerly married to news anchor E. D. Hill) and Jessica Weill Bibliowicz, and four grandchildren. Philanthropy Weill served as a Cornell Trustee for many years, and in 1998 he endowed Cornell's medical school, now known as the Weill Cornell Medical College. As chairman of the Board of Overseers of Weill Cornell Medical College and an emeritus member of the Board of Trustees of Cornell University, Weill orchestrated a $400 million donation to Cornell, of which he and his wife personally contributed $250 million. In June 2007, he endowed the Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology at Cornell, housed in a new life science building named Weill Hall. On September 10, 2013, Joan and Sandy Weill and the Weill Family Foundation announced a $100 million gift to Weill Cornell. Weill is Chairman of the Board of Overseers of Weill Cornell Medical College and Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, having joined the board in 1982 and becoming chair in 1995. Weill Cornell established the first American medical school overseas in Doha, Qatar, in 2001. This was made possible through a special partnership between Weill Cornell and the Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development. Weill Cornell's inaugural class in Qatar graduated in 2008. Weill also serves on the Board of Governors of Sidra, a 380-bed speciality teaching hospital was scheduled to open in 2014 in Qatar. Sidra is supported by a $9 billion endowment from the Qatar Foundation. In addition, he is a Trustee of New York-Presbyterian Hospital; a Trustee of Hospital for Special Surgery; and a member of the Executive Council of the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. In May 2003, he received the Baruch Medal for Business and Civic Leadership, presented by Baruch College for his work in public education and his accomplishments in business. Long a proponent of education, Weill instituted a joint program with the New York City Board of Education in 1980 that created the Academy of Finance, which trains high school students for careers in financial services. He serves as Founder and Chairman of the NAF, which oversees more than 100,000 students in 617 career-themed academies of finance, hospitality and tourism, information technology, engineering, and health sciences, in 35 states, as well as the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Ninety-nine percent of NAF's students graduate, with eighty-seven percent going on to post-secondary education – often as the first in their families to attend college. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo appointed Weill as a member of his New York Education Reform Commission. Weill has received honorary degrees from Howard University, Hofstra University, University of New Haven, The New School, and Sonoma State University. He is also the Chairman of the Board of Carnegie Hall and is an avid champion of classical music in the United States. Since 1986, one of the three performance halls in Carnegie Hall has been named after Weill and his wife, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall. The 1997 recipient of the New York State Governor's Art Award, Weill has been Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Carnegie Hall since 1991. For Weill's 70th birthday, Carnegie Hall raised a record $60 million in one evening through a generous $30 million match by Weill and his wife for the Weill Music Institute, which established broad-reaching music education programs. Weill is also chairman of the Green Music Center Board of Advisors at Sonoma State University and a director of the Lang Lang International Music Foundation. In 1997, Weill received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. His Golden Plate was presented by Awards Council member General Colin Powell. In September 2006, Joan and Sanford Weill Hall was dedicated at the University of Michigan. The building is home to the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. Weill donated $5 million towards the construction of the building and an additional $3 million to endow the position of the dean of the school. Joan and Sanford Weill have been co-chairs, of the annual "Louis Marshall Award Dinner", for most of the past decade (2000–2010). In 2002, the Joan Weill Adirondack Library and Joan Weill Student Center were dedicated at Paul Smith's College. The Weills are recipients of the 2009 Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy Award. Sanford I. Weill was the 2015 recipient of the Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence. In 2010, the Weills bought a 362-acre estate in Sonoma County, California. In March 2011, the Weills announced a $12 million gift to Sonoma State University, providing the funds to complete the Donald and Maureen Green Music Center concert hall for a fall 2012 opening. The facility, inspired by Seiji Ozawa Hall at Tanglewood, has been named the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Hall. "We love to be involved in the communities where we spend time," Sandy Weill commented to an interviewer. In 2011, Rambam Medical Center in Haifa, Israel and the American Friends of the Rambam Medical Center announced that Joan and Weill and the Weill Family Foundation made a donation of $10 million. In addition, the money was intended to support the Israeli-Palestinian Friendship Center and enable the hospital to better serve patients from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank by making residential hostel facilities available to their families while providing advanced medical training to Palestinian residents, fellows, and nursing staff. In 2012, Weill was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In September 2013, Weill and his wife wrote an op-ed for CNBC stating that philanthropy goes beyond just money. "For us, philanthropy is much more than just writing a check. It's donating your time, energy, experience, and intellect to the causes and organizations you are passionate about." In 2015, Joan Weill offered an additional $20 million to Paul Smith's College, but only if it changed its name to Joan Weill-Paul Smith's College, a change that would have violated the terms of the devise of the school's real property, which required that the school be "forever known" as Paul Smith's College of Arts and Sciences. Paul Smith's applied to the New York Supreme Court for a release from the naming clause of the donor's will, arguing that its continued financial survival depended on receipt of Mrs. Weill's $20 million gift. Notwithstanding that argument, there was considerable opposition to the requested name change from alumni and others. The college was originally funded by the will of Paul Smith's son, Phelps Smith, who specified that the institution should be "forever known" by his father's name. In light of the potential donation, the college petitioned to be released from the will's conditions, but their appeal was denied by Judge Ellis. In 2016 Sandy and Joan Weill announced a $185 million contribution to the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) for a new neuroscience institute. At the time, the gift was the largest donation in the school's history. The Weill Institute for Neurosciences is housed in a $316 million facility at UCSF's Mission Bay campus. The Weills hope the institute will develop more effective treatments for such diseases as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, sleep disorders, autism, and other brain-related ailments. In 2019, the Weills pledged an additional $106 million for neuroscience research at UCSF, Berkeley, and the University of Washington. References External links Booknotes interview with Monica Langley on Tearing Down the Walls: How Sandy Weill Fought His Way to the Top of the Financial World And Then Nearly Lost it All, May 11, 2003 World's Richest People 2005: 72. Sanford Weill, Forbes Sandy Weill at Reference for Business Past Winners of Harold W. McGraw, Jr. Prize in Education Website and biographical info for Marc Weill Articles HW Wilson: Today's Profile - 1999 The Banker: "Is Sandy losing focus?," September 2, 2002. "Knowledge at Wharton". Norris, Floyd. "Citigroup's Climb to Riches, One Merger at a Time with Sanford I. Weill", New York Times, July 17, 2003. "Sandy Weill Sits Down With the WJ", Wharton Journal, September 22, 2003. "Sandy's Story," Time, March 24, 2003. USA Today Q&A Video Wall Street Journal, November 9, 2005. Members of the Council on Foreign Relations 1933 births American chief executives of financial services companies American financiers American people of Polish-Jewish descent Carnegie Hall Citigroup employees Cornell University alumni Directors of Citigroup Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Giving Pledgers 21st-century philanthropists Jewish American philanthropists Living people People from Brooklyn Businesspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut The Travelers Companies American billionaires American bank presidents Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence winners People named in the Panama Papers Philanthropists from New York (state) Peekskill Military Academy alumni 21st-century American Jews

<mask>. "Sandy<mask> (; born March 16, 1933) is an American banker, financier and philanthropist. He is a former chief executive and chairman of Citigroup. He served in those positions from 1998 until October 1, 2003, and April 18, 2006, respectively. Early life and education <mask> was born in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York, to Polish Jewish immigrants, Etta Kalika and <mask>. He attended P.S. 200 in Bensonhurst.He also attended Peekskill Military Academy in Peekskill, New York, then enrolled at Cornell University where he was active in the Air Force ROTC and the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity. <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts degree in government from Cornell in 1955. Weill's middle initial of "I" is not an abbreviation for anything. He has said: Business career <mask>, shortly after graduating from Cornell University, got his first job on Wall Street in 1955 – as a runner for Bear Stearns. In 1956, he became a licensed broker at Bear Stearns. Rather than making phone calls or personal visits to solicit clients, Weill found he was far more comfortable sitting at his desk, poring through companies' financial statements and disclosures made to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. For weeks his only client was his mother, Etta, until his later to be wife, Joan, persuaded an ex-boyfriend to open a brokerage account.Building Shearson (1960–1981) While working at Bear Stearns, <mask> was a neighbor of Arthur L. Carter who was working at Lehman Brothers. Together with Roger Berlind and Peter Potoma, they formed Carter, Berlind, Potoma & Weill in May 1960. In 1962 the firm became Carter, Berlind & Weill after the New York Stock Exchange brought disciplinary proceedings against Potoma. In 1968, with the departure of Arthur Carter, the firm was renamed Cogan, Berlind, Weill & Levitt (Marshall Cogan, Arthur Levitt), or CBWL jokingly referred to on Wall Street as "Corned Beef With Lettuce". <mask> served as the firm's Chairman from 1965 to 1984, a period in which it completed over 15 acquisitions to become the country's second-largest securities brokerage firm. The company became CBWL-Hayden, Stone, Inc. in 1970; Hayden Stone, Inc. in 1972; Shearson Hayden Stone in 1974, when it merged with Shearson Hammill & Co.; and Shearson Loeb Rhoades in 1979, when it merged with Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower & Co. With capital totaling $250 million, Shearson Loeb Rhoades trailed only Merrill Lynch as the largest securities broker. American Express (1981–1985) In 1981, Weill sold Shearson Loeb Rhoades to American Express for about $915 million in stock.In 1982, he founded the National Academy Foundation with the Academy of Finance to educate high school students. <mask> began serving as president of American Express Co. in 1983 and as chairman and CEO of American Express's insurance subsidiary, Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, in 1984. <mask> was succeeded by his protégé, Peter A. Cohen, who became the youngest head of a Wall Street firm. While at American Express, <mask> began grooming his newest protégé, Jamie Dimon, the future CEO of JPMorgan Chase. Before Citigroup (1986–1998) <mask> resigned from American Express in August 1985 at age 52. After an attempt to become the CEO of BankAmerica Corp., he persuaded Minneapolis-based Control Data Corporation to spin off a troubled subsidiary, Commercial Credit, a consumer finance company. In 1986 Weill bought Commercial Credit for $7 million.After a period of layoffs and reorganization, the company completed a successful IPO. In 1987, he acquired Gulf Insurance. The next year, he paid $1.5 billion for Primerica, the parent company of Smith Barney and the A. L. Williams insurance company. In 1989, he acquired Drexel Burnham Lambert's retail brokerage outlets. In 1992, he paid $722 million to buy a 27% share of Travelers Insurance, which had gotten into trouble because of bad real estate investments. In 1993 he reacquired his old Shearson brokerage (now Shearson Lehman) from American Express for $1.2 billion. By the end of the year, he had completely taken over Travelers Corp in a $4 billion stock deal and officially began calling his corporation Travelers Group Inc.In 1996 he added to his holdings, at a cost of $4 billion, the property and casualty operations of Aetna Life & Casualty. In September 1997 <mask> acquired Salomon Inc., the parent company of Salomon Brothers Inc. for over $9 billion in stock. Citigroup (1998-2003) In April 1998, Travelers Group announced an agreement to undertake the $76 billion merger between Travelers and Citicorp, and the merger was completed on October 8, 1998. The possibility remained that the merger would run into problems connected with federal law. Ever since the Glass–Steagall Act, banking and insurance businesses had been kept separate. <mask> and John S. Reed bet that Congress would soon pass legislation overturning those regulations, which <mask>, Reed and a number of businesspeople considered not in their interest. To speed up the process, they recruited to the Board of Directors former President Gerald Ford (Republican) and former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin (who served during the Democratic Clinton Administration) whom Weill was close to.With both Democrats and Republicans on their side, the law was taken down in less than two years. Many European countries, for instance, had already torn down the firewall between banking and insurance. During a two-to-five-year grace period allowed by law, Citigroup could conduct business in its merged form; should that period have elapsed without a change in the law, Citigroup would have had to spin off its insurance businesses. <mask>'s office holds a wood etching of him engraved with the words "The Shatterer of Glass–Steagall". <mask> denies that the repeal of Glass–Steagall played a role in the recent financial crisis. In 1998, <mask> was the recipient of FinancialWorld Magazines CEO of the Year Award and received the same honor from ChiefExecutive Magazine in 2002. In 2001, Weill became a Class A director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.Class A directors are those elected by Federal Reserve member banks. Also in 2001, <mask> established several offshore enterprises, including one through which he owned his yacht. These entities were identified in the Panama Papers. In 2002, the company was hit by the wave of Wall Street managerial restructuring that followed the stock market downturn of 2002. In 2003, <mask> sold 5.6 million shares of Citigroup back to the financial institution for nearly $264 million and relinquished the title of CEO to Charles O. Prince. He remained Chairman of Citigroup until 2006.Advocate for bank break-up On July 25, 2012, Weill apparently reversed course on the financial supermarket. "What we should probably do is go and split up investment banking from banking, have banks be deposit takers, have banks make commercial loans and real estate loans, have banks do something that's not going to risk the taxpayer dollars, that's not too big to fail," Weill said on CNBC. "If they want to hedge what they're doing with their investments, let them do it in a way that's going to be mark-to-market so they're never going to be hit." Personal life <mask> married Joan Mosher on June 20, 1955. The couple lives in Sonoma, California. They have two adult children, <mask> (formerly married to news anchor E. D. Hill) and <mask> Bibliowicz, and four grandchildren. Philanthropy Weill served as a Cornell Trustee for many years, and in 1998 he endowed Cornell's medical school, now known as the Weill Cornell Medical College.As chairman of the Board of Overseers of Weill Cornell Medical College and an emeritus member of the Board of Trustees of Cornell University, Weill orchestrated a $400 million donation to Cornell, of which he and his wife personally contributed $250 million. In June 2007, he endowed the Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology at Cornell, housed in a new life science building named Weill Hall. On September 10, 2013, Joan and <mask> and the Weill Family Foundation announced a $100 million gift to <mask> Cornell. <mask> is Chairman of the Board of Overseers of Weill Cornell Medical College and Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, having joined the board in 1982 and becoming chair in 1995. <mask> Cornell established the first American medical school overseas in Doha, Qatar, in 2001. This was made possible through a special partnership between Weill Cornell and the Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development. Weill Cornell's inaugural class in Qatar graduated in 2008.<mask> also serves on the Board of Governors of Sidra, a 380-bed speciality teaching hospital was scheduled to open in 2014 in Qatar. Sidra is supported by a $9 billion endowment from the Qatar Foundation. In addition, he is a Trustee of New York-Presbyterian Hospital; a Trustee of Hospital for Special Surgery; and a member of the Executive Council of the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. In May 2003, he received the Baruch Medal for Business and Civic Leadership, presented by Baruch College for his work in public education and his accomplishments in business. Long a proponent of education, <mask> instituted a joint program with the New York City Board of Education in 1980 that created the Academy of Finance, which trains high school students for careers in financial services. He serves as Founder and Chairman of the NAF, which oversees more than 100,000 students in 617 career-themed academies of finance, hospitality and tourism, information technology, engineering, and health sciences, in 35 states, as well as the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Ninety-nine percent of NAF's students graduate, with eighty-seven percent going on to post-secondary education – often as the first in their families to attend college.New York Governor Andrew Cuomo appointed <mask> as a member of his New York Education Reform Commission. <mask> has received honorary degrees from Howard University, Hofstra University, University of New Haven, The New School, and Sonoma State University. He is also the Chairman of the Board of Carnegie Hall and is an avid champion of classical music in the United States. Since 1986, one of the three performance halls in Carnegie Hall has been named after <mask> and his wife, Joan and <mask><mask> Recital Hall. The 1997 recipient of the New York State Governor's Art Award, <mask> has been Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Carnegie Hall since 1991. For <mask>'s 70th birthday, Carnegie Hall raised a record $60 million in one evening through a generous $30 million match by <mask> and his wife for the Weill Music Institute, which established broad-reaching music education programs. <mask> is also chairman of the Green Music Center Board of Advisors at Sonoma State University and a director of the Lang Lang International Music Foundation.In 1997, <mask> received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. His Golden Plate was presented by Awards Council member General Colin Powell. In September 2006, Joan and <mask> Hall was dedicated at the University of Michigan. The building is home to the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. Weill donated $5 million towards the construction of the building and an additional $3 million to endow the position of the dean of the school. Joan and <mask> have been co-chairs, of the annual "Louis Marshall Award Dinner", for most of the past decade (2000–2010). In 2002, the Joan Weill Adirondack Library and Joan Weill Student Center were dedicated at Paul Smith's College.The Weills are recipients of the 2009 Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy Award. <mask><mask> was the 2015 recipient of the Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence. In 2010, the Weills bought a 362-acre estate in Sonoma County, California. In March 2011, the Weills announced a $12 million gift to Sonoma State University, providing the funds to complete the Donald and Maureen Green Music Center concert hall for a fall 2012 opening. The facility, inspired by Seiji Ozawa Hall at Tanglewood, has been named the Joan and <mask> I. Weill Hall. "We love to be involved in the communities where we spend time," <mask> commented to an interviewer. In 2011, Rambam Medical Center in Haifa, Israel and the American Friends of the Rambam Medical Center announced that Joan and Weill and the Weill Family Foundation made a donation of $10 million.In addition, the money was intended to support the Israeli-Palestinian Friendship Center and enable the hospital to better serve patients from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank by making residential hostel facilities available to their families while providing advanced medical training to Palestinian residents, fellows, and nursing staff. In 2012, <mask> was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In September 2013, <mask> and his wife wrote an op-ed for CNBC stating that philanthropy goes beyond just money. "For us, philanthropy is much more than just writing a check. It's donating your time, energy, experience, and intellect to the causes and organizations you are passionate about." In 2015, <mask> offered an additional $20 million to Paul Smith's College, but only if it changed its name to Joan Weill-Paul Smith's College, a change that would have violated the terms of the devise of the school's real property, which required that the school be "forever known" as Paul Smith's College of Arts and Sciences. Paul Smith's applied to the New York Supreme Court for a release from the naming clause of the donor's will, arguing that its continued financial survival depended on receipt of Mrs. <mask>'s $20 million gift.Notwithstanding that argument, there was considerable opposition to the requested name change from alumni and others. The college was originally funded by the will of Paul Smith's son, Phelps Smith, who specified that the institution should be "forever known" by his father's name. In light of the potential donation, the college petitioned to be released from the will's conditions, but their appeal was denied by Judge Ellis. In 2016 Sandy and <mask> announced a $185 million contribution to the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) for a new neuroscience institute. At the time, the gift was the largest donation in the school's history. The Weill Institute for Neurosciences is housed in a $316 million facility at UCSF's Mission Bay campus. The Weills hope the institute will develop more effective treatments for such diseases as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, sleep disorders, autism, and other brain-related ailments.In 2019, the Weills pledged an additional $106 million for neuroscience research at UCSF, Berkeley, and the University of Washington. References External links Booknotes interview with Monica Langley on Tearing Down the Walls: How <mask> Fought His Way to the Top of the Financial World And Then Nearly Lost it All, May 11, 2003 World's Richest People 2005: 72. <mask>, Forbes <mask> at Reference for Business Past Winners of Harold W. McGraw, Jr. Prize in Education Website and biographical info for Marc Weill Articles HW Wilson: Today's Profile - 1999 The Banker: "Is Sandy losing focus?," September 2, 2002. "Knowledge at Wharton". Norris, Floyd. "Citigroup's Climb to Riches, One Merger at a Time with <mask>. <mask>", New York Times, July 17, 2003. "<mask> Sits Down With the WJ", Wharton Journal, September 22, 2003."Sandy's Story," Time, March 24, 2003. USA Today Q&A Video Wall Street Journal, November 9, 2005. Members of the Council on Foreign Relations 1933 births American chief executives of financial services companies American financiers American people of Polish-Jewish descent Carnegie Hall Citigroup employees Cornell University alumni Directors of Citigroup Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Giving Pledgers 21st-century philanthropists Jewish American philanthropists Living people People from Brooklyn Businesspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut The Travelers Companies American billionaires American bank presidents Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence winners People named in the Panama Papers Philanthropists from New York (state) Peekskill Military Academy alumni 21st-century American Jews

The man is named <mask><mask> was born on March 16, 1933. He was the chairman of Citigroup. From 1998 until October 1, 2003 and April 18, 2006 he served in those positions. Etta Kalika and <mask> were Polish Jewish immigrants who lived in Brooklyn, New York. He was a student at P.S. There are 200 in Bensonhurst.After attending Peekskill Military Academy in Peekskill, New York, he went to Cornell University where he was active in the Air Force ROTC. In 1955, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Cornell. The middle initial of "I" is not an abbreviation. In 1955, shortly after graduating from Cornell University, he got his first job on Wall Street as a runner for Bear Stearns. He became a licensed broker in the mid-sixties. He was more comfortable sitting at his desk, poring through companies' financial statements and disclosures made to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, rather than making phone calls or personal visits to solicit clients. His mother, Etta, was his only client for weeks until he persuaded an ex-boyfriend to open a brokerage account.A neighbor of Arthur L. Carter was working at Lehman Brothers. Carter, Berlind, Potoma and Weill formed in 1960. After the New York Stock Exchange broughtDisciplinary proceedings against Potoma, the firm became Carter, Berlind & Weill. CBWL jokingly referred to itself as "Corned Beef With Lettuce" after the departure of Arthur Carter in 1968. During his time as the firm's Chairman from 1966 to 1984 he completed over 15 acquisitions to become the country's second-largest securities brokerage firm. In 1970, the company changed its name to CBWL-Hayden, Stone, Inc. In 1981 Shearson Loeb Rhoades was sold to American Express for $915 million in stock.He founded the National Academy Foundation to educate high school students. In 1984 he became chairman and CEO of American Express's insurance subsidiary, Fireman's Fund Insurance Company. Peter A. Cohen was the youngest head of a Wall Street firm. Jamie Dimon was groomed by <mask> while he was at American Express. In August 1985 he resigned from American Express at the age of 52. Control Data Corporation spun off Commercial Credit, a consumer finance company, after he tried to become the CEO of BankAmerica Corp. Commercial Credit was bought by <mask> for $7 million.The company completed a successful IPO after a period of layoffs. He acquired Gulf Insurance in 1987. He paid over a billion dollars for Primerica, the parent company of Smith Barney. He acquired retail brokerage outlets. Travelers Insurance got into trouble because of bad real estate investments, and he paid $722 million to buy a 27% share. Shearson Lehman was reacquired by him in 1993 from American Express. He took over Travelers Corp at the end of the year in a $4 billion stock deal.He added to his holdings at a cost of $4 billion. Salomon Inc., the parent company of Salomon Brothers Inc., was acquired by Weill in 1997. The merger of Travelers and Citicorp was completed on October 8, 1998. There was a chance that the merger would run into problems. Banking and insurance businesses have been separate since the Glass–Steagall Act. Congress would soon pass legislation to overturn those regulations, which John S. Reed and others considered not in their interest. Former President Gerald Ford and former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin were recruited to the Board of Directors to speed up the process.In less than two years, the law was taken down by both parties. Many European countries have already torn down the banking and insurance safety net. If the law had not changed, Citigroup would have had to spin off its insurance businesses. The wood etching of him is engraved with the words "The Shatterer of Glass–Steagall". The financial crisis was not caused by the repeal of Glass–Steagall. In 1998 he was the recipient of FinancialWorld Magazines CEO of the Year Award and in 2002 he received the same honor from ChiefExecutive Magazine. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York has a Class A director.Class A directors are elected by Federal Reserve member banks. He owned his yacht through one of the offshore enterprises he established. The Panama Papers identified these entities. After the stock market downturn of 2002, the company was hit by a wave of Wall Street managerial restructuring. In 2003 Citigroup's CEO, Charles O<mask>, relinquished the title of CEO and sold 5.6 million shares of Citigroup back to the financial institution for $264 million. Prince. He was the Chairman of Citigroup.The financial supermarket was reversed on July 25, 2012 by the advocate for bank break-up. "We should split investment banking from banking, have banks be deposit takers, have banks make commercial loans and real estate loans, and have banks do something that's not going to risk the taxpayer dollars, that's not too big to fail," he said. "If they want to hedge what they're doing with their investments, let them do it in a way that's going to be mark-to-market so they're never going to be hit." On June 20, 1955, <mask> married Joan Mosher. They live in Sonoma, California. They have two adult children and four grandchildren. The Weill Cornell Medical College was endowed in 1998 by Philanthropy <mask>, who served as a Cornell Trustee for many years.As chairman of the Board of Overseers of Cornell Medical College, he orchestrated a $400 million donation, of which he and his wife personally contributed $250 million. The new life science building at Cornell was named after him. A $100 million gift was announced on September 10, 2013, by Joan and <mask>. The Board of Overseers of the Medical College and the Graduate School of Medical Sciences is chaired by <mask>, who joined the board in 1982. The first American medical school overseas was established in 2001. The partnership between Cornell and the Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development was made possible. The class of 2008 graduated from Weill Cornell.The Board of Governors of Sidra was to open a380-bed speciality teaching hospital in Qatar. Sidra is supported by an endowment. He is a member of the Executive Council of the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. He received a medal in May 2003 for his work in public education and his accomplishments in business. The Academy of Finance, which trains high school students for careers in financial services, was created by the New York City Board of Education and Weill in 1980. In 35 states, as well as the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands, he is the founder and Chairman of the NAF, which oversees more than 100,000 students in 617 career-themed academies of finance, hospitality and tourism, information technology, engineering, and health sciences Ninety-nine percent of NAF's students graduate, with many going on to college as the first in their families to attend college.<mask> was appointed to the New York Education Reform Commission. He has received degrees from a number of universities. He is a champion of classical music in the United States and is the Chairman of the Board of Carnegie Hall. One of the three performance halls in Carnegie Hall has been named after the <mask> family. The 1997 recipient of the New York State Governor's Art Award is the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Carnegie Hall. Carnegie Hall raised a record $60 million in one evening, thanks to a generous $30 million match by the Weill Music Institute, which established broad-reaching music education programs. He is also a director of the Lang Lang International Music Foundation and chairman of the Green Music Center Board of Advisors.The Golden Plate Award is given by the American Academy of Achievement. Colin Powell presented the Golden Plate to him. The University of Michigan had a dedicated hall in September of 2006). The Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy is located in the building. The position of the dean of the school was endowed by the donation of $3 million by <mask>. The annual "Louis Marshall Award Dinner" has been co-chairs for most of the past decade. The Joan Weill Student Center was dedicated at Paul Smith's College in 2002.The Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy Award was given to the Weills. The Carnegie Hall medal of excellence was given to <mask>. Weill. The 362-acre estate was bought by the Weills in 2010. Sonoma State University received a $12 million gift from the Weills in March of 2011. The Joan and Sanford I. Weill Hall are the inspiration for the facility. Sandy said they love to be involved in the communities where they spend time. The Rambam Medical Center in Haifa, Israel and the American Friends of the Rambam Medical Center received a $10 million donation in 2011.The money was intended to support the Israeli-Palestinian Friendship Center and enable the hospital to better serve patients from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank by making residential hostel facilities available to their families while providing advanced medical training to Palestinian residents, fellows and nursing staff. In 2012 he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In September of last year, <mask> and his wife wrote an op-ed for CNBC stating that philanthropy goes beyond just money. Philanthropy is more than just writing a check. It is donating your time, energy, experience, and intellect to the causes and organizations you are passionate about. In 2015, <mask> offered an additional $20 million to Paul Smith's College, but only if it changed its name to Joan Weill-Paul Smith's College, a change that would have violated the terms of the school's real property. Paul Smith applied to the New York Supreme Court for a release from the naming clause of the donor's will in order to survive.There was opposition to the name change from alumni and others. The college was funded by the will of Paul Smith's son, who wanted the institution to be known by his father's name. Judge Ellis denied the college's appeal after they petitioned to be released from the will's conditions. Sandy and <mask> donated $185 million to the University of California, San Francisco for a neuroscience institute. The gift was the largest donation in the school's history. The Institute for Neurosciences is located at the Mission Bay campus of the University of California, San Francisco. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, sleep disorders, and other brain-related ailments are some of the diseases the institute hopes to develop more effective treatments for.The University of Washington received an additional $106 million for neuroscience research in 2019. Monica Langley is the author of Tearing Down the Walls: How <mask> Fought His Way to the Top of the Financial World and Then Nearly Lost it All. <mask> is a past winner of the Harold W. McGraw, Jr. Prize in Education. "Knowledge at Wharton" Floyd Norris. "Citigroup's Climb to Riches, One Merger at a Time", New York Times, July 17, 2003 <mask> was mentioned in the September 22, 2003 edition of the Wharton Journal.Time has a story on Sandy's Story. The Wall Street Journal had a Q&A with USA Today. The Council on Foreign Relations was formed in 1933 and includes American chief executives of financial services companies.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Bartelme

Philip Bartelme

Philip George Bartelme (August 16, 1876 – May 3, 1954), also known as P.G. Bartelme and sometimes spelled "Barthelme", was the second athletic director of the University of Michigan, holding the position from 1909-1921. Bartelme is credited with bringing the sports of basketball, hockey and swimming to varsity status at Michigan and with leading Michigan back into the Big Ten Conference after its withdrawal in 1907. The only athletic directors to serve a longer tenure at Michigan are Fielding H. Yost (1921-1940), Fritz Crisler (1941-1968), and Don Canham (1968-1988). After leaving Michigan in 1921, Bartelme spent the rest of his career in the world of professional baseball, serving as the president of the Syracuse Stars (1922-1925), the head of the St. Louis Cardinals' farm system in the 1930s, president of the Sacramento Solons (1936-1944), and a scout for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Bartelme's baseball career was closely tied to that of Branch Rickey, who Bartelme had hired as Michigan's baseball coach in 1910. University of Michigan A native of Chicago, Illinois, Bartelme was a student manager for the 1902 Michigan Wolverines football team. On November 1, 1902, Michigan played Wisconsin at Marshall Field in Chicago before a crowd of 23,000 persons. The stadium became so densely packed that one of the temporary grandstands hastily erected to support 400 persons collapsed, injuring several persons. The game was stopped for ten minutes while order was restored, and Bartelme immediately gave the order that no more tickets were to be sold. Thousands were turned away. Bartelme became Michigan's second athletic director in 1909 following the resignation of Charles A. Baird. He was appointed to the position on March 24, 1909 by the university's Board of Regents at a salary of $2,700 per year. He took over the position on July 1, 1909. 1909. When Bartelme took over as athletic director, Michigan had withdrawn from the Western Conference. One of his principle accomplishments was the return of Michigan to the conference. In September 1909, Barthelme made his views known:"I always have thought that Michigan's place is in the conference, and moreover, I have thought that when conditions were so we could return, it would be the only thing for us to do. However, I am not so sure that that time has come." He noted that the "training table" was the biggest obstacle to Michigan's rejoining the conference. Bartelme noted that the training table was "a great factor in getting the men into the condition necessary for hard football" and avoiding serious injuries. Bartelme is credited with bringing the sports of basketball, hockey and swimming to varsity status at Michigan He also oversaw the construction of the Athletic Administration Building and hired the university's first full-time director of intramural sports. In 1921, Bartelme led an investigation to determine whether Vernon Parks, the captain of Michigan's baseball team and leading pitcher in the Big Ten Conference, had played baseball for Portland in the Pacific Coast League under the assumed name, Harold Brooks. Barthelme noted, "This Brooks won 90 percent of his games I am told. I have seen his picture and I am certain he is really Vernon Parks, our star pitcher. If the charges are true, there is no doubt that the University of Michigan will take drastic action." Parks admitted to Bartelme that he had played for Portland and at the same time resigned from the Michigan team. Career in baseball Relationship with Branch Rickey While serving as athletic director, Bartelme was responsible for giving Branch Rickey his start in baseball administration. Michigan's baseball coach quit in 1910, and Rickey, who was then a law student at Michigan, applied for the job. Rickey asked every alumnus he had ever met to write letters to Bartelme on his behalf. Bartelme recalled, "Day after day those letters came in." Bartelme was reportedly impressed with Rickey's passion for baseball and his idealism about the proper role of athletics on a college campus. Bartelme convinced the dean of the law school that Rickey could handle his law studies and serving as the school's baseball coach. Bartelme reportedly called Rickey into his office to tell him he had the job if only "to put a stop to those damn letters that come in every day." The hiring also marked the beginning of a lifelong friendship and business relationship between Rickey and Bartelme. Bartelme and Rickey worked together for most of the next 35 years, and in 1944 a California newspaper noted: "He and Rickey have had a close association in baseball ever since Bartelme was head of the athletic department of the University of Michigan where Rickey took to baseball just as a means to build up his failing health." Syracuse Stars In 1922, Bartelme purchased a one-half interest in the Syracuse Stars baseball club of the International League. John Conway Toole, president of the league, said at the time, "Mr. Bartelme was a high type sportsman and would be a valuable addition to the league." Bartelme joined his friend Branch Rickey as a partner in ownership of the Stars. In late 1923, Bartelme and Rickey proposed moving the Syracuse team to Montreal. However, the Stars remained in Syracuse with Bartelme acting as the club's president from 1922-1925. Bartelme sold his interest in the Stars in January 1926. At the time of the sale, the Syracuse Herald praised Bartelme for his contributions to Syracuse baseball:"Bartelme worked hand in hand with the Cardinals club during his three years and a half here and gave Syracuse the best baseball it has ever enjoyed." Among Bartelme's most profitable moves was his sale of slugger Jim Bottomley to the St. Louis Cardinals for $30,000. The Stars had acquired Bottomley for $1,000, and he quickly became a sensation while playing for the Stars. Brick tile business in Florida Upon selling his interest in the Syracuse Stars, Bartleme went into business with a manufacturing concern in St. Augustine, Florida. Bartelme invested considerable money in a firm constructing hollow brick tile for the building business in Florida. With Florida experiencing a building boom in 1926, Bartelme reported that he felt that his entire time must be devoted to his new business. St. Louis Cardinals In March 1928, Bartelme and Branch Rickey purchased the Dayton baseball franchise in the new Central League, and Bartelme became the club's president. According to a biography of Rickey, Bartelme was set back by "business losses in Florida" and was brought to St. Louis by Rickey as an office administrator. By 1929, press accounts identified Bartelme as assistant to Rickey for minor league relations. Bartelme continued to serve as vice president in charge of the Cardinals' minor league operations during Rickey's time in St. Louis. In December 1935, press accounts referred to him as the head of the Cardinals' chain of baseball farm teams. During Bartelme's tenure, the Cardinals' farm system produced the stars who would form the core of the Gashouse Gang teams of the 1930s, including Pepper Martin, Dizzy Dean and Joe Medwick—players who were integral parts of the 1934 Cardinals team that won the World Series. The farm system operated by Rickey and Bartelme was so successful that Commissioner of Baseball Kenesaw Mountain Landis twice released over 70 of the Cardinals' minor leaguer players. Nevertheless, Rickey and Bartelme's farm system remained, and similar systems were adopted by every major league team within a few years. Sacramento Solons When the Cardinals purchased the Sacramento Solons of the Pacific Coast League in December 1935, Bartelme was sent to California to take over as the club president. Bartelme was president of the Solons from January 1936 until February 1944, when the Cardinals pulled out of their interest in the Sacramento club. The Oakland Tribune noted that Bartelme was "one of the finest men in baseball and is well liked in Sacramento." The Tribune's sports editor, Lee Dunbar, referred to Bartelme as "one of my favorite people." Brooklyn Dodgers After the Cardinals sold the Solons, Bartelme was again hired by his old friend, Branch Rickey, who had then taken over as president of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Bartelme remained in Sacramento and became a scout for the Dodgers in California. Family and death Bartelme died on May 3, 1954 in Carmel, California at age 75. He was survived by his wife Mina Chase Bartelme. References 1879 births 1954 deaths University of Michigan alumni Michigan Wolverines athletic directors Sportspeople from Chicago

<mask> (August 16, 1876 – May 3, 1954), also known as P.G<mask> and sometimes spelled "Barthelme", was the second athletic director of the University of Michigan, holding the position from 1909-1921. Bartelme is credited with bringing the sports of basketball, hockey and swimming to varsity status at Michigan and with leading Michigan back into the Big Ten Conference after its withdrawal in 1907. The only athletic directors to serve a longer tenure at Michigan are Fielding H. Yost (1921-1940), Fritz Crisler (1941-1968), and Don Canham (1968-1988). After leaving Michigan in 1921, Bartelme spent the rest of his career in the world of professional baseball, serving as the president of the Syracuse Stars (1922-1925), the head of the St. Louis Cardinals' farm system in the 1930s, president of the Sacramento Solons (1936-1944), and a scout for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Bartelme's baseball career was closely tied to that of Branch Rickey, who Bartelme had hired as Michigan's baseball coach in 1910. University of Michigan A native of Chicago, Illinois, Bartelme was a student manager for the 1902 Michigan Wolverines football team.On November 1, 1902, Michigan played Wisconsin at Marshall Field in Chicago before a crowd of 23,000 persons. The stadium became so densely packed that one of the temporary grandstands hastily erected to support 400 persons collapsed, injuring several persons. The game was stopped for ten minutes while order was restored, and <mask> immediately gave the order that no more tickets were to be sold. Thousands were turned away. <mask> became Michigan's second athletic director in 1909 following the resignation of Charles A. Baird. He was appointed to the position on March 24, 1909 by the university's Board of Regents at a salary of $2,700 per year. He took over the position on July 1, 1909.1909. When <mask> took over as athletic director, Michigan had withdrawn from the Western Conference. One of his principle accomplishments was the return of Michigan to the conference. In September 1909, Barthelme made his views known:"I always have thought that Michigan's place is in the conference, and moreover, I have thought that when conditions were so we could return, it would be the only thing for us to do. However, I am not so sure that that time has come." He noted that the "training table" was the biggest obstacle to Michigan's rejoining the conference. Bartelme noted that the training table was "a great factor in getting the men into the condition necessary for hard football" and avoiding serious injuries.<mask> is credited with bringing the sports of basketball, hockey and swimming to varsity status at Michigan He also oversaw the construction of the Athletic Administration Building and hired the university's first full-time director of intramural sports. In 1921, <mask> led an investigation to determine whether Vernon Parks, the captain of Michigan's baseball team and leading pitcher in the Big Ten Conference, had played baseball for Portland in the Pacific Coast League under the assumed name, Harold Brooks. Barthelme noted, "This Brooks won 90 percent of his games I am told. I have seen his picture and I am certain he is really Vernon Parks, our star pitcher. If the charges are true, there is no doubt that the University of Michigan will take drastic action." Parks admitted to Bartelme that he had played for Portland and at the same time resigned from the Michigan team. Career in baseball Relationship with Branch Rickey While serving as athletic director, Bartelme was responsible for giving Branch Rickey his start in baseball administration.Michigan's baseball coach quit in 1910, and Rickey, who was then a law student at Michigan, applied for the job. Rickey asked every alumnus he had ever met to write letters to Bartelme on his behalf. Bartelme recalled, "Day after day those letters came in." Bartelme was reportedly impressed with Rickey's passion for baseball and his idealism about the proper role of athletics on a college campus. Bartelme convinced the dean of the law school that Rickey could handle his law studies and serving as the school's baseball coach. Bartelme reportedly called Rickey into his office to tell him he had the job if only "to put a stop to those damn letters that come in every day." The hiring also marked the beginning of a lifelong friendship and business relationship between Rickey and Bartelme.<mask> and Rickey worked together for most of the next 35 years, and in 1944 a California newspaper noted: "He and Rickey have had a close association in baseball ever since Bartelme was head of the athletic department of the University of Michigan where Rickey took to baseball just as a means to build up his failing health." Syracuse Stars In 1922, Bartelme purchased a one-half interest in the Syracuse Stars baseball club of the International League. John Conway Toole, president of the league, said at the time, "Mr. Bartelme was a high type sportsman and would be a valuable addition to the league." Bartelme joined his friend Branch Rickey as a partner in ownership of the Stars. In late 1923, Bartelme and Rickey proposed moving the Syracuse team to Montreal. However, the Stars remained in Syracuse with Bartelme acting as the club's president from 1922-1925. Bartelme sold his interest in the Stars in January 1926.At the time of the sale, the Syracuse Herald praised Bartelme for his contributions to Syracuse baseball:"Bartelme worked hand in hand with the Cardinals club during his three years and a half here and gave Syracuse the best baseball it has ever enjoyed." Among Bartelme's most profitable moves was his sale of slugger Jim Bottomley to the St. Louis Cardinals for $30,000. The Stars had acquired Bottomley for $1,000, and he quickly became a sensation while playing for the Stars. Brick tile business in Florida Upon selling his interest in the Syracuse Stars, Bartleme went into business with a manufacturing concern in St. Augustine, Florida. Bartelme invested considerable money in a firm constructing hollow brick tile for the building business in Florida. With Florida experiencing a building boom in 1926, Bartelme reported that he felt that his entire time must be devoted to his new business. St. Louis Cardinals In March 1928, <mask> and Branch Rickey purchased the Dayton baseball franchise in the new Central League, and <mask> became the club's president.According to a biography of Rickey, <mask> was set back by "business losses in Florida" and was brought to St. Louis by Rickey as an office administrator. By 1929, press accounts identified Bartelme as assistant to Rickey for minor league relations. Bartelme continued to serve as vice president in charge of the Cardinals' minor league operations during Rickey's time in St. Louis. In December 1935, press accounts referred to him as the head of the Cardinals' chain of baseball farm teams. During <mask>'s tenure, the Cardinals' farm system produced the stars who would form the core of the Gashouse Gang teams of the 1930s, including Pepper Martin, Dizzy Dean and Joe Medwick—players who were integral parts of the 1934 Cardinals team that won the World Series. The farm system operated by Rickey and Bartelme was so successful that Commissioner of Baseball Kenesaw Mountain Landis twice released over 70 of the Cardinals' minor leaguer players. Nevertheless, Rickey and Bartelme's farm system remained, and similar systems were adopted by every major league team within a few years.Sacramento Solons When the Cardinals purchased the Sacramento Solons of the Pacific Coast League in December 1935, <mask> was sent to California to take over as the club president. <mask> was president of the Solons from January 1936 until February 1944, when the Cardinals pulled out of their interest in the Sacramento club. The Oakland Tribune noted that Bartelme was "one of the finest men in baseball and is well liked in Sacramento." The Tribune's sports editor, Lee Dunbar, referred to Bartelme as "one of my favorite people." Brooklyn Dodgers After the Cardinals sold the Solons, Bartelme was again hired by his old friend, Branch Rickey, who had then taken over as president of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Bartelme remained in Sacramento and became a scout for the Dodgers in California. Family and death Bartelme died on May 3, 1954 in Carmel, California at age 75.He was survived by his wife Mina Chase <mask>. References 1879 births 1954 deaths University of Michigan alumni Michigan Wolverines athletic directors Sportspeople from Chicago

Also known as P.G., <mask> was born on August 16, 1876. The second athletic director of the University of Michigan was sometimes spelled "Barthelme". After Michigan withdrew from the Big Ten Conference in 1907, the sports of basketball, hockey, and swimming were brought back into the fold. Don Canham was the only athletic director to serve a longer tenure at Michigan. After leaving Michigan in 1921, he spent the rest of his career in the world of professional baseball, serving as the president of the Syracuse Stars and the head of the St. Louis Cardinals' farm system in the 1930s. Branch Rickey was the baseball coach that Bartelme hired in 1910. The University of Michigan had a student manager for the football team.The University of Michigan played the University of Wisconsin at Marshall Field in Chicago in 1901. The stadium was so packed that one of the temporary stands collapsed, injuring several people. After the game was stopped for ten minutes, <mask> ordered that no more tickets be sold. Thousands were turned away. Charles A. Baird resigned as Michigan's second athletic director in 1909. The university's Board of regents appointed him to the position at a salary of $2,700 per year on March 24, 1909. On July 1, 1909, he took over the position.1909. Michigan withdrew from the Western Conference when <mask> took over as athletic director. The return of Michigan to the conference was one of his main accomplishments. In 1909, Barthelme said that Michigan's place was in the conference and that when conditions were right, it would be the only thing for them to do. I am not sure if that time has arrived. The biggest obstacle to Michigan rejoining the conference was the training table. The training table is a great factor in getting the men into the condition necessary for hard football and avoiding serious injuries.He oversaw the construction of the Athletic Administration Building and hired the first full-time director of intramural sports at the University of Michigan. Vernon Parks, the captain of Michigan's baseball team and leading pitcher in the Big Ten Conference, may have played baseball for Portland in the Pacific Coast League under a different name. According to Barthelme, this man won 90 percent of his games. I am certain that he is Vernon Parks, our star pitcher. The University of Michigan will take drastic action if the charges are true. Parks resigned from the Michigan team in order to play for Portland. While serving as athletic director, Bartelme gave Branch Rickey his start in baseball administration.Rickey was a law student at the University of Michigan when he applied for the baseball coach's job. Every alumni Rickey had ever met was asked to write a letter on his behalf. "Day after day those letters came in." Rickey's passion for baseball and his dedication to the proper role of athletics on a college campus impressed Bartelme. The dean of the law school was convinced that Rickey could handle his studies and serve as the school's baseball coach. Rickey was told by Bartelme that he had the job if he could stop the letters. The beginning of a lifelong friendship and business relationship between Rickey and Bartelme was marked by the hiring.In 1944, a California newspaper noted that Rickey and Bartelme had a close association in baseball since Rickey was head of the athletic department of the University of Michigan. The Syracuse Stars are a baseball club in the International League. The president of the league said at the time that Mr. Bartelme would be a valuable addition to the league. Branch Rickey and Bartelme were partners in ownership of the Stars. The Syracuse team was proposed to be moved to Montreal in 1923. The Stars remained in Syracuse, with Bartelme acting as the club's president from 1922 to 1925. In January 1926, Bartelme sold his interest in the Stars.The Syracuse Herald praised Bartelme for his contributions to Syracuse baseball, saying that he gave Syracuse the best baseball it has ever enjoyed. Jim Bottomley was sold to the St. Louis Cardinals for $30,000. Bottomley became a sensation while playing for the Stars after the Stars acquired him for $1,000. Bartleme went into business with a manufacturing concern after selling his interest in the Syracuse Stars. A firm built hollow brick tile for a business in Florida. He felt that his entire time must be devoted to his new business because of the building boom in Florida. The Dayton baseball franchise was purchased in the new Central League by <mask> and Branch Rickey.Rickey's biography states that Bartelme was brought to St. Louis by Rickey as an office administrator. According to press accounts, Bartelme was Rickey's assistant for minor league relations. During Rickey's time in St. Louis, he continued to serve as vice president in charge of the minor league operations. The head of the chain of baseball farm teams was referred to in December 1935 by press accounts. The stars who would form the core of the Gashouse Gang teams of the 1930s, including Pepper Martin, Dizzy Dean and Joe Medwick, were all produced by the Cards' farm system. The farm system operated by Rickey and Bartelme was so successful that the Commissioner of Baseball released over 70 minor leaguer players. Rickey and Bartelme's farm system was adopted by every major league team within a few years.The Sacramento Solons of the Pacific Coast League were purchased by the Cards in 1935. The Solons had a president from January 1936 until February 1944 that was named Bartelme. One of the finest men in baseball was noted by the Oakland Tribune. The Tribune's sports editor referred to Bartelme as one of his favorite people. Branch Rickey took over as president of the Brooklyn Dodgers after the sale of the Solons. He was a scout for the Dodgers in California. On May 3, 1954, <mask> died in Carmel, California at the age of 75.Mina Chase <mask> was his wife. There were 1879 births and 1954 deaths of University of Michigan alumni.

740432

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Harrison%20Pierpont

Francis Harrison Pierpont

Francis Harrison Pierpont (January 25, 1814March 24, 1899), called the "Father of West Virginia," was an American lawyer and politician who achieved prominence during the American Civil War. During the conflict's first two years, Pierpont served as Governor of the Restored Government of Virginia and in this capacity administered the part of Virginia then under Unionist control (i.e. future West Virginia) prior to West Virginia's admission to the Union as a separate state. After recognizing the creation of West Virginia, Pierpont continued to serve as Governor of the Restored Government, although for the remainder of the war the degree of civil authority he was able to exercise was extremely limited. Having claimed to be the legitimate Governor of Virginia for the duration of the conflict, Pierpont assumed civil control of the state's entire post-1863 territory following the dissolution of the Confederacy and continued to serve as Governor during the early years of Reconstruction. In recognition of his significance to its state history, in 1910 the state of West Virginia donated a marble statue of Pierpont as the second of its two contributions to the U.S. Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection. Early life He was the third son of Francis Peirpoint and was born at the Peirpoint "Plantation" in the "Forks of Cheat" on the Morgantown-Ices Ferry Road, Monongalia County. His middle name, "Harrison," was added later by the boy's father in honor of his commanding officer, General William Henry Harrison. Pierpont, the original family name, was altered to Peirpoint in the land office at Richmond, Virginia in issuing patents for land deeded to his grandfather, John Pierpont (1742-1796) who grew up in Fairfax County, Virginia and attended the Fairfax Friends Meeting, but left to enlist in the Revolutionary Army, then after it ended moved west to Morgantown, West Virginia. Virginia lawyers advised the family that in order to hold their grandfather's land they must spell their last name as recorded in the patent. Thus Francis used the name "Peirpoint" throughout all of his life. Francis Harrison also utilized Peirpoint throughout most of his adult life, including during his terms as the Civil War and Reconstruction Governor of Virginia. In 1880, when President Garfield appointed him Collector of Internal Revenue, Peirpoint sent his name to the U.S. Senate as Francis H. Pierpont. Pierpont writes that "He consented to the change of his name because it was right." While Frank was a boy, his family moved their leatherworking business to what is today Marion County, West Virginia. He was a great-grandson of Morgantown's founder Zackquill Morgan. Frank Pierpont was educated in a one-room schoolhouse and by his own reading. Pierpont became linked with the region's history for the rest of his life. After walking to Pennsylvania, he enrolled in and graduated from Allegheny College. Later, he taught school in Harrison County. Then he traveled and became an abolitionist after seeing slavery's abuses in Mississippi. He returned home to Fairmont and handled the family's tanning business as well as became active in the Methodist Church and began studying law. He was admitted to the bar in 1841. In 1848, Pierpont became the local attorney for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Before entering politics, he also helped found Fairmont Male and Female Seminary, the forerunner to Fairmont State University. Political career Civil war An active supporter of Abraham Lincoln, Pierpont became more involved in politics as an outspoken opponent of Virginia's secession from the Union. When Virginia seceded and entered the war, delegates from the northwestern counties of Virginia, which refused to join the Confederacy, met at the Wheeling Convention. Declaring that their elected officials had abandoned their posts, a rump government was established in Wheeling, with Pierpont as the provisional Governor. Claiming to be the legitimate government of the entire Commonwealth of Virginia, the "Restored Government" drafted a new Virginia Constitution and sent representatives to the Union Congress. The Second Wheeling Convention met on June 11, 1861, and on June 20, 1861, it unanimously elected Pierpont governor of the Restored Government of Virginia with the recognition of President Lincoln. In 1862, Pierpont attended the Loyal War Governors' Conference in Altoona, Pennsylvania, organized by Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Gregg Curtin, which ultimately backed Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Union war effort. Pierpont was again elected governor for a four-year term on May 28, 1863, by the legislature. Under Pierpont's leadership, the Wheeling government called for a popular vote on the question of the creation of a new separate state. Despite a lack of overwhelming support and widespread fraud in the voting process, the Restored Government pressed the U.S. Congress for statehood, which also approved the issue. The new state took the name West Virginia and was admitted into the Union in 1863. A lifelong West Virginian, Pierpont had hoped to become the new state's first governor. However, the Lincoln administration was keen to ensure the continuity of the Restored Government was not disrupted and made clear it would not countenance Pierpont leaving his post unless a suitable successor could be found, who for political reasons would have had to been a man with roots in the Commonwealth's post-1863 borders who was loyal to the Union, willing to recognize West Virginia, qualified to serve as a state governor and yet also willing to accept an office that it appeared would be little more than a figurehead position for an indeterminate period of time. As no viable candidate willing to succeed Pierpont could be found, Arthur I. Boreman was elected governor for West Virginia while Pierpont reluctantly remained Governor of the "restored" state of Virginia. From 1863 until 1865, the Pierpont administration's de facto control was limited to those parts of the Commonwealth not claimed by West Virginia that were held by Federal arms - specifically, several Northern Virginia, Norfolk area and Eastern Shore counties. While Pierpont claimed Richmond as the official state capital (as his administration had done since 1861), the de facto seat of government was established in Alexandria for the remainder of the Civil War. The pro-Confederate state government in Richmond maintained its claim to the Commonwealth's antebellum borders and administered the regions of the Commonwealth still held under Confederate arms - at the time of West Virginia's statehood this included at least some measure of control about thirteen counties claimed by the newly admitted state. In 1864 Pierpont called a Constitutional Convention in Alexandria that recognized West Virginia and abolished slavery, and promulgated the civil Constitution in force in Virginia until 1869. On May 9, 1865, one month after the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, President Andrew Johnson recognized Pierpont as the Governor of Virginia. Pierpont immediately re-located the seat of government to Richmond. Reconstruction Pierpont followed a policy of forgiveness to those politicians who had served in the Confederate military and government. The Virginia government started to pass laws restoring ex-Confederates to their lost privileges, to the displeasure of most former Union Republicans. As the South became increasingly resistant to Reconstruction after the war, the United States Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867. Through this Act, Virginia was designated the "First Military District" in 1868, and military commander John Schofield replaced Pierpont with Henry H. Wells until state delegates could write and enact a new constitution could be enacted. According to the Civil War historian Richard Lowe, Hiram Bond, a former Vanderbilt family functionary and friend of Grant, planned the removal of Pierpont and installation of Welles. Pierpont became one of the key figures in the Virginia constitutional convention of 1867–1868, which resulted in the Underwood Constitution of 1869. After this, Pierpont left Virginia politics and returned to his law practice in West Virginia. Pierpont subsequently was elected to one term in the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1870, but lost his seat when the Democrats took control of the state. His last public office was as collector of Internal Revenue under President James Garfield. After his retirement, he helped create the West Virginia Historical Society, as well as served as President of the Methodist Protestant Church. Death and legacy He died at his daughter's home in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on March 24, 1899. Three years later, his remains were relocated to Woodlawn Cemetery in Fairmont, West Virginia. They reside next to those of his wife Julia and three of their four children. A monument to Francis Pierpont was installed in Wheeling on West Virginia Day in 2015. See also Charles Henry Ambler – Premier Pierpont biographer and preeminent historian of West Virginia References Further reading Ambler, Charles H. Francis H. Pierpont: Union War Governor and Father of West Virginia (1937), the standard scholarly biography Downing, David C. A South Divided: Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy. Nashville: Cumberland House, 2007. Hearne, Julian G. Some Unknown Facts of American History: The Saga of Governor Pierpont. McClain Printing Company, 1987. External links Francis H. Pierpont in Encyclopedia Virginia "A Guide to the Francis H. Pierpont Restored Government Executive Papers, 1861-1865", The Library of Virginia "A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Francis Harrison Pierpont, 1865-1868", The Library of Virginia "A Guide to the Executive letter book of Governor Francis H. Pierpont, 1861-1864.", The Library of Virginia West Virginia & Regional History Center, WVU Libraries's Pierpont, Francis Harrison (1814-1899), Papers 1811-1949 Klos, Stanley Y., The Father of West Virginia: A Perplexing Name Change. 1814 births 1899 deaths 19th-century American educators 19th-century American lawyers 19th-century American politicians 19th-century Methodists Allegheny College alumni American people of Welsh descent Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Fairmont, West Virginia) Delegates of the 1861 Wheeling Convention Governors of Virginia Internal Revenue Service people Lawyers from Morgantown, West Virginia Members of the West Virginia House of Delegates Methodists from West Virginia Morgan family of West Virginia People from Fairmont, West Virginia People of West Virginia in the American Civil War Politicians from Morgantown, West Virginia Republican Party state governors of the United States Schoolteachers from West Virginia Southern Unionists in the American Civil War Virginia lawyers Virginia Republicans West Virginia lawyers West Virginia Republicans

<mask> (January 25, 1814March 24, 1899), called the "Father of West Virginia," was an American lawyer and politician who achieved prominence during the American Civil War. During the conflict's first two years, <mask> served as Governor of the Restored Government of Virginia and in this capacity administered the part of Virginia then under Unionist control (i.e. future West Virginia) prior to West Virginia's admission to the Union as a separate state. After recognizing the creation of West Virginia, <mask> continued to serve as Governor of the Restored Government, although for the remainder of the war the degree of civil authority he was able to exercise was extremely limited. Having claimed to be the legitimate Governor of Virginia for the duration of the conflict, <mask> assumed civil control of the state's entire post-1863 territory following the dissolution of the Confederacy and continued to serve as Governor during the early years of Reconstruction. In recognition of his significance to its state history, in 1910 the state of West Virginia donated a marble statue of <mask> as the second of its two contributions to the U.S. Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection. Early life He was the third son of <mask>eirpoint and was born at the Peirpoint "Plantation" in the "Forks of Cheat" on the Morgantown-Ices Ferry Road, Monongalia County.His middle name, "<mask>," was added later by the boy's father in honor of his commanding officer, General William Henry <mask>. <mask>, the original family name, was altered to Peirpoint in the land office at Richmond, Virginia in issuing patents for land deeded to his grandfather, <mask> (1742-1796) who grew up in Fairfax County, Virginia and attended the Fairfax Friends Meeting, but left to enlist in the Revolutionary Army, then after it ended moved west to Morgantown, West Virginia. Virginia lawyers advised the family that in order to hold their grandfather's land they must spell their last name as recorded in the patent. Thus <mask> used the name "Peirpoint" throughout all of his life. <mask> also utilized Peirpoint throughout most of his adult life, including during his terms as the Civil War and Reconstruction Governor of Virginia. In 1880, when President Garfield appointed him Collector of Internal Revenue, Peirpoint sent his name to the U.S. Senate as <mask><mask>. <mask> writes that "He consented to the change of his name because it was right."While Frank was a boy, his family moved their leatherworking business to what is today Marion County, West Virginia. He was a great-grandson of Morgantown's founder Zackquill Morgan. <mask> was educated in a one-room schoolhouse and by his own reading. <mask> became linked with the region's history for the rest of his life. After walking to Pennsylvania, he enrolled in and graduated from Allegheny College. Later, he taught school in Harrison County. Then he traveled and became an abolitionist after seeing slavery's abuses in Mississippi.He returned home to Fairmont and handled the family's tanning business as well as became active in the Methodist Church and began studying law. He was admitted to the bar in 1841. In 1848, <mask> became the local attorney for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Before entering politics, he also helped found Fairmont Male and Female Seminary, the forerunner to Fairmont State University. Political career Civil war An active supporter of Abraham Lincoln, <mask> became more involved in politics as an outspoken opponent of Virginia's secession from the Union. When Virginia seceded and entered the war, delegates from the northwestern counties of Virginia, which refused to join the Confederacy, met at the Wheeling Convention. Declaring that their elected officials had abandoned their posts, a rump government was established in Wheeling, with <mask> as the provisional Governor.Claiming to be the legitimate government of the entire Commonwealth of Virginia, the "Restored Government" drafted a new Virginia Constitution and sent representatives to the Union Congress. The Second Wheeling Convention met on June 11, 1861, and on June 20, 1861, it unanimously elected <mask> governor of the Restored Government of Virginia with the recognition of President Lincoln. In 1862, <mask> attended the Loyal War Governors' Conference in Altoona, Pennsylvania, organized by Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Gregg Curtin, which ultimately backed Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Union war effort. <mask> was again elected governor for a four-year term on May 28, 1863, by the legislature. Under <mask>'s leadership, the Wheeling government called for a popular vote on the question of the creation of a new separate state. Despite a lack of overwhelming support and widespread fraud in the voting process, the Restored Government pressed the U.S. Congress for statehood, which also approved the issue. The new state took the name West Virginia and was admitted into the Union in 1863.A lifelong West Virginian, <mask> had hoped to become the new state's first governor. However, the Lincoln administration was keen to ensure the continuity of the Restored Government was not disrupted and made clear it would not countenance <mask> leaving his post unless a suitable successor could be found, who for political reasons would have had to been a man with roots in the Commonwealth's post-1863 borders who was loyal to the Union, willing to recognize West Virginia, qualified to serve as a state governor and yet also willing to accept an office that it appeared would be little more than a figurehead position for an indeterminate period of time. As no viable candidate willing to succeed <mask> could be found, Arthur I. Boreman was elected governor for West Virginia while <mask> reluctantly remained Governor of the "restored" state of Virginia. From 1863 until 1865, the <mask> administration's de facto control was limited to those parts of the Commonwealth not claimed by West Virginia that were held by Federal arms - specifically, several Northern Virginia, Norfolk area and Eastern Shore counties. While <mask> claimed Richmond as the official state capital (as his administration had done since 1861), the de facto seat of government was established in Alexandria for the remainder of the Civil War. The pro-Confederate state government in Richmond maintained its claim to the Commonwealth's antebellum borders and administered the regions of the Commonwealth still held under Confederate arms - at the time of West Virginia's statehood this included at least some measure of control about thirteen counties claimed by the newly admitted state. In 1864 <mask> called a Constitutional Convention in Alexandria that recognized West Virginia and abolished slavery, and promulgated the civil Constitution in force in Virginia until 1869.On May 9, 1865, one month after the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, President Andrew Johnson recognized <mask> as the Governor of Virginia. <mask> immediately re-located the seat of government to Richmond. Reconstruction <mask> followed a policy of forgiveness to those politicians who had served in the Confederate military and government. The Virginia government started to pass laws restoring ex-Confederates to their lost privileges, to the displeasure of most former Union Republicans. As the South became increasingly resistant to Reconstruction after the war, the United States Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867. Through this Act, Virginia was designated the "First Military District" in 1868, and military commander John Schofield replaced <mask> with Henry H. Wells until state delegates could write and enact a new constitution could be enacted. According to the Civil War historian Richard Lowe, Hiram Bond, a former Vanderbilt family functionary and friend of Grant, planned the removal of <mask> and installation of Welles.<mask> became one of the key figures in the Virginia constitutional convention of 1867–1868, which resulted in the Underwood Constitution of 1869. After this, <mask> left Virginia politics and returned to his law practice in West Virginia. <mask> subsequently was elected to one term in the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1870, but lost his seat when the Democrats took control of the state. His last public office was as collector of Internal Revenue under President James Garfield. After his retirement, he helped create the West Virginia Historical Society, as well as served as President of the Methodist Protestant Church. Death and legacy He died at his daughter's home in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on March 24, 1899. Three years later, his remains were relocated to Woodlawn Cemetery in Fairmont, West Virginia.They reside next to those of his wife Julia and three of their four children. A monument to <mask> was installed in Wheeling on West Virginia Day in 2015. See also Charles Henry Ambler – Premier Pierpont biographer and preeminent historian of West Virginia References Further reading Ambler, Charles H. <mask><mask>: Union War Governor and Father of West Virginia (1937), the standard scholarly biography Downing, David C. A South Divided: Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy. Nashville: Cumberland House, 2007. Hearne, Julian G. Some Unknown Facts of American History: The Saga of Governor <mask>. McClain Printing Company, 1987. External links <mask><mask> in Encyclopedia Virginia "A Guide to the Francis H. Pierpont Restored Government Executive Papers, 1861-1865", The Library of Virginia "A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor <mask> <mask>, 1865-1868", The Library of Virginia "A Guide to the Executive letter book of Governor <mask><mask>, 1861-1864.", The Library of Virginia West Virginia & Regional History Center, WVU Libraries's <mask>, <mask> (1814-1899), Papers 1811-1949 Klos, Stanley Y., The Father of West Virginia: A Perplexing Name Change. 1814 births 1899 deaths 19th-century American educators 19th-century American lawyers 19th-century American politicians 19th-century Methodists Allegheny College alumni American people of Welsh descent Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Fairmont, West Virginia) Delegates of the 1861 Wheeling Convention Governors of Virginia Internal Revenue Service people Lawyers from Morgantown, West Virginia Members of the West Virginia House of Delegates Methodists from West Virginia Morgan family of West Virginia People from Fairmont, West Virginia People of West Virginia in the American Civil War Politicians from Morgantown, West Virginia Republican Party state governors of the United States Schoolteachers from West Virginia Southern Unionists in the American Civil War Virginia lawyers Virginia Republicans West Virginia lawyers West Virginia Republicans

The "Father of West Virginia," <mask>, was an American lawyer and politician who achieved prominence during the American Civil War. <mask> was the Governor of the Restored Government of Virginia for the first two years of the conflict. West Virginia will be admitted to the Union as a separate state. After recognizing the creation of West Virginia, <mask> continued to serve as Governor of the Restored Government, although for the remainder of the war the degree of civil authority he was able to exercise was extremely limited. After the dissolution of the Confederacy, <mask> assumed civil control of the state and continued to serve as Governor during the early years of Reconstruction. In 1910 the state of West Virginia donated a marble statue of <mask> as a second contribution to the U.S. Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection. He was the third son of <mask> and was born at the Peirpoint "Plantation" in the "Forks of Cheat" in Monongalia County.His father added his middle name to honor his commanding officer, General William Henry <mask>. Pierpont, the original family name, was altered to Peirpoint in the land office atRichmond, Virginia in issuing patents for land deeded to his grandfather, <mask>, who grew up in Fairfax County, Virginia and attended the Fairfax Friends Meeting. The family was told by Virginia lawyers that they needed to spell their last name correctly in order to keep their grandfather's land. <mask> used the name Peirpoint throughout his life. During his time as the Civil War and Reconstruction Governor of Virginia, <mask> used Peirpoint a lot. Peirpoint sent his name to the U.S. Senate as <mask><mask> when he was appointed the Collector of Internal Revenue. <mask> writes that he consented to the name change because it was right.Frank's family moved their leatherworking business to West Virginia when he was a boy. He was a descendant of Morgantown's founder. <mask> was educated in a one-room schoolhouse. <mask> was linked to the region's history for the rest of his life. He graduated from Allegheny College after walking to Pennsylvania. He was a teacher in Harrison County. He became an abolitionist after seeing the abuses of slavery in Mississippi.He became active in the Methodist Church and studied law after returning home to Fairmont. He was admitted to the bar in 1841. <mask> was the local attorney for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He helped found the original Fairmont Male and Female Seminary. <mask> was an ardent supporter of Abraham Lincoln and became more involved in politics as an opponent of Virginia's secession from the Union. The delegates from the northwestern counties of Virginia, which refused to join the Confederacy, met at the Wheeling Convention. A rump government was established in Wheeling after elected officials abandoned their posts.The "Restored Government" claimed to be the legitimate government of the entire Commonwealth of Virginia and sent representatives to the Union Congress. On June 20, 1861, the Second Wheeling Convention unanimously elected <mask> governor of the Restored Government of Virginia with the recognition of President Lincoln. <mask> attended the Loyal War Governors' Conference in Pennsylvania in order to support the Union war effort. The legislature elected <mask> for a four-year term on May 28, 1863. The Wheeling government called for a vote on the creation of a new state under <mask>'s leadership. Despite a lack of overwhelming support and widespread fraud in the voting process, the Restored Government pressed the U.S. Congress for statehood. West Virginia was admitted into the Union in 1863.Pierpont, a lifelong West Virginian 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 The Lincoln administration made it clear that it would not allow Pierpont to leave his post unless a suitable successor could be found and that they would not allow the continuity of the Restored Government to be disrupted. Pierpont remained Governor of the "restored" state of Virginia while Arthur I. Boreman was elected governor of West Virginia. The Pierpont administration's control of the Commonwealth was limited to areas that were not claimed by West Virginia. The defacto seat of government was established in Alexandria for the remainder of the Civil War, despite Pierpont's claim thatRichmond was the official state capital. At the time of West Virginia's statehood, the pro-Confederate state government inRichmond maintained its claim to the Commonwealth's antebellum borders and administered the regions of the Commonwealth still held under Confederate arms. In 1864 Pierpont called a Constitutional Convention in Alexandria that recognized West Virginia and abolished slavery, and promulgated the civil Constitution in force in Virginia until 1869.One month after the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, President Andrew Johnson recognized <mask> as the Governor of Virginia. The seat of government was re-located. The politicians who had served in the Confederate military and government were forgiven by <mask>. The Virginia government passed laws restoring ex-Confederates to their lost privileges to the displeasure of most former Union Republicans. After the war, the United States Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act. In 1868, Virginia was designated the "First Military District" after Henry H. Wells replaced <mask> as military commander. The removal of <mask> was planned by Hiram Bond, a friend of Grant, according to Richard Lowe.One of the key figures in the Virginia constitutional convention was <mask>. <mask> returned to his law practice in West Virginia after leaving politics in Virginia. <mask> lost his seat in the West Virginia House of Delegates when the Democrats took control of the state. He was the collector of Internal Revenue under President James Garfield. He was the President of the Methodist Protestant Church and helped create the West Virginia Historical Society. On March 24, 1899, he died at his daughter's home in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His remains were moved to West Virginia three years later.They live next to Julia and three of their children. On West Virginia Day in 2015, a monument to <mask> was installed in Wheeling. The biography of <mask>, Charles H<mask> H<mask>: Union War Governor and Father of West Virginia, was written by Charles Henry Ambler. Cumberland House was built in Nashville in 2007. Some Unknown Facts of American History: The Saga of Governor <mask> was written by Hearne. The printing company was founded in 1987. The Library of Virginia "A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor <mask> <mask>, 1865-1868" is an external link.Papers of <mask>, The Father of West Virginia: A Perplexing Name Change, and The Library of Virginia West Virginia and Regional History Center. There were 19th-century American educators, 19th-century American lawyers, 19th-century American politicians, and 19th-century Methodists.

23982302

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Bernardi

Daniel Bernardi

Daniel Leonard Bernardi (born June 16, 1964) is a Professor of Cinema at San Francisco State University, founder and President of El Dorado Films and Commander in the United States Navy Reserve. Bernardi earned a Bachelor of Arts in Radio-TV (1984) and a Masters of Arts in Media Arts (1988) from the University of Arizona. He went on to earn a PhD in Film and Television Studies from UCLA (1994). He completed a University of California postdoctoral research fellowship in 1997. His main academic interests are media studies, narrative theory, critical race theory, and rumors as narrative IEDS. His work in media, which is perhaps most well known, emphasizes whiteness as a historical formation of meanings. Borrowing from Michael Omi and Howard Winant's theory of racial formation, he argues that whiteness is a historically powerful set of meanings that serves to either implicitly or explicitly dominate the shifting and reforming meaning of race in U.S. media. Bernardi is also a documentary filmmaker. His current body of work focuses on telling the veteran story. One of his more recent films, The American War (2018), tells the story of the Vietnam War from the perspective of the Vietcong. Another used discovered archival footage to tell the story of first World War, and is titled The War to End all Wars. Both films are distributed by Journeyman Pictures. Career Bernardi has taught film, television and new media at UC Riverside (1997–1998), UCLA (1999-2000), Arizona State University (1999-2011), and SFSU (2011–Present). He was awarded a Ford Foundation Dissertation Fellowship (1994), a UC President's Post-Doctoral Fellowship (1995–1997), and a Fulbright Fellowship (2009). His deployment to Iraq prevented his acceptance of the Fulbright Fellowship. From 1998 to 2000, he worked for the Sci-Fi Channel as a consultant, writer and producer/host of the web feature Future Now (since deleted). Daniel Bernardi has earned a reputation of notoriety among the more avid Star Trek fans due to his writings about the role of race in the films. Bernardi is also an officer in the United States Navy Reserves. He has served at sea on the , the , the , and the , as well as at shore in Italy, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and at the Pentagon with the Chief of Navy Information. From May 2009 to February 2010 he was recalled to Active Duty in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom for ten months. In Iraq, Bernardi served with US Special Forces as the Public Affairs Officer for Special Operations Task Force-Central, where he trained Iraqi Special Operations Forces (ISOF) and Emergency Response Brigade (ERB) Soldiers on combat camera and media operations. He also managed US media embeds, including CNN, NBC and AP, and US Army and US Navy journalists and photographers. In 2011 he returned to Active Duty for nine months and served as the Mission Public Affairs Officer for Pacific Partnership 2011, an annual humanitarian assistance initiative sponsored by the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Bernardi managed a team of military (U.S., Australian and New Zealand) and NGO (Project Hope) photographers, videographers and writers assigned to document and report on the mission. Following his tour in Iraq and the South Pacific, Bernardi, working with a larger research team including H. L. (Bud) Goodall Jr., received a $1.6 million renewable grant from the Office of Naval Research to catalogue and study the impact rumors have on counterinsurgency operations. As an example, when multinational forces began a cattle vaccination program in 2005, a rumor spread among the Iraqis that U.S. forcers were poisoning their livestock. Though they had intended on using modern medicine to protect their food supplies, the rumor completely disarmed their efforts. In order to combat such debilitating narratives, Bernardi and his team worked to create a comprehensive database of known Islamist narratives and reveal how these narratives are used to influence populations in the Middle East and North Africa. The hope is that expeditionary forces would have access to these narratives and, through the team's analysis' on hand, work against them. In 2012, Bernardi launched the Veteran Documentary Corps (VDC) project. Founded by donations and grants, the VA and National Cemetery Administration including, VDC produces and exhibits short documentaries on the struggles and successes of veterans from across the world. To-date, VDC has produced and distributed fifty short documentaries on veterans dealing with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the fall-out of the former "don't ask, don't tell" policy, and a range of other topics. The films are made by professional filmmakers. Bernardi acts as executive producer. He has also directed two of the films, one on Tim Koches (Vietnam War) and one on Michael Blackwell (Iraq War). Blackwell was a Combat Camera photographer that served with Bernardi in the U.S. Iraq War. Bernardi directed many of the films, including Sissle's Syncopated Regime (2019). Many of the films in the series are directed by professional filmmakers, including Jesse Moss, Andrés Gallegos, Sylvia Turchin, Eliciana Nascimento, among others. The Veteran Documentary Corps was met with wide acclaim, and was received positively from veterans and the public alike. Created in 2018 by Bernardi, El Dorado Films brought superior talent and organization to the Veteran Documentary Corps' mission of creating 100 'shorts' by 2020. Bibliography As author Off the Page: Screenwriting in the Era of Media Convergence (co-author). 2017. University of California Press. Examines the business and craft of screenwriting in the era of media convergence. Daniel Bernardi and Julian Hoxter use the recent history of screenwriting labor coupled with close analysis of scripts in the context of the screenwriting paraindustry—from “how to write a winning script” books to screenwriting software—to explore the state of screenwriting today. They address the conglomerate studios making tentpole movies, expanded television, Indiewood, independent animation, microbudget scripting, the video games industry, and online content creation. Designed for students, producers, and writers who want to understand what studios want and why they want it, this book also examines how scripting is developing in the convergent media, beneath and beyond the Hollywood tentpole. By addressing specific genres across a wide range of media, this essential volume sets the standard for anyone in the expanded screenwriting industry and the scholars that study it. Narrative Landmines: Rumors, Islamist Extremism, and the Struggle for Strategic Influence Rumors (co-authored). 2012. Rutgers University Press. Bernardi and his co-authors characterize rumors as bits and pieces of prevailing narrative systems and local cultural artifacts, and that their anonymous origin and dubious truth claims afford them a type of concealment until their effects are known and the damage is done. Focusing on the impact of rumors on counterinsurgency operations (Iraq), counter terrorism whisper campaigns (Indonesia), and civil disobedience online (Singapore), they argue that rumors are narrative IEDs, or Improvised Explosive Device, in that they're constructed of locally available materials and hidden in the landscape until detonation. Bernardi and his co-authors see rumors as similarly ad hoc, constructed of bits and pieces of narrative systems, and lying unseen to the military information operator, diplomat, civic outreach coordinator, or business strategist until exploding and disrupting expensive and highly wrought communication campaigns. Star Trek and History: Race-ing Toward a White Future". 1998. Rutgers University Press. Bernardi traces the shifting and reforming meaning of race articulated throughout the Star Trek television series, feature films, and fan community, investigating and, in his word, "politicizing" the presentation of race in Star Trek in the original series of the 1960s, the feature films and television spin-offs of the 1980s and 1990s, and the current fan community on the Internet. Through both critical and historical analysis, he proposes a method of studying the framing of race in popular film and television that integrates sociology, critical theory and cultural studies. Bernardi goes on to examine the representational and narrative functions of race in Star Trek and explores how the meaning of "race" in the science fiction series has been facilitated or constrained by creative and network decision-making, by genre, by intertextuality, and by fans. He interprets how the changing social and political movements of the times have influenced the production and meaning of "Trek" texts and the ways in which the ongoing series negotiated and reflected these turbulent histories. Unpopular with many Trekkers, Star Trek and History went into a second printing after a year of its original publication. Other readers feel Bernardi apologies for Star Trek's racial vision. As editor Race in American Film: Voices and Visions That Shaped a Nation, Volumes I, II and III. (co-editor). 2017. Greenwood Publishers. Hollywood's Chosen People: The Jewish Experience in American Cinema(co-edited). 2012. Wayne State University Press. Filming Difference: Actors, Directors, Producers and Writers on Gender, Race and Sexuality in Film. 2009. University of Texas Press. The Persistence of Whiteness. 2007. Routledge. Classic Hollywood/Classic Whiteness. 2001. University of Minnesota Press. The Birth of Whiteness: Race and the Emergence of U.S. Cinema. 1996. Rutgers University Press. In these books, Bernardi relies on a range of scholars to show how race in general and whiteness in particular formed unique representational, narrational, and institutional patterns across U.S. film history. The introductions to each book set out a broad theory of whiteness in American film that, in brief, positions whiteness as a performance about who passes and who doesn't pass as white — and what it means in specific films and periods of film history to either pass or not pass as white. The last book in the series, Filming Difference, includes essays and interviews by filmmakers who address critically and creatively how they go about representing race, gender and sexuality in their work. . As filmmaker VALOR Film Series: Stories that honor our country's heroes and their accomplishments. Legacy Films (Made in partnership with the National Cemetery Administration): A series of short films on veterans buried in San Francisco and Golden Gate National Cemeteries– from stories of service in Civil War to Buffalo Soldier, from WWI to Vietnam to Iraq. Noble Sissle's Syncopated Ragtime: In this Academy Awards eligible documentary, Noble Sissle's incredible life spans "The Harlem Hellfighters" of World War I, Broadway Theatre, the civil rights movement, and decades of Black cultural production in this short documentary. Guy Hircefeld, A Guy with a Camera: In this Academy Awards eligible documentary, Guy Hircefeld, a veteran that served in the Israeli military at the start of its occupation of Palestine in the 1980s, now fights against Israeli occupation, ethnic cleansing, and environmental warfare. His only weapon is a camera. Nurse Helen Fairchild: Bravery, Compassion and the will to save lives motivated the young Nurse Helen Fairchild to leave home in Pennsylvania and embark on a journey to Europe, where she served as a surgical nurse during the World War I. Frank Maselskis: from WWII POW to Chosin Reservoir Survivor: A prisoner of war in World War II, Frank Maselskis decides to join the Korean War, where he participates in the battle of Chosin, a brutal combat that took place in the most extreme weather conditions. Alene B. Duerk: The First Woman Admiral: Alene B. Duerk: The First Woman Admiral is a short documentary that tells the story of how Alene Duerk overcame gender stereotypes in the military to accomplish the highest rank ever achieved by a woman in the history of the US Navy. As producer Women in Science: Iliana Nossa (The Ionosphere) & Anne Virkki (Near Earth Asteroids), two female scientists at Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico. Cemetery Profiles and Field Notes: In this series, we hope to tell the story of our National Cemeteries. Veteran Documentary Corps shot these films in late April 2019 as part of our partnership with the National Cemetery Administration. All films are available on our social media platforms. Madame Mars is a short film about women in space. As a new space age dawns, have women come far enough to go farther than they ever have before? Women have faced challenges while trying to study and explore Mars– from early space age pioneers to those currently working. Objector directed by Molly Stuart tells the story of Atalya Ben Abba. Like all Israeli teenagers, Atalya Ben Abba is obligated to become a soldier. Unlike most, she questions the ethics of her country's military and becomes determined to challenge this rite of passage. Objector follows Atalya through her conscientious objection, imprisonment, and beyond, as she attempts to reconcile her Jewish identity, her love for her family and her homeland, and her dedication to Palestinian rights Selected publications Bernardi, Daniel. The Birth of Whiteness: Race and the Emergence of U.S. Cinema. 1996. Rutgers University Press. Bernardi, Daniel. Star Trek and History: Race-ing Toward a White Future. 1998. Rutgers University Press. Bernardi, Daniel. "Where's the Beef?" Flow On-line, Volume 2. April 1, 2005. "Narrative Landmines: The Explosive Effects of Rumors in Syria and Insurgencies Around the World". Small Wars Journal. March 21, 2013. Word:ChristChurch, Autumn Season 2017. "James Gleick: Time Travel Feat. James Gleick, Dr Daniel Bernardi (interviewer)". Audiomack. July 19, 2017. "Prof. Daniel Bernardi on Star Trek and Race." (interview with Bernardi) Trekdom - Star Trek Fanzine''. June 25, 2007. "Lt. Cmdr. Daniel Bernardi." In Depth Show. Federal News Radio. January 10, 2014. Radio. References Film theorists American mass media scholars United States Navy personnel of the Iraq War Living people 1964 births People from San Juan, Puerto Rico Puerto Rican United States Navy personnel Arizona State University faculty UCLA Film School alumni University of Arizona alumni United States Navy officers United States Navy reservists

<mask> (born June 16, 1964) is a Professor of Cinema at San Francisco State University, founder and President of El Dorado Films and Commander in the United States Navy Reserve. Bernardi earned a Bachelor of Arts in Radio-TV (1984) and a Masters of Arts in Media Arts (1988) from the University of Arizona. He went on to earn a PhD in Film and Television Studies from UCLA (1994). He completed a University of California postdoctoral research fellowship in 1997. His main academic interests are media studies, narrative theory, critical race theory, and rumors as narrative IEDS. His work in media, which is perhaps most well known, emphasizes whiteness as a historical formation of meanings. Borrowing from Michael Omi and Howard Winant's theory of racial formation, he argues that whiteness is a historically powerful set of meanings that serves to either implicitly or explicitly dominate the shifting and reforming meaning of race in U.S. media.<mask> is also a documentary filmmaker. His current body of work focuses on telling the veteran story. One of his more recent films, The American War (2018), tells the story of the Vietnam War from the perspective of the Vietcong. Another used discovered archival footage to tell the story of first World War, and is titled The War to End all Wars. Both films are distributed by Journeyman Pictures. Career <mask> has taught film, television and new media at UC Riverside (1997–1998), UCLA (1999-2000), Arizona State University (1999-2011), and SFSU (2011–Present). He was awarded a Ford Foundation Dissertation Fellowship (1994), a UC President's Post-Doctoral Fellowship (1995–1997), and a Fulbright Fellowship (2009).His deployment to Iraq prevented his acceptance of the Fulbright Fellowship. From 1998 to 2000, he worked for the Sci-Fi Channel as a consultant, writer and producer/host of the web feature Future Now (since deleted). <mask>i has earned a reputation of notoriety among the more avid Star Trek fans due to his writings about the role of race in the films. <mask> is also an officer in the United States Navy Reserves. He has served at sea on the , the , the , and the , as well as at shore in Italy, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and at the Pentagon with the Chief of Navy Information. From May 2009 to February 2010 he was recalled to Active Duty in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom for ten months. In Iraq, Bernardi served with US Special Forces as the Public Affairs Officer for Special Operations Task Force-Central, where he trained Iraqi Special Operations Forces (ISOF) and Emergency Response Brigade (ERB) Soldiers on combat camera and media operations.He also managed US media embeds, including CNN, NBC and AP, and US Army and US Navy journalists and photographers. In 2011 he returned to Active Duty for nine months and served as the Mission Public Affairs Officer for Pacific Partnership 2011, an annual humanitarian assistance initiative sponsored by the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Bernardi managed a team of military (U.S., Australian and New Zealand) and NGO (Project Hope) photographers, videographers and writers assigned to document and report on the mission. Following his tour in Iraq and the South Pacific, Bernardi, working with a larger research team including H. L. (Bud) Goodall Jr., received a $1.6 million renewable grant from the Office of Naval Research to catalogue and study the impact rumors have on counterinsurgency operations. As an example, when multinational forces began a cattle vaccination program in 2005, a rumor spread among the Iraqis that U.S. forcers were poisoning their livestock. Though they had intended on using modern medicine to protect their food supplies, the rumor completely disarmed their efforts. In order to combat such debilitating narratives, Bernardi and his team worked to create a comprehensive database of known Islamist narratives and reveal how these narratives are used to influence populations in the Middle East and North Africa.The hope is that expeditionary forces would have access to these narratives and, through the team's analysis' on hand, work against them. In 2012, Bernardi launched the Veteran Documentary Corps (VDC) project. Founded by donations and grants, the VA and National Cemetery Administration including, VDC produces and exhibits short documentaries on the struggles and successes of veterans from across the world. To-date, VDC has produced and distributed fifty short documentaries on veterans dealing with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the fall-out of the former "don't ask, don't tell" policy, and a range of other topics. The films are made by professional filmmakers. Bernardi acts as executive producer. He has also directed two of the films, one on Tim Koches (Vietnam War) and one on Michael Blackwell (Iraq War).Blackwell was a Combat Camera photographer that served with Bernardi in the U.S. Iraq War. Bernardi directed many of the films, including Sissle's Syncopated Regime (2019). Many of the films in the series are directed by professional filmmakers, including Jesse Moss, Andrés Gallegos, Sylvia Turchin, Eliciana Nascimento, among others. The Veteran Documentary Corps was met with wide acclaim, and was received positively from veterans and the public alike. Created in 2018 by Bernardi, El Dorado Films brought superior talent and organization to the Veteran Documentary Corps' mission of creating 100 'shorts' by 2020. Bibliography As author Off the Page: Screenwriting in the Era of Media Convergence (co-author). 2017.University of California Press. Examines the business and craft of screenwriting in the era of media convergence. <mask>i and Julian Hoxter use the recent history of screenwriting labor coupled with close analysis of scripts in the context of the screenwriting paraindustry—from “how to write a winning script” books to screenwriting software—to explore the state of screenwriting today. They address the conglomerate studios making tentpole movies, expanded television, Indiewood, independent animation, microbudget scripting, the video games industry, and online content creation. Designed for students, producers, and writers who want to understand what studios want and why they want it, this book also examines how scripting is developing in the convergent media, beneath and beyond the Hollywood tentpole. By addressing specific genres across a wide range of media, this essential volume sets the standard for anyone in the expanded screenwriting industry and the scholars that study it. Narrative Landmines: Rumors, Islamist Extremism, and the Struggle for Strategic Influence Rumors (co-authored).2012. Rutgers University Press. <mask> and his co-authors characterize rumors as bits and pieces of prevailing narrative systems and local cultural artifacts, and that their anonymous origin and dubious truth claims afford them a type of concealment until their effects are known and the damage is done. Focusing on the impact of rumors on counterinsurgency operations (Iraq), counter terrorism whisper campaigns (Indonesia), and civil disobedience online (Singapore), they argue that rumors are narrative IEDs, or Improvised Explosive Device, in that they're constructed of locally available materials and hidden in the landscape until detonation. <mask> and his co-authors see rumors as similarly ad hoc, constructed of bits and pieces of narrative systems, and lying unseen to the military information operator, diplomat, civic outreach coordinator, or business strategist until exploding and disrupting expensive and highly wrought communication campaigns. Star Trek and History: Race-ing Toward a White Future". 1998.Rutgers University Press. Bernardi traces the shifting and reforming meaning of race articulated throughout the Star Trek television series, feature films, and fan community, investigating and, in his word, "politicizing" the presentation of race in Star Trek in the original series of the 1960s, the feature films and television spin-offs of the 1980s and 1990s, and the current fan community on the Internet. Through both critical and historical analysis, he proposes a method of studying the framing of race in popular film and television that integrates sociology, critical theory and cultural studies. Bernardi goes on to examine the representational and narrative functions of race in Star Trek and explores how the meaning of "race" in the science fiction series has been facilitated or constrained by creative and network decision-making, by genre, by intertextuality, and by fans. He interprets how the changing social and political movements of the times have influenced the production and meaning of "Trek" texts and the ways in which the ongoing series negotiated and reflected these turbulent histories. Unpopular with many Trekkers, Star Trek and History went into a second printing after a year of its original publication. Other readers feel Bernardi apologies for Star Trek's racial vision.As editor Race in American Film: Voices and Visions That Shaped a Nation, Volumes I, II and III. (co-editor). 2017. Greenwood Publishers. Hollywood's Chosen People: The Jewish Experience in American Cinema(co-edited). 2012. Wayne State University Press.Filming Difference: Actors, Directors, Producers and Writers on Gender, Race and Sexuality in Film. 2009. University of Texas Press. The Persistence of Whiteness. 2007. Routledge. Classic Hollywood/Classic Whiteness.2001. University of Minnesota Press. The Birth of Whiteness: Race and the Emergence of U.S. Cinema. 1996. Rutgers University Press. In these books, Bernardi relies on a range of scholars to show how race in general and whiteness in particular formed unique representational, narrational, and institutional patterns across U.S. film history. The introductions to each book set out a broad theory of whiteness in American film that, in brief, positions whiteness as a performance about who passes and who doesn't pass as white — and what it means in specific films and periods of film history to either pass or not pass as white.The last book in the series, Filming Difference, includes essays and interviews by filmmakers who address critically and creatively how they go about representing race, gender and sexuality in their work. . As filmmaker VALOR Film Series: Stories that honor our country's heroes and their accomplishments. Legacy Films (Made in partnership with the National Cemetery Administration): A series of short films on veterans buried in San Francisco and Golden Gate National Cemeteries– from stories of service in Civil War to Buffalo Soldier, from WWI to Vietnam to Iraq. Noble Sissle's Syncopated Ragtime: In this Academy Awards eligible documentary, Noble Sissle's incredible life spans "The Harlem Hellfighters" of World War I, Broadway Theatre, the civil rights movement, and decades of Black cultural production in this short documentary. Guy Hircefeld, A Guy with a Camera: In this Academy Awards eligible documentary, Guy Hircefeld, a veteran that served in the Israeli military at the start of its occupation of Palestine in the 1980s, now fights against Israeli occupation, ethnic cleansing, and environmental warfare. His only weapon is a camera. Nurse Helen Fairchild: Bravery, Compassion and the will to save lives motivated the young Nurse Helen Fairchild to leave home in Pennsylvania and embark on a journey to Europe, where she served as a surgical nurse during the World War I. Frank Maselskis: from WWII POW to Chosin Reservoir Survivor: A prisoner of war in World War II, Frank Maselskis decides to join the Korean War, where he participates in the battle of Chosin, a brutal combat that took place in the most extreme weather conditions. Alene B. Duerk: The First Woman Admiral: Alene B. Duerk: The First Woman Admiral is a short documentary that tells the story of how Alene Duerk overcame gender stereotypes in the military to accomplish the highest rank ever achieved by a woman in the history of the US Navy.As producer Women in Science: Iliana Nossa (The Ionosphere) & Anne Virkki (Near Earth Asteroids), two female scientists at Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico. Cemetery Profiles and Field Notes: In this series, we hope to tell the story of our National Cemeteries. Veteran Documentary Corps shot these films in late April 2019 as part of our partnership with the National Cemetery Administration. All films are available on our social media platforms. Madame Mars is a short film about women in space. As a new space age dawns, have women come far enough to go farther than they ever have before? Women have faced challenges while trying to study and explore Mars– from early space age pioneers to those currently working.Objector directed by Molly Stuart tells the story of Atalya Ben Abba. Like all Israeli teenagers, Atalya Ben Abba is obligated to become a soldier. Unlike most, she questions the ethics of her country's military and becomes determined to challenge this rite of passage. Objector follows Atalya through her conscientious objection, imprisonment, and beyond, as she attempts to reconcile her Jewish identity, her love for her family and her homeland, and her dedication to Palestinian rights Selected publications <mask>, <mask>. The Birth of Whiteness: Race and the Emergence of U.S. Cinema. 1996. Rutgers University Press.<mask>, <mask>. Star Trek and History: Race-ing Toward a White Future. 1998. Rutgers University Press. <mask>, <mask>. "Where's the Beef?" Flow On-line, Volume 2.April 1, 2005. "Narrative Landmines: The Explosive Effects of Rumors in Syria and Insurgencies Around the World". Small Wars Journal. March 21, 2013. Word:ChristChurch, Autumn Season 2017. "James Gleick: Time Travel Feat. James Gleick, Dr <mask> (interviewer)".Audiomack. July 19, 2017. "Prof. <mask>i on Star Trek and Race." (interview with Bernardi) Trekdom - Star Trek Fanzine''. June 25, 2007. "Lt. Cmdr. <mask>i."In Depth Show. Federal News Radio. January 10, 2014. Radio. References Film theorists American mass media scholars United States Navy personnel of the Iraq War Living people 1964 births People from San Juan, Puerto Rico Puerto Rican United States Navy personnel Arizona State University faculty UCLA Film School alumni University of Arizona alumni United States Navy officers United States Navy reservists

<mask> was born on June 16, 1964 and is a Professor of Cinema at San Francisco State University. Bernardi received a Bachelor of Arts in Radio-TV and a Masters of Arts in Media Arts from the University of Arizona. He earned a PhD in Film and Television Studies from UCLA in 1994. He was a researcher at the University of California in 1997. He is interested in media studies, narrative theory, critical race theory, and rumors as narrative IEDS. His work in media emphasizes whiteness as a historical formation of meanings. He borrowed from Michael Omi and Howard Winant's theory of racial formation to argue that whiteness is a historically powerful set of meanings.<mask> is a documentary maker. His current work focuses on telling the veteran story. The American War tells the story of the Vietnam War from the perspective of the people who fought in it. The War to End all Wars is a film that tells the story of the first World War. Journeyman Pictures distributes both films. <mask> has taught film, television and new media at a number of universities. He was awarded a number of awards, including a Ford Foundation fellowship and a UC President's Post-Doctoral fellowship.His deployment to Iraq prevented him from being accepted to the fellowship. He was a consultant, writer, producer and host of the web feature Future Now from 1998 to 2000. <mask> is a well-known Star Trek fan due to his writings about the role of race in the films. The United States Navy Reserves has an officer named Bernardi. He served at sea on the, the, and the, as well as at shore in Italy, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and at the Pentagon with the Chief of Navy Information. He was recalled to active duty in support of Iraqi Freedom for ten months. In Iraq, <mask> was the Public Affairs Officer for Special Operations Task Force-Central, where he trained Iraqi Special Operations Forces (ISOF) and Emergency Response brigade (ERB) Soldiers on combat camera and media operations.He was the manager of CNN, NBC and AP, as well as US Army and US Navy journalists and photographers. He served as the Mission Public Affairs Officer for Pacific Partnership 2011, an annual humanitarian assistance initiative sponsored by the U.S. Pacific Fleet, for nine months in 2011. A team of photographers, videographers and writers were assigned to document and report on the mission. Bernardi received a grant from the Office of Naval Research to catalogue and study the impact rumors have on counterinsurgency operations. In 2005, a rumor spread among Iraqis that the U.S. forcers were poisoning their animals. The rumor completely disarmed their efforts to use modern medicine to protect their food supplies. Bernardi and his team created a database of known Islamist narratives to reveal how they are used to influence populations in the Middle East and North Africa.The hope is that expeditionary forces would have access to these narratives and be able to work against them. The Veteran Documentary Corps project was launched in 2012 by Bernardi. The VA and National Cemetery Administration, which was founded by donations and grants, produces and exhibits short documentaries on the struggles and successes of veterans from across the world. The fall-out of the former "don't ask, don't tell" policy is one of the topics that VDC has produced and distributed. Professional filmmakers make the films. <mask> is the executive producer. He has directed two films, one on Tim Koches and the other on Michael Blackwell.The Combat Camera photographer was with Bernardi in the U.S. Iraq War. Sissle's Syncopated Regime was directed by Bernardi. Many of the films in the series are directed by professional filmmakers, including Jesse Moss. The Veteran Documentary Corps was well received by veterans and the public. The Veteran Documentary Corps' mission is to create 100 short films by 2020. Off the Page: Screenwriting in the Era of Media Convergence is an author. A year ago.The University of California Press. In the era of media convergence, the business and craft of screenwriting is examined. The recent history of screenwriting labor coupled with close analysis of scripts in the context of the screenwriting paraindustry is what <mask> and Julian Hoxter use to explore the state of screenwriting today. They address the conglomerates making tentpole movies, expanded television, independent animation, microbudget scripting, the video games industry, and online content creation. This book is designed for students, producers, and writers who want to understand what studios want and why they want it. By addressing specific genres across a wide range of media, this essential volume sets the standard for anyone in the expanded screenwriting industry and the scholars that study it. The Struggle for Strategic Influence Rumors was co-authored.The year 2012. Rutgers University Press. According to <mask> and his co-authors, rumors are bits and pieces of prevailing narrative systems and local cultural artifacts, and that their anonymous origin and dubious truth claims afford them a type of concealment until their effects are known and the damage is done. They argue that rumors are narrative IEDs, or improvised explosives devices, in that they're constructed of locally available materials and hidden in the landscape. According to <mask> and his co-authors, rumors are similar to ad hoc, constructed of bits and pieces of narrative systems, and lying unseen to the military information operator, diplomat, civic outreach coordinator, or business strategist until exploding and disrupting expensive and highly wrought communication campaigns. There is a book called Star Trek and History: Race-ing Toward a White Future. 1998.Rutgers University Press. Bernardi explores the meaning of race in the Star Trek television series, feature films, and fan community, as well as the presentation of race in the original series of the 1960s. He proposes a method of studying the framing of race in popular film and television that integrates sociology, critical theory and cultural studies. The representational and narrative functions of race in Star Trek are examined by Bernardi, who explores how the meaning of "race" in the science fiction series has been constrained by creative and network decision-making, by genre, by intertextuality, and by fans. The changing social and political movements of the times have influenced the production and meaning of "Trek" texts and the ways in which the ongoing series negotiated and reflected these turbulent histories. After a year of publication, Star Trek and History went into a second printing. Bernardi apologized for Star Trek's racial vision.Race in American Film: Voices and Visions that Shaped a Nation was edited by me. The co-editor. A year ago. They are the Greenwood Publishers. The Jewish Experience in American Cinema is co-edited by Hollywood's Chosen People. The year 2012. The University Press of Wayne State.The filming difference is actors, directors, producers and writers. 2009. The University of Texas Press. The persistence of whiteness. 2007. There is a book called Routledge. It is a classic Hollywood/Classic Whiteness.2001. The University of Minnesota Press. Race and the Emergence of U.S. Cinema are discussed in The Birth of Whiteness. 1996. Rutgers University Press. Bernardi relies on a range of scholars to show how race in general and whiteness in particular formed unique representational, narrational, and institutional patterns across U.S. film history. The introduction to each book sets out a broad theory of whiteness in American film that, in brief, positions whiteness as a performance about who passes and who doesn't pass as white, and what it means in specific films and periods of film history to either pass or not pass asThe last book in the series, Filming Difference, includes essays and interviews by filmmakers who address critically and creatively how they go about representing race, gender and sexuality in their work. A series of short films on veterans buried in San Francisco and Golden Gate National Cemeteries, from stories of service in Civil War to Buffalo Soldier, from WWI to Vietnam to Iraq, was made in partnership with the National Cemetery Administration. In this Academy Awards eligible documentary, Noble Sissle's incredible life spans "The Harlem Hellfighters" of World War I, Broadway Theatre, the civil rights movement, and decades of Black cultural production. Guy Hircefeld, A Guy with a Camera: In this Academy Awards eligible documentary, Guy Hircefeld, a veteran that served in the Israeli military at the start of its occupation of Palestine in the 1980s, now fights against Israeli occupation, ethnic cleansing, and environmental warfare. He only has a camera. Nurse Helen Fairchild: Bravery, Compassion and the will to save lives motivated the young Nurse Helen Fairchild to leave home in Pennsylvania and embark on a journey to Europe, where she served as a surgical nurse during the World War I. The story of how Alene Duerk overcame gender stereotypes in the military to achieve the highest rank ever achieved by a woman in the history of the US is the subject of a short documentary.Two female scientists at Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico are producers of Women in Science. We hope to tell the story of our National Cemeteries in the Cemetery Profiles and Field Notes series. The films were shot in late April as part of the partnership with the National Cemetery Administration. Films can be seen on our social media platforms. Madame Mars is a film about women in space. As a new space age dawns, can women go farther than they have before? From early space age pioneers to those currently working, women have faced challenges while trying to study and explore Mars.The story of Atalya Ben Abba is told in Objector. Atalya Ben Abba is obligated to become a soldier. She questions the ethics of her country's military and is determined to challenge it. Objector follows Atalya through her conscientious objection, imprisonment, and beyond, as she attempts to reconcile her Jewish identity, her love for her family and her homeland, and her dedication to Palestinian rights. Race and the Emergence of U.S. Cinema are discussed in The Birth of Whiteness. 1996. Rutgers University Press.<mask>. Race-ing Toward a White Future is a book by Star Trek and History. 1998. Rutgers University Press. <mask>. "Where's the beef?" Volume 2 of Flow On-line.April 1, 2005. "Narrative Landmine: The Explosive Effects of Rumors in Syria and Insurgencies Around the World" is a book. The journal deals with small wars. 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Film theorists include American mass media scholars, United States Navy personnel of the Iraq War, and University of Arizona alumni.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xabi%20Alonso

Xabi Alonso

Xabier Alonso Olano (, ; born 25 November 1981) is a Spanish football manager and former professional player who played as a central or defensive midfielder. He is the manager of Segunda División club Real Sociedad B. Alonso began his career at Real Sociedad, the main team of his home province Gipuzkoa. After a brief loan period at Eibar, he was appointed as team captain of Real Sociedad by then-manager John Toshack. He succeeded in the role, taking the club to second place in the 2002–03 season. He moved to Liverpool in August 2004 for £10.5 million and won the UEFA Champions League in his first season, under manager Rafael Benítez, scoring the equalising goal in the Final against Milan. The following season, he won the FA Cup and the FA Community Shield. He moved to Real Madrid for the start of the 2009–10 season in a deal worth around £30 million. After winning honours including a league title in 2012 and the Champions League in 2014 during five seasons in Madrid, he was signed by German club Bayern Munich on a two-year contract. This was extended by a further year, and he eventually retired from playing in summer 2017, aged 35, having won the Bundesliga in each of his three seasons with Bayern. He made his international debut for Spain in April 2003 in a 4–0 victory against Ecuador. While playing for Spain, Alonso won Euro 2008, Euro 2012 and the 2010 World Cup, and he also represented his country at Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup. On 23 June 2012, Alonso won his 100th cap for Spain in the quarter-final of Euro 2012 against France; he celebrated the occasion by scoring both of Spain's goals to send them into the semi-finals. Following Spain's failure to progress out of the group stages at the 2014 World Cup, Alonso retired from international football on 27 August 2014. His 114 caps make him the seventh-most capped player in the nation's history. Early years Alonso was born in the small town of Tolosa, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, into a family known for its footballing prowess. His father, Periko Alonso, won La Liga twice in successive seasons with Real Sociedad and a third time after he joined Barcelona. He also featured in the national team, winning 21 caps over the course of his career. Xabi Alonso lived in the city of Barcelona for the first six years of his life and moved to San Sebastián (Donostia) thereafter. It was here that his passion for football began as he whiled away his childhood playing at Playa de la Concha (Shell Beach). On the Basque sands, Alonso befriended a fellow resident of Calle Matia, Mikel Arteta, and the two would battle each other in exhibitions of technical ability. He was immersed in football and his father would often bring him and his older brother, Mikel, to CE Sabadell's training ground to practice together. Alonso was influenced by his father's playing, taking more pleasure in passing the ball well than shooting at goal. At an early age, he decided to play as a defensive midfielder, a role which helped him learn how to distribute the ball well. This talent would later prove to be an integral part of his club and international career. At age 15, Alonso went to the Irish town of Kells, County Meath, on a school exchange programme to learn English. Alonso and Arteta were ambitious and dreamed of playing alongside each other for Real Sociedad when they were older. Though they attended different schools, the two young players joined forces at the local youth side Antiguoko, playing games at the weekend. Their performances attracted the attention of scouts from top Spanish sides and the young Donostiarras separated ways, ending nine years of friendly rivalry, as Alonso went to Real Sociedad and Arteta moved to Catalan giants Barcelona. Alonso's move to Real Sociedad, however, was not a companionless one, as his older brother Mikel, who had also become an adept player, joined the club together with him. Club career Real Sociedad Alonso quickly progressed through the youth ranks and the reserve team at Real Sociedad (winning the regionalised fourth tier in his single season with the latter) and impressed enough to earn a first team debut at the age of 18. He made his first senior appearance against Logroñés in December 1999 in a Copa del Rey match. Alonso failed to make another appearance in the season but the following year brought more opportunities. At the beginning of the 2000–01 season, Javier Clemente sent him to Segunda División team Eibar to gain experience. Alonso's father particularly felt the move to the smaller club improved him as a player. A quick turnover of managers, however, including a two-month period with Periko Alonso in charge, left Real Sociedad in a dire situation. By January 2001, Real Sociedad were bottom of the league and its new manager, John Toshack, turned to the prodigious Alonso in the hope of reversing the team's fortunes. In a surprise move, the Welsh manager made the 20-year-old the team captain, a position traditionally held by more senior players. By the end of the season, Sociedad had climbed out of the relegation zone and finished in 14th place. Toshack lauded Alonso, noting that the impression he had on the team was exceptional, especially for a player from the youth team. Under the tutelage of John Toshack, Alonso's captaincy marked a resurgence of form for Real Sociedad. Toshack recognised Alonso's potential and invested much time in his young captain, creating a training method designed to improve his touch and control specifically for him. The team cemented its mid-table position in the 2001–02, finishing in 13th place. Alonso appeared consistently in La Liga with 30 appearances over the course of the season and also scored his first league goal, finishing with a season total of three. Real Sociedad's management changed again in the summer of 2002 with the arrival of Raynald Denoueix, but Alonso kept his place in the first team on the strength of his past performances. The 2002–03 season was the club's best league performance since the 1981–82 season, in which they won the league. The Basque team finished second, two points behind Real Madrid, setting a club record for their highest ever points total, and qualifying for the UEFA Champions League for the first time. Alonso received much praise for his role in the team's success and was given the Best Spanish Player award by Spanish sports magazine Don Balón. In addition, Alonso significantly contributed to the team's goal tally, scoring 12 goals in all competitions. His performances earned Alonso national repute and Iñaki Sáez, the coach of the Spanish national team, called him up for La Selección. Alonso made his international debut in April 2003 in a 4–0 friendly win over Ecuador. Sáez raved over Alonso, saying, "He has a fantastic range of accurate passing [and] sees football with an extraordinary clarity." The 2003–04 season comprised mixed results for Alonso and his San Sebastián club. Alonso revelled in the opportunity to perform in Europe, appearing in all the team's games, and Real Sociedad qualified for the knockout phase of the Champions League. The team struggled under the pressure of the extra matches, however, and were promptly knocked out of the tournament by Lyon and finished 15th in La Liga. The combination of Alonso's outstanding performances and the team's poor league finish made a move away from Anoeta Stadium inevitable. Despite interest from La Liga champions Real Madrid, Alonso remained committed to Real Sociedad. Madrid failed to meet the £13 million price tag that José Luis Astiazarán, the Real Sociedad president, had placed on Alonso and the deal reached a stalemate. Alonso had other concerns and focused on international duty with Spain at UEFA Euro 2004. Despite the fact that Alonso's appearance at the tournament was brief, he caught the attention of retired footballer Jan Mølby, who was impressed with his precise passing abilities. The summer transfer window at Real Sociedad saw the arrival of Alonso's childhood friend Mikel Arteta. Arteta was ecstatic at the prospect of partnering Alonso in midfield, but his excitement was short-lived. Alonso was not picked for Real Sociedad's pre-season friendlies, signalling that an offer by Liverpool was being treated seriously. The Basque side announced on 20 August 2004 that they had made a deal worth £10.7 million with Liverpool and Alonso had agreed terms with the Merseyside team. Alonso did not lament the fact that a move to Real Madrid had not materialised. Instead, he concentrated on integrating with the new Spanish contingent at Liverpool under the guidance of former Valencia manager Rafael Benítez. Liverpool 2004–05: Champions League victory Alonso arrived at Liverpool along with Luis García from Barcelona, marking the beginning of a new era at Anfield. New Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez sought to revolutionise the club and completely overhauled the squad, impressing his own management style and tactics upon the team. The technical Spaniards were Benítez's first signings and he remarked that their emphasis of skill over strength offered the team something different. Alonso made his Premier League debut for the Merseysiders against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium on 29 August 2004. Liverpool lost the fixture 1–0 but Alonso was already receiving praise for his passing skills from the press. A Premier League tie away against Fulham displayed more of Alonso's talents. Liverpool were losing 2–0 at half-time and Benítez brought on Alonso as a substitute after the break. He revived a deflated Liverpool and the game finished 2–4 to the Merseyside team. Furthermore, Alonso scored his first goal for the team from a free kick to bring Liverpool ahead of the opposition. Alonso continued to provide important goals for the club, scoring his first goal at Anfield against Arsenal in a 2–1 victory. Alonso was elated at the achievement and felt he was settling in well in England. The Arsenal game marked the return of Steven Gerrard from injury but Alonso's midfield partnership with the team captain came to a halt when Alonso suffered his first setback at Liverpool. Alonso's ankle was broken following a tackle from Frank Lampard in Liverpool's 0–1 home defeat against Chelsea on New Year's Day 2005 and the Spaniard was ruled out of action for three months. Alonso made his return to the first team in the second leg of the Champions League quarter-final against Juventus. Alonso was not at full fitness but, as Steven Gerrard was injured, he played for the full 90 minutes and Liverpool held the score at 0–0 in Italy, defeating the eventual Italian champions on aggregate. Kevin McCarra of The Guardian paid testament to Alonso's skill and dedication to the game, saying, "This marvellously accomplished footballer testified in the Stadio delle Alpi that technique can overcome a serious physical disadvantage." In the next round against Chelsea, Alonso received a yellow card in a tense and scrappy 0–0 draw at Stamford Bridge, making him suspended for the following fixture. Alonso was distraught that he would miss the game and vehemently contested the referee's decision to no avail. Gerrard returned from injury for the second leg, however, and the captain steered his team to a 1–0 win with the help of a Luis García goal, qualifying for the final against Milan. Liverpool's fifth-place finish in the Premiership left much to be desired but debut season glory still awaited Alonso in the form of the Champions League final. The team fell three goals behind Milan but completed a dramatic second-half comeback. Liverpool, trailing 3–2, were awarded a penalty and it was decided that Alonso would take the spot kick. While Dida, Milan's acclaimed Brazilian goalkeeper, managed to save the penalty Alonso fired the rebound into the roof of the net, bringing the score to 3–3. Extra time passed without a goal from either team and Liverpool won 3–2 in the penalty shootout. Alonso was praised for his pivotal influence on the team's comeback and manager Benítez reinforced his importance to the team. Alonso was ecstatic with the win, commenting, "This is the best moment in my professional career." The epic night was also recalled to be the 'Miracle of Istanbul'. 2005–06: FA Cup winner Alonso was ever-present in the first team in the 2005–06 season, largely avoiding injuries that had marred his first season at the club. The summer transfer window brought Peter Crouch to Liverpool and the striker's height sparked accusations that the team would change to long ball tactics. Crouch denied this, highlighting that Alonso's passing ability, alongside Gerrard, would define Liverpool's style of play. Alonso faced more competition for his place in the form of new arrival Mohamed Sissoko. However, Steven Gerrard's injuries and Rafael Benítez's favouring of a 4–5–1 formation ensured Alonso's place in the team. Alonso appeared in all of Liverpool's games in the Champions League but the dominance shown in the previous season had gone as the team lost to Benfica in the knockout stage. On 7 January 2006, in an FA Cup third-round tie against Luton Town, Alonso assisted Liverpool to a 5–3 comeback victory after being down 3–1 early in the second half. Alonso scored two impressive goals from distance: one from 45 yards, and the other 65 yards from goal; behind the half-way line. Consequently, Alonso's goals marked a stroke of luck for a Liverpool fan who won £25,000 from a £200 bet on Alonso scoring from within his own half. Alonso suffered an ankle injury in a 1–3 away victory over Portsmouth, putting his participation in the FA Cup final in doubt. However, he recovered sufficiently to start the game against West Ham United and Gerrard scored Liverpool's third goal from Alonso's free kick, pulling the team ahead of the opposition. Alonso, still affected by the injury, could not manage the entire 90 minutes and was substituted in the second half. Liverpool won on penalties without his help but Alonso still earned his first FA Cup winners' medal. 2006–2009 On 20 September 2006, Alonso scored what the BBC described as "an outrageous strike" from his own half in a 2–0 Premiership win against Newcastle United. Andy Hunter of The Independent described it as "one of the most audacious goals in Anfield's rich 115-year history". Alonso rebutted claims that his 70-yard goal was all down to luck and stated that he took long range shots as part of his training routine. Despite the similarity of the goals struck from inside his own half, Alonso was in no doubt which was his best. He said, "I think this was better. The Luton goal bounced a few times, this one went quite straight. The Luton one was left-footed – it was different – but I am quite happy to score the goal." It was his first goal for Liverpool since the goal against Luton, making distinct history as the only outfield player in modern professional football history to score two consecutive goals from inside his own half of the pitch. On 8 June 2007, Alonso signed a five-year contract, stating, "I knew there was interest from other clubs but it was always my idea to stay here. I have been here for three seasons now and have such special feelings for the club and the supporters. I understand what Liverpool means to so many people. It is such a special club and I just didn't want to leave." The 2007–08 season started well for the Spaniard: Gerrard's absence led to Alonso playing in a more advanced position and he scored twice in a 6–0 rout against Premier League newcomers Derby County. The bright beginning was short-lived, however, as a minor injury sustained in a game against Portsmouth became aggravated in training. The metatarsal injury forced him out of training for six weeks but his return to the first team was rushed and his injury recurred in his first game back. Alonso's determination and passion proved to be his downfall, and he later reflected, "I had been feeling a bit tired around that time because it was only my first game back and the match was very fast. But as a player you don't want to come off, particularly when the team is winning and I stayed on." Alonso returned from injury at December 2007, but over the following months he increasingly faced competition for a place in midfield from Javier Mascherano and Lucas. His role in Liverpool's five-man midfield role was assured, however, as Rafael Benítez regarded him as "a top class player", stating that Alonso had the ability to change games and break down the opposition's defence. Alonso made his 100th league appearance for Liverpool on 12 January 2008 against Middlesbrough. The 2008 summer transfer window suggested a move away from Merseyside, as Liverpool pursued England international Gareth Barry to replace Alonso. By the start of the 2008–09 season, neither Alonso or Barry had moved club but the drawn-out transfer saga had left the Spaniard feeling unsettled at Liverpool and unsure of his position in the team. However, the club's fans did much to restore his spirits, supporting him on and off the pitch, and Alonso responded to this, saying: "[The fans] couldn't have done more to show me how they felt... If I went out for lunch or a coffee, there was always someone who would come over and say, 'We'd love you to stay'. I'm just glad that, in the end, nothing came of it [the transfer] because it wasn't something I ever asked for." Despite the events of the summer, Alonso made a confident start to the season and both his peers and the press praised his strength of character, citing his influence as a factor in the team's strong opening to the season. Alonso's importance to the team was further underlined when he scored the only goal, through a deflection, in a 0–1 victory against Chelsea, making Liverpool the first away team to win at Stamford Bridge in over four years. Statistical analysis reflected Alonso's good form: on 11 December, figures from Opta Sports revealed that he was the first Premier League player to complete 1,000 successful passes in the season. His last goal for Liverpool came in their 1–3 away win at Hull City on 25 April, striking after his free kick deflected off the Hull wall. Real Madrid 2009–10 season Alonso completed his £30 million move to Real Madrid on 5 August 2009. It has been suggested that he never wanted to leave the Anfield side, with his contract existing until at least 2012, and that his departure was due to differences with Benítez. Former teammate Steven Gerrard said he was "devastated" by Alonso's decision, and cited his departure as one of the reasons behind Liverpool's poor run of form at the start of the following season. Alonso was given the number 22 jersey in Madrid and played in a holding midfield position. He scored his first goal for his new team on 21 February 2010, a penalty against Villarreal in a 6–2 win. Unless he was injured or suspended, Manuel Pellegrini started Alonso in every match of the Champions League and in La Liga in his first season at Real Madrid. In La Liga, he helped the club finish with a club-record 96 points, three points behind winners Barcelona. It was the third time in Alonso's career that he helped his team set a new club record in terms of points gathered, while finishing in second position (he achieved the same feat with Real Sociedad in 2002–03 and with Liverpool in 2008–09). During his first season at Real Madrid, Alonso scored three goals and was considered one of the club's "most consistent" players. Readers of Marca made him part of its La Liga team of the season, as their choice defensive midfielder; the only other Real Madrid player featured was Cristiano Ronaldo. Alonso received the same accolade from ESPN Soccernet. He was also a nominee in the LFP Awards, awards given out by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional, the Spanish Football league. Alonso was nominated in the Best Midfielder category, alongside Xavi and Javi Martínez. Several members of the Spanish press, as well as a number of Real Madrid supporters, gave Alonso a new nickname during the season: La Barba Roja ("The Red Beard"). 2010–11 season Alonso's second season at Real Madrid started with the arrival of a new manager, José Mourinho. He was given the number 14 jersey after the departure of vice-captain Guti. He did not score any goals that whole season but was vital. While he believed that Real Madrid would win the league, the club only managed to win the Copa del Rey. 2011–12 season Alonso began his third season at Madrid by scoring the second goal in a 2–2 draw against Barcelona in the 2011 Supercopa de España at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. On 21 September 2011, he played his 100th official game for Real Madrid in the 0–0 draw against Racing de Santander. Alonso continued to be an undisputed force in the starting XI and ultimately claimed the first league title of his career. 2013–14: La Decima On 8 January 2014, Alonso signed a contract extension with Real Madrid, which would have kept him at the club until 2016. On 29 April 2014, Real Madrid defeated Bayern Munich 4–0 in the second leg of their Champions League semi-final to qualify for the final on a 5–0 aggregate win. Alonso received a yellow card after a sliding tackle on Bastian Schweinsteiger in the first half; as he already had two before the match, this ruled him out of the final. He claimed his second Champions League winners medal as Real defeated Atlético Madrid 4–1 in extra time. Bayern Munich On 29 August 2014, Alonso moved to Bayern Munich on a two-year deal for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut the following day, starting in a 1–1 draw at Schalke 04. On 27 September 2014, in the match against 1. FC Köln, Alonso broke the record for most passes completed in a Bundesliga game, with 196. He scored his first goal for the club on 18 October 2014, a free kick in a 6–0 win over Werder Bremen. On 17 February 2015, in his 100th Champions League appearance, Alonso was sent-off for a second bookable offense in a 0–0 draw against Shakhtar Donetsk. Alonso was suspended for the return leg of the fixture, which Bayern won 7–0. Alonso would go on to record his fourth goal, another free kick, against Porto in the Champions League quarter-final. Bayern would go on to win 6–1, advancing to the semi-finals for a fourth-straight season on aggregate, 7–4. On 28 April 2015, Alonso was one of four Bayern players, all FIFA World Cup winners, to miss in a 2–0 penalty shootout defeat to Borussia Dortmund in the DFB-Pokal semi-final. He was also the only player to miss as the club lost the shootout at the end of the 2015 DFL-Supercup away to VfL Wolfsburg, his attempt being saved by goalkeeper Koen Casteels. On 18 December 2015, Alonso signed a new contract with Bayern, keeping him at the club until 2017. On 9 March 2017, Alonso confirmed via Twitter his retirement from the game at the end of the 2016–17 season. On 20 May 2017, Alonso and teammate, Bayern captain Philipp Lahm played their final professional game, in a 4–1 victory at home to Freiburg in which he assisted the opening goal for Arjen Robben. He was substituted off in the 82nd minute for Franck Ribéry. It was his 79th match in the German top-flight. International career Euro 2004 Alonso was a substitute in Spain's 1–0 victory against Russia and played a full 90 minutes against Portugal. Spain were eliminated in the group stage. 2006 World Cup Alonso was named in the Spanish squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup and he scored Spain's first goal of the tournament, his first international goal, against Ukraine on 14 June 2006. Despite a successful group phase, where Spain won all their games, Alonso did not achieve international glory as the team were beaten by the eventual finalists France in the first knockout stage of the tournament. Euro 2008 Liverpool's 2007–08 season finished trophyless but the opportunity to win honours awaited Alonso in the form of the Euro 2008 tournament. Alonso featured mainly as a substitute but, with key players resting, he captained Spain in the final group game against Greece, earning the man of the match award. Despite a strong performance, he could not attain a starting position in the team, highlighting Spain's strength in depth. Spain went on to win the tournament and he featured in four of Spain's six matches. Speaking to Spanish journalist Guillem Balagué, he said that Spain's victory was deserved and the players' teamwork had been crucial to the team's undefeated run in the tournament. The Basque was ecstatic at the achievement, declaring, "Right now, we're all just living the moment. It's incredible and we're all walking around in a dream. It's fantastic." Alonso's international success continued as he scored twice in a 3–0 win in a friendly against Denmark in August. 2009 Confederations Cup After Spain were surprisingly eliminated from the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup by a defeat to the United States, Alonso and Spain faced South Africa in the third-place match. After 90 minutes, the game was deadlocked at 2–2, so extra time was added, where Alonso scored a free-kick in to the bottom corner of the goal to help Spain win third. 2010 World Cup Alonso started every game for Spain during the 2010 tournament, playing alongside Sergio Busquets and Xavi in midfield and helping his side to lift their first-ever World Cup trophy. In the 28th minute of the final against the Netherlands, he received a "Kung fu-style" kick to the chest from Dutch midfielder Nigel de Jong, the foul was controversial since it appeared to be a foul worthy of a straight red, but was only ruled out to be a yellow card given by referee Howard Webb. This left Alonso in pain and in fear of a broken rib. Despite this pain, he continued playing on for another hour. Euro 2012 On 23 June 2012, Alonso played his 100th match for Spain in the quarter-finals against France in which he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory. The first goal came after he headed a cross from the left flank delivered by Jordi Alba, while the second one came from a penalty kick given after Pedro was fouled by Anthony Réveillère in the dying seconds of the match. Alonso's penalty in the semi-final shoot-out against Portugal was saved by Rui Patrício in which Spain went on to win 4–2 after a 0–0 draw in the game itself. Spain went on to beat Gianluigi Buffon and Italy 4–0 in the finals; this was Alonso's third major title win with Spain. 2014 World Cup Spain were again amongst the favourites for cup victory in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, but had a very disappointing campaign that ended in the first round. Alonso scored a penalty in the 27th minute of their first match against the Netherlands, though he was substituted in the 62nd minute with Spain down 2–1. The match ultimately ended with a resounding 5–1 win for the Netherlands. Spain then suffered another defeat, this time falling 2–0 to Chile. In that match, Alonso received a yellow card in the first half and was substituted at half-time with the score already at 2–0. Spain were then eliminated from the tournament but did win their final match 3–0 against Australia and finished third in the group; Alonso played 83 minutes in the match. Alonso retired from international football on 27 August 2014. Basque Country Alonso made his debut for the Basque Country national team in a friendly against Ghana on 29 December 2001 and received regular call ups since, while – due to his busy club schedule – not always being able to appear. Most recently, Alonso appeared for Basque on 29 December 2012 in a 6–1 victory over Bolivia. Style of play A complete, consistent, hardworking and versatile midfielder, Alonso is regarded as one of the best midfielders of his generation, and was effective both creatively and defensively. Gifted with good technique, excellent vision, and varied passing range, he excelled in the centre in a deep-lying playmaking role, where he utilized his accurate long passing ability to create goal scoring chances for teammates; he also utilized a powerful and accurate shot from distance, and he was an effective set-piece and penalty kick taker. Due to his height, positioning, and physical characteristics, Xabi Alonso was also effective in the air, often contributing with headed goals from set pieces when he advanced into more offensive positions. In addition to his creative attributes, he was also capable of excelling as a defensive midfielder due to his strength and powerful physique, combined with his tenacity, tactical intelligence, aggressive tackling and his ability to read the game. He was at times criticised, however, for occasionally committing rash challenges and for his tendency to lose his composure and pick up unnecessary cards for particularly hard fouls. Regarding Alonso's playing style, Jonathan Wilson noted in a 2013 article for The Guardian that he was an example of a more creative interpreter of the holding midfield role, who, "although capable of making tackles, focused on keeping the ball moving, occasionally raking long passes out to the flanks to change the angle of attack like an old-style regista." Since retiring, Steven Gerrard has claimed that he believes Alonso was the best midfielder he has ever played alongside. Moreover, in 2017, Pep Guardiola described Alonso as one of the best midfielders he had ever seen in his life. Coaching and managerial career In 2018, whilst completing his UEFA Elite coaching course alongside former teammates Raúl, Xavi, Víctor Valdés, and Joan Capdevila, Alonso returned to Real Madrid where he assumed a role coaching the Real Madrid U14s. Real Sociedad B Alonso was appointed manager of Segunda División B club Real Sociedad B on 1 June 2019, and began the role on 9 July 2019. In March 2021, despite being heavily linked to the soon-to-be vacant manager role at Borussia Mönchengladbach, Alonso signed a one-year extension with the club. In Alonso's second season at Sanse, the club won promotion to the Segunda División, following a play-off win against Algeciras on 22 May 2021. The win signified Real Sociedad B's first season back in the Segunda División since 1961–62. Personal life Alonso was regarded as a quiet and friendly person by his former teammates at Liverpool. He is married to Nagore Aranburu and the couple have three children: Jontxu, Ane and Emma. Alonso stayed in Merseyside to be at her side while she gave birth, later saying, "It was a little frustrating to miss the match against Inter but I have to be with my family at times like these." His decision to place his family ahead of a Champions League tie caused much friction with former manager Rafael Benítez. On 30 March 2010, they had their second child, a girl named Ane Alonso Aranburu. Their third child and second daughter, Emma Alonso Aranburu, was born on 2 December 2013. Alonso and former Arsenal player Mikel Arteta were neighbours on the same street while growing up in San Sebastián and also lived near each other in Liverpool. Alonso convinced Arteta to transfer to Everton after he told him how happy he was living in Liverpool. Alonso also helped persuade former Real Sociedad teammate Juan Ugarte to make a move to Wales by joining Wrexham in 2004. Alonso's brother Mikel played for Spanish club Real Unión. He previously spent a season on loan at Bolton Wanderers in the 2007–08 season with an option for a permanent deal. However, the team opted not to extend the loan deal and he returned to Spain to train with Xabi Alonso's former club, Real Sociedad. Alonso also has another brother involved in football, Jon, who works as a referee. Alonso is a Meath Gaelic football supporter. His interest in the Irish sport stems from the age of 15 when he went to the Irish town of Kells, County Meath, and stayed with a family to learn English, where he played it in his spare time. Even while playing at Real Madrid, Alonso has declared himself a Liverpool supporter and returns to watch games at Anfield when his schedule allows. He was quoted in The Times Online in 2011 as saying, "I am still a Liverpool fan and will be forever, absolutely" and that he will raise his Liverpool-born son as a Red supporter. Politics In 2009, Xabi Alonso criticised then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Gordon Brown's economic policy, in particular the devalued pound sterling and the 50% tax rate, warning that it has weakened English football and could drive top players away from the UK. Career statistics Club 1 Includes FIFA Club World Cup, FA Community Shield, Supercopa de España and DFL-Supercup. International the match against away against Equatorial Guinea in November 2013 although included in Alonso's 114 caps is not considered a full international by FIFA (too many substitutions) but it is official for the RFEF Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Alonso goal. Managerial statistics Honours Liverpool FA Cup: 2005–06 FA Community Shield: 2006 UEFA Champions League: 2004–05 UEFA Super Cup: 2005 Real Madrid La Liga: 2011–12 Copa del Rey: 2010–11, 2013–14 Supercopa de España: 2012 UEFA Champions League: 2013–14 Bayern Munich Bundesliga: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17 DFB-Pokal: 2015–16 DFL-Supercup: 2016 Spain FIFA World Cup: 2010 UEFA European Championship: 2008, 2012 Individual Spanish Player of the Year: 2003 BBC Goal of the Month: November 2004 FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2011, 2012; 2nd team: 2014; 3rd team: 2013; 4th team: 2015; 5th team: 2016 La Liga Best Midfielder: 2011–12 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2012 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2013–14 Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2014–15 Decorations Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit: 2011 See also List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps References External links Profile on Realmadrid.com National team data at BDFutbol Profile at BBC Sport 1981 births Living people People from Tolosa Sportspeople from Gipuzkoa Footballers from the Basque Country (autonomous community) Spanish footballers Association football midfielders Xabi Antiguoko players Real Sociedad B footballers Real Sociedad footballers SD Eibar footballers Liverpool F.C. players Real Madrid CF players FC Bayern Munich footballers Tercera División players Segunda División players La Liga players Premier League players Bundesliga players UEFA Champions League winning players Spain youth international footballers Spain under-21 international footballers Spain international footballers Basque Country international footballers UEFA Euro 2004 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2008 players 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2014 FIFA World Cup players UEFA European Championship-winning players FIFA World Cup-winning players FIFA Century Club Spanish expatriate footballers Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Germany Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Germany Spanish football managers Real Madrid CF non-playing staff Segunda División B managers Real Sociedad B managers FA Cup Final players Segunda División managers

<mask> (, ; born 25 November 1981) is a Spanish football manager and former professional player who played as a central or defensive midfielder. He is the manager of Segunda División club Real Sociedad B. <mask> began his career at Real Sociedad, the main team of his home province Gipuzkoa. After a brief loan period at Eibar, he was appointed as team captain of Real Sociedad by then-manager John Toshack. He succeeded in the role, taking the club to second place in the 2002–03 season. He moved to Liverpool in August 2004 for £10.5 million and won the UEFA Champions League in his first season, under manager Rafael Benítez, scoring the equalising goal in the Final against Milan. The following season, he won the FA Cup and the FA Community Shield. He moved to Real Madrid for the start of the 2009–10 season in a deal worth around £30 million.After winning honours including a league title in 2012 and the Champions League in 2014 during five seasons in Madrid, he was signed by German club Bayern Munich on a two-year contract. This was extended by a further year, and he eventually retired from playing in summer 2017, aged 35, having won the Bundesliga in each of his three seasons with Bayern. He made his international debut for Spain in April 2003 in a 4–0 victory against Ecuador. While playing for Spain, <mask> won Euro 2008, Euro 2012 and the 2010 World Cup, and he also represented his country at Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup. On 23 June 2012, <mask> won his 100th cap for Spain in the quarter-final of Euro 2012 against France; he celebrated the occasion by scoring both of Spain's goals to send them into the semi-finals. Following Spain's failure to progress out of the group stages at the 2014 World Cup, <mask> retired from international football on 27 August 2014. His 114 caps make him the seventh-most capped player in the nation's history.Early years <mask> was born in the small town of Tolosa, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, into a family known for its footballing prowess. His father, Periko <mask>, won La Liga twice in successive seasons with Real Sociedad and a third time after he joined Barcelona. He also featured in the national team, winning 21 caps over the course of his career. <mask> <mask> lived in the city of Barcelona for the first six years of his life and moved to San Sebastián (Donostia) thereafter. It was here that his passion for football began as he whiled away his childhood playing at Playa de la Concha (Shell Beach). On the Basque sands, <mask> befriended a fellow resident of Calle Matia, Mikel Arteta, and the two would battle each other in exhibitions of technical ability. He was immersed in football and his father would often bring him and his older brother, Mikel, to CE Sabadell's training ground to practice together.<mask> was influenced by his father's playing, taking more pleasure in passing the ball well than shooting at goal. At an early age, he decided to play as a defensive midfielder, a role which helped him learn how to distribute the ball well. This talent would later prove to be an integral part of his club and international career. At age 15, <mask> went to the Irish town of Kells, County Meath, on a school exchange programme to learn English. <mask> and Arteta were ambitious and dreamed of playing alongside each other for Real Sociedad when they were older. Though they attended different schools, the two young players joined forces at the local youth side Antiguoko, playing games at the weekend. Their performances attracted the attention of scouts from top Spanish sides and the young Donostiarras separated ways, ending nine years of friendly rivalry, as <mask> went to Real Sociedad and Arteta moved to Catalan giants Barcelona.<mask>'s move to Real Sociedad, however, was not a companionless one, as his older brother Mikel, who had also become an adept player, joined the club together with him. Club career Real Sociedad Alonso quickly progressed through the youth ranks and the reserve team at Real Sociedad (winning the regionalised fourth tier in his single season with the latter) and impressed enough to earn a first team debut at the age of 18. He made his first senior appearance against Logroñés in December 1999 in a Copa del Rey match. <mask> failed to make another appearance in the season but the following year brought more opportunities. At the beginning of the 2000–01 season, Javier Clemente sent him to Segunda División team Eibar to gain experience. <mask>'s father particularly felt the move to the smaller club improved him as a player. A quick turnover of managers, however, including a two-month period with Periko <mask> in charge, left Real Sociedad in a dire situation.By January 2001, Real Sociedad were bottom of the league and its new manager, John Toshack, turned to the prodigious <mask> in the hope of reversing the team's fortunes. In a surprise move, the Welsh manager made the 20-year-old the team captain, a position traditionally held by more senior players. By the end of the season, Sociedad had climbed out of the relegation zone and finished in 14th place. Toshack lauded <mask>, noting that the impression he had on the team was exceptional, especially for a player from the youth team. Under the tutelage of John Toshack, <mask>'s captaincy marked a resurgence of form for Real Sociedad. Toshack recognised <mask>'s potential and invested much time in his young captain, creating a training method designed to improve his touch and control specifically for him. The team cemented its mid-table position in the 2001–02, finishing in 13th place.<mask> appeared consistently in La Liga with 30 appearances over the course of the season and also scored his first league goal, finishing with a season total of three. Real Sociedad's management changed again in the summer of 2002 with the arrival of Raynald Denoueix, but <mask> kept his place in the first team on the strength of his past performances. The 2002–03 season was the club's best league performance since the 1981–82 season, in which they won the league. The Basque team finished second, two points behind Real Madrid, setting a club record for their highest ever points total, and qualifying for the UEFA Champions League for the first time. <mask> received much praise for his role in the team's success and was given the Best Spanish Player award by Spanish sports magazine Don Balón. In addition, <mask> significantly contributed to the team's goal tally, scoring 12 goals in all competitions. His performances earned <mask> national repute and Iñaki Sáez, the coach of the Spanish national team, called him up for La Selección.<mask> made his international debut in April 2003 in a 4–0 friendly win over Ecuador. Sáez raved over <mask>, saying, "He has a fantastic range of accurate passing [and] sees football with an extraordinary clarity." The 2003–04 season comprised mixed results for <mask> and his San Sebastián club. <mask> revelled in the opportunity to perform in Europe, appearing in all the team's games, and Real Sociedad qualified for the knockout phase of the Champions League. The team struggled under the pressure of the extra matches, however, and were promptly knocked out of the tournament by Lyon and finished 15th in La Liga. The combination of <mask>'s outstanding performances and the team's poor league finish made a move away from Anoeta Stadium inevitable. Despite interest from La Liga champions Real Madrid, <mask> remained committed to Real Sociedad.Madrid failed to meet the £13 million price tag that José Luis Astiazarán, the Real Sociedad president, had placed on <mask> and the deal reached a stalemate. <mask> had other concerns and focused on international duty with Spain at UEFA Euro 2004. Despite the fact that <mask>'s appearance at the tournament was brief, he caught the attention of retired footballer Jan Mølby, who was impressed with his precise passing abilities. The summer transfer window at Real Sociedad saw the arrival of <mask>'s childhood friend Mikel Arteta. Arteta was ecstatic at the prospect of partnering <mask> in midfield, but his excitement was short-lived. <mask> was not picked for Real Sociedad's pre-season friendlies, signalling that an offer by Liverpool was being treated seriously. The Basque side announced on 20 August 2004 that they had made a deal worth £10.7 million with Liverpool and <mask> had agreed terms with the Merseyside team.<mask> did not lament the fact that a move to Real Madrid had not materialised. Instead, he concentrated on integrating with the new Spanish contingent at Liverpool under the guidance of former Valencia manager Rafael Benítez. Liverpool 2004–05: Champions League victory <mask> arrived at Liverpool along with Luis García from Barcelona, marking the beginning of a new era at Anfield. New Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez sought to revolutionise the club and completely overhauled the squad, impressing his own management style and tactics upon the team. The technical Spaniards were Benítez's first signings and he remarked that their emphasis of skill over strength offered the team something different. <mask> made his Premier League debut for the Merseysiders against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium on 29 August 2004. Liverpool lost the fixture 1–0 but <mask> was already receiving praise for his passing skills from the press.A Premier League tie away against Fulham displayed more of <mask>'s talents. Liverpool were losing 2–0 at half-time and Benítez brought on <mask> as a substitute after the break. He revived a deflated Liverpool and the game finished 2–4 to the Merseyside team. Furthermore, <mask> scored his first goal for the team from a free kick to bring Liverpool ahead of the opposition. <mask> continued to provide important goals for the club, scoring his first goal at Anfield against Arsenal in a 2–1 victory. <mask> was elated at the achievement and felt he was settling in well in England. The Arsenal game marked the return of Steven Gerrard from injury but <mask>'s midfield partnership with the team captain came to a halt when <mask> suffered his first setback at Liverpool.<mask>'s ankle was broken following a tackle from Frank Lampard in Liverpool's 0–1 home defeat against Chelsea on New Year's Day 2005 and the Spaniard was ruled out of action for three months. <mask> made his return to the first team in the second leg of the Champions League quarter-final against Juventus. <mask> was not at full fitness but, as Steven Gerrard was injured, he played for the full 90 minutes and Liverpool held the score at 0–0 in Italy, defeating the eventual Italian champions on aggregate. Kevin McCarra of The Guardian paid testament to <mask>'s skill and dedication to the game, saying, "This marvellously accomplished footballer testified in the Stadio delle Alpi that technique can overcome a serious physical disadvantage." In the next round against Chelsea, <mask> received a yellow card in a tense and scrappy 0–0 draw at Stamford Bridge, making him suspended for the following fixture. <mask> was distraught that he would miss the game and vehemently contested the referee's decision to no avail. Gerrard returned from injury for the second leg, however, and the captain steered his team to a 1–0 win with the help of a Luis García goal, qualifying for the final against Milan.Liverpool's fifth-place finish in the Premiership left much to be desired but debut season glory still awaited <mask> in the form of the Champions League final. The team fell three goals behind Milan but completed a dramatic second-half comeback. Liverpool, trailing 3–2, were awarded a penalty and it was decided that <mask> would take the spot kick. While Dida, Milan's acclaimed Brazilian goalkeeper, managed to save the penalty <mask> fired the rebound into the roof of the net, bringing the score to 3–3. Extra time passed without a goal from either team and Liverpool won 3–2 in the penalty shootout. <mask> was praised for his pivotal influence on the team's comeback and manager Benítez reinforced his importance to the team. <mask> was ecstatic with the win, commenting, "This is the best moment in my professional career."The epic night was also recalled to be the 'Miracle of Istanbul'. 2005–06: FA Cup winner <mask> was ever-present in the first team in the 2005–06 season, largely avoiding injuries that had marred his first season at the club. The summer transfer window brought Peter Crouch to Liverpool and the striker's height sparked accusations that the team would change to long ball tactics. Crouch denied this, highlighting that <mask>'s passing ability, alongside Gerrard, would define Liverpool's style of play. <mask> faced more competition for his place in the form of new arrival Mohamed Sissoko. However, Steven Gerrard's injuries and Rafael Benítez's favouring of a 4–5–1 formation ensured <mask>'s place in the team. <mask> appeared in all of Liverpool's games in the Champions League but the dominance shown in the previous season had gone as the team lost to Benfica in the knockout stage.On 7 January 2006, in an FA Cup third-round tie against Luton Town, <mask> assisted Liverpool to a 5–3 comeback victory after being down 3–1 early in the second half. <mask> scored two impressive goals from distance: one from 45 yards, and the other 65 yards from goal; behind the half-way line. Consequently, <mask>'s goals marked a stroke of luck for a Liverpool fan who won £25,000 from a £200 bet on <mask> scoring from within his own half. <mask> suffered an ankle injury in a 1–3 away victory over Portsmouth, putting his participation in the FA Cup final in doubt. However, he recovered sufficiently to start the game against West Ham United and Gerrard scored Liverpool's third goal from <mask>'s free kick, pulling the team ahead of the opposition. <mask>, still affected by the injury, could not manage the entire 90 minutes and was substituted in the second half. Liverpool won on penalties without his help but <mask> still earned his first FA Cup winners' medal.2006–2009 On 20 September 2006, <mask> scored what the BBC described as "an outrageous strike" from his own half in a 2–0 Premiership win against Newcastle United. Andy Hunter of The Independent described it as "one of the most audacious goals in Anfield's rich 115-year history". <mask> rebutted claims that his 70-yard goal was all down to luck and stated that he took long range shots as part of his training routine. Despite the similarity of the goals struck from inside his own half, <mask> was in no doubt which was his best. He said, "I think this was better. The Luton goal bounced a few times, this one went quite straight. The Luton one was left-footed – it was different – but I am quite happy to score the goal."It was his first goal for Liverpool since the goal against Luton, making distinct history as the only outfield player in modern professional football history to score two consecutive goals from inside his own half of the pitch. On 8 June 2007, <mask> signed a five-year contract, stating, "I knew there was interest from other clubs but it was always my idea to stay here. I have been here for three seasons now and have such special feelings for the club and the supporters. I understand what Liverpool means to so many people. It is such a special club and I just didn't want to leave." The 2007–08 season started well for the Spaniard: Gerrard's absence led to <mask> playing in a more advanced position and he scored twice in a 6–0 rout against Premier League newcomers Derby County. The bright beginning was short-lived, however, as a minor injury sustained in a game against Portsmouth became aggravated in training.The metatarsal injury forced him out of training for six weeks but his return to the first team was rushed and his injury recurred in his first game back. <mask>'s determination and passion proved to be his downfall, and he later reflected, "I had been feeling a bit tired around that time because it was only my first game back and the match was very fast. But as a player you don't want to come off, particularly when the team is winning and I stayed on." <mask> returned from injury at December 2007, but over the following months he increasingly faced competition for a place in midfield from Javier Mascherano and Lucas. His role in Liverpool's five-man midfield role was assured, however, as Rafael Benítez regarded him as "a top class player", stating that <mask> had the ability to change games and break down the opposition's defence. <mask> made his 100th league appearance for Liverpool on 12 January 2008 against Middlesbrough. The 2008 summer transfer window suggested a move away from Merseyside, as Liverpool pursued England international Gareth Barry to replace <mask>.By the start of the 2008–09 season, neither <mask> or Barry had moved club but the drawn-out transfer saga had left the Spaniard feeling unsettled at Liverpool and unsure of his position in the team. However, the club's fans did much to restore his spirits, supporting him on and off the pitch, and <mask> responded to this, saying: "[The fans] couldn't have done more to show me how they felt... If I went out for lunch or a coffee, there was always someone who would come over and say, 'We'd love you to stay'. I'm just glad that, in the end, nothing came of it [the transfer] because it wasn't something I ever asked for." Despite the events of the summer, <mask> made a confident start to the season and both his peers and the press praised his strength of character, citing his influence as a factor in the team's strong opening to the season. <mask>'s importance to the team was further underlined when he scored the only goal, through a deflection, in a 0–1 victory against Chelsea, making Liverpool the first away team to win at Stamford Bridge in over four years. Statistical analysis reflected <mask>'s good form: on 11 December, figures from Opta Sports revealed that he was the first Premier League player to complete 1,000 successful passes in the season.His last goal for Liverpool came in their 1–3 away win at Hull City on 25 April, striking after his free kick deflected off the Hull wall. Real Madrid 2009–10 season <mask> completed his £30 million move to Real Madrid on 5 August 2009. It has been suggested that he never wanted to leave the Anfield side, with his contract existing until at least 2012, and that his departure was due to differences with Benítez. Former teammate Steven Gerrard said he was "devastated" by <mask>'s decision, and cited his departure as one of the reasons behind Liverpool's poor run of form at the start of the following season. <mask> was given the number 22 jersey in Madrid and played in a holding midfield position. He scored his first goal for his new team on 21 February 2010, a penalty against Villarreal in a 6–2 win. Unless he was injured or suspended, Manuel Pellegrini started <mask> in every match of the Champions League and in La Liga in his first season at Real Madrid.In La Liga, he helped the club finish with a club-record 96 points, three points behind winners Barcelona. It was the third time in <mask>'s career that he helped his team set a new club record in terms of points gathered, while finishing in second position (he achieved the same feat with Real Sociedad in 2002–03 and with Liverpool in 2008–09). During his first season at Real Madrid, <mask> scored three goals and was considered one of the club's "most consistent" players. Readers of Marca made him part of its La Liga team of the season, as their choice defensive midfielder; the only other Real Madrid player featured was Cristiano Ronaldo. <mask> received the same accolade from ESPN Soccernet. He was also a nominee in the LFP Awards, awards given out by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional, the Spanish Football league. <mask> was nominated in the Best Midfielder category, alongside Xavi and Javi Martínez.Several members of the Spanish press, as well as a number of Real Madrid supporters, gave <mask> a new nickname during the season: La Barba Roja ("The Red Beard"). 2010–11 season <mask>'s second season at Real Madrid started with the arrival of a new manager, José Mourinho. He was given the number 14 jersey after the departure of vice-captain Guti. He did not score any goals that whole season but was vital. While he believed that Real Madrid would win the league, the club only managed to win the Copa del Rey. 2011–12 season <mask> began his third season at Madrid by scoring the second goal in a 2–2 draw against Barcelona in the 2011 Supercopa de España at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. On 21 September 2011, he played his 100th official game for Real Madrid in the 0–0 draw against Racing de Santander.<mask> continued to be an undisputed force in the starting XI and ultimately claimed the first league title of his career. 2013–14: La Decima On 8 January 2014, <mask> signed a contract extension with Real Madrid, which would have kept him at the club until 2016. On 29 April 2014, Real Madrid defeated Bayern Munich 4–0 in the second leg of their Champions League semi-final to qualify for the final on a 5–0 aggregate win. <mask> received a yellow card after a sliding tackle on Bastian Schweinsteiger in the first half; as he already had two before the match, this ruled him out of the final. He claimed his second Champions League winners medal as Real defeated Atlético Madrid 4–1 in extra time. Bayern Munich On 29 August 2014, <mask> moved to Bayern Munich on a two-year deal for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut the following day, starting in a 1–1 draw at Schalke 04.On 27 September 2014, in the match against 1. FC Köln, <mask> broke the record for most passes completed in a Bundesliga game, with 196. He scored his first goal for the club on 18 October 2014, a free kick in a 6–0 win over Werder Bremen. On 17 February 2015, in his 100th Champions League appearance, <mask> was sent-off for a second bookable offense in a 0–0 draw against Shakhtar Donetsk. <mask> was suspended for the return leg of the fixture, which Bayern won 7–0. <mask> would go on to record his fourth goal, another free kick, against Porto in the Champions League quarter-final. Bayern would go on to win 6–1, advancing to the semi-finals for a fourth-straight season on aggregate, 7–4.On 28 April 2015, <mask> was one of four Bayern players, all FIFA World Cup winners, to miss in a 2–0 penalty shootout defeat to Borussia Dortmund in the DFB-Pokal semi-final. He was also the only player to miss as the club lost the shootout at the end of the 2015 DFL-Supercup away to VfL Wolfsburg, his attempt being saved by goalkeeper Koen Casteels. On 18 December 2015, <mask> signed a new contract with Bayern, keeping him at the club until 2017. On 9 March 2017, <mask> confirmed via Twitter his retirement from the game at the end of the 2016–17 season. On 20 May 2017, <mask> and teammate, Bayern captain Philipp Lahm played their final professional game, in a 4–1 victory at home to Freiburg in which he assisted the opening goal for Arjen Robben. He was substituted off in the 82nd minute for Franck Ribéry. It was his 79th match in the German top-flight.International career Euro 2004 <mask> was a substitute in Spain's 1–0 victory against Russia and played a full 90 minutes against Portugal. Spain were eliminated in the group stage. 2006 World Cup <mask> was named in the Spanish squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup and he scored Spain's first goal of the tournament, his first international goal, against Ukraine on 14 June 2006. Despite a successful group phase, where Spain won all their games, <mask> did not achieve international glory as the team were beaten by the eventual finalists France in the first knockout stage of the tournament. Euro 2008 Liverpool's 2007–08 season finished trophyless but the opportunity to win honours awaited <mask> in the form of the Euro 2008 tournament. <mask> featured mainly as a substitute but, with key players resting, he captained Spain in the final group game against Greece, earning the man of the match award. Despite a strong performance, he could not attain a starting position in the team, highlighting Spain's strength in depth.Spain went on to win the tournament and he featured in four of Spain's six matches. Speaking to Spanish journalist Guillem Balagué, he said that Spain's victory was deserved and the players' teamwork had been crucial to the team's undefeated run in the tournament. The Basque was ecstatic at the achievement, declaring, "Right now, we're all just living the moment. It's incredible and we're all walking around in a dream. It's fantastic." <mask>'s international success continued as he scored twice in a 3–0 win in a friendly against Denmark in August. 2009 Confederations Cup After Spain were surprisingly eliminated from the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup by a defeat to the United States, <mask> and Spain faced South Africa in the third-place match.After 90 minutes, the game was deadlocked at 2–2, so extra time was added, where <mask> scored a free-kick in to the bottom corner of the goal to help Spain win third. 2010 World Cup <mask> started every game for Spain during the 2010 tournament, playing alongside Sergio Busquets and Xavi in midfield and helping his side to lift their first-ever World Cup trophy. In the 28th minute of the final against the Netherlands, he received a "Kung fu-style" kick to the chest from Dutch midfielder Nigel de Jong, the foul was controversial since it appeared to be a foul worthy of a straight red, but was only ruled out to be a yellow card given by referee Howard Webb. This left <mask> in pain and in fear of a broken rib. Despite this pain, he continued playing on for another hour. Euro 2012 On 23 June 2012, <mask> played his 100th match for Spain in the quarter-finals against France in which he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory. The first goal came after he headed a cross from the left flank delivered by Jordi Alba, while the second one came from a penalty kick given after Pedro was fouled by Anthony Réveillère in the dying seconds of the match.<mask>'s penalty in the semi-final shoot-out against Portugal was saved by Rui Patrício in which Spain went on to win 4–2 after a 0–0 draw in the game itself. Spain went on to beat Gianluigi Buffon and Italy 4–0 in the finals; this was <mask>'s third major title win with Spain. 2014 World Cup Spain were again amongst the favourites for cup victory in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, but had a very disappointing campaign that ended in the first round. <mask> scored a penalty in the 27th minute of their first match against the Netherlands, though he was substituted in the 62nd minute with Spain down 2–1. The match ultimately ended with a resounding 5–1 win for the Netherlands. Spain then suffered another defeat, this time falling 2–0 to Chile. In that match, <mask> received a yellow card in the first half and was substituted at half-time with the score already at 2–0.Spain were then eliminated from the tournament but did win their final match 3–0 against Australia and finished third in the group; <mask> played 83 minutes in the match. <mask> retired from international football on 27 August 2014. Basque Country <mask> made his debut for the Basque Country national team in a friendly against Ghana on 29 December 2001 and received regular call ups since, while – due to his busy club schedule – not always being able to appear. Most recently, <mask> appeared for Basque on 29 December 2012 in a 6–1 victory over Bolivia. Style of play A complete, consistent, hardworking and versatile midfielder, <mask> is regarded as one of the best midfielders of his generation, and was effective both creatively and defensively. Gifted with good technique, excellent vision, and varied passing range, he excelled in the centre in a deep-lying playmaking role, where he utilized his accurate long passing ability to create goal scoring chances for teammates; he also utilized a powerful and accurate shot from distance, and he was an effective set-piece and penalty kick taker. Due to his height, positioning, and physical characteristics, <mask> <mask> was also effective in the air, often contributing with headed goals from set pieces when he advanced into more offensive positions.In addition to his creative attributes, he was also capable of excelling as a defensive midfielder due to his strength and powerful physique, combined with his tenacity, tactical intelligence, aggressive tackling and his ability to read the game. He was at times criticised, however, for occasionally committing rash challenges and for his tendency to lose his composure and pick up unnecessary cards for particularly hard fouls. Regarding <mask>'s playing style, Jonathan Wilson noted in a 2013 article for The Guardian that he was an example of a more creative interpreter of the holding midfield role, who, "although capable of making tackles, focused on keeping the ball moving, occasionally raking long passes out to the flanks to change the angle of attack like an old-style regista." Since retiring, Steven Gerrard has claimed that he believes <mask> was the best midfielder he has ever played alongside. Moreover, in 2017, Pep Guardiola described <mask> as one of the best midfielders he had ever seen in his life. Coaching and managerial career In 2018, whilst completing his UEFA Elite coaching course alongside former teammates Raúl, Xavi, Víctor Valdés, and Joan Capdevila, <mask> returned to Real Madrid where he assumed a role coaching the Real Madrid U14s. Real Sociedad B Alonso was appointed manager of Segunda División B club Real Sociedad B on 1 June 2019, and began the role on 9 July 2019.In March 2021, despite being heavily linked to the soon-to-be vacant manager role at Borussia Mönchengladbach, <mask> signed a one-year extension with the club. In <mask>'s second season at Sanse, the club won promotion to the Segunda División, following a play-off win against Algeciras on 22 May 2021. The win signified Real Sociedad B's first season back in the Segunda División since 1961–62. Personal life <mask> was regarded as a quiet and friendly person by his former teammates at Liverpool. He is married to Nagore Aranburu and the couple have three children: Jontxu, Ane and Emma. <mask> stayed in Merseyside to be at her side while she gave birth, later saying, "It was a little frustrating to miss the match against Inter but I have to be with my family at times like these." His decision to place his family ahead of a Champions League tie caused much friction with former manager Rafael Benítez.On 30 March 2010, they had their second child, a girl named Ane <mask>u. Their third child and second daughter, <mask> Aranburu, was born on 2 December 2013. <mask> and former Arsenal player Mikel Arteta were neighbours on the same street while growing up in San Sebastián and also lived near each other in Liverpool. <mask> convinced Arteta to transfer to Everton after he told him how happy he was living in Liverpool. <mask> also helped persuade former Real Sociedad teammate Juan Ugarte to make a move to Wales by joining Wrexham in 2004. <mask>'s brother Mikel played for Spanish club Real Unión. He previously spent a season on loan at Bolton Wanderers in the 2007–08 season with an option for a permanent deal.However, the team opted not to extend the loan deal and he returned to Spain to train with <mask> <mask>'s former club, Real Sociedad. <mask> also has another brother involved in football, Jon, who works as a referee. <mask> is a Meath Gaelic football supporter. His interest in the Irish sport stems from the age of 15 when he went to the Irish town of Kells, County Meath, and stayed with a family to learn English, where he played it in his spare time. Even while playing at Real Madrid, <mask> has declared himself a Liverpool supporter and returns to watch games at Anfield when his schedule allows. He was quoted in The Times Online in 2011 as saying, "I am still a Liverpool fan and will be forever, absolutely" and that he will raise his Liverpool-born son as a Red supporter. Politics In 2009, <mask> <mask> criticised then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Gordon Brown's economic policy, in particular the devalued pound sterling and the 50% tax rate, warning that it has weakened English football and could drive top players away from the UK.Career statistics Club 1 Includes FIFA Club World Cup, FA Community Shield, Supercopa de España and DFL-Supercup. International the match against away against Equatorial Guinea in November 2013 although included in <mask>'s 114 caps is not considered a full international by FIFA (too many substitutions) but it is official for the RFEF Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. players Real Madrid CF players FC Bayern Munich footballers Tercera División players Segunda División players La Liga players Premier League players Bundesliga players UEFA Champions League winning players Spain youth international footballers Spain under-21 international footballers Spain international footballers Basque Country international footballers UEFA Euro 2004 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2008 players 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2014 FIFA World Cup players UEFA European Championship-winning players FIFA World Cup-winning players FIFA Century Club Spanish expatriate footballers Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Germany Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Germany Spanish football managers Real Madrid CF non-playing staff Segunda División B managers Real Sociedad B managers FA Cup Final players Segunda División managers

<mask> is a Spanish football manager and former professional player who played as a central or defensiveMidfielder. The main team of <mask>'s home province, Gipuzkoa, is Real Sociedad. John Toshack appointed him as team captain of Real Sociedad after a brief loan period at Eibar. In the 2002–03 season, he took the club to second place. He scored the equalising goal in the Final against Milan in his first season at Liverpool, after moving to the club in August 2004. He won the FA Community Shield and the FA Cup the following season. He moved to Real Madrid in a deal worth around 30 million dollars.After five seasons in Madrid, he signed a two-year contract with the German club. He retired from playing in the summer of 2017 at the age of 35, having won the Bundesliga in each of his three seasons with the club. In April 2003 he made his international debut for Spain. While playing for Spain, <mask> won Euro 2008, Euro 2012 and the 2010 World Cup, and he also represented his country at Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup. <mask> scored both of Spain's goals in the Euro 2012 quarter-final against France on June 23, 2012 to celebrate his 100th cap for Spain. <mask> retired from international football after Spain's failure to progress out of the group stages at the World Cup. He is the seventh-most capped player in the nation's history.<mask> was born in the small town of Tolosa, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, into a family known for its footballing prowess. His father, Periko <mask>, won La Liga three times in a row after joining Barcelona. He won 21 caps for the national team over the course of his career. <mask> <mask> lived in the city of Barcelona for the first six years of his life before moving to San Sebastin. Playa de la Concha was where his passion for football began. On the Basque sands, <mask> befriended a fellow resident of Calle Matia, Mikel Arteta, and the two would battle each other in exhibitions of technical ability. He was immersed in football and his father would often bring him and his older brother, Mikel, to practice together.<mask> was influenced by his father's playing, taking more pleasure in passing the ball than shooting at goal. He learned how to distribute the ball well by playing as a defensiveMidfielder at an early age. This talent was an important part of his club and international career. <mask> went to the Irish town of Kells at the age of 15 to learn English. When they were younger, <mask> and Arteta wanted to play together for Real Sociedad. The two young players played games at the weekend at the local youth side Antiguoko. Their performances attracted the attention of scouts from top Spanish sides and the young Donostiarras separated ways, ending nine years of friendly rivalry, as <mask> went to Real Sociedad and Arteta moved to Barcelona.<mask>'s brother Mikel joined the club with him and that was not a companionless move. <mask> made his first team debut at the age of 18 after progressing through the youth ranks and the reserve team at Real Sociedad, winning the regionalised fourth tier in his single season with the latter. In December 1999 he made his senior debut against Logroés. The following year brought more opportunities as <mask> failed to make another appearance. He was sent to Eibar to gain experience at the beginning of the 2000–01) season. The move to the smaller club improved <mask> as a player, according to his father. Real Sociedad was left in a dire situation after a quick turnover of managers, including a two-month period with Periko <mask> in charge.John Toshack was the new manager of Real Sociedad when the team was bottom of the league. In a surprise move, the Welsh manager made the 20-year-old the team captain, a position traditionally held by more senior players. By the end of the season, Sociedad had climbed out of the bottom half of the table and finished in 14th place. <mask> was praised by Toshack for his impression on the team, especially for a player from the youth team. <mask>'s captaincy marked a resurgence of form for Real Sociedad. Toshack invested a lot of time in <mask> and created a training method to improve his control for him. The team finished in 13th place in 2001.Over the course of the season, <mask> played in 30 games and scored his first league goal, finishing with a season total of three. <mask> kept his place in the first team despite the fact that Real Sociedad's management changed again in the summer of 2002 with the arrival of Raynald Denoueix. The 2002–03 season was the club's best since 1982, when they won the league. The Basque team finished second, two points behind Real Madrid, and set a club record for their highest ever points total. <mask> was given the Best Spanish Player award by Spanish sports magazine Don Baln for his role in the team's success. <mask> scored 12 goals in the team's goal tally. <mask> was called up for La Seleccin by Iaki Sez, the coach of the Spanish national team.In April 2003 <mask> made his international debut. Sez gushed over <mask>, saying, "He has a fantastic range of accurate passing and sees football with an extraordinary clarity." <mask> and his club had a mixed season. <mask> was able to perform in Europe, appearing in all the team's games, and Real Sociedad qualified for the knockout phase of the Champions League. The team struggled under the pressure of the extra matches and were knocked out of the tournament by Lyon. <mask>'s outstanding performances and the team's poor league finish made a move away from Anoeta Stadium inevitable. <mask> remained committed to Real Sociedad despite interest from Real Madrid.The deal reached a stalemate after Madrid failed to meet the price tag placed on <mask> by Astiazarn. <mask> was focused on international duty with Spain at the Euro 2004. <mask> caught the attention of retired footballer Jan Mlby, who was impressed with his precise passing abilities, despite the fact that <mask>'s appearance at the tournament was brief. <mask>'s childhood friend Mikel Arteta joined Real Sociedad during the summer transfer window. Arteta was excited about partnering <mask> in the middle, but his enthusiasm was short-lived. <mask> was not picked for Real Sociedad's pre-season friendly, signalling that an offer byLiverpool was being treated seriously. On August 20, 2004, the Basque side announced that they had made a deal worth over $11 million for <mask> to join the Reds.<mask> wasn't upset that a move to Real Madrid didn't happen. He focused on integrating with the new Spanish contingent under the guidance of former Valencia manager Rafael Bentez. The beginning of a new era at Anfield was marked by the arrival of <mask> and Luis Garca from Barcelona. Bentez wanted to change the club and completely rebuild the squad, impressing his own management style and tactics on the team. Bentez remarked that the emphasis of skill over strength was what made the Spanish team different. On August 29, 2004, <mask> played his first game in the English premier league. <mask> was praised for his passing skills by the press after the match.<mask>'s talents were on display in a tie away from home. Bentez brought on <mask> at the start of the second half after the Reds were down 2–0 at the break. The game finished 2–4 in favor of the Merseyside team. <mask> scored his first goal for the team from a free kick. <mask> scored his first goal for the club in the 2–1 victory against Arsenal. <mask> was overjoyed at the achievement and was happy to be in England. <mask>'s partnership with the team captain came to a halt when <mask> suffered his first injury of the season.<mask> was out of action for three months after breaking his ankle on New Year's Day 2005 when he was tackled by Frank Lampard. <mask> was back in the first team for the second leg of the game. <mask> played the full 90 minutes even though he wasn't at full fitness, as the Reds defeated the Italians 0–0 in Italy and advanced to the next round. "This marvellously accomplished footballer testified in the Stadio delle Alpi that technique can overcome a serious physical disadvantage," said Kevin McCarra of The Guardian. <mask> was suspended for the following fixture after receiving a yellow card in the next round against Chelsea. <mask> was distraught that he would not be able to play in the game. The captain came back from an injury to lead his team to a 1–0 win in the second leg and a place in the final against Milan.<mask> is still waiting for his debut season glory despite the fact that his new club's fifth-place finish left much to be desired. The team came back from three goals down to beat Milan. <mask> was awarded a penalty and it was decided that he would take it. <mask> scored the rebound after Dida saved the penalty, bringing the score to 3–3. The extra time did not result in a goal for either team. Manager Bentez reinforced <mask>'s importance to the team after he was praised for his influence on the team's comeback. <mask> commented, "This is the best moment in my professional career."TheMiracle of Istanbul was also recalled to be the epic night. <mask>'s first season at the club was marred by injuries, but he was present in the first team in the 2005–06 season. During the summer transfer window, accusations were made that the team would change to long ball tactics. <mask>'s ability to pass would define the style of play. There was more competition for <mask>'s place with the arrival of Mohamed Sissoko. <mask>'s place in the team was ensured by the injuries and the 4–5–1 formation used by Bentez. The dominance shown in the previous season had gone as the team lost to Benfica in the knockout stage.In an FA Cup third-round tie against Luton Town, <mask> assisted the Reds to a 5–3 comeback victory after being down 3–1 early in the second half. <mask> scored two goals, one from 45 yards and the other 65 yards from goal, behind the half-way line. It was a stroke of luck for aLiverpool fan who won £25,000 from a £200 bet on <mask> scoring from within his own half. <mask>'s participation in the FA Cup final is in doubt because of an ankle injury. He recovered in time to score the third goal from <mask>'s free kick, which put the team ahead of the opposition. <mask> couldn't manage the entire 90 minutes and was replaced in the second half. <mask> earned his first FA Cup winners' medal even though he didn't help.<mask> scored an "outrageous strike" from his own half in a 2–0 win against Newcastle United. It was described as one of the most audacious goals in the history of the club by Andy Hunter of The Independent. <mask> stated that he took long range shots as part of his training routine and that his 70 yard goal was not down to luck. Despite the similarity of the goals struck from inside his own half, <mask> was in no doubt which was his best. He thought this was better. The goal went straight a few times. I am quite happy to score the goal because the one in Luton was left-footed.He is the only outfield player in modern professional football history to score two goals from inside his own half of the pitch in the same game. <mask> signed a five-year contract with the club on June 8, 2007, stating, "I knew there was interest from other clubs but it was always my idea to stay here." I have been here for three seasons and have special feelings for the club and the supporters. I know what it means to so many people. I didn't want to leave the club. <mask> played in a more advanced position and scored two goals in a 6–0 win against Derby County in the first game of the season. The bright beginning was short-lived as a minor injury became worse in training.The injury forced him out of training for six weeks, but his return to the first team was rushed and his injury recurred in his first game back. <mask>'s determination and passion proved to be his downfall, and he later reflected, "I had been feeling a bit tired around that time because it was only my first game back and the match was very fast." When the team is winning, you don't want to leave. After returning from injury in December 2007, <mask> faced competition for a place in the middle of the field from Mascherano and Lucas. <mask> had the ability to change games and break down the opposition's defence and was considered a top class player by Bentez. <mask> made his 100th appearance in the league on January 12th, 2008. The 2008 summer transfer window suggested a move away from the area.By the start of the 2008–09 season, neither <mask> or Barry had moved club but the drawn-out transfer saga had left the Spaniard feeling unsure of his position in the team. <mask> said that the fans couldn't have done more to show him how they felt. Someone would come over and say "We'd love you to stay" if I went out for lunch or a coffee. I'm happy that the transfer didn't happen because it wasn't something I wanted. Despite the events of the summer, <mask> made a confident start to the season and both his peers and the press praised his strength of character, citing his influence as a factor in the team's strong opening to the season. <mask>'s importance to the team was further underscored when he scored the only goal, through a deflection, in a 0–1 victory against Chelsea, making the first away team to win at Stamford Bridge in over four years. <mask> was the first Premier League player to complete 1,000 successful passes in the season, according to figures from Opta Sports.His last goal for the Reds was in their 1–3 away win at Hull City on 25 April, when his free kick went off the wall. <mask> moved to Real Madrid on August 5, 2009. It has been said that he never wanted to leave the side and that his departure was due to differences with Bentez. Steven Gerrard said he was devastated by <mask>'s decision and that it was one of the reasons behind the poor start to the following season. <mask> was given the number 22 jersey in Madrid and played in a holding position. He scored his first goal for his new team in a 6–2 win. In his first season at Real Madrid, <mask> was always in the starting lineup, even if he was injured or suspended.He helped the club finish with a club-record 96 points, three points behind winners Barcelona. It was the third time in <mask>'s career that he helped his team set a new club record in terms of points gathered, while finishing in second position. <mask> scored three goals in his first season at Real Madrid and was considered one of the club's most consistent players. He was made part of the La Liga team of the season by the readers of the newspaper. <mask> received the same award. The LFP Awards are given out by the Spanish Football league. <mask> was nominated in the Best Midfielder category.Several members of the Spanish press, as well as a number of Real Madrid supporters, gave <mask> a new nickname during the season. <mask>'s second season at Real Madrid started with the arrival of a new manager. The number 14 was given to him after Guti left. He didn't score any goals, but he was crucial. He believed that Real Madrid would win the league, but the club only won the cup. <mask> began his third season at Madrid by scoring the second goal in a 2–2 draw against Barcelona in the Supercopa de Espaa at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. He played his 100th official game for Real Madrid on September 21, 2011.<mask> claimed the first league title of his career after being an undisputed force in the starting XI. <mask> signed a contract extension with Real Madrid that would have kept him at the club until 2016. Real Madrid won the second leg 4–0 and advanced to the final on a 5–0 aggregate win. <mask> was ruled out of the final after he received a yellow card for a sliding tackle in the first half, as he already had two before the match. He won his second medal as Real defeated Attico Madrid in extra time. <mask> left Real Madrid on a two-year deal for a club in Germany. He made his debut the next day, starting in a 1–1 draw.In the match against 1. <mask> broke the record for most passes completed in a game. He scored his first goal for the club in a 6–0 win over Werder Bremen. <mask> was sent-off for a second bookable offense in a 0–0 draw against Shakhtar. <mask> was suspended for the return leg of the game. <mask> scored his fourth goal, a free kick, against Porto in the quarter-finals. For the fourth-straight season, the team advanced to the semi-finals with a 7–4 aggregate score.On April 28, 2015, <mask> was one of four players from the World Cup winning team that missed in a penalty shoot out. He was the only player to miss as the club lost the DFL-Supercup at the end of 2015, his attempt being saved by goalkeeper Koen Casteels. <mask> signed a new contract with the club on December 18th. <mask> retired from the game at the end of the 2016–17 season. On 20 May 2017, <mask> and Philipp Lahm played their final professional game, in a 4–1 victory at home to Freiburg in which <mask> assisted the opening goal for Arjen Robben. He was replaced by Franck Ribéry. His 78th match was in the German top-flight.In Spain's 1–0 victory against Russia, <mask> was a substitute and played a full 90 minutes. Spain was eliminated from the group stage. <mask> scored Spain's first goal of the 2006 World Cup against Ukraine on June 14, 2006 and was named to the Spanish squad for the tournament. Despite a successful group phase, where Spain won all their games, <mask> did not achieve international glory as the team were beaten by France in the first knockout stage of the tournament. <mask> needed to win the Euro 2008 tournament in order to get the chance to win a trophy. <mask> captained Spain in the final group game against Greece and earned the man of the match award. Spain's strength in depth was highlighted by the fact that he could not get a starting position in the team.He played in four of Spain's six matches as they won the tournament. He told Guillem that Spain's victory was deserved and that the team's teamwork had been crucial. The Basque declared, "We're all just living the moment right now." We are all walking around in a dream. It's great. <mask> scored a pair of goals in a 3–0 win against the Danes in August. After Spain lost to the United States in the Confederations Cup, <mask> and Spain faced South Africa in the third-place match.After 90 minutes, the game was deadlocked at 2–2, so extra time was added, where <mask> scored a free-kick in to the bottom corner of the goal to help Spain win third. <mask> started every game for Spain in the 2010 World Cup, playing in the middle of Xavi and Busquets, as well as helping his side to lift their first-ever World Cup trophy. He received a "Kung fu-style" kick to the chest from the Dutch in the 28th minute of the final, but was only ruled out to be a yellow, since it appeared to be a foul worthy of a straight red. <mask> was in pain and afraid of a broken rib. He played on for another hour despite the pain. <mask> played his 100th match for Spain in the Euro 2012 quarter-finals against France, where he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory. The first goal came after he headed a cross from the left flank delivered by Jordi Alba, while the second one came from a penalty kick given in the dying seconds of the match.After a 0–0 draw in the game itself, Spain went on to win 4–2 after <mask>'s penalty against Portugal was saved. This was <mask>'s third major title win with Spain and they beat Italy 4–0 in the finals. Spain had a disappointing campaign in the first round of the World Cup, despite being one of the favorites to win the cup. <mask> scored a penalty in the 27th minute of Spain's first match against the Netherlands, but he was replaced in the 62nd minute. The Netherlands won the match 5–1. Spain lost 2–0 to Chile. <mask> received a yellow card in the first half and was replaced at the half with the score already at 2–0.<mask> played 83 minutes in Spain's final match against Australia, which they won 3–0 and finished third in the group. On August 27th, <mask> retired from international football. <mask> made his debut for the Basque Country national team in a friendly against Ghana on December 29, 2001 and received regular call ups since, but not always, due to his busy club schedule. <mask> appeared for Basque on December 29, 2012 in a 6–1 victory over Bolivia. <mask> is considered to be one of the bestMidfielders of his generation and was effective both creatively and defensively. He excelled in the centre in a deep-lying playmaking role, where he utilized his accurate long passing ability to create goal scoring chances for teammates, and he also utilized a powerful and accurate shot from distance. <mask> <mask> was effective in the air due to his height, positioning, and physical characteristics, often contributing with goals headed from set pieces when he advanced into more offensive positions.His strength, strength, strength, strength and strength combined with his tenacity, tactical intelligence, aggressive tackling and his ability to read the game made him a great defensiveMidfielder. He was sometimes criticized for committing rash challenges and for his tendency to lose his composure and pick up unnecessary cards for hard fouls. <mask> was an example of a more creative interpreter of the holding raking role, who, although capable of making tackles, focused on keeping the ball moving, occasionally long passes out to the flanks to change. Steven said that <mask> was the best player he had ever played with. <mask> was described by the coach as one of the best in his life. <mask> returned to Real Madrid after completing his coaching course with former teammates Ral, Xavi, Vctor Valdés, and Joan Capdevila. Real Sociedad B Alonso was appointed manager of the club on June 1st, and began his role on July 9th.<mask> signed a one-year extension with the club in March 2021. In <mask>'s second season at Sanse, the club won promotion after a play-off win against Algeciras. Real Sociedad B's first season back in the Divisin since 1962 was marked by the win. <mask> was a quiet and friendly person in his personal life. Jontxu, Ane and Emma are the children of him and Nagore Aranburu. <mask> missed the match against Inter but was at her side when she gave birth, later saying, "It was a little frustrating to miss the match against Inter but I have to be with my family at times like these." His decision to put his family in front of a game caused a lot of tension with his former manager.Their second child was a girl named Ane <mask>u. Their second daughter, <mask> Aranburu, was born on December 2, 2013. <mask> and Arteta were neighbours on the same street while growing up in San Sebastin and also lived near each other in the same city. <mask> convinced Arteta to move toEverton after he told him how happy he was. Juan Ugarte was persuaded to move to Wales by <mask>. Mikel played for Real Unin. He spent a season on loan atBolton in the 2008 season with an option for a permanent deal.He returned to Spain to train with <mask> <mask>'s club, Real Sociedad, after the team decided not to extend the loan deal. Jon is <mask>'s brother who works as a referee. <mask> is a fan of football. His interest in the Irish sport stems from the age of 15 when he went to the Irish town of Kells, County Meath, and stayed with a family to learn English, where he played it in his spare time. When <mask>'s schedule allows, he returns to watch games at Anfield when he can. He was quoted in The Times Online as saying that he will raise his son as a Red supporter and that he is still a fan of the team. In 2009, <mask> <mask> criticized then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Gordon Brown's economic policy, in particular the devalued pound sterling and the 50% tax rate, warning that it has weakened English football and could drive top players away from the UK.Club 1 includes the Club World Cup, FA Community Shield, Supercopa de Espaa and DFL-Supercup. Although <mask>'s 114 caps are not considered a full international by the world governing body, it is official for the RFEF Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. Tercera Divisin is a football player who plays for Real Madrid and is also a football player who plays for FC Barcelona and is also a football player who plays for Real Madrid and is also a football player who plays for FC Barcelona and is also a football player who plays for FC

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce%20K.%20Paul

Joyce K. Paul

Joyce Kakariyil Paul is a Bharatanatyam dancer, exercise physiologist, and anthropologist from India. Classically trained in Bharatanatyam from Kalakshetra, she is known for her technical acumen, rigour, and precision. Paul had her initial dance training under Padmashri Leela Samson and further training under Prof C.V. Chandrasekhar and Janardhanan Sir among others. She has trained in Mohiniattam, the classical dance of Kerala. In 2003, she founded Arpan Performing Arts, an organization dedicated to promoting the folk and classical traditions of India, where she currently serves as its creative director. Education and training Paul received her dance training under Bharatanatyam guru, Leela Samson, Prof. J.Janardhanan and Prof C. V. Chandrashekaran at Kalakshetra. She started her college education with an Honours degree in Zoology with specialization in Reproductive Biology while Masters saw her move on to studying the evolution of man in time and space. She completed her PhD in Exercise Physiology from the Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, during which she specialized in the anthropology of performance. She published papers on 'Dance Related Injuries Among Bharatnatyam Dancers' and also on 'Pattern of Subcutaneous Fat Distribution, Its Variation with Age Among Young Rajput Females of Pauri Garhwal, India.' Her thesis is the first scientific study of Bharatanatyam dancers in India. Her publications have been included in JOPERD, Indian Anthropologist, Femina, Nation and the World, and the Journal of Human Ecology/ She is also a certified Instructional Designer with additional SEI-CMM Level 5 and ISO 9001 certification. In 2010, Paul further completed certificates in basic broadcasting and community radio journalism. In 2019 she successfully completed an executive program in “Mastering Design Thinking” from the MIT Sloane School of Business. IT industry career Paul spent about 15 years of her corporate career working for NIIT India Ltd and Microsoft Corporation as an Instructional Designer, Content Publisher, User Researcher and Business Intelligence Analyst. Dance/performing arts career She started her teaching career by teaching private Bharatanatyam classes as early as 1990 with the blessings of her Guru (Padmashri) Leela Samson. She taught classes to corporate clients during the years 1996 to 1998 doing seminars on communication using dance as a body language. She has also assisted teaching (Bharatanatyam classes) at Kalashram Trust, New Delhi, founded and directed by Kathak exponent Pandit Birju Maharaj. After moving to Redmond, Washington to join Microsoft in 2001, she founded her own dance company called Arpan Performing Arts. Her mission focuses on building awareness through the performing arts about social issues such as nature conservancy, domestic violence, mental health, and body image. Involved in outreach, she has partnered with local organizations such as the Kirkland Performance Center, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle Town Hall, Tasveer, Pratidhwani, Ragamala, and Northwest FolkLife. She created and curated the "Incredible Dances of India" for Seattle's Northwest Folklife Festival, which is running now in its sixth season. She was the first Indian-American Bharatanatyam Dancer to be featured in Seattle's Town Hall. This achievement is commemorated with a permanent signed poster which sits on the walls of Seattle's Town Hall. Paul has performed extensively over the last 17 years. In 2003, she performed in "Dance to the Music" at Town Hall, In 2004 and 2007, she performed at Utsav and she also performed for Seattle's Partners in Preservation Initiative She was selected to be an invited choreographer at the Seattle ACT theater's rendition of the Ramayana in September 2012 and performed at a fundraising event in efforts to help save the Heritage Building of Town Hall. She shares her thoughts about choreography as a process in an interview at Penn State's Sangeet Samvad. Paul presented a poster at the 4th National Dance Association conference on Pedagogy, Wellness, and Healing in July 2012 titled "Healing through Angika Abhinaya and Rasanubhava" (Virginia, USA). She served as a presenter and guest speaker at the Dance and the Child International conference (daCi) in 2014. In the last ten years, Paul has served as a guest lecturer at the University of Washington and as an adjunct faculty member at Cornish College of the Arts and as faculty for the Academy Program at the Spectrum Dance Theatre. She was featured among the top 7 artists selected in a University of Washington Oral History project focusing on preserving the performing arts among the South Asian Community which premiered on December 9, 2019. The film, detailed interviews, and dance videos are available at the UW Library Archives. In November 2019, Paul was featured in MOHAI Seattle's exhibit "Beyond Bollywood - Indian Americans who have shaped the nation," an ongoing exhibit until January 2020. In 2019, Paul founded the Socially Conscious Artists Foundation (SCARF) whose mission is to create and foster art that brings awareness around social issues to galvanize change. Her recent January 2020 partnership with the Museum of History and Industry (MOHAI) for a conference entitled “A celebration of South Asian Resilience” featured an excerpt of her upcoming production mUrChati, and was called “BuddhiBhrama-- a mind disturbed." The work featured local artists and students of Arpan Performing Arts. Paul has served or is currently serving on the executive boards for the following organizations: YMCA, YWCA, Abhivyakti KaryaShala, Ragamala, Kirkland Performance Center, Seattle World Percussion Society, and SCARF. Arangetrams and Choreographies BuddhiBhrama (2020) Arangetram of Shishya Stepanka (2019) Arangetram of Shishya Akshata (2018) Arangetram of Shishya Devanshi (2017) Arangetram of Shishya Savitha (2016) Yavanika: Veiled Perspectives (2014) previewed at Kirkland Performance Center, WA Arangetram of Shishya Nivedita (2013) Arangetram of Shishya Meera (2011) Arangetram of Shishya Veena (2010) LayaSamvaad (2009) opened at Ehsaas 2009 Kalaprayanam (2007) at Ehsaas 2007 Kalaprayanam (2005) previewed at Northwest FolkLife Festival, Seattle, WA Tillana in ragam Maand first performed at Town Hall (March 2003) for Dance to the Music series. Kaikottikali, Himachali folk dances, Dandiya, Garbha and other folk dances of India. References External links http://www.joycekpaul.com https://scarf.global/shows https://www.arpanarts.org https://mohai.org/exhibits/beyond-bollywood-indian-americans-shape-the-nation https://scarf.global Living people Performers of Indian classical dance Bharatanatyam exponents Delhi University alumni Exercise physiologists Kalakshetra Foundation alumni Dancers from Delhi Women artists from Delhi Year of birth missing (living people)

<mask> is a Bharatanatyam dancer, exercise physiologist, and anthropologist from India. Classically trained in Bharatanatyam from Kalakshetra, she is known for her technical acumen, rigour, and precision. <mask> had her initial dance training under Padmashri Leela Samson and further training under Prof C.V. Chandrasekhar and Janardhanan Sir among others. She has trained in Mohiniattam, the classical dance of Kerala. In 2003, she founded Arpan Performing Arts, an organization dedicated to promoting the folk and classical traditions of India, where she currently serves as its creative director. Education and training <mask> received her dance training under Bharatanatyam guru, Leela Samson, Prof. J.Janardhanan and Prof C. V. Chandrashekaran at Kalakshetra. She started her college education with an Honours degree in Zoology with specialization in Reproductive Biology while Masters saw her move on to studying the evolution of man in time and space.She completed her PhD in Exercise Physiology from the Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, during which she specialized in the anthropology of performance. She published papers on 'Dance Related Injuries Among Bharatnatyam Dancers' and also on 'Pattern of Subcutaneous Fat Distribution, Its Variation with Age Among Young Rajput Females of Pauri Garhwal, India.' Her thesis is the first scientific study of Bharatanatyam dancers in India. Her publications have been included in JOPERD, Indian Anthropologist, Femina, Nation and the World, and the Journal of Human Ecology/ She is also a certified Instructional Designer with additional SEI-CMM Level 5 and ISO 9001 certification. In 2010, <mask> further completed certificates in basic broadcasting and community radio journalism. In 2019 she successfully completed an executive program in “Mastering Design Thinking” from the MIT Sloane School of Business. IT industry career <mask> spent about 15 years of her corporate career working for NIIT India Ltd and Microsoft Corporation as an Instructional Designer, Content Publisher, User Researcher and Business Intelligence Analyst.Dance/performing arts career She started her teaching career by teaching private Bharatanatyam classes as early as 1990 with the blessings of her Guru (Padmashri) Leela Samson. She taught classes to corporate clients during the years 1996 to 1998 doing seminars on communication using dance as a body language. She has also assisted teaching (Bharatanatyam classes) at Kalashram Trust, New Delhi, founded and directed by Kathak exponent Pandit Birju Maharaj. After moving to Redmond, Washington to join Microsoft in 2001, she founded her own dance company called Arpan Performing Arts. Her mission focuses on building awareness through the performing arts about social issues such as nature conservancy, domestic violence, mental health, and body image. Involved in outreach, she has partnered with local organizations such as the Kirkland Performance Center, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle Town Hall, Tasveer, Pratidhwani, Ragamala, and Northwest FolkLife. She created and curated the "Incredible Dances of India" for Seattle's Northwest Folklife Festival, which is running now in its sixth season.She was the first Indian-American Bharatanatyam Dancer to be featured in Seattle's Town Hall. This achievement is commemorated with a permanent signed poster which sits on the walls of Seattle's Town Hall. <mask> has performed extensively over the last 17 years. In 2003, she performed in "Dance to the Music" at Town Hall, In 2004 and 2007, she performed at Utsav and she also performed for Seattle's Partners in Preservation Initiative She was selected to be an invited choreographer at the Seattle ACT theater's rendition of the Ramayana in September 2012 and performed at a fundraising event in efforts to help save the Heritage Building of Town Hall. She shares her thoughts about choreography as a process in an interview at Penn State's Sangeet Samvad. <mask> presented a poster at the 4th National Dance Association conference on Pedagogy, Wellness, and Healing in July 2012 titled "Healing through Angika Abhinaya and Rasanubhava" (Virginia, USA). She served as a presenter and guest speaker at the Dance and the Child International conference (daCi) in 2014.In the last ten years, <mask> has served as a guest lecturer at the University of Washington and as an adjunct faculty member at Cornish College of the Arts and as faculty for the Academy Program at the Spectrum Dance Theatre. She was featured among the top 7 artists selected in a University of Washington Oral History project focusing on preserving the performing arts among the South Asian Community which premiered on December 9, 2019. The film, detailed interviews, and dance videos are available at the UW Library Archives. In November 2019, <mask> was featured in MOHAI Seattle's exhibit "Beyond Bollywood - Indian Americans who have shaped the nation," an ongoing exhibit until January 2020. In 2019, <mask> founded the Socially Conscious Artists Foundation (SCARF) whose mission is to create and foster art that brings awareness around social issues to galvanize change. Her recent January 2020 partnership with the Museum of History and Industry (MOHAI) for a conference entitled “A celebration of South Asian Resilience” featured an excerpt of her upcoming production mUrChati, and was called “BuddhiBhrama-- a mind disturbed." The work featured local artists and students of Arpan Performing Arts.<mask> has served or is currently serving on the executive boards for the following organizations: YMCA, YWCA, Abhivyakti KaryaShala, Ragamala, Kirkland Performance Center, Seattle World Percussion Society, and SCARF. Arangetrams and Choreographies BuddhiBhrama (2020) Arangetram of Shishya Stepanka (2019) Arangetram of Shishya Akshata (2018) Arangetram of Shishya Devanshi (2017) Arangetram of Shishya Savitha (2016) Yavanika: Veiled Perspectives (2014) previewed at Kirkland Performance Center, WA Arangetram of Shishya Nivedita (2013) Arangetram of Shishya Meera (2011) Arangetram of Shishya Veena (2010) LayaSamvaad (2009) opened at Ehsaas 2009 Kalaprayanam (2007) at Ehsaas 2007 Kalaprayanam (2005) previewed at Northwest FolkLife Festival, Seattle, WA Tillana in ragam Maand first performed at Town Hall (March 2003) for Dance to the Music series. <mask>i, Himachali folk dances, Dandiya, Garbha and other folk dances of India. References External links http://www.joycekpaul.com https://scarf.global/shows https://www.arpanarts.org https://mohai.org/exhibits/beyond-bollywood-indian-americans-shape-the-nation https://scarf.global Living people Performers of Indian classical dance Bharatanatyam exponents Delhi University alumni Exercise physiologists Kalakshetra Foundation alumni Dancers from Delhi Women artists from Delhi Year of birth missing (living people)

<mask> is an anthropologist from India. She is classically trained in Bharatanatyam and is known for her technical prowess. <mask> trained under many people including Prof C.V. Chandrasekhar and Janardhanan Sir. She has trained in classical dance. She founded Arpan Performing Arts in 2003 to promote the folk and classical traditions of India. <mask> received her dance training from Prof. J.Janardhanan and Prof C. V. Chandrashekaran. She studied the evolution of man in time and space after graduating with an honours degree in zoology and Masters degree in reproductive biology.She obtained her PhD from the Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, where she specialized in the anthropology of performance. She published papers on dance related injuries and the pattern of subcutaneous fat distribution among young Rajput females of Pauri Garhwal, India. The first scientific study of Bharatanatyam dancers in India was done by her. Her publications include Indian Anthropologist, Femina, Nation and the World, and the Journal of Human Ecology. <mask> completed certificates in basic broadcasting and community radio journalism in 2010. She completed an executive program in "Mastering Design Thinking" in 2019. <mask> worked in the IT industry for 15 years as an instructional designer, content publisher, user researcher and business intelligence analyst.She started teaching private Bharatanatyam classes in 1990 with the blessings of her guru. She taught seminars on communication using dance as a body language to corporate clients. She assisted teaching at the Kalashram Trust in New Delhi. She founded her own dance company after joining Microsoft. Her mission is to build awareness through the performing arts about social issues such as nature conservancy, domestic violence, mental health, and body image. She has partnerships with local organizations such as the Seattle Art Museum, Tasveer, and Ragamala. She created the "Incredible Dances of India" for the Northwest Folklife Festival.She was featured in Seattle's Town Hall as the first Indian-American Bharatanatyam Dancer. There is a signed poster on the walls of Seattle's Town Hall. Over the last 17 years, <mask> has performed a lot. In 2004, 2007, and 2003 she performed at Town Hall, Utsav, and Seattle's Partners in Preservation Initiative. In an interview with Penn State's Sangeet Samvad, she talks about the process of choreography. In July 2012 <mask> presented a poster at the 4th National Dance Association conference titled "Healing through Angika Abhinaya and Rasanubhava". She was a guest speaker at the Dance and the Child International conference.In the last ten years, <mask> has taught at the University of Washington, Cornish College of the Arts and the Spectrum Dance Theatre. A University of Washington Oral History project focusing on preserving the performing arts among the South Asian Community featured her among the top 7 artists. The film, interviews, and dance videos can be found at the library archives. "Beyond Bollywood - Indian Americans who have shaped the nation" is an ongoing exhibit until January 2020. The Socially Conscious Artists Foundation (SCARF) was founded by <mask> to create and foster art that brings awareness to social issues. An excerpt of her upcoming production mUrchati was featured in her January 2020 partnership with the Museum of History and Industry. Local artists and students were featured in the work.<mask> has served or is currently serving on the executive boards for a number of organizations. Arangetram of Shishya Stepanka and Arangetram of Shishya Akshata were both published in 2020. Folk dances of India include Kaikottikali and Dandiya. External links include: http://www.joycekpaul.com, http://scarf.global/shows, and http://mohai.org/exhibits/beyond-bollywood-indian-americans-shape-the-nation.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Kaiser

George Kaiser

George Bruce Kaiser (born July 29, 1942) is an American billionaire businessman. He is the chairman of BOK Financial Corporation in Tulsa, Oklahoma. As of September 2021, he is the 476th richest person in the world and was, in 2012, one of the top 50 American philanthropists. Early life Kaiser was born on July 29, 1942 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He attended Central High School in Tulsa. He earned a BA from Harvard College in 1964 and an MBA from the Harvard Business School in 1966. He briefly considered joining the U.S. Foreign Service, but instead returned to Tulsa in 1966 to work for his father. Kaiser-Francis Oil Co. was created in the 1940s by Kaiser's uncle and parents, Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany who settled in Oklahoma. George's father, Herman George Kaiser, had been an attorney in the district of the Kammergericht in Berlin until 1933, when he was dismissed by the Nazis because he was Jewish. He and his wife Kate then moved to Rostock where Herman Kaiser worked with his father-in-law Max Samuel's EMSA-Werke company. Herman Kaiser escaped to England in 1937 and his wife and daughter came over in September the following year. In 1940 all three emigrated to the United States. They settled in Tulsa, where Herman's aunt and uncle already lived. Herman joined the uncle's oil drilling business. Their son was born in Tulsa. Herman died in Tulsa on October 14, 1992 at the age of 88. Career Oil and gas Kaiser took control of Kaiser-Francis Oil Company in 1969, after his father had a heart attack. Kaiser-Francis was a little-known, privately owned oil prospecting and drilling company at the time. Under George's management, it became the 23rd largest nonpublic energy exploration company in the U.S. by 2010. In that year the company earned about $217 million, based on estimates by Bloomberg News. Banking In 1990, Kaiser bought Bank of Oklahoma out of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation receivership. Despite BOK's depressed state, it was rich enough to land Kaiser on the Forbes 400 at one stroke. He has since expanded BOK from a 20-branch company located solely in Oklahoma into a $23.9 billion bank with operations in nine states. He owns 61.5 percent of BOK. As of 2007, Kaiser's ownership interests in BOK were worth $2.3 billion. In 2008, with an estimated net worth of around $12 billion, he was ranked by Forbes as the 20-richest person in America and the richest person in Oklahoma. In March 2009, in the face of the general world economic downturn, Forbes reported that Kaiser's net worth had dropped to $9 billion, ranking him in a tie for 43rd-richest person in the world. It has since risen to $9.8 billion as the markets recovered. As of 2019, George's net worth was estimated at $7.6 billion. Professional sports In April 2014, Kaiser bought Tom L. Ward's interest in The Professional Basketball Club, the investment group headed by Clay Bennett that owns the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association, as well as its Oklahoma City Blue minor league affiliate. Personal life Kaiser's nephew is actor Tim Blake Nelson. Kaiser has been married twice: His first wife was Betty Eudene. Betty was a prominent literacy advocate volunteering more than 7,000 hours with the Tulsa City-County Library's literacy program. Betty died in 2002. The couple had three children: Philip, Leah and Emily. They also have five grandchildren: Shai, Eytan, Aidan, Ilan, and Ben. His second wife is Myra Block, who is a curator, authority on fiber art and founder of 108|Contemporary. She is the daughter of Tulsa oilman and philanthropist Charles Goodall, known for establishing the small cities program on the Council of Jewish Federations. The couple divides their time between Tulsa, Oklahoma, and San Francisco, California. Kaiser typically works 70 hours a week in his office, spending half his time on philanthropy and the rest on banking, energy and other business interests. Kaiser is affiliated with the Egalitarian Conservative Congregation B'Nai Emunah. Kaiser avoids publicity, does not attend society functions and hardly ever gives interviews. While he owns homes in Tulsa and San Francisco, he is said to own no vacation homes, airplanes or yachts. Philanthropy Kaiser is listed third on BusinessWeek'''s 2008 list of the top 50 American philanthropists, behind Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates."Warren Buffett Tops BusinessWeek's Annual Ranking of 'The 50 Most Generous Philanthropists," BusinessWeek press release, November 25, 2008. Among his prominent causes is fighting childhood poverty through the George Kaiser Family Foundation; he is also a major benefactor to the Jewish community in Oklahoma, which numbers about 5,000 people."25 Billionaires and Millionaires That Became Philanthropists," Business Pundit, August 4, 2008. He has been notably active in the promotion of early childhood education.David L. Kirp, "You're Doing Fine, Oklahoma! The universal pre-K movement takes off in unlikely places," The American Prospect, November 1, 2004."George Kaiser Speech on Childhood Education," The New York Times, February 7, 2007. Kaiser's family foundation is also the largest contributor to the Tulsa Community Foundation, which Kaiser established in 1998 because of his perception that Tulsa's historical dependence on unorganized private giving from its wealthy families was no longer effective. Beginning with gifts from seventeen local philanthropists, by 2006 this foundation had grown to become the largest community foundation in the United States, and now has approximately four billion dollars in assets.Matt Cauthron, "Officials expect Tulsa Community Foundation to be largest in nation", The Journal Record, May 10, 2006."Top Funders: 25 Largest Community Foundations by Asset Size", Foundation Center website (accessed January 26, 2011). Kaiser's family foundation funded the National Energy Policy Institute, a non-profit energy policy organization located at the University of Tulsa whose president since its inception is former Alaska governor Tony Knowles. and whose director was former U.S. Representative Brad Carson. In January 2009, Kaiser drew attention after he told a committee of the Oklahoma House of Representatives that the state should eliminate or reduce tax incentives for the oil and gas industry, and instead use the money for health care or education programs or for tax cuts for other taxpayers.<ref>"Digger George: Kaiser wants plug on energy incentives," The Oklahoman, January 25, 2009.</ref> The foundation was instrumental in the funding of Tulsa's Woody Guthrie Center, which opened in 2013, and then in facilitating (together with the University of Tulsa) the acquisition in 2016 of Bob Dylan's 6,000-piece archive, which will be maintained by archivists at the university's Helmerich Center for American Research at Gilcrease Museum. The Kaiser family foundation is responsible for the initial funding leading to Tulsa's A Gathering Place. This park is the largest privately funded park project in the United States. The foundation's donation amounted to $350 million. Kaiser's family foundation was a large investor in the now-defunct Solyndra Corporation. The company has revealed that the foundation invested $340 million in the venture in July 2009, and subsequently gave preferential consideration to a plant site proposed for an economically depressed area of North Tulsa. The plant was never built and Solyndra filed for bankruptcy in Fremont, California on September 6, 2011. Kaiser is among those who have made The Giving Pledge, a commitment to give away half of his wealth for charitable purposes. Kaiser's philanthropy focuses on stimulating economic growth and combatting poverty with investments in early education and health care for people who need it the most. He is a strong proponent of programs like Early Head Start and Educare. An article in Forbes quoted him as saying "Those who have won the ovarian lottery by being born in an advanced society to loving parents have a special obligation to help restore the American Dream." The Kaiser foundation supports the training of teachers specializing in early education by donating $1.2 million per year to Tulsa Community College and Oklahoma University to fund training programs. It also reimburses the students' tuition if they work in Oklahoma for four years after graduating. The foundation has also brought at least 150 young teachers to Tulsa through the Teach for America program. Kaiser learned that poverty has a major effect on life expectancy. Before he became involved in funding health care, he was informed that there was a 14-year difference in life expectancy between children born in richest and poorest ZIP codes. Kaiser concluded that too few doctors were available to treat the poorer people. His foundation then donated $62 million to the University of Oklahoma to create a School of Community Medicine at its Tulsa campus. The money supplemented a $20 million donation by the Schusterman family. The grants reimburse all tuition for students who graduate as doctors and who work for five years in the community. Kaiser's philosophy about anonymous charitable giving reportedly is, ""Naming rights are a seductive philanthropic inducement, yet more anonymous operational support may better advance the charitable purpose," Political activities A Wall Street Journal article reported in 2004 that campaign contribution records showed that Kaiser had donated $10,000 to Democratic Party political candidates for every $1,000 that he gave Republican Party candidates. Kaiser was a fundraiser for the 2008 presidential campaign of Barack Obama, and functioned as a campaign bundler for Obama. At one 2007 event for Obama, he raised more than $250,000. A 2011 article by Bill Allison of the Sunlight Foundation analyzed Kaiser's business activities and his use of legal tax avoidance strategies, including how during the 1980s bust in the oil industry in Oklahoma and Texas, Kaiser bought up struggling energy companies whose losses provided him with tax deductions that effectively offset his own income and left him with little or no tax liability. References 1943 births American billionaires American people of German-Jewish descent Businesspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma Giving Pledgers 21st-century philanthropists Harvard Business School alumni Harvard College alumni Jewish American philanthropists Living people Philanthropists from Oklahoma 21st-century American Jews

<mask> (born July 29, 1942) is an American billionaire businessman. He is the chairman of BOK Financial Corporation in Tulsa, Oklahoma. As of September 2021, he is the 476th richest person in the world and was, in 2012, one of the top 50 American philanthropists. Early life <mask> was born on July 29, 1942 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He attended Central High School in Tulsa. He earned a BA from Harvard College in 1964 and an MBA from the Harvard Business School in 1966. He briefly considered joining the U.S. Foreign Service, but instead returned to Tulsa in 1966 to work for his father.Kaiser-Francis Oil Co. was created in the 1940s by <mask>'s uncle and parents, Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany who settled in Oklahoma. <mask>'s father, <mask> <mask>, had been an attorney in the district of the Kammergericht in Berlin until 1933, when he was dismissed by the Nazis because he was Jewish. He and his wife Kate then moved to Rostock where <mask> worked with his father-in-law Max Samuel's EMSA-Werke company. <mask> escaped to England in 1937 and his wife and daughter came over in September the following year. In 1940 all three emigrated to the United States. They settled in Tulsa, where Herman's aunt and uncle already lived. Herman joined the uncle's oil drilling business.Their son was born in Tulsa. Herman died in Tulsa on October 14, 1992 at the age of 88. Career Oil and gas <mask> took control of Kaiser-Francis Oil Company in 1969, after his father had a heart attack. Kaiser-Francis was a little-known, privately owned oil prospecting and drilling company at the time. Under <mask>'s management, it became the 23rd largest nonpublic energy exploration company in the U.S. by 2010. In that year the company earned about $217 million, based on estimates by Bloomberg News. Banking In 1990, Kaiser bought Bank of Oklahoma out of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation receivership.Despite BOK's depressed state, it was rich enough to land <mask> on the Forbes 400 at one stroke. He has since expanded BOK from a 20-branch company located solely in Oklahoma into a $23.9 billion bank with operations in nine states. He owns 61.5 percent of BOK. As of 2007, <mask>'s ownership interests in BOK were worth $2.3 billion. In 2008, with an estimated net worth of around $12 billion, he was ranked by Forbes as the 20-richest person in America and the richest person in Oklahoma. In March 2009, in the face of the general world economic downturn, Forbes reported that <mask>'s net worth had dropped to $9 billion, ranking him in a tie for 43rd-richest person in the world. It has since risen to $9.8 billion as the markets recovered.As of 2019, <mask>'s net worth was estimated at $7.6 billion. Professional sports In April 2014, <mask> bought Tom L. Ward's interest in The Professional Basketball Club, the investment group headed by Clay Bennett that owns the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association, as well as its Oklahoma City Blue minor league affiliate. Personal life <mask>'s nephew is actor Tim Blake Nelson. <mask> has been married twice: His first wife was Betty Eudene. Betty was a prominent literacy advocate volunteering more than 7,000 hours with the Tulsa City-County Library's literacy program. Betty died in 2002. The couple had three children: Philip, Leah and Emily.They also have five grandchildren: Shai, Eytan, Aidan, Ilan, and Ben. His second wife is Myra Block, who is a curator, authority on fiber art and founder of 108|Contemporary. She is the daughter of Tulsa oilman and philanthropist Charles Goodall, known for establishing the small cities program on the Council of Jewish Federations. The couple divides their time between Tulsa, Oklahoma, and San Francisco, California. <mask> typically works 70 hours a week in his office, spending half his time on philanthropy and the rest on banking, energy and other business interests. <mask> is affiliated with the Egalitarian Conservative Congregation B'Nai Emunah. <mask> avoids publicity, does not attend society functions and hardly ever gives interviews.While he owns homes in Tulsa and San Francisco, he is said to own no vacation homes, airplanes or yachts. Philanthropy <mask> is listed third on BusinessWeek'''s 2008 list of the top 50 American philanthropists, behind Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates. "Warren Buffett Tops BusinessWeek's Annual Ranking of 'The 50 Most Generous Philanthropists," BusinessWeek press release, November 25, 2008. Among his prominent causes is fighting childhood poverty through the George Kaiser Family Foundation; he is also a major benefactor to the Jewish community in Oklahoma, which numbers about 5,000 people. "25 Billionaires and Millionaires That Became Philanthropists," Business Pundit, August 4, 2008. He has been notably active in the promotion of early childhood education.David L. Kirp, "You're Doing Fine, Oklahoma! The universal pre-K movement takes off in unlikely places," The American Prospect, November 1, 2004."<mask> Speech on Childhood Education," The New York Times, February 7, 2007. <mask>'s family foundation is also the largest contributor to the Tulsa Community Foundation, which <mask> established in 1998 because of his perception that Tulsa's historical dependence on unorganized private giving from its wealthy families was no longer effective. Beginning with gifts from seventeen local philanthropists, by 2006 this foundation had grown to become the largest community foundation in the United States, and now has approximately four billion dollars in assets.Matt Cauthron, "Officials expect Tulsa Community Foundation to be largest in nation", The Journal Record, May 10, 2006. "Top Funders: 25 Largest Community Foundations by Asset Size", Foundation Center website (accessed January 26, 2011). <mask>'s family foundation funded the National Energy Policy Institute, a non-profit energy policy organization located at the University of Tulsa whose president since its inception is former Alaska governor Tony Knowles. and whose director was former U.S. Representative Brad Carson. In January 2009, <mask> drew attention after he told a committee of the Oklahoma House of Representatives that the state should eliminate or reduce tax incentives for the oil and gas industry, and instead use the money for health care or education programs or for tax cuts for other taxpayers.<ref>"Digger <mask>: <mask> wants plug on energy incentives," The Oklahoman, January 25, 2009.</ref> The foundation was instrumental in the funding of Tulsa's Woody Guthrie Center, which opened in 2013, and then in facilitating (together with the University of Tulsa) the acquisition in 2016 of Bob Dylan's 6,000-piece archive, which will be maintained by archivists at the university's Helmerich Center for American Research at Gilcrease Museum.The <mask> family foundation is responsible for the initial funding leading to Tulsa's A Gathering Place. This park is the largest privately funded park project in the United States. The foundation's donation amounted to $350 million. <mask>'s family foundation was a large investor in the now-defunct Solyndra Corporation. The company has revealed that the foundation invested $340 million in the venture in July 2009, and subsequently gave preferential consideration to a plant site proposed for an economically depressed area of North Tulsa. The plant was never built and Solyndra filed for bankruptcy in Fremont, California on September 6, 2011. <mask> is among those who have made The Giving Pledge, a commitment to give away half of his wealth for charitable purposes.<mask>'s philanthropy focuses on stimulating economic growth and combatting poverty with investments in early education and health care for people who need it the most. He is a strong proponent of programs like Early Head Start and Educare. An article in Forbes quoted him as saying "Those who have won the ovarian lottery by being born in an advanced society to loving parents have a special obligation to help restore the American Dream." The <mask> foundation supports the training of teachers specializing in early education by donating $1.2 million per year to Tulsa Community College and Oklahoma University to fund training programs. It also reimburses the students' tuition if they work in Oklahoma for four years after graduating. The foundation has also brought at least 150 young teachers to Tulsa through the Teach for America program. <mask> learned that poverty has a major effect on life expectancy.Before he became involved in funding health care, he was informed that there was a 14-year difference in life expectancy between children born in richest and poorest ZIP codes. <mask> concluded that too few doctors were available to treat the poorer people. His foundation then donated $62 million to the University of Oklahoma to create a School of Community Medicine at its Tulsa campus. The money supplemented a $20 million donation by the Schusterman family. The grants reimburse all tuition for students who graduate as doctors and who work for five years in the community. <mask>'s philosophy about anonymous charitable giving reportedly is, ""Naming rights are a seductive philanthropic inducement, yet more anonymous operational support may better advance the charitable purpose," Political activities A Wall Street Journal article reported in 2004 that campaign contribution records showed that <mask> had donated $10,000 to Democratic Party political candidates for every $1,000 that he gave Republican Party candidates. <mask> was a fundraiser for the 2008 presidential campaign of Barack Obama, and functioned as a campaign bundler for Obama.At one 2007 event for Obama, he raised more than $250,000. A 2011 article by Bill Allison of the Sunlight Foundation analyzed <mask>'s business activities and his use of legal tax avoidance strategies, including how during the 1980s bust in the oil industry in Oklahoma and Texas, <mask> bought up struggling energy companies whose losses provided him with tax deductions that effectively offset his own income and left him with little or no tax liability. References 1943 births American billionaires American people of German-Jewish descent Businesspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma Giving Pledgers 21st-century philanthropists Harvard Business School alumni Harvard College alumni Jewish American philanthropists Living people Philanthropists from Oklahoma 21st-century American Jews

<mask> is an American billionaire businessman. He is the chairman of BOK Financial Corporation. He was one of the top 50 American philanthropists in 2012 and is now the 476th richest person in the world. <mask> was born on July 29, 1942 in Oklahoma. He was a student at Central High School. He received a degree from Harvard College in 1964 and a degree from the Harvard Business School in 1966. He returned to work for his father in 1966 after briefly considering joining the U.S. Foreign Service.The Kaiser-Francis Oil Co. was founded in the 1940s by <mask>'s uncle and parents, Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. <mask> <mask> was an attorney in the district of the Kamricht in Berlin until 1933, when he was dismissed by the Nazis because he was Jewish. He and his wife moved to Rostock where <mask> worked for Max Samuel's company. After escaping to England in 1937, <mask>'s wife and daughter came over the following year. They all moved to the United States in 1940. Their aunt and uncle already lived in the area. Herman joined the uncle's business.Their son was born in Oklahoma. On October 14, 1992, Herman died in Tulsa at the age of 88. Kaiser-Francis Oil Company was taken over by Career Oil and gas Kaiser after his father had a heart attack. Kaiser-Francis was a private oil prospecting and drilling company. It became the 23rd largest nonpublic energy exploration company in the U.S. under <mask>'s management. The company earned $217 million in that year. Bank of Oklahoma was taken over by Kaiser in 1990.<mask> was placed on the Forbes 400 despite BOK's depressed state. He expanded BOK from a 20-branch company to a $23.9 billion bank with operations in nine states. He has a majority of BOK. <mask>'s ownership interests in BOK were worth more than $2 billion as of 2007. He was ranked as the richest person in America and the richest person in Oklahoma by Forbes in 2008, with an estimated net worth of around $12 billion. Forbes reported that <mask>'s net worth had fallen to $9 billion, making him the 43rd-richest person in the world. As the markets recovered, it has risen to almost $10 billion.<mask>'s net worth was estimated to be $7 billion. <mask> bought Tom L. Ward's interest in The Professional Basketball Club, the investment group headed by Clay Bennett that owns the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association, as well as its Oklahoma City Blue minor league affiliate. <mask>'s nephew is an actor. <mask>'s first wife was Betty Eudene. Betty volunteered more than 7,000 hours with the library's literacy program. Betty passed away in 2002. The couple had three children.They have five grandsons: Eytan, Ilan, and Ben. His second wife is an authority on fiber art. The small cities program on the Council of Jewish Federations was established by Charles Goodall's daughter. The couple splits their time between Oklahoma and California. <mask> works 70 hours a week in his office, spending half of his time on philanthropy and the rest on banking, energy and other business interests. <mask> is a member of the B'Nai Emunah. <mask> doesn't give interviews, doesn't attend society functions and avoids publicity.He doesn't own vacation homes, airplanes or yachts while he owns homes in San Francisco and Tulsa. BusinessWeek''s 2008 list of the top 50 American philanthropists has Philanthropy <mask> in third place. BusinessWeek's annual ranking of the 50 most generous philanthropists was topped by Warren Buffet. One of his main causes is fighting childhood poverty through the George Kaiser Family Foundation; he is also a major benefactor to the Jewish community in Oklahoma. The Business Pundit wrote about 25 billionaires and millionaires becoming philanthropists. He has been involved in the promotion of early childhood education. The universal pre-K movement takes off in unlikely places.The New York Times published a speech by <mask>. <mask>'s family foundation is the largest contributor to the Tulsa Community Foundation, which was established in 1998 because of <mask>'s perception that the historical dependence on private giving from wealthy families was no longer effective. By 2006 this foundation had grown to become the largest community foundation in the United States, and now has approximately four billion dollars in assets. The Foundation Center website has "Top Funders: 25 Largest Community Foundations by Asset Size". The National Energy Policy Institute is a non-profit organization that was funded by <mask>'s family foundation. The director was a former congressman. In January 2009, <mask> drew attention after he told a committee of the Oklahoma House of Representatives that the state should eliminate or reduce tax incentives for the oil and gas industry, and instead use the money for health care or education programs.The initial funding for A Gathering Place was given by the <mask> family foundation. The largest privately funded park project in the United States is this one. The $350 million donation was made by the foundation. <mask>'s family foundation invested in Solyndra. According to the company, the foundation invested $340 million in the venture in July 2009, and then gave preferential consideration to a plant site for an economically depressed area. Solyndra filed for Chapter 11 in California on September 6, 2011. <mask> made The Giving Pledge, a commitment to give away half of his wealth.<mask>'s philanthropy focuses on stimulating economic growth and combatting poverty with investments in early education and health care for people who need it the most. He supports programs like Early Head Start. He was quoted as saying that those who have won the ovarian lottery by being born in an advanced society to loving parents have a special obligation to help restore the American Dream. The <mask> foundation supports the training of teachers specializing in early education by donating over a million dollars per year. If the students work in Oklahoma for four years after graduating, it will reimburse their tuition. At least 150 young teachers have been brought to Tulsa through the Teach for America program. <mask> found out that poverty has an effect on life expectancy.He was told before he became involved in funding health care that there was a 14-year difference in life expectancy between children born in rich and poor ZIP codes. <mask> concluded that there weren't enough doctors to treat the poor. The University of Oklahoma received a $62 million donation from his foundation to create a School of Community Medicine. The Schusterman family donated $20 million. The grants reimburse tuition for students who work in the community after graduating from medical school. The Wall Street Journal reported in 2004 that <mask> had donated $10,000 to Democratic Party political candidates. <mask> worked as a campaign bundler for Barack Obama.In 2007, he raised more than $250,000 for Obama. An article by Bill Allison of the Sunlight Foundation analyzed <mask>'s business activities and his use of legal tax avoidance strategies, including how during the 1980s bust in the oil industry in Oklahoma and Texas, <mask> bought up struggling energy companies whose losses provided him with tax deductions that effectively offset his own 21st century philanthropists from Oklahoma include Harvard Business School alumni and Jewish American philanthropists.

30320257

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Rosemblatt

Mario Rosemblatt

Mario Rosemblatt is a Chilean immunologist. His research established that dendritic cells are responsible for imprinting the tissue-specific homing of T lymphocytes. He is currently Executive Director of Fundacion Ciencia para la Vida (FCV), a non profit institution that carries out scientific and technological research. He is Immunology Professor at the University of Chile and Universidad Nacional Andres Bello (Santiago, Chile) and Adjunct Professor at Dartmouth Medical School. Biography Mario Rosemblatt earned his Ph.D. degree in immunology at Wayne State University. He has been Research Fellow in Medicine at Harvard University (1973) joining the group of Dr. Edgar Haber, Assistant Professor at Brown University (1976), Investigator at the Boston Biomedical Research Institute (1978) and the Association Against Cancer in France (1981). In 1983, he returned to Chile and joined the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Chile. He was Chairman of the Biology Department and Director of the team that established the degree in Biotechnology at the University of Chile, acting as the first Director of this program. In 1997 he joined the Fundación Ciencia para la Vida acting as its first Executive Director. Research During his years at the Boston Biomedical Research Institute Dr. Rosemblatt was the first to publish a report on the use of monoclonal antibody technology to study muscle physiology. The main aspects of his research deals with studies related to the function of regulatory T cells. His team has demonstrated that although B cells and dendritic cells can generate regulatory T cells by themselves, a mixture of both antigen-presenting cells improves their capacity to efficiently generate regulatory T cells. He also has established that gut dendritic cells are responsible for the production of retinoic acid and therefore for the induction of a tolerogenic environment in the gut. As an immunologist he participated in the development of a salmon vaccine –presently in the market, licensed to Novartis- against the Pitsireckettsia salmonis a deadly pathogen that affects the salmon industry in Chile. Mario Rosemblatt is a member of the American Association of Immunologists, of the Transplantation Society, of the Chilean Society for Cell Biology and the Chilean Society of Immunology. Publications Selection of Papers Jørgensen TN, Alfaro J, Enriquez HL, Jiang C, Loo WM, Atencio S, Bupp MR, Mailloux CM, Metzger T, Flannery S, Rozzo SJ, Kotzin BL, Rosemblatt M., Bono MR, Erickson LD. Development of murine lupus involves the combined genetic contribution of the SLAM and FcgammaR intervals within the Nba2 autoimmune susceptibility locus. J Immunol. 15; 775-86, 2010 C. Moore, D. Sauma, P. Reyes, J. Morales, M. Rosemblatt, M.R. Bono and J.A. Fierro. Dendritic Cells and B Cells Cooperate in the Generation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Allogeneic T Cells. Transplant. Proc. 42; 371-5, 2010 Elgueta R., Sepulveda F., E. Vilches F., Vargas L., Mora J.R., Bono M.R., Rosemblatt M. Imprinting of CCR9 on CD4 T cells requires IL-4 signalling on mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 180; 6501-7, 2008 Gabrielle Faure-André, Pablo Vargas, Maria-Isabel Yuseff, Mélina Heuzé, Jheimmy Diaz, Danielle Lankar, Veronica Steri, Jeremy Manry, Stéphanie Hugues, Fulvia Vascotto, Jérôme Boulanger, Graça Raposo, Maria-Rosa Bono, Mario Rosemblatt, Matthieu Piel and Ana-Maria Lennon-Duménil. CD74, the MHC class II-associated Invariant Chain, regulates the motility and in vivo migration of dendritic cells. Science 322; 1705–1710, 2008 Bono MR, Elgueta R, Sauma D, Pino K, Osorio F, Michea, P, Fierro A, Rosemblatt M. The essential role of chemokines in the selective regulation of lymphocyte homing. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews. 18: (1-2): 33-43, 2007 Micah J. Benson, Karina Pino-Lagos, Mario Rosemblatt and Randolph J. Noelle. All-trans retinoic acid mediates enhanced Treg growth, differentiation and gut homing in the face of high levels of co-stimulation. J. Exp. Med. 204: 1765-74, 2007 M. Rosemblatt and M.R. Bono. “Functional consequences of immune cell adhesion to endothelial cells”. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 10: 109-120, 2004 J.R. Mora, M.R. Bono, N. Manjunath, W. Weninger, M. Rosemblatt, U.H. Von Andrian. "Peyer's patch dendritic cells provide tissue-specific instructions for effector T cell homing to the gut". Nature 424:88-93, 2003 L. I. Reyes, P. Escobar, M. R. Bono and M. Rosemblatt. “B lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells from human lymphoid tissue modulates tyrosine phosphorylation and endothelial cell activation”. J. Immunol. 169: 5881-5888, 2002 Ana-Maria Lennon-Duménil, Arnold H. Bakker, René Maehr, Herman S. Overkleeft, Mario Rosemblatt, Hidde L. Ploegh and Cécile Lagaudrière-Gesbert. "Analysis of protease in live antigen-presenting cells show regulation of the phagosomal proteolytic contents during dendritic cell activation ". J. Exp. Med. 169: 529-539, 2002 Rosemblatt M., Gaugler M.H., Leroy C., Coulombel L. Coexpression of two fibronectin receptors, VLA-4 and VLA-5 on immature erythroblastic precursor cells. J. Clinic. Invest. 87: 6, 1991. Rosemblatt M., Hidalgo C., Vergara C., Ikemoto N. Immunological and biochemical properties of transverse tubule membranes from rabbit skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 8140, 1981 Rosemblatt M., Haber E. Isolation of a variable domain fragment from a homogeneous antibody heavy chain. Biochem. 17: 3877, 1978 Books and Book Chapters WILHELM V., ENGEL, E., MIQUEL A., JAMETT A., AGUAYO J., MÜLLER I., MORALES C., HERNÁNDEZ C., SOZA C., SOZA J., VILLEGAS J., BERNALES S., MARTÍNEZ R., ROSEMBLATT M., BURZIO L.O. y VALENZUELA P.D.T. Piscirickettsia salmonis: Un enfoque genómico para un problema de la salmonicultura. Biotecnología Marina, Paniagua, J. (ed.). Editorial AGT S.A., México, p. 188- 220. 2005 PALOMO, A. FERREIRA, C. SEPULVEDA, M. ROSEMBLATT, U. VERGARA. Editores. Fundamentos de Inmunología. Ed. Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile. Segunda Edición. 2002 R. MORA and M. ROSEMBLATT. Receptores de Adhesión, “Homing” y Activación de Linfocitos. Capítulo 12. Eds. I. Palomo, A. Ferreira, C. Sepúlveda, M. Rosemblatt y U. Vergara. Ed. Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile. 2002 R. NAVES and M. ROSEMBLATT. Ontogenia y Diferenciación de Células T y B. Capítulo 13. Eds. I. Palomo, A. Ferreira, C. Sepúlveda, M. Rosemblatt y U. Vergara. Ed. Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile. 2002 M. ROSEMBLATT. Nuevas alianzas en la comunidad Biotecnológica Chilena. En: Organismos Genéticamente Modificados. Producción, Comercialización, Bioseguridad y Percepción Pública. Eds. Dr. Lionel Gil y Bq. Carlos Irarrázabal. pp 183–188. 2000 PALOMO, A. FERREIRA, C. SEPÚLVEDA, M. ROSEMBLATT, U. VERGARA. Editores. Fundamentos de Inmunología. Ed. Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile, 1998 M. ROSEMBLATT. Moléculas de Adhesión. Capítulo 11. En: Fundamentos de Inmunología. Eds. I. Palomo, A. Ferreira, C. Sepúlveda, M. Rosemblatt y U. Vergara. Ed. Univ. de Talca. Talca. pp 251–270. 1998 M. ROSEMBLATT. Diferenciación Linfocitaria. Capítulo 12. En: Fundamentos de Inmunología. Eds. I. Palomo, A. Ferreira, C. Sepúlveda, M. Rosemblatt y U. Vergara. Ed. Univ. de Talca. Talca. pp 2271–286. 1998 COULOMBEL L, VUILLET-GAUGLER MH, KEIFFERN N, ROSEMBLATT M., Vainchenker W, Breton-Gorius J. Adhesion of erythroid cells to fibronectin and identification of receptors for extracellular matrix proteins. In The hematopoietic microenvironment. M Long and M Whicha eds. Johns Hopkins. University Press USA. p. 190-205.1993 ROSEMBLATT M., PÉREZ G, ANTONIU B, REILLEY E, IKEMOTO N: Monoclonal antibodies as probes of triad structure and excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. In: Signal Transduction in Biological System. S. C. Hidalgo et al. eds. Plenum Press, New York USA. p. 371. 1990 ROSEMBLATT M. Hibridomas y Anticuerpos Monoclonales. In: La revolución de la Bioingeniería. F Monckeberg Ed. Mediterráneo-Chile. p. 78. 1988 IKEMOTO N., MESZAROS M., MORIL M., KIM D.H., ROSEMBLATT M. Molecular mechanism of calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum in vitro. Current status and prospects. In: Perspectives in Biological Energy Transduction. Academic Press. Tokyo. p. 207. 1987 BURTON J., ROSEMBLATT M., HABER E. Approaches to the synthesis of an antibody combining site. In: Antibodies in human diagnostic and therapy. Raven Press. New York. p. 205. 1977 HABER E., MARGOLIES M.N., CANNON L.E, ROSEMBLATT M. Restricted clonal responses: A tool in understanding antibody specificity. In: Molecular approaches to immunology. Academic Press. New York. p. 303. 1975 External links Fundacion Ciencia Para la Vida References 1941 births Living people Chilean immunologists

<mask> is a Chilean immunologist. His research established that dendritic cells are responsible for imprinting the tissue-specific homing of T lymphocytes. He is currently Executive Director of Fundacion Ciencia para la Vida (FCV), a non profit institution that carries out scientific and technological research. He is Immunology Professor at the University of Chile and Universidad Nacional Andres Bello (Santiago, Chile) and Adjunct Professor at Dartmouth Medical School. Biography <mask> earned his Ph.D. degree in immunology at Wayne State University. He has been Research Fellow in Medicine at Harvard University (1973) joining the group of Dr. Edgar Haber, Assistant Professor at Brown University (1976), Investigator at the Boston Biomedical Research Institute (1978) and the Association Against Cancer in France (1981). In 1983, he returned to Chile and joined the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Chile.He was Chairman of the Biology Department and Director of the team that established the degree in Biotechnology at the University of Chile, acting as the first Director of this program. In 1997 he joined the Fundación Ciencia para la Vida acting as its first Executive Director. Research During his years at the Boston Biomedical Research Institute Dr<mask> was the first to publish a report on the use of monoclonal antibody technology to study muscle physiology. The main aspects of his research deals with studies related to the function of regulatory T cells. His team has demonstrated that although B cells and dendritic cells can generate regulatory T cells by themselves, a mixture of both antigen-presenting cells improves their capacity to efficiently generate regulatory T cells. He also has established that gut dendritic cells are responsible for the production of retinoic acid and therefore for the induction of a tolerogenic environment in the gut. As an immunologist he participated in the development of a salmon vaccine –presently in the market, licensed to Novartis- against the Pitsireckettsia salmonis a deadly pathogen that affects the salmon industry in Chile.<mask> is a member of the American Association of Immunologists, of the Transplantation Society, of the Chilean Society for Cell Biology and the Chilean Society of Immunology. Publications Selection of Papers Jørgensen TN, Alfaro J, Enriquez HL, Jiang C, Loo WM, Atencio S, Bupp MR, Mailloux CM, Metzger T, Flannery S, Rozzo SJ, Kotzin BL, <mask> M., Bono MR, Erickson LD. Development of murine lupus involves the combined genetic contribution of the SLAM and FcgammaR intervals within the Nba2 autoimmune susceptibility locus. J Immunol. 15; 775-86, 2010 C. Moore, D. Sauma, P. Reyes, J. Morales, M<mask>, M.R. Bono and J.A. Fierro.Dendritic Cells and B Cells Cooperate in the Generation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Allogeneic T Cells. Transplant. Proc. 42; 371-5, 2010 Elgueta R., Sepulveda F., E. Vilches F., Vargas L., Mora J.R., Bono M.R., <mask> M. Imprinting of CCR9 on CD4 T cells requires IL-4 signalling on mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 180; 6501-7, 2008 Gabrielle Faure-André, Pablo Vargas, Maria-Isabel Yuseff, Mélina Heuzé, Jheimmy Diaz, Danielle Lankar, Veronica Steri, Jeremy Manry, Stéphanie Hugues, Fulvia Vascotto, Jérôme Boulanger, Graça Raposo, Maria-Rosa Bono, <mask>, Matthieu Piel and Ana-Maria Lennon-Duménil. CD74, the MHC class II-associated Invariant Chain, regulates the motility and in vivo migration of dendritic cells.Science 322; 1705–1710, 2008 Bono MR, Elgueta R, Sauma D, Pino K, Osorio F, Michea, P, Fierro A, <mask> M. The essential role of chemokines in the selective regulation of lymphocyte homing. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews. 18: (1-2): 33-43, 2007 Micah J. Benson, Karina Pino-Lagos, <mask> and Randolph J. Noelle. All-trans retinoic acid mediates enhanced Treg growth, differentiation and gut homing in the face of high levels of co-stimulation. J. Exp. Med. 204: 1765-74, 2007 M<mask> and M.R.Bono. “Functional consequences of immune cell adhesion to endothelial cells”. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 10: 109-120, 2004 J.R. Mora, M.R. Bono, N. Manjunath, W. Weninger, M<mask>, U.H. Von Andrian. "Peyer's patch dendritic cells provide tissue-specific instructions for effector T cell homing to the gut". Nature 424:88-93, 2003 L. I. Reyes, P. Escobar, M. R. Bono and M. <mask>.“B lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells from human lymphoid tissue modulates tyrosine phosphorylation and endothelial cell activation”. J. Immunol. 169: 5881-5888, 2002 Ana-Maria Lennon-Duménil, Arnold H. Bakker, René Maehr, Herman S. Overkleeft, <mask>, Hidde L. Ploegh and Cécile Lagaudrière-Gesbert. "Analysis of protease in live antigen-presenting cells show regulation of the phagosomal proteolytic contents during dendritic cell activation ". J. Exp. Med. 169: 529-539, 2002 <mask> M., Gaugler M.H., Leroy C., Coulombel L. Coexpression of two fibronectin receptors, VLA-4 and VLA-5 on immature erythroblastic precursor cells.J. Clinic. Invest. 87: 6, 1991. <mask> M., Hidalgo C., Vergara C., Ikemoto N. Immunological and biochemical properties of transverse tubule membranes from rabbit skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem.256: 8140, 1981 <mask> M., Haber E. Isolation of a variable domain fragment from a homogeneous antibody heavy chain. Biochem. 17: 3877, 1978 Books and Book Chapters WILHELM V., ENGEL, E., MIQUEL A., JAMETT A., AGUAYO J., MÜLLER I., MORALES C., HERNÁNDEZ C., SOZA C., SOZA J., VILLEGAS J., BERNALES S., MARTÍNEZ R., ROSEMBLATT M., BURZIO L.O. y VALENZUELA P.D.T. Piscirickettsia salmonis: Un enfoque genómico para un problema de la salmonicultura. Biotecnología Marina, Paniagua, J. (ed.).Editorial AGT S.A., México, p. 188- 220. 2005 PALOMO, A. FERREIRA, C. SEPULVEDA, M. ROSEMBLATT, U. VERGARA. Editores. Fundamentos de Inmunología. Ed. Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile. Segunda Edición.2002 R. MORA and M. ROSEMBLATT. Receptores de Adhesión, “Homing” y Activación de Linfocitos. Capítulo 12. Eds. I. Palomo, A. Ferreira, C. Sepúlveda, M<mask> y U. Vergara. Ed. Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.2002 R. NAVES and M. ROSEMBLATT. Ontogenia y Diferenciación de Células T y B. Capítulo 13. Eds. I. Palomo, A. Ferreira, C. Sepúlveda, M<mask> y U. Vergara. Ed. Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile. 2002 M. ROSEMBLATT.Nuevas alianzas en la comunidad Biotecnológica Chilena. En: Organismos Genéticamente Modificados. Producción, Comercialización, Bioseguridad y Percepción Pública. Eds. Dr. Lionel Gil y Bq. Carlos Irarrázabal. pp 183–188.2000 PALOMO, A. FERREIRA, C. SEPÚLVEDA, M. ROSEMBLATT, U. VERGARA. Editores. Fundamentos de Inmunología. Ed. Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile, 1998 M. ROSEMBLATT. Moléculas de Adhesión. Capítulo 11.En: Fundamentos de Inmunología. Eds. I. Palomo, A. Ferreira, C. Sepúlveda, M<mask> y U. Vergara. Ed. Univ. de Talca. Talca.pp 251–270. 1998 M. ROSEMBLATT. Diferenciación Linfocitaria. Capítulo 12. En: Fundamentos de Inmunología. Eds. I. Palomo, A. Ferreira, C. Sepúlveda, M<mask> y U. Vergara.Ed. Univ. de Talca. Talca. pp 2271–286. 1998 COULOMBEL L, VUILLET-GAUGLER MH, KEIFFERN N, ROSEMBLATT M., Vainchenker W, Breton-Gorius J. Adhesion of erythroid cells to fibronectin and identification of receptors for extracellular matrix proteins. In The hematopoietic microenvironment.M Long and M Whicha eds. Johns Hopkins. University Press USA. p. 190-205.1993 ROSEMBLATT M., PÉREZ G, ANTONIU B, REILLEY E, IKEMOTO N: Monoclonal antibodies as probes of triad structure and excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. In: Signal Transduction in Biological System. S. C. Hidalgo et al. eds.Plenum Press, New York USA. p. 371. 1990 ROSEMBLATT M. Hibridomas y Anticuerpos Monoclonales. In: La revolución de la Bioingeniería. F Monckeberg Ed. Mediterráneo-Chile. p. 78.1988 IKEMOTO N., MESZAROS M., MORIL M., KIM D.H., ROSEMBLATT M. Molecular mechanism of calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum in vitro. Current status and prospects. In: Perspectives in Biological Energy Transduction. Academic Press. Tokyo. p. 207. 1987 BURTON J., ROSEMBLATT M., HABER E. Approaches to the synthesis of an antibody combining site.In: Antibodies in human diagnostic and therapy. Raven Press. New York. p. 205. 1977 HABER E., MARGOLIES M.N., CANNON L.E, ROSEMBLATT M. Restricted clonal responses: A tool in understanding antibody specificity. In: Molecular approaches to immunology. Academic Press.New York. p. 303. 1975 External links Fundacion Ciencia Para la Vida References 1941 births Living people Chilean immunologists

<mask> is a immunologist. Dendritic cells play a role in the homing of T lymphocytes. The FCV is a non profit organization that carries out scientific and technological research. He is an Immunology Professor at the University of Chile and an Adjunct Professor at the Dartmouth Medical School. <mask> received a degree in immunology from Wayne State University. He was a Research Fellow in Medicine at Harvard University. He joined the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Chile in 1983.He acted as the first Director of the program when he was Chairman of the Biology Department. He was the first Executive Director of the Fundacin Ciencia para la Vida. Dr. <mask> was the first to publish a report on the use of mAb technology to study muscles. His research deals with the function of regulatory T cells. Although B cells and dendritic cells can generate regulatory T cells by themselves, a mixture of both antigen-presenting cells improves their capacity to efficiently generate regulatory T cells. The tolerogenic environment in the gut is caused by the production of retinoic acid by gut dendritic cells. The Pitsireckettsia salmon is a deadly pathogen that affects the salmon industry in Chile and he was involved in the development of a salmon vaccine.<mask> is a member of the American Association of Immunologists, the Transplantation Society, and the Chilean Society for Cell Biology. There are papers by Alfaro J, Jiang C, Atencio S, Bupp MR, Mailloux CM, and Bono. There is a combined genetic contribution of the SLAM and FcgammaR intervals within the Nba2 susceptibility locus. J Immunol. is a journal. C. Moore, D. Sauma, P. Reyes, J. Morales, M<mask>, M.R. Bono and J.A. Fierro.Dendritic Cells and B Cells Cooperate in the Generation of Allogeneic T Cells. A transplant. Proc. Elgueta R., Sepulveda F., E. Vilches F., Vargas L., Mora J.R., Bono M.R., <mask> M. J. Immunol. The year was 180; 6501-7, 2008. CD74 is associated with the MHC class II-associated Invariant Chain.Bono MR, Elgueta R, Sauma D, Pino K, Osorio F, Michea, P, Fierro A, <mask> M were involved in the study. There are reviews of cytokines and growth factor. 18: (1-2): 33-47, 2007. In the face of high levels of co-stimulation, all-trans retinoic acid contributes to enhanced Treg growth, differentiation and gut homing. J. Exp. Med. M. Rosemblatt and M.R.There is a person named Bono. The consequences of immune cell attachment to cells in the body. J.R. Mora is the M.R. of Current Pharmaceutical Design. Bono, N. Manjunath, W. Weninger, M<mask>, U.H. Von Andrian. "Peyer's patch dendritic cells give instructions for effector T cell homing to the gut". L.I.Reyes, P.Escobar, M.R.Bono, and M<mask> were authors of Nature.Inflammation of human lymphoid tissue affects the activity of endothelial cells. J. Immunol. Ana-Maria Lennon-Duménil, Arnold H. Bakker, René Maehr, Herman S. Overkleeft, <mask>, Hidde L. The phagosomal proteolytic contents are shown to be regulated by the protease in live antigen-presenting cells. J. Exp. Med. Rosemblatt M., Gaugler M.H., and Coulombel L. Coexpression of VLA-4 and VLA-5 on immature erythroblastic precursor cells.J. There is a clinic. Invest. The date is 6, 1991. The biochemical and immunological properties of the tubule are from the rabbit. J. Biol. Chem.The variable domain fragment was isolated from the heavy chain. There is a Biochem. The books and book chapters were published in 1978. Y VALENZUELA P.D.T. There is a problema de la salmonicultura. Paniagua, J. is the location of the Biotecnologa Marina. There is an ed.The Editorial AGT S.A. is in México. 2005 PALOMO, A. FERREIRA, C. SEPULVEDA, M. ROSEMBLATT. There are editors. Fundamentos de Inmunologa. Ed. The University of de Talca is in Talca, Chile. The Edicin.M. ROSEMBLATT and R. MORA were both born in 2002. The Receptores de Adhesin are called "Homing". Captulo 12. There are Eds. I. Palomo, A. Ferreira, C. Seplveda, M. Ed. The University of de Talca is in Talca, Chile.R. NAVES and M. ROSEMBLATT. Ontogenia y Diferenciacin de B. Captulo 13. There are Eds. I. Palomo, A. Ferreira, C. Seplveda, M. Ed. The University of de Talca is in Talca, Chile. M. ROSEMBLATT was born in 2002.Nuevas alianzas en la comunidad. Organismos Genéticamente Modificados. Comercializacin, Bioseguridad, and Percepcin Pblica are related. There are Eds. Dr. Lionel Gil y Bq. Carlos Irarrzabal. pp 183–188.2000 PALOMO, A. FERREIRA, C. SEPLVEDA, M. ROSEMBLATT. There are editors. Fundamentos de Inmunologa. Ed. M. ROSEMBLATT was a student at the Universidad de Talca. The molculas de Adhesin were written in the 19th century. Captulo 11.Fundamentos de Inmunologa. There are Eds. I. Palomo, A. Ferreira, C. Seplveda, M. Ed. There is a Univ. De Talca. It was Talca.pp 25–70. M. ROSEMBLATT was born in 1998. Diferenciacin Linfocitaria. Captulo 12. Fundamentos de Inmunologa. There are Eds. I. Palomo, A. Ferreira, C. Seplveda, M.Ed. There is a Univ. De Talca. It was Talca. pp 229–86. The expression of erythroid cells to fibronectin was studied in 1998. In the hematopoietic microenvironment.M Whicha and M Long are authors. There is a place called the "JohnsHopkins." It is located in the city of Baltimore. The University Press of USA. ROSEMBLATT M., PREZ G, ANTONIU B, REILLEY E, IKEMOTO N: Monoclonal antibodies as probes of triad structure. There is signal tranduction in the biological system. S. C. Hidalgo and his associates. It was an ed.The Plenum Press is in New York. p. In 1990 ROSEMBLATT M. Hibridomas y Anticuerpos Monoclonales. In: La revolucin. F Monckeberg is an Ed. The country of Mediterrneo-Chile. p.The mechanism of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is studied. Current status and prospects. Perspectives on Biological Energy Transduction. The Academic Press. Tokyo. p. 203. There are approaches to the synthesis of an antibody combining site.Antibodies are used in human diagnostic and therapy. The book is called Raven Press. New York. p. The tool in understanding antibody specificity is restricted clonal responses. There are approaches to immunology. The Academic Press.New York. p. Fundacion Ciencia Para la Vida links were external.

1680929

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescenzio%20Sepe

Crescenzio Sepe

Crescenzio Sepe (born 2 June 1943) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Naples from 2006 to 2020. He served in the Roman Curia as Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples from 2001 to 2006. He was made a cardinal in 2001. Before that he spent 25 years in increasingly important positions in the Roman Curia. Biography Early life and ordination Born at Carinaro, in the province of Caserta. He attended the Seminary of Aversa, studied philosophy at the Regional Seminary in Salerno and theology in Rome. He was ordained for the Diocese of Aversa on 12 March 1967. He earned degrees in theology and canon law at the Pontifical Lateran University and in philosophy from the University of Rome La Sapienza. He taught theology at the Lateran and Urbanian Pontifical Universities. To prepare for a career in the diplomatic service of the Holy See, he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1969. Career in the Curia He joined the diplomatic service of the Holy See and was posted to Brazil from 1972 to 1975. He then returned to Rome and worked at the Secretariat of State, first in the Section for International Organizations and then in office for information and documentation. He was named the Secretariat's Assessor for General Affairs in 1987. Sepe was appointed Secretary of the Congregation for the Clergy and Titular Archbishop of Gradum on 2 April 1992. He received his episcopal consecration from Pope John Paul II on 26 April. On 29 September 1992, Pope John Paul named him a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People. In an essay published the next year, he described celibacy as integral to the priesthood: "Christ willed ... to combine the virginal state with his mission as eternal priest.... We can therefore affirm that chastity and virginity are not simply additional or secondary in Christ's priestly existence, but belong to its very essence." As secretary of the Congregation for the Clergy, Sepe was responsible for organizing the celebration marking the 50th anniversary of Pope John Paul's ordination to the priesthood, which proved so successful that the Pope gave him even greater responsibility. On 3 November 1997, Pope John Paul named him General Secretary of the Central Committee for the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000, which has been described as "almost certainly the most complex logistical enterprise in recent Roman memory" and "a carnival such as Rome has not seen since the days of Nero". He was President of Peregrinatio ad Petri Sedem from 8 November 1997 to July 2001. On 18 February 1999, he was made a member of the Congregation for the Clergy. On 9 April 2001 Pope John Paul named him Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. As Prefect he was ex officio the Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Urban University. In 1995, as head of the Congregation, he helped implement a priest-sharing program among dioceses worldwide to help redress the geographical imbalance in vocations. He also said that the Vatican was facilitating the return of hundreds of priests who had left the active ministry and married in civil ceremonies, but who were now divorced or widowed and were "sincerely sorry" for having strayed from their vocation. In 1997 he said a relaxing of the celibacy rule for Latin Rite priests would not ease the vocations crisis and would have no theological or pastoral foundation. Pope John Paul made him Cardinal-Deacon of Dio Padre misericordioso in the consistory of 21 February 2001. At the age of 57, he was the youngest official of the Roman Curia named a cardinal in decades. He participated as a cardinal elector in the 2005 conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI, where he was also one of the cardinals named to the group that handles the ordinary affairs of the Apostolic See until a new pope is chosen, and in the 2013 conclave that elected Pope Francis. Pope John Paul named him a member of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America on 6 August 2002, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on 6 September 2002, the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity on 8 November 2002, the Special Council for Asia of the General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops on 28 May 2004, and the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts on 20 November 2004. Archbishop of Naples On 20 May 2006, he was appointed Archbishop of Naples. With that appointment, he became a Cardinal-Priest with his deaconry elevated pro hac vice to title. He was the first head of a Roman dicastery in decades to be given a diocesan appointment. He disputed the idea that his reassignment to Naples from the Roman Curia represented a demotion. Sepe said that when Benedict asked for his reaction in advance, he agreed because it was how he wanted to end his career. Others thought Pope Benedict preferred to have a prelate from a traditional missionary country, in this instance Indian Cardinal Ivan Dias, lead the Congregation responsible for missionary work. In 2007 he called for an end to gang violence. In June 2010, Sepe was under investigation by Perugia's public prosecutor's office for financial corruption in connection with the renovation and sale of some of the Congregation's properties. Media reports alleged that during his time as prefect, he sold property owned by the Congregation at discounted prices to politicians positioned to help the Congregation. Sepe said that he has "nothing to hide" and he was expected to waive the diplomatic immunity afforded by his Vatican passport and meet investigators. In March 2018 Sepe forwarded to the Vatican a 1,200-page dossier compiled by Francesco Mangiacapra, a male escort, that purported to identify 40 actively gay Catholic priests. He said: "those who have erred must pay the price, and be helped to repent for the harm done". He has been a member of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. He formally retired as Archbishop of Naples in 12 December 2020, with the appointment of his successor, Domenico Battaglia, currently Bishop of Diocese of Cerreto Sannita–Telese–Sant’Agata de’ Goti. Notes References External links 21st-century Italian cardinals Archbishops of Naples Sapienza University of Rome alumni Pontifical Lateran University alumni Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni Pontifical Roman Seminary alumni Members of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples Members of the Congregation for the Clergy Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II People from the Province of Caserta 1943 births Living people 21st-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops

<mask> (born 2 June 1943) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Naples from 2006 to 2020. He served in the Roman Curia as Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples from 2001 to 2006. He was made a cardinal in 2001. Before that he spent 25 years in increasingly important positions in the Roman Curia. Biography Early life and ordination Born at Carinaro, in the province of Caserta. He attended the Seminary of Aversa, studied philosophy at the Regional Seminary in Salerno and theology in Rome. He was ordained for the Diocese of Aversa on 12 March 1967.He earned degrees in theology and canon law at the Pontifical Lateran University and in philosophy from the University of Rome La Sapienza. He taught theology at the Lateran and Urbanian Pontifical Universities. To prepare for a career in the diplomatic service of the Holy See, he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1969. Career in the Curia He joined the diplomatic service of the Holy See and was posted to Brazil from 1972 to 1975. He then returned to Rome and worked at the Secretariat of State, first in the Section for International Organizations and then in office for information and documentation. He was named the Secretariat's Assessor for General Affairs in 1987. Sepe was appointed Secretary of the Congregation for the Clergy and Titular Archbishop of Gradum on 2 April 1992.He received his episcopal consecration from Pope John Paul II on 26 April. On 29 September 1992, Pope John Paul named him a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People. In an essay published the next year, he described celibacy as integral to the priesthood: "Christ willed ... to combine the virginal state with his mission as eternal priest.... We can therefore affirm that chastity and virginity are not simply additional or secondary in Christ's priestly existence, but belong to its very essence." As secretary of the Congregation for the Clergy, Sepe was responsible for organizing the celebration marking the 50th anniversary of Pope John Paul's ordination to the priesthood, which proved so successful that the Pope gave him even greater responsibility. On 3 November 1997, Pope John Paul named him General Secretary of the Central Committee for the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000, which has been described as "almost certainly the most complex logistical enterprise in recent Roman memory" and "a carnival such as Rome has not seen since the days of Nero". He was President of Peregrinatio ad Petri Sedem from 8 November 1997 to July 2001. On 18 February 1999, he was made a member of the Congregation for the Clergy.On 9 April 2001 Pope John Paul named him Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. As Prefect he was ex officio the Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Urban University. In 1995, as head of the Congregation, he helped implement a priest-sharing program among dioceses worldwide to help redress the geographical imbalance in vocations. He also said that the Vatican was facilitating the return of hundreds of priests who had left the active ministry and married in civil ceremonies, but who were now divorced or widowed and were "sincerely sorry" for having strayed from their vocation. In 1997 he said a relaxing of the celibacy rule for Latin Rite priests would not ease the vocations crisis and would have no theological or pastoral foundation. Pope John Paul made him Cardinal-Deacon of Dio Padre misericordioso in the consistory of 21 February 2001. At the age of 57, he was the youngest official of the Roman Curia named a cardinal in decades.He participated as a cardinal elector in the 2005 conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI, where he was also one of the cardinals named to the group that handles the ordinary affairs of the Apostolic See until a new pope is chosen, and in the 2013 conclave that elected Pope Francis. Pope John Paul named him a member of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America on 6 August 2002, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on 6 September 2002, the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity on 8 November 2002, the Special Council for Asia of the General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops on 28 May 2004, and the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts on 20 November 2004. Archbishop of Naples On 20 May 2006, he was appointed Archbishop of Naples. With that appointment, he became a Cardinal-Priest with his deaconry elevated pro hac vice to title. He was the first head of a Roman dicastery in decades to be given a diocesan appointment. He disputed the idea that his reassignment to Naples from the Roman Curia represented a demotion. Sepe said that when Benedict asked for his reaction in advance, he agreed because it was how he wanted to end his career.Others thought Pope Benedict preferred to have a prelate from a traditional missionary country, in this instance Indian Cardinal Ivan Dias, lead the Congregation responsible for missionary work. In 2007 he called for an end to gang violence. In June 2010, Sepe was under investigation by Perugia's public prosecutor's office for financial corruption in connection with the renovation and sale of some of the Congregation's properties. Media reports alleged that during his time as prefect, he sold property owned by the Congregation at discounted prices to politicians positioned to help the Congregation. Sepe said that he has "nothing to hide" and he was expected to waive the diplomatic immunity afforded by his Vatican passport and meet investigators. In March 2018 Sepe forwarded to the Vatican a 1,200-page dossier compiled by Francesco Mangiacapra, a male escort, that purported to identify 40 actively gay Catholic priests. He said: "those who have erred must pay the price, and be helped to repent for the harm done".He has been a member of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. He formally retired as Archbishop of Naples in 12 December 2020, with the appointment of his successor, Domenico Battaglia, currently Bishop of Diocese of Cerreto Sannita–Telese–Sant’Agata de’ Goti. Notes References External links 21st-century Italian cardinals Archbishops of Naples Sapienza University of Rome alumni Pontifical Lateran University alumni Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni Pontifical Roman Seminary alumni Members of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples Members of the Congregation for the Clergy Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II People from the Province of Caserta 1943 births Living people 21st-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops

The prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the Archbishop of Naples from 2006 to 2020 was named <mask>. From 2001 to 2006 he was the Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples in the Roman Curia. He became a cardinal in 2001. He spent 25 years in important positions in the Roman Curia. Early life and ordination took place in the province of Caserta. He studied philosophy at the Regional Seminary in Salerno and theology in Rome. He was ordination for the Diocese of Aversa in 1967.He received degrees in theology and canon law from the Lateran University and in philosophy from the University of Rome La Sapienza. He was a theology professor at the Lateran and Urbanian universities. He entered the academy in 1969 to get ready for his career in diplomacy. He was posted to Brazil from 1972 to 1975 after joining the diplomatic service of the Holy See. He worked at the secretariat of state for information and documentation after returning to Rome. In 1987, he was named the secretariat's Assessor for General Affairs. Sepe was appointed Secretary of the Congregation for the Clergy and Titular Archbishop of Gradum.He received his consecration from Pope John Paul II. He was named a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People by Pope John Paul. The virginal state and celibacy are intertwined in Christ's priestly mission. The 50th anniversary of Pope John Paul's ordination to the priesthood was a success and the Pope gave Sepe even more responsibility. On 3 November 1997, Pope John Paul named him General Secretary of the Central Committee for the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000, which has been described as "almost certainly the most complex logistical enterprise in recent Roman memory" and "a carnival such as Rome has not seen since the days of Nero". He was the President of the organization from 1997 to 2001. He was made a member of the congregation for the clergy in 1999.Pope John Paul named him the Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. He was the Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Urban University. The priest-sharing program was implemented in 1995 by the head of the Congregation. He said that the Vatican was facilitating the return of hundreds of priests who had left the active ministry and married in civil ceremonies, but who were now divorced or widowed and were "sincerely sorry" for having deviated from their vocation. He said in 1997 that a relaxing of the celibacy rule wouldn't help the vocations crisis and wouldn't have a theological or pastoral foundation. He was made a Cardinal by Pope John Paul in 2001. He was the youngest official of the Roman Curia to be named a cardinal.In the 2005 conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI, he was one of the cardinals named to the group that handles the ordinary affairs of the Apostolic See until a new pope is chosen, and in the 2013 conclave that elected Pope Francis. He was named a member of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America on 6 August 2002, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on 6 September 2002, and the Special Council for Asia of the General secretariat of the Synod of Bishops on 28 May 2004. He was appointed the Archbishop of Naples in May of 2006 With that appointment, he became a Cardinal-Priest. He was the first head of a Roman dicastery to be given a diocesan appointment. He said that his reassignment to Naples was not a demotion. Sepe said that Benedict asked for his reaction in advance because he wanted to end his career in this way.Cardinal Ivan Dias of India was thought to be Pope Benedict's preferred prelate for missionary work. He called for an end to gang violence in 2007. Sepe was under investigation by Perugia's public prosecutor's office for financial corruption in connection with the renovation and sale of some of the Congregation's properties. According to media reports, he sold property owned by the Congregation at discounted prices to politicians who wanted to help the congregation. Sepe said that he had nothing to hide and was expected to waive his diplomatic immunity to meet investigators. The Vatican was forwarded a 1,200-page report by a male escort that claimed to identify 40 gay Catholic priests. Those who have made mistakes must pay the price and be helped to repentance.He is a member of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications. He retired as the Archbishop of Naples in December of 2020 and was replaced by the Bishop of the Diocese of Sant'Agata de' Goti. There are links to External links to 21st-century Italian cardinals and members of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf%20Felton

Alf Felton

Alfred D Felton, known as "Alf", was the first Australian after World War I to win the professional World Sculling Championship. Before the war seven other Australians had held the title. Life and racing Felton was born in Walker Street, North Sydney, on 28 August 1889. After he grew up he was employed as a blacksmith's striker which helped develop his handsome physique and strength for rowing. By eighteen years of age he stood six feet two inches tall and weighed thirteen and a half stone. He became a pupil of former world champion Peter Kemp. Felton was involved in the normal smaller regattas and match races that were the bread and butter of the professional scullers. His first races of note were those held at Foxton, New Zealand when he was chosen as one of nine men from Australia to represent their country at the Foxton Handicap Races held on 2 and 3 December 1909. Eight New Zealand men made up the field and Felton was successful in beating all to take the £150 first prize and a cup valued at £25. From these races Felton gained the reputation of a dashing sprinter and there was some doubt about his stamina in races longer than two miles. In June 1911 he raced Frank Hagney over the full length of the Parramatta course of about three and a quarter miles. He won easily. In April 1912 he beat William (Billy) Fogwell for the Northern Rivers (NSW) Championship. However he was criticised for delaying the start of the race by over an hour. Felton was involved in an unpleasant affair at the end of 1912. Harry Pearce had been the Australian Champion since 1909 and had challenged Ernest Barry for the world title. Not long before Pearce's departure for England, Felton, Charles Towns, and Jim Paddon all challenged Pearce for his Australian Championship. The lateness of the challenges was intended to force Pearce to forfeit his domestic title so that the challengers could decide among themselves who should be the new champion. Rather than jeopardise his World Title chances Pearce forfeited his title which was then claimed by Felton. Felton and Towns raced in January 1913 and the match was described as a midget verses a giant. Towns was much smaller and weighed less than Felton who won the race by four lengths. Yet because of high winds which blew Towns off course the question of whom was the better was not really answered. It was somewhat answered when Jim Paddon handsomely beat Felton by two minutes in a race held in February 1913. Thus Felton lost the local championship. Pearce and Felton had an actual race in Sydney in September 1914 for £200 a side but no championship was involved. Pearce initially led by after one mile Felton took the advantage and won comfortably in a time of 20m.30s. See Also Australian Sculling Championship. In another race in February 1915 Felton was again criticized when he delayed by about half an hour a race against Robert Ford. The delay allowed Felton to take advantage of the change in the tide and wind as he was heavier and able to make better progress than his opponent. Felton announced his retirement from professional sculling in March 1915 but indicated that before retiring he would be prepared to row Charles Towns for £250 a side on the Parramatta River. It was supposed to be a sportsman's chance to reverse the 1913 result. The very high stake for an ordinary sculler's match not involving any title was unusual and likely indicated that Felton was not all that keen on a race. Nevertheless, the Towns camp raised the money and the match was set down for 26 June 1915. Once again Felton prevaricated at the start and nearly refused to race, disregarding the instructions of umpire Bill Beach. When the race finally got underway Towns won and it was a popular win as it was felt that Felton had behaved badly. World War I By October 1915 Felton had joined the Engineers’ Division of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force and served in Europe until the end of the war. The war put all professional sculling on hold and no title matches were held during that time. During the latter part of Felton's service he had participated in war-service regattas on the Thames and also at the International Regatta in Paris in July 1919 which inspired him to challenge for the World Sculling Championship after the armistice. The World Title Match Ernest Barry had been the title holder before the war and had not retired so was still the champion. Barry had also served in the war but had been invalided in 1918 after suffering shell shock and shrapnel wounds. He suggested that he would need at least six months to get back to full fitness for a match. Barry at thirty-seven years of age knew he was nearing the end of his sculling career. The agreed date for the match was 27 October 1919. The course was to be the famous Championship Course on the Thames in London which was about four and a quarter miles long. The stake was to be £500 a side. There was some disquiet in Australia over this challenge as many felt that Jim Paddon was a better sculler and as a previous world title challenger he had more right to a race than Felton did. However, Felton was on the spot as he had not yet been repatriated home, and the cost of his challenge was only about half of what it would have cost to send an Australian to England. Felton also had the advantage of being acclimatised to the Northern conditions. There was some difficulty in Felton raising the stake and expenses but eventually the Australian Prime Minister and the general public who were both keen to see the title return to Australia came to his aide and provided the cash. The day of the race suited the Australian. Felton chose the sheltered Middlesex shore side of the course which proved an advantage on a cold blustery day. Being heavier he was able to build a lead in the calmer water. Barry on the other had hand had the rougher conditions and he shipped much water during the race. Felton easily won by about six lengths although he could have made it more had he been so inclined, in a time of 25m.40s and thus became the Sculling Champion of the World, the eighth Australian to hold the title. The Return Match As was common at the time Felton offered Barry a return match but with the proviso that it was to be raced in Sydney. Felton returned home to a hero's welcome and after the usual festivities found himself challenged by Jim Paddon for a race on the Parramatta. The local rowing fraternity felt that Paddon had the right to a challenge but Felton declined and announced the agreement with Barry. It would appear that the two had made the arrangement with a view to maximising their financial returns. For example, motion picture rights, gate money, paid speaking engagements, and exhibitions were some of the ways the Champion and ex-Champion could reward themselves. The Sydney rowing people found that Barry had strong financial support from England and as they were keen to see the contest, support for the Paddon challenge evaporated. Felton and Barry met on 28 August 1920 over the full course on the Parramatta and for a stake of £500 a side. A crowd estimated between one hundred and one hundred and fifty thousand persons lined all vantage points to see the first Championship race held in Sydney since 1907. A number were also on board steamers that followed the race. Unfortunately the race did not live up to expectations. Felton led for the first mile and a half and then Barry fouled him. Both men appealed to the umpire. Felton stopped rowing believing he had won on the foul but the umpire, Bill Beach ordered the men to continue rather than making a ruling. He later said that they were in neutral water and the foul in no way affected the result of the race. It was likely he believed the foul was accidental as an intentional foul would have cost the perpetrator the race. The umpire's decision was final. Felton did not continue to scull on at speed but Barry did and he crossed the line about twelve lengths ahead and thus regained the World Title. His time was 24m.32s. Felton's trainer was Richard Arnst, a former world champion, who believed his man should have got the decision as be believed that Barry had intentionally fouled Felton. Felton accused Beach of partiality and applied for a Supreme Court injunction to stop the stake money being paid to Barry. Felton was desirous of a re-match for the money only rather than the money and the title but eventually he withdrew his claim so the case did not proceed and Barry received his cash. Richard Arnst had issued a newspaper challenge before the race to the winner of the Felton/Barry match. It looks as if he had expected Barry to win and as Arnst and Barry had previously raced twice and the score was one each they needed a further race to decide who was the better. Barry declined to race and because three months passed without him accepting the challenge Arnst claimed the title by forfeit. This was within the rules, such as they were, at the time. Barry had returned to England and had announced his retirement from the sport. Arnst held the Title for one race, lost it in the next to Darcy Hadfield who in turn lost it to Jim Paddon. Paddon held off two challenges before accepting one from Alf Felton in 1924. Before this occurred Felton was involved in another race. The Australasian Championship (Australasian is Australia and New Zealand.) Before having another chance at the world title Felton travelled to New Zealand after arranging a race with Pat Hannan which was billed as the Australasian Championship. This was a manufactured title based on Hannan's claim to the New Zealand Title which he had actually lost but only by forfeit, and the highly dubious claim that Felton was the Australian Champion. His reasoning was that as Paddon was now the World Champion, he (Paddon) was ineligible to hold the domestic title. Because he had been the previous holder, Felton argued that the title reverted to him. This argument was not accepted by many of the Sydney scullers and previously a number of world champions had simultaneously held national titles. The match was raced on 28 April 1923 and was held on Nelson Harbour for a purse of £500. Felton crossed the line first but was disqualified for cutting Hannan off. This race was notable in that it was the first New Zealand sports event broadcast on radio. The Third World Title Match Alf Felton had his third World Title match after he had challenged Jim Paddon. Felton had persuaded a group of Brisbane promoters to stage a world championship match as part of the Brisbane Centennial celebrations. The match was unusual in that it was held on the Brisbane River – the first such match on the river. The date was 12 August 1924 and the course was slightly shorter than normal at about three miles. Felton had claimed to be the Queensland Champion which was considered cheeky. He further caused controversy when he refused to row with Bill Beach as umpire. Paddon as Champion had the right to nominate most of the terms, but in order to secure the match agreed to Felton's demands and another umpire was found. A very large crowd was on hand to witness the race but it was not much of a race. Felton had the reputation of a fast sprinter but he showed none of his old form when Paddon took the lead after only one hundred yards and the result was never in doubt. Paddon easily defeated Felton in a time of 17m.55s. After this defeat Felton retired from professional sculling. He died in 1951. See also World Sculling Championship. References For film of the first Barry/Felton match see; http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=17584 and http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=2923 Sculling and Skulduggery published 2009 The New York Times 26 Oct 1919, 28 Oct 1919. Poverty Bay Herald 30 Oct 1919, 30 Aug 1920. Grey River Argus 31 Aug 1920. Hear the Boat Sing http://hear-the-boat-sing.blogspot.com/ see Felton. 1889 births 1951 deaths Australian male rowers

<mask>, known as "<mask>", was the first Australian after World War I to win the professional World Sculling Championship. Before the war seven other Australians had held the title. Life and racing <mask> was born in Walker Street, North Sydney, on 28 August 1889. After he grew up he was employed as a blacksmith's striker which helped develop his handsome physique and strength for rowing. By eighteen years of age he stood six feet two inches tall and weighed thirteen and a half stone. He became a pupil of former world champion Peter Kemp. <mask> was involved in the normal smaller regattas and match races that were the bread and butter of the professional scullers.His first races of note were those held at Foxton, New Zealand when he was chosen as one of nine men from Australia to represent their country at the Foxton Handicap Races held on 2 and 3 December 1909. Eight New Zealand men made up the field and <mask> was successful in beating all to take the £150 first prize and a cup valued at £25. From these races <mask> gained the reputation of a dashing sprinter and there was some doubt about his stamina in races longer than two miles. In June 1911 he raced Frank Hagney over the full length of the Parramatta course of about three and a quarter miles. He won easily. In April 1912 he beat William (Billy) Fogwell for the Northern Rivers (NSW) Championship. However he was criticised for delaying the start of the race by over an hour.<mask> was involved in an unpleasant affair at the end of 1912. Harry Pearce had been the Australian Champion since 1909 and had challenged Ernest Barry for the world title. Not long before Pearce's departure for England, <mask>, Charles Towns, and Jim Paddon all challenged Pearce for his Australian Championship. The lateness of the challenges was intended to force Pearce to forfeit his domestic title so that the challengers could decide among themselves who should be the new champion. Rather than jeopardise his World Title chances Pearce forfeited his title which was then claimed by <mask>. <mask> and Towns raced in January 1913 and the match was described as a midget verses a giant. Towns was much smaller and weighed less than <mask> who won the race by four lengths.Yet because of high winds which blew Towns off course the question of whom was the better was not really answered. It was somewhat answered when Jim Paddon handsomely beat <mask> by two minutes in a race held in February 1913. Thus <mask> lost the local championship. Pearce and <mask> had an actual race in Sydney in September 1914 for £200 a side but no championship was involved. Pearce initially led by after one mile <mask> took the advantage and won comfortably in a time of 20m.30s. See Also Australian Sculling Championship. In another race in February 1915 <mask> was again criticized when he delayed by about half an hour a race against Robert Ford.The delay allowed <mask> to take advantage of the change in the tide and wind as he was heavier and able to make better progress than his opponent. <mask> announced his retirement from professional sculling in March 1915 but indicated that before retiring he would be prepared to row Charles Towns for £250 a side on the Parramatta River. It was supposed to be a sportsman's chance to reverse the 1913 result. The very high stake for an ordinary sculler's match not involving any title was unusual and likely indicated that <mask> was not all that keen on a race. Nevertheless, the Towns camp raised the money and the match was set down for 26 June 1915. Once again <mask> prevaricated at the start and nearly refused to race, disregarding the instructions of umpire Bill Beach. When the race finally got underway Towns won and it was a popular win as it was felt that <mask> had behaved badly.World War I By October 1915 <mask> had joined the Engineers’ Division of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force and served in Europe until the end of the war. The war put all professional sculling on hold and no title matches were held during that time. During the latter part of <mask>'s service he had participated in war-service regattas on the Thames and also at the International Regatta in Paris in July 1919 which inspired him to challenge for the World Sculling Championship after the armistice. The World Title Match Ernest Barry had been the title holder before the war and had not retired so was still the champion. Barry had also served in the war but had been invalided in 1918 after suffering shell shock and shrapnel wounds. He suggested that he would need at least six months to get back to full fitness for a match. Barry at thirty-seven years of age knew he was nearing the end of his sculling career.The agreed date for the match was 27 October 1919. The course was to be the famous Championship Course on the Thames in London which was about four and a quarter miles long. The stake was to be £500 a side. There was some disquiet in Australia over this challenge as many felt that Jim Paddon was a better sculler and as a previous world title challenger he had more right to a race than <mask> did. However, <mask> was on the spot as he had not yet been repatriated home, and the cost of his challenge was only about half of what it would have cost to send an Australian to England. <mask> also had the advantage of being acclimatised to the Northern conditions. There was some difficulty in <mask> raising the stake and expenses but eventually the Australian Prime Minister and the general public who were both keen to see the title return to Australia came to his aide and provided the cash.The day of the race suited the Australian. <mask> chose the sheltered Middlesex shore side of the course which proved an advantage on a cold blustery day. Being heavier he was able to build a lead in the calmer water. Barry on the other had hand had the rougher conditions and he shipped much water during the race. <mask> easily won by about six lengths although he could have made it more had he been so inclined, in a time of 25m.40s and thus became the Sculling Champion of the World, the eighth Australian to hold the title. The Return Match As was common at the time <mask> offered Barry a return match but with the proviso that it was to be raced in Sydney. <mask> returned home to a hero's welcome and after the usual festivities found himself challenged by Jim Paddon for a race on the Parramatta.The local rowing fraternity felt that Paddon had the right to a challenge but <mask> declined and announced the agreement with Barry. It would appear that the two had made the arrangement with a view to maximising their financial returns. For example, motion picture rights, gate money, paid speaking engagements, and exhibitions were some of the ways the Champion and ex-Champion could reward themselves. The Sydney rowing people found that Barry had strong financial support from England and as they were keen to see the contest, support for the Paddon challenge evaporated. <mask> and Barry met on 28 August 1920 over the full course on the Parramatta and for a stake of £500 a side. A crowd estimated between one hundred and one hundred and fifty thousand persons lined all vantage points to see the first Championship race held in Sydney since 1907. A number were also on board steamers that followed the race.Unfortunately the race did not live up to expectations. <mask> led for the first mile and a half and then Barry fouled him. Both men appealed to the umpire. <mask> stopped rowing believing he had won on the foul but the umpire, Bill Beach ordered the men to continue rather than making a ruling. He later said that they were in neutral water and the foul in no way affected the result of the race. It was likely he believed the foul was accidental as an intentional foul would have cost the perpetrator the race. The umpire's decision was final.<mask> did not continue to scull on at speed but Barry did and he crossed the line about twelve lengths ahead and thus regained the World Title. His time was 24m.32s. <mask>'s trainer was Richard Arnst, a former world champion, who believed his man should have got the decision as be believed that Barry had intentionally fouled <mask>. <mask> accused Beach of partiality and applied for a Supreme Court injunction to stop the stake money being paid to Barry. <mask> was desirous of a re-match for the money only rather than the money and the title but eventually he withdrew his claim so the case did not proceed and Barry received his cash. Richard Arnst had issued a newspaper challenge before the race to the winner of the Felton/Barry match. It looks as if he had expected Barry to win and as Arnst and Barry had previously raced twice and the score was one each they needed a further race to decide who was the better.Barry declined to race and because three months passed without him accepting the challenge Arnst claimed the title by forfeit. This was within the rules, such as they were, at the time. Barry had returned to England and had announced his retirement from the sport. Arnst held the Title for one race, lost it in the next to Darcy Hadfield who in turn lost it to Jim Paddon. Paddon held off two challenges before accepting one from <mask> <mask> in 1924. Before this occurred <mask> was involved in another race. The Australasian Championship (Australasian is Australia and New Zealand.)Before having another chance at the world title <mask> travelled to New Zealand after arranging a race with Pat Hannan which was billed as the Australasian Championship. This was a manufactured title based on Hannan's claim to the New Zealand Title which he had actually lost but only by forfeit, and the highly dubious claim that <mask> was the Australian Champion. His reasoning was that as Paddon was now the World Champion, he (Paddon) was ineligible to hold the domestic title. Because he had been the previous holder, <mask> argued that the title reverted to him. This argument was not accepted by many of the Sydney scullers and previously a number of world champions had simultaneously held national titles. The match was raced on 28 April 1923 and was held on Nelson Harbour for a purse of £500. <mask> crossed the line first but was disqualified for cutting Hannan off.This race was notable in that it was the first New Zealand sports event broadcast on radio. The Third World Title Match <mask> <mask> had his third World Title match after he had challenged Jim Paddon. <mask> had persuaded a group of Brisbane promoters to stage a world championship match as part of the Brisbane Centennial celebrations. The match was unusual in that it was held on the Brisbane River – the first such match on the river. The date was 12 August 1924 and the course was slightly shorter than normal at about three miles. <mask> had claimed to be the Queensland Champion which was considered cheeky. He further caused controversy when he refused to row with Bill Beach as umpire.Paddon as Champion had the right to nominate most of the terms, but in order to secure the match agreed to <mask>'s demands and another umpire was found. A very large crowd was on hand to witness the race but it was not much of a race. <mask> had the reputation of a fast sprinter but he showed none of his old form when Paddon took the lead after only one hundred yards and the result was never in doubt. Paddon easily defeated <mask> in a time of 17m.55s. After this defeat <mask> retired from professional sculling. He died in 1951. See also World Sculling Championship.References For film of the first <mask> match see; http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=17584 and http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=2923 Sculling and Skulduggery published 2009 The New York Times 26 Oct 1919, 28 Oct 1919. Poverty Bay Herald 30 Oct 1919, 30 Aug 1920. Grey River Argus 31 Aug 1920. Hear the Boat Sing http://hear-the-boat-sing.blogspot.com/ see Felton. 1889 births 1951 deaths Australian male rowers

After World War I, <mask> was the first Australian to win the professional World Sculling Championship. Seven other Australians held the title before the war. On August 28, 1889, <mask> was born in Walker Street. After working as a blacksmith, he was able to develop his strength for rowing. He was six feet two inches tall and weighed thirteen and a half stone when he was eighteen years old. He was a student of Peter Kemp. The bread and butter of the professional scullers were the smaller regattas and match races that <mask> was involved in.He was one of nine men from Australia who were chosen to represent their country at the Foxton Handicap Races held in New Zealand in 1909. The field was made up of eight New Zealand men and <mask> won the £150 first prize and a cup valued at £25. There was some doubt about <mask>'s endurance in races longer than two miles because of his reputation as a sprinter. He raced Frank Hagney over three and a quarter miles in June of 1911. He won easily. He beat Billy Fogwell for the title in 1912. The start of the race was delayed by over an hour.At the end of 1912, <mask> was involved in an unpleasant affair. Ernest Barry had challenged Harry Pearce for the world title. <mask>, Charles Towns, and Jim Paddon all challenged Pearce for the Australian Championship before he left for England. The lateness of the challenges was intended to make the challengers decide who should be the new champion. He forfeited his title because he didn't want to jeopardize his World Title chances. The January 1913 match between <mask> and Towns was described as a small match. Towns weighed less than <mask> who won the race.The question of who was the better was not answered because of high winds. Jim Paddon beat <mask> by two minutes in a race in February 1913. The local championship was lost by <mask>. There was an actual race in September 1914 for £200 a side, but no championship was involved. After one mile, <mask> took the advantage and won comfortably in a time of 20m.30s. See the Australian Sculling Championship. In February 1915, <mask> was criticized when he was late for a race against Robert Ford.The delay allowed <mask> to take advantage of the change in the tide and wind and make better progress than his opponent. In March 1915, after announcing his retirement from sculling, he said he would be prepared to row Charles Towns for a fee. The 1913 result was supposed to be reversed by a sportsman. The high stake for an ordinary sculler's match not involving any title was unusual and likely indicated that <mask> was not all that keen on a race. The match was set for June of 1915 because the Towns camp raised the money. <mask> prevaricated at the start and almost refused to race, ignoring the instructions of the umpire. Towns won the race and it was a popular win as it was felt that <mask> behaved badly.After joining the Engineers' Division of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force in October 1915, he served in Europe until the end of the war. All professional sculling was put on hold during the war. The International Regatta in Paris in July 1919 inspired him to challenge for the World Sculling Championship after the armistice, as he had participated in war-service regattas on the Thames. Before the war, Ernest Barry was the title holder and still is. Barry was invalided in 1918 after being wounded in the war. He said it would take at least six months to get back to full fitness. Barry was nearing the end of his career as a sculler.The match was to take place on 27 October 1919. The Championship course was four and a quarter miles long and was located in London. $500 a side was the stake. As a previous world title challenger, Jim Paddon had more right to a race than <mask> did, so there was some concern in Australia over this challenge. The cost of his challenge was only about half of what it would have cost to send an Australian to England. Being acclimatised to the Northern conditions gave <mask> an advantage. The Australian Prime Minister and the general public who were both interested in seeing the title return to Australia came to his aide and provided the cash because of the difficulty in raising the stake and expenses.The Australian was good on the day of the race. The sheltered shore side of the course proved to be an advantage on a cold day. He was able to build a lead because he was heavier. Barry shipped a lot of water during the race because of the rougher conditions. <mask> easily won by about six lengths although he could have made it more had he been so inclined, in a time of 25m.40s, and thus became the Sculling Champion of the World, the eighth Australian to hold the title. Barry was offered a return match but only if it was to be raced in Sydney. After returning home to a hero's welcome, he was challenged by Jim Paddon for a race on the Parramatta.The local rowing Fraternity felt that Paddon had the right to a challenge, but they decided against it. The two had made the arrangement to maximize their financial returns. Motion picture rights, gate money, paid speaking engagements, and exhibitions were some of the ways the champion and ex-champion could reward themselves. Barry had strong financial support from England and as they were keen to see the contest, support for the Paddon challenge evaporated. On August 28, 1920, <mask> and Barry met over the full course on the Parramatta for a stake of £500 a side. A crowd estimated to be between one hundred and one hundred and fifty thousand people lined all vantage points to watch the first Championship race since 1907. The steamers that followed the race had a number on them.The race did not live up to expectations. Barry fouls <mask> for the first mile and a half. The men appealed to the umpire. The umpire, Bill Beach, ordered the men to keep rowing rather than making a decision. He said that the foul did not affect the result of the race. He probably thought the foul was accidental because an intentional foul would have cost the race. The umpire's decision was final.Barry regained the World Title when he crossed the line about twelve lengths ahead of <mask>. His time was 24m.32s. Richard Arnst, a former world champion, believed that his man should have gotten the decision as he believed that Barry had committed a foul. The Supreme Court was asked to stop the stake money being paid to Barry. Barry received his cash after <mask> withdrew his claim so the case did not proceed. Before the race to the winner of the <mask>/Barry match, Richard Arnst had issued a newspaper challenge. It looks as if he had expected Barry to win as they had previously raced twice and the score was one each, so they needed a further race to decide who was the better.Barry didn't race because he didn't accept the challenge and Arnst claimed the title. At the time, this was within the rules. Barry had retired from the sport after returning to England. The Title was lost by Jim Paddon in the next race to Darcy Hadfield. Paddon accepted a challenge from <mask> <mask> in 1924. Before this happened, he was involved in a race. Australia and New Zealand are part of the Australasian Championship.Before having another chance at the world title, <mask> traveled to New Zealand to arrange a race with Pat Hannan which was supposed to be the Australasian Championship. This title was based on a false claim that he had lost the New Zealand Title but only by forfeit, and a false claim that he was the Australian champion. Paddon was ineligible to hold the domestic title because he was the World Champion. He argued that the title reverted to him because he was the previous holder. A number of world champions had simultaneously held national titles and this argument was not accepted by many of the Sydney scullers. The match was held on Nelson Harbour and had a purse of £500. The person who crossed the line first was disqualified.The first New Zealand sports event broadcast on radio was the race. After he had challenged Jim Paddon, the third World Title match was held. A world championship match was staged as part of the celebrations for the 100th anniversary of the city. The match was held on the river for the first time. The course was about three miles shorter on the 12 August 1924 date. <mask> claimed to be the champion of the state. He refused to row with Bill Beach as an umpire.Paddon as champion had the right to nominate most of the terms, but in order to secure the match agreed to <mask>'s demands and another umpire was found. There was a large crowd watching the race, but it was not much of a race. When Paddon took the lead after only one hundred yards, the result was never in doubt, even though <mask> had a reputation of being a fast sprinter. Paddon defeated <mask> in a time of 17m.55s. <mask> retired from professional sculling after this defeat. He died in 1951. See the World Sculling Championship.There is a film about the first <mask> match. The Poverty Bay Herald was published in 1919. The Grey River Argus was published in August of 1920. Listen to the Boat Sing at http://hear-the-boat-sing.blogspot.com. 1889 births and 1951 deaths of Australian male rowers.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon%20Maykov

Apollon Maykov

Apollon Nikolayevich Maykov (, , Moscow – , Saint Petersburg) was a Russian poet, best known for his lyric verse showcasing images of Russian villages, nature, and history. His love for ancient Greece and Rome, which he studied for much of his life, is also reflected in his works. Maykov spent four years translating the epic The Tale of Igor's Campaign (1870) into modern Russian. He translated the folklore of Belarus, Greece, Serbia and Spain, as well as works by Heine, Adam Mickiewicz and Goethe, among others. Several of Maykov's poems were set to music by Russian composers, among them Rimsky-Korsakov and Tchaikovsky. Maykov was born into an artistic family and educated at home, by the writer Ivan Goncharov, among others. At the age of 15, he began writing his first poetry. After finishing his gymnasium course in just three years, he enrolled in Saint Petersburg University in 1837. He began publishing his poems in 1840, and came out with his first collection in 1842. The collection was reviewed favorably by the influential critic Vissarion Belinsky. After this, he traveled throughout Europe, returning to Saint Petersburg in 1844, where he continued to publish poetry and branched out into literary criticism and essay writing. He continued writing throughout his life, wavering several times between the conservative and liberal camps, but maintaining a steady output of quality poetical works. In his liberal days he was close to Belinsky, Nikolay Nekrasov, and Ivan Turgenev, while in his conservative periods he was close to Fyodor Dostoyevsky. He ended his life as a conservative. Maykov died in Saint Petersburg On March 8, 1897. Biography Apollon Maykov was born into an artistic family. His father, Nikolay Maykov, was a painter, and in his later years an academic of the Imperial Academy of Arts. His mother, Yevgeniya Petrovna Maykova (née Gusyatnikova, 1803–1880), loved literature and later in life had some of her own poetry published. The boy's childhood was spent at the family estate just outside Moscow, in a house often visited by writers and artists. Maykov's early memories and impressions formed the foundation for his much lauded landscape lyricism, marked by what biographer Igor Yampolsky calls "a touchingly naive love for the old patriarchal ways." In 1834 the family moved to Saint Petersburg. Apollon and his brother Valerian were educated at home, under the guidance of their father's friend Vladimir Solonitsyn, a writer, philologist and translator, known also for Nikolay Maykov's 1839 portrait of him. Ivan Goncharov, then an unknown young author, taught Russian literature to the Maykov brothers. As he later remembered, the house "was full of life, and had many visitors, providing a never ceasing flow of information from all kinds of intellectual spheres, including science and the arts." At the age of 15 Apollon started to write poetry. With a group of friends (Vladimir Benediktov, Ivan Goncharov and Pavel Svinyin among others) the Maykov brothers edited two hand-written magazines, Podsnezhnik (Snow-drop) and Moonlit Nights, where Apollon's early poetry appeared for the first time. Maykov finished his whole gymnasium course in just three years, and in 1837 enrolled in Saint Petersburg University's law faculty. As a student he learned Latin which enabled him to read Ancient Roman authors in the original texts. He later learned Ancient Greek, but until then had to content himself with French translations of the Greek classics. It was at the university that Maykov developed his passionate love of Ancient Greece and Rome. Literary career Apollon Maykov's first poems (signed "M.") were published in 1840 by the Odessa Almanac and in 1841 by Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya and Otechestvennye Zapiski. He also studied painting, but soon chose to devote himself entirely to poetry. Instrumental in this decision was Pyotr Pletnyov, a University professor who, acting as a mentor for the young man, showed the first poems of his protégé to such literary giants as Vasily Zhukovsky and Nikolai Gogol. Maykov never became a painter, but the lessons he received greatly influenced his artistic worldview and writing style. In 1842 his first collection Poems by A.N. Maykov was published, to much acclaim. "For me it sounds like Delvig's ideas expressed by Pushkin," Pletnyov wrote. Vissarion Belinsky responded with a comprehensive essay, praising the book's first section called "Poems Written for an Anthology", a cycle of verses stylized after both ancient Greek epigrams and the traditional elegy. He was flattered by the famous critic's close attention. Maykov paid heed to his advice and years later, working on the re-issues, edited much of the text in direct accordance with Belinsky's views. After graduating from the university, Maykov joined the Russian Ministry of Finance as a clerk. Having received a stipend for his first book from Tsar Nicholas I, he used the money to travel abroad, visiting Italy (where he spent most of his time writing poetry and painting), France, Saxony, and Austria. In Paris Apollon and Valerian attended lectures on literature and fine arts at the Sorbonne and the Collège de France. On his way back Maykov visited Dresden and Prague where he met Václav Hanka and Pavel Jozef Šafárik, the two leaders of the national revival movement. The direct outcome of this voyage for Apollon Maykov was a University dissertation on the history of law in Eastern Europe. In 1844 Maykov returned to Saint Petersburg to join the Rumyantsev Museum library as an assistant. He became actively involved with the literary life of the Russian capital, contributing to Otechestvennye Zapiski, Finsky Vestnik and Sovremennik. He also debuted as a critic and published several essays on literature and fine art, reviewing works by artists like Ivan Aivazovsky, Fyodor Tolstoy and Pavel Fedotov. In 1846 the Petersburg Anthology published his poem "Mashenka", which saw Maykov discarding elegy and leaning towards a more down-to-Earth style of writing. Again Belinsky was impressed, hailing the arrival of "a new talent, quite capable of presenting real life in its true light." The critic also liked Two Fates (Saint Petersburg, 1845). A "natural school" piece, touched by Mikhail Lermontov's influence, it featured "a Pechorin-type character, an intelligent, thinking nobleman retrogressing into a low-brow philistine," according to Alexander Hertzen's review. In the late 1840s Maykov was also writing prose, in a Gogol-influenced style known as the "physiological sketch". Among the short stories he published at the time were "Uncle's Will" (1847) and "The Old Woman – Fragments from the Notes of a Virtuous Man" (1848). In the late 1840s Maykov entered Belinsky's circle and became friends with Nikolai Nekrasov and Ivan Turgenev. Along with his brother Valerian he started to attend Mikhail Petrashevsky's 'Secret Fridays', establishing contacts with Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Aleksey Pleshcheyev. Later, having been interrogated about his involvement, Maykov avoided arrest (he did not have a significant role in the group's activities), but for several years was kept under secret police surveillance. In the years to come Maykov, who never believed in the ideas of socialism, often expressed embarrassment over his involvement in the Petrashevsky affair. In an 1854 letter to M. A. Yazykov he confessed: "At the time I had very vague political ideas and was foolish enough to join a group where all the government's actions were criticized and condemned as wrong a priory, many of [its members] applauding every mistake, according to the logic of 'the worse they rule, the quicker they'll fall'. In the 1850s Maykov, now a Slavophile, began to champion 'firm' monarchy and strong Orthodox values. Writing to Aleksandr Nikitenko he argued: "Only a form of political system which had been proven by the test of history could be called viable". In 1852 Maykov moved into the office of the Russian Committee of Foreign censorship, where he continued working for the rest of his life, becoming its chairman in 1882. In 1847 Maykov's second collection of poems, Sketches of Rome, the artistic outcome of his earlier European trip, was published. Informed with Belinsky's criticism, some poems were built on the juxtaposition of the majestic ruins and lush landscapes of 'classic' Rome with the everyday squalor of contemporary Italy. This homage to the "natural school" movement, though, did not make Maykov's style less flamboyant; on the contrary, it was in Sketches of Rome that he started to make full use of exotic epithets and colorful imagery. In 1848–1852 Maykov wrote little, but became active during the Crimean War. First came the poem "Claremont Cathedral" (1853), an ode to Russia's historical feat of preventing the Mongol hordes from devastating European civilization. This was followed by the compilation Poems, 1854. Some of the poems, like those about the siege of Sevastopol ("To General-Lieutenant Khrulyov") were welcomed by the literary left (notably Nekrasov and Chernyshevsky). Others ("In Memory of Derzhavin" and "A Message to the Camp") were seen as glorifying the monarchy and were deemed 'reactionary'. The last 1854 poem, "The Harlequin", was a caricature on a revolutionary keen to bring chaos and undermine centuries-old moral principles. Now a 'patriarchal monarchist', Maykov started to praise the Nikolai I regime. Another poem, "The Carriage", where Maykov openly supported the Tsar, was not included in 1854, but circulated in its hand-written version and did his reputation a lot of harm. Enemies either ridiculed the poet or accused him of political opportunism and base flattery. Some of his friends were positively horrified. In his epigrams, poet Nikolay Shcherbina labeled Maykov 'chameleon' and 'servile slave'. While social democrats (who dominated the Russian literary scene of the time) saw political and social reforms as necessary for Russia, Maykov called for the strengthening of state power. After Russia's defeat in the war the tone of Maykov's poetry changed. Poems like "The war is over. Vile peace is signed...", "Whirlwind" (both 1856), "He and Her" (1867) criticized corrupt high society and weak, inadequate officials who were indifferent to the woes of the country and its people. Now openly critical of Nikolai I, Maykov admitted to having been wrong when professing a belief in the monarch. In 1858 Maykov took part in the expedition to Greece on board the corvette Bayan. Prior to that he read numerous books about the country and learned the modern Greek language. Two books came out as a result of this trip: The Naples Album (which included "Tarantella", one of his best known poems) and Songs of Modern Greece. The former, focusing on contemporary Italian life, was coldly received by Russian critics who found it too eclectic. In retrospect it is regarded as a curious experiment in breaking genre barriers, with images and conversations from foreign life used to express things which in Russia could not be commented on publicly at the time. In the latter, the author's sympathy for the Greek liberation movement is evident. The early 1860s saw Maykov's popularity on the rise: he often performed in public and had his works published by the leading Russian magazines. In the mid-1860s he once again drifted towards the conservative camp, and stayed there for the rest of his life. He condemned young radicals, and expressed solidarity with Mikhail Katkov's nationalistic remarks regarding the Polish Uprising and Russian national policy in general. In poems like "Fields" (which employed Gogol's metaphor of Russia as a troika, but also expressed horror at emerging capitalism), "Niva" and "The Sketch" he praised the 1861 reforms, provoking sharp criticism from Saltykov-Schedrin and Nikolay Dobrolyubov. Adopting the Pochvennichestvo doctrine, Maykov became close to Apollon Grigoriev, Nikolai Strakhov, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky; his friendship with the latter proved to be a particularly firm and lasting one. In the 1860s and 1870s Maykov contributed mainly to Russky Vestnik. One of the leading proponents of Russian Panslavism, he saw his country as fulfilling its mission in uniting Slavs, but first and foremost freeing the peoples of the Balkans from Turkish occupation. "Once you've seen Russia in this [Panslavic] perspective, you start to understand its true nature and feel ready to devote yourself to this life-affirming cause," wrote Maykov in a letter to Dostoyevsky. The mission of art, according to the poet, was to develop the national self-consciousness and revive the 'historical memory' of Russians. The Slavic historic and moral basis on which it stood became the major theme of Maykov's poetry cycles "Of the Slavic World", "At Home", and "Callings of History". Well aware of the darker side of Russia's historic legacy, he still thought it necessary to highlight its 'shining moments' ("It's dear to me, before the icon...", 1868). Maykov was not a religious person himself but attributed great importance to the religious fervor of the common people, seeing it as the basis for 'moral wholesomeness' ("The spring, like an artist", 1859; "Ignored by all...", 1872). His religious poems of the late 1880s ("Let go, let go...", "The sunset’s quiet shine...", "Eternal night is near...") differed radically from his earlier odes to paganism. In them Maykov professed a belief in spiritual humility and expressed the conviction that this particular feature of the Russian national character would be its saving grace. Maykov and revolutionary democrats Unlike his artistic ally Afanasy Fet, Maykov always felt the need for maintaining 'spiritual bonds' with common people and, according to biographer Yampolsky, followed "the folk tradition set by Pushkin, Lermontov, Krylov and Koltsov". Yet he was skeptical of the doctrine of narodnost as formulated by Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, who saw active promotion of the democratic movement as the mission of Russian literature. In 1853, horrified by Nekrasov's poem "The Muse", Maykov wrote "An Epistle to Nekrasov", in which he urged the latter to "dilute his malice in nature's harmony." Yet he never severed ties with his opponent and often gave him credit. "There is only one poetic soul here, and that is Nekrasov," Maykov wrote in an October 1854 letter to Ivan Nikitin. According to Yampolsky, Nekrasov's poem "Grandfather" (1870, telling the story of a nobleman supporting the revolutionary cause) might have been an indirect answer to Maykov's poem "Grandmother" (1861) which praised the high moral standards of the nobility and condemned the generation of nihilists. Maykov's poem Princess (1876) had its heroine Zhenya, a girl from an aristocratic family, join a gang of conspirators and lose all notions of normality, religious, social or moral. However, unlike Vsevolod Krestovsky or Viktor Klyushnikov, Maykov treated his 'nihilist' characters rather like victims of the post-Crimean war social depression rather than villains in their own right. The Tale of Igor's Campaign Seeking inspiration and moral virtue in Russian folklore, which he called "the treasury of the Russian soul", Maykov tried to revive the archaic Russian language tradition. In his later years he made numerous freestyle translations and stylized renditions of Belarussian and Serbian folk songs. He developed a strong interest in non-Slavic folklore too, exemplified by the epic poems Baldur (1870) and Bringilda (1888) based on the Scandinavian epos. In the late 1860s Maykov became intrigued by The Tale of Igor's Campaign, which his son was studying in gymnasium at the time. Baffled by the vagueness and occasional incongruity of all the available translations, he shared his doubts with professor Izmail Sreznevsky, who replied: "It is for you to sort these things out." Maykov later described the four years of work on the new translation that followed as his "second university". His major objective was to come up with undeniable proof of the authenticity of the old text, something that many authors, Ivan Goncharov among them, expressed doubts about. Ignoring Dostoyevsky's advice to use rhymes so as to make the text sound more modern, Maykov provided the first ever scientifically substantiated translation of the document, supplied with comprehensive commentaries. First published in the January 1870 issue of Zarya magazine, it is still regarded as one of the finest achievements of his career. For Maykov, who took his historical poems and plays seriously, authenticity was the main objective. In his Old Believers drama The Wanderer (1867), he used the hand-written literature of raskolniks and, "having discovered those poetic gems, tried to re-mold them into... modern poetic forms," as he explained in the preface. In his historical works Maykov often had contemporary Russian issues in mind. "While writing of ancient history I was looking for parallels to the things that I had to live through. Our times provide so many examples of the rise and fall of the human spirit that an attentive eye looking for analogies can spot a lot," he wrote. Christianity and paganism Maykov's first foray into the history of early Christianity, "Olynthus and Esther" (1841) was criticized by Belinsky. He returned to this theme ten years later in the lyrical drama Three Deaths (1857), was dissatisfied with the result, and went on to produce part two, "The Death of Lucius" (1863). Three Deaths became the starting point of his next big poem, Two Worlds, written in 1872, then re-worked and finished in 1881. Following Belinsky's early advice, Maykov abandoned Lucius, a weak Epicurean, and made the new hero Decius, a patrician who, while hating Nero, still hopes for the state to rise up from its ashes. Like Sketches of Rome decades earlier, Two Worlds was a eulogy to Rome's eternal glory, its hero fighting Christianity, driven by the belief that Rome is another Heaven, "its dome embracing Earth." While in his earlier years Maykov was greatly intrigued by antiquity, later in life he became more interested in Christianity and its dramatic stand against oppressors. While some contemporaries praised Maykov for his objectivity and scholarly attitude, the Orthodox Christian critics considered him to be "too much of a heathen" who failed to show Christianity in its true historical perspective. Later literary historians viewed Maykov's historical dramas favourably, crediting the author for neutrality and insight. Maykov's antiquity "lives and breathes, it is anything but dull," wrote critic F. Zelinsky in 1908. For the Two Worlds Maykov received The Russian Academy of Sciences' Pushkin Prize in 1882. Last years In 1858 Grigory Kushelev-Bezborodko published the first Maykov anthology Poems by Ap. Maykov. In 1879 it was expanded and re-issued by Vladimir Meshchersky. The Complete Maykov came out in 1884 (its second edition following in 1893). In the 1880s Maykov's poetry was dominated by religious and nationalistic themes and ideas. According to I. Yampolsky, only a few of his later poems ("Emshan", "The Spring", 1881) had 'indisputable artistic quality'. In his later years the poet wrote almost nothing new, engaging mostly in editing his earlier work and preparing them for compilations and anthologies. "Maykov lived the quiet, radiant life of an artist, evidently not belonging to our times... his path was smooth and full of light. No strife, no passions, no persecution," wrote Dmitry Merezhkovsky in 1908. Although this generalization was far from the truth, according to biographer F. Priyma, it certainly expressed the general public's perception of him. Apollon Maykov died in Saint Petersburg On March 8, 1897. "His legacy will always sound as the mighty, harmonious and very complicated final chord to the Pushkin period of Russian poetry," wrote Arseny Golenishchev-Kutuzov in the Ministry of Education's obituary. Legacy Maykov's initial rise to fame, according to the Soviet scholar Fyodor Pryima, had a lot to do with Pushkin and Lermontov's untimely deaths, and the feeling of desolation shared by many Russian intellectuals of the time. Vissarion Belinsky, who discovered this new talent, believed it was up to Maykov to fill this vacuum. "The emergence of this new talent is especially important in our times, when in the devastated Church of Art... we see but grimacing jesters entertaining dumb obscurants, egotistic mediocrities, merchants and speculators," Belinsky wrote, reviewing Maykov's debut collection. Hailing the emergence of a new powerful talent, Belinsky unreservedly supported the young author's 'anthological' stylizations based upon the poetry of Ancient Greece, praising "the plasticity and gracefulness of the imagery," the virtuosity in the art of the decorative, the "poetic, lively language" but also the simplicity and lack of pretentiousness. "Even in Pushkin's legacy this poem would have rated among his best anthological pieces," Belinsky wrote about the poem called "The Dream". Still, he advised the author to leave the 'anthological' realm behind as soon as possible and expressed dissatisfaction with poems on Russia's recent history. While admitting "Who's He" (a piece on Peter the Great, which some years later found its way into textbooks) was "not bad", Belinsky lambasted "Two Coffins", a hymn to Russia's victories over Karl XII and Napoleon. Maykov's debut collection made him one of the leading Russian poets. In the 1840s "his lexical and rhythmic patterns became more diverse but the style remained the same, still relying upon the basics of classical elegy," according to the biographer Mayorova, who noted a strange dichotomy between the flamboyant wording and static imagery, and pointed to the "insurmountable distance between the poet and the world he pictured." After Belinsky's death, Maykov started to waver between the two camps of the Westernizers and the Slavophiles, and the critics, accordingly, started to treat his work on the basis of their own political views in relation to the poet's changing ideological stance. Maykov's 1840s' "natural school"- influenced poems were praised (and published) by Nikolay Nekrasov. His later works, expressing conservative, monarchist and anti-'nihilist' views, were supported by Dostoyevsky, who on more than one occasion pronounced Maykov Russia's major poet. In his 1895 article for the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, the philosopher and critic Vladimir Solovyov argued that Maykov's dominant characteristics were "a serene, contemplating tone, elaborate patterns, a distinct and individual style (in form, although not in colors) with a relatively lackluster lyric side, the latter suffering obviously from too much attention to details, often at the expense of the original inspiration." Maykov's best works were, the critic opined, "powerful and expressive, even if not exceptionally sonorous." Speaking of Maykov's subject matter, Solovyov was almost dismissive:Two major themes form the foundation of Maykov's poetry, the Ancient Greek aesthetic and historical myths of the Byzantine-Russian politics; bonded only by the poet's unreserved love for both, never merge... The concept of Byzantium, as the second Rome, though, has not crystallized as clear and distinct in the poet's mind as that of the original Roman Empire. He loves Byzantine/Russia in its historical reality, refusing to admit its faults and contradictions, tending to glorify even such monsters as Ivan the Terrible, whose "greatness", he believes, will be "recognised" in due time. [...] There was also a kind of background theme in his earlier work, the pastoral pictures of beautiful Russian nature, which the poet had all the better reason to enjoy for being a devout fisherman. The modernist critic Yuly Aykhenvald, analyzing the cliché formula that bonded "Maykov, Polonsky and Fet" into a solid group of similar-minded authors, alleged that Maykov "to a lesser extent than the other two freed himself from the habit of copying classics" and "in his earlier works was unoriginal, producing verse that shone with reflected light." Not even his passionate love for classics could help the author submerge "wholly into the pagan element," the critic opined.He was a scholar of antiquity and his gift, self-admittedly "has been strengthened by being tempered in the fire of science." As a purveyor of classicism, his very soul was not deep or naive enough to fully let this spirit in or embrace the antique idea of intellectual freedom. Poems, inhabited by naiads, nymphs, muses and dryads, are very pretty, and you can't help being enchanted by these ancient fables. But he gives you no chance to forget for a moment that – what for his ancient heroes was life itself, for him is only a myth, a 'clever lie' he could never believe himself. All Maykov's strong points, according to the critic, relate to the fact that he learned painting, and, in a way, extended the art into his poetry. Aykhenvald gives him unreserved credit for the "plasticity of language, the unequalled turn at working on a phrase as if it was a tangible material." Occasionally "his lines are so interweaved, the verse looks like a poetic calligraphy; a scripturam continuam... Rarely passionate and showing only distant echoes of original inspiration, Maykov's verse strikes you with divine shapeliness... Maykov's best poems resemble statues, driven to perfection with great precision and so flawless as to make a reader feel slightly guilty for their own imperfection, making them inadequate to even behold what's infinitely finer than themselves," the critic argued. Another Silver Age critic who noticed how painting and fishing might have influenced Maykov's poetry was Innokenty Annensky. In his 1898 essay on Maykov he wrote: "A poet usually chooses their own, particular method of communicating with nature, and often it is sports. Poets of the future might be cyclists or aeronauts. Byron was a swimmer, Goethe a skater, Lermontov a horse rider, and many other of our poets (Turgenev, both Tolstoys, Nekrasov, Fet, Yazykov) were hunters. Maykov was a passionate fisherman and this occupation was in perfect harmony with his contemplative nature, with his love for a fair sunny day which has such a vivid expression in his poetry." Putting Maykov into the "masters of meditation" category alongside Ivan Krylov and Ivan Goncharov, Annensky continued: "He was one of those rare harmonic characters for whom seeking beauty and working upon its embodiments was something natural and easy, nature itself filling their souls with its beauty. Such people, rational and contemplative, have no need for stimulus, praise, strife, even fresh impressions... their artistic imagery growing as if from soil. Such contemplative poets produce ideas that are clear-cut and 'coined', their images are sculpture-like," the critic argued. Annensky praised Maykov's gift for creating unusual combinations of colors, which was "totally absent in Pushkin's verse, to some extent known to Lermontov, 'a poet of mountains and clouds' ...and best represented by the French poets Baudelaire and Verlaine." "What strikes one is Maykov's poetry's extraordinary vigor, the freshness and firmness of the author's talent: Olympians and the heroes of Antiquity whom he befriended during his childhood years… must have shared with him their eternal youth," Annensky wrote. D. S. Mirsky called Maykov "the most representative poet of the age," but added: "Maykov was mildly 'poetical' and mildly realistic; mildly tendentious, and never emotional. Images are always the principal thing in his poems. Some of them (always subject to the restriction that he had no style and no diction) are happy discoveries, like the short and very well known poems on spring and rain. But his more realistic poems are spoiled by sentimentality, and his more 'poetic' poems hopelessly inadequate — their beauty is mere mid-Victorian tinsel. Few of his more ambitious attempts are successful." By the mid-1850s Maykov had acquired the reputation of a typical proponent of the "pure poetry" doctrine, although his position was special. Yet, according to Pryima, "Maykov was devoid of snobbishness and never saw himself occupying some loftier position even when mentioning 'crowds'. His need in communicating with people is always obvious ("Summer Rain", "Haymaking", "Nights of Mowing", The Naples Album). It's just that he failed to realize his potential as a 'people's poet' to the full." "Maykov couldn't be seen as equal to giants like Pushkin, Lermontov, Koltsov, or Nekrasov," but still "occupies a highly important place in the history of Russian poetry" which he greatly enriched, the critic insisted. In the years of Maykov's debut, according to Pryima, "Russian poetry was still in its infancy... so even as an enlightener, Maykov with his encyclopedic knowledge of history and the way of approaching every new theme as a field for scientific research played an unparalleled role in the Russian literature of the time." "His spectacular forays into the 'anthological' genre, as well as his translations of classics formed a kind of "antique Gulf Stream" which warmed up the whole of Russian literature, speeding its development," another researcher, F. F. Zelinsky, agreed. Maykov's best poems ("To a Young Lady", "Haymaking", "Fishing", "The Wanderer"), as well his as translations of the Slavic and Western poets and his poetic rendition of Slovo o Polku Igoreve, belong to the Russian poetry classics, according to Pryima. Selected bibliography Poetry collections Poems by A.N.Maykov (1842) Sketches of Rome (Otcherki Rima, 1847) 1854. Poems (Stikhotvoreniya, 1854) The Naples Album (Neapolsky albom, 1858) Songs of Modern Greece (Pesni novoy Gretsii, 1860) Dramas Three Deaths (Tri smerti, 1857) Two Worlds (Dva mira, 1882) Major poems Two Fates (Dve sudby, 1845) Mashenka (1946) Dreams (Sny, 1858) The Wanderer (Strannik, 1867) Princess*** (Knyazhna, 1878) Bringilda (1888) Notes References External links Apollon Maykov Poem All works by Apollon Maykov Russian male poets 1821 births 1897 deaths People from Moscow Pushkin Prize winners 19th-century poets 19th-century Russian male writers Dramatists and playwrights of the Russian Empire Translators of the Russian Empire Poets of the Russian Empire Saint Petersburg State University alumni Literary critics of the Russian Empire Essayists of the Russian Empire 19th-century Russian translators Privy Councillor (Russian Empire)

<mask> (, , Moscow – , Saint Petersburg) was a Russian poet, best known for his lyric verse showcasing images of Russian villages, nature, and history. His love for ancient Greece and Rome, which he studied for much of his life, is also reflected in his works. <mask> spent four years translating the epic The Tale of Igor's Campaign (1870) into modern Russian. He translated the folklore of Belarus, Greece, Serbia and Spain, as well as works by Heine, Adam Mickiewicz and Goethe, among others. Several of <mask>'s poems were set to music by Russian composers, among them Rimsky-Korsakov and Tchaikovsky. <mask> was born into an artistic family and educated at home, by the writer Ivan Goncharov, among others. At the age of 15, he began writing his first poetry.After finishing his gymnasium course in just three years, he enrolled in Saint Petersburg University in 1837. He began publishing his poems in 1840, and came out with his first collection in 1842. The collection was reviewed favorably by the influential critic Vissarion Belinsky. After this, he traveled throughout Europe, returning to Saint Petersburg in 1844, where he continued to publish poetry and branched out into literary criticism and essay writing. He continued writing throughout his life, wavering several times between the conservative and liberal camps, but maintaining a steady output of quality poetical works. In his liberal days he was close to Belinsky, Nikolay Nekrasov, and Ivan Turgenev, while in his conservative periods he was close to Fyodor Dostoyevsky. He ended his life as a conservative.<mask> died in Saint Petersburg On March 8, 1897. Biography <mask> <mask> was born into an artistic family. His father, Nikolay <mask>, was a painter, and in his later years an academic of the Imperial Academy of Arts. His mother, Yevgeniya Petrovna <mask> (née Gusyatnikova, 1803–1880), loved literature and later in life had some of her own poetry published. The boy's childhood was spent at the family estate just outside Moscow, in a house often visited by writers and artists. <mask>'s early memories and impressions formed the foundation for his much lauded landscape lyricism, marked by what biographer Igor Yampolsky calls "a touchingly naive love for the old patriarchal ways." In 1834 the family moved to Saint Petersburg.<mask> and his brother Valerian were educated at home, under the guidance of their father's friend Vladimir Solonitsyn, a writer, philologist and translator, known also for Nikolay <mask>'s 1839 portrait of him. Ivan Goncharov, then an unknown young author, taught Russian literature to the <mask> brothers. As he later remembered, the house "was full of life, and had many visitors, providing a never ceasing flow of information from all kinds of intellectual spheres, including science and the arts." At the age of 15 Apollon started to write poetry. With a group of friends (Vladimir Benediktov, Ivan Goncharov and Pavel Svinyin among others) the <mask> brothers edited two hand-written magazines, Podsnezhnik (Snow-drop) and Moonlit Nights, where Apollon's early poetry appeared for the first time. <mask> finished his whole gymnasium course in just three years, and in 1837 enrolled in Saint Petersburg University's law faculty. As a student he learned Latin which enabled him to read Ancient Roman authors in the original texts.He later learned Ancient Greek, but until then had to content himself with French translations of the Greek classics. It was at the university that <mask> developed his passionate love of Ancient Greece and Rome. Literary career <mask> <mask>'s first poems (signed "M.") were published in 1840 by the Odessa Almanac and in 1841 by Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya and Otechestvennye Zapiski. He also studied painting, but soon chose to devote himself entirely to poetry. Instrumental in this decision was Pyotr Pletnyov, a University professor who, acting as a mentor for the young man, showed the first poems of his protégé to such literary giants as Vasily Zhukovsky and Nikolai Gogol. <mask> never became a painter, but the lessons he received greatly influenced his artistic worldview and writing style. In 1842 his first collection Poems by A.N.<mask> was published, to much acclaim. "For me it sounds like Delvig's ideas expressed by Pushkin," Pletnyov wrote. Vissarion Belinsky responded with a comprehensive essay, praising the book's first section called "Poems Written for an Anthology", a cycle of verses stylized after both ancient Greek epigrams and the traditional elegy. He was flattered by the famous critic's close attention. <mask> paid heed to his advice and years later, working on the re-issues, edited much of the text in direct accordance with Belinsky's views. After graduating from the university, <mask> joined the Russian Ministry of Finance as a clerk. Having received a stipend for his first book from Tsar Nicholas I, he used the money to travel abroad, visiting Italy (where he spent most of his time writing poetry and painting), France, Saxony, and Austria.In Paris Apollon and Valerian attended lectures on literature and fine arts at the Sorbonne and the Collège de France. On his way back <mask> visited Dresden and Prague where he met Václav Hanka and Pavel Jozef Šafárik, the two leaders of the national revival movement. The direct outcome of this voyage for <mask> <mask> was a University dissertation on the history of law in Eastern Europe. In 1844 <mask> returned to Saint Petersburg to join the Rumyantsev Museum library as an assistant. He became actively involved with the literary life of the Russian capital, contributing to Otechestvennye Zapiski, Finsky Vestnik and Sovremennik. He also debuted as a critic and published several essays on literature and fine art, reviewing works by artists like Ivan Aivazovsky, Fyodor Tolstoy and Pavel Fedotov. In 1846 the Petersburg Anthology published his poem "Mashenka", which saw Maykov discarding elegy and leaning towards a more down-to-Earth style of writing.Again Belinsky was impressed, hailing the arrival of "a new talent, quite capable of presenting real life in its true light." The critic also liked Two Fates (Saint Petersburg, 1845). A "natural school" piece, touched by Mikhail Lermontov's influence, it featured "a Pechorin-type character, an intelligent, thinking nobleman retrogressing into a low-brow philistine," according to Alexander Hertzen's review. In the late 1840s <mask> was also writing prose, in a Gogol-influenced style known as the "physiological sketch". Among the short stories he published at the time were "Uncle's Will" (1847) and "The Old Woman – Fragments from the Notes of a Virtuous Man" (1848). In the late 1840s <mask> entered Belinsky's circle and became friends with Nikolai Nekrasov and Ivan Turgenev. Along with his brother Valerian he started to attend Mikhail Petrashevsky's 'Secret Fridays', establishing contacts with Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Aleksey Pleshcheyev.Later, having been interrogated about his involvement, <mask> avoided arrest (he did not have a significant role in the group's activities), but for several years was kept under secret police surveillance. In the years to come <mask>, who never believed in the ideas of socialism, often expressed embarrassment over his involvement in the Petrashevsky affair. In an 1854 letter to M. A. Yazykov he confessed: "At the time I had very vague political ideas and was foolish enough to join a group where all the government's actions were criticized and condemned as wrong a priory, many of [its members] applauding every mistake, according to the logic of 'the worse they rule, the quicker they'll fall'. In the 1850s <mask>, now a Slavophile, began to champion 'firm' monarchy and strong Orthodox values. Writing to Aleksandr Nikitenko he argued: "Only a form of political system which had been proven by the test of history could be called viable". In 1852 <mask> moved into the office of the Russian Committee of Foreign censorship, where he continued working for the rest of his life, becoming its chairman in 1882. In 1847 <mask>'s second collection of poems, Sketches of Rome, the artistic outcome of his earlier European trip, was published.Informed with Belinsky's criticism, some poems were built on the juxtaposition of the majestic ruins and lush landscapes of 'classic' Rome with the everyday squalor of contemporary Italy. This homage to the "natural school" movement, though, did not make <mask>'s style less flamboyant; on the contrary, it was in Sketches of Rome that he started to make full use of exotic epithets and colorful imagery. In 1848–1852 <mask> wrote little, but became active during the Crimean War. First came the poem "Claremont Cathedral" (1853), an ode to Russia's historical feat of preventing the Mongol hordes from devastating European civilization. This was followed by the compilation Poems, 1854. Some of the poems, like those about the siege of Sevastopol ("To General-Lieutenant Khrulyov") were welcomed by the literary left (notably Nekrasov and Chernyshevsky). Others ("In Memory of Derzhavin" and "A Message to the Camp") were seen as glorifying the monarchy and were deemed 'reactionary'.The last 1854 poem, "The Harlequin", was a caricature on a revolutionary keen to bring chaos and undermine centuries-old moral principles. Now a 'patriarchal monarchist', <mask> started to praise the Nikolai I regime. Another poem, "The Carriage", where Maykov openly supported the Tsar, was not included in 1854, but circulated in its hand-written version and did his reputation a lot of harm. Enemies either ridiculed the poet or accused him of political opportunism and base flattery. Some of his friends were positively horrified. In his epigrams, poet Nikolay Shcherbina labeled Maykov 'chameleon' and 'servile slave'. While social democrats (who dominated the Russian literary scene of the time) saw political and social reforms as necessary for Russia, <mask> called for the strengthening of state power.After Russia's defeat in the war the tone of <mask>'s poetry changed. Poems like "The war is over. Vile peace is signed...", "Whirlwind" (both 1856), "He and Her" (1867) criticized corrupt high society and weak, inadequate officials who were indifferent to the woes of the country and its people. Now openly critical of Nikolai I, <mask> admitted to having been wrong when professing a belief in the monarch. In 1858 <mask> took part in the expedition to Greece on board the corvette Bayan. Prior to that he read numerous books about the country and learned the modern Greek language. Two books came out as a result of this trip: The Naples Album (which included "Tarantella", one of his best known poems) and Songs of Modern Greece.The former, focusing on contemporary Italian life, was coldly received by Russian critics who found it too eclectic. In retrospect it is regarded as a curious experiment in breaking genre barriers, with images and conversations from foreign life used to express things which in Russia could not be commented on publicly at the time. In the latter, the author's sympathy for the Greek liberation movement is evident. The early 1860s saw <mask>'s popularity on the rise: he often performed in public and had his works published by the leading Russian magazines. In the mid-1860s he once again drifted towards the conservative camp, and stayed there for the rest of his life. He condemned young radicals, and expressed solidarity with Mikhail Katkov's nationalistic remarks regarding the Polish Uprising and Russian national policy in general. In poems like "Fields" (which employed Gogol's metaphor of Russia as a troika, but also expressed horror at emerging capitalism), "Niva" and "The Sketch" he praised the 1861 reforms, provoking sharp criticism from Saltykov-Schedrin and Nikolay Dobrolyubov.Adopting the Pochvennichestvo doctrine, <mask> became close to <mask> Grigoriev, Nikolai Strakhov, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky; his friendship with the latter proved to be a particularly firm and lasting one. In the 1860s and 1870s <mask> contributed mainly to Russky Vestnik. One of the leading proponents of Russian Panslavism, he saw his country as fulfilling its mission in uniting Slavs, but first and foremost freeing the peoples of the Balkans from Turkish occupation. "Once you've seen Russia in this [Panslavic] perspective, you start to understand its true nature and feel ready to devote yourself to this life-affirming cause," wrote <mask> in a letter to Dostoyevsky. The mission of art, according to the poet, was to develop the national self-consciousness and revive the 'historical memory' of Russians. The Slavic historic and moral basis on which it stood became the major theme of <mask>'s poetry cycles "Of the Slavic World", "At Home", and "Callings of History". Well aware of the darker side of Russia's historic legacy, he still thought it necessary to highlight its 'shining moments' ("It's dear to me, before the icon...", 1868).<mask> was not a religious person himself but attributed great importance to the religious fervor of the common people, seeing it as the basis for 'moral wholesomeness' ("The spring, like an artist", 1859; "Ignored by all...", 1872). His religious poems of the late 1880s ("Let go, let go...", "The sunset’s quiet shine...", "Eternal night is near...") differed radically from his earlier odes to paganism. In them Maykov professed a belief in spiritual humility and expressed the conviction that this particular feature of the Russian national character would be its saving grace. Maykov and revolutionary democrats Unlike his artistic ally Afanasy Fet, <mask> always felt the need for maintaining 'spiritual bonds' with common people and, according to biographer Yampolsky, followed "the folk tradition set by Pushkin, Lermontov, Krylov and Koltsov". Yet he was skeptical of the doctrine of narodnost as formulated by Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, who saw active promotion of the democratic movement as the mission of Russian literature. In 1853, horrified by Nekrasov's poem "The Muse", <mask> wrote "An Epistle to Nekrasov", in which he urged the latter to "dilute his malice in nature's harmony." Yet he never severed ties with his opponent and often gave him credit."There is only one poetic soul here, and that is Nekrasov," <mask> wrote in an October 1854 letter to Ivan Nikitin. According to Yampolsky, Nekrasov's poem "Grandfather" (1870, telling the story of a nobleman supporting the revolutionary cause) might have been an indirect answer to <mask>'s poem "Grandmother" (1861) which praised the high moral standards of the nobility and condemned the generation of nihilists. <mask>'s poem Princess (1876) had its heroine Zhenya, a girl from an aristocratic family, join a gang of conspirators and lose all notions of normality, religious, social or moral. However, unlike Vsevolod Krestovsky or Viktor Klyushnikov, <mask> treated his 'nihilist' characters rather like victims of the post-Crimean war social depression rather than villains in their own right. The Tale of Igor's Campaign Seeking inspiration and moral virtue in Russian folklore, which he called "the treasury of the Russian soul", <mask> tried to revive the archaic Russian language tradition. In his later years he made numerous freestyle translations and stylized renditions of Belarussian and Serbian folk songs. He developed a strong interest in non-Slavic folklore too, exemplified by the epic poems Baldur (1870) and Bringilda (1888) based on the Scandinavian epos.In the late 1860s <mask> became intrigued by The Tale of Igor's Campaign, which his son was studying in gymnasium at the time. Baffled by the vagueness and occasional incongruity of all the available translations, he shared his doubts with professor Izmail Sreznevsky, who replied: "It is for you to sort these things out." <mask> later described the four years of work on the new translation that followed as his "second university". His major objective was to come up with undeniable proof of the authenticity of the old text, something that many authors, Ivan Goncharov among them, expressed doubts about. Ignoring Dostoyevsky's advice to use rhymes so as to make the text sound more modern, <mask> provided the first ever scientifically substantiated translation of the document, supplied with comprehensive commentaries. First published in the January 1870 issue of Zarya magazine, it is still regarded as one of the finest achievements of his career. For <mask>, who took his historical poems and plays seriously, authenticity was the main objective.In his Old Believers drama The Wanderer (1867), he used the hand-written literature of raskolniks and, "having discovered those poetic gems, tried to re-mold them into... modern poetic forms," as he explained in the preface. In his historical works Maykov often had contemporary Russian issues in mind. "While writing of ancient history I was looking for parallels to the things that I had to live through. Our times provide so many examples of the rise and fall of the human spirit that an attentive eye looking for analogies can spot a lot," he wrote. Christianity and paganism <mask>'s first foray into the history of early Christianity, "Olynthus and Esther" (1841) was criticized by Belinsky. He returned to this theme ten years later in the lyrical drama Three Deaths (1857), was dissatisfied with the result, and went on to produce part two, "The Death of Lucius" (1863). Three Deaths became the starting point of his next big poem, Two Worlds, written in 1872, then re-worked and finished in 1881.Following Belinsky's early advice, <mask> abandoned Lucius, a weak Epicurean, and made the new hero Decius, a patrician who, while hating Nero, still hopes for the state to rise up from its ashes. Like Sketches of Rome decades earlier, Two Worlds was a eulogy to Rome's eternal glory, its hero fighting Christianity, driven by the belief that Rome is another Heaven, "its dome embracing Earth." While in his earlier years <mask> was greatly intrigued by antiquity, later in life he became more interested in Christianity and its dramatic stand against oppressors. While some contemporaries praised <mask> for his objectivity and scholarly attitude, the Orthodox Christian critics considered him to be "too much of a heathen" who failed to show Christianity in its true historical perspective. Later literary historians viewed <mask>'s historical dramas favourably, crediting the author for neutrality and insight. <mask>'s antiquity "lives and breathes, it is anything but dull," wrote critic F. Zelinsky in 1908. For the Two Worlds Maykov received The Russian Academy of Sciences' Pushkin Prize in 1882.Last years In 1858 Grigory Kushelev-Bezborodko published the first Maykov anthology Poems by Ap. <mask>. In 1879 it was expanded and re-issued by Vladimir Meshchersky. The Complete Maykov came out in 1884 (its second edition following in 1893). In the 1880s <mask>'s poetry was dominated by religious and nationalistic themes and ideas. According to I. Yampolsky, only a few of his later poems ("Emshan", "The Spring", 1881) had 'indisputable artistic quality'. In his later years the poet wrote almost nothing new, engaging mostly in editing his earlier work and preparing them for compilations and anthologies."<mask> lived the quiet, radiant life of an artist, evidently not belonging to our times... his path was smooth and full of light. No strife, no passions, no persecution," wrote Dmitry Merezhkovsky in 1908. Although this generalization was far from the truth, according to biographer F. Priyma, it certainly expressed the general public's perception of him. <mask> <mask> died in Saint Petersburg On March 8, 1897. "His legacy will always sound as the mighty, harmonious and very complicated final chord to the Pushkin period of Russian poetry," wrote Arseny Golenishchev-Kutuzov in the Ministry of Education's obituary. <mask>'s initial rise to fame, according to the Soviet scholar Fyodor Pryima, had a lot to do with Pushkin and Lermontov's untimely deaths, and the feeling of desolation shared by many Russian intellectuals of the time. Vissarion Belinsky, who discovered this new talent, believed it was up to Maykov to fill this vacuum."The emergence of this new talent is especially important in our times, when in the devastated Church of Art... we see but grimacing jesters entertaining dumb obscurants, egotistic mediocrities, merchants and speculators," Belinsky wrote, reviewing <mask>'s debut collection. Hailing the emergence of a new powerful talent, Belinsky unreservedly supported the young author's 'anthological' stylizations based upon the poetry of Ancient Greece, praising "the plasticity and gracefulness of the imagery," the virtuosity in the art of the decorative, the "poetic, lively language" but also the simplicity and lack of pretentiousness. "Even in Pushkin's legacy this poem would have rated among his best anthological pieces," Belinsky wrote about the poem called "The Dream". Still, he advised the author to leave the 'anthological' realm behind as soon as possible and expressed dissatisfaction with poems on Russia's recent history. While admitting "Who's He" (a piece on Peter the Great, which some years later found its way into textbooks) was "not bad", Belinsky lambasted "Two Coffins", a hymn to Russia's victories over Karl XII and Napoleon. <mask>'s debut collection made him one of the leading Russian poets. In the 1840s "his lexical and rhythmic patterns became more diverse but the style remained the same, still relying upon the basics of classical elegy," according to the biographer Mayorova, who noted a strange dichotomy between the flamboyant wording and static imagery, and pointed to the "insurmountable distance between the poet and the world he pictured."After Belinsky's death, <mask> started to waver between the two camps of the Westernizers and the Slavophiles, and the critics, accordingly, started to treat his work on the basis of their own political views in relation to the poet's changing ideological stance. <mask>'s 1840s' "natural school"- influenced poems were praised (and published) by Nikolay Nekrasov. His later works, expressing conservative, monarchist and anti-'nihilist' views, were supported by Dostoyevsky, who on more than one occasion pronounced Maykov Russia's major poet. In his 1895 article for the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, the philosopher and critic Vladimir Solovyov argued that <mask>'s dominant characteristics were "a serene, contemplating tone, elaborate patterns, a distinct and individual style (in form, although not in colors) with a relatively lackluster lyric side, the latter suffering obviously from too much attention to details, often at the expense of the original inspiration." <mask>'s best works were, the critic opined, "powerful and expressive, even if not exceptionally sonorous." Speaking of <mask>'s subject matter, Solovyov was almost dismissive:Two major themes form the foundation of Maykov's poetry, the Ancient Greek aesthetic and historical myths of the Byzantine-Russian politics; bonded only by the poet's unreserved love for both, never merge... The concept of Byzantium, as the second Rome, though, has not crystallized as clear and distinct in the poet's mind as that of the original Roman Empire.He loves Byzantine/Russia in its historical reality, refusing to admit its faults and contradictions, tending to glorify even such monsters as Ivan the Terrible, whose "greatness", he believes, will be "recognised" in due time. [...] There was also a kind of background theme in his earlier work, the pastoral pictures of beautiful Russian nature, which the poet had all the better reason to enjoy for being a devout fisherman. The modernist critic Yuly Aykhenvald, analyzing the cliché formula that bonded "<mask>, Polonsky and Fet" into a solid group of similar-minded authors, alleged that <mask> "to a lesser extent than the other two freed himself from the habit of copying classics" and "in his earlier works was unoriginal, producing verse that shone with reflected light." Not even his passionate love for classics could help the author submerge "wholly into the pagan element," the critic opined.He was a scholar of antiquity and his gift, self-admittedly "has been strengthened by being tempered in the fire of science." As a purveyor of classicism, his very soul was not deep or naive enough to fully let this spirit in or embrace the antique idea of intellectual freedom. Poems, inhabited by naiads, nymphs, muses and dryads, are very pretty, and you can't help being enchanted by these ancient fables. But he gives you no chance to forget for a moment that – what for his ancient heroes was life itself, for him is only a myth, a 'clever lie' he could never believe himself.All <mask>'s strong points, according to the critic, relate to the fact that he learned painting, and, in a way, extended the art into his poetry. Aykhenvald gives him unreserved credit for the "plasticity of language, the unequalled turn at working on a phrase as if it was a tangible material." Occasionally "his lines are so interweaved, the verse looks like a poetic calligraphy; a scripturam continuam... Rarely passionate and showing only distant echoes of original inspiration, <mask>'s verse strikes you with divine shapeliness... <mask>'s best poems resemble statues, driven to perfection with great precision and so flawless as to make a reader feel slightly guilty for their own imperfection, making them inadequate to even behold what's infinitely finer than themselves," the critic argued. Another Silver Age critic who noticed how painting and fishing might have influenced <mask>'s poetry was Innokenty Annensky. In his 1898 essay on Maykov he wrote: "A poet usually chooses their own, particular method of communicating with nature, and often it is sports. Poets of the future might be cyclists or aeronauts.Byron was a swimmer, Goethe a skater, Lermontov a horse rider, and many other of our poets (Turgenev, both Tolstoys, Nekrasov, Fet, Yazykov) were hunters. <mask> was a passionate fisherman and this occupation was in perfect harmony with his contemplative nature, with his love for a fair sunny day which has such a vivid expression in his poetry." Putting <mask> into the "masters of meditation" category alongside Ivan Krylov and Ivan Goncharov, Annensky continued: "He was one of those rare harmonic characters for whom seeking beauty and working upon its embodiments was something natural and easy, nature itself filling their souls with its beauty. Such people, rational and contemplative, have no need for stimulus, praise, strife, even fresh impressions... their artistic imagery growing as if from soil. Such contemplative poets produce ideas that are clear-cut and 'coined', their images are sculpture-like," the critic argued. Annensky praised <mask>'s gift for creating unusual combinations of colors, which was "totally absent in Pushkin's verse, to some extent known to Lermontov, 'a poet of mountains and clouds' ...and best represented by the French poets Baudelaire and Verlaine." "What strikes one is <mask>'s poetry's extraordinary vigor, the freshness and firmness of the author's talent: Olympians and the heroes of Antiquity whom he befriended during his childhood years… must have shared with him their eternal youth," Annensky wrote.D. S. Mirsky called <mask> "the most representative poet of the age," but added: "<mask> was mildly 'poetical' and mildly realistic; mildly tendentious, and never emotional. Images are always the principal thing in his poems. Some of them (always subject to the restriction that he had no style and no diction) are happy discoveries, like the short and very well known poems on spring and rain. But his more realistic poems are spoiled by sentimentality, and his more 'poetic' poems hopelessly inadequate — their beauty is mere mid-Victorian tinsel. Few of his more ambitious attempts are successful." By the mid-1850s <mask> had acquired the reputation of a typical proponent of the "pure poetry" doctrine, although his position was special. Yet, according to Pryima, "Maykov was devoid of snobbishness and never saw himself occupying some loftier position even when mentioning 'crowds'.His need in communicating with people is always obvious ("Summer Rain", "Haymaking", "Nights of Mowing", The Naples Album). It's just that he failed to realize his potential as a 'people's poet' to the full." "Maykov couldn't be seen as equal to giants like Pushkin, Lermontov, Koltsov, or Nekrasov," but still "occupies a highly important place in the history of Russian poetry" which he greatly enriched, the critic insisted. In the years of <mask>'s debut, according to Pryima, "Russian poetry was still in its infancy... so even as an enlightener, Maykov with his encyclopedic knowledge of history and the way of approaching every new theme as a field for scientific research played an unparalleled role in the Russian literature of the time." "His spectacular forays into the 'anthological' genre, as well as his translations of classics formed a kind of "antique Gulf Stream" which warmed up the whole of Russian literature, speeding its development," another researcher, F. F. Zelinsky, agreed. <mask>'s best poems ("To a Young Lady", "Haymaking", "Fishing", "The Wanderer"), as well his as translations of the Slavic and Western poets and his poetic rendition of Slovo o Polku Igoreve, belong to the Russian poetry classics, according to Pryima. Selected bibliography Poetry collections Poems by A.N.<mask> (1842) Sketches of Rome (Otcherki Rima, 1847) 1854.Poems (Stikhotvoreniya, 1854) The Naples Album (Neapolsky albom, 1858) Songs of Modern Greece (Pesni novoy Gretsii, 1860) Dramas Three Deaths (Tri smerti, 1857) Two Worlds (Dva mira, 1882) Major poems Two Fates (Dve sudby, 1845) Mashenka (1946) Dreams (Sny, 1858) The Wanderer (Strannik, 1867) Princess*** (Knyazhna, 1878) Bringilda (1888) Notes References External links Apollon Maykov Poem All works by Apollon Maykov Russian male poets 1821 births 1897 deaths People from Moscow Pushkin Prize winners 19th-century poets 19th-century Russian male writers Dramatists and playwrights of the Russian Empire Translators of the Russian Empire Poets of the Russian Empire Saint Petersburg State University alumni Literary critics of the Russian Empire Essayists of the Russian Empire 19th-century Russian translators Privy Councillor (Russian Empire)

<mask> was a Russian poet best known for his verse showcasing images of Russian villages, nature, and history. His love for ancient Greece and Rome is reflected in his works. The Tale of Igor's Campaign was translated into Russian for four years. He translated the folklore of several countries, including Greece, Serbia and Spain. Several of <mask>'s poems were set to music by Russian composers. The writer Ivan Goncharov was one of the people who educated Maykov at home. He started writing poetry at the age of 15.He graduated from the gymnasium course in three years. His first collection of poems was published in 1842. The critic Vissarion Belinsky liked the collection. After this, he traveled throughout Europe, returning to Saint Petersburg in 1844, where he continued to publish poetry and branched out into literary criticism and essay writing. He maintained a steady output of quality poetical works despite wavering between the conservative and liberal camps. He was close to Ivan Turgenev in his conservative days, but he was close to Belinsky in his liberal days. He died as a conservative.On March 8, 1897, <mask> died. <mask> <mask> was born into an artistic family. His father was a painter and an academic at the Imperial Academy of Arts. His mother loved to read and had some of her own poetry published. The house where the boy's childhood was spent was often visited by writers and artists. <mask>'s early memories and impressions formed the foundation for his much lauded landscape lyricism, which was marked by a touchingly naive love for the old patriarchal ways. The family moved to Saint Petersburg in the 18th century.<mask> and his brother Valerian were educated at home under the guidance of their father's friend, a writer and translator. Russian literature was taught to the <mask> brothers by an unknown young author. The house was full of life and had many visitors, providing a constant flow of information from all sorts of intellectual spheres, including science and the arts. Apollon started writing poetry when he was 15. Two hand-written magazines, Podsnezhnik (Snow-drop) and Moonlit Nights, were edited by the <mask> brothers with a group of friends. He finished his gymnasium course in three years and then went to law school. He was able to read Ancient Roman authors in the original texts because he learned Latin as a student.He had to use French translations of the Greek classics until he learned Ancient Greek. He developed his love of Ancient Greece and Rome at the university. <mask> <mask>'s first poems were published in the Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya and Otechestvennye Zapiski. He decided to devote himself to poetry after studying painting. Pyotr Pletnyov, a University professor who acted as a mentor for the young man, showed the first poems of the young man's mentor. <mask>'s artistic worldview and writing style were influenced by the lessons he received. His first collection was Poems by A.N.<mask> was published and received a lot of praise. It sounds like Delvig's ideas were expressed by Pushkin. The first section of the book, "Poems Written for an anthology", is a cycle of verse that is stylized after ancient Greek epigrams and the traditional elegy. He was flattered by the critic's attention. The re-issues were edited in accordance with Belinsky's views after <mask> paid heed to his advice. He joined the Russian Ministry of Finance as a clerk after graduating from the university. He spent most of his time writing poetry and painting in Italy after receiving a stipend for his first book.Apollon and Valerian attended lectures on literature and fine arts in Paris. Vclav Hanka and Pavel Jozef afrik were two of the leaders of the national revival movement. The history of law in Eastern Europe was the subject of <mask> <mask>'s University thesis. <mask> joined the Rumyantsev Museum library as an assistant in 1844. He was involved in the literary life of the Russian capital. He published several essays on literature and fine art while he was a critic. <mask> deviated from his usual style of writing when his poem "Mashenka" was published.Belinsky was impressed by the arrival of a new talent who was capable of presenting real life in its true light. Two Fates was liked by the critic. A Pechorin-type character, an intelligent, thinking nobleman retrogressing into a low-brow philistine, was featured in a piece that was touched by Mikhail Lermontov's influence. The "physiological sketch" is a style of prose written in the late 1840s by <mask>. "Uncle's Will" and "The Old Woman - Fragments from the Notes of a Virtuous Man" were two of the short stories he published. Belinsky's circle had friends in the late 1840s, including <mask> and Ivan Turgenev. Along with his brother Valerian, he attended 'Secret Fridays'.After being questioned about his involvement, <mask> avoided arrest but was kept under police watch for several years. In the years to come, <mask> expressed embarrassment over his involvement in the Petrashevsky affair. He confessed in an 1854 letter that he was foolish to join a group where all the government's actions were criticized and condemned as wrong. <mask> began to champion strong Orthodox values in the 1850s. "Only a form of political system which had been proven by the test of history could be called viable," he wrote. He worked for the rest of his life in the office of the Russian Committee of Foreign censorship, becoming its chairman in 1882. <mask>'s second collection of poems, Sketches of Rome, was published in 1847.Some poems were built on the juxtaposition of the majestic ruins and lush landscapes of 'classic' Rome with the everyday squalor of contemporary Italy. The homage to the "natural school" movement did not make <mask>'s style less flamboyant; on the contrary, it was in Sketches of Rome that he started to make full use of exotic epithets and colorful imagery. During the Crimean War, <mask> became active. The poem "Claremont Cathedral" was written to honor Russia's historical feat of preventing the Mongol hordes from devastating European civilization. The Poems, 1854 was followed by this. Some of the poems, like "To General-Lieutenant Khrulyov", were welcomed by the literary left. They were seen as glorifying the monarchy and beingreactionary.The last poem in 1854 was a caricature of a revolutionary who wanted to bring chaos and undermine moral principles. <mask> is now a 'patriarchal monarchist'. The hand-written version of "The Carriage", which was not included in 1854, did a lot of harm to <mask>'s reputation. The poet was either ridiculed or accused of political opportunism. His friends were horrified. In his poem, Shcherbina referred to <mask> as a'servile slave'. The Russian literary scene of the time was dominated by social democrats who saw political and social reforms as necessary for Russia.The tone of <mask>'s poetry changed after Russia's defeat in the war. The war is over. "He and Her" (1867) criticized corrupt high society and weak officials who were indifferent to the plight of the country and its people. <mask> admitted to being wrong when he said he had a belief in the monarch. The expedition to Greece took place in May 1858. He learned the modern Greek language while reading books about the country. Songs of Modern Greece and The Naples Album came out as a result of this trip.Russian critics found the focus on contemporary Italian life too eclectic. It is thought to be a curious experiment in breaking genre barriers, with images and conversations from foreign life used to express things which in Russia could not be commented on publicly. The author sympathizes with the Greek liberation movement. The early 1860s saw <mask>'s popularity rise as he performed in public and had his works published by leading Russian magazines. He stayed in the conservative camp for the rest of his life after drifting away from it in the mid- 1860s. He condemned young radicals and sympathized with the nationalist statements made by the Russian national policy. He praised the 1861 reforms in poems like "Niva" and "The Sketch" but also expressed horror at emerging capitalism.He became friends with <mask> Grigoriev and other people through the Pochvennichestvo doctrine. In the 1860s and 1870s, <mask> contributed to Russky Vestnik. One of the leading proponents of Russian Panslavism, he saw his country as fulfilling its mission in unifying Slavs, but first and foremost freeing the peoples of the Balkans from Turkish occupation. "After you've seen Russia in this perspective, you start to understand its true nature and feel ready to devote yourself to this life-affirming cause," wrote <mask> in a letter to Dostoyevsky. The mission of art, according to the poet, was to develop the national self-consciousness and revive the historical memory of Russians. "Of the Slavic World", "At Home", and "Callings of History" are the major themes of <mask>'s poetry. He was aware of the darker side of Russia's historic legacy and wanted to highlight its'shining moments'.<mask> saw the religious fervor of the common people as the basis for moral wholesomeness, even though he was not a religious person. "Let go, let go...", "The sunset's quiet shine...", and "Eternal night is near..." were religious poems of the late 1880s. The Russian national character would be its saving grace because of <mask>'s belief in spiritual humility. According to biographer Yampolsky, <mask> followed the folk tradition set by Pushkin and Lermontov and felt the need to maintain spiritual bonds with common people. He was skeptical of the doctrine of narodnost, which was formulated by Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, who saw promotion of the democratic movement as the mission of Russian literature. He urged the latter to "dilute his malice in nature's harmony" after he was horrified by the poem "The Muse". He gave his opponent credit, even though he never severed ties with him."There is only one poetic soul here, and that is Nekrasov," <mask> wrote in an October 1854 letter to Ivan Nikitin. According to Yampolsky, the poem "Grandfather" might have been an indirect answer to the poem "Grandmother" which praised the high moral standards of the nobility. Zhenya, a girl from an aristocracy, joined a gang of conspirators and lost all notions of normality, religious, social or moral. <mask> treated his 'nihilist' characters like victims of the post-Crimean war social depression rather than villains. He tried to revive the archaic Russian language tradition by looking for inspiration and moral virtue in Russian folklore. He made a lot of freestyle and stylized translations of folk songs. He had a strong interest in non-Slavic folklore, exemplified by the epic poems Baldur and Bringilda.<mask>'s son was studying in the gymnasium when he became interested in The Tale of Igor's Campaign. He wasaffled by the vagueness and occasional incongruity of all the available translations, and shared his doubts with professor Izmail Sreznevsky, who replied: "It is for you to sort these things out." He described the four years of work on the new translation as his second university. His main goal was to come up with irrefutable proof of the authenticity of the old text, something that many authors, including Ivan Goncharov, expressed doubts about. The first ever scientifically substantiated translation of the document, supplied with comprehensive commentaries, ignored Dostoyevsky's advice to use rhymes so as to make the text sound more modern. One of the best achievements of his career was published in the January 1870 issue of Zarya magazine. authenticity was the main objective for <mask>olniks and tried to re-mold them into modern poetic forms in his Old Believers drama. He had contemporary Russian issues in mind when writing his historical works. I was looking for parallels to the things I had to live through while writing ancient history. Our times give so many examples of the rise and fall of the human spirit that an attentive eye can spot a lot. "Olynthus and Esther" was criticized by Belinsky for being Christianity and paganism. He returned to this theme ten years later in the drama Three Deaths, but was dissatisfied with the result and went on to produce part two. His next big poem, Two Worlds, was written in 1872 and finished in 1884.The new hero Decius is a patrician who still hopes for the state to rise up from its ashes. Two Worlds was a eulogy to Rome's eternal glory, its hero fighting Christianity, driven by the belief that Rome is another Heaven. He was very interested in antiquity, but later in life he became more interested in Christianity and its stand against oppressors. The Orthodox Christian critics considered <mask> to be too much of a heathen who failed to show Christianity in its true historical perspective. The author was praised by literary historians for his neutrality and insight. In 1908, critic F. Zelinsky wrote that <mask>'s antiquity was "anything but dull". The Russian Academy of Sciences gave a prize for For the Two Worlds.Poems by Ap was published in 1858. Maykov. Vladimir Meshchersky re-issued it in 1879. The second edition of The Complete Maykov came out in 1893. <mask>'s poetry was dominated by religious and nationalist themes. According to I. Yampolsky, only a few of his later poems had 'indisputable artistic quality'. The poet spent most of his later years editing and preparing his earlier work for compilations and anthology.His path was smooth and full of light, and he was an artist not belonging to our times. "There was no strife, no passions, and no persecution," wrote Dmitry Merezhkovsky in 1908. The general public's perception of him was expressed by this generalization, according to biographer F. Priyma. On March 8, 1897, <mask> <mask> died. Arseny Golenishchev-Kutuzov wrote in the Ministry of Education's obituary that "his legacy will always sound as the mighty, harmonious and very complicated final chord to the Pushkin period of Russian poetry." The feeling of desolation shared by many Russian intellectuals of the time, as well as the untimely deaths of Pushkin and Lermontov, had a lot to do with <mask>'s initial rise to fame. Vissarion Belinsky was the one who discovered this new talent."The emergence of this new talent is especially important in our times, when in the Church of Art we see but grimacing jesters entertaining dumb obscurants, egotistic mediocrities, merchants and speculators," Belinsky wrote. Hailing the emergence of a new powerful talent, Belinsky supported the young author's 'anthological' stylizations based upon the poetry of Ancient Greece. According to Belinsky, the poem called "The Dream" is one of the best anthological pieces of Pushkin's work. He told the author to leave the 'anthological' realm and not to write about Russia's recent history. While admitting "Who's He", a piece on Peter the Great, which some years later found its way into textbooks, was "not bad", Belinsky lambasted "Two Coffins", a hymn to Russia's victories over Karl XII and Napoleon. He was one of the leading Russian poets. The biographer Mayorova noted a strange dichotomy between the flamboyant wording and static imagery, and pointed to the "insurmountable distance."The critics began to treat his work on the basis of their own political views in relation to the poet's changing ideological stance after Belinsky's death. <mask>'s "natural school"- influenced poems were praised and published. His later works expressing conservative, monarchist and anti-'nihilist' views were supported by Dostoyevsky. In his 1895 article for the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, the philosopher and critic Vladimir Solovyov argued that <mask>'s dominant characteristics were "a serene, contemplating tone, elaborate patterns, a distinct and individual style (in form, although not in colors) with The critic said that <mask>'s best works were powerful and expressionistic. The Ancient Greek aesthetic and historical myths of the Byzantine-Russian politics are two major themes that form the foundation of <mask>'s poetry. The concept of Byzantium, as the second Rome, is not as clear and distinct as that of the original Roman Empire.He loves Byzantine/Russia in its historical reality and is fond of Ivan the Terrible, who he believes will be recognised in due time. The pastoral pictures of beautiful Russian nature, which the poet had all the better reason to enjoy, was a background theme in his earlier work. According to the critic Yuly Aykhenvald, <mask> freed himself from the habit of copying classics by joining a group of similar-minded authors. He was a scholar of antiquity and his gift, self-admittedly, has been strengthened by being tempered in the fire of science. As a classicist, his soul was not deep or naive enough to fully embrace the idea of intellectual freedom. You can't help but be enchanted by the ancient fables of the naiads, nymphs, muses and dryads. For a moment, he gives you no chance to forget, for he is only a myth, a clever lie, and he could never believe himself.The critic says that <mask>'s strong points relate to the fact that he learned painting and that he extended the art into his poetry. Aykhenvald gives him credit for the "plasticity of language, the unequalled turn at working on a phrase as if it was a tangible material." His lines are so interwoven, the verse looks like a poetic calligraphy. Rarely passionate and showing only distant echoes of original inspiration, <mask>'s verse strikes you with divine shapeliness. The Silver Age critic who noticed how painting and fishing might have influenced <mask>'s poetry was Innokenty Annensky. He wrote in 1898 that a poet usually chooses their own method of communicating with nature and often it is sports. The poets of the future might be cyclists.Goethe was a skater, Lermontov was a horse rider, and many other poets were hunters. His passion for fishing and his love for a fair sunny day made him a great fisherman and this occupation was in perfect harmony with his contemplative nature. "He was one of the rare characters for whom seeking beauty and working upon its embodiments was something natural and easy, nature itself filling their souls with its beauty," said Annensky. Such people, rational and contemplative, have no need for stimulation, praise, strife, or fresh impressions. The critic argued that the images of the contemplative poets are sculpture-like. Lermontov, a poet of mountains and clouds, was best represented by the French poets Baudelaire and Verlaine, according to Annensky, who praised <mask>'s gift for creating unusual combinations of colors. "What strikes one is the freshness and firmness of the author's talent, the Olympians and the heroes of antiquity whom he befriended during his childhood years, must have shared with him their eternal youth," Annensky wrote.D. S. Mirsky said <mask> was the most representative poet of the age and that he was "mildly tendentious and never emotional." His poems are always about images. Some of them are happy discoveries, like the short and well known poems on spring and rain, which were always subject to the restriction that he had no style and no diction. His more realistic poems are spoiled by sentimentality and his more 'poetic' poems are hopelessly inadequate. Few of his more ambitious attempts have been successful. Although his position was special, <mask> gained the reputation of a typical proponent of the "pure poetry" doctrine. According to Pryima, <mask> was devoid of snobbishness and never saw himself occupying a loftier position even when mentioning 'crowds'.His need to communicate with people is obvious. He didn't realize his potential as a 'people's poet' to the full. The critic insisted that <mask> "occupies a highly important place in the history of Russian poetry" which he greatly enriched. Russian poetry was still in its infancy in the years of <mask>'s debut, and his knowledge of history and the way of approaching every new theme as a field for scientific research played an unparalleled role. F. Zelinsky agreed that his translations of classics formed a kind of "antique Gulf Stream" which warmed up the whole of Russian literature. "To a Young Lady", "Haymaking", "Fishing", "The Wanderer", as well as his translations of the Slavic and Western poets, belong to the Russian poetry classics. Poems by A.N.<mask> were included in the collection.Songs of Modern Greece, Dramas Three Deaths, and Two Worlds were written.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Conomos

John Conomos

John Conomos (born 28 January 1947) is an artist, critic and writer, and Associate Professor and Principal Fellow at Victorian College of the Arts, Faculty of Fine Arts and Music, the University of Melbourne. His books, essays and artworks are framed within four traditions of contemporary art: Anglo–American and Australian cultural studies, critical theory and post-structuralism. Conomos has been an active participant in Australian film and small magazine culture since the mid-1960s, when he was affiliated with the Sydney Push. Conomos works across a number of art forms – video, new media, installation art, radiophonic art and photo-performance – and his written oeuvre includes cultural and film aesthetics, art criticism and theory, new media and critical theory. Conomos received a New Media Arts Board Fellowship in 2000 and developed two major projects during this time, Aura and Cyborg Ned. Writing and publishing projects Since the 1970s, Conomos has been an art, film and media essayist, both in Australia and overseas, as well as a critic and writer responsible for many articles, book chapters, reviews, critiques and commentary for local and international journals, anthologies and magazines. He was a co-founding editor (with Brian Langer and Eddy Jokovich) of the arts journal Scan+. In 1995, Conomos spoke on interactive art at Sydney's Biennale of Ideas Symposium. He was a new media critic for the Sydney Morning Herald in the 1990s, and in 1999 was appointed the Sydney editor for the London-based journal Contemporary. His main books include: Mutant Media: Essays on Cinema, Video Art and New Media (2008), a collection of essays; Anti-Kythera Conversations (2010) and Kythera Conversations (2010); and two anthologies co-edited with Brad Buckley; Republics of Ideas: Republicanism Culture Visual Arts (2001);, Rethinking the Contemporary Art School: The Artist, the PhD and the Academy (2009), and Ecologies of Invention (2013). He has been a contributor to periodicals, journals and newspapers around the world since the 1970s, including the now defunct Filmnews, Continuum: The Australian Journal of Media & Culture and RealTime. Also, with Brad Buckley, Conomos has published a major illustrated monograph, Brad Buckley/John Conomos, published by the Australian Centre for Photography in 2013. Other contributions include chapter articles in Catherine Simpson, Renata Murawska and Anthony Lambert's Diasporas of Australian Cinema (2009) published by Intellect; James Elkins' What Do Artists Know? (2012) published by Penn State University Press; Sean Cubitt and Paul Thomas' collection Relive: Media Art Histories (2013) published by The MIT Press; and the foreword to Video Void (2014), published by Australian Scholarly Publishing. Curatorial work Conomos in the 1980s was a film curator, programmer and researcher for the Australian Film Institute, Paddington. There, Conomos was responsible for the film programs: Cahiers Du Cinema in the Fifties, Early German Expressionist Cinema, The Evil Eye (Religion in the Cinema), Cinematheque Series: Ken Russell, François Truffaut, Horror Film (a retrospective), Through Other People's Eyes (Multicultural Cinema) and Archetypes (with Mark Jackson and Mark Stiles). Conomos towards the late 1980s was also a video art and new media curator/consultant and researcher for the Australian International Video Festival and Electronic Media Arts (Australia). He was a director of both organisations and, was also media artist-in-residence for Electronic Media Arts (Australia). Since the 1970s, Conomos has also been a film program consultant and researcher for the Sydney Film Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival and the Adelaide Film Festival and for local and international academic and cultural institutions and organisations, galleries and museums in Australia, England, Greece, France, Canada, Germany and the United States of America. Academia Conomos has worked as an academic since 1985, including College of Fine Arts, University of New South Wales; the University of Technology, Sydney; and the Sydney College of the Arts, University of Sydney. Videography Conomos' videos and installations have been exhibited throughout Australia, France, England, the United States of America, Canada, China, Greece, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Brazil, Argentina, Chile and New Zealand, and reviewed in cited in Artforum International, Art and Australia, Screen, Senses of Cinema, Cantrill Filmnotes, Art Monthly, Photofile, Broadsheet, Eyeline, Metro Magazine, Vertigo (London), Variant (Liverpool, UK), The Times Higher Education Supplement, Heat, Tate Modern Catalogue and Art Survey, RealTime, Continuum and Scanlines. Museum of Fire (with Chris Caines and David Haines), 1991. White Light (with David Haines), 1991. Night Sky, 1995. Slow Burn, 1996. Autumn Song, 1998. Album Leaves, 1999. Aura, 2003. Cyborg Ned, 2003. Autumn Song, Take Two, 1998–2008. Lake George (After Mark Rothko), 2008. Rat-a-tat-tat, 2008. Shipwreck, 2011. Dada Buster, 2013. The Spiral of Time, 2013. Nocturnal Beach, 2013. The Absent Sea, 2013. Paging Mr Hitchcock, 2014. Miro on the Beach, 2014. The Girl from the Sea, 2014. Radiophonic works Smoke in the Woods, 1998. Cinema of Solitude (with Robert Lloyd), 2001. The Bells of Toledo, 2008. Other resources George Alexander, Australian Perspecta, Exhibition catalogue, Art Gallery of New South Wales, 1989. Cathie Payne, 'Visible Spaces, Electronic Records: John Conomos and Tracey Moffatt,' in Nicholas Zurbrugg (ed.), 'Electronic Arts in Australia', Continuum, Vol. 8, No.1, 1994, pp. 318–327. Michael Maziere, 'Passing through the Image', in Julia Knight (ed), Diverse Practices, University of London and The Arts Council of England, 1996. Nicholas Papastergiadis, Dialogues in Diaspora, Rivers Oram Press, London and New York, 1998. Helen Macallan, 'Autumn Song: John Conomos' Work of Mourning', Heat, 10, 1998. George Kouvaras, 'Nocturnal Kinship: Cinema and memory in John Conomos', Album Leaves, Screening the Past, No.13, 2001, Melbourne. Tom Holert, 'Unsentimental Education', Artforum, Summer Issue, 2010. References External links Official website 1947 births Australian artists University of Sydney faculty Living people

<mask> (born 28 January 1947) is an artist, critic and writer, and Associate Professor and Principal Fellow at Victorian College of the Arts, Faculty of Fine Arts and Music, the University of Melbourne. His books, essays and artworks are framed within four traditions of contemporary art: Anglo–American and Australian cultural studies, critical theory and post-structuralism. Conomos has been an active participant in Australian film and small magazine culture since the mid-1960s, when he was affiliated with the Sydney Push. Conomos works across a number of art forms – video, new media, installation art, radiophonic art and photo-performance – and his written oeuvre includes cultural and film aesthetics, art criticism and theory, new media and critical theory. Conomos received a New Media Arts Board Fellowship in 2000 and developed two major projects during this time, Aura and Cyborg Ned. Writing and publishing projects Since the 1970s, Conomos has been an art, film and media essayist, both in Australia and overseas, as well as a critic and writer responsible for many articles, book chapters, reviews, critiques and commentary for local and international journals, anthologies and magazines. He was a co-founding editor (with Brian Langer and Eddy Jokovich) of the arts journal Scan+.In 1995, Conomos spoke on interactive art at Sydney's Biennale of Ideas Symposium. He was a new media critic for the Sydney Morning Herald in the 1990s, and in 1999 was appointed the Sydney editor for the London-based journal Contemporary. His main books include: Mutant Media: Essays on Cinema, Video Art and New Media (2008), a collection of essays; Anti-Kythera Conversations (2010) and Kythera Conversations (2010); and two anthologies co-edited with Brad Buckley; Republics of Ideas: Republicanism Culture Visual Arts (2001);, Rethinking the Contemporary Art School: The Artist, the PhD and the Academy (2009), and Ecologies of Invention (2013). He has been a contributor to periodicals, journals and newspapers around the world since the 1970s, including the now defunct Filmnews, Continuum: The Australian Journal of Media & Culture and RealTime. Also, with Brad Buckley, Conomos has published a major illustrated monograph, Brad Buckley/<mask>s, published by the Australian Centre for Photography in 2013. Other contributions include chapter articles in Catherine Simpson, Renata Murawska and Anthony Lambert's Diasporas of Australian Cinema (2009) published by Intellect; James Elkins' What Do Artists Know? (2012) published by Penn State University Press; Sean Cubitt and Paul Thomas' collection Relive: Media Art Histories (2013) published by The MIT Press; and the foreword to Video Void (2014), published by Australian Scholarly Publishing.Curatorial work Conomos in the 1980s was a film curator, programmer and researcher for the Australian Film Institute, Paddington. There, Conomos was responsible for the film programs: Cahiers Du Cinema in the Fifties, Early German Expressionist Cinema, The Evil Eye (Religion in the Cinema), Cinematheque Series: Ken Russell, François Truffaut, Horror Film (a retrospective), Through Other People's Eyes (Multicultural Cinema) and Archetypes (with Mark Jackson and Mark Stiles). Conomos towards the late 1980s was also a video art and new media curator/consultant and researcher for the Australian International Video Festival and Electronic Media Arts (Australia). He was a director of both organisations and, was also media artist-in-residence for Electronic Media Arts (Australia). Since the 1970s, Conomos has also been a film program consultant and researcher for the Sydney Film Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival and the Adelaide Film Festival and for local and international academic and cultural institutions and organisations, galleries and museums in Australia, England, Greece, France, Canada, Germany and the United States of America. Academia Conomos has worked as an academic since 1985, including College of Fine Arts, University of New South Wales; the University of Technology, Sydney; and the Sydney College of the Arts, University of Sydney. Videography Conomos' videos and installations have been exhibited throughout Australia, France, England, the United States of America, Canada, China, Greece, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Brazil, Argentina, Chile and New Zealand, and reviewed in cited in Artforum International, Art and Australia, Screen, Senses of Cinema, Cantrill Filmnotes, Art Monthly, Photofile, Broadsheet, Eyeline, Metro Magazine, Vertigo (London), Variant (Liverpool, UK), The Times Higher Education Supplement, Heat, Tate Modern Catalogue and Art Survey, RealTime, Continuum and Scanlines.Museum of Fire (with Chris Caines and David Haines), 1991. White Light (with David Haines), 1991. Night Sky, 1995. Slow Burn, 1996. Autumn Song, 1998. Album Leaves, 1999. Aura, 2003.Cyborg Ned, 2003. Autumn Song, Take Two, 1998–2008. Lake George (After Mark Rothko), 2008. Rat-a-tat-tat, 2008. Shipwreck, 2011. Dada Buster, 2013. The Spiral of Time, 2013.Nocturnal Beach, 2013. The Absent Sea, 2013. Paging Mr Hitchcock, 2014. Miro on the Beach, 2014. The Girl from the Sea, 2014. Radiophonic works Smoke in the Woods, 1998. Cinema of Solitude (with Robert Lloyd), 2001.The Bells of Toledo, 2008. Other resources George Alexander, Australian Perspecta, Exhibition catalogue, Art Gallery of New South Wales, 1989. Cathie Payne, 'Visible Spaces, Electronic Records: <mask>s and Tracey Moffatt,' in Nicholas Zurbrugg (ed. ), 'Electronic Arts in Australia', Continuum, Vol. 8, No.1, 1994, pp. 318–327. Michael Maziere, 'Passing through the Image', in Julia Knight (ed), Diverse Practices, University of London and The Arts Council of England, 1996.Nicholas Papastergiadis, Dialogues in Diaspora, Rivers Oram Press, London and New York, 1998. Helen Macallan, 'Autumn Song: <mask>s' Work of Mourning', Heat, 10, 1998. George Kouvaras, 'Nocturnal Kinship: Cinema and memory in <mask>s', Album Leaves, Screening the Past, No.13, 2001, Melbourne. Tom Holert, 'Unsentimental Education', Artforum, Summer Issue, 2010. References External links Official website 1947 births Australian artists University of Sydney faculty Living people

<mask> is an artist, critic and writer who is an Associate Professor and Principal Fellow at the University of Melbourne. The four traditions of contemporary art that his books, essays and artworks are framed within are Anglo–American and Australian cultural studies, critical theory and post-structuralism. Conomos has been involved in Australian film and small magazine culture for over 50 years. Conomos works in a number of art forms, including video, new media, installation art, radiophonic art and photo- performance. Aura and Ned were two major projects developed by Conomos after he received a New Media Arts Board fellowship. Conomos has been an art, film and media essayist, both in Australia and overseas, as well as a critic and writer responsible for many articles, book chapters, reviews, critiques and commentary for local and international journals, anthologies and magazines. He was a co-founding editor of Scan+.Conomos spoke about interactive art in 1995. In 1999 he was appointed the editor of Contemporary, a journal based in London. Mutant Media: Essays on Cinema, Video Art and New Media is one of his main books. Since the 1970s, he has been a contributor to periodicals, journals and newspapers around the world. A major illustrated monograph, Brad Buckley/<mask>s, was published by the Australian Centre for Photography. Chapter articles in Anthony Lambert's Diasporas of Australian Cinema and Catherine Simpson's What Do Artists Know? were published by Intellect. Sean Cubitt and Paul Thomas' collection Relive: Media Art Histories was published by The MIT Press.The Australian Film Institute, Paddington, had a film curator named Conomos in the 1980s. Cahiers Du Cinema in the Fifties was one of the film programs that Conomos was responsible for. The Australian International Video Festival and Electronic Media Arts (Australia) had a video art and new media consultant and researcher named <mask>. He was a media artist-in-residence for Electronic Media Arts. Conomos has worked as a film program consultant and researcher for a number of film festivals in Australia, England, Greece, France, Canada, and Germany. The College of Fine Arts, University of New South Wales, the University of Technology, and the Sydney College of the Arts are all where Conomos has worked as an academic. Videography Conomos' videos and installations have been shown in Australia, France, England, the United States of America, Canada, China, Greece, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Brazil, Argentina, Chile and New Zealand.The Museum of Fire was founded in 1991. White Light was with David Haines. Night Sky in 1995. Slow Burn in 1996. The Autumn Song was written in 1998. The album left in 1999. Aura was born in 2003Ned, 2003 Autumn Song, Take Two was written in 1998. Lake George was after Mark Rothko. Rat-a-tat-tat, 2008. In 2011. A person named Dada Buster was born in the year 2013. The spiral of time.Nocturnal beach. The Absent Sea was a year ago. Paging Mr. There is a person on the beach. The girl from the sea. Smoke in the Woods was done by Radiophonic. The Cinema of Solitude with Robert Lloyd.The Bells of Toledo were rung in 2008. George Alexander, Australian Perspecta, exhibition catalogue, Art Gallery of New South Wales, 1989. Nicholas Zurbrugg wrote 'Visible Spaces, Electronic Records: <mask>s and Tracey Moffatt'. 'Electronic Arts in Australia' is an anthology. pp. 8, No.1, 1994. 327–318. Julia Knight wrote Diverse Practices, University of London and The Arts Council of England.Dialogues in Diaspora was written by Nicholas Papastergiadis. Helen Macallan wrote 'Autumn Song: <mask>s' Work of Mourning'. George Kouvaras wrote 'Nocturnal Kinship: Cinema and memory in <mask>s'. 'Unsentimental Education' is in Art Forum's Summer Issue of 2010. Official website births 1947 Australian artists University of Sydney faculty Living people

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lior

Lior

Lior Attar, better known simply as Lior, is an independent Australian singer-songwriter based in Melbourne. He is best known for his 2005 debut studio album Autumn Flow and for the song "Hoot's Lullaby". Early life and education Lior was born in Rishon LeZion, Israel and he and his family moved to Sydney when he was 10. They made their first Australian home in Lane Cove, and Lior studied at Killara High School and the University of New South Wales. Career 2000-2007: Early EP, Autumn Flow & Doorways of My Mind In 2000, Lior released his debut extended play The Soul Suicide EP. In October 2004, Lior recorded his debut studio album Autumn Flow. He sent it to a number of record labels but failed to secure a deal, and released the album independently, late in 2004. In 2015, Lior recalled the first time he heard a song of his on the radio station, Triple J; "I'd just done the so-called tour to launch the album but it didn't have any sort of exposure or radio play, so no-one really knew what it was. I went up and down the east coast with a band and lost all my money. I was feeling really defeated and quite sorry for myself, going 'how am I going to do this', and the song ("This Old Love") came on." Autumn Flow made its ARIA chart debut in early 2005, peaking at number 45. Lior has toured with the WOMAD festival in 2005 to the UK, Singapore and Korea. Lior also performed at the Spiegeltent throughout the world, and the Make Poverty History concerts in Australia. At ARIA Music Awards of 2005, the album was nominated for three awards; Breakthrough Artist, Best Male Artist, and Best Independent Release. In 2005, the album was one of the fifteen nominees for radio station triple j's inaugural J Award, given to "an album of outstanding achievement as an Australian musical work of art – for its creativity, innovation, musicianship and contribution to Australian music. Autumn Flow was certified gold by ARIA in 2006. In February 2006, Lior released a live album, Doorways of My Mind, recorded at the Northcote Social Club. The album consisted mostly of tracks from Autumn Flow as well as some new material such as "Diego and the Village Girl", "Burying Chances" and "Avinu Malkeinu" (a traditional prayer). At the ARIA Music Awards of 2006, the album was nominated for two awards; Best Independent Release and Best Blues and Roots Album. Lior moved from Sydney to Melbourne in 2007. 2008-2012: Corner of an Endless Road, Tumbling into the Dawn and Giggle and Hoot In February 2008, Lior released his second studio album, Corner of an Endless Road. The album debuted at number 13 on the ARIA charts. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2008, the album was nominated for the Best Independent Release. In 2008, Lior toured extensively, both in his home country of Australia and abroad including feature performances at the Edinburgh Festival. In early 2009, he performed with the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra for a series of outdoor concerts. In 2009, Lior launched the Shadows and Light Tour, a collaboration with renowned shadow artists Stephen Mushin and Anna Parry; an interactive performance combining Lior's music with live shadow art performance and featured a season at the Sydney Opera House. In 2009, Lior was approached by children's television show Giggle and Hoot series producer Clare Gerber, and was asked to write a song. He agreed thinking "this could be fun" and wrote "Hoot's Lullaby". The song plays nightly on ABC 2 just before 7:00pm, and marks the end of children's programming on the channel for the day. In October 2010, Lior released his third studio album Tumbling into the Dawn. The album peaked at number 26 on the ARIA charts. In 2011 Lior wrote and recorded "Hey Hootabelle" for Giggle and Hoot. At the APRA Music Awards of 2012, the song won the APRA Award for Best Original Song Composed for Screen. 2013-2018: Compassion, Scattered Reflections & Between You and Me In September 2013, Lior and Nigel Westlake premiered Compassion at the Sydney Opera House. Compassion is an orchestral song cycle for voice and orchestra consisting of original melodies and orchestration set to ancient texts in Hebrew and Arabic, all centred around the wisdom of compassion. The performance was recorded and the album of Compassion was released in November 2013. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2014, it won the ARIA Award for Best Classical Album. Lior premiered Compassion in the US with the Austin Symphony Orchestra in 2016 and was subsequently awarded the Austin Table Critics' Award for Best Symphonic Performance of 2015-16 and in 2016 Lior also won the Melbourne Music Prize Civic Choice Award for Compassion. In March 2014, Lior released his fourth studio album Scattered Reflections. The album peaked at number 23 on the ARIA charts. In April 2015, Lior was invited as the sole Australian artist to perform at the prestigious 100 year anniversary of the landing at Gallipoli, performing his song "Safety of Distance" with the Gallipoli choir leading in to the dawn service. In June 2015, Autumn Flow was re-released as a tenth anniversary edition. From December 2015, Lior played the part of Motel Kamzoil in Fiddler on the Roof at Melbourne's Princess Theatre. In 2016, Lior worked with producer Tony Buchen to write an orchestral score for The Wider Earth, a Queensland theatre production based on Charles Darwin's journey on HMS Beagle. At the 2016 Matilda Theatre Awards, the music won Best Original Theatre Score. In 2016 Lior co-wrote and recorded a children's album with The Idea of North & Elena Kats-Chernin for the HUSH Foundation. Created for the dual purpose of raising funds for the children's hospital as well as making original music to be played in the wards, the album A Piece of Quiet featured original music written to lyrics written by the children in the hospital wards and was released in October 2016. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2017, the album was nominated for ARIA Award for Best Children's Album. Throughout 2018 Lior toured with Australian pianist and composer Paul Grabowsky in performing a collection of Lior's songs adapted and reinterpreted for piano and voice. In 2019 Lior featured as the guest vocalist for the Australian Chamber Orchestra's 'Luminous' tour which toured nationally in Australia as well as performances in the Barbican in London. In September 2018, Lior released his fifth studio album Between You and Me. In 2018 Lior was awarded a Fellowship of the Australian Institute of Music in recognition of outstanding achievements and services to Australian music. 2019-present: Air Land Sea & Animal in Hiding In 2019, Lior formed the musical group Air Land Sea with Nadav Kahn and Tony Buchen. The group released four singles and a self-titled studio album across 2019. In 2019 Lior was awarded the Sidney Myer Creative Fellowship awarded to artists who display exceptional talent and outstanding courage in their field. As part of the 2021 WOMADelaide concert series, Lior performed his symphony Compassion alongside composer Nigel Westlake and the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra. In 2021, Lior collaborated with fellow singer-songwriter Domini Forster on Animal in Hiding. Lior said "She's been my support act for awhile now, after awhile, she became the backing vocalist in my band and then leading up to my last solo album, we decided we'd have a crack at writing a song together." The EP is scheduled for released on 15 October 2021. Philanthropy In a 2015 interview, Lior mentioned working for the charities Cambodian Children's Trust and Global Poverty Project as well as supporting Oscar's Law. Discography Albums Studio albums Live albums Other albums Compilation albums Extended plays Singles As lead artist {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Year ! scope="col"| Title ! scope="col" width="220"| Album |- | 2003 | align="left"| "Burying Chances" | non-album single |- | rowspan="3"| 2005 | align="left"| "This Old Love" | rowspan="3"| Autumn Flow |- | align="left"| "Daniel" |- | align="left"| "Autumn Flow" |- | 2007 | align="left"| "Heal Me" | rowspan="2"| Corner of an Endless Road |- | rowspan="2"| 2008 | align="left"| "I'll Forget You" |- | align="left"| "Simple Ben" | Morning of the Earth (soundtrack) |- | 2010 | align="left"| "I Thought I Could Sing On My Own" | 'Tumbling Into The Dawn|- | 2011 | align="left"| "It's Only Natural" | They Will Have Their Way|- | 2014 | align="left"| "My Grandfather" | Scattered Reflections|- | 2018 | align="left"| "Real Love" | Between You and Me|- | rowspan="2"| 2021 | align="left"| "Gloria" | rowspan="2"| Animal in Hiding|- | align="left"| "Honest Mistake" |- |} Awards AIR Awards The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector. |- | rowspan="2" | 2006 |Autumn Flow | Best Performing Independent Album | |- | himself | Independent Artist of the Year | |- | rowspan="3" | 2008 | rowspan="2" |Corner of an Endless Road | Best Independent Album | |- | Best Independent Blues and Roots Album | |- | himself | Best Independent Artist | |- ARIA Music Awards The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Lior has won two awards from nine nominations. |- | rowspan="3"| 2005 | rowspan="3"| Autumn Flow| Best Male Artist | |- | Breakthrough Artist - Album | |- | Best Independent Release | |- | rowspan="2"| 2006 | rowspan="2"| Doorways of My Mind| Best Blues & Roots Album | |- | Best Independent Release | |- | 2008 | Corner of an Endless Road| Best Independent Release | |- | 2014 | Compassion (with Nigel Westlake & Sydney Symphony Orchestra) | Best Classical Album | |- | rowspan="2"| 2017 | Ali's Wedding (soundtrack) (with Nigel Westlake, Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Joseph Tawadros & Slava Grigoryan) | Best Original Soundtrack or Musical Theatre Cast Album | |- | A Piece of Quiet (The Hush Collection, Vol 16) (with The Idea of North & Elena Kats-Chernin) | Best Children's Album | APRA Awards The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually. Lior has won one award from five nominations. |- | 2006 | "Daniel" | Most Performed Blues & Roots Work | |- | 2009 | "Heal Me" | Most Performed Blues & Roots Work | |- | rowspan="2"| 2012 | "Hey Hootabelle" for Giggle and Hoot, written by Lior | Best Original Song Composed for the Screen | |- | Hootabelle| Best Music for Children's Television | |- | 2014 | Compassion | Work of the Year – Orchestral | |- J Award The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005. |- | 2005 |Autumn Flow'' | Australian Album of the Year | References External links Official web site Living people APRA Award winners ARIA Award winners Australian male singers Australian people of Israeli descent Israeli emigrants to Australia Israeli Jews Jewish Australian musicians Singers from Melbourne University of New South Wales alumni Year of birth missing (living people)

<mask>, better known simply as <mask>, is an independent Australian singer-songwriter based in Melbourne. He is best known for his 2005 debut studio album Autumn Flow and for the song "Hoot's Lullaby". Early life and education <mask> was born in Rishon LeZion, Israel and he and his family moved to Sydney when he was 10. They made their first Australian home in Lane Cove, and Lior studied at Killara High School and the University of New South Wales. Career 2000-2007: Early EP, Autumn Flow & Doorways of My Mind In 2000, <mask> released his debut extended play The Soul Suicide EP. In October 2004, <mask> recorded his debut studio album Autumn Flow. He sent it to a number of record labels but failed to secure a deal, and released the album independently, late in 2004.In 2015, Lior recalled the first time he heard a song of his on the radio station, Triple J; "I'd just done the so-called tour to launch the album but it didn't have any sort of exposure or radio play, so no-one really knew what it was. I went up and down the east coast with a band and lost all my money. I was feeling really defeated and quite sorry for myself, going 'how am I going to do this', and the song ("This Old Love") came on." Autumn Flow made its ARIA chart debut in early 2005, peaking at number 45. Lior has toured with the WOMAD festival in 2005 to the UK, Singapore and Korea. Lior also performed at the Spiegeltent throughout the world, and the Make Poverty History concerts in Australia. At ARIA Music Awards of 2005, the album was nominated for three awards; Breakthrough Artist, Best Male Artist, and Best Independent Release.In 2005, the album was one of the fifteen nominees for radio station triple j's inaugural J Award, given to "an album of outstanding achievement as an Australian musical work of art – for its creativity, innovation, musicianship and contribution to Australian music. Autumn Flow was certified gold by ARIA in 2006. In February 2006, Lior released a live album, Doorways of My Mind, recorded at the Northcote Social Club. The album consisted mostly of tracks from Autumn Flow as well as some new material such as "Diego and the Village Girl", "Burying Chances" and "Avinu Malkeinu" (a traditional prayer). At the ARIA Music Awards of 2006, the album was nominated for two awards; Best Independent Release and Best Blues and Roots Album. Lior moved from Sydney to Melbourne in 2007. 2008-2012: Corner of an Endless Road, Tumbling into the Dawn and Giggle and Hoot In February 2008, <mask> released his second studio album, Corner of an Endless Road.The album debuted at number 13 on the ARIA charts. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2008, the album was nominated for the Best Independent Release. In 2008, Lior toured extensively, both in his home country of Australia and abroad including feature performances at the Edinburgh Festival. In early 2009, he performed with the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra for a series of outdoor concerts. In 2009, Lior launched the Shadows and Light Tour, a collaboration with renowned shadow artists Stephen Mushin and Anna Parry; an interactive performance combining Lior's music with live shadow art performance and featured a season at the Sydney Opera House. In 2009, Lior was approached by children's television show Giggle and Hoot series producer Clare Gerber, and was asked to write a song. He agreed thinking "this could be fun" and wrote "Hoot's Lullaby".The song plays nightly on ABC 2 just before 7:00pm, and marks the end of children's programming on the channel for the day. In October 2010, <mask> released his third studio album Tumbling into the Dawn. The album peaked at number 26 on the ARIA charts. In 2011 <mask> wrote and recorded "Hey Hootabelle" for Giggle and Hoot. At the APRA Music Awards of 2012, the song won the APRA Award for Best Original Song Composed for Screen. 2013-2018: Compassion, Scattered Reflections & Between You and Me In September 2013, <mask> and Nigel Westlake premiered Compassion at the Sydney Opera House. Compassion is an orchestral song cycle for voice and orchestra consisting of original melodies and orchestration set to ancient texts in Hebrew and Arabic, all centred around the wisdom of compassion.The performance was recorded and the album of Compassion was released in November 2013. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2014, it won the ARIA Award for Best Classical Album. <mask> premiered Compassion in the US with the Austin Symphony Orchestra in 2016 and was subsequently awarded the Austin Table Critics' Award for Best Symphonic Performance of 2015-16 and in 2016 <mask> also won the Melbourne Music Prize Civic Choice Award for Compassion. In March 2014, <mask> released his fourth studio album Scattered Reflections. The album peaked at number 23 on the ARIA charts. In April 2015, <mask> was invited as the sole Australian artist to perform at the prestigious 100 year anniversary of the landing at Gallipoli, performing his song "Safety of Distance" with the Gallipoli choir leading in to the dawn service. In June 2015, Autumn Flow was re-released as a tenth anniversary edition.From December 2015, Lior played the part of Motel Kamzoil in Fiddler on the Roof at Melbourne's Princess Theatre. In 2016, Lior worked with producer Tony Buchen to write an orchestral score for The Wider Earth, a Queensland theatre production based on Charles Darwin's journey on HMS Beagle. At the 2016 Matilda Theatre Awards, the music won Best Original Theatre Score. In 2016 Lior co-wrote and recorded a children's album with The Idea of North & Elena Kats-Chernin for the HUSH Foundation. Created for the dual purpose of raising funds for the children's hospital as well as making original music to be played in the wards, the album A Piece of Quiet featured original music written to lyrics written by the children in the hospital wards and was released in October 2016. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2017, the album was nominated for ARIA Award for Best Children's Album. Throughout 2018 Lior toured with Australian pianist and composer Paul Grabowsky in performing a collection of Lior's songs adapted and reinterpreted for piano and voice.In 2019 Lior featured as the guest vocalist for the Australian Chamber Orchestra's 'Luminous' tour which toured nationally in Australia as well as performances in the Barbican in London. In September 2018, Lior released his fifth studio album Between You and Me. In 2018 Lior was awarded a Fellowship of the Australian Institute of Music in recognition of outstanding achievements and services to Australian music. 2019-present: Air Land Sea & Animal in Hiding In 2019, Lior formed the musical group Air Land Sea with Nadav Kahn and Tony Buchen. The group released four singles and a self-titled studio album across 2019. In 2019 Lior was awarded the Sidney Myer Creative Fellowship awarded to artists who display exceptional talent and outstanding courage in their field. As part of the 2021 WOMADelaide concert series, Lior performed his symphony Compassion alongside composer Nigel Westlake and the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra.In 2021, Lior collaborated with fellow singer-songwriter Domini Forster on Animal in Hiding. Lior said "She's been my support act for awhile now, after awhile, she became the backing vocalist in my band and then leading up to my last solo album, we decided we'd have a crack at writing a song together." The EP is scheduled for released on 15 October 2021. Philanthropy In a 2015 interview, Lior mentioned working for the charities Cambodian Children's Trust and Global Poverty Project as well as supporting Oscar's Law. Discography Albums Studio albums Live albums Other albums Compilation albums Extended plays Singles As lead artist {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Year ! scope="col"| Title !|- | rowspan="2" | 2006 |Autumn Flow | Best Performing Independent Album | |- | himself | Independent Artist of the Year | |- | rowspan="3" | 2008 | rowspan="2" |Corner of an Endless Road | Best Independent Album | |- | Best Independent Blues and Roots Album | |- | himself | Best Independent Artist | |- ARIA Music Awards The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Lior has won two awards from nine nominations. |- | rowspan="3"| 2005 | rowspan="3"| Autumn Flow| Best Male Artist | |- | Breakthrough Artist - Album | |- | Best Independent Release | |- | rowspan="2"| 2006 | rowspan="2"| Doorways of My Mind| Best Blues & Roots Album | |- | Best Independent Release | |- | 2008 | Corner of an Endless Road| Best Independent Release | |- | 2014 | Compassion (with Nigel Westlake & Sydney Symphony Orchestra) | Best Classical Album | |- | rowspan="2"| 2017 | Ali's Wedding (soundtrack) (with Nigel Westlake, Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Joseph Tawadros & Slava Grigoryan) | Best Original Soundtrack or Musical Theatre Cast Album | |- | A Piece of Quiet (The Hush Collection, Vol 16) (with The Idea of North & Elena Kats-Chernin) | Best Children's Album | APRA Awards The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually. Lior has won one award from five nominations. |- | 2006 | "Daniel" | Most Performed Blues & Roots Work | |- | 2009 | "Heal Me" | Most Performed Blues & Roots Work | |- | rowspan="2"| 2012 | "Hey Hootabelle" for Giggle and Hoot, written by Lior | Best Original Song Composed for the Screen | |- | Hootabelle| Best Music for Children's Television | |- | 2014 | Compassion | Work of the Year – Orchestral | |- J Award The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005. |- | 2005 |Autumn Flow'' | Australian Album of the Year | References External links Official web site Living people APRA Award winners ARIA Award winners Australian male singers Australian people of Israeli descent Israeli emigrants to Australia Israeli Jews Jewish Australian musicians Singers from Melbourne University of New South Wales alumni Year of birth missing (living people)

<mask> is an independent Australian singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 2005 debut studio album Autumn Flow. <mask> was born in Israel and his family moved to Australia when he was 10. They lived in Lane Cove and Lior studied at the University of New South Wales. In 2000 Lior released Autumn Flow & Doorways of My Mind. Autumn Flow was <mask>'s debut studio album. He released the album on his own after failing to get a deal with a number of record labels.In 2015, Lior recalled the first time he heard a song of his on the radio station, Triple J; "I'd just done the so-called tour to launch the album but it didn't have any sort of exposure or radio play, so no-one really knew what I went up and down the east coast with a band and lost all my money. The song "This Old Love" came on as I was feeling defeated and sorry for myself. Autumn Flow peaked at number 45 on the ARIA chart. In 2005 <mask> traveled to the UK, Singapore and Korea. The Make Poverty History concerts in Australia were performed by Lior. The album was nominated for three awards at the ARIA Music Awards in 2005.The album was one of fifteen nominees for triple j's inaugural J Award, which was given to an album of outstanding achievement as an Australian musical work of art. ARIA certified Autumn Flow as gold in 2006 Doorways of My Mind was recorded at the Northcote Social Club. "Diego and the Village Girl", "Burying Chances" and "Avinu Malkeinu" are new tracks on the album. The album was nominated for two awards at the ARIA Music Awards. In 2007, <mask> moved to Melbourne. In February 2008, <mask> released his second studio album, Corner of an Endless Road.The album was number 13 on the ARIA charts. The album was nominated for the Best Independent Release at the ARIA Music Awards. <mask> performed at the Edinburgh Festival in 2008 and toured extensively in his home country of Australia. In early 2009, he performed for a series of outdoor concerts. The Shadows and Light Tour, an interactive performance combining <mask>'s music with live shadow art performance and featured a season at the Sydney Opera House, was launched in 2009. In 2009, <mask> was approached by a producer of a children's show and asked to write a song. He wrote "Hoot's Lullaby" because he thought it could be fun.The end of children's programming on ABC 2 coincides with the end of the song on ABC 2. Tumbling into the Dawn was <mask>'s third studio album. The album peaked at number 26. "Hey Hootabelle" was written and recorded by Lior in 2011. The song won the award for best original song composed for screen. The premiere of Compassion, Scattered Reflections and Between You and Me was held at the Opera House. Compassion is an orchestral song cycle for voice and orchestra consisting of original melodies and orchestration set to ancient texts in Hebrew and Arabic, all centred around the wisdom of compassion.The album of Compassion was released in November of 2013). It won the ARIA Award for best classical album. The Austin Table Critics' Award for Best Symphonic Performance of 2015-16 was awarded to <mask> by the Austin Table, as well as the Melbourne Music Prize Civic Choice Award for Compassion. Scattered Reflections was <mask>'s fourth studio album. The album peaked at number 23 on the ARIA charts. In April 2015, <mask> was invited as the sole Australian artist to perform at the prestigious 100 year anniversary of the landing at Gallipoli, performing his song "Safety of Distance" with the Gallipoli choir leading in to the dawn service. Autumn Flow was re-released in June of 2015.The part of Motel Kamzoil was played by <mask> in the Princess Theatre. Lior worked with Tony Buchen to write an orchestral score for a theatre production based on Charles Darwin's journey. The music won Best Original Theatre Score. A children's album was co-written and recorded by Lior and The Idea of North for the HUSH Foundation. The album A Piece of Quiet was created to raise funds for the children's hospital as well as making original music to be played in the wards, and was released in October 2016 The album was nominated for a ARIA Award for Best Children's Album. A collection of Lior's songs were adapted for the piano and voice by Australian pianist and composer Paul Grabowsky.Lior was the guest vocalist for the Australian Chamber Orchestra's 'Luminous' tour which toured nationally in Australia as well as performances in the Barbican in London. Between You and Me was <mask>'s fifth studio album. <mask> received a fellowship of the Australian Institute of Music in recognition of his services to Australian music. The musical group Air Land Sea was formed in 2019. A self-titled studio album was released by the group. The Sidney Myer Creative Fellowship is awarded to artists who display exceptional talent and courage in their field. As part of the WOMADelaide concert series, Lior performed his symphony with the composer and the symphony orchestra.Animal in Hiding was written by <mask> and Domini. <mask> said "She's been my support act for awhile now, after awhile, she became the backing vocalist in my band and then leading up to my last solo album, we decided we'd have a crack at writing a song together." The release date is 15 October 2021. Lior worked for the charities Cambodian Children's Trust and Global Poverty Project as well as supporting Oscar's Law. Discography includes studio albums, live albums, other albums, and extended plays. Year! Title!The best independent album of 2006 is Autumn Flow. Lior won two awards. Best Male Artist, Best Independent Release, and Best Doorways of My Mind. Lior won one award. "Heal Me" is the most performed Blues & Roots Work. They started in 2005. The Australian album of the year wasAutumn Flow.

42007560

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilkington%20Jackson

Pilkington Jackson

Charles d’Orville Pilkington Jackson ARSA, FRBS, FRSA (11 October 1887 – 20 September 1973) was a British sculptor prominent in Scotland in the 20th Century. Throughout his career he worked closely with the architect Sir Robert Lorimer. He is most noteworthy for his creation of one of Scotland’s most iconic landmarks, the statue of Robert the Bruce at Bannockburn. Early life Charles d'Orville was born at Garlenick near Grampound, Cornwall the son of Ethel Katie D'Orville. She married Louis Pilkington Jackson soon after, who may be presumed to be Charles' father, leading him to adopt his name in later life. Charles attended the Edinburgh Institution from 1905 and the newly established Edinburgh College of Art in 1907, studying design and sculpture. He graduated in 1910 and received a travelling scholarship of £100, which he used to visit the British School in Rome. Whilst in Rome he worked with Giacomo Boni on the rebuilding of the Arch of Titus. Career In 1911, on his return to Scotland, he established himself in a studio with William MacDonald, a bronze founder. During World War 1 he served with the British Army as a subaltern in the Royal Field Artillery and the Intelligence Corps in Egypt and Palestine, being Mentioned in Dispatches. After the war he received numerous commissions to design war memorials and these extend across the whole width and breadth of Scotland. He was appointed as "supervising sculptor" for the Scottish National War Memorial, which was planned and built within Edinburgh Castle between 1919 and 1927. He was also commissioned to create numerous memorials to famous Scots, including tableaux at the David Livingstone Centre, and a memorial to Elsie Inglis, on which he collaborated with Sir Frank Mears. In 1929 he went on holiday to Sweden with Robert Lorimer and visited the eminent Swedish sculptor Carl Milles whom he acknowledged as a great influence on his work. In the Second World War, although being far beyond the age of conscription at 52, he again joined the army, this time serving in Scotland as a Gun Operations Room Officer for coastal defence guns. He had an extremely long working career leading to his most famous commission, the statue of Robert the Bruce being executed in 1964 at the age of 76. The mounted statue of Robert the Bruce forms the focal point of the memorial to the 1314 Battle of Bannockburn, and is sited to face southwards, from which direction the English army approached. The statue and monument are listed at category A, and are included as one of the 60 DoCoMoMo Key Scottish Monuments of the post-war period. A copy of this sculpture stands at the Alberta College of Art and Design in Canada, and an alternative version of the monument, showing Bruce on a rearing horse, was later installed at the Chivas Brothers Distillery in Paisley. Pilkington Jackson exhibited regularly at the Royal Scottish Academy, and was elected as an academician in 1956. He also served on the Royal Fine Art Commission for Scotland, and taught at Edinburgh College of Art in the late 1920s. Death Pilkington died in Edinburgh on the 20 September 1973. His body was cremated and his ashes were buried at Lasswade Cemetery, at the North end of the modern section. He designed both his own gravestone (following the death of his wife, Eve Cornish Dening, 1885-1951), and that of his parents, which stands alongside. His son, Richard D'Orville Pilkington Jackson (1921-2009), was interred in the same grave. Principal works 1910–1919 Plaque to Sophia Jex-Blake at Edinburgh University’s Medical School (1912) Memorial to Dr Ramsay Traquair Colinton Churchyard (1913) (to a design by Traquair’s wife) Memorial to his daughter-in-law Harriet E. Moore in Morningside Cemetery, Edinburgh (1919) Sculpture on the Scottish National War Memorial (1919-1927) at Edinburgh Castle in conjunction with Sir Robert Lorimer 1920–1924 Markinch war memorial (1920) Tarbrax war memorial (1920) West Linton war memorial (1920) Balquhidder war memorial (1920) Haddington war memorial (1920) St Mary’s Episcopal Cathedral War Memorial (1920) Memorial to the 5th Battalion Royal Scots in the Great War, St. Giles Cathedral (1921) “Scotsman” office war memorial (1921) Dalbeattie war memorial (1921) Castle Douglas war memorial (1921) Bank of Scotland war memorial in Royal Bank of Scotland, Glasgow Road, Edinburgh (1921) Heart of Midlothian war memorial, Haymarket, Edinburgh (1921) (Removed 2012 due to Edinburgh Trams project). Kelso, Scottish Borders war memorial (1921) with Sir Robert Lorimer Rothesay, Bute war memorial (1922) Colinton war memorial (1922) Coldstream war memorial (1922) Keith, Moray war memorial (1922) British Linen Bank war memorial in the Royal Bank of Scotland headquarters, Dundas House, St Andrew's Square, Edinburgh (1922) Edinburgh Academy war memorial (1922) Loretto School war memorial (1922) Eton College war memorial (1922) Elsie Inglis memorial St Giles' Cathedral (1922) (with Sir Frank Mears) Royal Army Medical Corps war memorial, St. Giles Cathedral (1923) Edinburgh University war memorial in Old College (1923, extended 1952) Group of three medallion heads in St. Giles Cathedral to John Stuart Blackie, Thomas Chalmers and Dr John Brown (1923) Angel corbels and stone communion table, Paisley Abbey (1923-6) Replacement head (in bronze) on the tomb of the 9th Lord Belhaven and Stenton (originally by William Birnie Rhind, 1896), Dean Cemetery (1924) Alloa war memorial (1924) in conjunction with Sir Robert Lorimer 1925–1929 Church screen, St Serfs Church, Ferry Road, Edinburgh (1926) Workington war memorial (1927) Decoration at Stowe School (including chapel) (1927) Sculpture of pelican, porch wall, St Andrew's Garrison Church, Aldershot (1927) Earl Haig Memorial (bust), Scottish National War Memorial, Edinburgh Castle (1928) Leslie, Fife war memorial (1929) 1930–1939 Pair of low relief gilded bronze heads flanking the Thistle Chapel in St. Giles Cathedral to James Cameron Lees and Andrew Wallace Williamson (1931) A series of bronze tableaux depicting the life of David Livingstone for the David Livingstone Centre at Blantyre (1929) Series of 82 military statuettes for the United Services Museum in Edinburgh Castle (1929–33) Mock 16th century inscriptions on the front of Huntly House, Canongate, Edinburgh (1930) Monument to the child author Marjorie Fleming in Kirkcaldy Parish Church (1930) Bust of Gerard Baldwin Brown, Edinburgh University (1931) Robert Lister Bower memorial (1931) Memorial to King Khama III (1933) Sculpture over entrance, Dundee Street Library, Edinburgh (1938) Foam, fountain at the Empire Exhibition Glasgow (1938) 1940–1949 Monument to John Charles Fraser Gibson, killed in a plane crash in Mombasa 1945, St. Serfs Church, Ferry Road, Edinburgh (1946) Repairs and WW2 additions to Sheffield war memorial (1946) Fettes College war memorial WW2 additions and extension (1947) "Orographical Globe" at Eton College (1948) Dunkeld war memorial (1948) Devondale war memorial (WW2) in Tillicoultry (1949) 1950–1959 "Henge-style" monument to the Royal Scots at the east end of Princes Street Gardens (1950) (with Sir Frank Mears) 603 Squadron memorial, Edinburgh (1950) Creation of a formal ceremonial Mace for St. Andrews University (1950) Memorial to Sir John Maxwell Erskine (1951) Cupar war memorial WW2 additions (1951) Carvings for Adam House, Chambers Street, Edinburgh (1954) Badges signs and logos for the Scottish Tourist Board (1954–56) Bust of James Clerk Maxwell for University of Aberdeen, Marischal College (1956) A later copy is displayed at the James Clerk Maxwell Foundation 1960 and later Bronze bust of Frederick Lugard for the National Portrait Gallery, London (1960) Royal Scots Fusiliers memorial, Ayr (1960) The statue of Robert the Bruce mounted on a war-horse at Bannockburn in the centre of the battlefield (1964) Fibreglass sculpture of Robert the Bruce on a rearing horse (a working model not chosen for use on the Bannockburn site) at the Chivas Brothers Distillery in Paisley (1964) La Poliche Libre at the Royal Scottish Academy (1972) References Papers of the late Charles D'Orville Pilkington Jackson Esq, National Library of Scotland, Inventory account 7445 External links Charles d'Orville Pilkington Jackson (1887-1973), Sculptor, in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London 1887 births 1973 deaths People educated at Stewart's Melville College Scottish sculptors Scottish male sculptors Royal Scottish Academicians Artists from Cornwall Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art 20th-century British sculptors

Charles d’<mask> ARSA, FRBS, FRSA (11 October 1887 – 20 September 1973) was a British sculptor prominent in Scotland in the 20th Century. Throughout his career he worked closely with the architect Sir Robert Lorimer. He is most noteworthy for his creation of one of Scotland’s most iconic landmarks, the statue of Robert the Bruce at Bannockburn. Early life Charles d'Orville was born at Garlenick near Grampound, Cornwall the son of Ethel Katie D'Orville. She married <mask> soon after, who may be presumed to be Charles' father, leading him to adopt his name in later life. Charles attended the Edinburgh Institution from 1905 and the newly established Edinburgh College of Art in 1907, studying design and sculpture. He graduated in 1910 and received a travelling scholarship of £100, which he used to visit the British School in Rome.Whilst in Rome he worked with Giacomo Boni on the rebuilding of the Arch of Titus. Career In 1911, on his return to Scotland, he established himself in a studio with William MacDonald, a bronze founder. During World War 1 he served with the British Army as a subaltern in the Royal Field Artillery and the Intelligence Corps in Egypt and Palestine, being Mentioned in Dispatches. After the war he received numerous commissions to design war memorials and these extend across the whole width and breadth of Scotland. He was appointed as "supervising sculptor" for the Scottish National War Memorial, which was planned and built within Edinburgh Castle between 1919 and 1927. He was also commissioned to create numerous memorials to famous Scots, including tableaux at the David Livingstone Centre, and a memorial to Elsie Inglis, on which he collaborated with Sir Frank Mears. In 1929 he went on holiday to Sweden with Robert Lorimer and visited the eminent Swedish sculptor Carl Milles whom he acknowledged as a great influence on his work.In the Second World War, although being far beyond the age of conscription at 52, he again joined the army, this time serving in Scotland as a Gun Operations Room Officer for coastal defence guns. He had an extremely long working career leading to his most famous commission, the statue of Robert the Bruce being executed in 1964 at the age of 76. The mounted statue of Robert the Bruce forms the focal point of the memorial to the 1314 Battle of Bannockburn, and is sited to face southwards, from which direction the English army approached. The statue and monument are listed at category A, and are included as one of the 60 DoCoMoMo Key Scottish Monuments of the post-war period. A copy of this sculpture stands at the Alberta College of Art and Design in Canada, and an alternative version of the monument, showing Bruce on a rearing horse, was later installed at the Chivas Brothers Distillery in Paisley. <mask> <mask> exhibited regularly at the Royal Scottish Academy, and was elected as an academician in 1956. He also served on the Royal Fine Art Commission for Scotland, and taught at Edinburgh College of Art in the late 1920s.<mask> died in Edinburgh on the 20 September 1973. His body was cremated and his ashes were buried at Lasswade Cemetery, at the North end of the modern section. He designed both his own gravestone (following the death of his wife, Eve Cornish Dening, 1885-1951), and that of his parents, which stands alongside. His son, Richard D'Orville <mask> <mask> (1921-2009), was interred in the same grave. Principal works 1910–1919 Plaque to Sophia Jex-Blake at Edinburgh University’s Medical School (1912) Memorial to Dr Ramsay Traquair Colinton Churchyard (1913) (to a design by Traquair’s wife) Memorial to his daughter-in-law Harriet E. Moore in Morningside Cemetery, Edinburgh (1919) Sculpture on the Scottish National War Memorial (1919-1927) at Edinburgh Castle in conjunction with Sir Robert Lorimer 1920–1924 Markinch war memorial (1920) Tarbrax war memorial (1920) West Linton war memorial (1920) Balquhidder war memorial (1920) Haddington war memorial (1920) St Mary’s Episcopal Cathedral War Memorial (1920) Memorial to the 5th Battalion Royal Scots in the Great War, St. Giles Cathedral (1921) “Scotsman” office war memorial (1921) Dalbeattie war memorial (1921) Castle Douglas war memorial (1921) Bank of Scotland war memorial in Royal Bank of Scotland, Glasgow Road, Edinburgh (1921) Heart of Midlothian war memorial, Haymarket, Edinburgh (1921) (Removed 2012 due to Edinburgh Trams project).

A British sculptor was prominent in Scotland in the 20th century. He worked closely with Sir Robert. The statue of Robert the Bruce at Bannockburn is one of Scotland's most famous landmarks. Charles d'Orville was born at Garlenick near Grampound in Cornwall. She married a man who may have been Charles' father, and he adopted his name later in life. Charles studied design and sculpture at the Edinburgh College of Art in 1907. He used to visit the British School in Rome after receiving a travelling scholarship.He worked with Giacomo Boni on the rebuilding of the Arch of Titus. He established himself in a studio with William MacDonald, a bronze founder. He served in the Intelligence Corps in Egypt and Palestine during World War 1 and was Mentioned in Dispatches. He received a lot of commission to design war memorial across the entire width and breadth of Scotland after the war. He was the "supervising sculptor" for the Scottish National War Memorial, which was built within Edinburgh Castle between 1919 and 1927. He was commissioned to create a number of memorials to famous Scots, including tableaux at the David Livingstone Centre and a memorial to Elsie Inglis. He went on a holiday to Sweden in 1929 with Robert Lorimer and visited the Swedish sculptor Carl Milles who he acknowledged as a great influence on his work.He joined the army at the age of 52 and served in the Second World War as a Gun Operations Room Officer for coastal defence guns. His most famous commission was the statue of Robert the Bruce being executed at the age of 76. The focal point of the memorial to the Battle of Bannockburn is the mounted statue of Robert the Bruce, which is located to the south of the English army. The statue and monument are listed at category A, which makes them one of the 60 DocoMoMo Key Scottish Monuments of the post-war period. There is a copy of this sculpture at the College of Art and Design in Canada, and an alternative version of the monument shows Bruce rearing a horse. In 1956, <mask> <mask> was elected as an academician at the Royal Scottish Academy. He taught at Edinburgh College of Art and served on the Royal Fine Art Commission for Scotland.The death of <mask> took place in Edinburgh in 1973. His ashes were buried at the North end of the modern section at Lasswade Cemetery. Following the death of his wife, Eve Cornish Dening, he designed his own gravestone, as well as that of his parents. His son was buried in the same grave. There is a memorial to Sophia Jex-Blake at Edinburgh University's Medical School and a memorial to Dr Ramsay Traquair Colinton Churchyard at his daughter-in-law's house.

3621429

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA%20%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%20Anh

Lê Đức Anh

Lê Đức Anh (1 December 1920 – 22 April 2019) was a Vietnamese politician and general who served as the fourth President of Vietnam from 1992 to 1997. He previously led the Vietnamese forces in Cambodia throughout the 1980s. He was regarded as a conservative who advocated maintaining tight party control over domestic policies. Early life and military career Lê Đức Anh was born in Phú Lộc District in Thừa Thiên–Huế Province. In August 1945, he joined the army. From October 1948 to 1950, he was chief of staff of the 7th Military Region, 8th Military Region and administrative region of Sai Gon–Cho Lon. From 1951 to 1954, served as Deputy Chief of Staff, acting Chief of Staff of Cochinchina. From August 1963, he served as Deputy Chief of General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army. February 1964, to the South Vietnam, position of Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff of the People's Liberation Armed Force (Vietcong). After his participation as a member of Việt Minh on the led by Ho Chi Minh August Revolution 1945, which led to the founding of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) on 2 September 1945, he began his military service in the North Vietnamese People's Army, the precursor of the Vietnamese People's Army ( Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam). First, he was a political officer in a battalion and then in the 301th Regiment. He was then first from October 1948 to 1950 Political Officer in the Military Region No. 7 (Đông Nam Bộ) with the seat in Saigon. In this function he took part between 1951 and 1954 in the Indochina War. After the Indochina Conference in 1954 in Geneva, he was an officer in the General Staff of the People's Army and promoted there in 1958 to the colonel (Đại tá). Between 1964 and 1968 he was head of the Human Resources Department of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (Việt Cộng). In 1969 he became commander of Military Region No. 9 in the Mekong Delta (đồng bằng sông Cửu Long). After his promotion to Lieutenant General (Trung tướng), he participated in the Vietnam War on the Ho Chi Minh campaign against South Vietnam from December 1974 to April 1975 as commander of the units in West Vietnam (Hướng Tāy Nam). In May 1976 he was then again commander of the Military Region No. 9, before he was commander and political commissar of the Military Region No. 7 in Ho Chi Minh City from June 1978 to 1981. As such, in 1980 he was promoted to Colonel-General (Thượng tướng). As a general Anh was the commander of the Vietnamese forces in the People's Republic of Kampuchea in the 1980s. He formulated five key points for the defence of Cambodia against Khmer Rouge re-infiltration and was the architect of the K5 Plan. Political career Later he entered politics and he held a succession of government posts. During his time as Defence Minister General he was already a major conservative voice in Vietnam's political system. In 1989, after the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, he warned about the alleged threat of the West undermining Vietnam's Communist Party, arguing for more army involvement in politics "at a time when Vietnamese socialism was under attack". Between 1976 and 1997 Lê Đức Anh was also a member of the National Assembly (Quốc hội Việt Nam). From 1991 (to 1993) Anh controlled Vietnamese policy towards Cambodia and China and therefore was involved in the normalisation of Vietnam's relations with China in November 1991. He was the first Vietnamese president to visit Beijing in 38 years since an official visit in November 1993 to discuss economic relations and territorial disputes in the South China Sea; however, consensus was achieved only on the former issue. In 1981 he was appointed Deputy Minister of Defense and Head of the Political Department in the Ministry of Defense (Bộ Quốc phòng). In the same year he was appointed commander of the Vietnamese army during the occupation of Cambodia and there in 1984 promoted to general. Between 1982 and 2001 he was also a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam (Bộ Chính trị Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam). After his return, he was the successor of the late in office General Lê Trọng Tấn from December 1986 to February 1987 Chief of the General Staff of the Vietnamese People's Army (Tổng Tham mưu trưởng Quân đội Nhân dân Việt Nam). He then followed General Văn Tiến Dũng as Secretary of Defense and retained this position until his replacement by General Đoàn Khuê in 1992. President In September 1992, he was elected to the new post of state president, replacing a collective presidency. Although a mostly symbolic position, the presidency became much more important during his tenure. On September 23, 1992, he was the successor to Võ Chí Công Chairman of the State Council and thus President of Vietnam. This predominantly ceremonial office he held until his replacement by Trần Đức Lương on 24 September 1997. For his services, General Lê Đức Anh received several awards, including the Order of the Golden Star (Huân chương Sao vàng) and the Ho Chi Minh Order (Huân chương Hồ Chí Minh). Anh is considered by many to have been (ideologically) the most conservative (communist) among the three political leaders during his tenure. Prime Minister Võ Văn Kiệt was associated with the reform camp and therefore often disagreed with Anh. Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Vietnam Đỗ Mười was ideologically more flexible and effectively came to be seen as representing the middle ground between Anh and Kiệt, but seems to have tended towards conservative positions. His opposition to Kiệt's reform ambitions are part of a long-lasting rivalry. In 1991, Anh joined Đỗ Mười to support him in his candidacy for party leadership against Võ Văn Kiệt. The Kiệt camp later spread rumours about wrongdoings Anh was said to be involved in Cambodia. Resignation In mid-November 1996, he was hospitalized after a major stroke. This was at a time when the reform camp that he opposed was in decline and for some time his illness seemed to change the dynamics within the political leadership, weakening the conservative camp and reinvigorating the reform camp. However, Party leader Đỗ Mười led a counter-attack against the reform camp, warning of the dangers of the 'current market economy'. The conservative camp gained further momentum when Anh surprisingly recovered in April 1997. He stepped down as president in September 1997 after the Communist Party Congress, was replaced by Trần Đức Lương. He was an Advisor of the Party's Central Committee from December 1997 – 2001. Personal life In 1951, Anh married his first wife, Phạm Thị Anh (1925–2011). and had two daughters. In 1956, Anh married his second wife, Võ Thị Lê (1928 – 18 November 2016). and had one son and one daughter. On 21 February 2018, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and was admitted to the Central Military Hospital 108 in Hanoi in critical condition. He was discharged in June and resumed public life, however he was readmitted in July. Lê Đức Anh died on 22 April 2019 at the age of 98. He was given a state funeral on 3–4 May 2019. Death and road to funeral On 22 April 2019, Lê Đức Anh died, aged 98, at 8:10 PM, local time, at house number 5A Hoàng Diệu in Hanoi. He was given a state funeral on 3–4 May, and his body lay in state at the national morgue in Hanoi until his burial in his home province of Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. See also K5 Plan References Sources Bolton, Kent (1999): "Domestic Sources of Vietnam's Foreign Policy: Normalizing Relations with the United States". in Thayer, Carlyle A., Amer, Ramses (ed.): Vietnamese Foreign Policy in Transition. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore Thayer, Carlyle A. (1999): "Vietnamese Foreign Policy: Multilateralism and the Threat of Peaceful Evolution". in Thayer, Carlyle A., Amer, Ramses (1999): Vietnamese Foreign Policy in Transition. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore Wurfel, David (1999): "Between China and ASEAN: The Dialectics of Recent Vietnamese Foreign Policy". in Thayer, Carlyle A., Amer, Ramses (ed.): Vietnamese Foreign Policy in Transition. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore 1920 births 2019 deaths People from Thừa Thiên-Huế Province Presidents of Vietnam Vietnamese people of the Vietnam War People's Republic of Kampuchea Members of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam Ministers of Defence of Vietnam Deaths from cerebrovascular disease

<mask> (1 December 1920 – 22 April 2019) was a Vietnamese politician and general who served as the fourth President of Vietnam from 1992 to 1997. He previously led the Vietnamese forces in Cambodia throughout the 1980s. He was regarded as a conservative who advocated maintaining tight party control over domestic policies. Early life and military career <mask> was born in Phú Lộc District in Thừa Thiên–Huế Province. In August 1945, he joined the army. From October 1948 to 1950, he was chief of staff of the 7th Military Region, 8th Military Region and administrative region of Sai Gon–Cho Lon. From 1951 to 1954, served as Deputy Chief of Staff, acting Chief of Staff of Cochinchina.From August 1963, he served as Deputy Chief of General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army. February 1964, to the South Vietnam, position of Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff of the People's Liberation Armed Force (Vietcong). After his participation as a member of Việt Minh on the led by Ho Chi Minh August Revolution 1945, which led to the founding of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) on 2 September 1945, he began his military service in the North Vietnamese People's Army, the precursor of the Vietnamese People's Army ( Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam). First, he was a political officer in a battalion and then in the 301th Regiment. He was then first from October 1948 to 1950 Political Officer in the Military Region No. 7 (Đông Nam Bộ) with the seat in Saigon. In this function he took part between 1951 and 1954 in the Indochina War.After the Indochina Conference in 1954 in Geneva, he was an officer in the General Staff of the People's Army and promoted there in 1958 to the colonel (Đại tá). Between 1964 and 1968 he was head of the Human Resources Department of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (Việt Cộng). In 1969 he became commander of Military Region No. 9 in the Mekong Delta (đồng bằng sông Cửu Long). After his promotion to Lieutenant General (Trung tướng), he participated in the Vietnam War on the Ho Chi Minh campaign against South Vietnam from December 1974 to April 1975 as commander of the units in West Vietnam (Hướng Tāy Nam). In May 1976 he was then again commander of the Military Region No. 9, before he was commander and political commissar of the Military Region No.7 in Ho Chi Minh City from June 1978 to 1981. As such, in 1980 he was promoted to Colonel-General (Thượng tướng). As a general <mask> was the commander of the Vietnamese forces in the People's Republic of Kampuchea in the 1980s. He formulated five key points for the defence of Cambodia against Khmer Rouge re-infiltration and was the architect of the K5 Plan. Political career Later he entered politics and he held a succession of government posts. During his time as Defence Minister General he was already a major conservative voice in Vietnam's political system. In 1989, after the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, he warned about the alleged threat of the West undermining Vietnam's Communist Party, arguing for more army involvement in politics "at a time when Vietnamese socialism was under attack".Between 1976 and 1997 <mask> <mask> <mask> was also a member of the National Assembly (Quốc hội Việt Nam). From 1991 (to 1993) <mask> controlled Vietnamese policy towards Cambodia and China and therefore was involved in the normalisation of Vietnam's relations with China in November 1991. He was the first Vietnamese president to visit Beijing in 38 years since an official visit in November 1993 to discuss economic relations and territorial disputes in the South China Sea; however, consensus was achieved only on the former issue. In 1981 he was appointed Deputy Minister of Defense and Head of the Political Department in the Ministry of Defense (Bộ Quốc phòng). In the same year he was appointed commander of the Vietnamese army during the occupation of Cambodia and there in 1984 promoted to general. Between 1982 and 2001 he was also a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam (Bộ Chính trị Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam). After his return, he was the successor of the late in office General <mask> Trọng Tấn from December 1986 to February 1987 Chief of the General Staff of the Vietnamese People's Army (Tổng Tham mưu trưởng Quân đội Nhân dân Việt Nam).He then followed General Văn Tiến Dũng as Secretary of Defense and retained this position until his replacement by General Đoàn Khuê in 1992. President In September 1992, he was elected to the new post of state president, replacing a collective presidency. Although a mostly symbolic position, the presidency became much more important during his tenure. On September 23, 1992, he was the successor to Võ Chí Công Chairman of the State Council and thus President of Vietnam. This predominantly ceremonial office he held until his replacement by Trần <mask> Lương on 24 September 1997. For his services, General <mask> <mask> <mask> received several awards, including the Order of the Golden Star (Huân chương Sao vàng) and the Ho Chi Minh Order (Huân chương Hồ Chí Minh). Anh is considered by many to have been (ideologically) the most conservative (communist) among the three political leaders during his tenure.Prime Minister Võ Văn Kiệt was associated with the reform camp and therefore often disagreed with <mask>. Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Vietnam Đỗ Mười was ideologically more flexible and effectively came to be seen as representing the middle ground between <mask> and Kiệt, but seems to have tended towards conservative positions. His opposition to Kiệt's reform ambitions are part of a long-lasting rivalry. In 1991, <mask> joined Đỗ Mười to support him in his candidacy for party leadership against Võ Văn Kiệt. The Kiệt camp later spread rumours about wrongdoings <mask> was said to be involved in Cambodia. Resignation In mid-November 1996, he was hospitalized after a major stroke. This was at a time when the reform camp that he opposed was in decline and for some time his illness seemed to change the dynamics within the political leadership, weakening the conservative camp and reinvigorating the reform camp.However, Party leader Đỗ Mười led a counter-attack against the reform camp, warning of the dangers of the 'current market economy'. The conservative camp gained further momentum when <mask> surprisingly recovered in April 1997. He stepped down as president in September 1997 after the Communist Party Congress, was replaced by Trần <mask> Lương. He was an Advisor of the Party's Central Committee from December 1997 – 2001. Personal life In 1951, <mask> married his first wife, Phạm Thị <mask> (1925–2011). and had two daughters. In 1956, <mask> married his second wife, Võ Thị <mask> (1928 – 18 November 2016).and had one son and one daughter. On 21 February 2018, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and was admitted to the Central Military Hospital 108 in Hanoi in critical condition. He was discharged in June and resumed public life, however he was readmitted in July. <mask> <mask> <mask> died on 22 April 2019 at the age of 98. He was given a state funeral on 3–4 May 2019. Death and road to funeral On 22 April 2019, <mask> <mask> <mask> died, aged 98, at 8:10 PM, local time, at house number 5A Hoàng Diệu in Hanoi. He was given a state funeral on 3–4 May, and his body lay in state at the national morgue in Hanoi until his burial in his home province of Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.See also K5 Plan References Sources Bolton, Kent (1999): "Domestic Sources of Vietnam's Foreign Policy: Normalizing Relations with the United States". in Thayer, Carlyle A., Amer, Ramses (ed. ): Vietnamese Foreign Policy in Transition. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore Thayer, Carlyle A. (1999): "Vietnamese Foreign Policy: Multilateralism and the Threat of Peaceful Evolution". in Thayer, Carlyle A., Amer, Ramses (1999): Vietnamese Foreign Policy in Transition. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore Wurfel, David (1999): "Between China and ASEAN: The Dialectics of Recent Vietnamese Foreign Policy".in Thayer, Carlyle A., Amer, Ramses (ed. ): Vietnamese Foreign Policy in Transition. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore 1920 births 2019 deaths People from Thừa Thiên-Huế Province Presidents of Vietnam Vietnamese people of the Vietnam War People's Republic of Kampuchea Members of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam Ministers of Defence of Vietnam Deaths from cerebrovascular disease

The fourth President of Vietnam from 1992 to 1997 was L c <mask>. He was the leader of the Vietnamese forces in Cambodia. He advocated keeping tight party control over domestic policies. In Tha Thin–Hu Province, L c <mask> was born. He joined the army. He was the chief of staff of the 7th Military Region from October 1948 to October 1950. He was the acting Chief of Staff of Cochinchina from 1951 to 1954.He was the deputy chief of general staff of the Vietnam People's Army. February 1964, to the South Vietnam, position of deputy commander and chief of staff of the People's Liberation armed force. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) was founded on 2 September 1945, after he began his military service in the North Vietnamese People's Army. He was a political officer in both battalions. He was the Political Officer in the Military Region No. from October 1948 to October 1950. There is a seat in Saigon. He took part in the war between 1951 and 1954.He was an officer in the General Staff of the People's Army and was promoted to colonel in 1958. He was head of the Human Resources Department of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam from 1964 to 1968. In 1969 he became commander of Military Region No. Bng sng Cu Long is in the Mekong Delta. During the Vietnam War on the Ho Chi Minh campaign against South Vietnam, he was the commander of the units in West Vietnam. He was once again commander of the Military Region No. in May 1976. He was political commissar of the Military Region No. 9, before he was commander.From 1978 to 1981 there were 7 in Ho Chi Minh City. He was promoted to Colonel-General in 1980. In the 1980s, <mask> was the commander of the Vietnamese forces in the People's Republic of Kampuchea. The architect of the K5 Plan, he formulated five key points for the defence of Cambodia against the Khmer Rouge. He held a succession of government posts after entering politics. He was a major conservative voice in Vietnam's political system during his time as Defence Minister General. He argued for more army involvement in politics at a time when Vietnam's socialism was under attack after the fall of communism in Eastern Europe.Between 1976 and 1997 L c <mask> was a member of the National Assembly. <mask> was involved in normalising Vietnam's relations with China in November 1991. Since an official visit to Beijing in November 1993 to discuss economic relations and territorial disputes in the South China Sea, the last time a Vietnamese president visited, consensus was achieved only on the former issue. He was the Head of the Political Department in the Ministry of Defense from 1981 to 1981. He was promoted to general in 1984 after being commander of the Vietnam army during the occupation of Cambodia. He was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam from 1982 to 2001. From December 1986 to February 1987 he was the Chief of the General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army.General on Khu replaced General Vn Tin Dng as Secretary of Defense in 1992. He was elected to the new post of state president in September 1992. The presidency became more important during his time in office. He replaced V Ch Cng as Chairman of the State Council on September 23, 1992. He held this office until he was replaced by Trn c Lng. The Order of the Golden Star and the Ho Chi Minh Order were given to General L c <mask>. Anh is thought to have been the most conservative of the three political leaders.Prime Minister Vn Kit was associated with the reform camp and often disagreed with <mask>. The Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Vietnam Mi came to be seen as representing the middle ground between <mask> and Kit, but seems to have tended towards conservative positions. His opposition to Kit's reform ambitions is part of a rivalry. In 1991, <mask> joined Mi to support V Vn Kit. The Kit camp spread rumors that <mask> was involved in Cambodia. He was hospitalized after a stroke in 1996. This was at a time when the reform camp that he opposed was in decline and for some time his illness seemed to change the dynamics within the political leadership and weaken the conservative camp.Party leader Mi warned of the dangers of the current market economy. <mask> surprisingly recovered in April 1997. After the Communist Party Congress, he stepped down as president. He was an advisor to the central committee. <mask> married his first wife, Phm Th <mask>, in 1951. They had two daughters. V Th L was <mask>'s second wife.There were two children, one son and one daughter. He was admitted to the Central Military Hospital in Hanoi in critical condition after he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. He was readmitted in July after being discharged in June. L c <mask> died at the age of 98. He was given a state funeral. L c Anh died at 8:10 PM, local time, at house number 5A Hong Diu. He was buried in his home province of Thnh ph H Ch Minh after a state funeral in Hanoi.K5 plan references include "Domestic Sources of Vietnam's Foreign Policy: Normalizing Relations with the United States". The book was written by Carlyle A., Amer, and Ramses. There is a foreign policy in transition. The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies is in Singapore. "Vietnamese Foreign Policy: Multilateralism and the Threat of Peaceful Evolution" was published in 1999. Vietnamese Foreign Policy in Transition was written by Carlyle A., Amer, and Ramses. David Wurfel of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore wrote " Between China and ASEAN: The Dialectics of Recent Vietnamese Foreign Policy".The book was written by Carlyle A., Amer, and Ramses. There is a foreign policy in transition. The Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam is made up of people from Tha Thin-Hu Province.

46532677

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo%20Breceda

Ricardo Breceda

Ricardo Breceda is an artist most well known for his large metal sculptures of animals. He was born in the town of Villa Unión in the state of Durango, Mexico, but now resides in Aguanga, California. He is unmarried and has two daughters, Lianna and Arabi. He originally worked as a cowboy boots salesman and a construction worker, but a construction accident caused him to leave the latter job. He made a metal sculpture of a Tyrannosaurus rex for his daughter Lianna after she asked for a dinosaur for Christmas following a viewing of Jurassic Park III. He continued work on sculptures, and was eventually discovered by a philanthropist named Dennis Avery who paid him to construct one piece. Avery then allowed Breceda to build more than 100 sculptures on his property at Galleta Meadows Estate. The sculptures are based on beasts found in a book that depicts now-fossilized creatures in the Anza Borrego Desert as well as mythological creatures. Notable statues made by Breceda include a stagecoach pulled by horses, a large serpent, and a Tyrannosaurus rex. Breceda was the subject of a book called "Ricardo Breceda: Accidental Artist", and his art was cited by both The Huffington Post and The San Diego Union-Tribune as reasons why people should visit the Anza-Borrego Desert. His outdoor studio location, known for its rustic charm and open landscape, is located on Highway 79 in Aguanga, California. It is accessible to the public as a space to view the variety and scale of the artwork as well as purchase it. Early life Ricardo Breceda was born in Durango, Mexico. He is a single parent to his daughter. He later moved to Borrego Springs, California. Career Breceda worked as a cowboy boots salesman in Durango, among other professions. He also worked as a construction worker, but suffered a construction accident and was injured. His inspiration for the statues came when he brought his then 6-year-old daughter to see the film Jurassic Park III in 2001. After the movie, he asked his daughter what she wanted for Christmas, and she replied that she wanted a dinosaur. A few weeks later, Breceda made his first metal statue, which was a 20-foot tall, 45-foot long Tyrannosaurus rex, for his daughter. This led to him to make more of these statues as a hobby, and eventually people began to show interest and offered to purchase some of his statues. In 2007, a philanthropist named Dennis Avery drove by his studio, then located in Perris, California. Avery asked Breceda to create statues on his property based on beasts featured in a book he financed about now-fossilized creatures once found in the Anza-Borrego Desert. Avery continued to request that Breceda create more of the beasts found in the book until he ran out of animals for Breceda to recreate. Once this happened, Breceda began work on statues based on mythical creatures. When Avery died in 2012, a fund was established to ensure that if storms or vandals damaged his statues, he would be able to repair them. By the time Avery had died, Breceda had finished 130 of the sculptures requested of him by Avery. The sculptures contributed to an increase in economic prosperity in Borrego Springs, which suffered from the Great Recession. He eventually moved to Borrego Springs. His metal works studio is found in the Vail Lake Resort RV Park just outside of Temecula, California near the Anza Borrego Desert. How Breceda became involved in making metal statues caused him to be called "The Accidental Artist." as well as "the Picasso of Steel". His sculptures generally sell anywhere between $100 and $700 and up. According to Breceda, he is a self-taught metal works artist. Some of Breceda's sculptures include a stagecoach pulled by horses, a bear, and a scorpion. Breceda also makes statues of people, most of which are based on people from the old west (such as cowboys) and Native American figures. One of Breceda's most notable sculptures is a 350-foot serpent found in Borrego Springs whose head and body pops out of the sand. Other notable examples of Breceda's work includes fighting dinosaur statues and a series of wild horse sculptures as seen from Highway 79. His daughter assists in the sculpting of his statues. Breceda hosted an Open House Art and Music Festival at his studio in the Vail Lake Resort RV Park. The event played host to more than 20 local artists, and in addition to selling their art, these artists were also creating art at the event. The artists at the event include airbrush specialists, oil painters, canvas painters, chalk art, face painters and body painters. The event featured live music from bands, such as SantanaWays. Recognition According to Borrego Springs' Chamber of Commerce Executive Director Linda Haddock, the town receives thousands of visitors who come to see his art, and four out of five people who haven't been to the town before who visit the Chamber of Commerce office are looking to see his art. A biography about Ricardo Breceda and his art work was written by biographer and historian Diana Lindsay. The book covers his early years as an artist, how he came to get into it, and other aspects of his life and career. Breceda's sculptures were featured in a list of the 11 best art spots in Southern California outside of Los Angeles written by Priscilla Frank for The Huffington Post. The Anza-Borrego Desert was named as The San Diego Union-Tribunes fifth favorite state park, and used a picture of Breceda's serpent sculpture. Another article written by Carolina Gusman for The San Diego Union-Tribune recommended the Anza-Borrego Desert for people looking for a vacation that's low budget due in part to Breceda's sculptures. Alta Vista Botanical Gardens in Vista, California has acquired nine of Ricardo Breceda's sculptures, including a large five-piece serpent sculpture, which have been installed in various locations throughout the Gardens. References External links Location of working Sculpture garden Mexican sculptors Male sculptors American sculptors Artists from Durango Living people People from Perris, California People from Borrego Springs, California Year of birth missing (living people)

<mask> is an artist most well known for his large metal sculptures of animals. He was born in the town of Villa Unión in the state of Durango, Mexico, but now resides in Aguanga, California. He is unmarried and has two daughters, Lianna and Arabi. He originally worked as a cowboy boots salesman and a construction worker, but a construction accident caused him to leave the latter job. He made a metal sculpture of a Tyrannosaurus rex for his daughter Lianna after she asked for a dinosaur for Christmas following a viewing of Jurassic Park III. He continued work on sculptures, and was eventually discovered by a philanthropist named Dennis Avery who paid him to construct one piece. Avery then allowed Breceda to build more than 100 sculptures on his property at Galleta Meadows Estate.The sculptures are based on beasts found in a book that depicts now-fossilized creatures in the Anza Borrego Desert as well as mythological creatures. Notable statues made by Breceda include a stagecoach pulled by horses, a large serpent, and a Tyrannosaurus rex. <mask> was the subject of a book called "<mask>: Accidental Artist", and his art was cited by both The Huffington Post and The San Diego Union-Tribune as reasons why people should visit the Anza-Borrego Desert. His outdoor studio location, known for its rustic charm and open landscape, is located on Highway 79 in Aguanga, California. It is accessible to the public as a space to view the variety and scale of the artwork as well as purchase it. Early life <mask> was born in Durango, Mexico. He is a single parent to his daughter.He later moved to Borrego Springs, California. Career Breceda worked as a cowboy boots salesman in Durango, among other professions. He also worked as a construction worker, but suffered a construction accident and was injured. His inspiration for the statues came when he brought his then 6-year-old daughter to see the film Jurassic Park III in 2001. After the movie, he asked his daughter what she wanted for Christmas, and she replied that she wanted a dinosaur. A few weeks later, <mask> made his first metal statue, which was a 20-foot tall, 45-foot long Tyrannosaurus rex, for his daughter. This led to him to make more of these statues as a hobby, and eventually people began to show interest and offered to purchase some of his statues.In 2007, a philanthropist named Dennis Avery drove by his studio, then located in Perris, California. Avery asked Breceda to create statues on his property based on beasts featured in a book he financed about now-fossilized creatures once found in the Anza-Borrego Desert. Avery continued to request that Breceda create more of the beasts found in the book until he ran out of animals for Breceda to recreate. Once this happened, Breceda began work on statues based on mythical creatures. When Avery died in 2012, a fund was established to ensure that if storms or vandals damaged his statues, he would be able to repair them. By the time Avery had died, Breceda had finished 130 of the sculptures requested of him by Avery. The sculptures contributed to an increase in economic prosperity in Borrego Springs, which suffered from the Great Recession.He eventually moved to Borrego Springs. His metal works studio is found in the Vail Lake Resort RV Park just outside of Temecula, California near the Anza Borrego Desert. How <mask> became involved in making metal statues caused him to be called "The Accidental Artist." as well as "the Picasso of Steel". His sculptures generally sell anywhere between $100 and $700 and up. According to <mask>, he is a self-taught metal works artist. Some of <mask>'s sculptures include a stagecoach pulled by horses, a bear, and a scorpion.Breceda also makes statues of people, most of which are based on people from the old west (such as cowboys) and Native American figures. One of Breceda's most notable sculptures is a 350-foot serpent found in Borrego Springs whose head and body pops out of the sand. Other notable examples of Breceda's work includes fighting dinosaur statues and a series of wild horse sculptures as seen from Highway 79. His daughter assists in the sculpting of his statues. Breceda hosted an Open House Art and Music Festival at his studio in the Vail Lake Resort RV Park. The event played host to more than 20 local artists, and in addition to selling their art, these artists were also creating art at the event. The artists at the event include airbrush specialists, oil painters, canvas painters, chalk art, face painters and body painters.The event featured live music from bands, such as SantanaWays. Recognition According to Borrego Springs' Chamber of Commerce Executive Director Linda Haddock, the town receives thousands of visitors who come to see his art, and four out of five people who haven't been to the town before who visit the Chamber of Commerce office are looking to see his art. A biography about <mask> and his art work was written by biographer and historian Diana Lindsay. The book covers his early years as an artist, how he came to get into it, and other aspects of his life and career. <mask>'s sculptures were featured in a list of the 11 best art spots in Southern California outside of Los Angeles written by Priscilla Frank for The Huffington Post. The Anza-Borrego Desert was named as The San Diego Union-Tribunes fifth favorite state park, and used a picture of Breceda's serpent sculpture. Another article written by Carolina Gusman for The San Diego Union-Tribune recommended the Anza-Borrego Desert for people looking for a vacation that's low budget due in part to Breceda's sculptures.Alta Vista Botanical Gardens in Vista, California has acquired nine of <mask>'s sculptures, including a large five-piece serpent sculpture, which have been installed in various locations throughout the Gardens. References External links Location of working Sculpture garden Mexican sculptors Male sculptors American sculptors Artists from Durango Living people People from Perris, California People from Borrego Springs, California Year of birth missing (living people)

<mask> is known for his large metal sculptures of animals. He was born in the town of Villa Unin in Mexico, but now lives in California. He has two daughters, Lianna and Arabi. A construction accident caused him to leave his job as a cowboy boots salesman. He made a metal sculpture of a tyrannosaurus rex for Lianna after she asked for a dinosaur for Christmas. He continued to work on sculptures and was eventually discovered by a philanthropist who paid him to build one piece. <mask> was allowed to build more than 100 sculptures on the property.The beasts found in the Anza Borrego Desert are the basis for the sculptures. A stagecoach pulled by horses is one of the statues made by Breceda. The Anza-Borrego Desert has been cited as a reason why people should visit it by both The Huffington Post and The San Diego Union-Tribune. His outdoor studio location is located on the side of a road. It is possible for the public to view the artwork as well as purchase it. <mask> was born in Mexico. He is a single parent.He moved to Borrego Springs. <mask> worked as a cowboy boots salesman. He was injured in a construction accident while working as a construction worker. His inspiration for the statues came when he brought his daughter to see a movie. He asked his daughter what she wanted for Christmas, and she said she wanted a dinosaur. A few weeks later, <mask> made his first metal statue, which was a 20-foot tall, 45 foot long tyrannosaurus rex for his daughter. This led to him to make more of these statues as a hobby, and eventually people began to show interest and offered to purchase some of his statues.Dennis Avery, a philanthropist, drove by his studio in Perris, California, in 2007. Breceda was asked to create statues on the property based on the beasts featured in the book. Breceda was unable to recreate the beasts found in the book because he ran out of animals. Breceda began work on statues based on mythical creatures after this happened. If storms or vandals damaged his statues, a fund was set up to repair them. Breceda had finished 130 of the sculptures requested of him by the time he died. Borrego Springs experienced an increase in economic prosperity due to the sculptures.He moved to Borrego Springs. His studio is located in the RV park near the Anza Borrego Desert. He was called "The Accidental Artist" because he became involved in making metal statues. Also, "the Picasso of Steel". His sculptures sell for between $100 and $700. He is a metal works artist. A stagecoach pulled by horses, a bear, and a scorpion are some of the sculptures by Breceda.Most of the statues of people made by Breceda are based on people from the old west. One of Breceda's most notable sculptures is a 350-foot serpent found in Borrego Springs. There are many examples of Breceda's work, including fighting dinosaur statues and a series of wild horse sculptures. His daughter is helping with the sculpting of his statues. An Open House Art and Music Festival was held at Breceda's studio. More than 20 local artists were at the event and they were selling their art as well. Airbrush specialists, oil painters, canvas painters, chalk art, face painters and body painters are some of the artists at the event.There was live music from bands. According to Borrego Springs' Chamber of Commerce Executive Director Linda Haddock, the town gets thousands of visitors who come to see his art, and four out of five people who haven't been to the town before who visit the Chamber of Commerce office are looking to see his art. Diana Lindsay wrote a biography about Breceda. His early years as an artist, how he came to get into it, and other aspects of his life are covered in the book. <mask>'s sculptures were included in a list of the 11 best art spots in Southern California outside of Los Angeles. The San Diego Union-Tribune named the Anza-Borrego Desert its fifth favorite state park and used a picture of Breceda's serpent sculpture. The Anza-Borrego Desert is a low budget destination due to the sculptures of Breceda.A large five-piece serpent sculpture is one of the sculptures that Alta Vista Botanical Gardens has acquired. People from Perris, California and Borrego Springs, California are missing a year of birth.

4616383

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Moore%20%28photographer%29

Charles Moore (photographer)

Charles Lee Moore (March 9, 1931 – March 11, 2010) was an American photographer known for his photographs documenting the Civil Rights Movement. Probably his most famous photo is of Martin Luther King Jr.'s arrest for loitering on September 3, 1958. It is this photo that sparked Moore's involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. Early life and education Moore was born in 1931 in Hackleburg, Alabama. His father was a baptist minister. His mother died young. He has a younger brother, Jim, b. March 1936. After attending local schools, he served three years in the U.S. Marines as a photographer. Afterward he used the GI Bill to study at the Brooks Institute of Photography in Santa Barbara, California. He returned to Alabama, finding work as a photographer with the jointly owned morning and afternoon newspapers, Montgomery Advertiser and Alabama Journal. Career In 1958, while working in Montgomery, Alabama for the Montgomery Advertiser, he photographed an argument between the minister Martin Luther King Jr. and two policemen in Montgomery. His photographs were distributed nationally by the Associated Press, and published in Life. From this start, Moore traveled throughout the South documenting the activities of the Civil Rights Movement. One of his most well-known photographs Birmingham, depicts demonstrators being attacked by firemen wielding high-pressure hoses., U.S. Senator Jacob Javits, said that Moore's pictures "helped to spur passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964." In 1962, Moore left the newspapers to start a freelance career. He worked for the Black Star picture agency, which sold much of his work to Life magazine. Moore covered the Vietnam War and conflicts in Dominican Republic, Venezuela and Haiti. He left warfare to work in nature, fashion and travel photography, in addition to corporate work. In 1989, Moore was the first recipient of the Eastman Kodak Crystal Eagle Award for Impact in Photojournalism, which is awarded for a "body of photographic work which has influenced public perceptions on important issues of our time," in the NPPA–University of Missouri Pictures of the Year International Competition. In 2008, Moore's last photographs were of the removal of a tree at Barton Hall, a historic 1840s plantation home in northern Alabama. Involvement in the Civil Rights Movement On the day of September 3, 1958, Charles Moore was photographing a court case involving Ralph Abernathy for the Montgomery Advertiser when Moore witnessed two policemen attempting to arrest Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. for loitering at the crowded courthouse. Moore then followed as the two policemen took King to the police headquarters where he was charged and jailed for loitering. Moore had been the only photographer present, only because he was working to document Abernathy's case, and so his photo of King's arrest is the only one available. Life Magazine then picked up this photo and published it along with a collection of Moore's work over the next few years. Charles Moore in 1961, now working for Life, heard of James Meredith's attempts to enroll at the segregated University of Mississippi, and went with a few other photographers to document the events. When he arrived two days before Meredith would be escorted to the campus, however, "[a] pack of enraged white students shoved their way into Moore's hotel room, shouting and cursing. One began to choke him before the former Golden Gloves boxer pushed him away". The day of Meredith's arrival, Moore attempted to begin photographing the mob, but he was readily identified as a photographer and the mob threatened him again. Knowing he would need to get through the mob without being recognized, he bought a gas mask, and sneaked onto the campus with a student—his camera was hidden in the trunk of the car where the police did not check before they were allowed on campus. Due to the mob's attempts to keep the riot undocumented, Moore's photos are the only photos of the riot. May 2, 1963 was Phase III--"D-Day"—of "Project C" when more than a thousand children stayed out of school to march in Birmingham. Moore arrived in Birmingham on the 3rd when he heard reports of attacks on the demonstrators, and he immediately began documenting the events of the march. Some of the photos show the Birmingham Fire Department spraying the demonstrators with their pressure-hoses. Others show the policemen releasing their dogs on the demonstrators, tearing and ripping the clothes of the men, women, and children. These photos are shown in Life Magazine and "Birmingham stayed on the front pages of the Times and the Post for twelve days". One month later, when Alabama's Governor Wallace went to the University of Alabama campus to bar black students from registering, President Kennedy addressed Wallace's actions as well as the events in Birmingham, saying, "The events in Birmingham and elsewhere have so increased the cries for equality that no city or State or legislative body can prudently choose to ignore them". These photos even gained international attention with "[p]hotographs appear[ing] in newspapers throughout the world and the...story...told in many languages." After witnessing demonstrators being beaten in the Selma marches, Moore needed to take a break from documenting the movement; "I had been involved in so much ugliness and I realized that I needed to do something else". When Moore was in California, "doing a sex education assignment for the Saturday Evening Post", he heard news of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. This was the end of Moore's work in the movement, and he would not be recognized for his position in the movement until twenty years later. His work was entered in the first annual Kodak Crystal Eagle Award, and he won, sparking a renewed interest in his work. Death Moore died at age 79 of complications related to Alzheimer's disease on March 11, 2010 in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Publications Powerful Days: The Civil Rights Photography of Charles Moore. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2001. . The Motherlode. San Francisco: Chronicle, 2006. Films I Fight With My Camera (2005) – video See also List of photographers of the civil rights movement Race Riot painting by Andy Warhol References External links - Moore's Birmingham photographs Collection of Moore photographs on Kodak.com Charles Moore - post-mortem audio story and slideshow by NPR Charles Moore's final photography 2008 1931 births 2010 deaths People from Marion County, Alabama People from Montgomery, Alabama American photojournalists Journalists from Alabama

<mask> (March 9, 1931 – March 11, 2010) was an American photographer known for his photographs documenting the Civil Rights Movement. Probably his most famous photo is of Martin Luther King Jr.'s arrest for loitering on September 3, 1958. It is this photo that sparked <mask>'s involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. Early life and education <mask> was born in 1931 in Hackleburg, Alabama. His father was a baptist minister. His mother died young. He has a younger brother, Jim, b.March 1936. After attending local schools, he served three years in the U.S. Marines as a photographer. Afterward he used the GI Bill to study at the Brooks Institute of Photography in Santa Barbara, California. He returned to Alabama, finding work as a photographer with the jointly owned morning and afternoon newspapers, Montgomery Advertiser and Alabama Journal. Career In 1958, while working in Montgomery, Alabama for the Montgomery Advertiser, he photographed an argument between the minister Martin Luther King Jr. and two policemen in Montgomery. His photographs were distributed nationally by the Associated Press, and published in Life. From this start, <mask> traveled throughout the South documenting the activities of the Civil Rights Movement.One of his most well-known photographs Birmingham, depicts demonstrators being attacked by firemen wielding high-pressure hoses., U.S. Senator Jacob Javits, said that <mask>'s pictures "helped to spur passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964." In 1962, <mask> left the newspapers to start a freelance career. He worked for the Black Star picture agency, which sold much of his work to Life magazine. <mask> covered the Vietnam War and conflicts in Dominican Republic, Venezuela and Haiti. He left warfare to work in nature, fashion and travel photography, in addition to corporate work. In 1989, <mask> was the first recipient of the Eastman Kodak Crystal Eagle Award for Impact in Photojournalism, which is awarded for a "body of photographic work which has influenced public perceptions on important issues of our time," in the NPPA–University of Missouri Pictures of the Year International Competition.In 2008, <mask>'s last photographs were of the removal of a tree at Barton Hall, a historic 1840s plantation home in northern Alabama. Involvement in the Civil Rights Movement On the day of September 3, 1958, <mask> was photographing a court case involving Ralph Abernathy for the Montgomery Advertiser when <mask> witnessed two policemen attempting to arrest Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. for loitering at the crowded courthouse. <mask> then followed as the two policemen took King to the police headquarters where he was charged and jailed for loitering. <mask> had been the only photographer present, only because he was working to document Abernathy's case, and so his photo of King's arrest is the only one available. Life Magazine then picked up this photo and published it along with a collection of <mask>'s work over the next few years. <mask> in 1961, now working for Life, heard of James Meredith's attempts to enroll at the segregated University of Mississippi, and went with a few other photographers to document the events. When he arrived two days before Meredith would be escorted to the campus, however, "[a] pack of enraged white students shoved their way into <mask>'s hotel room, shouting and cursing.One began to choke him before the former Golden Gloves boxer pushed him away". The day of Meredith's arrival, <mask> attempted to begin photographing the mob, but he was readily identified as a photographer and the mob threatened him again. Knowing he would need to get through the mob without being recognized, he bought a gas mask, and sneaked onto the campus with a student—his camera was hidden in the trunk of the car where the police did not check before they were allowed on campus. Due to the mob's attempts to keep the riot undocumented, <mask>'s photos are the only photos of the riot. May 2, 1963 was Phase III--"D-Day"—of "Project C" when more than a thousand children stayed out of school to march in Birmingham. <mask> arrived in Birmingham on the 3rd when he heard reports of attacks on the demonstrators, and he immediately began documenting the events of the march. Some of the photos show the Birmingham Fire Department spraying the demonstrators with their pressure-hoses.Others show the policemen releasing their dogs on the demonstrators, tearing and ripping the clothes of the men, women, and children. These photos are shown in Life Magazine and "Birmingham stayed on the front pages of the Times and the Post for twelve days". One month later, when Alabama's Governor Wallace went to the University of Alabama campus to bar black students from registering, President Kennedy addressed Wallace's actions as well as the events in Birmingham, saying, "The events in Birmingham and elsewhere have so increased the cries for equality that no city or State or legislative body can prudently choose to ignore them". These photos even gained international attention with "[p]hotographs appear[ing] in newspapers throughout the world and the...story...told in many languages." After witnessing demonstrators being beaten in the Selma marches, <mask> needed to take a break from documenting the movement; "I had been involved in so much ugliness and I realized that I needed to do something else". When <mask> was in California, "doing a sex education assignment for the Saturday Evening Post", he heard news of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. This was the end of <mask>'s work in the movement, and he would not be recognized for his position in the movement until twenty years later.His work was entered in the first annual Kodak Crystal Eagle Award, and he won, sparking a renewed interest in his work. Death <mask> died at age 79 of complications related to Alzheimer's disease on March 11, 2010 in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Publications Powerful Days: The Civil Rights Photography of <mask>. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2001. . The Motherlode. San Francisco: Chronicle, 2006. Films I Fight With My Camera (2005) – video See also List of photographers of the civil rights movement Race Riot painting by Andy Warhol References External links - <mask>'s Birmingham photographs Collection of <mask> photographs on Kodak.com <mask> - post-mortem audio story and slideshow by NPR <mask>'s final photography 2008 1931 births 2010 deaths People from Marion County, Alabama People from Montgomery, Alabama American photojournalists Journalists from Alabama

The Civil Rights Movement was documented in <mask>'s photographs. His most famous photo is of Martin Luther King Jr. being arrested for loitering. <mask>'s involvement in the Civil Rights movement was sparked by this photo. <mask> was born in Hackleburg, Alabama. His father was a baptist minister. His mother was young. He has a younger brother.March 1936. He served three years in the U.S. Marines as a photographer. The GI Bill allowed him to study at theBrooks Institute of Photography in Santa Barbara, California. He found work as a photographer with the Montgomery Advertiser and Alabama Journal after returning to Alabama. While working for the Montgomery Advertiser, he photographed an argument between the minister Martin Luther King Jr. and two policemen. His photographs were published in Life. <mask> traveled throughout the South documenting the Civil Rights movement.One of his most well-known photographs depicts demonstrators being attacked by firemen. <mask>'s pictures helped to spur passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. <mask> left the newspapers in 1962 to start his own business. The Black Star picture agency sold most of his work to Life magazine. The Vietnam War and conflicts in the Dominican Republic were covered by <mask>. He left warfare to work in nature, fashion and travel photography. <mask> was the first recipient of the Eastman Kodak Crystal Eagle Award for Impact in Photojournalism, which is awarded for a "body of photographic work which has influenced public perception on important issues of our time," in the University of Missouri Pictures of the Year International Competition.<mask>'s last photograph was of the removal of a tree at Barton Hall, a historic 1840s plantation home in northern Alabama. The Montgomery Advertiser's <mask> witnessed two policemen attempt to arrest Martin Luther King Jr. for loitering at the crowded courthouse. <mask> followed as King was taken to the police headquarters where he was charged and jailed for loitering. <mask> was the only photographer present and his photo of King's arrest is the only one available. Life Magazine published a collection of <mask>'s work over the next few years after picking up this photo. In 1961, when <mask> was working for Life, he heard of James Meredith's attempts to enroll at the University of Mississippi and went with a few other photographers to document the events. A pack of enraged white students shoved their way into <mask>'s hotel room, shouting and cursing, when he arrived two days before he would be escorted to the campus.The former Golden Gloves boxer pushed him away as one began to choke him. <mask> tried to start photographing the mob, but he was immediately identified as a photographer and the mob threatened him again. He sneaked onto the campus with a student and hid his camera in the trunk of his car because he knew he would need to get through the mob. <mask>'s photos are the only photos of the riot because the mob tried to keep it a secret. "D-Day" was May 2, 1963, when more than a thousand children stayed out of school. <mask> stayed on the front pages of the Times and the Post for twelve days. One month later, when Alabama's Governor Wallace went to the University of Alabama campus to bar black students from registering, President Kennedy addressed Wallace's actions as well as the events in the city. The photos gained international attention when they appeared in newspapers throughout the world and in many languages. <mask> took a break from documenting the movement after witnessing demonstrators being beaten in the marches. <mask> was doing a sex education assignment for the Saturday Evening Post when he heard about the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. <mask> wouldn't be recognized for his position in the movement until twenty years later, at the end of his work in the movement.His work was entered in the first annual Kodak Crystal Eagle Award, and he won, sparking a renewed interest in his work. <mask> died of Alzheimer's disease on March 11, 2010 in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. The Civil Rights Photography of <mask>. The University of Alabama Press was published in 2001. The Motherlode. Chronicle in San Francisco. The list of photographers of the civil rights movement Race Riot painting by Andy Warhol is included in the film I Fight With My Camera.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monika%20Richarz

Monika Richarz

Monika Richarz (born 8 June 1937) is a German historian. The focus of her work is on the social history of the Jewish minority in Germany, and the relationships between the Germans and the Jews. In talking about her area of expertise, she likes to explain that there is a whole lot more to "Jewish history" than Auschwitz ("...jüdische Geschichte weit mehr umfasst als Auschwitz."). Between 1993 and her retirement in 2001 she was the director of the Hamburg based "Institute for the History of German Jews" ("Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden"). Life Childhood in wartime Monika Richarz was born in Berlin, and spent the first part of her childhood in the relatively quite Zehlendorf quarter. Her father (like his father before him) was a mechanical engineer. When war came, slightly more than two years after Monika's birth, he avoided conscription because of his health. He worked, instead, for the Technical Emergency Assistance Service ("Technische Nothilfe"), which involved reinstating gas, electricity and water supplies after air-raids on the city. He never joined the Nazi Party, although his daughter later described her parents as Nazi "fellow travellers", not actively involved in Nazi crimes, but not actively distancing themselves from the government either. Monika's mother was a teacher of domestic sciences, and was also involved in teacher training. In 1943 she and her mother were evacuated to Neuruppin, a small town a short distance to the north of Berlin. Later they moved again, going to live with her grandmother at Meiningen in Thuringia. It was therefore not in bombed out Berlin, but in small town Germany that at the age of 7 the child first experienced the horror of air-raids, first saw dead bodies being pulled out of rubble, and was first terrified by dive bombers on the walk to school. When war ended in 1945 Monika was summoned back to Berlin by her father. Back in Thuringia her sister was born soon afterwards, and in 1946 the family were reunited in Berlin-Zehlendorf. Although much of Berlin and the surrounding countryside were by now administered as the Soviet occupation zone, the western part of the city was subdivided into occupation zones controlled by British, US and French forces. Zehlendorf was in the US zone. Although she would participate in the student riots of 1968, Monika Richarz nevertheless retained many positive memories of the US occupation forces. She wore clothes donated by American Quakers and, with other children, became accustomed to asking "chocolate please" after gathering in front of a house in the neighbourhood that had been commandeered, and identified itself with a "No loitering" sign. During the next few years, within Berlin, the family were obliged to relocate frequently. Economically, however, as the rubble was cleared away, her father's skills were much prized, and he worked on reconstruction of the energy infrastructure in the eastern part of Berlin, not yet separated by the political, economic and physical barriers that would later divide the city according to the occupation zones established in 1945. After October 1949 the Soviet occupation zone was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic and political differences between the two new Germanys became progressively harder to ignore. Monika's father resigned abruptly from his work in East Berlin after deciding he no longer wished to be placed under sustained pressure to join the recently created Socialist Unity Party (SED) which by this time was well on the way to becoming the ruling party in a new kind of one-party dictatorship, under Soviet sponsorship and subject to Soviet political and social constraints. He appears to have had no difficulty finding well paid work in West Berlin, where he later obtained a position as the director of a gas works. Monika was educated at a private school in the city. There were no books, and history was taught using hectograph copied sheets. The twentieth century was carefully excluded from the syllabus, but various earlier periods were studied intensively. She passed her school final exams ("Abitur") in 1956, which in principal cleared the way for admission to university level education. However, her father had died in 1954 and her mother had thereby become acutely aware of the need for women to be able to support themselves financially. Monika Richarz was persuaded to apply to train as a school teacher. Inwardly Richarz was not keen on this plan, and it was probably as a result of what today would be termed "passive resistance" that she successfully avoided being accepted as a trainee teacher. Student Instead she enrolled at Bonn University. After an "orientation term" she switched from Bonn to the Free University of Berlin where she studied History and, in particular, Medieval History. Shortly after embarking on her student career, in 1958, Richarz undertook a student exchange visit to Poland. The trip included Warsaw, Krakow and the nearby former concentration camp at Auschwitz. She was much affected. One of the things that most struck her, in 1958, was the contrasting approaches in Poland and in West Germany to the residuum from the destruction of the war and the murder of the Jews. The Free University, where she studied till successfully completing her degree in 1962, had an unusual, albeit brief, history, reflecting Berlin's wider political postwar tensions. Berlin's Humboldt University had ended up in the Soviet occupation zone in 1945, and was hurriedly but thoroughly modernised along Soviet principals. Following a series of student arrests and even, some said, executions, in 1947 students at the Humboldt demanded a university free from political influence. After several more months of largely low level confrontation between the students and the Soviet-backed authorities, a number of Berlin academics and politicians, eventually with the necessary backing of the US governor, General Clay, created of an alternative free university in the US administered sector. The Free University's first lectures were delivered in November 1948. By the time Monika Richarz enrolled there were already 10,846 students. The recent date of the university's foundation meant that, unusually in Germany, it was institutionally unencumbered by the shadows of a Nazi past. Its pioneering spirit attracted large numbers of overseas students and a number of returning high profile German academics who had been forced into exile for reasons of politics and race during the Nazi years. One of these was Adolf Leschnitzer (1899-1980), who after 1939 had built a successful academic career in New York, but who combined this, after 1952, with a post as a visiting professor at the Free University of Berlin, where he taught for one term each year over a period of twenty years. Between 1957 and 1972 Leschnitzer was Honorary Professor for Jewish History and Culture. One of his students was Monika Richarz. Indeed, she would continue to attend his seminars till 1972, one of just two women in his (never large) seminar group. Accurately summarizing Leschnitzer's career progression, she later described him as "a mixture of German secondary school teacher and American professor", while going on to add that for her, and for post war fellow students of Jewish provenance, he had unlocked the door to a completely new way of understanding Jewish culture. In August 1961 Richarz was still studying for her history degree. That month the sudden appearance of the "Anti-fascist protection wall" had an immediate personal impact on fellow students from East Berlin who found their route to the Free University being blocked. Spontaneously the members of Prof. Leschnitzer's seminar group became people smugglers, organising false identity papers and smuggling friends, hidden under cars, into West Berlin. It was, Richarz later reflected, "all very very dramatic". The next year she completed her exams and embarked on a probationary year as a trainee teacher. Her mother's imprecations on the need financial security had had their effect. However, after the excitement of university life, she found her days in school "deadly boring", and the pro-Nazi nostalgia ("braune Gesinnung") displayed by several colleagues she accompanied on a school expedition to Obersalzberg, "scandalous". Academic and scholar In 1964 she managed to negotiate a part time post at the Berlin Historical Commission ("Historische Kommission zu Berlin"), where she remained as a researcher till 1969. Monika Richarz submitted her doctoral dissertation in 1969. She had visited no fewer than 26 archives. She was not always well received. Many archivists suspected that anyone researching German Jewish history was simply bent on gathering evidence of anti-semitism. She received her doctorate in 1970 for a piece of work on the entry of Jews into the academic professions ("Eintritt der Juden in die akademischen Berufe"). The qualification, awarded by the Free University of Berlin, came with a coveted "magna cum laude" citation. After this, for two years between 1970 and 1972, she was employed by the West German Bundestag (national parliament) as a researcher in connection with an exhibition being staged in West Berlin in the "old Reichstag building" (as it was known at that time). The exhibition, presented under the title "Questions on German history" ("Fragen an die Deutsche Geschichte"), was timed to coincide with the centenary of German unification. This was followed by relocation to New York City, where Richarz worked as a research fellow at the Leo Baeck Institute between 1972 and 1979. She quickly found she had integrated herself into three contrasting worlds: she lived in the city's Lower East Side, "more or less a Puerto Rican slum" (Richarz) with empty houses, collapsed buildings, high crime and a developing fashion in the neighbourhood for Voodoo cult practices; she was also soon participating in a long string of animated discussions with members of the New York feminist movement, and each day she commuted to Upper West Side for her work at the institute. One major result of her eight years in New York was a volume entitled "Jewish life in Germany: memoirs from three centuries" / "Jüdisches Leben in Deutschland: Selbstzeugnisse zur Sozialgeschichte" which, reflecting the trends in social history at the time, comprised a large collection of autobiographical memoirs. (The institute holds additional memoirs that she collected which never made it into print.) Collecting the many testimonies sometimes involved unconventional research methods, as she sought out written records inherited by their writers' heirs. She cultivated excellent relations with the book keeper of a firm of undertakers that numbered, among its clients, the families of a large number of German Jewish emigrants. Each of the three volumes in which the work eventually appeared included a lengthy introduction by Richarz, setting out her methods with clarity and providing readable insightful summaries which covered each of the three epochs of German Jewish history into which the volumes were arranged. The collection also highlights the extent to which many of the people whose writings it features lived in rural Germany which, as Richarz was quick to point out, comprehensively refuted the stereotyping of German Jews as inhabitants only of the large cities. That theme was one to which she returned after moving back to Germany. In 1993, working jointly with , and again under the auspices of the Leo Baeck Institute, she produced a compilation entitled "Jewish life in the countryside: studies on German Jewish history" ("Jüdisches Leben auf dem Lande: Studien zur deutsch-jüdischen Geschichte"). In 1983 Richarz took over as director of the Germania Judaica in Cologne, a library concerned with the history of German Jews. She arrived at a difficult time, shortly after Prof. Hermann Greive had been shot dead by a firearms-obsessed former student called Sabine Gehlhaar, while delivering a seminar in the library. This had a traumatising impact on the institution. Richarz nevertheless acquired a new zest for teaching, taking on roles as a guest lecturer at the Academy for Jewish Studies in Heidelberg and at Zürich university. She retained her post at the Germania Judaica till 1993. On 1 December 1993 she took up an appointment as director of the "Institute for the History of German Jews" ("Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden"), in Hamburg, and was able, with the support of younger colleagues, notably Stefan Rohrbacher, Andreas Brämer, and Beate Meyer, both to improve its hitherto precarious finances and to raise significantly the level of activity. Richarz used her formidable network of contacts to raise the institute's profile internationally. She herself also continued with her teaching activities and, on 27 November 1996 accepted a professorship from the university. Monika Richarz retired from her directorship of the institute formally in 2001, to be succeeded by Stefanie Schüler-Springorum. References People from Steglitz-Zehlendorf 20th-century historians 21st-century historians Historians of Germany Scholars of antisemitism Historians of Jews and Judaism 1937 births Living people Free University of Berlin alumni

<mask> (born 8 June 1937) is a German historian. The focus of her work is on the social history of the Jewish minority in Germany, and the relationships between the Germans and the Jews. In talking about her area of expertise, she likes to explain that there is a whole lot more to "Jewish history" than Auschwitz ("...jüdische Geschichte weit mehr umfasst als Auschwitz."). Between 1993 and her retirement in 2001 she was the director of the Hamburg based "Institute for the History of German Jews" ("Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden"). Life Childhood in wartime <mask> was born in Berlin, and spent the first part of her childhood in the relatively quite Zehlendorf quarter. Her father (like his father before him) was a mechanical engineer. When war came, slightly more than two years after Monika's birth, he avoided conscription because of his health.He worked, instead, for the Technical Emergency Assistance Service ("Technische Nothilfe"), which involved reinstating gas, electricity and water supplies after air-raids on the city. He never joined the Nazi Party, although his daughter later described her parents as Nazi "fellow travellers", not actively involved in Nazi crimes, but not actively distancing themselves from the government either. <mask>'s mother was a teacher of domestic sciences, and was also involved in teacher training. In 1943 she and her mother were evacuated to Neuruppin, a small town a short distance to the north of Berlin. Later they moved again, going to live with her grandmother at Meiningen in Thuringia. It was therefore not in bombed out Berlin, but in small town Germany that at the age of 7 the child first experienced the horror of air-raids, first saw dead bodies being pulled out of rubble, and was first terrified by dive bombers on the walk to school. When war ended in 1945 <mask> was summoned back to Berlin by her father.Back in Thuringia her sister was born soon afterwards, and in 1946 the family were reunited in Berlin-Zehlendorf. Although much of Berlin and the surrounding countryside were by now administered as the Soviet occupation zone, the western part of the city was subdivided into occupation zones controlled by British, US and French forces. Zehlendorf was in the US zone. Although she would participate in the student riots of 1968, <mask> <mask> nevertheless retained many positive memories of the US occupation forces. She wore clothes donated by American Quakers and, with other children, became accustomed to asking "chocolate please" after gathering in front of a house in the neighbourhood that had been commandeered, and identified itself with a "No loitering" sign. During the next few years, within Berlin, the family were obliged to relocate frequently. Economically, however, as the rubble was cleared away, her father's skills were much prized, and he worked on reconstruction of the energy infrastructure in the eastern part of Berlin, not yet separated by the political, economic and physical barriers that would later divide the city according to the occupation zones established in 1945.After October 1949 the Soviet occupation zone was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic and political differences between the two new Germanys became progressively harder to ignore. <mask>'s father resigned abruptly from his work in East Berlin after deciding he no longer wished to be placed under sustained pressure to join the recently created Socialist Unity Party (SED) which by this time was well on the way to becoming the ruling party in a new kind of one-party dictatorship, under Soviet sponsorship and subject to Soviet political and social constraints. He appears to have had no difficulty finding well paid work in West Berlin, where he later obtained a position as the director of a gas works. <mask> was educated at a private school in the city. There were no books, and history was taught using hectograph copied sheets. The twentieth century was carefully excluded from the syllabus, but various earlier periods were studied intensively. She passed her school final exams ("Abitur") in 1956, which in principal cleared the way for admission to university level education.However, her father had died in 1954 and her mother had thereby become acutely aware of the need for women to be able to support themselves financially. <mask> <mask> was persuaded to apply to train as a school teacher. Inwardly Richarz was not keen on this plan, and it was probably as a result of what today would be termed "passive resistance" that she successfully avoided being accepted as a trainee teacher. Student Instead she enrolled at Bonn University. After an "orientation term" she switched from Bonn to the Free University of Berlin where she studied History and, in particular, Medieval History. Shortly after embarking on her student career, in 1958, Richarz undertook a student exchange visit to Poland. The trip included Warsaw, Krakow and the nearby former concentration camp at Auschwitz.She was much affected. One of the things that most struck her, in 1958, was the contrasting approaches in Poland and in West Germany to the residuum from the destruction of the war and the murder of the Jews. The Free University, where she studied till successfully completing her degree in 1962, had an unusual, albeit brief, history, reflecting Berlin's wider political postwar tensions. Berlin's Humboldt University had ended up in the Soviet occupation zone in 1945, and was hurriedly but thoroughly modernised along Soviet principals. Following a series of student arrests and even, some said, executions, in 1947 students at the Humboldt demanded a university free from political influence. After several more months of largely low level confrontation between the students and the Soviet-backed authorities, a number of Berlin academics and politicians, eventually with the necessary backing of the US governor, General Clay, created of an alternative free university in the US administered sector. The Free University's first lectures were delivered in November 1948.By the time <mask> <mask> enrolled there were already 10,846 students. The recent date of the university's foundation meant that, unusually in Germany, it was institutionally unencumbered by the shadows of a Nazi past. Its pioneering spirit attracted large numbers of overseas students and a number of returning high profile German academics who had been forced into exile for reasons of politics and race during the Nazi years. One of these was Adolf Leschnitzer (1899-1980), who after 1939 had built a successful academic career in New York, but who combined this, after 1952, with a post as a visiting professor at the Free University of Berlin, where he taught for one term each year over a period of twenty years. Between 1957 and 1972 Leschnitzer was Honorary Professor for Jewish History and Culture. One of his students was <mask> <mask>. Indeed, she would continue to attend his seminars till 1972, one of just two women in his (never large) seminar group.Accurately summarizing Leschnitzer's career progression, she later described him as "a mixture of German secondary school teacher and American professor", while going on to add that for her, and for post war fellow students of Jewish provenance, he had unlocked the door to a completely new way of understanding Jewish culture. In August 1961 Richarz was still studying for her history degree. That month the sudden appearance of the "Anti-fascist protection wall" had an immediate personal impact on fellow students from East Berlin who found their route to the Free University being blocked. Spontaneously the members of Prof. Leschnitzer's seminar group became people smugglers, organising false identity papers and smuggling friends, hidden under cars, into West Berlin. It was, Richarz later reflected, "all very very dramatic". The next year she completed her exams and embarked on a probationary year as a trainee teacher. Her mother's imprecations on the need financial security had had their effect.However, after the excitement of university life, she found her days in school "deadly boring", and the pro-Nazi nostalgia ("braune Gesinnung") displayed by several colleagues she accompanied on a school expedition to Obersalzberg, "scandalous". Academic and scholar In 1964 she managed to negotiate a part time post at the Berlin Historical Commission ("Historische Kommission zu Berlin"), where she remained as a researcher till 1969. <mask> <mask> submitted her doctoral dissertation in 1969. She had visited no fewer than 26 archives. She was not always well received. Many archivists suspected that anyone researching German Jewish history was simply bent on gathering evidence of anti-semitism. She received her doctorate in 1970 for a piece of work on the entry of Jews into the academic professions ("Eintritt der Juden in die akademischen Berufe").The qualification, awarded by the Free University of Berlin, came with a coveted "magna cum laude" citation. After this, for two years between 1970 and 1972, she was employed by the West German Bundestag (national parliament) as a researcher in connection with an exhibition being staged in West Berlin in the "old Reichstag building" (as it was known at that time). The exhibition, presented under the title "Questions on German history" ("Fragen an die Deutsche Geschichte"), was timed to coincide with the centenary of German unification. This was followed by relocation to New York City, where Richarz worked as a research fellow at the Leo Baeck Institute between 1972 and 1979. She quickly found she had integrated herself into three contrasting worlds: she lived in the city's Lower East Side, "more or less a Puerto Rican slum" (Richarz) with empty houses, collapsed buildings, high crime and a developing fashion in the neighbourhood for Voodoo cult practices; she was also soon participating in a long string of animated discussions with members of the New York feminist movement, and each day she commuted to Upper West Side for her work at the institute. One major result of her eight years in New York was a volume entitled "Jewish life in Germany: memoirs from three centuries" / "Jüdisches Leben in Deutschland: Selbstzeugnisse zur Sozialgeschichte" which, reflecting the trends in social history at the time, comprised a large collection of autobiographical memoirs. (The institute holds additional memoirs that she collected which never made it into print.)Collecting the many testimonies sometimes involved unconventional research methods, as she sought out written records inherited by their writers' heirs. She cultivated excellent relations with the book keeper of a firm of undertakers that numbered, among its clients, the families of a large number of German Jewish emigrants. Each of the three volumes in which the work eventually appeared included a lengthy introduction by Richarz, setting out her methods with clarity and providing readable insightful summaries which covered each of the three epochs of German Jewish history into which the volumes were arranged. The collection also highlights the extent to which many of the people whose writings it features lived in rural Germany which, as Richarz was quick to point out, comprehensively refuted the stereotyping of German Jews as inhabitants only of the large cities. That theme was one to which she returned after moving back to Germany. In 1993, working jointly with , and again under the auspices of the Leo Baeck Institute, she produced a compilation entitled "Jewish life in the countryside: studies on German Jewish history" ("Jüdisches Leben auf dem Lande: Studien zur deutsch-jüdischen Geschichte"). In 1983 <mask> took over as director of the Germania Judaica in Cologne, a library concerned with the history of German Jews.She arrived at a difficult time, shortly after Prof. Hermann Greive had been shot dead by a firearms-obsessed former student called Sabine Gehlhaar, while delivering a seminar in the library. This had a traumatising impact on the institution. Richarz nevertheless acquired a new zest for teaching, taking on roles as a guest lecturer at the Academy for Jewish Studies in Heidelberg and at Zürich university. She retained her post at the Germania Judaica till 1993. On 1 December 1993 she took up an appointment as director of the "Institute for the History of German Jews" ("Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden"), in Hamburg, and was able, with the support of younger colleagues, notably Stefan Rohrbacher, Andreas Brämer, and Beate Meyer, both to improve its hitherto precarious finances and to raise significantly the level of activity. <mask> used her formidable network of contacts to raise the institute's profile internationally. She herself also continued with her teaching activities and, on 27 November 1996 accepted a professorship from the university.<mask> <mask> retired from her directorship of the institute formally in 2001, to be succeeded by Stefanie Schüler-Springorum. References People from Steglitz-Zehlendorf 20th-century historians 21st-century historians Historians of Germany Scholars of antisemitism Historians of Jews and Judaism 1937 births Living people Free University of Berlin alumni

There is a German historian named <mask>. The social history of the Jewish minority in Germany is the focus of her work. She likes to say that there is a lot more to Jewish history than Auschwitz. She was the director of the Institute for the History of German Jews from 1993 to 2001. <mask> was born in Berlin and spent the first part of her childhood in the Zehlendorf quarter. Her father was a mechanical engineer. He didn't go to war because of his health.After air-raids on the city, the Technical Emergency Assistance Service restored gas, electricity and water supplies. He never joined the Nazi Party, although his daughter later described her parents as Nazi "fellow travellers", not actively involved in Nazi crimes. Her mother was involved in teacher training and was a teacher of domestic sciences. Neuruppin, a small town a short distance to the north of Berlin, was where she and her mother were evacuated in 1943. They went to live with her grandmother in Thuringia. In small town Germany, at the age of 7, the child first experienced the horror of air-raids, first saw dead bodies being pulled out of rubble, and was terrified by dive bombers on the walk to school. After the war ended, her father summoned her back to Berlin.After her sister was born in Thuringia, the family were able to return to Berlin-Zehlendorf. The western part of Berlin was divided into zones controlled by the British, US and French forces after the fall of the Soviet Union. The US zone was where Zehlendorf was. Many positive memories of the US occupation forces were retained by <mask> <mask> despite her participation in the student riots of 1968. She became accustomed to asking "chocolate please" after gathering in front of a house in the neighbourhood that had been commandeered, and identified itself with a "No loitering" sign. The family had to relocate frequently within Berlin during the next few years. As the rubble was cleared, her father's skills were much prized, and he worked on reconstruction of the energy infrastructure in the eastern part of Berlin, not yet separated by the political, economic and physical barriers that would later divide the city according to the occupation zones.After October 1949, the Soviet occupation zone was reopened as the German Democratic Republic and political differences between the two new Germanys became harder to ignore. By this time, the Socialist Unity Party (SED) was well on its way to becoming the ruling party in a new kind of one-party dictatorship after the father resigned abruptly from his work in East Berlin. He was able to find well paid work in West Berlin, where he later became the director of gas works. She attended a private school in the city. History was taught using hectograph copied sheets and there were no books. The syllabus excluded the twentieth century, but many earlier periods were studied. The way for admission to university level education was cleared after she passed her school final exams.Her mother became aware of the need for women to be able to support themselves financially after her father died. She applied to train as a school teacher. Richarz was not fond of this plan, and it was probably because she avoided being accepted as a teacher because of passive resistance. She was a student at Bonn University. She studied History and Medieval History at the Free University of Berlin after moving from Bonn. Richarz went on a student exchange visit to Poland in the 1960's. The former concentration camp at Auschwitz was included in the trip.She was very upset. She was most struck by the contrasting approaches in Poland and West Germany to the residuum from the destruction of the war and the murder of the Jews. Berlin's wider political postwar tensions were reflected in the brief history of the Free University. After being in the Soviet occupation zone in 1945, Berlin's Humboldt University was quickly and thoroughly modernised. In 1947 students at the Humboldt demanded a university free from political influence after a series of student arrests. After several more months of largely low level confrontation between the students and the Soviet-backed authorities, a number of Berlin academics and politicians, eventually with the necessary backing of the US governor, General Clay, created of an alternative free university in the US administered sector. The first lectures were delivered by the Free University.There were more than 10,000 students by the time <mask> joined. The recent date of the university's foundation meant that it was institutionally unaffected by the shadows of a Nazi past. Large numbers of overseas students and a number of returning high profile German academics who had been forced into exile for reasons of politics and race during the Nazi years were attracted by its innovative spirit. One of these was Adolf Leschnitzer, who after 1939 had built a successful academic career in New York, but who combined this with a post as a visiting professor at the Free University of Berlin, where he taught for one term each year. Between 1957 and 1972 Leschnitzer was a professor. One of his students was <mask> <mask>. She continued to attend his seminars until 1972, one of only two women in his seminar group.She said that Leschnitzer was a mixture of German secondary school teacher and American professor and that he had unlocked the door to a completely new way. Richarz was still studying for her history degree. The sudden appearance of the "Anti-fascist protection wall" had an immediate personal impact on fellow students from East Berlin who found their route to the Free University being blocked. The members of Prof. Leschnitzer's seminar group became people smugglers. Richarz said it was all very dramatic. After completing her exams, she embarked on a year of training as a teacher. Her mother talked about the need for financial security.After the excitement of university life, she found her days in school "deadly boring" and the pro-Nazi nostalgia displayed by her colleagues was scandalous. She was an academic and a researcher at the Berlin Historical Commission until 1969. Her thesis was submitted in 1969. She had visited many archives. She wasn't always well received. Many historians believed that anyone researching German Jewish history was interested in gathering evidence of anti-semitism. She received a doctorate in 1970 for her work on the entry of Jews into the academic professions.The "magna cum laude" citation was given to the qualification by the Free University of Berlin. Between 1970 and 1972 she was employed by the West German Bundestag as a researcher in connection with an exhibition being staged in West Berlin in the "old Reichstag building". The exhibition was timed to coincide with the 100th anniversary of German unification. <mask> moved to New York City in 1972 to work as a research fellow at the Leo Baeck Institute. She lived in the city's Lower East Side, a Puerto Rican slum with empty houses, collapsed buildings, high crime and a developing fashion for Voodoo cult practices. "Jewish life in Germany: memoirs from three centuries" was one of the major results of her eight years in New York. She collected more memoirs that never made it into print.Sometimes unconventional research methods were used as she sought out written records from the writers' heirs. She had good relations with the book keeper of the firm of undertakers that she worked for. Each of the three volumes in which the work eventually appeared included a lengthy introduction by Richarz, setting out her methods with clarity and providing readable insightful summaries. <mask> pointed out that the collection highlighted the extent to which many of the people whose writings it features lived in rural Germany, which was contrary to the stereotype of German Jews as inhabitants only of the large cities. After moving back to Germany, she came back to that theme. "Jewish life in the countryside: studies on German Jewish history" was published in 1993 under the auspices of the Leo Baeck Institute. <mask> took over as director of the Germania Judaica in Cologne in 1983 and focused on the history of German Jews.Shortly after Prof. Greive was shot dead by a former student in the library, she arrived at a difficult time. The impact on the institution was traumatising. Richarz took on roles as a guest lecturer at the Academy for Jewish Studies and the Zrich university. She worked at the Germania Judaica until 1993. She took up the position of director of the "Institute for the History of German Jews" on December 1, 1993 with the support of younger colleagues. Richarz used her network of contacts to raise the institute's profile. She accepted a professorship from the university in 1996 and continued with her teaching activities.Stefanie Schler-Springorum became the new director of the institute in 2001. The University of Berlin alumni include people from the 20th-century historians and the 21st-century historians.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomy%20Bugsy

Stomy Bugsy

Gilles Duarte (; born 21 May 1972), better known by his stage name Stomy Bugsy, is a French rapper and actor from Sarcelles, France. Biography Born of parents from the Republic of Cape Verde, Duarte helped found hip hop group Ministere AMER, however in 1996 he decided to launch his own solo career and influenced with West Coast and gangsta rap from California with the album Le Calibre qu'il te faut (The size that you need). He gained important success with the single "Mon papa à moi est un gangster". His recent release is Royalties in 2015, released online on April 27, 2015. Duarte has also had several acting roles especially Ma 6-T va crack-er in 1997, 3 Zeros in 2001, Gomèz and Tavares in 2003, Nèg maron in 2005 and Anna Meyer, assistante de choc in 2006, Aliker in 2008 which he portrayed André Aliker, a Martinican Communist journalist in the 1930s, he later appeared in Bye Bye Blondie (2012), an adaptation of a book by Virginie Despentes. Stage name His origin of the stage name was known in the 1980s his second part of the name Bugsy is named after the mafia Bugsy Siegel Personal life He has a son, Bilal, born in 1992, he started his rapping career in 2013. Stomy Bugsy is the nephew of the former Thai boxing champion Aurelién Duarte. Discography Albums Le prince des lascars (1996) (The prince of thugs) Le calibre qu'il te faut (1996) (The size that you need) Oh Lé Lé Lé (Cabo Verde) REMIX (1996) Trop jeune pour mourir (2000) (Too young to die) Black Pimp Fada (2000) 4ème Round (2003) (4th (French) Round (English)) Rimes Passionnelles (2007) (Rhymes of passion) royalties (2015) With Ministère AMER: Pourquoi Tant de Haine (1992) 95200 (1994) L'Intégrale (2 CD) - Compilation Les Meilleurs Dossiers (2004) Compilation albums Le Secteur Ä (Live) (1998) Mixomatose (1999) Secteur Ä All Stars (2000) Double Pénétration (2001) Nos probéza ké nos rikéza (2006) with Mc Malcriado, in Cape Verdean Creole Singles "Le prince des lascars" ("The Prince of Thugs") (1992) "Mes forces décuplent quand on m'inculpe" "Mon papa à moi est un gangster" ("My Father and Mother are Gangsters") "La vie c'est comme ça" "Gangster d'amour" ("Gangster in Love") "Black Pimp Fada" (with Michel Gohou) (2000) "Une femme en prison" ("A Woman in Prison") (feat Kelly Rowland) (2003) "Aucun Dieu ne pourra me pardonner (feat. Nâdiya) Ho lé lé lé (Cabo Verde) (feat. Izé) "Motivation" "Viens avec moi" (feat Passi) "Sois Hardcore" (2008) Remix version by Alpha 5.20, Tequilla, James Kpage, Lino Despo Rutti and a few others "Même pas mort" (2008) "Demain j'arrête" (2009) Other recordings and collaborations Partial list 1995: Ministère A.M.E.R. - "Sacrifices de poulets" on the film soundtrack La Haine Hamed Daye feat. Stomy Bugsy - "Travail au corps" on the compilation L'Art D'Utiliser Son Savoir by DJ Desh 1996: Stomy Bugsy - "Le prince des lascars" (Casino Mysto Remix) on the maxi Le Prince Des Lascars Stomy Bugsy feat. Karlito - "Bouche à bouche à un mort", on the CD single Oh Lé Lé Lé Stomy Bugsy feat. Les Rongeurs - "Show Lapin" (Bunny Show) on the maxi Oh Lé Lé Lé Remixes 1997: Nèg' Marrons feat. Ministère AMER, Doc Gynéco, Hamed Daye & Ärsenik - "Tel Une Bombe" on the album Rue Case Nègres by Nèg' Marrons Stomy Bugsy - "Avoir le pouvoir" on the film Ma 6-T Va Crak-Er Stomy Bugsy - "Histoire de seuf" on the double CD Mes Forces Décuplent Quand On M'Inculpe by Stomy Bugsy DJ Kheops feat. Stomy Bugsy - "Le Play-Boy de Sarcelles" on the album Sad Hill by DJ Kheops (IAM) Passi feat. Stomy Bugsy - "Le Keur Sambo" on the album Les Tentations by Passi TSN feat. Doudou Masta, EJM, Lamifa, Sages Po', Nemesis & Ministère AMER - "La solidarité noire" on the album Le Mal De La Nuit by TSN Cercle Rouge Productions feat. Assassin, IAM, Ministère AMER, Fabe, Yazid, Rootsneg', Sléo, Ménélik, Soldafadas, Arco, Mystik, Kabal, Azé, Radikalkicker - "11'30 contre les lois racistes" on a double CD 11'30 Contre Les Lois Racistes by Cercle Rouge 1998: Donya feat. Stomy Bugsy - "Morgan de toi" on the album 100 Regrets by Donya Stomy Bugsy feat. Kybla - "Donne Moi Du Rêve" on the movie soundtrack Zonzon Cut Killer feat. Fonky Family, KDD, Ménélik & Stomy Bugsy - "Écoute le style rap 98" on the promotional 2CD Écoute le style rap Rainmen feat. Stomy Bugsy - "La Rage Au Mic" on the album Armaguedon by Rainmen 1999: Jane Fostin feat. Stomy Bugsy - "Quand Stomy te fuit" on the compilation Indigo R'n'B Djamatik feat. Stomy Bugsy & Pit Baccardi - "Reggae Night" on the album Djamatik Connections by Djamatik 2000: Stomy Bugsy - "No comment" (also as "No Comment") on the compilation L'Hip Hopée Vol.2 Stomy Bugsy, Ärsenik & Jane Fostin - "On Ira Tous au paradis" on the film soundtrack Trafic D'Influence Izé feat. Stomy Bugsy - "Propulse" on the album Double Nationalité by Izé 2001: Passi feat. Stomy Bugsy - "Le Plan B-2 (La Cicatrice)" on the album Genèse by Passi Hamed Daye feat. Stomy Bugzy - "Le Plan B-3 (La Mèche et La Brèche)" on the album L'or Noir by Hamed Daye Stomy Bugsy feat. Lion Bizness (Djamatik & Kulu Ganja) - "Prise d'otages" on the double CD Prise D'Otages by Stomy Bugsy Stomy Bugsy - "J'reviens au rap dur" on the double CD Prise D'Otages by Stomy Bugsy 2002: Hamed Daye & Stomy Bugsy - "Instinct" on the film soundtrack Samouraï Stomy Bugsy - "Motivation" on the film soundtrack 3 Zéros Stomy Bugsy & Doc Gynéco - "Bugsdoc 18" feat Doc Gynéco on the compilation Explicit 18 Doc Gynéco feat. Stomy Bugsy - Frotti Frotta "(C'est l'amour qui contrôle)" on the album Solitaire by Doc Gynéco Stomy Bugsy - "Freestyle" on the mixtape What's The Flavor #50 by DJ Poska & Funky Maestro Ministère AMER feat. Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - "Le Colis" (promotional title) 2003: Doc Gynéco feat. Stomy Bugsy & Janik MC - "Big Up" on the album Menu Best Of by Doc Gynéco 2004: K.Ommando Toxik feat. Stomy Bugsy - "Sacrifice 2 poulets" on the street CD Retour Vers Le Futur by K.Ommando Toxik Passi feat. Stomy Bugsy & Zao - "Combattants" on the album Odyssée by Passi Darkman feat. Stomy Bugsy & S Galo - "Kreol oriental" on the album Darky Le Jour, Daman La Nuit by Darkman Ministère AMER feat. Hamed Daye & Doc Gynéco - "Plan B" on the mixtape Los Angeles Most Wanted by DJ Noise 2005: Cuizinier(TTC) feat. TTC, Sté Strausz & Stomy Bugsy - "Dans le club" ("By the Club") (San Andreas Remix) on the CD Pour Les Filles Vol. 1 by Cuizinier Ministère AMER - "J'aime le Rap" ("I Am the Rap") on the compilation Illicite Projet by Medeline "Les Meurtres se font la nuit" on the compilation West Rider 2 2006: Johnny Hallyday feat. Ministère A.M.E.R. & Doc Gynéco - "Le Temps Passe" on the album Ma vérité by Johnny Hallyday Doc Gynéco feat. Stomy Bugsy - "Tu mens" on the album Un Homme Nature by Doc Gynéco Stomy Bugsy - "Foot 2 Rue" on an LP Foot 2 Rue "L'état" on the mixtape Poésie Urbainz Vol.2 2007: Stomy Bugsy - "Brûlez tout" on the compilation Écoute la rue Marianne Stomy Bugsy - "Tolérance zéro" (Zero Tolerance) on the compilation Explicit Politik Seth Gueko feat. Stomy Bugzy - "Lève toi et braque" on the compilation Self Défense 2008: Stomy Bugzy, feat. SMS - "Click" on the album by SMS Click la ruée vers l'or Stomy Bugzy, feat. Booba, Lino, Dieudonné, Lady Laistee, Hamed Daye & Sofiane - "Code noir" ("Code Black") Stomy Bugzy, feat. Dobe As and Driver - "Miss Mec" on the compilation Bandana Music SÄ Remix feat. Samsey and Driver - "Mous'sä Well Maiky" "Come Back" Remix feat Pit Bacardi 2011: Stomy Bugsy feat Aelpéacha et Real Chanty - "Au Soleil" on the album Val 2 Marne Rider II Filmography Ma 6-T va crack-er (1996) (My hood will crack-er) Beauté Fatale (2000) (Fatal Beauty) De l'amour (2000) (About love) Pretty Things (2001) Le Boulet (2001) (The drag) 3 zéros (2001) (3 zeros) Le Fleuve (2002) (The River) (2003) (Gomez and Tavares) Nèg maron (2004) (The concealed man) Frappes interdide The Best of Times (2006) Gomez Contre Tavares (2007) (Gomez versus Tavares) Sang Froid (2007) (Cool) Aliker (2008) Bye Bye Blondie (2011) Television Frappes interdites (2005) Anna Meyer (Anna Meyer, assistante de choc) (2006) La Glisse (2011) Falco (2015) References External links 1972 births Living people French rappers 21st-century Cape Verdean male singers French people of Cape Verdean descent Musicians from Paris French male film actors 20th-century French male actors 21st-century French male actors French male television actors Rappers from Val-d'Oise

Gilles Duarte (; born 21 May 1972), better known by his stage name <mask>, is a French rapper and actor from Sarcelles, France. Biography Born of parents from the Republic of Cape Verde, Duarte helped found hip hop group Ministere AMER, however in 1996 he decided to launch his own solo career and influenced with West Coast and gangsta rap from California with the album Le Calibre qu'il te faut (The size that you need). He gained important success with the single "Mon papa à moi est un gangster". His recent release is Royalties in 2015, released online on April 27, 2015. Duarte has also had several acting roles especially Ma 6-T va crack-er in 1997, 3 Zeros in 2001, Gomèz and Tavares in 2003, Nèg maron in 2005 and Anna Meyer, assistante de choc in 2006, Aliker in 2008 which he portrayed André Aliker, a Martinican Communist journalist in the 1930s, he later appeared in Bye Bye Blondie (2012), an adaptation of a book by Virginie Despentes. Stage name His origin of the stage name was known in the 1980s his second part of the name <mask> is named after the mafia <mask>l Personal life He has a son, Bilal, born in 1992, he started his rapping career in 2013. <mask> is the nephew of the former Thai boxing champion Aurelién Duarte.Nâdiya) Ho lé lé lé (Cabo Verde) (feat. Izé) "Motivation" "Viens avec moi" (feat Passi) "Sois Hardcore" (2008) Remix version by Alpha 5.20, Tequilla, James Kpage, Lino Despo Rutti and a few others "Même pas mort" (2008) "Demain j'arrête" (2009) Other recordings and collaborations Partial list 1995: Ministère A.M.E.R. - "Sacrifices de poulets" on the film soundtrack La Haine Hamed Daye feat. <mask> Bugsy - "Travail au corps" on the compilation L'Art D'Utiliser Son Savoir by DJ Desh 1996: <mask> <mask> - "Le prince des lascars" (Casino Mysto Remix) on the maxi Le Prince Des Lascars Stomy Bugsy feat. Karlito - "Bouche à bouche à un mort", on the CD single Oh Lé Lé Lé Stomy Bugsy feat. Les Rongeurs - "Show Lapin" (Bunny Show) on the maxi Oh Lé Lé Lé Remixes 1997: Nèg' Marrons feat. Ministère AMER, Doc Gynéco, Hamed Daye & Ärsenik - "Tel Une Bombe" on the album Rue Case Nègres by Nèg' Marrons <mask> <mask> - "Avoir le pouvoir" on the film Ma 6-T Va Crak-Er <mask> <mask> - "Histoire de seuf" on the double CD Mes Forces Décuplent Quand On M'Inculpe by Stomy Bugsy DJ Kheops feat.<mask> <mask> - "Le Play-Boy de Sarcelles" on the album Sad Hill by DJ Kheops (IAM) Passi feat. <mask> <mask> - "Le Keur Sambo" on the album Les Tentations by Passi TSN feat. Doudou Masta, EJM, Lamifa, Sages Po', Nemesis & Ministère AMER - "La solidarité noire" on the album Le Mal De La Nuit by TSN Cercle Rouge Productions feat. Assassin, IAM, Ministère AMER, Fabe, Yazid, Rootsneg', Sléo, Ménélik, Soldafadas, Arco, Mystik, Kabal, Azé, Radikalkicker - "11'30 contre les lois racistes" on a double CD 11'30 Contre Les Lois Racistes by Cercle Rouge 1998: Donya feat. <mask> <mask> - "Morgan de toi" on the album 100 Regrets by Donya <mask> Bugsy feat. Kybla - "Donne Moi Du Rêve" on the movie soundtrack Zonzon Cut Killer feat. Fonky Family, KDD, Ménélik & <mask> Bugsy - "Écoute le style rap 98" on the promotional 2CD Écoute le style rap Rainmen feat.<mask> <mask> - "La Rage Au Mic" on the album Armaguedon by Rainmen 1999: Jane Fostin feat. <mask> <mask> - "Quand Stomy te fuit" on the compilation Indigo R'n'B Djamatik feat. <mask> <mask> & Pit Baccardi - "Reggae Night" on the album Djamatik Connections by Djamatik 2000: <mask> <mask> - "No comment" (also as "No Comment") on the compilation L'Hip Hopée Vol.2 <mask> <mask>, Ärsenik & Jane Fostin - "On Ira Tous au paradis" on the film soundtrack Trafic D'Influence Izé feat. <mask> <mask> - "Propulse" on the album Double Nationalité by Izé 2001: Passi feat. <mask> <mask> - "Le Plan B-2 (La Cicatrice)" on the album Genèse by Passi Hamed Daye feat. <mask> Bugzy - "Le Plan B-3 (La Mèche et La Brèche)" on the album L'or Noir by Hamed Daye <mask> <mask> feat. Lion Bizness (Djamatik & Kulu Ganja) - "Prise d'otages" on the double CD Prise D'Otages by <mask> Bugsy Stomy <mask> - "J'reviens au rap dur" on the double CD Prise D'Otages by <mask> Bugsy 2002: Hamed Daye & <mask> <mask> - "Instinct" on the film soundtrack Samouraï <mask> Bugsy - "Motivation" on the film soundtrack 3 Zéros Stomy Bugsy & Doc Gynéco - "Bugsdoc 18" feat Doc Gynéco on the compilation Explicit 18 Doc Gynéco feat.<mask> <mask> - Frotti Frotta "(C'est l'amour qui contrôle)" on the album Solitaire by Doc Gynéco <mask> <mask> - "Freestyle" on the mixtape What's The Flavor #50 by DJ Poska & Funky Maestro Ministère AMER feat. Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - "Le Colis" (promotional title) 2003: Doc Gynéco feat. <mask> <mask> & Janik MC - "Big Up" on the album Menu Best Of by Doc Gynéco 2004: K.Ommando Toxik feat. <mask> <mask> - "Sacrifice 2 poulets" on the street CD Retour Vers Le Futur by K.Ommando Toxik Passi feat. <mask> <mask> & Zao - "Combattants" on the album Odyssée by Passi Darkman feat. <mask> <mask> & S Galo - "Kreol oriental" on the album Darky Le Jour, Daman La Nuit by Darkman Ministère AMER feat. Hamed Daye & Doc Gynéco - "Plan B" on the mixtape Los Angeles Most Wanted by DJ Noise 2005: Cuizinier(TTC) feat.TTC, Sté Strausz & <mask> <mask> - "Dans le club" ("By the Club") (San Andreas Remix) on the CD Pour Les Filles Vol. 1 by Cuizinier Ministère AMER - "J'aime le Rap" ("I Am the Rap") on the compilation Illicite Projet by Medeline "Les Meurtres se font la nuit" on the compilation West Rider 2 2006: Johnny Hallyday feat. Ministère A.M.E.R. & Doc Gynéco - "Le Temps Passe" on the album Ma vérité by Johnny Hallyday Doc Gynéco feat. <mask> <mask> - "Tu mens" on the album Un Homme Nature by Doc Gynéco Stomy Bugsy - "Foot 2 Rue" on an LP Foot 2 Rue "L'état" on the mixtape Poésie Urbainz Vol.2 2007: <mask> <mask> - "Brûlez tout" on the compilation Écoute la rue Marianne Stomy <mask> - "Tolérance zéro" (Zero Tolerance) on the compilation Explicit Politik Seth Gueko feat. <mask> Bugzy - "Lève toi et braque" on the compilation Self Défense 2008: <mask> Bugzy, feat. SMS - "Click" on the album by SMS Click la ruée vers l'or <mask> Bugzy, feat.Booba, Lino, Dieudonné, Lady Laistee, Hamed Daye & Sofiane - "Code noir" ("Code Black") <mask> Bugzy, feat. Dobe As and Driver - "Miss Mec" on the compilation Bandana Music SÄ Remix feat.

<mask>, better known by his stage name, is a French rapper and actor. Born of parents from the Republic of Cape Verde, Duarte helped found hip hop group Ministere AMER, however in 1996 he decided to launch his own solo career and influenced with West Coast and gangsta rap from California. He had a hit with the single "Mon papa moi est un gangster". Royalties in 2015, was released online on April 27, 2015. In 1997 he played Ma 6-T va crack-er in 3 Zeros, 2001 he played Gomz in Ng maron and 2005 he played Anna Meyer in Aliker. The first part of his stage name was known in the 1980s, the second part was named after the mafia <mask>. The nephew of a former Thai boxing champion is named <mask>.Ndiya) Ho lé lé (Cabo Verde) "Sois Hardcore" is a version by Alpha 5.20, Tequilla, James Kpage, Lino Despo Rutti and a few others. "Sacrifices de poulets" is on the soundtrack. The album L'Art D'Utiliser Son Savoir has a cover of <mask> <mask>'s "Le prince des lascars". Karlito is on the CD single Oh Lé Lé Stomy Bugsy. "Show Lapin" is a song on the Bunny Show. "Tel Une Bombe" is a song on the album Rue Case Ngres.Passi and DJ Kheops collaborated on the album Sad Hill. "Le Keur Sambo" is a song on the album Les Tentations. "La solidarité noire" is a song on the album Le Mal De La Nuit. 11'30 contre le lois. Donya <mask> Bugsy has a song on the album 100 Regrets. "Donne Moi Du Rve" is a song on the Zonzon Cut Killer soundtrack. The promotional 2CD coute le style rap Rainmen feat. <mask> Bugsy is called "coute le style rap 98"Rainmen 1999: Jane Fostin feat. <mask> <mask> on the album Armaguedon. "Quand Stomy te fuit" is a song on the Indigo R'n'B Djamatik. "Reggae Night" is a song on the album Djamatik Connections by Djamatik 2000: <mask> <mask> - "No comment" (also as "No Comment"). <mask> <mask> is on the album Double Nationalité. Passi Hamed Daye has a song on the album Gense. <mask> Bugzy is on the album L'or Noir. Lion Bizness has a song called "Prise d'otages" on the double CD Prise D'Otages."C'est l'amour qui contrle" is a song by <mask> <mask> on the album Solitaire. "Le Colis" is a promotional title of Doc Gynéco and Hamed Daye. K.Ommando Toxik is on the album Menu Best Of. K.Ommando Toxik Passi is the author of the CD Retour Vers Le Futur. Passi Darkman wrote "Combattants" on the album Odyssée. "Kreol oriental" is a song on the album Darky Le Jour, Daman La Nuit by Darkman Ministre Amer. "Plan B" is a song on the Los Angeles Most Wanted by DJ Noise 2005."Dans le club" is a song on the CD Pour Les Filles Vol. "J'aime le Rap" is a song by Cuizinier Ministre Amer on the album Illicite Projet. Ministre A.M.E.R. Johnny Hallyday's song "Le Temps Passe" is on the album Ma vérité. <mask> <mask> has a song on the album Un Homme Nature and a song on the album Foot 2 Rue. "Lve toi et braque" is a song by <mask> Bugzy. <mask> Bugzy is on the album Click la ruée vers l'or."Code noir" is a song by Booba, Lino, Dieudonné, Lady Laistee, and Hamed Daye. "Miss Mec" is a song on the Bandana Music S Remix.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s%20de%20Almeida

Tomás de Almeida

Tomás de Almeida (Lisbon, 11 September 1670 - Lisbon, 27 February 1754) was the first Patriarch of Lisbon, formerly Bishop of Lamego and later of Porto. Pope Clement XII elevated him to the cardinalate on 20 December 1737. Biography Early life Son of António de Almeida-Portugal, 2nd Count of Avintes and Governor of the Algarves, and of his wife Maria Antonia de Bourbon, sister of the 3rd Count of Avintes. He studied Latin, philosophy and rhetoric in the Colégio de Santo Antão with the Jesuits. At the age of 18, on 20 December 1688, he took a scholarship to attend the Real Colégio de São Paulo of the University of Coimbra, where he graduated. In 1695, he was a deputy of the Inquisition of Lisbon, and on 27 August 1695 was dispatched to preside over the Tribunal of the Port Relation. On 1 June 1702, he took office as procurator and deputy of the Treasury of the Queen's Council, plus the priory of the church of São Lourenço de Lisboa. On 13 April 1703, appointed deputy of the Bureau of Conscience and Orders, already decorated as a knight of the Order of Christ. On 28 May 1704, as King Pedro II departed for Beira, leaving his brother as regent, Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real was chosen as the substitute, who accompanied him at the Secretariat of Mercy, Expedient and Signature. Episcopate Tomás de Almeida was made the King's chaplain of honour (sumilher da cortina), Governor of the Royal Treasury, Chancellor of the Kingdom, taking office on 24 November 1704. The Papal Bull of Clement XI made him Bishop of Lamego, sacred in Lisbon in the church of the Convent of Grace on 3 April 1707, chief chaplain and titular Bishop of Torga Dom Frei Nuno da Cunha e Ataíde. He entered the diocese on 2 May. As there was disagreement between the cabinet and the Bishop of Viseu, he was able to ease tensions and was made by the King, already sick and whom he had seen in his last hours, Notary Public of the Kingdom. On 1 July 1707, the day of the Royal Acclamation, King João V appointed him to be Registrar of the Pureness. On 3 May 1708, he travelled to Coimbra on a commission at the Real Colégio de São Paulo. José de Santa Maria Saldanha was appointed Bishop of Porto by decree of April 30 and royal charter of 26 May 1709, and on the same date Governor of Arms of the same city. On 7 November 1716, Pope Clement, delivering his services to the College of Cardinals in consistory, elevated the Royal Collegiate Chapel of São Tomé to a metropolitan cathedral with the title "Holy Patriarcal Cathedral". He was named Chief Chaplain-Patriarch in the Royal Charter of 4 December 1713, confirmed on December 7 by the Holy See, making him the first Patriarch of Lisbon. On 13 February 1717, Tomás entered Lisbon in majestic solemnity attended by the secular and regular clergy, state officials, a court procession, and troops formed in wings. Father Francisco de Santa Maria recorded the events as follows: "His entry started in the church of San Sebastião da Pedreira, the noblemen of the court waiting for him on horseback. He took to the carriage and came marching with light accompaniment to the church of Santa Marta; then went down on horseback to the gates of Santo Antão, where the altar was erected. He left dressed pontifically with his cloak and white miter, and mounted a mule, covered with a white linen cloth, the reins given to Brother D. Luis, Count of Avintes. When the councillors of the two chambers of Lisbon and the two wings that formed the regular communities, confraternities and brotherhoods of the city received him under a canopy of precious canvas, they arrived at the Holy Patriarchal Cathedral, this act to the hymn Te Deum laudamus, sung with solemnity." On 17 November 1717, he had the honor to bless the first stone, medal and foundations of the Royal Basilica of Mafra. He baptized the Infantes D. Pedro and D. Alexandre, and the four children of the Prince of Brazil. On 11 January 1728, he celebrated in the Holy Patriarchal Cathedral the marriage of the Infanta Dona Maria Bárbara to the Prince of Asturias, and on 20 January 1729, in Elvas, that of the Prince of Brazil with the Princess Dona Mariana Vitória. Cardinalate On 20 December 1737, he ascended to the cardinalate. He received the red hat in the Oratory of the Palace where he lived near the church of São Roque. He came to Lisbon to receive, on 3 March 1738, Julio Sacchetti, envoy of the Holy See, Canon of St. Peter in the Vatican and the Pope's chief chamberlain. On 13 November 1746, the Holy Patriarchal Cathedral which the King had built after the extinction of the Eastern diocese by Benedict XIV, was destroyed by an earthquake. On 7 September 1750, he attended the acclamation of Joseph I of Portugal. On 27 October 1753, he offered the Brotherhood of Santa Isabel part of his expensive silver flatware for their assistance in the reconstruction of the Cathedral, upon his death he bequeathed the rest to them, then worth more than four reals. He spent large sums of money on the construction of convents, churches, and other religious bodies. He remained controversial with Alexandre de Gusmão and Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real. His body is interred in Igreja de São Roque, in Lisbon. Bibliography BARBOSA ( D. José ) - PANAGYRICO / AO EXCELLENTISS. E REVERENDISS. SENHOR D. THOMAZ DE ALMEIDA, Principal of the Holy Western Church, of the Council of His Majesty. /, & c. / COMPOSED BY / ... / Regular Clergyman / Examiner of the Three Military Orders, and Synodal of the Patriarchate, Chronist of the Serene House of Bragança, and Royal Academician of the number of Portuguese History. WESTERN LISBON, At the Offices of ANTONIO ISIDORO DA FONSECA, Printer of Duque Estribeiro mòr. Year of 1739. The author was born in Lisbon on November 23, 1674, and died in the same city on April 6, 1750. Cleric Regular Teatino was a chronicler of the House of Braganza. The work tries to highlight the virtues and abilities of D. Tomás de Almeida, chosen by D. João V to be the first Cardinal-Patriarch of Lisbon. External links The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church 1670 births 1754 deaths Patriarchs of Lisbon 18th-century Portuguese cardinals University of Coimbra alumni

<mask> (Lisbon, 11 September 1670 - Lisbon, 27 February 1754) was the first Patriarch of Lisbon, formerly Bishop of Lamego and later of Porto. Pope Clement XII elevated him to the cardinalate on 20 December 1737. Biography Early life Son of <mask>-Portugal, 2nd Count of Avintes and Governor of the Algarves, and of his wife <mask>, sister of the 3rd Count of Avintes. He studied Latin, philosophy and rhetoric in the Colégio de Santo Antão with the Jesuits. At the age of 18, on 20 December 1688, he took a scholarship to attend the Real Colégio de São Paulo of the University of Coimbra, where he graduated. In 1695, he was a deputy of the Inquisition of Lisbon, and on 27 August 1695 was dispatched to preside over the Tribunal of the Port Relation. On 1 June 1702, he took office as procurator and deputy of the Treasury of the Queen's Council, plus the priory of the church of São Lourenço de Lisboa.On 13 April 1703, appointed deputy of the Bureau of Conscience and Orders, already decorated as a knight of the Order of Christ. On 28 May 1704, as King Pedro II departed for Beira, leaving his brother as regent, Diogo <mask> Corte-Real was chosen as the substitute, who accompanied him at the Secretariat of Mercy, Expedient and Signature. Episcopate <mask> <mask> was made the King's chaplain of honour (sumilher da cortina), Governor of the Royal Treasury, Chancellor of the Kingdom, taking office on 24 November 1704. The Papal Bull of Clement XI made him Bishop of Lamego, sacred in Lisbon in the church of the Convent of Grace on 3 April 1707, chief chaplain and titular Bishop of Torga Dom Frei Nuno da Cunha e Ataíde. He entered the diocese on 2 May. As there was disagreement between the cabinet and the Bishop of Viseu, he was able to ease tensions and was made by the King, already sick and whom he had seen in his last hours, Notary Public of the Kingdom. On 1 July 1707, the day of the Royal Acclamation, King João V appointed him to be Registrar of the Pureness.On 3 May 1708, he travelled to Coimbra on a commission at the Real Colégio de São Paulo. <mask> Santa Maria Saldanha was appointed Bishop of Porto by decree of April 30 and royal charter of 26 May 1709, and on the same date Governor of Arms of the same city. On 7 November 1716, Pope Clement, delivering his services to the College of Cardinals in consistory, elevated the Royal Collegiate Chapel of São Tomé to a metropolitan cathedral with the title "Holy Patriarcal Cathedral". He was named Chief Chaplain-Patriarch in the Royal Charter of 4 December 1713, confirmed on December 7 by the Holy See, making him the first Patriarch of Lisbon. On 13 February 1717, <mask> entered Lisbon in majestic solemnity attended by the secular and regular clergy, state officials, a court procession, and troops formed in wings. Father <mask> Santa Maria recorded the events as follows: "His entry started in the church of San Sebastião da Pedreira, the noblemen of the court waiting for him on horseback. He took to the carriage and came marching with light accompaniment to the church of Santa Marta; then went down on horseback to the gates of Santo Antão, where the altar was erected.He left dressed pontifically with his cloak and white miter, and mounted a mule, covered with a white linen cloth, the reins given to Brother D. Luis, Count of Avintes. When the councillors of the two chambers of Lisbon and the two wings that formed the regular communities, confraternities and brotherhoods of the city received him under a canopy of precious canvas, they arrived at the Holy Patriarchal Cathedral, this act to the hymn Te Deum laudamus, sung with solemnity." On 17 November 1717, he had the honor to bless the first stone, medal and foundations of the Royal Basilica of Mafra. He baptized the Infantes D. Pedro and D. Alexandre, and the four children of the Prince of Brazil. On 11 January 1728, he celebrated in the Holy Patriarchal Cathedral the marriage of the Infanta Dona Maria Bárbara to the Prince of Asturias, and on 20 January 1729, in Elvas, that of the Prince of Brazil with the Princess Dona Mariana Vitória. Cardinalate On 20 December 1737, he ascended to the cardinalate. He received the red hat in the Oratory of the Palace where he lived near the church of São Roque.He came to Lisbon to receive, on 3 March 1738, Julio Sacchetti, envoy of the Holy See, Canon of St. Peter in the Vatican and the Pope's chief chamberlain. On 13 November 1746, the Holy Patriarchal Cathedral which the King had built after the extinction of the Eastern diocese by Benedict XIV, was destroyed by an earthquake. On 7 September 1750, he attended the acclamation of Joseph I of Portugal. On 27 October 1753, he offered the Brotherhood of Santa Isabel part of his expensive silver flatware for their assistance in the reconstruction of the Cathedral, upon his death he bequeathed the rest to them, then worth more than four reals. He spent large sums of money on the construction of convents, churches, and other religious bodies. He remained controversial with <mask> Gusmão and Diogo <mask> Corte-Real. His body is interred in Igreja de São Roque, in Lisbon.Bibliography BARBOSA ( D. José ) - PANAGYRICO / AO EXCELLENTISS. E REVERENDISS. SENHOR D. THOMAZ DE ALMEIDA, Principal of the Holy Western Church, of the Council of His Majesty. /, & c. / COMPOSED BY / ... / Regular Clergyman / Examiner of the Three Military Orders, and Synodal of the Patriarchate, Chronist of the Serene House of Bragança, and Royal Academician of the number of Portuguese History. WESTERN LISBON, At the Offices of ANTONIO ISIDORO DA FONSECA, Printer of Duque Estribeiro mòr. Year of 1739. The author was born in Lisbon on November 23, 1674, and died in the same city on April 6, 1750.Cleric Regular Teatino was a chronicler of the House of Braganza. The work tries to highlight the virtues and abilities of D. <mask> <mask>, chosen by D. João V to be the first Cardinal-Patriarch of Lisbon. External links The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church 1670 births 1754 deaths Patriarchs of Lisbon 18th-century Portuguese cardinals University of Coimbra alumni

<mask> was the first Bishop of Lisbon and later of Porto. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Clement XII. <mask> is the sister of the 3rd Count of Avintes. He studied Latin, philosophy and rhetoric with the Jesuits. He graduated from the University of Coimbra after taking a scholarship at the age of 18. He was sent to preside over the Tribunal of the Port Relation on August 27th, 1695, after being a deputy of the Inquisition of Lisbon. He became procurator and deputy of the Treasury of the Queen's Council on June 1st, 1702.The deputy of the Bureau of Conscience and Orders was decorated as a knight of the Order of Christ. King Pedro II left his brother as regent, Diogo <mask> Corte-Real, to accompany him to Beira. The Governor of the Royal Treasury, Chancellor of the Kingdom, took office on 24 November 1704. On April 3, 1707, the Papal Bull of Clement XI made him Bishop of Lamego, sacred in Lisbon in the church of the Convent of Grace. On 2 May, he entered the diocese. As there was disagreement between the cabinet and the Bishop of Viseu, he was able to ease tensions and was made by the King, who was sick and who he had seen in his last hours. The day of the Royal Acclamation, King Joo V appointed him to be the Registrar of the Pureness.He went to Coimbra on a commission in 1708. On the same day as the Governor of Arms of the same city, <mask> Santa Maria Saldanha was appointed Bishop of Porto. Pope Clement elevated the Royal Collegiate Chapel of So Tomé to a metropolitan cathedral on November 7, 1716. The Holy See confirmed on December 7 that he was the first Patriarch of Lisbon. On 13 February 1717, Toms entered Lisbon in a majestic solemnity attended by secular and regular clergy, state officials, a court procession, and troops in wings. Father <mask> Santa Maria said that the noblemen of the court were waiting for him on horseback. He went down on horseback to the gates of Santo Anto, where the altar was built, after taking the carriage and marching with light accompaniment to the church of Santa Marta.Brother D. Luis, Count of Avintes, gave the reins to the mule, which was covered with a white linen cloth. When the councillors of the two chambers of Lisbon and the two wings that formed the regular communities received him under a canopy of precious canvas, they went to the Holy Patriarchal Cathedral. The first stone, medal and foundations of the Royal Basilica of Mafra were blessed by him on 17 November 1717. The four children of the Prince of Brazil were christened by him. On 11 January 1728, he celebrated the marriage of the Infanta Maria Brbara to the Prince of Asturias, and on 20 January 1729, in Elvas, the marriage of the Prince of Brazil with the Princess. On December 20, 1737, he ascended to the cardinalate. He lived near the church of So Roque and received a red hat in the Oratory of the Palace.The envoy of the Holy See, Canon of St. Peter in the Vatican and the Pope's chief chamberlain came to Lisbon on 3 March 1738 to receive him. The Holy Patriarchal Cathedral, built by the King after Benedict XIV's death, was destroyed by an earthquake. He attended the acclamation of Joseph I of Portugal. He gave the Brotherhood of Santa Isabel a piece of his silver flatware for their help in reconstructing the Cathedral, but after his death he gave the rest to them, worth more than four reals. He spent a lot of money on religious buildings. He was controversial with Diogo <mask> Corte-Real. His body is buried in Lisbon.The name of the author is BARBOSA ( D. José). E REVERENDISS. He is the Principal of the Holy Western Church. The Royal Academician of the number of Portuguese History, as well as the Examiner of the Three Military Orders, are also included. The Printer of Duque Estribeiro mr is located in Western Lisbon. 1739 was the year. The author was born in Lisbon on November 23, 1674 and died in the same city on April 6, 1750.Teatino was a chronicler of the House of Braganza. The first Cardinal-Patriarch of Lisbon was D. Toms <mask>. The University of Coimbra alumni have links to the Holy Roman Church.

7362114

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo%20J%C3%B6rgensmann

Theo Jörgensmann

Theodor Franz Jörgensmann (born 29 September 1948) is a German jazz clarinetist. Activities Theo Jörgensmann belongs to the second generation of European free jazz musicians. He was part of the clarinet renaissance in the jazz and improvising music scene. Jörgensmann is one of a few clarinet players for whom unaccompanied solo recordings are a significant part of his work. He started to play clarinet when he was 18 years old. From 1969 until 1972 Jörgensmann took private lessons from a music teacher at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen. At the same time he started working with fellow musicians from the Ruhr industrial area. During this time he was also a chemical laboratory assistant. After a one and half year hitch in the German Army Jörgensmann worked with handicapped children and studied social pedagogics, but he never brought it to a conclusion. Since 1975 he has been a professional musician. During a career spanning three decades as a free improviser Jörgensmann has worked with (among many others) Mike Richmond, Barre Phillips, Kent Carter, John Lindberg, Charlie Mariano, Wilber Morris, Eric Vloeimans, Jeanne Lee, John Fischer, Vincent Chancey, Kenny Wheeler, Paul McCandless and Lee Konitz. From 1975 to 1977 he led the group Clarinet Contrast, consisting only of clarinets, with Perry Robinson, Hans Kumpf, Bernd Konrad and Michel Pilz. At the end of the 1970s he was leader of one of West Germany's best-known jazz groups. At the beginning of the 1980s he took part in a Clarinet Summit (which was created by Joachim E. Berendt and himself) with John Carter, Perry Robinson, Gianluigi Trovesi and others. Since those days Jörgensmann has been involved in numerous international projects. In 1985 Jörgensmann toured Europe with bassist Barre Phillips and reed player Paul McCandless. He was a member of Willem van Manen's Contraband (1985–1998), Andrea Centazzo's Mitteleuropa Orchestra (1983–1985), John Fischer's Interface (1981–1996) and Franz Koglmann's Pipetet (1983–1985). At the same time he was also leader of Klarinettenquartett Cl-4 and co-founder of large ensemble Grubenklangorchester. In 1987 Jörgensmann was the subject of a documentary film, Theo Jörgensmann, Bottrop, Klarinette, directed by Christoph Hübner. Between 1983 and 1993 he held a lectureship for clarinet and ensemble at University of Duisburg, and from 1993 until 1997 he was a lecturer for free improvising at Music Therapeutics Institute of Witten/Herdecke University. In company with the music-scientist Rolf-Dieter Weyer, Jörgensmann wrote a philosophical book about improvising in music. In 1997 he started the Theo Jörgensmann Quartet, which toured in North America in 1999, 2001, and 2003, including playing twice at Montreal International Jazz Festival (1999 and 2003). In addition he has played with the Polish twins Marcin Oles and Bartlomiej Oles since 2003. The album Oleś Jörgensmann Oleś, Directions, was chosen by [Polish internet jazz magazine Diapazon as Record of the Year in 2005. Since 2008 he is a member of Trio Hot with Albrecht Maurer, violin and Peter Jacquemyn, bass, and in 2009 he started the Deep Down Clarinet Duo with the contrabass clarinet player Ernst Ulrich Deuker. They also work together in the Tribal Trio, a clarinet trio with the French-American clarinetist Etienne Rolin. In 2009 Jörgensmann performed a few concerts with younger musicians from UK (Seb Rochford, Dominic Lash, Shabaka Hutchings and Noel Taylor) in London. In 2011 he formed the Freedom Trio with bassist Christian Sydney Ramond and acoustic guitar player Hagen Stüdemann. After a twelve-year break, he also works together again with pianist Bernd Köppen. Currently Jorgensmann is also working again with Clarinet Summit. The members of the group are Perry Robinson, Gianluigi Trovesi, Bernd Konrad, Albrecht Maurer, Sebastian Gramss and Günther "Baby" Sommer. In 2018, Jörgensmann was artist in residence at Singers Festival Warsaw, the biggest festival of Jewish culture in Poland. Discography As leader In Time (A&M, 1977) Straightout! (Europhon, 1978) Live at Birdland Gelsenkirchen (Europhon, 1978) Go Ahead Clarinet (CMP, 1978) Song of BoWaGe (CMP, 1979) You Better Fly Away with Clarinet Summit (MPS, 1980) Next Adventure (CMP, 1981) Deep Blue Lake with John Fischer (ReEntry, 1984) Zeitverdichtung (Konnex, 1986) Fur Den Letzten Gast with Bernd Koppen (Senti, 1986) Tauwetter (Kip, 1989) Introitus with Hans-Gunther Wauer (Kip, 1990) Live at Music Academy with Federico Sanesi (BMM, 1993) Aesthetic Direction (Konnex, 1994) Merseburger Begegnung with Hans-Gunther Wauer (Kip, 1994) Swiss Radio Days Volume Three with John Fischer (ReEntry, 1994) Ta Eko Mo (Z.o.o., 1997) So I Play (Kip, 1997) Snijbloemen (hatOLOGY, 2000) Pagine Gialle with Eckard Koltermann (hatOLOGY, 2001) To Ornette - Hybrid Identity (hatOLOGY, 2002) Fellowship (hatOLOGY, 2005) Alchemia with Oles Brothers (hatOLOGY, 2007) New Conception of Duo Hagen Studemann (Konnex, 2010) Melencolia with Albrecht Maurer (Nemu, 2011) Blue in Blue with Karoly Binder (BMM, 2011) Bucksch (Konnex, 2014) Elements in Candor with Krzysztof Dys, Michael Marcus (For Tune, 2016) Selected compositions Snijbloemen a composition for clarinet, vibes, bass and percussion. (2000) Recorded Hat-Hut records hatOLOGY 539 Die Eroberung des Schönen an experimental opera for 3 writers, 1 actor, 1 painter and 1 musician. (1995) WDR-Tv production. Der Garten a dance-theater-piece for 2 dancers, clarinet, bass clarinet, sound-maschine and percussion. (1994) Choreography: Claudia Lichtblau. Composition: Theo Jörgensmann/Eckard Koltermann Hommage á Béla Bartók chamber music for violin, clarinet, bass clarinet and contra bass. (1994) Aesthetic direction chamber music for violin, violoncello, clarinet, bass clarinet and percussion (1993) Theory Jörgensmann wrote in his book Kleine Ethik der Improvisation: "To find the right balance between communication of motion and non-communication is the major part of improvised music; that communication of motion as a part of interaction in music is an opportunity to create a new structure of time, which the listener could perceive as a new kind of musical space; that the idea of jazz does not depend on a specific material and special form; that the essential aspect of jazz is the fact that jazz musicians discovered the fourth dimension of time in music (they call it swing)." Publications Kleine Ethik der Improvisation: vom Wesen, Zeit und Raum, Material und Spontangestalt, by Theo Jörgensmann & Rolf-Dieter Weyer, with silhouettes of Hermann "Es" Richter Awards Kunstförderpreis der Stadt Aachen 1980 Kulturpreis der Stadt Bottrop 1991 Jazzpreis des Ruhrgebiets - Jazz Pott 2018 References Die Klarinette documentary film, NDR-tv (1987) Der Monolog a film by Reinald Schnell; WDR-tv production (1990) Wagner Bilder a film and video-installation with a.o. Bochumer Symphoniker, Christoph Schlingensief; colour, 72 min. director: Christoph Hübner (2001/2002) External links Interview at All About Jazz Theo Jörgensmann Quartet Avant-garde jazz clarinetists Free jazz clarinetists Modal jazz clarinetists Free improvisation clarinetists German jazz clarinetists German jazz composers Male jazz composers German male composers German composers People from the Province of Westphalia People from Bottrop 1948 births Living people 21st-century clarinetists 21st-century German male musicians Klarinettenquartett Cl-4 members Clarinet Contrast members

<mask> (born 29 September 1948) is a German jazz clarinetist. Activities <mask>n belongs to the second generation of European free jazz musicians. He was part of the clarinet renaissance in the jazz and improvising music scene. Jörgensmann is one of a few clarinet players for whom unaccompanied solo recordings are a significant part of his work. He started to play clarinet when he was 18 years old. From 1969 until 1972 Jörgensmann took private lessons from a music teacher at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen. At the same time he started working with fellow musicians from the Ruhr industrial area.During this time he was also a chemical laboratory assistant. After a one and half year hitch in the German Army Jörgensmann worked with handicapped children and studied social pedagogics, but he never brought it to a conclusion. Since 1975 he has been a professional musician. During a career spanning three decades as a free improviser Jörgensmann has worked with (among many others) Mike Richmond, Barre Phillips, Kent Carter, John Lindberg, Charlie Mariano, Wilber Morris, Eric Vloeimans, Jeanne Lee, John Fischer, Vincent Chancey, Kenny Wheeler, Paul McCandless and Lee Konitz. From 1975 to 1977 he led the group Clarinet Contrast, consisting only of clarinets, with Perry Robinson, Hans Kumpf, Bernd Konrad and Michel Pilz. At the end of the 1970s he was leader of one of West Germany's best-known jazz groups. At the beginning of the 1980s he took part in a Clarinet Summit (which was created by Joachim E. Berendt and himself) with John Carter, Perry Robinson, Gianluigi Trovesi and others.Since those days Jörgensmann has been involved in numerous international projects. In 1985 Jörgensmann toured Europe with bassist Barre Phillips and reed player Paul McCandless. He was a member of Willem van Manen's Contraband (1985–1998), Andrea Centazzo's Mitteleuropa Orchestra (1983–1985), John Fischer's Interface (1981–1996) and Franz Koglmann's Pipetet (1983–1985). At the same time he was also leader of Klarinettenquartett Cl-4 and co-founder of large ensemble Grubenklangorchester. In 1987 Jörgensmann was the subject of a documentary film, <mask>n, Bottrop, Klarinette, directed by Christoph Hübner. Between 1983 and 1993 he held a lectureship for clarinet and ensemble at University of Duisburg, and from 1993 until 1997 he was a lecturer for free improvising at Music Therapeutics Institute of Witten/Herdecke University. In company with the music-scientist Rolf-Dieter Weyer, Jörgensmann wrote a philosophical book about improvising in music.In 1997 he started the Theo Jörgensmann Quartet, which toured in North America in 1999, 2001, and 2003, including playing twice at Montreal International Jazz Festival (1999 and 2003). In addition he has played with the Polish twins Marcin Oles and Bartlomiej Oles since 2003. The album Oleś Jörgensmann Oleś, Directions, was chosen by [Polish internet jazz magazine Diapazon as Record of the Year in 2005. Since 2008 he is a member of Trio Hot with Albrecht Maurer, violin and Peter Jacquemyn, bass, and in 2009 he started the Deep Down Clarinet Duo with the contrabass clarinet player Ernst Ulrich Deuker. They also work together in the Tribal Trio, a clarinet trio with the French-American clarinetist Etienne Rolin. In 2009 Jörgensmann performed a few concerts with younger musicians from UK (Seb Rochford, Dominic Lash, Shabaka Hutchings and Noel Taylor) in London. In 2011 he formed the Freedom Trio with bassist Christian Sydney Ramond and acoustic guitar player Hagen Stüdemann.After a twelve-year break, he also works together again with pianist Bernd Köppen. Currently Jorgensmann is also working again with Clarinet Summit. The members of the group are Perry Robinson, Gianluigi Trovesi, Bernd Konrad, Albrecht Maurer, Sebastian Gramss and Günther "Baby" Sommer. In 2018, <mask> was artist in residence at Singers Festival Warsaw, the biggest festival of Jewish culture in Poland. Discography As leader In Time (A&M, 1977) Straightout! (2000) Recorded Hat-Hut records hatOLOGY 539 Die Eroberung des Schönen an experimental opera for 3 writers, 1 actor, 1 painter and 1 musician. (1995) WDR-Tv production.Der Garten a dance-theater-piece for 2 dancers, clarinet, bass clarinet, sound-maschine and percussion. (1994) Choreography: Claudia Lichtblau. Composition: <mask>n/Eckard Koltermann Hommage á Béla Bartók chamber music for violin, clarinet, bass clarinet and contra bass. (1994) Aesthetic direction chamber music for violin, violoncello, clarinet, bass clarinet and percussion (1993) <mask> wrote in his book Kleine Ethik der Improvisation: "To find the right balance between communication of motion and non-communication is the major part of improvised music; that communication of motion as a part of interaction in music is an opportunity to create a new structure of time, which the listener could perceive as a new kind of musical space; that the idea of jazz does not depend on a specific material and special form; that the essential aspect of jazz is the fact that jazz musicians discovered the fourth dimension of time in music (they call it swing)." Publications Kleine Ethik der Improvisation: vom Wesen, Zeit und Raum, Material und Spontangestalt, by <mask>n & Rolf-Dieter Weyer, with silhouettes of Hermann "Es" Richter Awards Kunstförderpreis der Stadt Aachen 1980 Kulturpreis der Stadt Bottrop 1991 Jazzpreis des Ruhrgebiets - Jazz Pott 2018 References Die Klarinette documentary film, NDR-tv (1987) Der Monolog a film by Reinald Schnell; WDR-tv production (1990) Wagner Bilder a film and video-installation with a.o. Bochumer Symphoniker, Christoph Schlingensief; colour, 72 min. director: Christoph Hübner (2001/2002) External links Interview at All About Jazz Theo Jörgensmann Quartet Avant-garde jazz clarinetists Free jazz clarinetists Modal jazz clarinetists Free improvisation clarinetists German jazz clarinetists German jazz composers Male jazz composers German male composers German composers People from the Province of Westphalia People from Bottrop 1948 births Living people 21st-century clarinetists 21st-century German male musicians Klarinettenquartett Cl-4 members Clarinet Contrast members

<mask> is a jazz clarinetist. <mask> is a member of the second generation of European free jazz musicians. He was a part of the clarinet renaissance. Jrgensmann is a clarinet player who has a lot of solo recordings in his work. He started playing the clarinet when he was 18. Jrgensmann took private lessons from a music teacher. He started working with other musicians from the industrial area.He worked as a chemical laboratory assistant. Jrgensmann worked with handicapped children and studied social pedagogics after a one and half year hitch in the German Army. He has been playing music since 1975. Jrgensmann has worked with many people during his career as a free improviser. He was the leader of the group Clarinet Contrast, consisting of only clarinets, from 1975 to 1977. He was the leader of one of West Germany's best-known jazz groups. He was a part of the Clarinet Summit at the beginning of the 1980s.Jrgensmann has been involved in many international projects. Jrgensmann toured Europe in 1985 with Paul McCandless. He was a member of several groups, including the Contraband, the Mitteleuropa Orchestra, the Interface, and the Pipetet. He was also a co- founder of the large ensemble Grubenklangorchester. <mask> was the subject of a documentary film in 1987. He lectured for clarinet and ensemble at University of Duisburg from 1983 to 1993 and was a lecturer for free improvised music from 1993 to 1997. Jrgensmann and Rolf-Dieter Weyer collaborated on a book about improvised music.He started the <mask>mann Quartet in 1997 and played at the Montreal International Jazz Festival twice in 1999. He has played with the Polish twins since 2003 The album Ole Jrgensmann Ole, Directions, was the Record of the Year in 2005. In 2009, he started the Deep Down Duo with the clarinet player of the same name. They work together in the Tribal Trio, a clarinet trio with a French-American clarinetist. In London in 2009, Jrgensmann performed a few concerts with younger musicians from the UK. The Freedom trio was formed in 2011.He works with pianist Bernd Kppen again after a twelve-year break. Jorgensmann is working with Clarinet Summit again. The members of the group are Sebastian Gramss and Gnther "Baby" Sommer. The Singers Festival Warsaw is the biggest festival of Jewish culture in Poland. Discography was the leader in time. An experimental opera for 3 writers, 1 actor, 1 painter and 1 musician was recorded. WDR-Tv production.A dance-theater-piece for 2 dancers, clarinet, bass clarinet, sound-maschine and percussion. The work was choreographed by Claudia Lichtblau. <mask>/Eckard Koltermann Hommage is a chamber music composition. The major part of improvised music is communication of motion and non- communication. <mask> and Rolf-Dieter Weyer wrote Kleine Ethik der Improvisation. The colour is 72 min. <mask> is the director of All About Jazz.

62533541

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27abbata%20Sharran

Ta'abbata Sharran

Thabit ibn Jabr, better known by his epithet Ta'abbata Sharran (; lived late 6th century or early 7th century CE) was a pre-Islamic Arabic poet of the su'luk (vagabond) school. He lived in the Arabian Peninsula near the city of Ta'if, and was a member of the tribe. He was known for engaging in tribal conflict with the Banu Hudhayl and Bajila tribes. He wrote poems about tribal warfare, the hardships of desert life, and ghouls. His work was prominent in the early poetic anthologies, being preserved in both the Mufaddaliyat (8th century) and the Hamasah (9th century). Details of his life are known only from pseudo-historical accounts in the poetic anthologies and the Kitab al-Aghani. Name His proper name was Thabit ibn Jabr al-Fahmi. Al-Fahmi is a nisba indicating his membership in the Fahm tribe. Ta'abatta Sharran is a laqab, or nickname, which means "he who has put evil in his armpit." There are a number of traditional accounts of how he acquired the name, related in the Kitab al-Aghani. In one, he saw a ram in the desert. He picked it up and carried it under his arm, but it urinated on him. It became heavier as he approached his camp, so he dropped it, and saw that in fact it was a ghul. His clan asked him what he had been carrying, and he replied "the ghul," which prompted them to give him his nickname. In another, during truffle season, his mother asked why he was not gathering truffles for the family. He went out with her bag and filled it with snakes, then returned to the tent carrying the bag under his arm. He threw the bag down in front of her and she opened it, finding the snakes, then fled the tent. When she told the story to the women of the tribe, they gave Thabit his nickname. Another story has it that his mother gave him the name because he habitually carried his sword under his arm when travelling with a raiding party. Modern scholars believe that these traditions "should not be taken at face value," and that the name was intended to signify the poet's unavoidable propensity for trouble. Life The dates of Ta'abbata Sharran's life are not known. Based on personal names which occur in poems attributed to him, he likely lived in the late 6th century or early 7th century CE. He lived in the western Arabian regions of Tihama and the Hejaz, near the city of Ta'if. His mother was Amima al-Fahmia, of the Banu al-Qayn. After the death of his father Jabr, his mother married one of his enemies, . Ta'abbata Sharran himself married a woman of the Banu Kilab. He lived as a su'luk (plural sa'alik), a term which can be translated as brigand, brigand-poet, or vagabond. The sa'alik were mostly individuals who had been forced out of their tribes and who lived on the fringes of society. Some of the sa'alik became renowned poets, writing poetry about the hardships of desert life and their feelings of isolation. However, scholar Albert Arazi notes that due to a lack of contemporary documents about the sa'alik, knowledge of them is uncertain and "it is not at all easy to unravel the problem posed by the existence of this group." Ta'abbata Sharran was one of the few su'luk poets who was not repudiated by his tribe. He lived as a brigand, accompanied by a band of men including Al-Shanfara, Amir ibn al-Akhnas, al-Musayyab ibn Kilab, Murra ibn Khulayf, Sa'd ibn al-Ashras, and 'Amr ibn Barrak. The band primarily raided the tribes of Bajila, Banu Hudhayl, Azd, and Khath'am, and evaded pursuit by hiding in the Sarawat Mountains. Narratives of his life are found in several literary sources beginning in the 8th century, and include stylized accounts of his exploits such as him pouring honey on a mountain in order to slide to safety after a raid. The poet was eventually killed during a raid against the Banu Hudhayl, and his body was thrown into a cave called al-Rakhman. Poetry Ta'abbata Sharran's poetic diwan consists of 238 verses divided into 32 poems and fragments. Typical of the su'luk poets, his work expresses strident individuality and a rejection of tribal values. Qasida Qafiyya Ta'abbata Sharran's "Qasida Qafiyya" is the opening poem of the Mufaddaliyat, an important collection of early Arabic poetry. According to the Italian orientalist Francesco Gabrieli, the Qafiyya may not have been written as a single poem, but might instead be a collection of Ta'abbata Sharran's verses compiled by later editors. The opening lines of the Qafiyya are as follows: This poem follows the traditional structure of the qasida, which consists of three sections: a nostalgic prelude, a description of a camel journey, and then the message or motive of the poem. However, the poet subverts this structure in order to express "the ideal of perpetual marginality". The poem also contains several lines devoted to fakhr (boasting) about the poet's fleetness of foot, starting with line 4: "I escape [from her] as I escaped from the Bajila, when I ran at top speed on the night of the sandy tract at al-Raht." The incident to which this line refers is explained in three different stories in the Kitab al-Aghani, which differ in their details but have to do with the poet being captured by the Bajila during a raid and using a ruse to escape. Ta'abbata Sharran, along with al-Shanfara and 'Amr ibn Barraq, was famous for being a fast runner. Charles Lyall translated the poem into English in 1918. Qasida Lamiyya The "Qasida Lamiyya," transmitted in the 9th-century Hamasah of Abu Tammam, is considered to be another of the poet's major works. However, the authenticity of this poem is doubtful. Al-Tibrizi, a major commentator on the Hamasa, believed that the true author was the rāwī (reciter) , while the Andalusian anthologist Ibn Abd Rabbih attributed it to a nephew of Ta'abbata Sharran. Contemporary scholar Alan Jones concluded that it may be a mixture of authentic and inauthentic material. The poem is a rithā' (elegy) on the death of the poet's uncle, slain on a mountain path by the Banu Hudhyal. The poet describes his vengeance on the Banu Hudhayl, in what scholar Suzanne Stetkevych calls "the most famous Arabic poem of blood vengeance." Johann Wolfgang von Goethe admired the poem greatly, and included a German translation of it in the "Notes and Queries" section of his 1819 work West–östlicher Divan. Goethe's translation was based on Latin translations by Georg Freytag and Johann David Michaelis. Other translations include those of Charles Lyall into English (1930), Suzanne Stetkevych into English (1986), and Pierre Larcher into French (2012). Other work One poem, labelled either "How I Met the Ghul" or the "Qit'a Nuniyya," relates the story of the poet's encounter with a ghul. He was travelling at night in the territory of the Banu Hudhayl, when a ghul stepped in his way. He fought the ghul and killed her, then spent the night on top of her. In the morning he carried her under his arm and showed her to his friends: "Two eyes set in a hideous head, like the head of a cat, split-tongued, legs like a deformed fetus, the back of a dog." The structure of the poem parodies Arabic love poems in which lovers meet at night in the desert. In another, titled "Sulayma Says to Her Neighbor Women", he meets a ghul and attempts to have sex with her, but she writhes and reveals her horrible face, which prompts him to cut her head off. Further examples of his work can be found in poems VIII and IX of the Hamasah. Legacy A famous elegy in the Hamasah may refer to Ta'abbata Sharran. The author is unknown but is typically taken to be either Ta'abbata Sharran's mother or the mother of another su'luk, . The poem emphasizes the role of fate: He was also mocked in a humorous hija''' (lampoon) poem written by Qays ibn 'Azarah of the Banu Hudhayl, involving an incident in which Qays was captured by the Fahm and bargained for his life with Ta'abbata Sharran and his wife. In the poem Qays referred to Ta'abbata Sharran by the nickname Sha'l (firebrand), and his wife by the kunya Umm Jundab (mother of Jundab): He also appeared as a character in the Resalat Al-Ghufran, written by Al-Ma'arri around 1033. During an imagined tour of hell, a Sheikh who criticized al-Ma'arri encounters Ta'abbata Sharran along with al-Shanfara, and asks him if he really married a ghul. Ta'abbata Sharran replies only, "All men are liars." When Oriental studies became popular in Europe in the 19th century, scholars such as Silvestre de Sacy and Caussin de Perceval introduced su'luk poetry to a Western audience. They wrote first about al-Shanfara, whose Lamiyyat al-'Arab is the most famous su'luk poem. Interest in al-Shanfara led naturally to his associate Ta'abbata Sharran, who became known and appreciated in Europe during the 19th century. In the 20th century, Arab critics began to display renewed interest in su'luk'' poetry, and the influential Syrian poet and critic Adunis praised the works of Ta'abbata Sharran and al-Shanfara as quintessential specimens of "the literature of rejection." Editions Notes References Bibliography External links Text of Poems (Arabic) at Poets Gate Arabic-language poets Pre-Islamic Arabian poets 6th-century Arabs 7th-century Arabs

Thabit ibn Jabr, better known by his epithet Ta'abbata Sharran (; lived late 6th century or early 7th century CE) was a pre-Islamic Arabic poet of the su'luk (vagabond) school. He lived in the Arabian Peninsula near the city of Ta'if, and was a member of the tribe. He was known for engaging in tribal conflict with the Banu Hudhayl and Bajila tribes. He wrote poems about tribal warfare, the hardships of desert life, and ghouls. His work was prominent in the early poetic anthologies, being preserved in both the Mufaddaliyat (8th century) and the Hamasah (9th century). Details of his life are known only from pseudo-historical accounts in the poetic anthologies and the Kitab al-Aghani. Name His proper name was Thabit ibn Jabr al-Fahmi.Al-Fahmi is a nisba indicating his membership in the Fahm tribe. Ta'abatta Sharran is a laqab, or nickname, which means "he who has put evil in his armpit." There are a number of traditional accounts of how he acquired the name, related in the Kitab al-Aghani. In one, he saw a ram in the desert. He picked it up and carried it under his arm, but it urinated on him. It became heavier as he approached his camp, so he dropped it, and saw that in fact it was a ghul. His clan asked him what he had been carrying, and he replied "the ghul," which prompted them to give him his nickname.In another, during truffle season, his mother asked why he was not gathering truffles for the family. He went out with her bag and filled it with snakes, then returned to the tent carrying the bag under his arm. He threw the bag down in front of her and she opened it, finding the snakes, then fled the tent. When she told the story to the women of the tribe, they gave Thabit his nickname. Another story has it that his mother gave him the name because he habitually carried his sword under his arm when travelling with a raiding party. Modern scholars believe that these traditions "should not be taken at face value," and that the name was intended to signify the poet's unavoidable propensity for trouble. Life The dates of Ta'abbata Sharran's life are not known.Based on personal names which occur in poems attributed to him, he likely lived in the late 6th century or early 7th century CE. He lived in the western Arabian regions of Tihama and the Hejaz, near the city of Ta'if. His mother was Amima al-Fahmia, of the Banu al-Qayn. After the death of his father Jabr, his mother married one of his enemies, . Ta'abbata <mask> himself married a woman of the Banu Kilab. He lived as a su'luk (plural sa'alik), a term which can be translated as brigand, brigand-poet, or vagabond. The sa'alik were mostly individuals who had been forced out of their tribes and who lived on the fringes of society.Some of the sa'alik became renowned poets, writing poetry about the hardships of desert life and their feelings of isolation. However, scholar Albert Arazi notes that due to a lack of contemporary documents about the sa'alik, knowledge of them is uncertain and "it is not at all easy to unravel the problem posed by the existence of this group." Ta'abbata <mask> was one of the few su'luk poets who was not repudiated by his tribe. He lived as a brigand, accompanied by a band of men including Al-Shanfara, Amir ibn al-Akhnas, al-Musayyab ibn Kilab, Murra ibn Khulayf, Sa'd ibn al-Ashras, and 'Amr ibn Barrak. The band primarily raided the tribes of Bajila, Banu Hudhayl, Azd, and Khath'am, and evaded pursuit by hiding in the Sarawat Mountains. Narratives of his life are found in several literary sources beginning in the 8th century, and include stylized accounts of his exploits such as him pouring honey on a mountain in order to slide to safety after a raid. The poet was eventually killed during a raid against the Banu Hudhayl, and his body was thrown into a cave called al-Rakhman.Poetry Ta'abbata <mask> Sharran's "Qasida Qafiyya" is the opening poem of the Mufaddaliyat, an important collection of early Arabic poetry. According to the Italian orientalist Francesco Gabrieli, the Qafiyya may not have been written as a single poem, but might instead be a collection of Ta'abbata <mask>'s verses compiled by later editors. The opening lines of the Qafiyya are as follows: This poem follows the traditional structure of the qasida, which consists of three sections: a nostalgic prelude, a description of a camel journey, and then the message or motive of the poem. However, the poet subverts this structure in order to express "the ideal of perpetual marginality". The poem also contains several lines devoted to fakhr (boasting) about the poet's fleetness of foot, starting with line 4: "I escape [from her] as I escaped from the Bajila, when I ran at top speed on the night of the sandy tract at al-Raht."The incident to which this line refers is explained in three different stories in the Kitab al-Aghani, which differ in their details but have to do with the poet being captured by the Bajila during a raid and using a ruse to escape. Ta'abbata <mask>, along with al-Shanfara and 'Amr ibn Barraq, was famous for being a fast runner. Charles Lyall translated the poem into English in 1918. Qasida Lamiyya The "Qasida Lamiyya," transmitted in the 9th-century Hamasah of Abu Tammam, is considered to be another of the poet's major works. However, the authenticity of this poem is doubtful. Al-Tibrizi, a major commentator on the Hamasa, believed that the true author was the rāwī (reciter) , while the Andalusian anthologist Ibn Abd Rabbih attributed it to a nephew of Ta'abbata <mask>. Contemporary scholar Alan Jones concluded that it may be a mixture of authentic and inauthentic material.The poem is a rithā' (elegy) on the death of the poet's uncle, slain on a mountain path by the Banu Hudhyal. The poet describes his vengeance on the Banu Hudhayl, in what scholar Suzanne Stetkevych calls "the most famous Arabic poem of blood vengeance." Johann Wolfgang von Goethe admired the poem greatly, and included a German translation of it in the "Notes and Queries" section of his 1819 work West–östlicher Divan. Goethe's translation was based on Latin translations by Georg Freytag and Johann David Michaelis. Other translations include those of Charles Lyall into English (1930), Suzanne Stetkevych into English (1986), and Pierre Larcher into French (2012). Other work One poem, labelled either "How I Met the Ghul" or the "Qit'a Nuniyya," relates the story of the poet's encounter with a ghul. He was travelling at night in the territory of the Banu Hudhayl, when a ghul stepped in his way.He fought the ghul and killed her, then spent the night on top of her. In the morning he carried her under his arm and showed her to his friends: "Two eyes set in a hideous head, like the head of a cat, split-tongued, legs like a deformed fetus, the back of a dog." The structure of the poem parodies Arabic love poems in which lovers meet at night in the desert. In another, titled "Sulayma Says to Her Neighbor Women", he meets a ghul and attempts to have sex with her, but she writhes and reveals her horrible face, which prompts him to cut her head off. Further examples of his work can be found in poems VIII and IX of the Hamasah. Legacy A famous elegy in the Hamasah may refer to Ta'abbata Sharran. The author is unknown but is typically taken to be either Ta'abbata Sharran's mother or the mother of another su'luk, .The poem emphasizes the role of fate: He was also mocked in a humorous hija''' (lampoon) poem written by Qays ibn 'Azarah of the Banu Hudhayl, involving an incident in which Qays was captured by the Fahm and bargained for his life with Ta'abbata <mask> and his wife. In the poem Qays referred to Ta'abbata <mask> by the nickname Sha'l (firebrand), and his wife by the kunya Umm Jundab (mother of Jundab): He also appeared as a character in the Resalat Al-Ghufran, written by Al-Ma'arri around 1033. During an imagined tour of hell, a Sheikh who criticized al-Ma'arri encounters Ta'abbata <mask> along with al-Shanfara, and asks him if he really married a ghul. Ta'abbata <mask> replies only, "All men are liars." When Oriental studies became popular in Europe in the 19th century, scholars such as Silvestre de Sacy and Caussin de Perceval introduced su'luk poetry to a Western audience. They wrote first about al-Shanfara, whose Lamiyyat al-'Arab is the most famous su'luk poem. Interest in al-Shanfara led naturally to his associate Ta'abbata <mask>, who became known and appreciated in Europe during the 19th century.In the 20th century, Arab critics began to display renewed interest in su'luk'' poetry, and the influential Syrian poet and critic Adunis praised the works of Ta'abbata <mask> and al-Shanfara as quintessential specimens of "the literature of rejection." Editions Notes References Bibliography External links Text of Poems (Arabic) at Poets Gate Arabic-language poets Pre-Islamic Arabian poets 6th-century Arabs 7th-century Arabs

Ta'<mask> was a pre-Islamic Arabic poet who lived in the late 6th century or early 7th century. He was a member of the tribe and lived in the Arabian Peninsula. He engaged in conflict with the Banu Hudhayl and Bajila tribes. He wrote poems about desert life and tribal warfare. His work was included in both the Mufaddaliyat and the Hamasah. The Kitab al-Aghani and the poetic anthology contain pseudo-historical accounts of his life. His name was Thabit.Al-Fahmi is a member of the Fahm tribe. Ta'abatta Sharran is a nickname that means "he who has put evil in his armpit." There are many traditional accounts of how he got the name. He saw a ram in the desert. He carried it under his arm, but it urinated on him. He dropped it as he approached his camp, and realized it was a ghul. His clan gave him a nickname because he replied "the ghul" when they asked what he had been carrying.His mother asked why he wasn't gathering truffles for the family. He returned to the tent carrying the bag under his arm after filling it with snakes. She fled the tent when he threw the bag down in front of her. Thabit was given a nickname by the women of the tribe. One story says that his mother gave him the name because he habitually carried his sword under his arm. Modern scholars believe that the name was intended to signify the poet's propensity for trouble, and that these traditions should not be taken at face value. Ta'abbata Sharran's life is not known.He probably lived in the late 6th century or early 7th centuryCE based on personal names in poems attributed to him. He lived near the city of Ta'if in the western Arabian regions of Tihama and the Hejaz. Amima al-Fahmia was from the Banu al-Qayn. His mother married one of his enemies after his father's death. Ta'abbata <mask> married a woman from the Banu Kilab. He lived as a su'luk (plural sa'alik), a term which can be translated as brigand, brigand-poet, or vagabond. The sa'alik were forced out of their tribes and lived on the fringes of society.The sa'alik wrote poetry about their feelings of isolation and the hardship of desert life. Albert Arazi notes that it is not easy to untangle the problem posed by the existence of the sa'alik because of a lack of contemporary documents. Ta'abbata <mask> was not repudiated by his tribe. He lived with a band of men including Sa'd ibn al-Ashras. The band hid in the Sarawat Mountains after raiding the tribes of Bajila, Banu Hudhayl, Azd, and Khath'am. Narratives of his life are found in several literary sources beginning in the 8th century, and include stylized accounts of his exploits such as him pouring honey on a mountain in order to slide to safety after a raid. The poet's body was thrown into a cave after he was killed during a raid against the Banu Hudhayl.There are 32 poems and fragments in Ta'abbata <mask>'s poetic diwan. His work expresses a rejection of tribal values and is typical of the su'luk poets. The opening poem of the Mufaddaliyyat is "Qasida Qafiyya" by Qasida Qafiyya Ta'abbata <mask>. The Qafiyya may not have been written as a single poem, but as a collection of Ta'abbata <mask>'s verse. This poem follows the traditional structure of the qasida, which consists of three sections: a camel prelude, a description of a nostalgic journey, and then the message or motive of the poem. The poet subverts this structure in order to express the ideal of marginality. The poem begins with line 4: "I escape from her as I escaped from the Bajila, when I ran at top speed on the night of the sandy tract."The incident to which this line refers is explained in three different stories in the Kitab al-Aghani, which differ in their details but have to do with the poet being captured by the Bajila during a raid and using a ruse to escape. Ta'abbata <mask> was famous for being a fast runner. The poem was translated into English. The "Qasida Lamiyya," transmitted in the 9th-century Hamasah of Abu Tammam, is considered to be one of the poet's major works. The authenticity of this poem is questionable. The true author was believed to be a nephew of Ta'abbata <mask> by the anthologist. Alan Jones concluded that it may be a mixture of authentic and inauthentic material.The poem is about the death of the poet's uncle, who was killed on a mountain path. The most famous Arabic poem of blood vengeance was written by the poet and describes his vengeance on the Banu Hudhayl. The poem was included in the "Notes and Queries" section of West–stlicher Divan. Goethe's translation was based on Latin translations. Other translations include Charles Lyall into English, Suzanne Stetkevych into English, and Pierre Larcher into French. The poem "How I Met the Ghul" relates the story of the poet's encounter with a ghul. He was travelling at night in the territory of the Banu Hudhayl when a ghul stepped in front of him.He spent the night on top of her after killing her. He showed her to his friends as he carried her under his arm. The structure of the poem is a parody of Arabic love poems. In another, titled "Sulayma Says to Her Neighbor Women", he tries to have sex with her, but she writhes and reveals her horrible face, which causes him to cut her head off. His work can be found in poems VIII and IX of the Hamasah. The Hamasah may refer to Ta'abbata Sharran. It is assumed that the author is either Ta'abbata <mask>'s mother or the mother of another su'luk.He was also mocked in a humorous hija'' (lampoon) poem written by Qays ibn 'Azarah of the Banu Hudhayl, involving an incident in which Qays was captured by the Fahm and bargained. In the Resalat Al-Ghufran, Qays referred to Ta'abbata <mask> as a firebrand and his wife as the mother of Jundab. During an imagined tour of hell, a Sheikh who criticized al- Ma'arri encounters Ta'abbata Sharran and asks if he really married a ghul. "All men are liars," says Ta'abbata <mask>. When Oriental studies became popular in Europe in the 19th century, scholars such as Silvestre de Sacy and Caussin de Perceval introduced su'luk poetry to a Western audience. The first poem they wrote was about al-Shanfara. Ta'abbata <mask> became known and appreciated in Europe during the 19th century because of his interest in al-Shanfara.In the 20th century, Arab critics began to display renewed interest in su'luk' poetry, and the influential Syrian poet and critic Adunis praised the works of Ta'abbata <mask> and al-Shanfara as quintessential examples of "the literature of rejection." There are external links to the text of poems at Poets Gate.

9180422

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita%20Rosa%20de%20Francisco

Margarita Rosa de Francisco

Margarita Rosa de Francisco Baquero also known as Margarita Rosa and La Mencha (born August 8, 1965) is a Colombian telenovela movie actress, singer, and TV presenter. Biography 1980s Margarita Rosa de Francisco was born in Cali, Valle Del Cauca, Colombia on August 8, 1965. She is the daughter of Gerardo de Francisco - a musician and actor - and fashion designer Mercedes Baquero. She is also the sister of TV personality Martin de Francisco. As a child, Margarita took ballet classes in the Antonio Maria Valencia Conservatory in Cali, which she had to quickly retire from due to problems in the vertebral column. She made her film debut in 1981 starring in the movie Tacones. She then moved to New York City to study English and in 1984 was selected as model of the year. Representing the “Valle del Cauca”, she was crowned vicereine in the 1984 National Beauty Contest in Colombia, later representing Colombia in the 1985 Miss World pageant where she was not as successful. In 1986 she made her television debut in the telenovela Gallito Ramirez, directed by Julio Cesar Luna. There she met Carlos Vives, and they married on August 20, 1988. Her time on the show earned her the Simon Bolivar prize for standout actress. She was later a presenter in the news broadcast 24 Hours. In 1988 she consolidated her acting career once again in the telenovela Los Pecados de Ines de Hinojosa. 1990s The early 1990s was a busy period for Margarita, acting in the telenovela Calamar, as well as landing a role in another controversial Spanish series called Brigada Central. She later returned to Colombia to star in the series Puerta Grande and finally in Cafe con Aroma de Mujer in 1994, one of the most successful telenovelas in Colombian television history. In 1996 she starred in the movie Ilona llega con la lluvia and later got the role of Antonia in the series Hombres, which she eventually left to focus solely on a role in another telenovela, La Madre. 2000s onwards In 2000, Margarita accepted the role of La Caponera on the telenovela of the same name, produced by Caracol Television and RTI Producciones. She was also selected by Caracol to host the Colombian version of “Survivor”, Expedicion Robinson, for two seasons in 2001 and 2002. She later attained roles in the movies Fidel y Adios and Ana Elisa while hosting the Caracol reality show Desafio 2004, which she has continued to do with the exception of 2007 in which scheduling conflicts with the Mexican telenovela Mientras Haya Vida prevented her from hosting. She would later guest star in the movie Paraiso Travel playing the role of Raquel and a small role in the series Capadocia. She married for a second time with businessman Daniel Castello in 2003, when he was 46 and she was 38 years old. In 2011, she played a starring role in the RCN Television series Correo de Inocentes alongside Salvador del Solar Labarthe and Roberto Urbina. She later hosted the Caracol reality show "Desafio 2014: Marruecos, las mil y uno noches" and the 2015 "Desafio 2015: India, la Reencarnacion". Musical career Margarita Rosa de Francisco achieved the level of singer/songwriter having been a part of the band in the telenovela Cafe con Aroma de Mujer, which would be favoured due to the success of the show at the time. In 1997 she released an album in which the song Veneno y Savia was lauded and reached certain recognition. In 1998 she was part of the musical group in another telenovela (La Madre), and again in the telenovela (Mientras Haya Vida). In 2008 “Margarita Rosa” was released – a collection of musical works over a variety of years. She returned to the musical scene once again in 2011, this time having composed music for the series Correo de inocentes on RCN Television and in 2012 she launched Bailarina (Ballerina), a completely different album from her previous ones in which she experimented with a variety of genres. Writing career Margarita Rosa de Francisco has had a great deal of success as a columnist in the Colombian magazine Cromos, where she disclosed parts of her personal life – notably the day of her marriage with Carlos Vives. She has also written for Colombian newspapers El Espectador and El Tiempo. Within her writings are human themes such as feeling feminine without necessarily being a feminist, political themes (although she has stated her lack of interest in politics), and themes of general interests in columns with titles such as “La Envidia” (Jealousy), “El Arte de Vivir en Paz” (The Art of Living in Peace), “Por Pura Fe” (By Pure Faith), and “Respeto” (Respect), among others. She published her first book in 2016 titled “El Hombre del Telefono” (The Man on the Telephone). Other notable achievements In 2000 she was named a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF by the United Nations. Filmography Reefa (2020) - Jackeline Playing with Fire (2019) - Martina Gaiani Narcos (2017) TV Series - Carolina Álvarez Correo de inocentes (2011) - Pilar Carrasco Kadabra (2010) - Ana Of Love and Other Demons (2009) - Marquesa L'homme de Chevet (Cartagena) (2009) Capadocia TV series (2009) - Mercedes Mejía 'Esmeraldera' Paraíso Travel (2008) Mientras haya vida - Maria (2007) Adiós, Ana Elisa (2006) Fidel (2002) (TV) (as Margarita d'Francisco) - Naty Revuelta "Caponera, La" (2000) TV Series - Bernarda Cutiño 'La Caponera' "Madre, La" (1998) TV Series = María Luisa Caicedo de Suárez-Bernal "Hombres" (1997) TV Series - Antonia Miranda Ilona Arrives with the Rain (Ilona llega con la lluvia, aka Ilona arriva con la pioggia in Italy) (1996) - Ilona Grabowska "Café con aroma de mujer" - Carolina Olivares / ... (1 episode, 1994) (Colombia: short title) – Café con aroma de mujer (1994) TV Episode - Teresa Suárez 'Gaviota'/Carolina Olivares "Brigada central 2: La guerra blanca" (1993) (mini) TV Series - Marina Valdés "Puerta grande" (1993) (mini) TV Series - Paloma "Calamar" (1990) TV Series - Claramanta "Pecados de Inés de Hinojosa, Los" (1988) (mini) TV Series - Juanita de Hinojosa "Noticiero 24 horas" (1987) - TV News Host "Gallito Ramírez" (1986) TV Series - Niña Mencha Lavalle Tacones (1981) Presenter Desafío 2015: India, la reencarnación Desafío 2014: Marruecos, las mil y una noches Desafío 2013: África, el origen Desafío 2012: El fin del mundo Desafío: La Lucha de las Regiones: La Piedra Sagrada 2011 Desafío 2008 Desafío 2005 Desafío 2004 Expedición Robinson Discography Studio Albums 2012: Bailarina 2011: A Solas (En Vivo) 1997: Margarita Rosa Soundtrack Albums 2000: La Caponera 1998: La Madre 1995: Café, Con Aroma de Mujer In addition to the soundtrack albums she has collaborated with, de Francisco recorded in 2011 the song "Cuidao' que te quemas", which served as the opening theme of Colombian TV series Correo de Inocentes. In 2007 she also recorded "Mientras Haya Vida" as the opening theme of the Mexican telenovela of the same name. References External links fan site 1965 births Living people People from Cali 20th-century Colombian women singers Colombian telenovela actresses Miss World 1985 delegates Colombian beauty pageant winners Colombian atheists Colombian film actresses 20th-century Colombian actresses 21st-century Colombian women singers 21st-century Colombian actresses

<mask> also known as <mask> and La Mencha (born August 8, 1965) is a Colombian telenovela movie actress, singer, and TV presenter. Biography 1980s <mask> was born in Cali, Valle Del Cauca, Colombia on August 8, 1965. She is the daughter of <mask> - a musician and actor - and fashion designer <mask>. She is also the sister of TV personality <mask>. As a child, Margarita took ballet classes in the Antonio Maria Valencia Conservatory in Cali, which she had to quickly retire from due to problems in the vertebral column. She made her film debut in 1981 starring in the movie Tacones. She then moved to New York City to study English and in 1984 was selected as model of the year.Representing the “Valle del Cauca”, she was crowned vicereine in the 1984 National Beauty Contest in Colombia, later representing Colombia in the 1985 Miss World pageant where she was not as successful. In 1986 she made her television debut in the telenovela Gallito Ramirez, directed by Julio Cesar Luna. There she met Carlos Vives, and they married on August 20, 1988. Her time on the show earned her the Simon Bolivar prize for standout actress. She was later a presenter in the news broadcast 24 Hours. In 1988 she consolidated her acting career once again in the telenovela Los Pecados de Ines de Hinojosa. 1990s The early 1990s was a busy period for Margarita, acting in the telenovela Calamar, as well as landing a role in another controversial Spanish series called Brigada Central.She later returned to Colombia to star in the series Puerta Grande and finally in Cafe con Aroma de Mujer in 1994, one of the most successful telenovelas in Colombian television history. In 1996 she starred in the movie Ilona llega con la lluvia and later got the role of Antonia in the series Hombres, which she eventually left to focus solely on a role in another telenovela, La Madre. 2000s onwards In 2000, Margarita accepted the role of La Caponera on the telenovela of the same name, produced by Caracol Television and RTI Producciones. She was also selected by Caracol to host the Colombian version of “Survivor”, Expedicion Robinson, for two seasons in 2001 and 2002. She later attained roles in the movies Fidel y Adios and Ana Elisa while hosting the Caracol reality show Desafio 2004, which she has continued to do with the exception of 2007 in which scheduling conflicts with the Mexican telenovela Mientras Haya Vida prevented her from hosting. She would later guest star in the movie Paraiso Travel playing the role of Raquel and a small role in the series Capadocia. She married for a second time with businessman Daniel Castello in 2003, when he was 46 and she was 38 years old.In 2011, she played a starring role in the RCN Television series Correo de Inocentes alongside <mask> Solar Labarthe and Roberto Urbina. She later hosted the Caracol reality show "Desafio 2014: Marruecos, las mil y uno noches" and the 2015 "Desafio 2015: India, la Reencarnacion". Musical career Margarita <mask> <mask> achieved the level of singer/songwriter having been a part of the band in the telenovela Cafe con Aroma de Mujer, which would be favoured due to the success of the show at the time. In 1997 she released an album in which the song Veneno y Savia was lauded and reached certain recognition. In 1998 she was part of the musical group in another telenovela (La Madre), and again in the telenovela (Mientras Haya Vida). In 2008 “Margarita <mask>” was released – a collection of musical works over a variety of years. She returned to the musical scene once again in 2011, this time having composed music for the series Correo de inocentes on RCN Television and in 2012 she launched Bailarina (Ballerina), a completely different album from her previous ones in which she experimented with a variety of genres.Writing career Margarita <mask> <mask> has had a great deal of success as a columnist in the Colombian magazine Cromos, where she disclosed parts of her personal life – notably the day of her marriage with Carlos Vives. She has also written for Colombian newspapers El Espectador and El Tiempo. Within her writings are human themes such as feeling feminine without necessarily being a feminist, political themes (although she has stated her lack of interest in politics), and themes of general interests in columns with titles such as “La Envidia” (Jealousy), “El Arte de Vivir en Paz” (The Art of Living in Peace), “Por Pura Fe” (By Pure Faith), and “Respeto” (Respect), among others. She published her first book in 2016 titled “El Hombre del Telefono” (The Man on the Telephone). Other notable achievements In 2000 she was named a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF by the United Nations. In 2007 she also recorded "Mientras Haya Vida" as the opening theme of the Mexican telenovela of the same name. References External links fan site 1965 births Living people People from Cali 20th-century Colombian women singers Colombian telenovela actresses Miss World 1985 delegates Colombian beauty pageant winners Colombian atheists Colombian film actresses 20th-century Colombian actresses 21st-century Colombian women singers 21st-century Colombian actresses

In addition to being a telenovela movie actress, singer, and TV presenter, she is also known as "<mask> and La Mencha". On August 8, 1965, <mask> was born. Her father is a musician and actor and her mother is a fashion designer. <mask> is the sister of her. She had to stop taking ballet classes when she was a child due to problems in her spine. She made her film debut in 1981 She was selected as model of the year in 1984 after moving to New York City to study English.She was vicereine in the 1984 National Beauty Contest and later in the 1985 Miss World contest, but she was not as successful. She made her television debut in 1986 in Gallito Ramirez. On August 20, 1988, she married Carlos Vives. Her time on the show earned her a prize. She presented the news on 24 Hours. She reprised her role in the telenovela Los Pecados de Ines de Hinojosa in 1988. In the early 1990s, she landed a role in a Spanish series called Brigada Central as well as acting in the telenovela Calamar.The series Puerta Grande was one of the most successful telenovelas of all time. In 1996 she starred in the movie Ilona llega con la lluvia and later got the role of Antonia in the series Hombres, which she eventually left to focus solely on a role in another telenovela, La Madre. The telenovela of the same name was produced by Caracol Television and RTI Producciones. She hosted a version of "Survivor" in 2001 and 2002 for Caracol. She hosted the Caracol reality show Desafio 2004, which she has continued to do with the exception of 2007, in which scheduling conflicts with the Mexican telenovela Mientras Haya Vida prevented her from hosting. She played a small role in the series Capadocia and guest starred in the movie Paraiso Travel. She married a second time in 2003 when she was 38 years old.She played a starring role in the RCN Television series Correo de Inocentes in 2011. She hosted two Caracol reality shows, "Desafio: Marruecos, las mil y uno noches" and "Desafio 2015: India, la Reencarnacion". As a member of the band in the telenovela Cafe con Aroma de Mujer, which was a hit at the time, Margarita <mask> achieved the level of singer/songwriter that would have been favored by the show's success. In 1997 she released an album with a song that was well-received. She was part of the musical group in two telenovelas in 1998. A collection of musical works was released in 2008. She returned to the musical scene in 2011; she composed music for the series Correo de inocentes on RCN Television and in 2012 she released a completely different album from her previous ones.The day of her marriage to Carlos Vives was one of the highlights of her career as a columnist. She wrote for El Tiempo and El Espectador. Within her writings are human themes such as feeling feminine without necessarily being a feminist, political themes (although she has stated her lack of interest in politics), and general interests in columns. The Man on the Telephone was her first book. She was named a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations in 2000. The opening theme of the Mexican telenovela of the same name was recorded by her in 2007. People from Cali 20th-century and people from 21st-century.

2027

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Wiles

Andrew Wiles

Sir Andrew John Wiles (born 11 April 1953) is an English mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, specializing in number theory. He is best known for proving Fermat's Last Theorem, for which he was awarded the 2016 Abel Prize and the 2017 Copley Medal by the Royal Society. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2000, and in 2018, was appointed as the first Regius Professor of Mathematics at Oxford. Wiles is also a 1997 MacArthur Fellow. Education and early life Wiles was born on 11 April 1953 in Cambridge, England, the son of Maurice Frank Wiles (1923–2005) and Patricia Wiles (née Mowll). From 1952-1955, his father worked as the chaplain at Ridley Hall, Cambridge, and later became the Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford. Wiles attended King's College School, Cambridge, and The Leys School, Cambridge. Wiles states that he came across Fermat's Last Theorem on his way home from school when he was 10 years old. He stopped at his local library where he found a book The Last Problem, by Eric Temple Bell, about the theorem. Fascinated by the existence of a theorem that was so easy to state that he, a ten-year-old, could understand it, but that no one had proven, he decided to be the first person to prove it. However, he soon realised that his knowledge was too limited, so he abandoned his childhood dream until it was brought back to his attention at the age of 33 by Ken Ribet's 1986 proof of the epsilon conjecture, which Gerhard Frey had previously linked to Fermat's famous equation. Career and research In 1974, Wiles earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics at Merton College, Oxford. Wiles's graduate research was guided by John Coates, beginning in the summer of 1975. Together they worked on the arithmetic of elliptic curves with complex multiplication by the methods of Iwasawa theory. He further worked with Barry Mazur on the main conjecture of Iwasawa theory over the rational numbers, and soon afterward, he generalized this result to totally real fields. In 1980, Wiles earned a PhD while at Clare College, Cambridge. After a stay at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1981, Wiles became a Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University. In 1985–86, Wiles was a Guggenheim Fellow at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques near Paris and at the École Normale Supérieure. From 1988 to 1990, Wiles was a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, and then he returned to Princeton. From 1994 to 2009, Wiles was a Eugene Higgins Professor at Princeton. He rejoined Oxford in 2011 as Royal Society Research Professor. In May 2018, Wiles was appointed Regius Professor of Mathematics at Oxford, the first in the university's history. Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem Starting in mid-1986, based on successive progress of the previous few years of Gerhard Frey, Jean-Pierre Serre and Ken Ribet, it became clear that Fermat's Last Theorem could be proven as a corollary of a limited form of the modularity theorem (unproven at the time and then known as the "Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture"). The modularity theorem involved elliptic curves, which was also Wiles's own specialist area. The conjecture was seen by contemporary mathematicians as important, but extraordinarily difficult or perhaps impossible to prove. For example, Wiles's ex-supervisor John Coates stated that it seemed "impossible to actually prove", and Ken Ribet considered himself "one of the vast majority of people who believed [it] was completely inaccessible", adding that "Andrew Wiles was probably one of the few people on earth who had the audacity to dream that you can actually go and prove [it]." Despite this, Wiles, with his from-childhood fascination with Fermat's Last Theorem, decided to undertake the challenge of proving the conjecture, at least to the extent needed for Frey's curve. He dedicated all of his research time to this problem for over six years in near-total secrecy, covering up his efforts by releasing prior work in small segments as separate papers and confiding only in his wife. In June 1993, he presented his proof to the public for the first time at a conference in Cambridge. In August 1993, it was discovered that the proof contained a flaw in one area. Wiles tried and failed for over a year to repair his proof. According to Wiles, the crucial idea for circumventing, rather than closing this area came to him on 19 September 1994, when he was on the verge of giving up. Together with his former student Richard Taylor, he published a second paper which circumvented the problem and thus completed the proof. Both papers were published in May 1995 in a dedicated issue of the Annals of Mathematics. Awards and honours Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem has stood up to the scrutiny of the world's other mathematical experts. Wiles was interviewed for an episode of the BBC documentary series Horizon about Fermat's Last Theorem. This was broadcast as an episode of the PBS science television series Nova with the title "The Proof". His work and life are also described in great detail in Simon Singh's popular book Fermat's Last Theorem. Wiles has been awarded a number of major prizes in mathematics and science: Junior Whitehead Prize of the London Mathematical Society (1988) Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1989 Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1994) Schock Prize (1995) Fermat Prize (1995) Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1995/6) Elected a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (1996) NAS Award in Mathematics from the National Academy of Sciences (1996) Royal Medal (1996) Ostrowski Prize (1996) Cole Prize (1997) MacArthur Fellowship (1997) Wolfskehl Prize (1997) – see Paul Wolfskehl Elected member of the American Philosophical Society (1997) A silver plaque from the International Mathematical Union (1998) recognising his achievements, in place of the Fields Medal, which is restricted to those under 40 (Wiles was 41 when he proved the theorem in 1994) King Faisal Prize (1998) Clay Research Award (1999) Premio Pitagora (Croton, 2004) Shaw Prize (2005) The asteroid 9999 Wiles was named after Wiles in 1999. Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (2000) The building at the University of Oxford housing the Mathematical Institute is named after Wiles. Abel Prize (2016) Copley Medal (2017) Wiles's 1987 certificate of election to the Royal Society reads: References External links Profile from Oxford Profile from Princeton 1953 births Living people 20th-century mathematicians 21st-century mathematicians Abel Prize laureates Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Alumni of Merton College, Oxford Clay Research Award recipients English mathematicians Fellows of Merton College, Oxford Fellows of the Royal Society Fermat's Last Theorem Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire MacArthur Fellows Members of the American Philosophical Society Members of the French Academy of Sciences Number theorists People educated at The Leys School People from Cambridge Princeton University faculty Recipients of the Copley Medal Regius Professors of Mathematics (University of Oxford) Rolf Schock Prize laureates Royal Medal winners Trustees of the Institute for Advanced Study Whitehead Prize winners Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureates

<mask> (born 11 April 1953) is an English mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, specializing in number theory. He is best known for proving Fermat's Last Theorem, for which he was awarded the 2016 Abel Prize and the 2017 Copley Medal by the Royal Society. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2000, and in 2018, was appointed as the first Regius Professor of Mathematics at Oxford. <mask> is also a 1997 MacArthur Fellow. Education and early life <mask> was born on 11 April 1953 in Cambridge, England, the son of <mask> (1923–2005) and <mask> (née Mowll). From 1952-1955, his father worked as the chaplain at Ridley Hall, Cambridge, and later became the Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford. <mask> attended King's College School, Cambridge, and The Leys School, Cambridge.<mask> states that he came across Fermat's Last Theorem on his way home from school when he was 10 years old. He stopped at his local library where he found a book The Last Problem, by Eric Temple Bell, about the theorem. Fascinated by the existence of a theorem that was so easy to state that he, a ten-year-old, could understand it, but that no one had proven, he decided to be the first person to prove it. However, he soon realised that his knowledge was too limited, so he abandoned his childhood dream until it was brought back to his attention at the age of 33 by Ken Ribet's 1986 proof of the epsilon conjecture, which Gerhard Frey had previously linked to Fermat's famous equation. Career and research In 1974, <mask> earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics at Merton College, Oxford. <mask>'s graduate research was guided by John Coates, beginning in the summer of 1975. Together they worked on the arithmetic of elliptic curves with complex multiplication by the methods of Iwasawa theory.He further worked with Barry Mazur on the main conjecture of Iwasawa theory over the rational numbers, and soon afterward, he generalized this result to totally real fields. In 1980, <mask> earned a PhD while at Clare College, Cambridge. After a stay at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1981, <mask> became a Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University. In 1985–86, <mask> was a Guggenheim Fellow at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques near Paris and at the École Normale Supérieure. From 1988 to 1990, <mask> was a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, and then he returned to Princeton. From 1994 to 2009, <mask> was a Eugene Higgins Professor at Princeton. He rejoined Oxford in 2011 as Royal Society Research Professor.In May 2018, <mask> was appointed Regius Professor of Mathematics at Oxford, the first in the university's history. Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem Starting in mid-1986, based on successive progress of the previous few years of Gerhard Frey, Jean-Pierre Serre and Ken Ribet, it became clear that Fermat's Last Theorem could be proven as a corollary of a limited form of the modularity theorem (unproven at the time and then known as the "Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture"). The modularity theorem involved elliptic curves, which was also <mask>'s own specialist area. The conjecture was seen by contemporary mathematicians as important, but extraordinarily difficult or perhaps impossible to prove. For example, <mask>'s ex-supervisor John Coates stated that it seemed "impossible to actually prove", and Ken Ribet considered himself "one of the vast majority of people who believed [it] was completely inaccessible", adding that "<mask> was probably one of the few people on earth who had the audacity to dream that you can actually go and prove [it]." Despite this, <mask>, with his from-childhood fascination with Fermat's Last Theorem, decided to undertake the challenge of proving the conjecture, at least to the extent needed for Frey's curve. He dedicated all of his research time to this problem for over six years in near-total secrecy, covering up his efforts by releasing prior work in small segments as separate papers and confiding only in his wife.In June 1993, he presented his proof to the public for the first time at a conference in Cambridge. In August 1993, it was discovered that the proof contained a flaw in one area. <mask> tried and failed for over a year to repair his proof. According to <mask>, the crucial idea for circumventing, rather than closing this area came to him on 19 September 1994, when he was on the verge of giving up. Together with his former student Richard Taylor, he published a second paper which circumvented the problem and thus completed the proof. Both papers were published in May 1995 in a dedicated issue of the Annals of Mathematics. Awards and honours <mask>'s proof of Fermat's Last Theorem has stood up to the scrutiny of the world's other mathematical experts.<mask> was interviewed for an episode of the BBC documentary series Horizon about Fermat's Last Theorem. This was broadcast as an episode of the PBS science television series Nova with the title "The Proof". His work and life are also described in great detail in Simon Singh's popular book Fermat's Last Theorem. <mask> has been awarded a number of major prizes in mathematics and science: Junior Whitehead Prize of the London Mathematical Society (1988) Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1989 Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1994) Schock Prize (1995) Fermat Prize (1995) Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1995/6) Elected a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (1996) NAS Award in Mathematics from the National Academy of Sciences (1996) Royal Medal (1996) Ostrowski Prize (1996) Cole Prize (1997) MacArthur Fellowship (1997) Wolfskehl Prize (1997) – see Paul Wolfskehl Elected member of the American Philosophical Society (1997) A silver plaque from the International Mathematical Union (1998) recognising his achievements, in place of the Fields Medal, which is restricted to those under 40 (<mask> was 41 when he proved the theorem in 1994) King Faisal Prize (1998) Clay Research Award (1999) Premio Pitagora (Croton, 2004) Shaw Prize (2005) The asteroid 9999 Wiles was named after <mask> in 1999. Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (2000) The building at the University of Oxford housing the Mathematical Institute is named after <mask>. Abel Prize (2016) Copley Medal (2017) <mask>'s 1987 certificate of election to the Royal Society reads: References External links Profile from Oxford Profile from Princeton 1953 births Living people 20th-century mathematicians 21st-century mathematicians Abel Prize laureates Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Alumni of Merton College, Oxford Clay Research Award recipients English mathematicians Fellows of Merton College, Oxford Fellows of the Royal Society Fermat's Last Theorem Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire MacArthur Fellows Members of the American Philosophical Society Members of the French Academy of Sciences Number theorists People educated at The Leys School People from Cambridge Princeton University faculty Recipients of the Copley Medal Regius Professors of Mathematics (University of Oxford) Rolf Schock Prize laureates Royal Medal winners Trustees of the Institute for Advanced Study Whitehead Prize winners Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureates

<mask> is an English mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford. He is best known for his work on Fermat's Last Theorem, which earned him two prestigious awards from the Royal Society. He was the Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire and the first Regius Professor of Mathematics at Oxford. <mask> was a 1997 MacArthur Fellow. <mask> was born on 11 April 1953 in Cambridge, England, the son of <mask> and his wife. His father was the Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford and worked as the chaplain at Ridley Hall in Cambridge. <mask> attended King's College School and The Leys School.When he was 10 years old, <mask> found Fermat's Last Theorem on his way home from school. The Last Problem, by Eric Temple Bell, was the book he found at his local library. He decided to be the first person to prove the existence of a theorem because he could understand it, even though no one had proven it. After Ken Ribet's proof of the epsilon conjecture was brought back to his attention at the age of 33, he abandoned his childhood dream. <mask> earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Oxford in 1974. The summer of 1975 was when <mask>awa theory.After working on the main theory of Iwasawa, he generalized it to all real fields. <mask> earned a PhD in Cambridge in 1980. <mask> went to the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey in 1981 and became a Professor of Mathematics. <mask> was a Guggenheim Fellow at the cole Normale Supérieure and theInstitut des Hautes tudes Scientifiques. <mask> was a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford from 1988 to 1990. <mask> was a professor at Princeton from 1994 to 2009. He was a research professor at Oxford.In May of last year, <mask> was appointed Professor of Mathematics at Oxford, the first in the university's history. After a few years of work by Jean-Pierre Serre and Ken Ribet, it became clear that Fermat's Last Theorem could be proven as a consequence of a limited form. <mask>'s own specialist area was involved in the modularity theorem. The conjecture was seen as important by contemporary mathematicians, but difficult to prove. Ken Ribet thought that <mask> was probably one of the few people who believed it was completely inaccessible. <mask>, with his fascination with Fermat's Last Theorem, decided to attempt the challenge of proving the conjecture, at least to the extent needed for Frey's curve. He dedicated all of his research time to this problem for over six years in near-total secrecy, covering up his efforts by releasing prior work in small segments as separate papers and confiding only in his wife.He presented his proof to the public for the first time at a conference in Cambridge in June 1993. The proof contained a flaw in one area. <mask> tried to repair his proof for over a year. The idea for circumventing, rather than closing this area came to <mask> when he was on the verge of giving up. He and Richard Taylor published a second paper which circumvented the problem and completed the proof. The papers were published in the Annals of Mathematics. The scrutiny of the world's other mathematical experts has stood up to <mask>'s proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.<mask> was interviewed for a documentary about Fermat's Last Theorem. PBS aired this as an episode of Nova with the title "The Proof". His life and work are described in great detail in Simon Singh's book. In 1988 <mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1989 he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The Mathematical Institute at the University of Oxford is named after <mask>, the Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. <mask>'s 1987 certificate of election to the Royal Society reads: References External links Profile from Oxford Profile from 1953 births Living people 20th-century mathematicians 21st-century mathematicians

11487831

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andon%20Kalchev

Andon Kalchev

Andon Kalchev () (1910 – 27 August 1948) was a Bulgarian army officer, one of the leaders of the Bulgarian-backed Ohrana, a paramilitary formation of Bulgarians in Greek Macedonia during World War II Axis occupation. He was active outside the Bulgarian occupied area of Macedonia, under the tolerance of the Italian and German authorities which used him in their fights with rival Greek EAM-ELAS and Yugoslav Communist resistance groups. Because of his collaborationist activity, he was sentenced to death by Greek military tribunal, and was executed by firing squad on 27 August 1948. Early life He was born in Zhuzheltsi, Ottoman Empire, today Spilia, Kastoria regional unit in Greece in 1910. After the Balkan Wars in 1913, Greece took control of southern Macedonia and began an official policy of forced assimilation which included the settlement of Greeks from other provinces into southern Macedonia, as well as the linguistic and cultural Hellenization of the ethnic Bulgarians. The Greeks expelled Bulgarian Exarchist churchmen and teachers and closed Bulgarian schools and churches. Bulgarian language (including the Macedonian dialects) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished. Within Greece, the Macedonian Bulgarians were designated "Slavophone Greeks". After the Balkan Wars and especially after the First World War up to 600,000 Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia and 400,000 from Western Thrace fled to Bulgaria as refugees. At this time the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) began sending armed combat groups (cheti) into Greek Macedonia and Thrace to assassinate officials and stir up the spirit of the oppressed population. Kalchev came from a well known IMRO Bulgarian local family, which emigrated from Greek Macedonia to Balchik, Bulgaria after the Second Balkan War. Kalchev graduated at a gymnasium in Sofia and then at the Leipzig University. Later he went back to Bulgaria, where he graduated from a military officer's school in Sofia. Participation by the Bulgarian occupation of Greece The 4th of August Regime in Greece (1936 to 1941) under the leadership of General Ioannis Metaxas was firmly opposed to the pro-Bulgarian factions of the Slavophones of northern Greece, some of whom underwent political persecution due to advocacy of irredentism with regard to neighboring countries. Metaxas' regime continued repression of the use of Slavic languages both in public and in private as well as expressions of Slavic cultural distinctiveness. As a consequence after the German invasion in Greece (6 April 1941) followed also a Bulgarian annexation of Eastern Macedonia and part of Western Thrace. Bulgaria joined World War II siding with the Axis in an attempt to solve its own "national question" and fulfill the aim of "Greater Bulgaria", especially in the area of Macedonia (where much territory was lost in the Second Balkan War) and Western Thrace (former Bulgarian state international recognized territory lost to Greece in the Treaty of Neuilly). Bulgaria joined the Axis on 1 March 1941, explicitly requesting German support for its territorial claims. A massive campaign of "Bulgarisation" was launched, which saw all Greek officials deported. A ban was placed on the use of the Greek language, the names of towns and places changed to the forms traditional in Bulgarian. In addition, the Bulgarian government tried to alter the ethnic composition of the region, by expropriating land and houses from Greeks in favour of Bulgarian settlers (former refugees from Macedonia and others), and by the introduction of forced labour and of economic restrictions for the Greeks in an effort to force them to migrate. A spontaneous and badly organized uprising around Drama, Greece in late September 1941 was violently crushed by the Bulgarian Army. By late 1941, more than 100,000 Greeks had been expelled from the Bulgarian occupation zone. When the Bulgarians occupied eastern Macedonia in 1941 they began also a campaign to win the loyalty of the Bulgarians of Greek Macedonia and to reinforce their Bulgarian ethnic sentiments. While some of these people did greet the Bulgarians as liberators particularly in eastern and central Macedonia (which was under Bulgarian occupation), this campaign was less successful in German-occupied western Macedonia. Kalchev served as officer first into Bulgarian annexed territories, but later was sent into the German occupied Thessaloniki to found there a Bulgarian military club, when the German High Command approved it in 1941. The Bulgarians soon organized supplying of food and provisions for the Bulgarian population in Central and Western Macedonia in an attempt to gain support. Many Bulgarian political prisoners were released with the intercession of Bulgarian Club in Thessaloniki, which had made representations to the German occupation authorities. Founding of Ohrana and collaboration with the Italian and the German occupation forces In 1942, the Bulgarian club asked assistance from the German High command in organizing armed units among the Bulgarian population in northern Greece. For this purpose, the Bulgarian army, under the approval of the German forces in the Balkans sent a handful of officers to the zones occupied by the Italian and German troops to be attached to the occupying forces as "liaison officers". One of them was Kalchev. These officers were given the objective to form armed Bulgarian militias. Bulgaria was interested in acquiring the zones under Italian and German occupation and hoped to sway the allegiance of the 80,000 Bulgarophones who lived there at the time. In the first half of March 1943, Bulgarian military and police carried out the deportation of the majority of non-Bulgarian Jews, 13,341 in total, from the occupied territories, beyond the borders of Bulgaria before the war, and handed them over into German custody. On the eve of the planned deportations, the Bulgarian government made inquiries regarding the destination of the deportees and asked to be reimbursed for the costs of deportation. German representatives indicated that the deportees would be used as labor in agricultural and military projects. As recorded in the German Archives, Nazi Germany paid 7,144.317 leva for the deportation of 3,545 adults and 592 children destined for the Treblinka extermination camp. 4,500 Jews from Greek Thrace and Eastern Macedonia were deported to Poland, and 7,144 from Vardar Macedonia and Pomoravlje were sent to Treblinka. None survived. On March 20, 1943, Bulgarian military police, assisted by German soldiers, took Jews from Komotini and Kavala off the passenger steamship Karageorge, massacred them, and sank the vessel. The appearance of Greek partisans in those areas persuaded the Italians to allow the formation of these detachments. The Bulgarian plan was to organize them militarily in the hope that Bulgaria would eventually assume the administration there. The appearance of Greek partisans in Western Macedonia persuaded the Italian and German authorities to allow the formation of Slav security battalions led by Bulgarian officers. The initial detachments were formed in early 1943 in the district of Kastoria by Andon Kalchev with the support of the head of the Italian occupation authorities in Kastoria lieutenant Ravalli, who armed the local villages to help combat the growing resistance activity by the ELAS. The name given to the armed militias was Ohrana ( - "Protection" in Bulgarian). The reasons of locals for taking arms varied. Some of the men were pre-war members of IMRO, and thus harbored deep Bulgarian convictions, some to assist in self-defense of Greek attacks, others due to pro-Nazi sentiments, some to avenge repressions inflicted on them by Greek authorities during the Metaxas dictatorship, and many others to defend themselves from attacks by other Greek resistance movements, which saw them as collaborationists with the Italian, Bulgarian and German forces. In the summer of 1944, Ohrana constituted some 12,000 local fighters and volunteers from Bulgaria charged with protection of the local population. During 1944, whole called by the Greeks Bulgarophone (now Slavophone) villages were armed by the occupation authorities to counterbalance the emerging power of the resistance and especially of Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS). On 5 April 1944, rebel group EAM-ELAS attacked a German convoy of lorries killing 25 soldiers. The Germans later in the afternoon, arrived gathered men, women, children and elders of the village and executed between 233 and 300 people. After the war, Kalchev was accused of having participated in atrocities in the town of Kleisoura known as the Massacre of Kleisoura with Bulgarian men of the German militia. Dissolution of Ohrana and extraordinary military court death sentence However the advance of the Red Army into Bulgaria in 1944, the withdrawal of the German armed forces from Greece in October, meant that the Bulgarian Army had to withdraw from Greek Macedonia and Thrace, leaving Greece with the difficult task of post-occupation reconstruction. Kalchev's active collaboration with the Italian and German Army in fighting the resistance forces and the using of local conscripted manpower born a very unpleasant situation for this pro-Bulgarian Slavophone part of the population after the end of the war, leading to a new wave of emigration to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, the last (since World War I) members of the Bulgarian minority of Greece. After the Bulgarians and Germans withdrew, he hid in his village until April 1945. Kalchev was taken POW by the Yugoslav partisans and imprisoned in Bitola. Later they sent him to the Greeks. Bulgaria's Communist Prime Minister Traycho Kostov twice sent official demands for the repatriation of Kalchev, but to no avail. The Greeks prosecuted him for collaboration and sentenced him twice in 1946 to life in prison/penal servitude, and, despite being once again sentenced again in 1948, to death. He was executed on 27 August 1948 at Thessaloniki Yedi Kule prison. During the public process organized he states "Overthere, where I was born, since centuries are living only Bulgarians". His last words in front of a firing squad were: "Hurray Macedonia!" See also Collaboration with the Axis Powers Macedonian Question Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia Axis occupation of Greece during World War II Military history of Greece during World War II Military history of Bulgaria during World War II References 1910 births 1948 deaths Bulgarian military personnel Bulgarian collaborators with Nazi Germany Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia Greek Macedonia in World War II People executed by Greece by firing squad Bulgarian educators Macedonian Bulgarians Executed Bulgarian people Bulgarian people imprisoned abroad Bulgarian occupation of Greece during World War II Bulgarian anti-communists Bulgarian nationalists Bulgarian people executed abroad People from Argos Orestiko

<mask> () (1910 – 27 August 1948) was a Bulgarian army officer, one of the leaders of the Bulgarian-backed Ohrana, a paramilitary formation of Bulgarians in Greek Macedonia during World War II Axis occupation. He was active outside the Bulgarian occupied area of Macedonia, under the tolerance of the Italian and German authorities which used him in their fights with rival Greek EAM-ELAS and Yugoslav Communist resistance groups. Because of his collaborationist activity, he was sentenced to death by Greek military tribunal, and was executed by firing squad on 27 August 1948. Early life He was born in Zhuzheltsi, Ottoman Empire, today Spilia, Kastoria regional unit in Greece in 1910. After the Balkan Wars in 1913, Greece took control of southern Macedonia and began an official policy of forced assimilation which included the settlement of Greeks from other provinces into southern Macedonia, as well as the linguistic and cultural Hellenization of the ethnic Bulgarians. The Greeks expelled Bulgarian Exarchist churchmen and teachers and closed Bulgarian schools and churches. Bulgarian language (including the Macedonian dialects) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished.Within Greece, the Macedonian Bulgarians were designated "Slavophone Greeks". After the Balkan Wars and especially after the First World War up to 600,000 Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia and 400,000 from Western Thrace fled to Bulgaria as refugees. At this time the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) began sending armed combat groups (cheti) into Greek Macedonia and Thrace to assassinate officials and stir up the spirit of the oppressed population. <mask> came from a well known IMRO Bulgarian local family, which emigrated from Greek Macedonia to Balchik, Bulgaria after the Second Balkan War. <mask> graduated at a gymnasium in Sofia and then at the Leipzig University. Later he went back to Bulgaria, where he graduated from a military officer's school in Sofia. Participation by the Bulgarian occupation of Greece The 4th of August Regime in Greece (1936 to 1941) under the leadership of General Ioannis Metaxas was firmly opposed to the pro-Bulgarian factions of the Slavophones of northern Greece, some of whom underwent political persecution due to advocacy of irredentism with regard to neighboring countries.Metaxas' regime continued repression of the use of Slavic languages both in public and in private as well as expressions of Slavic cultural distinctiveness. As a consequence after the German invasion in Greece (6 April 1941) followed also a Bulgarian annexation of Eastern Macedonia and part of Western Thrace. Bulgaria joined World War II siding with the Axis in an attempt to solve its own "national question" and fulfill the aim of "Greater Bulgaria", especially in the area of Macedonia (where much territory was lost in the Second Balkan War) and Western Thrace (former Bulgarian state international recognized territory lost to Greece in the Treaty of Neuilly). Bulgaria joined the Axis on 1 March 1941, explicitly requesting German support for its territorial claims. A massive campaign of "Bulgarisation" was launched, which saw all Greek officials deported. A ban was placed on the use of the Greek language, the names of towns and places changed to the forms traditional in Bulgarian. In addition, the Bulgarian government tried to alter the ethnic composition of the region, by expropriating land and houses from Greeks in favour of Bulgarian settlers (former refugees from Macedonia and others), and by the introduction of forced labour and of economic restrictions for the Greeks in an effort to force them to migrate.A spontaneous and badly organized uprising around Drama, Greece in late September 1941 was violently crushed by the Bulgarian Army. By late 1941, more than 100,000 Greeks had been expelled from the Bulgarian occupation zone. When the Bulgarians occupied eastern Macedonia in 1941 they began also a campaign to win the loyalty of the Bulgarians of Greek Macedonia and to reinforce their Bulgarian ethnic sentiments. While some of these people did greet the Bulgarians as liberators particularly in eastern and central Macedonia (which was under Bulgarian occupation), this campaign was less successful in German-occupied western Macedonia. <mask> served as officer first into Bulgarian annexed territories, but later was sent into the German occupied Thessaloniki to found there a Bulgarian military club, when the German High Command approved it in 1941. The Bulgarians soon organized supplying of food and provisions for the Bulgarian population in Central and Western Macedonia in an attempt to gain support. Many Bulgarian political prisoners were released with the intercession of Bulgarian Club in Thessaloniki, which had made representations to the German occupation authorities.Founding of Ohrana and collaboration with the Italian and the German occupation forces In 1942, the Bulgarian club asked assistance from the German High command in organizing armed units among the Bulgarian population in northern Greece. For this purpose, the Bulgarian army, under the approval of the German forces in the Balkans sent a handful of officers to the zones occupied by the Italian and German troops to be attached to the occupying forces as "liaison officers". One of them was <mask>. These officers were given the objective to form armed Bulgarian militias. Bulgaria was interested in acquiring the zones under Italian and German occupation and hoped to sway the allegiance of the 80,000 Bulgarophones who lived there at the time. In the first half of March 1943, Bulgarian military and police carried out the deportation of the majority of non-Bulgarian Jews, 13,341 in total, from the occupied territories, beyond the borders of Bulgaria before the war, and handed them over into German custody. On the eve of the planned deportations, the Bulgarian government made inquiries regarding the destination of the deportees and asked to be reimbursed for the costs of deportation.German representatives indicated that the deportees would be used as labor in agricultural and military projects. As recorded in the German Archives, Nazi Germany paid 7,144.317 leva for the deportation of 3,545 adults and 592 children destined for the Treblinka extermination camp. 4,500 Jews from Greek Thrace and Eastern Macedonia were deported to Poland, and 7,144 from Vardar Macedonia and Pomoravlje were sent to Treblinka. None survived. On March 20, 1943, Bulgarian military police, assisted by German soldiers, took Jews from Komotini and Kavala off the passenger steamship Karageorge, massacred them, and sank the vessel. The appearance of Greek partisans in those areas persuaded the Italians to allow the formation of these detachments. The Bulgarian plan was to organize them militarily in the hope that Bulgaria would eventually assume the administration there.The appearance of Greek partisans in Western Macedonia persuaded the Italian and German authorities to allow the formation of Slav security battalions led by Bulgarian officers. The initial detachments were formed in early 1943 in the district of Kastoria by <mask> <mask> with the support of the head of the Italian occupation authorities in Kastoria lieutenant Ravalli, who armed the local villages to help combat the growing resistance activity by the ELAS. The name given to the armed militias was Ohrana ( - "Protection" in Bulgarian). The reasons of locals for taking arms varied. Some of the men were pre-war members of IMRO, and thus harbored deep Bulgarian convictions, some to assist in self-defense of Greek attacks, others due to pro-Nazi sentiments, some to avenge repressions inflicted on them by Greek authorities during the Metaxas dictatorship, and many others to defend themselves from attacks by other Greek resistance movements, which saw them as collaborationists with the Italian, Bulgarian and German forces. In the summer of 1944, Ohrana constituted some 12,000 local fighters and volunteers from Bulgaria charged with protection of the local population. During 1944, whole called by the Greeks Bulgarophone (now Slavophone) villages were armed by the occupation authorities to counterbalance the emerging power of the resistance and especially of Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS).On 5 April 1944, rebel group EAM-ELAS attacked a German convoy of lorries killing 25 soldiers. The Germans later in the afternoon, arrived gathered men, women, children and elders of the village and executed between 233 and 300 people. After the war, <mask> was accused of having participated in atrocities in the town of Kleisoura known as the Massacre of Kleisoura with Bulgarian men of the German militia. Dissolution of Ohrana and extraordinary military court death sentence However the advance of the Red Army into Bulgaria in 1944, the withdrawal of the German armed forces from Greece in October, meant that the Bulgarian Army had to withdraw from Greek Macedonia and Thrace, leaving Greece with the difficult task of post-occupation reconstruction. <mask>'s active collaboration with the Italian and German Army in fighting the resistance forces and the using of local conscripted manpower born a very unpleasant situation for this pro-Bulgarian Slavophone part of the population after the end of the war, leading to a new wave of emigration to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, the last (since World War I) members of the Bulgarian minority of Greece. After the Bulgarians and Germans withdrew, he hid in his village until April 1945. <mask> was taken POW by the Yugoslav partisans and imprisoned in Bitola.Later they sent him to the Greeks. Bulgaria's Communist Prime Minister Traycho Kostov twice sent official demands for the repatriation of <mask>, but to no avail. The Greeks prosecuted him for collaboration and sentenced him twice in 1946 to life in prison/penal servitude, and, despite being once again sentenced again in 1948, to death. He was executed on 27 August 1948 at Thessaloniki Yedi Kule prison. During the public process organized he states "Overthere, where I was born, since centuries are living only Bulgarians". His last words in front of a firing squad were: "Hurray Macedonia!" See also Collaboration with the Axis Powers Macedonian Question Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia Axis occupation of Greece during World War II Military history of Greece during World War II Military history of Bulgaria during World War II References 1910 births 1948 deaths Bulgarian military personnel Bulgarian collaborators with Nazi Germany Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia Greek Macedonia in World War II People executed by Greece by firing squad Bulgarian educators Macedonian Bulgarians Executed Bulgarian people Bulgarian people imprisoned abroad Bulgarian occupation of Greece during World War II Bulgarian anti-communists Bulgarian nationalists Bulgarian people executed abroad People from Argos Orestiko

During World War II, <mask> was one of the leaders of the Ohrana, a paramilitary formation of Bulgaria in Greek Macedonia. He was used by the Italian and German authorities in their fights with the Greek EAM-ELAS and the Yugoslav Communist resistance groups. He was sentenced to death by the Greek military tribunal for his collaborationist activity and was executed by firing squad in 1948. He was born in the Ottoman Empire in 1910. After the Balkan Wars in 1913, Greece took control of southern Macedonia and began an official policy of forced assimilation which included the settlement of Greeks from other provinces into southern Macedonia. The Greeks closed schools and churches in Bulgaria. The surreptitious use of the Bulgarian language was banned and ridiculed.Macedonians were designated as "Slavophone Greeks" in Greece. Up to 600,000 people from Aegean Macedonia and 400,000 from Western Thrace fled to Bulgaria as refugees after the First World War. The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization sent armed combat groups into Greek Macedonia and Thrace to kill officials and stir up the spirit of the population. After the Second Balkan War, <mask>'s family migrated from Greek Macedonia to Balchik, Bulgaria. <mask> graduated from a gymnasium and the university. He graduated from a military officer's school in Bulgaria. The 4th of August Regime in Greece was opposed to the pro-Bulgarian group of the Slavophones of northern Greece, some of whom underwent political persecution due to advocacy.The use of Slavic languages in public and private continued to be restricted by Metaxas' regime. The annexation of Eastern Macedonia and part of Western Thrace occurred after the German invasion of Greece in 1941. Bulgaria joined World War II in an attempt to solve its own "national question" and fulfill the aim of "Greater Bulgaria", especially in the area of Macedonia and Western Thrace, where much territory was lost in the Second Balkan War. Germany was requested to support its territorial claims by Bulgaria on 1 March 1941. All Greek officials were deported as a result of the "Bulgarisation" campaign. The names of towns and places were changed to traditional forms in Bulgaria after a ban on the use of the Greek language. The government of Bulgaria tried to change the ethnic composition of the region by expropriating land and houses from Greeks and introducing forced labour and economic restrictions for the Greeks.TheBulgarian Army crushed a badly organized uprising around Drama, Greece in late September 1941. More than 100,000 Greeks were expelled from the occupation zone by late 1941. The campaign to win the loyalty of the Bulgarians of Greek Macedonia began when they occupied eastern Macedonia in 1941. The campaign was less successful in German-occupied western Macedonia, where some of these people did greet the Bulgarias as liberators. <mask> was sent into the German occupied city of Thessaloniki to find a military club after the German High Command approved it in 1941. The supply of food and provisions for the Bulgaria population in Central and Western Macedonia was an attempt to gain support. Many political prisoners from Bulgaria were released with the help of the Bulgarian Club in Thessaloniki, which had made representations to the German occupation authorities.The founding of Ohrana and collaboration with the Italian and the German occupation forces took place in 1942. The German forces in the Balkans gave the go-ahead for the Bulgaria army to send a few officers to the zones occupied by the Italian and German troops asliaison officers. <mask> was one of them. The officers were told to form militias. The 80,000 Bulgarophones who lived there at the time were hoping that Bulgaria would acquire the zones under Italian and German rule. In the first half of March 1943, the majority of non-Bulgarian Jews were deported from the occupied territories and handed over to the Germans. The Bulgaria government inquired about the destination of the deportees on the eve of the deportations.The deportees would be used in military and agricultural projects. The German Archives show that Nazi Germany paid 7,144.317 leva for the deportation of 3,545 adults and 592 children. Thousands of Jews from Greek Thrace and Eastern Macedonia were deported to Poland. None of them survived. The Jews from Komotini and Kavala were massacred by the military police and the passenger steamship Karageorge was sunk. The Italians were swayed by the appearance of Greek partisans in those areas. The plan was to organize them in a way that would allow Bulgaria to take over the administration there.The Italian and German authorities were swayed by the appearance of Greek partisans in Western Macedonia. In 1943, <mask> <mask> formed the initial detachments in the district of Kastoria with the support of the head of the Italian occupation authorities in Kastoria, who armed the local villages to help combat the growing resistance activity by the ELAS. Ohrana was the name given to the militias. There were different reasons for locals to take arms. Some of the men were pre-war members of IMRO, and thus harbored deep Bulgaria convictions, some to assist in self-defense of Greek attacks, others due to pro-Nazi sentiments, and some to avenge the persecutions inflicted on them by Greek authorities during the Metaxas In the summer of 1944, Ohrana constituted some 12,000 local fighters and volunteers from Bulgaria charged with protecting the local population. The whole of the Greeks Bulgarophone (now Slavophone) villages were armed by the occupation authorities to counterbalance the power of the Greek People's Liberation Army.On April 5, 1944, 25 soldiers were killed in an attack on a German convoy. Between 233 and 300 people were executed by the Germans after they arrived in the afternoon. <mask> was accused of taking part in the massacre of Kleisoura with the men of the German militia. The withdrawal of the German armed forces from Greece in October left Greece with a difficult task after the dissolution of Ohrana and extraordinary military court death sentence. <mask>'s active collaboration with the Italian and German Army in fighting the resistance forces and the use of local conscripted manpower resulted in a new wave of emigration for the pro-Bulgarian Slavophone part of the population. He hid in his village after the Germans withdrew. <mask> was imprisoned in Bitola after being taken POW by the Yugoslav partisans.He was sent to the Greeks. The Prime Minister of Bulgaria sent official demands for the return of <mask>, but they were not received. He was sentenced twice to life in prison/penal servitude by the Greeks, despite being sentenced again in 1948, to death. He was put to death at the Yedi Kule prison. He stated during the public process that he was born in there and lived there for centuries. He said "Hurray Macedonia!" in front of the firing squad. Military history of Greece during World War II, as well as military history of Bulgaria during World War II, can be found here.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Lloyd%20Garrison

William Lloyd Garrison

William Lloyd Garrison (December , 1805 – May 24, 1879) was a prominent American Christian, abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He is best known for his widely-read anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator, which he founded in 1831 and published in Boston until slavery in the United States was abolished by Constitutional amendment in 1865. Garrison promoted "no-governmentism" and rejected the inherent validity of the American government on the basis that its engagement in war, imperialism, and slavery made the government corrupt and tyrannical. He initially opposed violence as a principle and advocated for Christian nonresistance against evil; at the outbreak of the civil war, he abandoned his previous principles and embraced the armed struggle and the Lincoln administration. He was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and promoted immediate and uncompensated, as opposed to gradual and compensated, emancipation of slaves in the United States. Garrison was a typesetter and could run a printing shop; he wrote his editorials in The Liberator while setting them in type, without writing them out first on paper. This helped assure the viability of The Liberator, and also that it contained exactly what Garrison wanted, as he did not have to deal with any outsiders to produce his paper, except his partner Isaac Knapp. Like the other major abolitionist printer-publisher, the martyred Elijah Lovejoy, a price was on his head; he was burned in effigy and a gallows was erected in front of his Boston office. While he was relatively safe in Boston, at one point he had to be smuggled onto a ship to escape to England, where he remained for a year. Garrison also emerged as a leading advocate of women's rights, which prompted a split in the abolitionist community. In the 1870s, Garrison became a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement. Early life and education Garrison was born on December 10, 1805, in Newburyport, Massachusetts, the son of immigrants from the British colony of New Brunswick, in present-day Canada. Under An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen, his father Abijah Garrison, a merchant sailing pilot and master, had obtained American papers and moved his family to Newburyport in 1806. The U.S. Embargo Act of 1807, intended to injure Great Britain, caused a decline in American commercial shipping. The elder Garrison became unemployed and deserted the family in 1808. Garrison's mother was Frances Maria Lloyd, reported to have been tall, charming, and of a strong religious character. She started referring to their son William as Lloyd, his middle name, to preserve her family name; he later printed his name as "Wm. Lloyd". She died in 1823, in the city of Baltimore, Maryland. Garrison sold homemade lemonade and candy as a youth, and also delivered wood to help support the family. In 1818, at 13, Garrison began working as an apprentice compositor for the Newburyport Herald. He soon began writing articles, often under the pseudonym Aristides. (Aristides was an Athenian statesman and general, nicknamed "the Just".) He could write as he typeset his writing, without the need for paper. After his apprenticeship ended, Garrison became the sole owner, editor, and printer of the Newburyport Free Press, acquiring the rights from his friend Isaac Knapp, who had also apprenticed at the Herald. One of their regular contributors was poet and abolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier. In this early work as a small-town newspaper writer, Garrison acquired skills he would later use as a nationally known writer, speaker, and newspaper publisher. In 1828, he was appointed editor of the National Philanthropist in Boston, Massachusetts, the first American journal to promote legally-mandated temperance. He became involved in the anti-slavery movement in the 1820s, and over time he rejected both the American Colonization Society and the gradualist views of most others involved in the movement. Garrison co-founded The Liberator to espouse his abolitionist views, and in 1832 he organized out of its readers the New-England Anti-Slavery Society. This society expanded into the American Anti-Slavery Society, which espoused the position that slavery should be immediately abolished. Career Reformer At the age of 25, Garrison joined the anti-slavery movement, later crediting the 1826 book of Presbyterian Reverend John Rankin, Letters on Slavery, for attracting him to the cause. For a brief time, he became associated with the American Colonization Society, an organization that promoted the "resettlement" of free blacks to a territory (now known as Liberia) on the west coast of Africa. Although some members of the society encouraged granting freedom to slaves, others considered relocation a means to reduce the number of already free blacks in the United States. Southern members thought reducing the threat of free blacks in society would help preserve the institution of slavery. By late 1829–1830, "Garrison rejected colonization, publicly apologized for his error, and then, as was typical of him, he censured all who were committed to it." He stated that this opinion was shaped by fellow abolitionist William J. Watkins, a Black educator and anti-colonizationist. Genius of Universal Emancipation In 1829, Garrison began writing for and became co-editor with Benjamin Lundy of the Quaker newspaper Genius of Universal Emancipation, published at that time in Baltimore, Maryland. With his experience as a printer and newspaper editor, Garrison changed the layout of the paper and handled other production issues. Lundy was freed to spend more time touring as an anti-slavery speaker. Garrison initially shared Lundy's gradualist views, but while working for the Genius, he became convinced of the need to demand immediate and complete emancipation. Lundy and Garrison continued to work together on the paper despite their differing views. Each signed his editorials. Garrison introduced "The Black List," a column devoted to printing short reports of "the barbarities of slavery—kidnappings, whippings, murders." For instance, Garrison reported that Francis Todd, a shipper from Garrison's home town of Newburyport, Massachusetts, was involved in the domestic slave trade, and that he had recently had slaves shipped from Baltimore to New Orleans in the coastwise trade on his ship the Francis. (This was completely legal. An expanded domestic trade, "breeding" slaves in Maryland and Virginia for shipment south, replaced the importation of African slaves, prohibited in 1808; see Slavery in the United States#Slave trade.) Todd filed a suit for libel in Maryland against both Garrison and Lundy; he thought to gain support from pro-slavery courts. The state of Maryland also brought criminal charges against Garrison, quickly finding him guilty and ordering him to pay a fine of $50 and court costs. (Charges against Lundy were dropped because he had been traveling when the story was printed.) Garrison refused to pay the fine and was sentenced to a jail term of six months. He was released after seven weeks when the anti-slavery philanthropist Arthur Tappan paid his fine. Garrison decided to leave Maryland, and he and Lundy amicably parted ways. Against colonization From the 18th century, there had been proposals to send freed slaves to Africa, considered as if it were a single country and ethnicity, where the slaves presumably "wanted to go back to". The U. S. Congress appropriated money, and a variety of churches and philanthropic organizations contributed to the endeavor. Slaves set free in the District of Columbia in 1862 were offered $100 if they would emigrate to Haiti or Liberia. The American Colonization Society eventually succeeded in creating the "colony", then country, of Liberia. The legal status of Liberia before its independence was never clarified; it was not a colony in the sense that Rhode Island or Pennsylvania had been colonies. When Liberia declared its independence in 1847, no country recognized it at first. Recognition by the United States was impeded by the Southerners who controlled Congress. When they departed en masse for the Confederacy, recognition quickly followed (1862), just as Kansas was admitted as a free state and slavery was prohibited in the District of Columbia at almost the same time—both measures, the latter discussed for decades, that the Southern Slave Power contingent had blocked. The Liberator In 1831, Garrison, fully aware of the press as a means to bring about political change, returned to New England, where he co-founded a weekly anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator, with his friend Isaac Knapp. In the first issue, Garrison stated: Paid subscriptions to The Liberator were always fewer than its circulation. In 1834 it had two thousand subscribers, three-fourths of whom were black people. Benefactors paid to have the newspaper distributed free of charge to state legislators, governor's mansions, Congress, and the White House. Although Garrison rejected violence as a means for ending slavery, his critics saw him as a dangerous fanatic because he demanded immediate and total emancipation, without compensation to the slave owners. Nat Turner's slave rebellion in Virginia just seven months after The Liberator started publication fueled the outcry against Garrison in the South. A North Carolina grand jury indicted him for distributing incendiary material, and the Georgia Legislature offered a $5,000 reward () for his capture and conveyance to the state for trial. Knapp parted from The Liberator in 1840. Later in 1845, when Garrison published a eulogy for his former partner and friend, he revealed that Knapp "was led by adversity and business mismanagement, to put the cup of intoxication to his lips," forcing the co-authors to part. Among the anti-slavery essays and poems which Garrison published in The Liberator was an article in 1856 by a 14-year-old Anna Elizabeth Dickinson. The Liberator gradually gained a large following in the Northern states. It printed or reprinted many reports, letters, and news stories, serving as a type of community bulletin board for the abolition movement. By 1861 it had subscribers across the North, as well as in England, Scotland, and Canada. After the end of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery by the Thirteenth Amendment, Garrison published the last issue (number 1,820) on December 29, 1865, writing a "Valedictory" column. After reviewing his long career in journalism and the cause of abolitionism, he wrote: Garrison and Knapp, printers and publishers See List of publications of William Garrison and Isaac Knapp. Organization and reaction In addition to publishing The Liberator, Garrison spearheaded the organization of a new movement to demand the total abolition of slavery in the United States. By January 1832, he had attracted enough followers to organize the New-England Anti-Slavery Society which, by the following summer, had dozens of affiliates and several thousand members. In December 1833, abolitionists from ten states founded the American Anti-Slavery Society (AAS). Although the New England society reorganized in 1835 as the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, enabling state societies to form in the other New England states, it remained the hub of anti-slavery agitation throughout the antebellum period. Many affiliates were organized by women who responded to Garrison's appeals for women to take an active part in the abolition movement. The largest of these was the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, which raised funds to support The Liberator, publish anti-slavery pamphlets, and conduct anti-slavery petition drives. The purpose of the American Anti-Slavery Society was the conversion of all Americans to the philosophy that "Slaveholding is a heinous crime in the sight of God" and that "duty, safety, and best interests of all concerned, require its immediate abandonment without expatriation." Meanwhile, on September 4, 1834, Garrison married Helen Eliza Benson (1811–1876), the daughter of a retired abolitionist merchant. The couple had five sons and two daughters, of whom a son and a daughter died as children. The threat posed by anti-slavery organizations and their activity drew violent reactions from slave interests in both the Southern and Northern states, with mobs breaking up anti-slavery meetings, assaulting lecturers, ransacking anti-slavery offices, burning postal sacks of anti-slavery pamphlets, and destroying anti-slavery presses. Healthy bounties were offered in Southern states for the capture of Garrison, "dead or alive". On October 21, 1835, "an assemblage of fifteen hundred or two thousand highly respectable gentlemen", as they were described in the Boston Commercial Gazette, surrounded the building housing Boston's anti-slavery offices, where Garrison had agreed to address a meeting of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society after the fiery British abolitionist George Thompson was unable to keep his engagement with them. Mayor Theodore Lyman persuaded the women to leave the building, but when the mob learned that Thompson was not within, they began yelling for Garrison. Lyman was a staunch anti-abolitionist but wanted to avoid bloodshed and suggested Garrison escape by a back window while Lyman told the crowd Garrison was gone. The mob spotted and apprehended Garrison, tied a rope around his waist, and pulled him through the streets towards Boston Common, calling for tar and feathers. The mayor intervened and Garrison was taken to the Leverett Street Jail for protection. Gallows were erected in front of his house, and he was burned in effigy. The woman question and division Garrison's appeal for women's mass petitioning against slavery sparked controversy over women's right to a political voice. In 1837, women abolitionists from seven states convened in New York to expand their petitioning efforts and repudiate the social mores that proscribed their participation in public affairs. That summer, sisters Angelina Grimké and Sarah Grimké responded to the controversy aroused by their public speaking with treatises on woman's rights—Angelina's "Letters to Catherine E. Beecher" and Sarah's "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and Condition of Woman"—and Garrison published them first in The Liberator and then in book form. Instead of surrendering to appeals for him to retreat on the "woman question," Garrison announced in December 1837 that The Liberator would support "the rights of woman to their utmost extent." The Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society appointed women to leadership positions and hired Abby Kelley as the first of several female field agents. In 1840, Garrison's promotion of woman's rights within the anti-slavery movement was one of the issues that caused some abolitionists, including New York brothers Arthur Tappan and Lewis Tappan, to leave the AAS and form the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which did not admit women. In June of that same year, when the World Anti-Slavery Convention meeting in London refused to seat America's women delegates, Garrison, Charles Lenox Remond, Nathaniel P. Rogers, and William Adams refused to take their seat as delegates as well and joined the women in the spectator's gallery. The controversy introduced the woman's rights question not only to England but also to future woman's rights leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who attended the convention as a spectator, accompanying her delegate-husband, Henry B. Stanton. Although Henry Stanton had cooperated in the Tappan's' failed attempt to wrest leadership of the AAS from Garrison, he was part of another group of abolitionists unhappy with Garrison's influence — those who disagreed with Garrison's insistence that because the U.S. Constitution was a pro-slavery document, abolitionists should not participate in politics and government. A growing number of abolitionists, including Stanton, Gerrit Smith, Charles Turner Torrey, and Amos A. Phelps, wanted to form an anti-slavery political party and seek a political solution to slavery. They withdrew from the AAS in 1840, formed the Liberty Party, and nominated James G. Birney for president. By the end of 1840, Garrison announced the formation of a third new organization, the Friends of Universal Reform, with sponsors and founding members including prominent reformers Maria Chapman, Abby Kelley Foster, Oliver Johnson, and Amos Bronson Alcott (father of Louisa May Alcott). Although some members of the Liberty Party supported woman's rights, including women's suffrage, Garrison's Liberator continued to be the leading advocate of woman's rights throughout the 1840s, publishing editorials, speeches, legislative reports, and other developments concerning the subject. In February 1849, Garrison's name headed the women's suffrage petition sent to the Massachusetts legislature, the first such petition sent to any American legislature, and he supported the subsequent annual suffrage petition campaigns organized by Lucy Stone and Wendell Phillips. Garrison took a leading role in the May 30, 1850, meeting that called the first National Woman's Rights Convention, saying in his address to that meeting that the new movement should make securing the ballot to women its primary goal. At the national convention held in Worcester the following October, Garrison was appointed to the National Woman's Rights Central Committee, which served as the movement's executive committee, charged with carrying out programs adopted by the conventions, raising funds, printing proceedings and tracts, and organizing annual conventions. Controversy In 1849, Garrison became involved in one of Boston's most notable trials of the time. Washington Goode, a black seaman, had been sentenced to death for the murder of a fellow black mariner, Thomas Harding. In The Liberator Garrison argued that the verdict relied on "circumstantial evidence of the most flimsy character ..." and feared that the determination of the government to uphold its decision to execute Goode was based on race. As all other death sentences since 1836 in Boston had been commuted, Garrison concluded that Goode would be the last person executed in Boston for a capital offense writing, "Let it not be said that the last man Massachusetts bore to hang was a colored man!" Despite the efforts of Garrison and many other prominent figures of the time, Goode was hanged on May 25, 1849. Garrison became famous as one of the most articulate, as well as most radical, opponents of slavery. His approach to emancipation stressed "moral suasion," non-violence, and passive resistance. While some other abolitionists of the time favored gradual emancipation, Garrison argued for the "immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves." On July 4, 1854, he publicly burned a copy of the Constitution, condemning it as "a Covenant with Death, an Agreement with Hell," referring to the compromise that had written slavery into the Constitution. In 1855, his eight-year alliance with Frederick Douglass disintegrated when Douglass converted to classical liberal legal theorist and abolitionist Lysander Spooner's view (dominant among political abolitionists) that the Constitution could be interpreted as being anti-slavery. The events in John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, followed by Brown's trial and execution, were closely followed in The Liberator. Garrison had Brown's last speech, in court, printed as a broadside, available in the Liberator office. Garrison's outspoken anti-slavery views repeatedly put him in danger. Besides his imprisonment in Baltimore and the price placed on his head by the state of Georgia, he was the object of vituperation and frequent death threats. On the eve of the Civil War, a sermon preached in a Universalist chapel in Brooklyn, New York, denounced "the bloodthirsty sentiments of Garrison and his school; and did not wonder that the feeling of the South was exasperated, taking as they did, the insane and bloody ravings of the Garrisonian traitors for the fairly expressed opinions of the North." After abolition After the United States abolished slavery, Garrison announced in May 1865 that he would resign the presidency of the American Anti-Slavery Society and offered a resolution declaring victory in the struggle against slavery and dissolving the society. The resolution prompted a sharp debate, however, led by his long-time friend Wendell Phillips, who argued that the mission of the AAS was not fully completed until black Southerners gained full political and civil equality. Garrison maintained that while complete civil equality was vitally important, the special task of the AAS was at an end, and that the new task would best be handled by new organizations and new leadership. With his long-time allies deeply divided, however, he was unable to muster the support he needed to carry the resolution, and it was defeated 118–48. Declaring that his "vocation as an Abolitionist, thank God, has ended," Garrison resigned the presidency and declined an appeal to continue. Returning home to Boston, he withdrew completely from the AAS and ended publication of The Liberator at the end of 1865. With Wendell Phillips at its head, the AAS continued to operate for five more years, until the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granted voting rights to black men. (According to Henry Mayer, Garrison was hurt by the rejection, and remained peeved for years; "as the cycle came around, always managed to tell someone that he was not going to the next set of [AAS] meetings" [594].) After his withdrawal from AAS and ending The Liberator, Garrison continued to participate in public reform movements. He supported the causes of civil rights for blacks and woman's rights, particularly the campaign for suffrage. He contributed columns on Reconstruction and civil rights for The Independent and The Boston Journal. In 1870, he became an associate editor of the women's suffrage newspaper, the Woman's Journal, along with Mary Livermore, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Lucy Stone, and Henry B. Blackwell. He served as president of both the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) and the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association. He was a major figure in New England's woman suffrage campaigns during the 1870s. In 1873, he healed his long estrangements from Frederick Douglass and Wendell Phillips, affectionately reuniting with them on the platform at an AWSA rally organized by Abby Kelly Foster and Lucy Stone on the one-hundredth anniversary of the Boston Tea Party. When Charles Sumner died in 1874, some Republicans suggested Garrison as a possible successor to his Senate seat; Garrison declined on grounds of his moral opposition to taking office. Later life and death Garrison spent more time at home with his family. He wrote weekly letters to his children and cared for his increasingly ill wife, Helen. She had suffered a small stroke on December 30, 1863, and was increasingly confined to the house. Helen died on January 25, 1876, after a severe cold worsened into pneumonia. A quiet funeral was held in the Garrison home. Garrison, overcome with grief and confined to his bedroom with a fever and severe bronchitis, was unable to join the service. Wendell Phillips gave a eulogy and many of Garrison's old abolitionist friends joined him upstairs to offer their private condolences. Garrison recovered slowly from the loss of his wife and began to attend Spiritualist circles in the hope of communicating with Helen. Garrison last visited England in 1877, where he met with George Thompson and other longtime friends from the British abolitionist movement. Suffering from kidney disease, Garrison continued to weaken during April 1879. He moved to New York to live with his daughter Fanny's family. In late May, his condition worsened, and his five surviving children rushed to join him. Fanny asked if he would enjoy singing some hymns. Although he was unable to sing, his children sang favorite hymns while he beat time with his hands and feet. On May 24, 1879, Garrison lost consciousness and died just before midnight. Garrison was buried in the Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood on May 28, 1879. At the public memorial service, eulogies were given by Theodore Dwight Weld and Wendell Phillips. Eight abolitionist friends, both white and black, served as his pallbearers. Flags were flown at half-staff all across Boston. Frederick Douglass, then employed as a United States Marshal, spoke in memory of Garrison at a memorial service in a church in Washington, D.C., saying, "It was the glory of this man that he could stand alone with the truth, and calmly await the result." Garrison's namesake son, William Lloyd Garrison, Jr. (1838–1909), was a prominent advocate of the single tax, free trade, women's suffrage, and of the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act. His second son, Wendell Phillips Garrison (1840–1907), was literary editor of The Nation from 1865 to 1906. Two other sons (George Thompson Garrison and Francis Jackson Garrison, his biographer and named after abolitionist Francis Jackson) and a daughter, Helen Frances Garrison (who married Henry Villard), survived him. Fanny's son Oswald Garrison Villard became a prominent journalist, a founding member of the NAACP, and wrote an important biography of the abolitionist John Brown. Legacy Leo Tolstoy was greatly influenced by the works of Garrison and his contemporary Adin Ballou, as their writings on Christian anarchism aligned with Tolstoy's burgeoning theo-political ideology. Along with Tolstoy publishing a short biography of Garrison in 1904, he frequently cited Garrison and his works in his non-fiction texts like The Kingdom of God Is Within You. In a recent publication, American philosopher and anarchist Crispin Sartwell wrote that the works by Garrison and his other Christian anarchist contemporaries like Ballou directly influenced Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., as well. Memorials Boston installed a memorial to Garrison on the mall of Commonwealth Avenue. In December 2005, to honor Garrison's 200th birthday, his descendants gathered in Boston for the first family reunion in about a century. They discussed the legacy and influence of their most notable family member. Garrison is honored together with Maria Stewart by a feast day on December 17 on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church. A shared-use path along the John Greenleaf Whittier Bridge and Interstate 95 between Newburyport and Amesbury, Massachusetts, was named in honor of Garrison. The 2-mile trail opened in 2018 after the new bridge was completed. Works Book Pamphlets Broadside Newspapers Address at Park Street Church, Boston, July 4, 1829 (Garrison's first major public statement; an extensive statement of egalitarian principle). "Address to the Colonization Society" (a slightly abridged version of the address July 4, 1829). The Liberator, January 1, 1831 – December 29, 1865 . To the Public (Garrison's introductory column for The Liberator, – January 1, 1831). Truisms (The Liberator, January 8, 1831). The Insurrection (Garrison's reaction to news of Nat Turner's rebellion, – The Liberator, September 3, 1831). On the Constitution and the Union (The Liberator, December 29, 1832). Abolition at the Ballot Box (The Liberator, June 28, 1839). The American Union (The Liberator, January 10, 1845). (September 24, 1855). The Tragedy at Harper's Ferry , (The Liberator, October 28, 1859). John Brown and the Principle of Nonresistance (Speech in the Tremont Temple, Boston, December 2, 1859, – the day Brown was hanged – The Liberator, December 16, 1859). The War—Its Cause and Cure (The Liberator, May 3, 1861). Valedictory: The Final Number of The Liberator (The Liberator, December 29, 1865). The Liberator Files (Horace Seldon's summary of research of Garrison's The Liberator) Declaration of Sentiments of the Nationale Anti-Slavery Convention (December 1833, Philadelphia) An Address Delivered in Marlboro Chapel, July 4, 1838 (On the prospects for violence. From the Antislavery Literature Project). Declaration of Sentiments of The New England Non-Resistance Society (The Liberator, September 28, 1838). Sonnets and other poems (1843) Selections from the Writings and Speeches of William Lloyd Garrison: With an Appendix (Boston; R.F. Wallcut, 1852). William Lloyd Garrison works (Cornell University Library Samuel J. May Anti-Slavery Collection) William Lloyd Garrison works (Cornell University Digital Library Collections). William Lloyd Garrison on non-resistance : together with a personal sketch by his daughter Fanny Garrison Villard and a tribute by Leo Tolstoy Reading Garrison's Letters (Horace Seldon's insight into the thought, work and life of Garrison, – based on "Letters of William Lloyd Garrison", Belknap Press of Harvard University, W. M. Merrill and L. Ruchames Editors). The Liberator: William Lloyd Garrison, A Biography (Boston; Little, Brown, 1963). See also Garrison Literary and Benevolent Association List of civil rights leaders List of women's rights activists Boston Vigilance Committee References Bibliography Abzug, Robert H. Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. . Dal Lago, Enrico. William Lloyd Garrison and Giuseppe Mazzini: Abolition, Democracy, and Radical Reform. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. Hagedorn, Ann. Beyond The River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad. Simon & Schuster, 2002. . Mayer, Henry. All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. McDaniel, W. Caleb. The Problem of Democracy in the Age of Slavery: Garrisonian Abolitionists and Transatlantic Reform. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. Laurie, Bruce Beyond Garrison. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. . Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World. (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2007) Thomas, John L. The Liberator: William Lloyd Garrison, A Biography. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1963. . External links William Lloyd Garrison profile on Spartacus Educational The Liberator Files online Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice "William Lloyd Garrison" and "Who is William Lloyd Garrison?" – American Experience, PBS "William Lloyd Garrison: Words of Thunder." WGBH Forum PBS Teachers Resources: William Lloyd Garrison 1805–1879 1805 births 1879 deaths 19th-century American journalists 19th-century American male writers 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 19th century in Boston 19th-century Unitarians Abolitionists from Boston American libertarians American male journalists American newspaper editors American newspaper founders American people of Canadian descent American social reformers American tax resisters American Unitarians American women's rights activists Deaths from kidney disease People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War Writers from Newburyport, Massachusetts American printers American book publishers (people) American Anti-Slavery Society Underground Railroad in New York (state)

<mask> (December , 1805 – May 24, 1879) was a prominent American Christian, abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He is best known for his widely-read anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator, which he founded in 1831 and published in Boston until slavery in the United States was abolished by Constitutional amendment in 1865. <mask> promoted "no-governmentism" and rejected the inherent validity of the American government on the basis that its engagement in war, imperialism, and slavery made the government corrupt and tyrannical. He initially opposed violence as a principle and advocated for Christian nonresistance against evil; at the outbreak of the civil war, he abandoned his previous principles and embraced the armed struggle and the Lincoln administration. He was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and promoted immediate and uncompensated, as opposed to gradual and compensated, emancipation of slaves in the United States. <mask> was a typesetter and could run a printing shop; he wrote his editorials in The Liberator while setting them in type, without writing them out first on paper. This helped assure the viability of The Liberator, and also that it contained exactly what <mask> wanted, as he did not have to deal with any outsiders to produce his paper, except his partner Isaac Knapp.Like the other major abolitionist printer-publisher, the martyred Elijah Lovejoy, a price was on his head; he was burned in effigy and a gallows was erected in front of his Boston office. While he was relatively safe in Boston, at one point he had to be smuggled onto a ship to escape to England, where he remained for a year. <mask> also emerged as a leading advocate of women's rights, which prompted a split in the abolitionist community. In the 1870s, <mask> became a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement. Early life and education <mask> was born on December 10, 1805, in Newburyport, Massachusetts, the son of immigrants from the British colony of New Brunswick, in present-day Canada. Under An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen, his father Abijah <mask>, a merchant sailing pilot and master, had obtained American papers and moved his family to Newburyport in 1806. The U.S. Embargo Act of 1807, intended to injure Great Britain, caused a decline in American commercial shipping.The elder <mask> became unemployed and deserted the family in 1808. <mask>'s mother was Frances Maria <mask>, reported to have been tall, charming, and of a strong religious character. She started referring to their son <mask> as <mask>, his middle name, to preserve her family name; he later printed his name as "Wm. <mask>". She died in 1823, in the city of Baltimore, Maryland. <mask> sold homemade lemonade and candy as a youth, and also delivered wood to help support the family. In 1818, at 13, <mask> began working as an apprentice compositor for the Newburyport Herald.He soon began writing articles, often under the pseudonym Aristides. (Aristides was an Athenian statesman and general, nicknamed "the Just".) He could write as he typeset his writing, without the need for paper. After his apprenticeship ended, <mask> became the sole owner, editor, and printer of the Newburyport Free Press, acquiring the rights from his friend Isaac Knapp, who had also apprenticed at the Herald. One of their regular contributors was poet and abolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier. In this early work as a small-town newspaper writer, <mask> acquired skills he would later use as a nationally known writer, speaker, and newspaper publisher. In 1828, he was appointed editor of the National Philanthropist in Boston, Massachusetts, the first American journal to promote legally-mandated temperance.He became involved in the anti-slavery movement in the 1820s, and over time he rejected both the American Colonization Society and the gradualist views of most others involved in the movement. <mask> co-founded The Liberator to espouse his abolitionist views, and in 1832 he organized out of its readers the New-England Anti-Slavery Society. This society expanded into the American Anti-Slavery Society, which espoused the position that slavery should be immediately abolished. Career Reformer At the age of 25, <mask> joined the anti-slavery movement, later crediting the 1826 book of Presbyterian Reverend John Rankin, Letters on Slavery, for attracting him to the cause. For a brief time, he became associated with the American Colonization Society, an organization that promoted the "resettlement" of free blacks to a territory (now known as Liberia) on the west coast of Africa. Although some members of the society encouraged granting freedom to slaves, others considered relocation a means to reduce the number of already free blacks in the United States. Southern members thought reducing the threat of free blacks in society would help preserve the institution of slavery.By late 1829–1830, "<mask> rejected colonization, publicly apologized for his error, and then, as was typical of him, he censured all who were committed to it." He stated that this opinion was shaped by fellow abolitionist <mask>. Watkins, a Black educator and anti-colonizationist. Genius of Universal Emancipation In 1829, <mask> began writing for and became co-editor with Benjamin Lundy of the Quaker newspaper Genius of Universal Emancipation, published at that time in Baltimore, Maryland. With his experience as a printer and newspaper editor, <mask> changed the layout of the paper and handled other production issues. Lundy was freed to spend more time touring as an anti-slavery speaker. <mask> initially shared Lundy's gradualist views, but while working for the Genius, he became convinced of the need to demand immediate and complete emancipation. Lundy and <mask> continued to work together on the paper despite their differing views.Each signed his editorials. <mask> introduced "The Black List," a column devoted to printing short reports of "the barbarities of slavery—kidnappings, whippings, murders." For instance, <mask> reported that Francis Todd, a shipper from <mask>'s home town of Newburyport, Massachusetts, was involved in the domestic slave trade, and that he had recently had slaves shipped from Baltimore to New Orleans in the coastwise trade on his ship the Francis. (This was completely legal. An expanded domestic trade, "breeding" slaves in Maryland and Virginia for shipment south, replaced the importation of African slaves, prohibited in 1808; see Slavery in the United States#Slave trade.) Todd filed a suit for libel in Maryland against both <mask> and Lundy; he thought to gain support from pro-slavery courts. The state of Maryland also brought criminal charges against <mask>, quickly finding him guilty and ordering him to pay a fine of $50 and court costs.(Charges against Lundy were dropped because he had been traveling when the story was printed.) <mask> refused to pay the fine and was sentenced to a jail term of six months. He was released after seven weeks when the anti-slavery philanthropist Arthur Tappan paid his fine. <mask> decided to leave Maryland, and he and Lundy amicably parted ways. Against colonization From the 18th century, there had been proposals to send freed slaves to Africa, considered as if it were a single country and ethnicity, where the slaves presumably "wanted to go back to". The U. S. Congress appropriated money, and a variety of churches and philanthropic organizations contributed to the endeavor. Slaves set free in the District of Columbia in 1862 were offered $100 if they would emigrate to Haiti or Liberia.The American Colonization Society eventually succeeded in creating the "colony", then country, of Liberia. The legal status of Liberia before its independence was never clarified; it was not a colony in the sense that Rhode Island or Pennsylvania had been colonies. When Liberia declared its independence in 1847, no country recognized it at first. Recognition by the United States was impeded by the Southerners who controlled Congress. When they departed en masse for the Confederacy, recognition quickly followed (1862), just as Kansas was admitted as a free state and slavery was prohibited in the District of Columbia at almost the same time—both measures, the latter discussed for decades, that the Southern Slave Power contingent had blocked. The Liberator In 1831, <mask>, fully aware of the press as a means to bring about political change, returned to New England, where he co-founded a weekly anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator, with his friend Isaac Knapp. In the first issue, <mask> stated: Paid subscriptions to The Liberator were always fewer than its circulation.In 1834 it had two thousand subscribers, three-fourths of whom were black people. Benefactors paid to have the newspaper distributed free of charge to state legislators, governor's mansions, Congress, and the White House. Although <mask> rejected violence as a means for ending slavery, his critics saw him as a dangerous fanatic because he demanded immediate and total emancipation, without compensation to the slave owners. Nat Turner's slave rebellion in Virginia just seven months after The Liberator started publication fueled the outcry against <mask> in the South. A North Carolina grand jury indicted him for distributing incendiary material, and the Georgia Legislature offered a $5,000 reward () for his capture and conveyance to the state for trial. Knapp parted from The Liberator in 1840. Later in 1845, when <mask> published a eulogy for his former partner and friend, he revealed that Knapp "was led by adversity and business mismanagement, to put the cup of intoxication to his lips," forcing the co-authors to part.Among the anti-slavery essays and poems which <mask> published in The Liberator was an article in 1856 by a 14-year-old Anna Elizabeth Dickinson. The Liberator gradually gained a large following in the Northern states. It printed or reprinted many reports, letters, and news stories, serving as a type of community bulletin board for the abolition movement. By 1861 it had subscribers across the North, as well as in England, Scotland, and Canada. After the end of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery by the Thirteenth Amendment, <mask> published the last issue (number 1,820) on December 29, 1865, writing a "Valedictory" column. After reviewing his long career in journalism and the cause of abolitionism, he wrote: <mask> and Knapp, printers and publishers See List of publications of <mask> and Isaac Knapp. Organization and reaction In addition to publishing The Liberator, <mask> spearheaded the organization of a new movement to demand the total abolition of slavery in the United States.By January 1832, he had attracted enough followers to organize the New-England Anti-Slavery Society which, by the following summer, had dozens of affiliates and several thousand members. In December 1833, abolitionists from ten states founded the American Anti-Slavery Society (AAS). Although the New England society reorganized in 1835 as the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, enabling state societies to form in the other New England states, it remained the hub of anti-slavery agitation throughout the antebellum period. Many affiliates were organized by women who responded to <mask>'s appeals for women to take an active part in the abolition movement. The largest of these was the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, which raised funds to support The Liberator, publish anti-slavery pamphlets, and conduct anti-slavery petition drives. The purpose of the American Anti-Slavery Society was the conversion of all Americans to the philosophy that "Slaveholding is a heinous crime in the sight of God" and that "duty, safety, and best interests of all concerned, require its immediate abandonment without expatriation." Meanwhile, on September 4, 1834, <mask> married Helen Eliza Benson (1811–1876), the daughter of a retired abolitionist merchant.The couple had five sons and two daughters, of whom a son and a daughter died as children. The threat posed by anti-slavery organizations and their activity drew violent reactions from slave interests in both the Southern and Northern states, with mobs breaking up anti-slavery meetings, assaulting lecturers, ransacking anti-slavery offices, burning postal sacks of anti-slavery pamphlets, and destroying anti-slavery presses. Healthy bounties were offered in Southern states for the capture of <mask>, "dead or alive". On October 21, 1835, "an assemblage of fifteen hundred or two thousand highly respectable gentlemen", as they were described in the Boston Commercial Gazette, surrounded the building housing Boston's anti-slavery offices, where <mask> had agreed to address a meeting of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society after the fiery British abolitionist George Thompson was unable to keep his engagement with them. Mayor Theodore Lyman persuaded the women to leave the building, but when the mob learned that Thompson was not within, they began yelling for <mask>. Lyman was a staunch anti-abolitionist but wanted to avoid bloodshed and suggested <mask> escape by a back window while Lyman told the crowd <mask> was gone. The mob spotted and apprehended <mask>, tied a rope around his waist, and pulled him through the streets towards Boston Common, calling for tar and feathers.The mayor intervened and <mask> was taken to the Leverett Street Jail for protection. Gallows were erected in front of his house, and he was burned in effigy. The woman question and division <mask>'s appeal for women's mass petitioning against slavery sparked controversy over women's right to a political voice. In 1837, women abolitionists from seven states convened in New York to expand their petitioning efforts and repudiate the social mores that proscribed their participation in public affairs. That summer, sisters Angelina Grimké and Sarah Grimké responded to the controversy aroused by their public speaking with treatises on woman's rights—Angelina's "Letters to Catherine E. Beecher" and Sarah's "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and Condition of Woman"—and <mask> published them first in The Liberator and then in book form. Instead of surrendering to appeals for him to retreat on the "woman question," <mask> announced in December 1837 that The Liberator would support "the rights of woman to their utmost extent." The Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society appointed women to leadership positions and hired Abby Kelley as the first of several female field agents.In 1840, <mask>'s promotion of woman's rights within the anti-slavery movement was one of the issues that caused some abolitionists, including New York brothers Arthur Tappan and Lewis Tappan, to leave the AAS and form the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which did not admit women. In June of that same year, when the World Anti-Slavery Convention meeting in London refused to seat America's women delegates, <mask>, Charles Lenox Remond, Nathaniel P. Rogers, and <mask> refused to take their seat as delegates as well and joined the women in the spectator's gallery. The controversy introduced the woman's rights question not only to England but also to future woman's rights leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who attended the convention as a spectator, accompanying her delegate-husband, Henry B. Stanton. Although Henry Stanton had cooperated in the Tappan's' failed attempt to wrest leadership of the AAS from <mask>, he was part of another group of abolitionists unhappy with <mask>'s influence — those who disagreed with <mask>'s insistence that because the U.S. Constitution was a pro-slavery document, abolitionists should not participate in politics and government. A growing number of abolitionists, including Stanton, Gerrit Smith, Charles Turner Torrey, and Amos A. Phelps, wanted to form an anti-slavery political party and seek a political solution to slavery. They withdrew from the AAS in 1840, formed the Liberty Party, and nominated James G. Birney for president. By the end of 1840, <mask> announced the formation of a third new organization, the Friends of Universal Reform, with sponsors and founding members including prominent reformers Maria Chapman, Abby Kelley Foster, Oliver Johnson, and Amos Bronson Alcott (father of Louisa May Alcott).Although some members of the Liberty Party supported woman's rights, including women's suffrage, <mask>'s Liberator continued to be the leading advocate of woman's rights throughout the 1840s, publishing editorials, speeches, legislative reports, and other developments concerning the subject. In February 1849, <mask>'s name headed the women's suffrage petition sent to the Massachusetts legislature, the first such petition sent to any American legislature, and he supported the subsequent annual suffrage petition campaigns organized by Lucy Stone and Wendell Phillips. <mask> took a leading role in the May 30, 1850, meeting that called the first National Woman's Rights Convention, saying in his address to that meeting that the new movement should make securing the ballot to women its primary goal. At the national convention held in Worcester the following October, <mask> was appointed to the National Woman's Rights Central Committee, which served as the movement's executive committee, charged with carrying out programs adopted by the conventions, raising funds, printing proceedings and tracts, and organizing annual conventions. Controversy In 1849, <mask> became involved in one of Boston's most notable trials of the time. Washington Goode, a black seaman, had been sentenced to death for the murder of a fellow black mariner, Thomas Harding. In The Liberator <mask> argued that the verdict relied on "circumstantial evidence of the most flimsy character ..." and feared that the determination of the government to uphold its decision to execute Goode was based on race.As all other death sentences since 1836 in Boston had been commuted, <mask> concluded that Goode would be the last person executed in Boston for a capital offense writing, "Let it not be said that the last man Massachusetts bore to hang was a colored man!" Despite the efforts of <mask> and many other prominent figures of the time, Goode was hanged on May 25, 1849. <mask> became famous as one of the most articulate, as well as most radical, opponents of slavery. His approach to emancipation stressed "moral suasion," non-violence, and passive resistance. While some other abolitionists of the time favored gradual emancipation, <mask> argued for the "immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves." On July 4, 1854, he publicly burned a copy of the Constitution, condemning it as "a Covenant with Death, an Agreement with Hell," referring to the compromise that had written slavery into the Constitution. In 1855, his eight-year alliance with Frederick Douglass disintegrated when Douglass converted to classical liberal legal theorist and abolitionist Lysander Spooner's view (dominant among political abolitionists) that the Constitution could be interpreted as being anti-slavery.The events in John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, followed by Brown's trial and execution, were closely followed in The Liberator. <mask> had Brown's last speech, in court, printed as a broadside, available in the Liberator office. <mask>'s outspoken anti-slavery views repeatedly put him in danger. Besides his imprisonment in Baltimore and the price placed on his head by the state of Georgia, he was the object of vituperation and frequent death threats. On the eve of the Civil War, a sermon preached in a Universalist chapel in Brooklyn, New York, denounced "the bloodthirsty sentiments of <mask> and his school; and did not wonder that the feeling of the South was exasperated, taking as they did, the insane and bloody ravings of the Garrisonian traitors for the fairly expressed opinions of the North." After abolition After the United States abolished slavery, <mask> announced in May 1865 that he would resign the presidency of the American Anti-Slavery Society and offered a resolution declaring victory in the struggle against slavery and dissolving the society. The resolution prompted a sharp debate, however, led by his long-time friend Wendell Phillips, who argued that the mission of the AAS was not fully completed until black Southerners gained full political and civil equality.<mask> maintained that while complete civil equality was vitally important, the special task of the AAS was at an end, and that the new task would best be handled by new organizations and new leadership. With his long-time allies deeply divided, however, he was unable to muster the support he needed to carry the resolution, and it was defeated 118–48. Declaring that his "vocation as an Abolitionist, thank God, has ended," <mask> resigned the presidency and declined an appeal to continue. Returning home to Boston, he withdrew completely from the AAS and ended publication of The Liberator at the end of 1865. With Wendell Phillips at its head, the AAS continued to operate for five more years, until the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granted voting rights to black men. (According to Henry Mayer, <mask> was hurt by the rejection, and remained peeved for years; "as the cycle came around, always managed to tell someone that he was not going to the next set of [AAS] meetings" [594].) After his withdrawal from AAS and ending The Liberator, <mask> continued to participate in public reform movements.He supported the causes of civil rights for blacks and woman's rights, particularly the campaign for suffrage. He contributed columns on Reconstruction and civil rights for The Independent and The Boston Journal. In 1870, he became an associate editor of the women's suffrage newspaper, the Woman's Journal, along with Mary Livermore, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Lucy Stone, and Henry B. Blackwell. He served as president of both the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) and the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association. He was a major figure in New England's woman suffrage campaigns during the 1870s. In 1873, he healed his long estrangements from Frederick Douglass and Wendell Phillips, affectionately reuniting with them on the platform at an AWSA rally organized by Abby Kelly Foster and Lucy Stone on the one-hundredth anniversary of the Boston Tea Party. When Charles Sumner died in 1874, some Republicans suggested <mask> as a possible successor to his Senate seat; <mask> declined on grounds of his moral opposition to taking office.Later life and death <mask> spent more time at home with his family. He wrote weekly letters to his children and cared for his increasingly ill wife, Helen. She had suffered a small stroke on December 30, 1863, and was increasingly confined to the house. Helen died on January 25, 1876, after a severe cold worsened into pneumonia. A quiet funeral was held in the <mask> home. <mask>, overcome with grief and confined to his bedroom with a fever and severe bronchitis, was unable to join the service. Wendell Phillips gave a eulogy and many of <mask>'s old abolitionist friends joined him upstairs to offer their private condolences.<mask> recovered slowly from the loss of his wife and began to attend Spiritualist circles in the hope of communicating with Helen. <mask> last visited England in 1877, where he met with George Thompson and other longtime friends from the British abolitionist movement. Suffering from kidney disease, <mask> continued to weaken during April 1879. He moved to New York to live with his daughter Fanny's family. In late May, his condition worsened, and his five surviving children rushed to join him. Fanny asked if he would enjoy singing some hymns. Although he was unable to sing, his children sang favorite hymns while he beat time with his hands and feet.On May 24, 1879, <mask> lost consciousness and died just before midnight. <mask> was buried in the Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood on May 28, 1879. At the public memorial service, eulogies were given by Theodore Dwight Weld and Wendell Phillips. Eight abolitionist friends, both white and black, served as his pallbearers. Flags were flown at half-staff all across Boston. Frederick Douglass, then employed as a United States Marshal, spoke in memory of <mask> at a memorial service in a church in Washington, D.C., saying, "It was the glory of this man that he could stand alone with the truth, and calmly await the result." <mask>'s namesake son, <mask> <mask>, Jr. (1838–1909), was a prominent advocate of the single tax, free trade, women's suffrage, and of the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act.His second son, Wendell Phillips <mask> (1840–1907), was literary editor of The Nation from 1865 to 1906. Two other sons (George Thompson <mask> and Francis Jackson <mask>, his biographer and named after abolitionist Francis Jackson) and a daughter, Helen Frances <mask> (who married Henry Villard), survived him. Fanny's son <mask> Villard became a prominent journalist, a founding member of the NAACP, and wrote an important biography of the abolitionist John Brown. Legacy Leo Tolstoy was greatly influenced by the works of <mask> and his contemporary Adin Ballou, as their writings on Christian anarchism aligned with Tolstoy's burgeoning theo-political ideology. Along with Tolstoy publishing a short biography of <mask> in 1904, he frequently cited <mask> and his works in his non-fiction texts like The Kingdom of God Is Within You. In a recent publication, American philosopher and anarchist Crispin Sartwell wrote that the works by <mask> and his other Christian anarchist contemporaries like Ballou directly influenced Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., as well. Memorials Boston installed a memorial to <mask> on the mall of Commonwealth Avenue.In December 2005, to honor <mask>'s 200th birthday, his descendants gathered in Boston for the first family reunion in about a century. They discussed the legacy and influence of their most notable family member. <mask> is honored together with Maria Stewart by a feast day on December 17 on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church. A shared-use path along the John Greenleaf Whittier Bridge and Interstate 95 between Newburyport and Amesbury, Massachusetts, was named in honor of <mask>. The 2-mile trail opened in 2018 after the new bridge was completed. Works Book Pamphlets Broadside Newspapers Address at Park Street Church, Boston, July 4, 1829 (<mask>'s first major public statement; an extensive statement of egalitarian principle). "Address to the Colonization Society" (a slightly abridged version of the address July 4, 1829).The Liberator, January 1, 1831 – December 29, 1865 . To the Public (<mask>'s introductory column for The Liberator, – January 1, 1831). Truisms (The Liberator, January 8, 1831). The Insurrection (<mask>'s reaction to news of Nat Turner's rebellion, – The Liberator, September 3, 1831). On the Constitution and the Union (The Liberator, December 29, 1832). Abolition at the Ballot Box (The Liberator, June 28, 1839). The American Union (The Liberator, January 10, 1845).(September 24, 1855). The Tragedy at Harper's Ferry , (The Liberator, October 28, 1859). John Brown and the Principle of Nonresistance (Speech in the Tremont Temple, Boston, December 2, 1859, – the day Brown was hanged – The Liberator, December 16, 1859). The War—Its Cause and Cure (The Liberator, May 3, 1861). Valedictory: The Final Number of The Liberator (The Liberator, December 29, 1865). The Liberator Files (Horace Seldon's summary of research of <mask>'s The Liberator) Declaration of Sentiments of the Nationale Anti-Slavery Convention (December 1833, Philadelphia) An Address Delivered in Marlboro Chapel, July 4, 1838 (On the prospects for violence. From the Antislavery Literature Project).Declaration of Sentiments of The New England Non-Resistance Society (The Liberator, September 28, 1838). Sonnets and other poems (1843) Selections from the Writings and Speeches of <mask> <mask>: With an Appendix (Boston; R.F. Wallcut, 1852). <mask> <mask> works (Cornell University Library Samuel J. May Anti-Slavery Collection) <mask> <mask> works (Cornell University Digital Library Collections). <mask> <mask> on non-resistance : together with a personal sketch by his daughter <mask> Villard and a tribute by Leo Tolstoy Reading <mask>'s Letters (Horace Seldon's insight into the thought, work and life of <mask>, – based on "Letters of <mask> Garrison", Belknap Press of Harvard University, W. M. Merrill and L. Ruchames Editors). The Liberator: <mask> <mask>, A Biography (Boston; Little, Brown, 1963).See also Garrison Literary and Benevolent Association List of civil rights leaders List of women's rights activists Boston Vigilance Committee References Bibliography Abzug, Robert H. Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. . Dal Lago, Enrico. <mask> Lloyd <mask> and Giuseppe Mazzini: Abolition, Democracy, and Radical Reform. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. Hagedorn, Ann. Beyond The River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad. Simon & Schuster, 2002. . Mayer, Henry.All on Fire: <mask> <mask> and the Abolition of Slavery. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. McDaniel, W. Caleb. The Problem of Democracy in the Age of Slavery: Garrisonian Abolitionists and Transatlantic Reform. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. Laurie, Bruce Beyond <mask>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. . Rodriguez, Junius P., ed.Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World. (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2007) Thomas, John L. The Liberator: <mask> <mask>, A Biography. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1963. . External links <mask> <mask> profile on Spartacus Educational The Liberator Files online Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice "<mask> <mask>" and "Who is <mask> <mask>?" – American Experience, PBS "<mask> <mask>: Words of Thunder." WGBH Forum PBS Teachers Resources: <mask> <mask> 1805–1879 1805 births 1879 deaths 19th-century American journalists 19th-century American male writers 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 19th century in Boston 19th-century Unitarians Abolitionists from Boston American libertarians American male journalists American newspaper editors American newspaper founders American people of Canadian descent American social reformers American tax resisters American Unitarians American women's rights activists Deaths from kidney disease People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War Writers from Newburyport, Massachusetts American printers American book publishers (people) American Anti-Slavery Society Underground Railroad in New York (state)

<mask> was an American Christian, suffragist, and social reformer. His anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator was published in Boston until slavery in the United States was abolished in 1865. <mask> rejected the validity of the American government because of its engagement in war, imperialism, and slavery. At the outbreak of the civil war, he abandoned his previous principles and embraced the armed struggle and the Lincoln administration. He was a founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society and promoted immediate and uncompensated slavery in the United States. <mask> ran a printing shop and wrote his editorials in The Liberator while setting them in type. The viability of The Liberator was assured and it contained exactly what <mask> wanted, as he did not have to deal with any outsiders to produce his paper.The price of being a major printer-publisher was on his head, and he was burned in effigy and put to death in front of his Boston office. He had to be smuggled onto a ship in order to escape to England, where he stayed for a year. <mask> was a leading advocate of women's rights, which caused a split in the abolitionist community. <mask> was a prominent voice for the women's suffragist movement in the 1870s. <mask> was the son of immigrants from the British colony of New Brunswick and was born in Massachusetts in 1805. His father, a merchant sailing pilot and master, obtained American papers under the An Act for the Relief of sick and disabled seamen. The decline in American commercial shipping was caused by the U.S. Embargo Act.The elder <mask> left the family in the 18th century. <mask>'s mother was reported to be tall, charming, and of a strong religious character. She began referring to her son as <mask>, his middle name, in order to preserve her family name. "<mask>". She died in Baltimore, Maryland. <mask> was able to support the family by selling homemade lemonade and candy as a child. <mask> began working as a compositor for the Newburyport Herald at the age of 13.He began writing under the name Aristides. Aristide was an Athenian general and was nicknamed "the Just". He didn't need paper to typeset his writing. After his apprenticeship ended, <mask> became the sole owner, editor, and printer of the Newburyport Free Press, acquiring the rights from his friend, who had also apprenticed at the Herald. One of their regular contributors was a poet. <mask> used the skills he acquired as a small-town newspaper writer to become a nationally known writer, speaker, and newspaper publisher. The first American journal to promote legally-mandated temperance was edited by him.He rejected both the American Colonization Society and the gradualist views of most others involved in the movement after he became involved in the anti-slavery movement. The New-England Anti-Slavery Society was formed by <mask> out of The Liberator's readers. The American Anti-Slavery Society advocated for the abolition of slavery. <mask> joined the anti-slavery movement at the age of 25 after reading a book about slavery. He was associated with the American Colonization Society, an organization that promoted the "resettlement" of free blacks to a territory on the west coast of Africa. Although some members of the society encouraged granting freedom to slaves, others considered relocation a means to reduce the number of already free blacks in the United States. Reducing the threat of free blacks in society would help preserve the institution of slavery.<mask> rejected colonization, publicly apologized for his error, and then censured everyone who was committed to it. He said that <mask>. Watkins was an anti-colonizationist. Genius of Universal Emancipation was published in Baltimore, Maryland, in the 19th century. <mask> used his experience as a printer and newspaper editor to change the layout of the paper. As an anti-slavery speaker, Lundy was freed to spend more time touring. While working for the Genius, <mask> became convinced of the need to demand immediate and complete emancipation after sharing Lundy's gradualist views. Despite their differing views, Lundy and <mask> continued to work on the paper.Each signed an editorial. <mask> introduced "The Black List," a column devoted to printing short reports of the barbarities of slavery. <mask> reported that a man from Massachusetts named Francis Todd was involved in the slave trade, and that he had recently had slaves shipped from Baltimore to New Orleans in the coastwise trade on his ship the Francis. This was legal. Slavery in the United States#Slave trade was replaced by an expanded domestic trade of "breeding" slaves in Maryland and Virginia for shipment south. Todd thought he could get support from pro-slavery courts by filing a libel suit against <mask> and Lundy. <mask> was found guilty by the state of Maryland and ordered to pay a fine and court costs.The charges against him were dropped because he was traveling. <mask> was sentenced to six months in jail for not paying the fine. He was released after seven weeks when Arthur Tappan paid his fine. <mask> and Lundy parted ways amicably after <mask> decided to leave Maryland. The idea of sending freed slaves to Africa was against colonization from the 18th century. A variety of churches and philanthropic organizations contributed to the endeavor. Slaves who were freed in the District of Columbia in the 19th century were offered $100 to emigrate.The American Colonization Society was able to create the country of Liberia. It was not a colony in the sense that Rhode Island or Pennsylvania had been in the past. The first country to recognize the independence of Liberia was not until 1847. The Southerners in Congress made it difficult for the United States to be recognized. When they left for the Confederacy, Kansas was admitted as a free state and slavery was banned in the District of Columbia, both of which had been discussed for decades. <mask>, aware of the press as a means to bring about political change, returned to New England, where he co-founded a weekly anti-slavery newspaper with his friend. <mask> stated in the first issue that paid subscriptions to The Liberator were always less than the circulation.Three-fourths of its subscribers were black in 1834. The newspaper was distributed free of charge to state legislators, governor's mansions, Congress, and the White House. <mask>'s critics saw him as a dangerous fanatic because he demanded immediate and total emancipation without compensation to the slave owners. The uproar against <mask> in the South was sparked by Nat Turner's slave rebellion in Virginia. He was indicted by a North Carolina grand jury and the Georgia Legislature offered a $5,000 reward for his capture. In 1840, Knapp parted from The Liberator. In 1845, when <mask> published a eulogy for his former partner and friend, he revealed that Knapp was led by adversity and business mismanagement to put the cup of intoxication to his lips.An article by a 14-year-old Anna Elizabeth Dickinson was one of the anti-slavery essays and poems published by <mask>. In the Northern states, the Liberator gained a large following. It was a bulletin board for the abolition movement and printed many reports, letters, and news stories. In addition to the North, it had subscribers in England, Scotland, and Canada. <mask> wrote a "Valedictory" column on December 29, 1865 after the end of the Civil War and abolition of slavery. After reviewing his long career in journalism and the cause of abolitionism, he wrote: <mask> and Knapp, printers and publishers. <mask> spearheaded the organization of a new movement to demand the total abolition of slavery in the United States.The New-England Anti-Slavery Society had dozens of affiliates and several thousand members by the summer of 1832. The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded in December of 1833. The New England society reorganized as the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in 1835, allowing state societies to form in the other New England states. Many affiliates were organized by women who responded to <mask>'s appeals for women to take an active part in the abolition movement. The Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society raised funds to support The Liberator, publish anti-slavery pamphlets, and conduct anti-slavery petition drives. The purpose of the American Anti-Slavery Society was to convert all Americans to the philosophy that "Slaveholding is a heinous crime in the sight of God" and that "duty, safety, and best interests of all concerned, require its immediate abandonment without expatriation." <mask> married the daughter of a retired merchant on September 4, 1834.Two of the couple's children died as children. The threat posed by anti-slavery organizations and their activity drew violent reactions from slave interests in both the Southern and Northern states, with mobs breaking up anti-slavery meetings, assaults lecturers, ransacking anti-slavery offices, burning postal sacks of anti-slavery pamphlets, and destroying anti- bounties were offered for the capture of <mask> "dead or alive". <mask> had agreed to address a meeting of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society after a large group of highly respectable gentlemen surrounded the building housing Boston's anti-slavery offices. When the mob learned that Thompson was not in the building, they began yelling for <mask>. <mask> escaped by a back window while Lyman told the crowd that he was gone. The mob tied a rope around <mask>'s waist and pulled him through the streets towards Boston Common, calling for tar and feathers.<mask> was taken to the jail for protection after the mayor intervention. He was burned in effigy after gallows were erected in front of his house. <mask> and Sarah Grimké responded to the controversy aroused by their public speaking with treatises on woman's rights. <mask> announced in December of 1836 that The Liberator would support the rights of woman. The first female field agents were hired by the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was formed due to <mask>'s promotion of woman's rights within the anti-slavery movement. When the World Anti-Slavery Convention meeting in London refused to seat America's women delegates, <mask>, Remond, Rogers, and Adams joined the women in the spectator. The woman's rights question was introduced to England by the controversy, as well as to future woman's rights leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who attended the convention as a spectator. Although Henry Stanton cooperated in the Tappan's failed attempt to wrest leadership of the AAS from <mask>, he was part of another group of abolitionists who disagreed with <mask>'s insistence that the U.S. Constitution was a pro. A growing number of abolitionists wanted to form an anti-slavery political party and seek a political solution to slavery. The Liberty Party was formed after they withdrew from the AAS. By the end of 1840, <mask> announced the formation of a third organization, the Friends of Universal Reform, with sponsors and founding members including prominent reformers Maria Chapman, Oliver Johnson, and Amos Bronson Alcott.Although some members of the Liberty Party supported woman's rights, <mask>'s Liberator continued to be the leading advocate of woman's rights throughout the 1840s, publishing editorials, speeches, legislative reports, and other developments concerning the subject. In February 1849, <mask>'s name headed the women's suffragist petition sent to the Massachusetts legislature, which was the first such petition sent to any American legislature. In his address to the May 30, 1850 meeting that called the first National Woman's Rights Convention, <mask> said that the new movement should make securing the ballot to women its primary goal. <mask> was appointed to the National Woman's Rights Central Committee, which was charged with carrying out programs adopted by the convention, raising funds, printing proceedings and tracts, and organizing annual conventions. In 1849, <mask> was involved in one of Boston's most notable trials. Washington Goode, a black seaman, was sentenced to death for the murder of a fellow black mariner. <mask> argued that the verdict relied on "circumstantial evidence of the most flimsy character" and that the determination of the government to uphold its decision to execute Goode was based on race.<mask> concluded that the last person to be executed in Boston for a capital offense would be a colored man, as all other death sentences had been commuted. Goode was hanged on May 25, 1849, despite the efforts of <mask> and many other prominent figures of the time. One of the most articulate and radical opponents of slavery was <mask>. His approach to emancipation was based on moral suasion, non-violence, and passive resistance. <mask> advocated for the immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves. On July 4, 1854, he burned a copy of the Constitution, saying it was a Covenant with Death, an Agreement with Hell. His eight-year alliance with Frederick Douglass ended when he converted to a classical liberal legal theorist who believed that the Constitution could be seen as anti-slavery.John Brown's trial and execution were closely followed in The Liberator. Brown's last speech was printed as a broadside in the office of <mask>. <mask>'s anti-slavery views put him in danger. He was the object of death threats and vituperation because of his imprisonment in Baltimore and the price placed on his head by the state of Georgia. On the eve of the Civil War, a sermon preached in a Universalist chapel in Brooklyn, New York, denounced "the bloodthirsty sentiments of <mask> and his school; and did not wonder that the feeling of the South was frustrated, taking as they did, the insane and bloody ravings of the <mask> resigned as president of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1865 after the United States abolished slavery. The debate was led by his long-time friend, who argued that the mission of the AAS was not completed until black Southerners gained full political and civil equality.<mask> maintained that the special task of the AAS was over and that the new task would be handled by new organizations and new leadership. He was unable to get the support he needed to pass the resolution and it was defeated. <mask> said that his "vocation as an Abolitionist, thank God, has ended" and resigned the presidency. At the end of 1865, he withdrew completely from the AAS and ended the publication of The Liberator. After the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granted voting rights to black men, the AAS continued to operate for five more years. <mask> was hurt by the rejection, and as the cycle came around, always managed to tell someone that he was not going to the next set of AAS meetings. <mask> continued to participate in public reform movements after his withdrawal from AAS.He supported the cause of civil rights for blacks and women. He wrote for The Independent and The Boston Journal. He was an associate editor of the women's suffragist newspaper, the Woman's Journal, in 1870. He was president of both the American Woman Suffrage Association and the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association. During the 1870s, he was a major figure in New England's woman suffragists. At the one-hundredth anniversary of the Boston Tea Party, he mended his relationship with Frederick Douglass and WendellPhillips, and they were on the platform with him. When Charles Sumner died in 1874, some Republicans suggested <mask> as a possible successor to his Senate seat, but <mask> declined on the grounds of his moral opposition to taking office.<mask> spent more time at home with his family. He cared for Helen while writing weekly letters to his children. She was confined to the house after a small stroke on December 30, 1863. Helen died of pneumonia on January 25, 1876. A funeral was held in the <mask> home. <mask> was unable to join the service due to his illness and grief. Many of <mask>'s old friends joined him upstairs to offer their private condolences after he died.<mask> began to attend spiritualist circles in the hopes of communicating with Helen after the loss of his wife. <mask> met George Thompson and other friends from the British abolitionist movement in England in 1877. <mask> continued to weaken during April 1879. He lived with his daughter's family in New York. His five surviving children rushed to join him when his condition worsened. He was asked if he would enjoy singing. He beat time with his hands and feet despite being unable to sing.<mask> died just before midnight on May 24, 1879. <mask> was buried in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood on May 28, 1879. The public memorial service was attended by Theodore Dwight Weld and WendellPhillips. The pallbearers were both white and black. All flags were flown at half-staff. "It was the glory of this man that he could stand alone with the truth, and calmly await the result," said Frederick Douglass at a memorial service in Washington, D.C., in memory of <mask>. The repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act was one of the things <mask> <mask>, Jr. advocated.His second son was literary editor of The Nation from 1865 to 1906. Two of his sons, George Thompson <mask> and Francis Jackson <mask>, were his biographers, as well as a daughter, Helen Francis <mask>, who married Henry Villard. <mask> Villard was a journalist, a founding member of the NAACP, and wrote an important biography of John Brown. <mask> and Adin Ballou's writings on Christian anarchism aligned with theo- political ideology of Legacy Leo Tolstoy. He cited <mask> and his works in his non-fiction books like The Kingdom of God Is Within You, after publishing a short biography of <mask> in 1904. According to a recent publication, the works of <mask> and other Christian anarchists like Ballou influenced Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. There is a memorial to <mask> on the mall.In December 2005, to honor <mask>'s 200th birthday, his descendants gathered in Boston for the first family reunion in about a century. They talked about the influence of their most notable family member. <mask> and Maria Stewart will be honored by a feast day on December 17 in the Episcopal Church. A shared-use path was named in honor of <mask>. After the new bridge was completed, the trail opened. <mask>'s first major public statement was the Works Book Pamphlets Broadside Newspapers Address at Park Street Church in Boston. "Address to the Colonization Society" is a slightly abbreviated version of the address.January 1, 1831 to December 29, 1865 is known as The Liberator. <mask> wrote an introductory column for The Liberator. The Liberator published Truisms on January 8, 1831. The Insurrection was <mask>'s reaction to the news of Nat Turner's rebellion. On the Constitution and the Union. The ballot box was a site of abolition. The American Union was founded on January 10, 1845.On September 24, 1854. The Tragedy atHarper's Ferry was written in October of 1859. The day John Brown was hanged was December 16, 1859. The cause and cure of the war. The final number of The Liberator was Valedictory. The Declaration of Sentiments of the Nationale Anti-Slavery Convention was written in December of 1833. From the Antislavery Literature Project.The New England Non-Resistance Society had a Declaration of Sentiments. Sonnets and other poems are from the Writings and Speeches of <mask> <mask>. Wallcut was born in 1852. The Cornell University Library has a work by <mask> <mask>. The May Anti-Slavery Collection was created by <mask> <mask>. <mask>'s Letters is based on "Letters of <mask> <mask>", which was written by Hoofd Seldon. <mask> <mask> wrote a biography.There is a list of civil rights leaders and women's rights activists. New York: Oxford University Press. Abolition, Democracy, and Radical Reform was written by <mask> <mask>. Louisiana State University Press was published in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Ann Hagedorn. The Underground Railroad's heroes are the subject of Beyond The River. Simon & Schuster was founded in 2002.The Abolition of Slavery was written by <mask> <mask>. New York: St. Martin's Press. W. Caleb. There is a problem of democracy in the age of slavery. Louisiana State University Press was published in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Laurie, Bruce Beyond <mask>. Cambridge University Press was published in New York.There is an encyclopedia of enslavement and abolition in the world. New York: M.E. Thomas wrote a biography of <mask> <mask>. Little, Brown, and Company was founded in Boston. The Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice "<mask> <mask>" and "Who is <mask> <mask>?" are external links. "<mask> <mask>: Words of Thunder" 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 <mask> <mask> was born in 1805 and died in 1879.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Monico

Francesco Monico

Francesco Monico (born Venice, February 27, 1968) is a teacher, researcher, artist in Italy. Previous activities Monico worked for ten years as a director, screenwriter and program chief in Italian broadcast, sperimentale and interactive TV, is both a Technoetic researcher and artist. He was director and author for Rai3, Mediaset, Rai2, France 2, and channel manager for Tele+3, SeiMilano. Monico did research at Studium S3, at Fabrica, at the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology at the University of Toronto. Former member of the Scientific Committee of Milano in Digitale with Antonio Caronia, Paolo Rosa, Pier Luigi Capucci, and Franco Torrani. Former member of the Scientific Committee of the Leonardo da Vinci Science and Technology Museum in Milan, with Giulio Giorello, Emanuele Severino, and Enrico Bellone.In the past in the style of the new left media theorist Raymond Williams he was a regular media commentator for the International Herald Tribunes Italian news section. Current activities Today Monico is Dean at Accademia di Belle Arti Unidee at the Fondazione Pistoletto in Biella and Director of the School of Media Design & Multimedia Arts at the Accademia Costume e Moda in Rome and both working on research and development in education, technology and arts. Former director of the Media Design and Multimedia Arts Department he founded at the Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano in Milan. Former professor of Theory and Method of Mass Media at the same institution, as well as founder director of the PhD program M-Node, Planetary Collegium, today known as T-node and a Senior Fellow of the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology in Toronto, Canada. He is an alumnus of Derrick de Kerckhove. As a Scholar of Marshall McLuhan Monico became more focused on how technology shapes human communication, behaviour, and thought and is currently researching with Roy Ascott as member of the board of the international PhD program Planetary Collegium.Member of the Programme Committee of the Isea 2011. Monico writes in online and print publications, and did New Media art commentary for Wired Italian edition. As Director of the Planetary Collegium's M-Node he was part, with Roy Ascott, of the 2011 World Universities Forum Award for Best Practice in Higher Education. As Director of Research & Development project he settled up in 2013, with IOCOSE, the Transmodal Research between Art & Technology of STMICROELECTRONICS STINNOVATIONCUP 2013. In 2013, he is invited by European Commission President José Barroso to join New Narrative for Europe, a working network of European artists, creators, scientists and intellectuals to strengthen the contours of European unity. He was selected for the 2015 Italian edition of TED, as keen thinker about Higher Education, Cultural Management & Entrepreneurships at TEDxRoncade. Monico was Professor of Social Digital Innovation at the Faculty of Scienze Matematiche, Informatiche, Multimediali of the Università of Udine, and Professor of Archetype of Imagery at Accademia Belle Arti di Milano Brera.Today is Professor of Sociology of Media at the Consorzio Universitario Pordenone ISIA Roma and Professor of Artchetype of Imaginery at the Accademia Costume e Moda in Rome. Methodology After a research stint at the McLuhan Program he changed his expression channel from video to art, with a penchant for interactive installations, telematic art, BioArt, and various art-science combinations. Deeply influenced by Roy Ascott, Monico believes science and art can contribute to expanding global consciousness, but only with the help of alternative systems of knowledge. His modus operandi is based on a combination of science, art, philosophy, and esoteric knowledge in which the artist recognizes the paradoxical nature of knowledge and the contradictions inherent in formal epistemologies, and in his deep speculation his dealing with an hermeneutical approach. His methodology is a syncretic, mixing critical theory and a pragmatic art approach that he applied as founder of the School of Media design & New Media Art at NABA. Art career Monico has changed his expression channel from video to art, with a penchant for interactive installations, telematic art, BioArt, and various art-science combinations. Among his artworks is The Artist Formerly Known as Vanda (Tafkav - 2007/10) and Is there Love in the Technoetic Narcissus? In 2009 he was curator for the first Italian solo show of bioartist Brandon Ballengée, Monstre Sacré . In fall 2011 Monico presented the tryptic The Hybrid Constitution at the Istanbul International Art Festival Amber. Exhibitions AMBER07: Body process arts festival. Istanbul, 9–17 November 2007. TAFKAV. DARS: Milan, 14–21 October 2008. TAFKAV. Premio Libero Ferretti: Ancona, 17–24 January 2009. TAFKAV. Festival Feedback Inter-acto Ergo Sum: San Casciano Val di Pesa, Florence, 26–28 June 2009. Palazzo della Permanente: Premio Libero Ferretti, Milan, 6–12 July 2009. StreamFest 2009, Mostra Wet & Dry Relazioni tra arte e natura nel contemporaneo tecnologico. Galatina, Italy, 2–12 August 2009. TAFKAV. Mya Lurgo Gallery - Germinazioni curated by Martina Cavallarin: Lugano, Switzerland, 11 November 2009. TAFKAV. PAV Parco d'Arte Vivente - Diverse Forme Bellisme with Piero Gilardi, curated by Claudio Cravero: Turin, Italy, 5 February 2010 to 11 April 2010. Is There Love in The Technoetic Narcissus? and TAFKAV. Nowhere Gallery - Il Ciclo Dell'Alterità: The Artist Formerly Known As Vanda, and C'è amore nel Narciso technoetico? ("Is There Love In The Technoetic Narcissus?"), Milan, 11 June to 17 July 2010. The Merchant of Venice, - Biennale Vegetale. Doppia con Caroline Bougoreau. Venezia, Italy, 1–12 June 2011. TAFKAV, Studio Monitor. AMBER11: NEXT ECOLOGY. Istanbul, 4–13 November 2011. THE HYBRID CONSTITUTION. Art Curacy Monico, F. (2009). Monstre Sacré - Brandon Ballengée, Nowhere Gallery, Via del Caravaggio 12, Milano, 18 September 2009, Special Start Milano. Conferences & Symposium Curacy +ETICA +MODA, 22 june 2021, Fondazione Pistoletto - Accademia Unidee Fondazione Pistoletto, curated by Francesco Monico; Future Firm, Past Innovation, Present Labour. A Trinamic View On Contemporary Enterprise, 14 may 2021, Accademia Unidee - Fondazione Pistoletto - Polidesign Milano, curated by Francesco Monico, Marina Parente, Michele Cerruti But; Most Post Human IV April 9, 2014, MUSE, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3. Trento. Curated by Francesco Monico, Massimiliano Viel, Gianna Angelini; Most Post Human II July 22, 2013, NABA, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. Curated by Francesco Monico, Giovanni Leghissa; Most Post Human I April 30, 2013, DOMUS ACADEMY, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. Curated by Francesco Monico, Giovanni Leghissa; New Media Art Education & Research 4: Always Already New - Deep Involvement of Education - Democratic Higher Education November 18 – 19, 2011, NABA, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. Curated by Francesco Monico, Pier Luigi Capucci; Art as Media as Display, Biennals as Platform for Social Change: ISEA 2011 & Biennal of Art Istanbul September 17, 2011, Nederlands Consulaat General, Istiklal Caddesi 197, 34433 Beyoglu, Istanbul. Curated by Francesco Monico, Maurizio Bortolotti, Marieke Van Hal. Speakers: Hedwig Fijen, Katarina Gregos, Nazim Dikbaş, Martha Rosler, Yongwoo Lee, Lanfranco Aceti; New Media Art Education & Research 3: Always Already New - Thinking Media, Subversing Feeling, Scaffolding Knowledge: Art and Education in the Praxis of Transformation December 16 – 18, 2010, MEDIATECA SANTA TERESA, Via della Moscova 28, Milano. Curated by Francesco Monico, Pier Luigi Capucci; New Media Art Education & Research 2009- 2 Topics 14 April 2008 – FONDAZIONE FORMA PER LA FOTOGRAFIA, - Sala delle Capriate, Piazza Tito Lucrezio Caro, Milan – ITALY Mercoledì, 4 marzo 2009. Curated by Francesco Monico; New Media art Education & Research 2008 14 APRIL 2008 – FONDAZIONE FORMA PER LA FOTOGRAFIA – ITALY, Piazza Tito Lucrezio Caro 1, 20136 Milano, curated by Francesco Monico & Luca Galli. Researching the Future: aspects of Art and Technoetics 2007 , CENTRO PER L'ARTE CONTEMPORANEA LUIGI PECCI, PRATO December 7-8-9, 2007, curated by Francesco Monico & Roy Ascott. Researching the Future: art and design in transmodal transition 2006 Milano, February 8–9, 2006, curated by Francesco Monico. Bibliography Monico, F. (2006). Il Dramma Televisivo: l'Autore e l'Estetica del Mezzo. Meltemi.edu, 58. Roma: Meltemi. . Monico, F. (2006). Il Dramma televisivo: lexicon. m-node, Lulù, . Monico, F. (2006). White Rabbit On The Moon in Technoetic Arts, July-06,Vol.4,Issue:2:Intellect. Print Monico, F. (2007). TV 2.0. Il pubblico come autore. Meltemi, Le melusine, 192, . Monico, F. (2008). La Variazione Technoetica in "Le variazioni Grandi" Quaderno di Comunicazione 8. Roma: Meltemi. Monico, F. (2008). Is There Love in The Technoetic Narcissus? in "New Realities: Being Syncretic" Edition Angewandte, Springer-Verlag. Edited by Ascott, R.; Bast, G.; Fiel, W.,. Monico, F. (2008). Introduzione a: Derrick De Kerckhove Dall'alfabeto a Internet. L'Homme "Litteré": Alfabetizzazione, Tecnologia, Cultura Traduzione di Antonio Caronia. Mimesis Edizioni. . Monico, F. (2009). TAFKAV a Technoetic Installation in Technoetic Arts, December-09,Vol.7,Issue:3:Intellect. Print Monico, F. (2010).Introduzione and Uno di Uno - esiste una New Italian (media) Epic? Da una narrazione letteraria a una narrazione mediatica in LIMINA n.1/2010, Vol.1, January 2010, edited by Amos Bianchi, M-Node per NABA LIBRI, Print Monico, F. (2010).Learning Machine - Il Manuale, 2010, edited by Elisabetta Galasso & Marco Scotini, in collaborazione con Alessandro Guerriero, NABA LIBRI. Monico, F. (2012).Dei Precrimini e del Pensarsi, pag 249-260, in Anja Puntari, FEAR, Percorsi di Ricerca e Pratica Artistica, Monico, F. (2012).An Experience on Higher Education in LIMINA 2 n.2/2012, Vol.2, July 2012, edited by Gabriela Galati, M-Node per NABA LIBRI, Print Monico, F. (2013)."Lexicon in Expanded Cinema, by Gene Youngblood (First italian edition), November 2013, italian edition by Pier Luigi Capucci and Simonetta Fadda, CLUEB, pp. 389, Monico, F. (2014). Premesse per una costituzione ibrida: la macchina, la bambina automatica e il bosco in "La condizione postumana" AUT AUT 361. Milano: Saggiatore. Monico, F. (2015).Lo que se podrìa y deberìa decir: de los "objectors narrativos no identificados" a la New Italian Epic (de los media)/"What one Could and Should Say: from Unidentified narrative Objects to New Italian (Media) Epic" in Beyond Darwin. La senda coevolutiva del arte, la tecnologìa y la consciencia./ "The Co-Evolutionary Path of Art, Technology and Consciousness", Edited by Roy Ascott y Angela Molina F. (Eds), Col-leccìo Formes Plastiques, Istituto Alfons el Magnànim, Print Monico, F. (2016).L’eterodossia accademica come pratica controambientale della libertà dell'essere al condizionamento tecnico. Una postfazione su Antonio Caronia" in Mondi altri. Processi di soggettivazione nell'era postumana a partire dal pensiero di Antonio Caronia, Edited by Giovanni Leghissa e Amos Bianchi, Mimesis Edizioni, Collana Postumani, Print Monico, F. (2017). Cyber-sorveglianza, guerra e religione, il mondo a una dimensione" Conversazione tra Francesco Monico e Derrick De Kerckhove in Azimuth 7/2016 Human and Digital Traces, Edited by Simone Guidi and Alberto Romele, Monico, F. (2020). Fragile - Un nuovo immaginario del progresso, foreword by Simone Guidi, Meltemi Editore, Narrative Monico, F. (2019). Le somiglianze del vero. L'erudita - Giulio Perrone Editore, Roma, Gennaio 2019. . Articles Monico, F. (2009). La soglia tra arte ed essere. D'ARS, N.198. June 2009, page 29-31 Special 53° Biennale di Venezia, Milano, . References Further reading de Feo, Teresa. TAFKAV e un fiore di nome Vanda,article published in DIGIMAG N. 30 (2007 Dicembre - 2008 Gennaio). Martini, Alberto Mattia. 2008 Marzo.TAFKAV The Artist Formerly Known as Vanda, Un metodo eversivo article published in D'ARS N. 193 (March, 2008, 48° Years from 1960). Trivellin, Cristina. 2008 December.TAFKAV The Artist Formerly Known as Vanda article published in NOEMA Tecnologie e Società (14/12/2008). Living people BioArtists 1968 births

<mask> (born Venice, February 27, 1968) is a teacher, researcher, artist in Italy. Previous activities <mask> worked for ten years as a director, screenwriter and program chief in Italian broadcast, sperimentale and interactive TV, is both a Technoetic researcher and artist. He was director and author for Rai3, Mediaset, Rai2, France 2, and channel manager for Tele+3, SeiMilano. <mask> did research at Studium S3, at Fabrica, at the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology at the University of Toronto. Former member of the Scientific Committee of Milano in Digitale with Antonio Caronia, Paolo Rosa, Pier Luigi Capucci, and Franco Torrani. Former member of the Scientific Committee of the Leonardo da Vinci Science and Technology Museum in Milan, with Giulio Giorello, Emanuele Severino, and Enrico Bellone.In the past in the style of the new left media theorist Raymond Williams he was a regular media commentator for the International Herald Tribunes Italian news section. Current activities Today <mask> is Dean at Accademia di Belle Arti Unidee at the Fondazione Pistoletto in Biella and Director of the School of Media Design & Multimedia Arts at the Accademia Costume e Moda in Rome and both working on research and development in education, technology and arts.Former director of the Media Design and Multimedia Arts Department he founded at the Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano in Milan. Former professor of Theory and Method of Mass Media at the same institution, as well as founder director of the PhD program M-Node, Planetary Collegium, today known as T-node and a Senior Fellow of the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology in Toronto, Canada. He is an alumnus of Derrick de Kerckhove. As a Scholar of Marshall McLuhan <mask> became more focused on how technology shapes human communication, behaviour, and thought and is currently researching with Roy Ascott as member of the board of the international PhD program Planetary Collegium.Member of the Programme Committee of the Isea 2011. Monico writes in online and print publications, and did New Media art commentary for Wired Italian edition. As Director of the Planetary Collegium's M-Node he was part, with Roy Ascott, of the 2011 World Universities Forum Award for Best Practice in Higher Education. As Director of Research & Development project he settled up in 2013, with IOCOSE, the Transmodal Research between Art & Technology of STMICROELECTRONICS STINNOVATIONCUP 2013.In 2013, he is invited by European Commission President José Barroso to join New Narrative for Europe, a working network of European artists, creators, scientists and intellectuals to strengthen the contours of European unity. He was selected for the 2015 Italian edition of TED, as keen thinker about Higher Education, Cultural Management & Entrepreneurships at TEDxRoncade. <mask> was Professor of Social Digital Innovation at the Faculty of Scienze Matematiche, Informatiche, Multimediali of the Università of Udine, and Professor of Archetype of Imagery at Accademia Belle Arti di Milano Brera.Today is Professor of Sociology of Media at the Consorzio Universitario Pordenone ISIA Roma and Professor of Artchetype of Imaginery at the Accademia Costume e Moda in Rome. Methodology After a research stint at the McLuhan Program he changed his expression channel from video to art, with a penchant for interactive installations, telematic art, BioArt, and various art-science combinations. Deeply influenced by Roy Ascott, <mask> believes science and art can contribute to expanding global consciousness, but only with the help of alternative systems of knowledge. His modus operandi is based on a combination of science, art, philosophy, and esoteric knowledge in which the artist recognizes the paradoxical nature of knowledge and the contradictions inherent in formal epistemologies, and in his deep speculation his dealing with an hermeneutical approach. His methodology is a syncretic, mixing critical theory and a pragmatic art approach that he applied as founder of the School of Media design & New Media Art at NABA.Art career <mask> has changed his expression channel from video to art, with a penchant for interactive installations, telematic art, BioArt, and various art-science combinations. Among his artworks is The Artist Formerly Known as Vanda (Tafkav - 2007/10) and Is there Love in the Technoetic Narcissus? In 2009 he was curator for the first Italian solo show of bioartist Brandon Ballengée, Monstre Sacré . In fall 2011 <mask>tti, Milan, 6–12 July 2009. StreamFest 2009, Mostra Wet & Dry Relazioni tra arte e natura nel contemporaneo tecnologico.Galatina, Italy, 2–12 August 2009. TAFKAV. Mya Lurgo Gallery - Germinazioni curated by Martina Cavallarin: Lugano, Switzerland, 11 November 2009. TAFKAV. PAV Parco d'Arte Vivente - Diverse Forme Bellisme with Piero Gilardi, curated by Claudio Cravero: Turin, Italy, 5 February 2010 to 11 April 2010. Is There Love in The Technoetic Narcissus? and TAFKAV.Nowhere Gallery - Il Ciclo Dell'Alterità: The Artist Formerly Known As Vanda, and C'è amore nel Narciso technoetico? ("Is There Love In The Technoetic Narcissus? "), Milan, 11 June to 17 July 2010. The Merchant of Venice, - Biennale Vegetale. Doppia con Caroline Bougoreau. Venezia, Italy, 1–12 June 2011. TAFKAV, Studio Monitor.AMBER11: NEXT ECOLOGY. Istanbul, 4–13 November 2011. THE HYBRID CONSTITUTION. Art Curacy <mask>, F. (2009). Monstre Sacré - Brandon Ballengée, Nowhere Gallery, Via del Caravaggio 12, Milano, 18 September 2009, Special Start Milano. Conferences & Symposium Curacy +ETICA +MODA, 22 june 2021, Fondazione Pistoletto - Accademia Unidee Fondazione Pistoletto, curated by <mask>; Future Firm, Past Innovation, Present Labour. A Trinamic View On Contemporary Enterprise, 14 may 2021, Accademia Unidee - Fondazione Pistoletto - Polidesign Milano, curated by <mask>, Marina Parente, Michele Cerruti But; Most Post Human IV April 9, 2014, MUSE, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3.Trento. Curated by <mask>, Massimiliano Viel, Gianna Angelini; Most Post Human II July 22, 2013, NABA, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. Curated by <mask>, Giovanni Leghissa; Most Post Human I April 30, 2013, DOMUS ACADEMY, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. Curated by <mask>, Giovanni Leghissa; New Media Art Education & Research 4: Always Already New - Deep Involvement of Education - Democratic Higher Education November 18 – 19, 2011, NABA, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. Curated by <mask>, Pier Luigi Capucci; Art as Media as Display, Biennals as Platform for Social Change: ISEA 2011 & Biennal of Art Istanbul September 17, 2011, Nederlands Consulaat General, Istiklal Caddesi 197, 34433 Beyoglu, Istanbul. Curated by <mask>, Maurizio Bortolotti, Marieke Van Hal. Speakers: Hedwig Fijen, Katarina Gregos, Nazim Dikbaş, Martha Rosler, Yongwoo Lee, Lanfranco Aceti; New Media Art Education & Research 3: Always Already New - Thinking Media, Subversing Feeling, Scaffolding Knowledge: Art and Education in the Praxis of Transformation December 16 – 18, 2010, MEDIATECA SANTA TERESA, Via della Moscova 28, Milano.Curated by <mask>, Pier Luigi Capucci; New Media Art Education & Research 2009- 2 Topics 14 April 2008 – FONDAZIONE FORMA PER LA FOTOGRAFIA, - Sala delle Capriate, Piazza Tito Lucrezio Caro, Milan – ITALY Mercoledì, 4 marzo 2009. Curated by <mask>; New Media art Education & Research 2008 14 APRIL 2008 – FONDAZIONE FORMA PER LA FOTOGRAFIA – ITALY, Piazza Tito Lucrezio Caro 1, 20136 Milano, curated by <mask> & Luca Galli. Researching the Future: aspects of Art and Technoetics 2007 , CENTRO PER L'ARTE CONTEMPORANEA LUIGI PECCI, PRATO December 7-8-9, 2007, curated by <mask> & Roy Ascott. Researching the Future: art and design in transmodal transition 2006 Milano, February 8–9, 2006, curated by <mask>. Bibliography <mask>, F. (2006). Il Dramma Televisivo: l'Autore e l'Estetica del Mezzo. Meltemi.edu, 58.Roma: Meltemi. . <mask>, F. (2006). Il Dramma televisivo: lexicon. m-node, Lulù, . <mask>, F. (2006). White Rabbit On The Moon in Technoetic Arts, July-06,Vol.4,Issue:2:Intellect. Print <mask>, F. (2007). TV 2.0.Il pubblico come autore. Meltemi, Le melusine, 192, . <mask>, F. (2008). La Variazione Technoetica in "Le variazioni Grandi" Quaderno di Comunicazione 8. Roma: Meltemi. <mask>, F. (2008). Is There Love in The Technoetic Narcissus?in "New Realities: Being Syncretic" Edition Angewandte, Springer-Verlag. Edited by Ascott, R.; Bast, G.; Fiel, W.,. <mask>, F. (2008). Introduzione a: Derrick De Kerckhove Dall'alfabeto a Internet. L'Homme "Litteré": Alfabetizzazione, Tecnologia, Cultura Traduzione di Antonio Caronia. Mimesis Edizioni. . <mask>, F. (2009). TAFKAV a Technoetic Installation in Technoetic Arts, December-09,Vol.7,Issue:3:Intellect.Print <mask>, F. (2010).Introduzione and Uno di Uno - esiste una New Italian (media) Epic? Da una narrazione letteraria a una narrazione mediatica in LIMINA n.1/2010, Vol.1, January 2010, edited by Amos Bianchi, M-Node per NABA LIBRI, Print <mask>, F. (2010).Learning Machine - Il Manuale, 2010, edited by Elisabetta Galasso & Marco Scotini, in collaborazione con Alessandro Guerriero, NABA LIBRI. <mask>, F. (2012).Dei Precrimini e del Pensarsi, pag 249-260, in Anja Puntari, FEAR, Percorsi di Ricerca e Pratica Artistica, Monico, F. (2012).An Experience on Higher Education in LIMINA 2 n.2/2012, Vol.2, July 2012, edited by Gabriela Galati, M-Node per NABA LIBRI, Print Monico, F. (2013). "Lexicon in Expanded Cinema, by Gene Youngblood (First italian edition), November 2013, italian edition by Pier Luigi Capucci and Simonetta Fadda, CLUEB, pp. 389, <mask>, F. (2014). Premesse per una costituzione ibrida: la macchina, la bambina automatica e il bosco in "La condizione postumana" AUT AUT 361.Milano: Saggiatore. <mask>, F. (2015).Lo que se podrìa y deberìa decir: de los "objectors narrativos no identificados" a la New Italian Epic (de los media)/"What one Could and Should Say: from Unidentified narrative Objects to New Italian (Media) Epic" in Beyond Darwin. La senda coevolutiva del arte, la tecnologìa y la consciencia./ "The Co-Evolutionary Path of Art, Technology and Consciousness", Edited by Roy Ascott y Angela Molina F. (Eds), Col-leccìo Formes Plastiques, Istituto Alfons el Magnànim, Print <mask>, F. (2016).L’eterodossia accademica come pratica controambientale della libertà dell'essere al condizionamento tecnico. Una postfazione su Antonio Caronia" in Mondi altri. Processi di soggettivazione nell'era postumana a partire dal pensiero di Antonio Caronia, Edited by Giovanni Leghissa e Amos Bianchi, Mimesis Edizioni, Collana Postumani, Print Monico, F. (2017). Cyber-sorveglianza, guerra e religione, il mondo a una dimensione" Conversazione tra <mask> e Derrick De Kerckhove in Azimuth 7/2016 Human and Digital Traces, Edited by Simone Guidi and Alberto Romele, Monico, F. (2020). Fragile - Un nuovo immaginario del progresso, foreword by Simone Guidi, Meltemi Editore, Narrative Monico, F. (2019).Le somiglianze del vero. L'erudita - Giulio Perrone Editore, Roma, Gennaio 2019. . Articles <mask>, F. (2009). La soglia tra arte ed essere. D'ARS, N.198. June 2009, page 29-31 Special 53° Biennale di Venezia, Milano, . References Further reading de Feo, Teresa.TAFKAV e un fiore di nome Vanda,article published in DIGIMAG N. 30 (2007 Dicembre - 2008 Gennaio). Martini, Alberto Mattia. 2008 Marzo.TAFKAV The Artist Formerly Known as Vanda, Un metodo eversivo article published in D'ARS N. 193 (March, 2008, 48° Years from 1960). Trivellin, Cristina. 2008 December.TAFKAV The Artist Formerly Known as Vanda article published in NOEMA Tecnologie e Società (14/12/2008). Living people BioArtists 1968 births

He is a teacher, researcher, and artist in Italy. <mask> worked for ten years as a director, screenwriter and program chief in Italian broadcast, sperimentale and interactive TV. He was the director and author of Rai3 and Mediaset. At the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology at the University of Toronto, <mask> did research at Studium S3. Antonio Caronia was a member of the Scientific Committee of Milano in Digitale. The former member of the Scientific Committee of the Leonardo da Vinci Science and Technology Museum was a regular commentator for the International Herald Tribunes. <mask> is the Dean at Accademia di Belle Arti Unidee in Biella and the Director of the School of Media Design and Multimedia Arts in Rome.He was the former director of the Media Design and Multimedia Arts Department. A former professor of Theory and Method of Mass Media at the same institution, as well as founder director of the PhD program M-Node, Planetary Collegium, is a Senior Fellow of the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology in Toronto, Canada. He attended the school of Derrick de Kerckhove. As a Scholar of Marshall McLuhan <mask> became more focused on how technology shapes human communication, behaviour, and thought and is currently researching with Roy Ascott as member of the board of the international PhD program Planetary Collegium. <mask> is a writer for online and print publications. The World Universities Forum Award for Best Practice in Higher Education was won by the Director of the Planetary Collegium. He was the Director of Research and Development when he was at IOCOSE.He was invited by European Commission President José Barroso to join New Narrative for Europe, a working network of European artists, creators, scientists and intellectuals. He was selected for the Italian edition of TED as a keen thinker about higher education, cultural management and entrepreneurship. <mask> was the Professor of Sociology of Media at the Accademia Belle Arti di Milano Brera. He changed his expression channel from video to art, with a penchant for interactive installations, telematic art, and various art-science combinations. <mask> believes that science and art can contribute to expanding global consciousness, but only with the help of alternative systems of knowledge. The artist's approach is based on a combination of science, art, philosophy, and esoteric knowledge in which he recognizes the contradictions inherent in formal epistemologies, and in his deep speculation. His methodology is a mix of critical theory and pragmatic art approach that he applied as the founder of the School of Media design and New Media Art.<mask> has changed his expression channel from video to art, with a penchant for interactive installations, telematic art, and various art-science combinations. The Artist Formerly known as Vanda is one of his works. The first Italian solo show of bio artist Brandon Ballengée was held in 2009. The hybrid constitution was presented by <mask> at the Istanbul International Art Festival. Body process arts festival. In November 2007, Istanbul. Takuv.Milan, 14–21 October 2008. Takuv. Ancona, 17– 24 January 2009, was the location of the Premio Libero Ferretti. Takuv. The Festival Feedback Inter-acto was held in Florence in June of 2009. The Palazzo della Permanente is located in Milan. Mostra Wet & Dry Relazioni tra arte e natura.August 2009, Galatina, Italy. Takuv. The Germinazioni is in the Mya Lurgo Gallery. Takuv. PAV Parco d'Arte Vivente features Diverse Forme Bellisme with Piero Gilardi. Is there love in The Technoetic Narcissus? There are two things, and they are TAFKAV.The artist formerly known as Vanda is now known as C'. Is there love in the technoetic Narcissus? Milan from 11 June to 17 July 2010. The Merchant of Venice. Doppia con bougoreau. Venezia, Italy, 1–12 June 2011. A studio monitor.The next ecology is AMBER11. In November of 2011. The term "curblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurblesscurbless F. Art Curacy Monico. The Nowhere Gallery is located at Via del Caravaggio 12 in Milano. The Future Firm, Past Innovation, Present Labour will be the topic of the conferences and symposium. There is a view on contemporary enterprise, 14 may 2021, Accademia Unidee -Fondazione Pistoletto,curated by Marina Parente, and Most Post Human IV April 9, 2014, MUSE.Trento. Most Post Human II was hosted by Massimiliano Viel. Most Post Human I will be held at the Domus Academy, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. The New Media Art Education & Research 4: Always Already New - Deep Involvement of Higher Education was put together by Giovanni Leghissa. The Art as Media as Display, Biennals as Platform for Social Change was held in Istanbul. Marieke Van Hal is a part of the group. New Media Art Education & Research 3: Always Already New - Thinking Media, Subversing Feelings, and Scaffolding Knowledge are some of the speakers.FONDAZIONE FORMA PER LA FOTOGRAFIA will be held in Milan, Italy on April 14, 2008. The FONDAZIONE FORMA PER LA FOTOGRAFIA was held in Italy on April 14, 2008. Researching the Future is part of the CENTRO PER L'ARTE CONTEMPORANEA LUIGI PECCI. Researching the Future: art and design in transmodal transition was held in 2006 in Milano. F. <mask> wrote a list of things to do. L'Estetica del Mezzo is referred to as the Dramma Televisivo. There is a website called Meltemi.edu.Monico: Meltemi. The name of the show is il Dramma televisivo. Lul, m-node. <mask>, F. White Rabbit On The Moon in Technoetic Arts was published in July. F. Print Monico. TV 2.0.Pubblico come autore. Le melusine, 192, was written by Meltemi. F. <mask>. "Le variazioni Grandi" Quaderno di Comunicazione 8 is about the variazione technoetica. The name of the person is Meltemi. F. <mask>. Is there love in The Technoetic Narcissus?"New Realities: Being syncretic" edition was published by Springer-Verlag. It was edited by Bast, G., and Fiel. F. <mask>. De Kerckhove was on the Internet. L'Homme "Littere": Alfabetizzazione, Tecnologia, Cultura Traduzione di Antonio Caronia. F. Monico wrote Mimesis Edizioni. There is a Technoetic Installation in Technoetic Arts.Print Monico, "Introduzione and Uno di Uno - esiste una New Italian (media) epic?" The January 2010 edition of LIMINA n.1/2010, Vol.1, was edited by Amos Bianchi. The book "Dei Precrimini e del Pensarsi" was written by <mask>. There are1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556 The Italian edition of Lexicon in Expanded Cinema was written by Pier Luigi Capucci and Simonetta Fadda. 389, Monico, F. La macchina, la bambina automatica, and il bosco are in "La condizione postumana"Saggiatore is in Milano. "What one could and should say: from Unidentified narrative" was written by F<mask>. "The Co-Evolutionary Path of Art, Technology and Consciousness" was edited by Roy Ascott. "Un postfazione su Antonio Caronia" was written in Mondi altri. The processi di soggettivazione nell'era postumana was edited by Giovanni Leghissa. "Cyber-sorveglianza, guerra e religione, il mondo a una dimensione" is the title of the book. Simone Guidi, Meltemi Editore, Narrative <mask>, F. are the authors of "Fragile - Un nuovo immaginario del progresso".Le somiglianze del vero. L'erudita is written by Giulio Perrone Editore. F. <mask> wrote articles in 2009. La soglia tra arte ed essere. D'ARS, N.198. The Special 53 Biennale di Venezia was published in June 2009. Teresa read de Feo.An article titled "Un fiore di nome Vanda" was published in 2007. Martini is the name of the man. The article "Formerly known as Vanda, Un metodo eversivo" was published in March of 2008. "Trivellin." An article titled The Artist Formerly known as Vanda was published in December of 2008. BioArtists 1968 births were by living people.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Metesky

George Metesky

George Peter Metesky (November 2, 1903 – May 23, 1994), better known as the Mad Bomber, was an American electrician and mechanic who terrorized New York City for 16 years in the 1940s and 1950s with explosives that he planted in theaters, terminals, libraries and offices. Bombs were left in phone booths, storage lockers and restrooms in public buildings, including Grand Central Terminal, Pennsylvania Station, Radio City Music Hall, the New York Public Library, the Port Authority Bus Terminal and the RCA Building, and in the New York City Subway. Metesky also bombed movie theaters, where he cut into seat upholstery and slipped his explosive devices inside. Angry and resentful about events surrounding a workplace injury suffered years earlier, Metesky planted at least 33 bombs, of which 22 exploded, injuring 15 people. The hunt for the bomber enlisted an early use of offender profiling. He was apprehended in 1957 based on clues given in letters he wrote to a newspaper. He was found legally insane and committed to a state mental hospital. Industrial injury Following World War I, Metesky joined the U.S. Marines, serving as a specialist electrician at the United States Consulate in Shanghai. Returning home, he went to work as a mechanic for a subsidiary of the Consolidated Edison utility company and lived in Waterbury, Connecticut, with his two unmarried sisters. In 1931, Metesky was working as a generator wiper at the company's Hell Gate generating plant when a boiler backfire produced a blast of hot gases. The blast knocked Metesky down and the fumes filled his lungs, choking him. The accident left him disabled and, after collecting 26 weeks of sick pay, he lost his job. According to claims disputed by Consolidated Edison, the accident led to pneumonia that in turn developed into tuberculosis. A claim for workers' compensation was denied because he waited too long to file it. Three appeals of the denial were also rejected, the last in 1936. He developed a hatred for the company's attorneys and for the three co-workers whose testimony in his compensation case he believed was perjured in favor of the company. Bombs He planted his first bomb on November 16, 1940, leaving it on a window sill at the Consolidated Edison power plant at 170 West 64th Street in Manhattan. His first two bombs drew little attention, but the string of random bombings that began in 1951 frayed the city's nerves and taxed the resources of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). Metesky often placed warning calls to the buildings where he had planted bombs, but would not specify the bomb's exact location. He wrote to newspapers warning that he planned to plant more. Some bombs came with notes, but the note never revealed a motive, or a reason for choosing that particular location. Metesky's bombs were gunpowder-filled pipe bombs, ranging in size from long and from in diameter. Most used timers constructed from flashlight batteries and cheap pocket watches. Investigators at bomb sites learned to look for a wool sock – Metesky used these to transport the bombs and sometimes to hang them from a rail or projection. Between 1940 and 1956, Metesky planted at least 33 bombs, of which 22 exploded, injuring 15 people. 1940–1941 Metesky's first bomb was crude, a short length of brass pipe filled with gunpowder, with an ignition mechanism made of sugar and flashlight batteries. Enclosed in a wooden toolbox and left on a Consolidated Edison power plant window sill, it was found before it could go off. It was wrapped in a note written in distinctive block letters and signed "F.P.", stating Some investigators wondered if the bomb was an intentional dud, since if it had exploded the note would have been obliterated. In September 1941, a bomb with a similar ignition mechanism was found lying in the street about five blocks away from the Consolidated Edison headquarters building at 4 Irving Place. This one had no note, and was also a dud. Police theorized that the bomber might have spotted a police officer and dropped the bomb without setting its fuse. Shortly after the United States entered World War II in December 1941, the police received a letter in block capital letters: 1951–1956 True to his word, Metesky planted no bombs between 1941 and 1951, choosing instead to send letters and postcards to police stations, newspapers, private citizens and Con Edison. Investigators studying the penciled, block-lettered messages noted that the letters G and Y had an odd shape, possibly indicating a European education. The long hiatus since the last bomb and the improved construction techniques of the first new bomb led investigators to believe that the bomber had served in the military. For his new wave of bombings, Metesky mainly chose public buildings as targets, bombing several of them multiple times. Bombs were left in phone booths, storage lockers and restrooms in public buildings including Grand Central Terminal (five times), Pennsylvania Station (five times), Radio City Music Hall (three times), the New York Public Library (twice), the Port Authority Bus Terminal (twice) and the RCA Building, as well as in the New York City Subway. Metesky also bombed movie theaters, where he cut into seat upholstery and slipped his explosive devices inside. 1951 On March 29, the first Metesky bomb of the new wave, and also the first Metesky bomb to explode, startled commuters in Grand Central Terminal but injured no one. It had been dropped into a sand urn near the Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant on the terminal's lower level. In April, Metesky's next bomb exploded without injury in a telephone booth in the New York Public Library. In August a phone-booth bomb exploded without injury at Grand Central. Police dismissed the event as the work of "boys or pranksters." The New York Times reported the event in the following day's issue, though only with a three-paragraph brief at the bottom of page 24. Metesky next planted a bomb that exploded without injury in a phone booth at the Consolidated Edison headquarters building at 4 Irving Place. He also mailed one bomb, which did not explode, to Consolidated Edison from White Plains, New York. On October 22, the New York Herald Tribune received a letter in penciled block letters, stating The letter directed police to the Paramount Theater in Times Square, where a bomb was discovered and disabled, and to a telephone booth at Pennsylvania Station where nothing was found. On November 28, a coin-operated locker at the IRT 14th Street subway station was bombed, without injury. Near the end of the year, the Herald Tribune received another letter, warning: 1952 On March 19, a bomb exploded in a phone booth at the Port Authority Bus Terminal without causing injury. In June and again in December bombs exploded in seats at the Lexington Avenue Loew's theater. The December bombing injured one person, and was the first Metesky bomb to cause injury. Police had asked the newspapers not to print any of the bomber's letters and to play down earlier bombings, but by now the public was becoming aware that a "Mad Bomber" was on the loose. 1953 Bombs exploded in seats at Radio City Music Hall and at the Capitol Theater, with no injuries. A bomb again exploded near the Oyster Bar in Grand Central Terminal, this time in a coin-operated rental locker, again with no injuries. Police described this bomb as the homemade product of a "publicity-seeking jerk". An unexploded bomb was found in a rental locker at Pennsylvania Station. 1954 A bomb wedged behind a sink in a Grand Central Terminal men's room exploded in March, slightly injuring three men. A bomb planted in a phone booth at the Port Authority Bus Terminal exploded with no injuries. Another bomb was discovered in a phone booth that was removed from Pennsylvania Station for repair. As a capacity Radio City Music Hall audience of 6,200 watched Bing Crosby's White Christmas on November 7, a bomb stuffed into the bottom cushion of a seat in the 15th row exploded, injuring four patrons. The explosion was muffled by the heavy upholstery, and only those nearby heard it. While the film continued, the injured were escorted to the facility's first-aid room and about 50 people in the immediate area were moved to the back of the theater. After the film and the following stage show concluded an hour-and-a-half later, the police roped off 150 seats in the area of the explosion and began the search for evidence. 1955 A bomb exploded without injuries on the platform at the IRT Sutter Avenue subway station in Brooklyn. A bomb hung beneath a phone booth shelf exploded on the main floor of Macy's department store, with no injuries. Two bombs exploded without injuries at Pennsylvania Station, one in a rental locker and one in a phone booth. A bomb was found at Radio City Music Hall after a warning phone call. At the Roxy Theater, a bomb dropped out of a slashed seat onto an upholsterer's workbench without exploding. A seat bomb exploded at the Paramount Theater; one patron was struck on the shoe by bomb fragments but disclaimed injury. Investigators discovered a small penknife pushed inside the seat, one of several found at theater seat bombings. They theorized that the bomber left his knives behind in case he was stopped and questioned. In December, a bomb exploded without injuries in a Grand Central men's-room stall. 1956 A 74-year-old men's-room attendant at Pennsylvania Station was seriously injured when a bomb in a toilet bowl exploded. A young man had reported an obstruction and the attendant tried to clear it using a plunger. Among the porcelain fragments, investigators found a watch frame and a wool sock. A guard at the RCA Building in Rockefeller Center discovered a piece of pipe about five inches long in a telephone booth. A second guard thought it might be useful in a plumbing project and took it home on the bus to New Jersey, where it exploded on his kitchen table early the next morning. No one was injured. A December 2 bombing at the Paramount Theater in Brooklyn left six of the theater's 1,500 occupants injured, one seriously, and drew tremendous news coverage and editorial attention. The next day, Police Commissioner Stephen P. Kennedy ordered what he called the "greatest manhunt in the history of the Police Department." On December 24, a New York Public Library clerk using a phone booth dropped a coin. Looking up after he retrieved it, he saw a maroon-colored sock held to the underside of the shelf by a magnet. The sock contained an iron pipe with a threaded cap on each end. After consulting with other employees, he threw the device out a window into Bryant Park, bringing the bomb squad and more than 60 NYPD police officers and detectives to the scene. In a letter to the New York Journal American the next month, Metesky said that the Public Library bomb, as well as one discovered later the same week inside a seat at the Times Square Paramount, had been planted months before. 1957 discovery Eight months after Metesky's January 1957 arrest, a bomb not found in several police searches was discovered at the Lexington Avenue Loew's Theater by an upholsterer repairing a recently vandalized seat. It was the last of the three bombs Metesky said he had planted there. The first two had exploded, one in June 1952 and one in December 1952, with the December explosion resulting in one injury. As of the Loew's discovery, only two of the dozens of bombs that Metesky claimed to have planted remained unaccounted for: one at a Con Edison site on the East River, the other at the Embassy Theater at 7th Avenue and 47th Street. With the finding of the third Loew's bomb, police closed their "Mad Bomber" case, saying that their searches of the two remaining locations had been so thorough that they were satisfied that the bombs were no longer there, if indeed they ever had been. Search Throughout the investigation, the prevailing theory was that the bomber was a former Con Edison employee with a grudge against the company. Con Edison employment records were reviewed, but there were hundreds of other leads, tips and crank letters to be followed up on. Detectives ranged far and wide, checking lawsuit records, mental hospital admissions, vocational schools where bomb parts might be made. Citizens turned in neighbors who behaved oddly, and co-workers who seemed to know too much about bombs. A new group, the Bomb Investigation Unit, was formed to work on nothing but bomber leads. In April 1956, the department issued a multi-state alert for a person described as a skilled mechanic, with access to a drill press or lathe (for its ability to thread pipe), who posted mail from White Plains, was over 40, and had a "deep-seated hatred of the Consolidated Edison Company". A warning circular picturing a homemade pipe bomb similar to the bomber's was distributed. Police distributed samples of the bomber's distinctive printing and asked anyone who might recognize it to notify them. A review of drivers' license applications in White Plains, the city favored by the bomber for posting his mail, found similarities in 500 of them to the bomber's printing; the names were forwarded to the NYPD for investigation. The December 2, 1956 bombing of the Brooklyn Paramount drew tremendous news coverage and editorial attention. The following day, Police Commissioner Stephen P. Kennedy met with commanders of every NYPD division and ordered what he called the "greatest manhunt in the history of the Police Department." Calling the bomber's activities "an outrage that cannot be tolerated", he promised "an immediate good promotion" to whoever arrested the bomber, and directed commanders to alert every member of the force to the absolute necessity of a capture. On December 27, 1956, the New York City Board of Estimate and the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association posted $26,000 in rewards for the bomber's apprehension. Distractions Throughout the search, simulated bombs and false bomb reports wasted police resources and frightened an already nervous public. Around 1951 Frederick Eberhardt, 56 years old and like Metesky a former Con Edison employee with a grudge, sent a simulated pipe bomb filled with sugar to the company's personnel director at 4 Irving Place. Eberhardt was charged with sending threatening material through the mails. At his arraignment in November, an assistant district attorney told the judge, "This defendant is a particular source of annoyance to the New York City police. We are firmly convinced that he is not of sound mind. He has been sending simulated bombs around the city the past few months. Hundreds of police have been called out at all hours of the day and night to investigate because of his actions." Eberhardt was sent to Bellevue Hospital for psychiatric examination. Several months later the case was dismissed after Eberhardt's lawyer argued successfully that the package contained no "written threats", as the law required. In October 1951, the main waiting room at Grand Central Terminal was emptied and 3,000 lockers were searched after a telephoned bomb warning. The search involved more than 35 NYPD personnel, and took three hours because 1,500 of the lockers were in use and only one master key was available. As each locker was opened, the head of the bomb squad palpated its contents, keeping a portable fluoroscope at the ready. On December 29, 1956, at the height of false bomb reports from theaters, department stores, schools and offices, a note left in a phone booth at Grand Central Terminal reported that a bomb had been placed at the Empire State Building, requiring a search of all 102 floors of the landmark. A 63-year-old railroad worker picked up at Grand Central as a suspect died of a heart attack while being questioned at the East 35th Street station house. Later investigation eliminated him as a suspect. Profile Fingerprint experts, handwriting experts, the bomb investigation unit and other NYPD groups worked with dedication but made little progress. With traditional police methods seemingly useless against Metesky's erratic bombing campaign, police captain John Cronin approached his friend James A. Brussel, a criminologist, psychiatrist, and assistant commissioner of the New York State Commission for Mental Hygiene. Captain Cronin asked Brussel to meet with Inspector Howard E. Finney, head of the NYPD's Crime Laboratory. In his office with Finney and two detectives, Brussel examined the crime-scene photos and letters and discussed the bomber's metal-working and electrical skills. As he talked with the police, Brussel developed what he called a kind of "portrait" of the bomber, what would now be called an offender profile. The bomber's belief that he had been wronged by Consolidated Edison and by others acting in concert with Consolidated Edison seemed to dominate his thoughts, leading Brussel to conclude that the bomber was suffering from paranoia, a condition he describes as "a chronic disorder of insidious development, characterized by persistent, unalterable, systematized, logically constructed delusions." Based on the evidence and his own experience dealing with psychotic criminals, Brussel put forth a number of theories beyond the obvious grudge against Consolidated Edison: Brussel additionally predicted to his visitors that when the bomber was caught, he would be wearing a double-breasted suit, buttoned. Although the police policy had been to keep the bomber investigation low-key, Brussel convinced them to heavily publicize the profile, predicting that any wrong assumption made in it would prod the bomber to respond. Under the headline "16-Year Search for a Madman", the New York Times version of the profile summarized the major predictions: Newspapers published the profile on December 25, 1956, alongside the story of the so-called "Christmas Eve" bomb discovered in the Public Library. By the end of the month, bomb hoaxes and false confessions had risen to epidemic proportions. At the peak of the hysteria on December 28, police received over 50 false bomb alarms, over 20 the next day. Journal-American letters The day after the profile was published, the New York Journal-American published an open letter, prepared in cooperation with the police, urging the bomber to give himself up. The newspaper promised a "fair trial" and offered to publish his grievances. Metesky wrote back the next day, signing his letter "F.P.". He said that he would not be giving himself up, and revealed a wish to "bring the Con. Edison to justice". He listed all the locations where he had placed bombs that year, and seemed concerned that perhaps not all had been discovered. Later in the letter he said After some editing by the police, the newspaper published Metesky's letter on January 10, along with another open letter asking him for more information about his grievances. Metesky's second letter provided some details about the materials used in the bombs (he favored pistol powder, as "shotgun powder has very little power"), promised a bombing "truce" until at least March 1, and wrote "I was injured on job at Consolidated Edison plant – as a result I am adjudged – totally and permanently disabled", going on to say that he had to pay his own medical bills and that Consolidated Edison had blocked his workers' compensation case. He also said After police editing, the newspaper published his letter on January 15 and asked the bomber for "further details and dates" about his compensation case so that a new and fair hearing could be held. Metesky's third letter was received by the newspaper on Saturday, January 19. The letter complained of lying unnoticed for hours on "cold concrete" after his injury without any first aid being rendered, then developing pneumonia and later tuberculosis. The letter added details about his lost compensation case and the "perjury" of his co-workers, and gave the date of his injury, September 5, 1931. The letter suggested that if he did not have a family that would be "branded" by his giving himself up, he might consider doing so to get his compensation case reopened. He thanked the Journal-American for publicizing his case and said "the bombings will never be resumed." This letter was published Tuesday, the day after Metesky was arrested. Identification Con Edison clerk Alice Kelly had for days been scouring company workers' compensation files for employees with a serious health problem. On Friday, January 18, 1957, while searching the final batch of "troublesome" worker's compensation case files – those where threats were made or implied – she found a file marked in red with the words "injustice" and "permanent disability", words that had been printed in the Journal-American. The file indicated that one George Metesky, an employee from 1929 to 1931, had been injured in a plant accident on September 5, 1931. Several letters from Metesky in the file used wording similar to the letters in the Journal-American, including the phrase "dastardly deeds". The police were notified shortly before 5:00 that evening. They initially treated the notification as just "one of a number" of leads they were working on, but asked Waterbury police to do a "discreet check" on George Metesky and the house at 17 Fourth Street. After Metesky's arrest, early police statements credited the finding of his file to an NYPD detective. Later, a report developed in a reward investigation conceded that Alice Kelly had found the file, and explained the misplaced credit as due to a misunderstanding of the file being "picked up" by the detective (at the Con Edison offices on Monday morning) as meaning that the file was "picked out" (of many). Although the NYPD did officially credit Kelly with turning up the clue that led to Metesky's arrest, she declined to claim the $26,000 in rewards, saying she had merely been doing her job. Consolidated Edison's board of directors also declined to file for the reward, prompting a group of shareholders to file as representatives of Kelly and the company. Police investigators who later reviewed the path that led them to Metesky said that Con Edison had impeded the investigation for almost two years by repeatedly telling them that the records of employees whose services were terminated prior to 1940, the group Metesky was in, had been destroyed. The investigators said that they had learned of the records' existence only on January 14, through a confidential tip, and that even in the face of police demands and formal requests Con Edison stalled, declaring that the papers were legal documents and that the company's legal department would have to be consulted before granting access. A statement by the president of Consolidated Edison said this was due to a "misunderstanding". Arrest Accompanied by Waterbury police, four NYPD detectives arrived at Metesky's home with a search warrant shortly before midnight on Monday, January 21, 1957. They asked him for a handwriting sample, and to make a letter G. He made the G, looked up and said, "I know why you fellows are here. You think I'm the Mad Bomber." The detectives asked what "F.P." stood for, and he responded, "F.P. stands for Fair Play." He led them to the garage workshop, where they found his lathe. Back in the house they found pipes and connectors suitable for bombs hidden in the pantry, as well as three cheap pocket watches, flashlight batteries, brass terminal knobs, and unmatched wool socks of the type used to transport the bombs. Metesky had answered the door in pajamas; after he was ordered to get dressed for the trip to Waterbury Police Headquarters, he reappeared wearing a double-breasted suit, buttoned. Interrogation Metesky told the arresting officers that he had been "gassed" in the Con Edison accident, had contracted tuberculosis as a result, and started planting bombs because he "got a bum deal." Going over a police list of 32 bomb locations, but never using the word "bomb", he remembered the exact date where each "unit" had been placed, and its size. He then added to the police list the size, date and location of 15 early bombs the police had not known about – all left at Con Edison locations, and apparently never reported. When his Con Edison bombs were not mentioned in the newspapers, he started planting bombs in public places to gain publicity for what he termed the "injustices" done him. He also confirmed the reason no bombs were planted during the United States' involvement in World War II – the former Marine had abstained "for patriotic reasons". In their search, police found parts for a bomb that would have been larger than any of the others. Metesky explained that it was intended for the New York Coliseum. Indictment Metesky admitted to placing 32 bombs. After a grand jury heard testimony from 35 witnesses including police experts and those injured, he was indicted on 47 charges – of attempted murder, damaging a building by explosion, maliciously endangering life, and violation of New York State's Sullivan Law by carrying concealed weapons, the bombs. Seven counts of attempted murder were charged, based on the seven persons injured in the preceding five years, the statute of limitations in the case. Metesky was brought to the courtroom to hear the charges from Manhattan's Bellevue Hospital, where he had been undergoing psychiatric examination. Commitment to Matteawan After hearing from psychiatric experts, Judge Samuel S. Liebowitz declared the tubercular Metesky a paranoid schizophrenic, "hopeless and incurable both mentally and physically", and found him legally insane and incompetent to stand trial. On April 18, 1957, Judge Liebowitz committed Metesky to the Matteawan Hospital for the Criminally Insane at Beacon, New York. Expected to live only a few weeks due to his advanced tuberculosis, Metesky had to be carried into the hospital. After a year and a half of treatment, his health had improved, and a newspaper article written fourteen years later described the 68-year-old Metesky as "vigorous and healthy looking". While he was at Matteawan, the Journal-American hired a leading workers' compensation attorney Bartholomew James O'Rourke to appeal his disallowed claim for the 1931 injury, on the grounds that Metesky was mentally incompetent at the time and did not know his rights. The appeal was denied. Metesky was unresponsive to psychiatric therapy, but was a model inmate and caused no trouble. He was visited regularly by his sisters and occasionally by Brussel, to whom he would point out that he had deliberately built his bombs not to kill anyone. Release In 1973, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a mentally ill defendant cannot be committed to a hospital operated by the New York State Department of Correctional Services unless a jury finds him dangerous. Since Metesky had been committed to Matteawan without a jury trial, he was transferred to the Creedmoor Psychiatric Center, a state hospital outside the correctional system. Doctors determined that he was harmless, and because he had already served two-thirds of the 25-year maximum sentence he would have received at trial, Metesky was released on December 13, 1973. The single condition was that he make regular visits to a Connecticut Department of Mental Hygiene clinic near his home. Interviewed by a reporter upon his release, he said that he had forsworn violence, but reaffirmed his anger and resentment toward Consolidated Edison. He also stated that before he began planting his bombs, Metesky returned to his home in Waterbury, where he died 20 years later in 1994 at the age of 90. References Further reading Cannell, Michael (2017). Incendiary: The Psychiatrist, The Mad Bomber and the Invention of Criminal Profiling. Minotaur Books. . Greenburg, Michael M. (2011). The Mad Bomber of New York: The Extraordinary True Story of the Manhunt that Paralyzed a City. Union Square Press. . External links Footage of the arrest of Metesky Newsreel 11 February 1957, Spanish Film Institute files. (video from 04:12, audio in Spanish) 1903 births 1994 deaths Bombers (people) History of New York City Improvised explosive device bombings in the United States People from Waterbury, Connecticut Terrorist incidents in the United States in the 1940s Terrorist incidents in the United States in the 1950s Place of birth missing People acquitted by reason of insanity Terrorist incidents in New York City United States Marines People with schizophrenia American electricians

<mask> (November 2, 1903 – May 23, 1994), better known as the Mad Bomber, was an American electrician and mechanic who terrorized New York City for 16 years in the 1940s and 1950s with explosives that he planted in theaters, terminals, libraries and offices. Bombs were left in phone booths, storage lockers and restrooms in public buildings, including Grand Central Terminal, Pennsylvania Station, Radio City Music Hall, the New York Public Library, the Port Authority Bus Terminal and the RCA Building, and in the New York City Subway. Metesky also bombed movie theaters, where he cut into seat upholstery and slipped his explosive devices inside. Angry and resentful about events surrounding a workplace injury suffered years earlier, Metesky planted at least 33 bombs, of which 22 exploded, injuring 15 people. The hunt for the bomber enlisted an early use of offender profiling. He was apprehended in 1957 based on clues given in letters he wrote to a newspaper. He was found legally insane and committed to a state mental hospital.Industrial injury Following World War I, <mask> joined the U.S. Marines, serving as a specialist electrician at the United States Consulate in Shanghai. Returning home, he went to work as a mechanic for a subsidiary of the Consolidated Edison utility company and lived in Waterbury, Connecticut, with his two unmarried sisters. In 1931, <mask> was working as a generator wiper at the company's Hell Gate generating plant when a boiler backfire produced a blast of hot gases. The blast knocked <mask> down and the fumes filled his lungs, choking him. The accident left him disabled and, after collecting 26 weeks of sick pay, he lost his job. According to claims disputed by Consolidated Edison, the accident led to pneumonia that in turn developed into tuberculosis. A claim for workers' compensation was denied because he waited too long to file it.Three appeals of the denial were also rejected, the last in 1936. He developed a hatred for the company's attorneys and for the three co-workers whose testimony in his compensation case he believed was perjured in favor of the company. Bombs He planted his first bomb on November 16, 1940, leaving it on a window sill at the Consolidated Edison power plant at 170 West 64th Street in Manhattan. His first two bombs drew little attention, but the string of random bombings that began in 1951 frayed the city's nerves and taxed the resources of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). <mask> often placed warning calls to the buildings where he had planted bombs, but would not specify the bomb's exact location. He wrote to newspapers warning that he planned to plant more. Some bombs came with notes, but the note never revealed a motive, or a reason for choosing that particular location.Metesky's bombs were gunpowder-filled pipe bombs, ranging in size from long and from in diameter. Most used timers constructed from flashlight batteries and cheap pocket watches. Investigators at bomb sites learned to look for a wool sock – Metesky used these to transport the bombs and sometimes to hang them from a rail or projection. Between 1940 and 1956, Metesky planted at least 33 bombs, of which 22 exploded, injuring 15 people. 1940–1941 Metesky's first bomb was crude, a short length of brass pipe filled with gunpowder, with an ignition mechanism made of sugar and flashlight batteries. Enclosed in a wooden toolbox and left on a Consolidated Edison power plant window sill, it was found before it could go off. It was wrapped in a note written in distinctive block letters and signed "F.P.", stating Some investigators wondered if the bomb was an intentional dud, since if it had exploded the note would have been obliterated. In September 1941, a bomb with a similar ignition mechanism was found lying in the street about five blocks away from the Consolidated Edison headquarters building at 4 Irving Place. This one had no note, and was also a dud. Police theorized that the bomber might have spotted a police officer and dropped the bomb without setting its fuse. Shortly after the United States entered World War II in December 1941, the police received a letter in block capital letters: 1951–1956 True to his word, <mask> planted no bombs between 1941 and 1951, choosing instead to send letters and postcards to police stations, newspapers, private citizens and Con Edison. Investigators studying the penciled, block-lettered messages noted that the letters G and Y had an odd shape, possibly indicating a European education. The long hiatus since the last bomb and the improved construction techniques of the first new bomb led investigators to believe that the bomber had served in the military.For his new wave of bombings, <mask> mainly chose public buildings as targets, bombing several of them multiple times. Bombs were left in phone booths, storage lockers and restrooms in public buildings including Grand Central Terminal (five times), Pennsylvania Station (five times), Radio City Music Hall (three times), the New York Public Library (twice), the Port Authority Bus Terminal (twice) and the RCA Building, as well as in the New York City Subway. <mask> also bombed movie theaters, where he cut into seat upholstery and slipped his explosive devices inside. 1951 On March 29, the first Metesky bomb of the new wave, and also the first Metesky bomb to explode, startled commuters in Grand Central Terminal but injured no one. It had been dropped into a sand urn near the Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant on the terminal's lower level. In April, <mask>'s next bomb exploded without injury in a telephone booth in the New York Public Library. In August a phone-booth bomb exploded without injury at Grand Central.Police dismissed the event as the work of "boys or pranksters." The New York Times reported the event in the following day's issue, though only with a three-paragraph brief at the bottom of page 24. <mask> next planted a bomb that exploded without injury in a phone booth at the Consolidated Edison headquarters building at 4 Irving Place. He also mailed one bomb, which did not explode, to Consolidated Edison from White Plains, New York. On October 22, the New York Herald Tribune received a letter in penciled block letters, stating The letter directed police to the Paramount Theater in Times Square, where a bomb was discovered and disabled, and to a telephone booth at Pennsylvania Station where nothing was found. On November 28, a coin-operated locker at the IRT 14th Street subway station was bombed, without injury. Near the end of the year, the Herald Tribune received another letter, warning: 1952 On March 19, a bomb exploded in a phone booth at the Port Authority Bus Terminal without causing injury.In June and again in December bombs exploded in seats at the Lexington Avenue Loew's theater. The December bombing injured one person, and was the first Metesky bomb to cause injury. Police had asked the newspapers not to print any of the bomber's letters and to play down earlier bombings, but by now the public was becoming aware that a "Mad Bomber" was on the loose. 1953 Bombs exploded in seats at Radio City Music Hall and at the Capitol Theater, with no injuries. A bomb again exploded near the Oyster Bar in Grand Central Terminal, this time in a coin-operated rental locker, again with no injuries. Police described this bomb as the homemade product of a "publicity-seeking jerk". An unexploded bomb was found in a rental locker at Pennsylvania Station.1954 A bomb wedged behind a sink in a Grand Central Terminal men's room exploded in March, slightly injuring three men. A bomb planted in a phone booth at the Port Authority Bus Terminal exploded with no injuries. Another bomb was discovered in a phone booth that was removed from Pennsylvania Station for repair. As a capacity Radio City Music Hall audience of 6,200 watched Bing Crosby's White Christmas on November 7, a bomb stuffed into the bottom cushion of a seat in the 15th row exploded, injuring four patrons. The explosion was muffled by the heavy upholstery, and only those nearby heard it. While the film continued, the injured were escorted to the facility's first-aid room and about 50 people in the immediate area were moved to the back of the theater. After the film and the following stage show concluded an hour-and-a-half later, the police roped off 150 seats in the area of the explosion and began the search for evidence.1955 A bomb exploded without injuries on the platform at the IRT Sutter Avenue subway station in Brooklyn. A bomb hung beneath a phone booth shelf exploded on the main floor of Macy's department store, with no injuries. Two bombs exploded without injuries at Pennsylvania Station, one in a rental locker and one in a phone booth. A bomb was found at Radio City Music Hall after a warning phone call. At the Roxy Theater, a bomb dropped out of a slashed seat onto an upholsterer's workbench without exploding. A seat bomb exploded at the Paramount Theater; one patron was struck on the shoe by bomb fragments but disclaimed injury. Investigators discovered a small penknife pushed inside the seat, one of several found at theater seat bombings.They theorized that the bomber left his knives behind in case he was stopped and questioned. In December, a bomb exploded without injuries in a Grand Central men's-room stall. 1956 A 74-year-old men's-room attendant at Pennsylvania Station was seriously injured when a bomb in a toilet bowl exploded. A young man had reported an obstruction and the attendant tried to clear it using a plunger. Among the porcelain fragments, investigators found a watch frame and a wool sock. A guard at the RCA Building in Rockefeller Center discovered a piece of pipe about five inches long in a telephone booth. A second guard thought it might be useful in a plumbing project and took it home on the bus to New Jersey, where it exploded on his kitchen table early the next morning.No one was injured. A December 2 bombing at the Paramount Theater in Brooklyn left six of the theater's 1,500 occupants injured, one seriously, and drew tremendous news coverage and editorial attention. The next day, Police Commissioner Stephen P. Kennedy ordered what he called the "greatest manhunt in the history of the Police Department." On December 24, a New York Public Library clerk using a phone booth dropped a coin. Looking up after he retrieved it, he saw a maroon-colored sock held to the underside of the shelf by a magnet. The sock contained an iron pipe with a threaded cap on each end. After consulting with other employees, he threw the device out a window into Bryant Park, bringing the bomb squad and more than 60 NYPD police officers and detectives to the scene.In a letter to the New York Journal American the next month, <mask> said that the Public Library bomb, as well as one discovered later the same week inside a seat at the Times Square Paramount, had been planted months before. 1957 discovery Eight months after <mask>'s January 1957 arrest, a bomb not found in several police searches was discovered at the Lexington Avenue Loew's Theater by an upholsterer repairing a recently vandalized seat. It was the last of the three bombs <mask> said he had planted there. The first two had exploded, one in June 1952 and one in December 1952, with the December explosion resulting in one injury. As of the Loew's discovery, only two of the dozens of bombs that <mask> claimed to have planted remained unaccounted for: one at a Con Edison site on the East River, the other at the Embassy Theater at 7th Avenue and 47th Street. With the finding of the third Loew's bomb, police closed their "Mad Bomber" case, saying that their searches of the two remaining locations had been so thorough that they were satisfied that the bombs were no longer there, if indeed they ever had been. Search Throughout the investigation, the prevailing theory was that the bomber was a former Con Edison employee with a grudge against the company.Con Edison employment records were reviewed, but there were hundreds of other leads, tips and crank letters to be followed up on. Detectives ranged far and wide, checking lawsuit records, mental hospital admissions, vocational schools where bomb parts might be made. Citizens turned in neighbors who behaved oddly, and co-workers who seemed to know too much about bombs. A new group, the Bomb Investigation Unit, was formed to work on nothing but bomber leads. In April 1956, the department issued a multi-state alert for a person described as a skilled mechanic, with access to a drill press or lathe (for its ability to thread pipe), who posted mail from White Plains, was over 40, and had a "deep-seated hatred of the Consolidated Edison Company". A warning circular picturing a homemade pipe bomb similar to the bomber's was distributed. Police distributed samples of the bomber's distinctive printing and asked anyone who might recognize it to notify them.A review of drivers' license applications in White Plains, the city favored by the bomber for posting his mail, found similarities in 500 of them to the bomber's printing; the names were forwarded to the NYPD for investigation. The December 2, 1956 bombing of the Brooklyn Paramount drew tremendous news coverage and editorial attention. The following day, Police Commissioner Stephen P. Kennedy met with commanders of every NYPD division and ordered what he called the "greatest manhunt in the history of the Police Department." Calling the bomber's activities "an outrage that cannot be tolerated", he promised "an immediate good promotion" to whoever arrested the bomber, and directed commanders to alert every member of the force to the absolute necessity of a capture. On December 27, 1956, the New York City Board of Estimate and the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association posted $26,000 in rewards for the bomber's apprehension. Distractions Throughout the search, simulated bombs and false bomb reports wasted police resources and frightened an already nervous public. Around 1951 Frederick Eberhardt, 56 years old and like Metesky a former Con Edison employee with a grudge, sent a simulated pipe bomb filled with sugar to the company's personnel director at 4 Irving Place.Eberhardt was charged with sending threatening material through the mails. At his arraignment in November, an assistant district attorney told the judge, "This defendant is a particular source of annoyance to the New York City police. We are firmly convinced that he is not of sound mind. He has been sending simulated bombs around the city the past few months. Hundreds of police have been called out at all hours of the day and night to investigate because of his actions." Eberhardt was sent to Bellevue Hospital for psychiatric examination. Several months later the case was dismissed after Eberhardt's lawyer argued successfully that the package contained no "written threats", as the law required.In October 1951, the main waiting room at Grand Central Terminal was emptied and 3,000 lockers were searched after a telephoned bomb warning. The search involved more than 35 NYPD personnel, and took three hours because 1,500 of the lockers were in use and only one master key was available. As each locker was opened, the head of the bomb squad palpated its contents, keeping a portable fluoroscope at the ready. On December 29, 1956, at the height of false bomb reports from theaters, department stores, schools and offices, a note left in a phone booth at Grand Central Terminal reported that a bomb had been placed at the Empire State Building, requiring a search of all 102 floors of the landmark. A 63-year-old railroad worker picked up at Grand Central as a suspect died of a heart attack while being questioned at the East 35th Street station house. Later investigation eliminated him as a suspect. Profile Fingerprint experts, handwriting experts, the bomb investigation unit and other NYPD groups worked with dedication but made little progress.With traditional police methods seemingly useless against <mask>'s erratic bombing campaign, police captain John Cronin approached his friend James A. Brussel, a criminologist, psychiatrist, and assistant commissioner of the New York State Commission for Mental Hygiene. Captain Cronin asked Brussel to meet with Inspector Howard E. Finney, head of the NYPD's Crime Laboratory. In his office with Finney and two detectives, Brussel examined the crime-scene photos and letters and discussed the bomber's metal-working and electrical skills. As he talked with the police, Brussel developed what he called a kind of "portrait" of the bomber, what would now be called an offender profile. The bomber's belief that he had been wronged by Consolidated Edison and by others acting in concert with Consolidated Edison seemed to dominate his thoughts, leading Brussel to conclude that the bomber was suffering from paranoia, a condition he describes as "a chronic disorder of insidious development, characterized by persistent, unalterable, systematized, logically constructed delusions." Based on the evidence and his own experience dealing with psychotic criminals, Brussel put forth a number of theories beyond the obvious grudge against Consolidated Edison: Brussel additionally predicted to his visitors that when the bomber was caught, he would be wearing a double-breasted suit, buttoned. Although the police policy had been to keep the bomber investigation low-key, Brussel convinced them to heavily publicize the profile, predicting that any wrong assumption made in it would prod the bomber to respond.Under the headline "16-Year Search for a Madman", the New York Times version of the profile summarized the major predictions: Newspapers published the profile on December 25, 1956, alongside the story of the so-called "Christmas Eve" bomb discovered in the Public Library. By the end of the month, bomb hoaxes and false confessions had risen to epidemic proportions. At the peak of the hysteria on December 28, police received over 50 false bomb alarms, over 20 the next day. Journal-American letters The day after the profile was published, the New York Journal-American published an open letter, prepared in cooperation with the police, urging the bomber to give himself up. The newspaper promised a "fair trial" and offered to publish his grievances. <mask> wrote back the next day, signing his letter "F.P.". He said that he would not be giving himself up, and revealed a wish to "bring the Con.Edison to justice". He listed all the locations where he had placed bombs that year, and seemed concerned that perhaps not all had been discovered. Later in the letter he said After some editing by the police, the newspaper published <mask>'s letter on January 10, along with another open letter asking him for more information about his grievances. <mask>'s second letter provided some details about the materials used in the bombs (he favored pistol powder, as "shotgun powder has very little power"), promised a bombing "truce" until at least March 1, and wrote "I was injured on job at Consolidated Edison plant – as a result I am adjudged – totally and permanently disabled", going on to say that he had to pay his own medical bills and that Consolidated Edison had blocked his workers' compensation case. He also said After police editing, the newspaper published his letter on January 15 and asked the bomber for "further details and dates" about his compensation case so that a new and fair hearing could be held. <mask>'s third letter was received by the newspaper on Saturday, January 19. The letter complained of lying unnoticed for hours on "cold concrete" after his injury without any first aid being rendered, then developing pneumonia and later tuberculosis.The letter added details about his lost compensation case and the "perjury" of his co-workers, and gave the date of his injury, September 5, 1931. The letter suggested that if he did not have a family that would be "branded" by his giving himself up, he might consider doing so to get his compensation case reopened. He thanked the Journal-American for publicizing his case and said "the bombings will never be resumed." This letter was published Tuesday, the day after <mask> was arrested. Identification Con Edison clerk Alice Kelly had for days been scouring company workers' compensation files for employees with a serious health problem. On Friday, January 18, 1957, while searching the final batch of "troublesome" worker's compensation case files – those where threats were made or implied – she found a file marked in red with the words "injustice" and "permanent disability", words that had been printed in the Journal-American. The file indicated that one <mask>, an employee from 1929 to 1931, had been injured in a plant accident on September 5, 1931.Several letters from <mask> in the file used wording similar to the letters in the Journal-American, including the phrase "dastardly deeds". The police were notified shortly before 5:00 that evening. They initially treated the notification as just "one of a number" of leads they were working on, but asked Waterbury police to do a "discreet check" on <mask> and the house at 17 Fourth Street. After <mask>'s arrest, early police statements credited the finding of his file to an NYPD detective. Later, a report developed in a reward investigation conceded that Alice Kelly had found the file, and explained the misplaced credit as due to a misunderstanding of the file being "picked up" by the detective (at the Con Edison offices on Monday morning) as meaning that the file was "picked out" (of many). Although the NYPD did officially credit Kelly with turning up the clue that led to <mask>'s arrest, she declined to claim the $26,000 in rewards, saying she had merely been doing her job. Consolidated Edison's board of directors also declined to file for the reward, prompting a group of shareholders to file as representatives of Kelly and the company.Police investigators who later reviewed the path that led them to Metesky said that Con Edison had impeded the investigation for almost two years by repeatedly telling them that the records of employees whose services were terminated prior to 1940, the group Metesky was in, had been destroyed. The investigators said that they had learned of the records' existence only on January 14, through a confidential tip, and that even in the face of police demands and formal requests Con Edison stalled, declaring that the papers were legal documents and that the company's legal department would have to be consulted before granting access. A statement by the president of Consolidated Edison said this was due to a "misunderstanding". Arrest Accompanied by Waterbury police, four NYPD detectives arrived at <mask>'s home with a search warrant shortly before midnight on Monday, January 21, 1957. They asked him for a handwriting sample, and to make a letter G. He made the G, looked up and said, "I know why you fellows are here. You think I'm the Mad Bomber." The detectives asked what "F.P."stood for, and he responded, "F.P. stands for Fair Play." He led them to the garage workshop, where they found his lathe. Back in the house they found pipes and connectors suitable for bombs hidden in the pantry, as well as three cheap pocket watches, flashlight batteries, brass terminal knobs, and unmatched wool socks of the type used to transport the bombs. <mask> had answered the door in pajamas; after he was ordered to get dressed for the trip to Waterbury Police Headquarters, he reappeared wearing a double-breasted suit, buttoned. Interrogation <mask> told the arresting officers that he had been "gassed" in the Con Edison accident, had contracted tuberculosis as a result, and started planting bombs because he "got a bum deal." Going over a police list of 32 bomb locations, but never using the word "bomb", he remembered the exact date where each "unit" had been placed, and its size.He then added to the police list the size, date and location of 15 early bombs the police had not known about – all left at Con Edison locations, and apparently never reported. When his Con Edison bombs were not mentioned in the newspapers, he started planting bombs in public places to gain publicity for what he termed the "injustices" done him. He also confirmed the reason no bombs were planted during the United States' involvement in World War II – the former Marine had abstained "for patriotic reasons". In their search, police found parts for a bomb that would have been larger than any of the others. <mask> explained that it was intended for the New York Coliseum. Indictment <mask> admitted to placing 32 bombs. After a grand jury heard testimony from 35 witnesses including police experts and those injured, he was indicted on 47 charges – of attempted murder, damaging a building by explosion, maliciously endangering life, and violation of New York State's Sullivan Law by carrying concealed weapons, the bombs.Seven counts of attempted murder were charged, based on the seven persons injured in the preceding five years, the statute of limitations in the case. <mask> was brought to the courtroom to hear the charges from Manhattan's Bellevue Hospital, where he had been undergoing psychiatric examination. Commitment to Matteawan After hearing from psychiatric experts, Judge Samuel S. Liebowitz declared the tubercular <mask> a paranoid schizophrenic, "hopeless and incurable both mentally and physically", and found him legally insane and incompetent to stand trial. On April 18, 1957, Judge Liebowitz committed <mask> to the Matteawan Hospital for the Criminally Insane at Beacon, New York. Expected to live only a few weeks due to his advanced tuberculosis, <mask> had to be carried into the hospital. After a year and a half of treatment, his health had improved, and a newspaper article written fourteen years later described the 68-year-old <mask> as "vigorous and healthy looking". While he was at Matteawan, the Journal-American hired a leading workers' compensation attorney Bartholomew James O'Rourke to appeal his disallowed claim for the 1931 injury, on the grounds that <mask> was mentally incompetent at the time and did not know his rights.The appeal was denied. <mask> was unresponsive to psychiatric therapy, but was a model inmate and caused no trouble. He was visited regularly by his sisters and occasionally by Brussel, to whom he would point out that he had deliberately built his bombs not to kill anyone. Release In 1973, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a mentally ill defendant cannot be committed to a hospital operated by the New York State Department of Correctional Services unless a jury finds him dangerous. Since <mask> had been committed to Matteawan without a jury trial, he was transferred to the Creedmoor Psychiatric Center, a state hospital outside the correctional system. Doctors determined that he was harmless, and because he had already served two-thirds of the 25-year maximum sentence he would have received at trial, <mask> was released on December 13, 1973. The single condition was that he make regular visits to a Connecticut Department of Mental Hygiene clinic near his home.Interviewed by a reporter upon his release, he said that he had forsworn violence, but reaffirmed his anger and resentment toward Consolidated Edison. He also stated that before he began planting his bombs, <mask> returned to his home in Waterbury, where he died 20 years later in 1994 at the age of 90. References Further reading Cannell, Michael (2017). Incendiary: The Psychiatrist, The Mad Bomber and the Invention of Criminal Profiling. Minotaur Books. . Greenburg, Michael M. (2011). The Mad Bomber of New York: The Extraordinary True Story of the Manhunt that Paralyzed a City. Union Square Press. .External links Footage of the arrest of <mask> Newsreel 11 February 1957, Spanish Film Institute files. (video from 04:12, audio in Spanish) 1903 births 1994 deaths Bombers (people) History of New York City Improvised explosive device bombings in the United States People from Waterbury, Connecticut Terrorist incidents in the United States in the 1940s Terrorist incidents in the United States in the 1950s Place of birth missing People acquitted by reason of insanity Terrorist incidents in New York City United States Marines People with schizophrenia American electricians

<mask>, better known as the Mad Bomber, was an American electrician and mechanic who terrorized New York City for 16 years in the 1940s and 1950s with explosives that he planted in theaters, terminals, libraries and offices. Bombs were left in phone booths, storage lockers, and restrooms in public buildings, including Grand Central Terminal, Pennsylvania Station, Radio City Music Hall, the New York Public Library, the Port Authority Bus Terminal, and the New York City Subway. <mask> bombed movie theaters when he cut into seat upholstery. <mask> planted at least 33 bombs, of which 22 exploded and injured 15 people. The hunt for the bomber started with the use of offender profiling. Clues given in letters he wrote to a newspaper led to his apprehension in 1957. He was found insane and committed to a mental hospital.After World War I, <mask> joined the U.S. Marines and worked as an electrician for the United States in China. Returning home, he went to work as a mechanic for a subsidiary of the Consolidated Edison utility company and lived in Connecticut with his two sisters. <mask> was working at the company's Hell Gate generating plant in 1931 when a boiler backfire produced a blast of hot gases. The blast knocked <mask> down and the fumes got to him. After collecting 26 weeks of sick pay, he lost his job. The accident is said to have led to the development of Tuberculosis. He waited too long to file a workers' compensation claim.The last three appeals were rejected. He hated the company's attorneys and the three co-workers who testified in favor of the company. On November 16, 1940, he planted his first bomb at the Consolidated Edison power plant on West 64th Street in Manhattan. His first two bombs drew little attention, but the string of random bombings that began in 1951 taxed the resources of the New York City Police Department. <mask>ky's bombs ranged in size from long to in diameter. Cheap pocket watches and flashlight batteries are used to make most used timers. Metesky used wool socks to transport bombs and hang them from a rail or projection. Between 1940 and 1956, Metesky planted at least 33 bombs, of which 22 exploded, injuring 15 people. <mask>'s first bomb was a brass pipe filled with gunpowder and made of sugar and flashlight batteries. It was found before it could go off after it was left on the window of the power plant. It was wrapped in a note and signed "F.P."If the bomb had exploded, the note would have been destroyed. In September 1941, a bomb with a similar ignition mechanism was found in the street five blocks away from the Consolidated Edison headquarters building. This one didn't have a note, and was also a dud. Police thought the bomber might have spotted a police officer and dropped the bomb. After the United States entered World War II, the police received a letter in block capital letters, but <mask> planted no bombs. The letters G and Y were noted to have an odd shape by investigators studying the penciled, block-lettered messages. The long hiatus since the last bomb and the improved construction techniques of the first bomb led investigators to believe that the bomber had served in the military.<mask> chose public buildings as his targets, bombing them multiple times. Bombs were left in phone booths, storage lockers, and restrooms in public buildings, including Grand Central Terminal, Pennsylvania Station, Radio City Music Hall, and the New York Public Library. <mask> bombed movie theaters when he cut into seat upholstery. The first Metesky bomb of the new wave, and also the first Metesky bomb to explode, startled commuters in Grand Central Terminal, but no one was injured. There is a sand urn near the Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant on the terminal's lower level. The New York Public Library was the site of <mask>'s bomb explosion in April. There was a bomb at the phone booth.The event was dismissed as a prank by police. The New York Times reported the event in the following day's issue, but only with a three-paragraph brief at the bottom of page 24. A bomb planted by <mask> exploded in a phone booth at the headquarters building. There was a bomb mailed to Consolidated Edison from White Plains, New York. On October 22, the New York Herald Tribune received a letter in penciled block letters stating that a bomb was discovered and disabled at the Paramount Theater in Times Square, and that it was directed to a telephone booth at Pennsylvania Station. On November 28, a coin-operated locker at the IRT 14th Street subway station was bombed. There was a bomb that exploded in a phone booth at the Port Authority Bus Terminal in 1952.Bombs exploded in seats at the theater in June and December. One person was injured in the December bombing. The public was becoming aware that a "Mad Bomber" was on the loose after police asked the newspapers not to print any of the bomber's letters. There were no injuries when bombs exploded at Radio City Music Hall. A bomb exploded in a coin-operated rental locker in Grand Central Terminal, but there were no injuries. Police said the bomb was made by a "publicity-seeking jerk". An unexploded bomb was found in a rental locker.Three men were slightly injured when a bomb exploded in a men's room at Grand Central Terminal. There were no injuries when a bomb exploded in a phone booth. A bomb was found in a phone booth at Pennsylvania Station. Four people were injured when a bomb stuffed into the bottom cushion of a seat in the 15th row exploded as the audience watched Bing Crosby's White Christmas at Radio City Music Hall. Only those nearby heard the explosion, which was muffled by the heavy upholstery. The injured were taken to the first-aid room and about 50 people were moved to the back of the theater. The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217There were no injuries when a bomb exploded on the subway platform in 1955. There were no injuries when a bomb exploded on the main floor of Macy's. Two bombs exploded at Pennsylvania Station, one in a rental locker and one in a phone booth. A bomb was found at Radio City Music Hall. A bomb dropped out of a slashed seat onto a workbench at the theater. A seat bomb exploded at the Paramount Theater, but no one was hurt. A small penknife was found inside the seat, one of several found at theater seat bombings.They thought the bomber left his knives in case he was stopped. A bomb exploded in a men's room at Grand Central in December. A bomb in a toilet bowl exploded, seriously wounding a 74-year-old men's room attendant at Pennsylvania Station. The attendant tried to clear the obstruction with a plunger. The watch frame and wool sock were found among the porcelain fragments. A guard at the building found a piece of pipe in a telephone booth. A second guard thought it might be useful in a plumbing project and took it home on the bus to New Jersey, where it exploded on his kitchen table early the next morning.No one was hurt. A December 2 bombing at the Paramount Theater in Brooklyn left six of the theater's 1,500 inhabitants injured, one seriously, and drew tremendous news coverage and editorial attention. Stephen P. Kennedy, the Police Commissioner, ordered a search the next day. A clerk at the New York Public Library dropped a coin. He saw a maroon-colored socks held to the underside of the shelf by a magnet after he retrieved it. There was a threaded cap on each end of the iron pipe. After consulting with other employees, he threw the device out a window into Bryant Park, bringing the bomb squad and more than 60 NYPD police officers and detectives to the scene.In a letter to the New York Journal American the next month, <mask> said that the bomb at the Public Library had been planted months before. After <mask>'s January 1957 arrest, a bomb not found in several police searches was discovered at the theater. <mask> said he planted three bombs there. The first two exploded, one in June 1952 and the other in December 1952, with one injury. There are two bombs that <mask> claimed to have planted, one on the East River and the other at the Embassy Theater on 7th Avenue. Police said they were satisfied that the bombs were no longer in the two remaining locations after finding the third bomb. The theory was that the bomber was a former employee of the company.There were hundreds of other leads, tips and crank letters to be followed up after the employment records were reviewed. There were many detectives who checked lawsuit records, mental hospital admissions, and schools where bomb parts might be made. People turned in neighbors who acted strange and co-workers who were too knowledgeable about bombs. The Bomb Investigation Unit was formed to work on bomber leads. In April 1956, the department issued a multi-state alert for a person described as a skilled mechanic, with access to a drill press or lathe, who posted mail from White Plains, was over 40, and had a deep-seated hatred of the Consolidated. A warning circular had a picture of a pipe bomb. Police asked anyone who might recognize the bomber's distinctive printing to let them know.A review of drivers' license applications in White Plains, the city favored by the bomber for posting his mail, found similarities in 500 of them and the names were forwarded to the NYPD for investigation. The bombing of the Brooklyn Paramount drew a lot of attention. Police Commissioner Stephen P. Kennedy met with commanders of every NYPD division the next day and ordered the greatest manhunt in the history of the Police Department. He promised "an immediate good promotion" to whoever arrested the bomber, and directed commanders to alert every member of the force to the absolute necessity of a capture. The reward for the bomber's apprehension was posted by the New York City Board of Estimate and the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association. Police resources were wasted and the public was frightened by false bomb reports. Frederick Eberhardt, 56 years old and like Metesky a former Con Ed employee, sent a fake pipe bomb filled with sugar to the company's personnel director around 1951.Eberhardt was accused of sending threatening material. An assistant district attorney told the judge that he was a source of annoyance to the New York City police. He is not of sound mind. He has been sending fake bombs around the city. Hundreds of police have been called out to investigate because of his actions. Eberhardt was taken to a hospital. The case was dismissed after Eberhardt's lawyer argued that the package did not contain written threats as required by law.In October 1951, the main waiting room at Grand Central Terminal was emptied and lockers were searched after a bomb threat. The search took three hours because 1,500 of the lockers were in use and only one master key was available. The head of the bomb squad kept a portable fluoroscope at the ready as each locker was opened. On December 29, 1956, at the height of false bomb reports from theaters, department stores, schools and offices, a note left in a phone booth at Grand Central Terminal reported that a bomb had been placed at the Empire State Building. A 63-year-old railroad worker picked up at Grand Central as a suspect died of a heart attack while being questioned at the East 35th Street station house. He was eliminated as a suspect. The bomb investigation unit and other NYPD groups worked with dedication but made little progress.With traditional police methods seemingly useless against <mask>'s erratic bombing campaign, police captain John Cronin approached his friend James A. Brussel, a criminologist, psychiatrist, and assistant commissioner of the New York State Commission for Mental Hygiene. Inspector Howard E. Finney is the head of the NYPD's Crime Laboratory. The bomber's metal-working and electrical skills were discussed by Brussel in his office with Finney and two detectives. As he talked with the police, Brussel came up with a portrait of the bomber that would now be called an offenders profile. Brussel concluded that the bomber was suffering from paranoia, a condition he describes as a chronic disorder of insidious development, characterized by persistent, unalterable paranoia. According to the evidence and his own experience dealing with psychotic criminals, Brussel put forth a number of theories beyond the obvious grudge against Consolidated Edison: Brussel also predicted to his visitors that when the bomber was caught, he would be wearing a double-breasted suit, buttoned. Although the police policy had been to keep the bomber investigation low-key, Brussel convinced them to heavily publicize the profile, predicting that any wrong assumption made in it would prompt the bomber to respond.The New York Times version of the profile summarized the major predictions: Newspapers published the profile on December 25, 1956, alongside the story of the so-called "Christmas Eve" bomb discovered in the Public Library. Bomb hoaxes and false confessions rose to epidemic proportions by the end of the month. Over 50 false bomb alarms were received by the police on December 28, the peak of the hysteria. The New York Journal-American published an open letter the day after the profile was published, urging the bomber to give up. He was promised a fair trial by the newspaper. <mask> signed his letter "F.P." the next day. He said that he wanted to bring the Con.To justice. He listed all the places where he had placed bombs, but he was concerned that not all of them had been found. The newspaper published <mask>'s letter on January 10, along with another open letter asking him for more information about his grievances. The materials used in the bombs were provided in <mask>'s second letter and he promised a bombing "truce" until at least March 1. He said the newspaper published his letter on January 15 and asked the bomber for more information so that a new and fair hearing could be held. The newspaper received <mask>'s third letter. The letter complained of lying on cold concrete for hours after his injury without any first aid being rendered.The letter gave the date of his injury, September 5, 1931, and added details about his lost compensation case. If he didn't have a family that would be branded by his giving himself up, he might consider doing so to get his compensation case reopened. The bombings will never be resumed, he said after thanking the Journal-American for publicizing his case. The day after <mask> was arrested, this letter was published. Alice Kelly had been looking at company workers' compensation files for employees with serious health problems. On January 18, 1957, she found a file marked in red with the words "injustice" and "permanent disability" printed on it, while searching the final batches of "troublesome" worker's compensation case files. <mask>, an employee from 1929 to 1931, had been injured in a plant accident.The phrase "dastardly deeds" was used in several letters from <mask>. Shortly before 5:00 that evening, the police were notified. They initially treated the notification as just one of many leads they were working on, but asked the police to do a "discreet check" on <mask> and the house at 17 Fourth Street. Police statements credited the finding of <mask>'s file to an NYPD detective. The report conceded that Alice Kelly had found the file, and explained the mistake as a result of a misunderstanding of the file being picked up by the detective. Kelly refused to claim the $26,000 in rewards she was given by the NYPD for turning up the clue that led to <mask>'s arrest. A group of shareholders filed as representatives of Kelly and the company after the board of directors declined to file for the reward.Police investigators who reviewed the path that led them to <mask> said that they were impeded by the fact that the records of employees who were terminated prior to 1940 had been destroyed. The investigators said that they had learned of the records' existence only on January 14, through a confidential tip, and that even in the face of police demands and formal requests, the company's legal department would have to be consulted before granting. This was due to a misunderstanding according to a statement by the president. NYPD detectives arrived at <mask>'s home with a search warrant shortly before midnight on Monday, January 21, 1957. He looked up and said, "I know why you are here." You think I'm the Mad Bomber. The detectives wanted to know what "F.P." was.He responded, "F.P." Fair play is what it stands for. They found his lathe in the garage workshop. Three cheap pocket watches, flashlight batteries, brass terminal knobs, and wool socks of the type used to transport the bombs were found in the house. After answering the door in pajamas, <mask> was told to get dressed for the trip to the police headquarters. <mask> told the arresting officers that he had been "gassed" in the Con Edison accident, that he had contracted Tuberculosis, and that he had started planting bombs because he had a bad deal. He went over a police list of bomb locations, but never used the word "bomb", and remembered the exact date where each unit had been placed.He added to the police list the size, date and location of 15 early bombs the police had not known about. He planted bombs in public places to gain publicity for what he termed the "injustices" done to him. The reason no bombs were planted during World War II was because a former Marine abstained "for patriotic reasons". Police found parts for a bomb that was larger than the others. <mask> said it was intended for the New York Coliseum. <mask> admitted to placing bombs. He was indicted on 47 charges, including attempted murder, damaging a building by explosion, and violating New York State's Sullivan Law by carrying bombs, after a grand jury heard testimony from 35 witnesses.Seven people were charged with attempted murder because they were injured in the preceding five years. <mask> was brought to the courtroom to hear the charges from the hospital. Judge Samuel S. Liebowitz found <mask> insane and incompetent to stand trial after hearing from psychiatrists. <mask> was committed to the criminally insane hospital in New York on April 18, 1957. <mask> was expected to live only a few weeks due to his advanced Tuberculosis. After a year and a half of treatment, <mask>'s health improved and he was described in a newspaper article as "vivid and healthy looking". The Journal-American hired a leading workers' compensation attorney to appeal his disallowed claim for the 1931 injury, on the grounds that <mask> was mentally incompetent at the time and did not know his rights.The appeal was denied. <mask> was unresponsive to therapy, but was a model prisoner. He would point out to his sisters and Brussel that he had built his bombs not to kill anyone. In 1973, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a mentally ill person cannot be committed to a hospital unless a jury finds him dangerous. The Creedmoor Psychiatric Center is a state hospital that is outside of the prison system. <mask> was released on December 13, 1973, because he had already served two-thirds of the 25-year maximum sentence he would have received at trial. He had to make regular visits to the Connecticut Department of Mental Hygiene clinic.He told a reporter after his release that he had forsworn violence, but still had anger and resentment towards Consolidated Edison. He stated that <mask> died in 1994 at the age of 90, 20 years after he returned to his home in Waterbury. Cannell, Michael was read further. Incendiary: The Psychiatrist, The Mad Bomber, and the Invention of Criminal Profiling. Greenburg, Michael M. The True Story of the Manhunt that Paralyzed a City is called The Mad Bomber of New York. The Union Square Press.The Spanish Film Institute has files on the arrest of Metesky Newsreel. Terrorist incidents in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s were chronicled in the video.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Melody

Tony Melody

Anthony John Melody (18 December 1922 – 26 June 2008) was an English television actor who appeared in a number of long running comedies and soap operas. He was a prolific character actor with more than 100 television roles. Early life Melody was born in London, where his father was in the Royal Horse Guards, but was brought up in Yorkshire, where his parents ran the Station public house in Goole, West Riding of Yorkshire. It was as a singer that he initially made his mark, starting out at the pub his mother Myra ran with his father, where, as a small boy, he accompanied the pianist; later in life he went on to sing with the BBC Northern Dance Orchestra. He was raised as a devout Roman Catholic and attended Sacred Heart Church in Blackpool. During the Second World War he served in the Royal Air Force. Career Initially as a dancer, Melody spent three years touring the Mediterranean with Ralph Reader's Gang Show, performing for British troops in various countries along with Tony Hancock and Norrie Paramor. In 1952 he spent a season performing at the Windmill Theatre in London, among the nudes, where he featured as a comedy singer, before returning to Yorkshire, where he performed semi-professionally in local clubs while working in a factory in Leeds during the day. In 1955 he appeared on What Makes A Star? on BBC local radio. He became a regular on BBC regional radio, working in the North region of the BBC Home Service from 1958 with, among others, Jimmy Clitheroe (who he also appeared with on stage, touring the Variety theatres) and with Harry Worth. With Clitheroe, he did a regular double-act on a radio variety show called Call Boy, as well as doing much the same act together on stage in the theatres. His acting career at the BBC began in radio, appearing in the sitcom The Clitheroe Kid, another show which starred Jimmy Clitheroe, in which he appeared from 1957 as grumpy taxi driver Horatio Higginbottom, a regular role that he continued in for sixteen years, until 1972. In the 1950s he also had a regular role as compère and singer with the BBC's Northern Dance Orchestra, in the BBC radio show The Straw Hat Club. His first television role came on 6 December 1957 when he appeared in the BBC comedy Be Soon alongside comedian Hylda Baker. Between 1964 and 1968 he appeared regularly on ITV with Jimmy Clitheroe in the sitcom Just Jimmy, and featured in two episodes of ITV's Coronation Street, playing two small different roles, as a coach driver and a taxi driver. In 1968 he made his third appearance on Coronation Street, this time as Harold Eaton, a decorator working at the Rovers Return pub. In 1969 he played a postman in Parkin's Patch. By the early 1970s he was getting regular television work, with a number of minor roles (mostly in comedy parts) in programmes including the BBC sitcom Steptoe and Son (as a milkman in the 1970 episode Come Dancing, which is said to be one of the most repeated episodes of that series). Also on the BBC in the sitcom Sykes, and on ITV in Public Eye (as guest star in a humorous Christmas special), both in 1972, at which time Melody said, "This is the first time in years I have turned down pantomime, up home in Blackpool, because I wanted to concentrate on television, to stretch myself with such roles." However, he was certainly not stretched by these roles, which were straightforward comedy supporting parts, of which he already had five years television experience as a semi-regular on the weekly sitcom Just Jimmy. As he became better known, he gradually was offered more varied TV work. His subsequent television appearances included police drama in Z-Cars (1973) and Barlow at Large, and comedy on ITV in Bless This House (1974). In 1975 he had a starring role as George Bradshaw in the short-lived comedy series Rule Britannia!. In 1979 Melody appeared in the John Schlesinger film Yanks opposite Rachel Roberts, playing the husband of the terminally ill Roberts. The following year he appeared in Little Lord Fauntleroy as Kimsey. He also played Station Sergeant Billy Machin in the comedy series The Nesbitts Are Coming and followed that up in 1981 by appearing as Archie in the comedy series, The Incredible Mr Tanner. He was always most effective in comedy roles: from 1981-83 he was instantly forgettable as the Chief, John Nettles' boss in the first six episodes of the BBC police series, Bergerac. On Channel 4's opening night he appeared in Walter, alongside Ian McKellen in the title role. In the 1983 Special of Last of the Summer Wine - Getting Sam Home - John Comer's voice was badly affected by illness, so his lines were re-recorded by Tony Melody. Comer died 6 weeks after the broadcast. His first appearance in Emmerdale Farm came in 1983, when he played Nicholas Martin. In 1985 he appeared in the drama series The Winning Streak and in 1986 he played Dave Sharkey in the sitcom, Jossy's Giants. In 1990 he appeared as the husband of Patricia Routledge in Missing Persons, which was a feature-length pilot for Hetty Wainthropp Investigates. He made a second appearance in Emmerdale in 1998 this time as the farmer, Jed Outhwaite. In 2002 he made a fourth appearance on Coronation Street, this time as the MC at a ballroom dance competition in Blackpool, which the characters of Norris Cole and Vera Duckworth were entered. He appeared in the television drama film Shipman in 2002, as Len, a patient who survived the real-life homicidal doctor, who was played by James Bolam. He also appeared in the drama, A Good Thief as Alfie as well as a television advertising campaign for McDonald's. His last television appearance was in 2003 on Last of the Summer Wine. Throughout his broadcasting career he continued to work live in summer season (at Butlins and other holiday camps, and in seaside resorts such as Blackpool and Skegness), and in Pantomime. Personal life Melody's first marriage was dissolved; he had four children with his first wife. He met his second wife, Maggie when they were both performing in pantomime in Skegness. They made their home in Bispham, Blackpool which he claimed was her home town, where he spent the rest of his life. Melody would say about living in Bispham, "Other actors can have London. I don't like it there, can't stand the trains, the noise, the hassle. Home is here." But the real reason they lived there was not unconnected with the fact that Melody was in a long-term professional double act with Jimmy Clitheroe, who lived a 5-minute walk from their front door. Offscreen Melody was a shy unassuming man, who rarely gave interviews and who shunned the "show business scene". Melody had four children, three sons and one daughter from his first marriage. Death Melody died in a nursing home from cancer after a short illness on 26 June 2008, aged 85. His funeral was held at Carleton Crematorium, Blackpool, Lancashire on 3 July. Filmography Television Film Notes References External links 1922 births 2008 deaths English male television actors English male radio actors English Roman Catholics Deaths from cancer in England Male actors from London Male actors from Lancashire Male actors from Yorkshire People from Bispham, Blackpool People from Goole Royal Air Force personnel of World War II

<mask> (18 December 1922 – 26 June 2008) was an English television actor who appeared in a number of long running comedies and soap operas. He was a prolific character actor with more than 100 television roles. Early life <mask> was born in London, where his father was in the Royal Horse Guards, but was brought up in Yorkshire, where his parents ran the Station public house in Goole, West Riding of Yorkshire. It was as a singer that he initially made his mark, starting out at the pub his mother Myra ran with his father, where, as a small boy, he accompanied the pianist; later in life he went on to sing with the BBC Northern Dance Orchestra. He was raised as a devout Roman Catholic and attended Sacred Heart Church in Blackpool. During the Second World War he served in the Royal Air Force. Career Initially as a dancer, <mask> spent three years touring the Mediterranean with Ralph Reader's Gang Show, performing for British troops in various countries along with <mask> and Norrie Paramor.In 1952 he spent a season performing at the Windmill Theatre in London, among the nudes, where he featured as a comedy singer, before returning to Yorkshire, where he performed semi-professionally in local clubs while working in a factory in Leeds during the day. In 1955 he appeared on What Makes A Star? on BBC local radio. He became a regular on BBC regional radio, working in the North region of the BBC Home Service from 1958 with, among others, Jimmy Clitheroe (who he also appeared with on stage, touring the Variety theatres) and with Harry Worth. With Clitheroe, he did a regular double-act on a radio variety show called Call Boy, as well as doing much the same act together on stage in the theatres. His acting career at the BBC began in radio, appearing in the sitcom The Clitheroe Kid, another show which starred Jimmy Clitheroe, in which he appeared from 1957 as grumpy taxi driver Horatio Higginbottom, a regular role that he continued in for sixteen years, until 1972. In the 1950s he also had a regular role as compère and singer with the BBC's Northern Dance Orchestra, in the BBC radio show The Straw Hat Club.His first television role came on 6 December 1957 when he appeared in the BBC comedy Be Soon alongside comedian Hylda Baker. Between 1964 and 1968 he appeared regularly on ITV with Jimmy Clitheroe in the sitcom Just Jimmy, and featured in two episodes of ITV's Coronation Street, playing two small different roles, as a coach driver and a taxi driver. In 1968 he made his third appearance on Coronation Street, this time as Harold Eaton, a decorator working at the Rovers Return pub. In 1969 he played a postman in Parkin's Patch. By the early 1970s he was getting regular television work, with a number of minor roles (mostly in comedy parts) in programmes including the BBC sitcom Steptoe and Son (as a milkman in the 1970 episode Come Dancing, which is said to be one of the most repeated episodes of that series). Also on the BBC in the sitcom Sykes, and on ITV in Public Eye (as guest star in a humorous Christmas special), both in 1972, at which time <mask> said, "This is the first time in years I have turned down pantomime, up home in Blackpool, because I wanted to concentrate on television, to stretch myself with such roles." However, he was certainly not stretched by these roles, which were straightforward comedy supporting parts, of which he already had five years television experience as a semi-regular on the weekly sitcom Just Jimmy.As he became better known, he gradually was offered more varied TV work. His subsequent television appearances included police drama in Z-Cars (1973) and Barlow at Large, and comedy on ITV in Bless This House (1974). In 1975 he had a starring role as George Bradshaw in the short-lived comedy series Rule Britannia!. In 1979 <mask> appeared in the John Schlesinger film Yanks opposite Rachel Roberts, playing the husband of the terminally ill Roberts. The following year he appeared in Little Lord Fauntleroy as Kimsey. He also played Station Sergeant Billy Machin in the comedy series The Nesbitts Are Coming and followed that up in 1981 by appearing as Archie in the comedy series, The Incredible Mr Tanner. He was always most effective in comedy roles: from 1981-83 he was instantly forgettable as the Chief, John Nettles' boss in the first six episodes of the BBC police series, Bergerac.On Channel 4's opening night he appeared in Walter, alongside Ian McKellen in the title role. In the 1983 Special of Last of the Summer Wine - Getting Sam Home - John Comer's voice was badly affected by illness, so his lines were re-recorded by <mask>. Comer died 6 weeks after the broadcast. His first appearance in Emmerdale Farm came in 1983, when he played Nicholas Martin. In 1985 he appeared in the drama series The Winning Streak and in 1986 he played Dave Sharkey in the sitcom, Jossy's Giants. In 1990 he appeared as the husband of Patricia Routledge in Missing Persons, which was a feature-length pilot for Hetty Wainthropp Investigates. He made a second appearance in Emmerdale in 1998 this time as the farmer, Jed Outhwaite.In 2002 he made a fourth appearance on Coronation Street, this time as the MC at a ballroom dance competition in Blackpool, which the characters of Norris Cole and Vera Duckworth were entered. He appeared in the television drama film Shipman in 2002, as Len, a patient who survived the real-life homicidal doctor, who was played by James Bolam. He also appeared in the drama, A Good Thief as Alfie as well as a television advertising campaign for McDonald's. His last television appearance was in 2003 on Last of the Summer Wine. Throughout his broadcasting career he continued to work live in summer season (at Butlins and other holiday camps, and in seaside resorts such as Blackpool and Skegness), and in Pantomime. Personal life <mask>'s first marriage was dissolved; he had four children with his first wife. He met his second wife, Maggie when they were both performing in pantomime in Skegness.They made their home in Bispham, Blackpool which he claimed was her home town, where he spent the rest of his life. <mask> would say about living in Bispham, "Other actors can have London. I don't like it there, can't stand the trains, the noise, the hassle. Home is here." But the real reason they lived there was not unconnected with the fact that <mask> was in a long-term professional double act with Jimmy Clitheroe, who lived a 5-minute walk from their front door. Offscreen <mask> was a shy unassuming man, who rarely gave interviews and who shunned the "show business scene". <mask> had four children, three sons and one daughter from his first marriage.<mask> died in a nursing home from cancer after a short illness on 26 June 2008, aged 85. His funeral was held at Carleton Crematorium, Blackpool, Lancashire on 3 July. Filmography Television Film Notes References External links 1922 births 2008 deaths English male television actors English male radio actors English Roman Catholics Deaths from cancer in England Male actors from London Male actors from Lancashire Male actors from Yorkshire People from Bispham, Blackpool People from Goole Royal Air Force personnel of World War II

An English television actor who appeared in a number of long running comedies and soap operas was named <mask>. He had more than 100 television roles. His parents ran the Station public house in Goole, West Riding of Yorkshire, while his father was in the Royal Horse Guards. He made his mark as a singer, starting out at the pub where his mother ran with his father, and later in life he went on to sing with the Northern Dance Orchestra. He was raised as a Roman Catholic and attended Sacred Heart Church. He was in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. When she was a dancer, she toured the Mediterranean with the Gang Show, performing for British troops in various countries.In 1952 he spent a season performing at the Windmill Theatre in London, among the nudes, where he featured as a comedy singer, before returning to Yorkshire, where he worked in a factory during the day. He was on What Makes A Star? On the radio. He was a regular on regional radio and worked in the North region of the Home Service with Jimmy Clitheroe and Harry Worth. He did a lot of the same act on stage and radio with Clitheroe. His acting career began in radio, appearing in the sitcom The Clitheroe Kid, another show which starred Jimmy Clitheroe, in which he appeared from 1957 as grumpy taxi driver Horatio Higginbottom, a regular role that he continued in for sixteen years, until 1972. He had a regular role as compre and singer with the Northern Dance Orchestra in the 1950s.On December 6, 1957, he appeared in the comedy Be Soon with Hylda Baker. He played a coach driver and a taxi driver in two episodes of Coronation Street, as well as appearing in a sitcom with Jimmy Clitheroe called Just Jimmy. He made his third appearance on the show in 1968 as Harold Eaton, who worked at the Rovers Return pub. He played a postman in Parkin's Patch. One of the most repeated episodes of the sitcom Steptoe and Son was when he was a milkman, and he was getting regular television work by the early 1970s. "This is the first time in a long time that I have turned down a job because I wanted to concentrate on my family," she said. He already had five years of television experience as a semi-regular on the weekly sitcom Just Jimmy, so he was not stretched by these roles.He was offered more varied TV work as he became better known. His television appearances included police drama in Z-Cars and Barlow at Large, as well as comedy on ITV in Bless This House. He played George Bradshaw in the short-lived comedy series Rule Britannia! Rachel Roberts played the wife of a dying man in the 1979 film Yanks. He played Kimsey in Little Lord Fauntleroy. He played Station Sergeant Billy Machin in the comedy series The Nesbitts Are Coming and followed that up in 1981 by playing Archie in the comedy series The Incredible Mr Tanner. He was most effective in comedy roles when he was the Chief in the first six episodes of Bergerac.He appeared in Walter on the opening night of Channel 4. In the 1983 Special of Last of the Summer Wine - Getting Sam Home, John Comer's voice was badly affected by illness, so his lines were re- recorded. The man died 6 weeks after the broadcast. In 1983, he played Nicholas Martin in Emmerdale Farm. He played Dave Sharkey in the sitcom, Jossy's Giants, and in 1985 he was in the drama series The Winning Streak. He appeared as the husband of a woman in a feature-length pilot for Hetty Wainthropp Investigates. He reprised his role as the farmer in Emmerdale in 1998.In 2002 he was the MC at a ballroom dance competition in which the characters of Norris Cole and Vera Duckworth were entered. He played a patient who survived a homicidal doctor in the 2002 television drama film Shipman. He appeared in a television advertising campaign for Mcdonald's as well as in the drama A Good Thief. He last appeared on television in 2003 on Last of the Summer Wine. In the summer season, he worked at Butlins and other holiday camps, as well as in seaside resorts such as Skegness, and in Pantomime. He had four children with his first wife. He met his second wife while performing in pantomime in Skegness.He claimed that he spent the rest of his life in Bispham, which he said was her home town. Other actors can live in London. I can't stand the trains, the noise, and the hassle. Home is here. Jimmy Clitheroe lived a 5-minute walk from their front door, which was the real reason they lived there. Offscreen <mask> was a shy man who shied away from the show business scene. From his first marriage, he had four children, three sons and one daughter.<mask> died from cancer in a nursing home at the age of 85. His funeral was held at a crematorium. There are links to 1922 births and 2008 deaths of English male television actors and English male radio actors.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20E.%20Webb

James E. Webb

James Edwin Webb (October 7, 1906 – March 27, 1992) was an American government official who served as Undersecretary of State from 1949 to 1952. He was also the second appointed administrator of NASA from February 14, 1961, to October 7, 1968. Webb oversaw NASA from the beginning of the Kennedy administration through the end of the Johnson administration, thus overseeing each of the critical first crewed missions throughout the Mercury and Gemini programs until days before the launch of the first Apollo mission. He also dealt with the Apollo 1 fire. In 2002, the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) was renamed the James Webb Space Telescope as a tribute to Webb. Early and personal life Webb was born in 1906 in the hamlet of Tally Ho in Granville County, North Carolina. His father was superintendent of the Granville County public schools. He completed his college education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he received an Bachelor of Arts in Education in 1928. He was a member of the Acacia fraternity. Webb became a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps, and he served as a Marine Corps pilot on active duty from 1930 to 1932. Webb then studied law at The George Washington University Law School, where he received a J.D. degree in 1936. In the same year, he was admitted to the Bar of the District of Columbia. Webb married Patsy Aiken Douglas in 1938, and they had two children. He was a Freemason. Career US House of Representatives staff Webb began his long career in public service in Washington, D.C., by serving as secretary to US Representative Edward W. Pou of North Carolina from 1932 to 1934. Pou was chairman of the Rules Committee and Dean of the House. With Webb's assistance, Pou was influential in pushing through the first legislation of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal during the first hundred days of Roosevelt's term. In addition to his secretarial duties, Webb provided physical assistance to the aging and ailing Pou. Assistant to private attorney Webb next served as an assistant in the office of Oliver Max Gardner, an attorney, former governor of North Carolina and friend of President Roosevelt, from 1934 to 1936. Gardner supported Webb in finishing law school. During the Air Mail scandal of 1934, the government halted the carrying of airmail by private airline companies. A group of airline executives, led by Thomas Morgan, the President of the Sperry Gyroscope Company in Brooklyn, hired Gardner's firm to represent them. The successful resolution resulted in the resumption of contracts to private airlines. Personnel director for Sperry Gyroscope As a result of their interactions, Sperry Gyroscope hired Webb as the personnel director and assistant to Thomas Morgan, the president of Sperry. Between 1936 and 1944, Webb became the secretary-treasurer and later the vice president of Sperry. During his tenure, Sperry expanded from 800 employees to more than 33,000 and became a major supplier of navigation equipment and airborne radar systems during World War II. Marine re-enlistment Although he wished to re-enlist in the Marines at the start of the war, Webb was deferred because of the importance of his work at Sperry to the war effort. He reentered the Marine Corps on February 1, 1944 and soon became the commanding officer of Marine Air Warning Group One, 9th Marine Aircraft Wing, first as a captain and later as a major. Webb's brother, Henry Gorham Webb, was also a Marine Corps officer who was at that time a prisoner of war in Japan having served with VMF-211 during the Battle of Wake Island and then subsequently captured. He was put in charge of a radar program for the invasion of the Japanese mainland. He had orders to leave for Japan on August 14, 1945, but his orders were delayed, and the Surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945 meant that he did not see combat. Bureau of the Budget After World War II, Webb returned to Washington, DC and served as executive assistant to Gardner, now the Undersecretary of the Treasury, for a short while before he was named as the director of the Bureau of the Budget in the Office of the President of the United States, a position that he held until 1949. Webb was recommended for the appointment to Truman by Gardner and Treasury Secretary John Snyder. Because of Webb's association with the Treasury Department, his appointment was seen as subordinating the BoB to the Treasury. His appointment surprised Webb, who had not been told of the final decision to appoint him. (During the appointment announcement, Truman forgot Webb's name and had to look it up.) The Bureau of the Budget prepared the President's proposed budget each year for presentation to Congress. Truman's objective for the budget was to bring it to balance after the large expenditures of World War II. State Department President Harry S. Truman next nominated Webb to serve as an undersecretary of state in the U.S. Department of State, which he began in January 1949. Webb's first assignment from Secretary Dean Acheson was to reorganize the Department, adding 12 new Presidential appointees and reducing the power of subordinate officers. Webb also consolidated the flow of foreign policy information and intelligence through the secretariat. When the new organization became law in June 1949, the Department, which had been losing power and influence to the military, strengthened its ties to the President. A question facing the Department of State at the time was whether the Soviet Union could be contained through only diplomatic means or whether the military would be needed. Paul Nitze, as Director of Policy Planning, wrote a classified memo, NSC 68, arguing for a military build-up of NATO forces. Although Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson opposed an increase in the Defense budget, Webb got Truman to convince him to support the recommendations of NSC68. On June 25, 1950, the North Korean Army invaded South Korea. Webb and Secretary Acheson devised three recommendations: involve the United Nations, send the Navy Pacific Fleet into the Yellow Sea, and authorize an Air Force strike on the Korean tanks. Truman implemented the first two recommendations immediately but delayed the use of force by several days. The Defense Department was blamed for the lack of US preparedness, and Johnson tried to blame Acheson. Webb worked with his contacts in Congress and others to convince Truman to replace Johnson, and George Marshall was called out of retirement to become the new Secretary of Defense. From 1950 to 1952, following State Department rules put in place in 1947, Webb was in a leadership role at the time of what is now called the Lavender Scare, during which hundreds of LGBTQ personnel were fired from the department. Records show Webb met President Truman on June 22, 1950 in order to establish how the White House, the State Department, and the Hoey Committee might "work together on the homosexual investigation" and Truman agreed to send two White House aides with Webb to meet with the Hoey Committee to establish a modus operandi. Purges of LGBTQ state employees continued throughout Webb's tenure at the State Department, with Webb's subordinates continuing to report the dismissals of dozens of LGBTQ workers from 1950 to 1952. In 1950, Webb established an alliance with university scientists, Project Troy, to bolster the United States' psychological warfare capabilities, in particular studying how to circumvent Soviet attempts to jam Voice of America broadcasts. With the attention of the Department focused on the Korean War, Webb's influence weakened. As the author of NSC68, State Department Director of Policy Planning Paul Nitze became the principal advisor to Secretary Acheson, and a misunderstanding between Webb and Nitze led to Nitze outwardly calling for Webb's resignation. Although the rift blew over, Webb started suffering from migraines and resigned in February 1952. Webb left Washington for a position in the Kerr-McGee Oil Corp. in Oklahoma City, but he was still active in government circles, for instance in serving on the Draper Committee in 1958. NASA On February 14, 1961, Webb accepted President John F. Kennedy's appointment as Administrator of NASA, taking the reins from interim director, Hugh L. Dryden, Deputy Administrator. Webb directed NASA's undertaking of the goal set by Kennedy of landing an American on the Moon before the end of the 1960s through the Apollo program. For seven years after Kennedy's May 25, 1961, announcement of the goal of a manned lunar landing until October 1968, Webb lobbied for support for NASA in Congress. As a longtime Washington insider and with the backing of President Lyndon B. Johnson, he was able to produce continued support and resources for Apollo. During his administration, NASA developed from a loose collection of research centers to a co-ordinated organization. Webb had a key role in creating the Manned Spacecraft Center, later the Johnson Space Center, in Houston. Despite the pressures to focus on the Apollo program, Webb ensured that NASA carried out a program of planetary exploration with the Mariner and Pioneer space programs. After the Apollo 1 accident in 1967, Webb told the media, "We've always known that something like this was going to happen sooner or later... Who would have thought that the first tragedy would be on the ground?" Webb went to Johnson and asked for NASA to be allowed to handle the accident investigation and to direct its recovery, according to a procedure that was established following the in-flight accident on Gemini 8. He promised to be truthful in assessing blame, even to himself and NASA management, as appropriate. The agency set out to discover the details of the tragedy, to correct problems, and to continue progress toward the Apollo 11 lunar landing. Webb reported the investigation board's findings to various congressional committees, and he took a personal blaming at nearly every meeting. Whether by happenstance or by design, Webb managed to deflect some of the backlash over the accident away from both NASA as an agency and from the Johnson administration. As a result, NASA's image and popular support were largely undamaged. Webb was a Democrat tied closely to Johnson, and since Johnson chose not to run for reelection, Webb decided to step down as administrator to allow the next president, Republican Richard Nixon, to choose his own administrator. Webb was informed by CIA sources in 1968 that the Soviet Union was developing its own heavy N1 rocket for a manned lunar mission, and he directed NASA to prepare Apollo 8 for a possible lunar orbital mission that year. At the time, Webb's assertions about the Soviet Union's abilities were doubted by some people, and the N-1 was dubbed "Webb's Giant". However after the collapse of the Soviet Union, revelations about the Soviet Moonshot, have given support to Webb's conclusion. Webb left NASA in October 1968, just before the first manned flight in the Apollo program. Drawing on his NASA experience, Webb published Space Age Management: The Large-Scale Approach (1969), in which he presented the space program as a model of successful administration that could be broadened to address major societal problems. In 1969, Webb was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Johnson. He is a 1976 recipient of the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution. Later life and death After retiring from NASA, Webb remained in Washington, DC, serving on several advisory boards, including serving as a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1981, he was awarded the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military Academy at West Point for his dedication to his country. Webb died from a heart attack at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington on March 27, 1992, at age 85. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Legacy Webb was played by Dan Lauria in the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. Webb was played by Ken Strunk in the 2016 film Hidden Figures. Telescope name NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, originally known as the Next Generation Space Telescope, was renamed in Webb's honor in 2002. This telescope, launched on December 25, 2021, is described as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. In March 2021, a commentary in Scientific American urged NASA to rename the James Webb Space Telescope, alleging that Webb had been complicit in the State Department's purge of LGBTQ individuals from the federal workforce. In July 2021, a related telescope renaming article appeared in the journal Nature. Scientists who opposed naming the telescope in Webb's honor pointed to the case of NASA budget analyst Clifford Norton, who in 1963 was accused of homosexual behavior, arrested and fired, with NASA calling his suspected conduct "immoral, indecent, and disgraceful". While critics argued that it would have been difficult for Webb not to be aware of these proceedings, direct evidence did not come to light. Astrophysicist Hakeem Oluseyi wrote an article saying that the initial accusations that Webb was part of the Lavender Scare were based on a quote attributed to Webb which he never said, and there is little to no evidence Webb took part in anti-gay discrimination. On September 30, 2021, NASA announced that it would keep the JWST name after running an investigation and finding "no evidence at this time that warrants changing the name". References Bibliography W. Henry Lambright, Powering Apollo: James E. Webb of NASA; Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995; Piers Bizony, The Man Who Ran the Moon: James E Webb, NASA, and the Secret History of Project Apollo; New York: Thunder's mouth press, 2006; Portions of this article are based on public domain text from NASA. Encyclopædia Britannica, "James Edwin Webb" External links |- |- 1906 births 1992 deaths Administrators of NASA Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Collier Trophy recipients Directors of the Office of Management and Budget George Washington University Law School alumni James Webb Space Telescope Kennedy administration personnel Lyndon B. Johnson administration personnel Military personnel from North Carolina North Carolina Democrats People from Granville County, North Carolina Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal Texas Democrats Truman administration personnel United States Marine Corps colonels United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II United States Under Secretaries of State

<mask> (October 7, 1906 – March 27, 1992) was an American government official who served as Undersecretary of State from 1949 to 1952. He was also the second appointed administrator of NASA from February 14, 1961, to October 7, 1968. <mask> oversaw NASA from the beginning of the Kennedy administration through the end of the Johnson administration, thus overseeing each of the critical first crewed missions throughout the Mercury and Gemini programs until days before the launch of the first Apollo mission. He also dealt with the Apollo 1 fire. In 2002, the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) was renamed the James <mask> Space Telescope as a tribute to <mask>. Early and personal life <mask> was born in 1906 in the hamlet of Tally Ho in Granville County, North Carolina. His father was superintendent of the Granville County public schools.He completed his college education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he received an Bachelor of Arts in Education in 1928. He was a member of the Acacia fraternity. <mask> became a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps, and he served as a Marine Corps pilot on active duty from 1930 to 1932. <mask> then studied law at The George Washington University Law School, where he received a J.D. degree in 1936. In the same year, he was admitted to the Bar of the District of Columbia. <mask> married Patsy Aiken Douglas in 1938, and they had two children.He was a Freemason. Career US House of Representatives staff <mask> began his long career in public service in Washington, D.C., by serving as secretary to US Representative <mask>. Pou of North Carolina from 1932 to 1934. Pou was chairman of the Rules Committee and Dean of the House. With <mask>'s assistance, Pou was influential in pushing through the first legislation of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal during the first hundred days of Roosevelt's term. In addition to his secretarial duties, <mask> provided physical assistance to the aging and ailing Pou. Assistant to private attorney <mask> next served as an assistant in the office of Oliver Max Gardner, an attorney, former governor of North Carolina and friend of President Roosevelt, from 1934 to 1936. Gardner supported <mask> in finishing law school.During the Air Mail scandal of 1934, the government halted the carrying of airmail by private airline companies. A group of airline executives, led by Thomas Morgan, the President of the Sperry Gyroscope Company in Brooklyn, hired Gardner's firm to represent them. The successful resolution resulted in the resumption of contracts to private airlines. Personnel director for Sperry Gyroscope As a result of their interactions, Sperry Gyroscope hired <mask> as the personnel director and assistant to Thomas Morgan, the president of Sperry. Between 1936 and 1944, <mask> became the secretary-treasurer and later the vice president of Sperry. During his tenure, Sperry expanded from 800 employees to more than 33,000 and became a major supplier of navigation equipment and airborne radar systems during World War II. Marine re-enlistment Although he wished to re-enlist in the Marines at the start of the war, <mask> was deferred because of the importance of his work at Sperry to the war effort.He reentered the Marine Corps on February 1, 1944 and soon became the commanding officer of Marine Air Warning Group One, 9th Marine Aircraft Wing, first as a captain and later as a major. <mask>'s brother, Henry Gorham <mask>, was also a Marine Corps officer who was at that time a prisoner of war in Japan having served with VMF-211 during the Battle of Wake Island and then subsequently captured. He was put in charge of a radar program for the invasion of the Japanese mainland. He had orders to leave for Japan on August 14, 1945, but his orders were delayed, and the Surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945 meant that he did not see combat. Bureau of the Budget After World War II, <mask> returned to Washington, DC and served as executive assistant to Gardner, now the Undersecretary of the Treasury, for a short while before he was named as the director of the Bureau of the Budget in the Office of the President of the United States, a position that he held until 1949. <mask> was recommended for the appointment to Truman by Gardner and Treasury Secretary John Snyder. Because of <mask>'s association with the Treasury Department, his appointment was seen as subordinating the BoB to the Treasury.His appointment surprised <mask>, who had not been told of the final decision to appoint him. (During the appointment announcement, Truman forgot <mask>'s name and had to look it up.) The Bureau of the Budget prepared the President's proposed budget each year for presentation to Congress. Truman's objective for the budget was to bring it to balance after the large expenditures of World War II. State Department President Harry S. Truman next nominated <mask> to serve as an undersecretary of state in the U.S. Department of State, which he began in January 1949. <mask>'s first assignment from Secretary Dean Acheson was to reorganize the Department, adding 12 new Presidential appointees and reducing the power of subordinate officers. <mask> also consolidated the flow of foreign policy information and intelligence through the secretariat.When the new organization became law in June 1949, the Department, which had been losing power and influence to the military, strengthened its ties to the President. A question facing the Department of State at the time was whether the Soviet Union could be contained through only diplomatic means or whether the military would be needed. Paul Nitze, as Director of Policy Planning, wrote a classified memo, NSC 68, arguing for a military build-up of NATO forces. Although Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson opposed an increase in the Defense budget, <mask> got Truman to convince him to support the recommendations of NSC68. On June 25, 1950, the North Korean Army invaded South Korea. <mask> and Secretary Acheson devised three recommendations: involve the United Nations, send the Navy Pacific Fleet into the Yellow Sea, and authorize an Air Force strike on the Korean tanks. Truman implemented the first two recommendations immediately but delayed the use of force by several days.The Defense Department was blamed for the lack of US preparedness, and Johnson tried to blame Acheson. <mask> worked with his contacts in Congress and others to convince Truman to replace Johnson, and George Marshall was called out of retirement to become the new Secretary of Defense. From 1950 to 1952, following State Department rules put in place in 1947, <mask> was in a leadership role at the time of what is now called the Lavender Scare, during which hundreds of LGBTQ personnel were fired from the department. Records show <mask> met President Truman on June 22, 1950 in order to establish how the White House, the State Department, and the Hoey Committee might "work together on the homosexual investigation" and Truman agreed to send two White House aides with <mask> to meet with the Hoey Committee to establish a modus operandi. Purges of LGBTQ state employees continued throughout <mask>'s tenure at the State Department, with <mask>'s subordinates continuing to report the dismissals of dozens of LGBTQ workers from 1950 to 1952. In 1950, <mask> established an alliance with university scientists, Project Troy, to bolster the United States' psychological warfare capabilities, in particular studying how to circumvent Soviet attempts to jam Voice of America broadcasts. With the attention of the Department focused on the Korean War, <mask>'s influence weakened.As the author of NSC68, State Department Director of Policy Planning Paul Nitze became the principal advisor to Secretary Acheson, and a misunderstanding between <mask> and Nitze led to Nitze outwardly calling for <mask>'s resignation. Although the rift blew over, <mask> started suffering from migraines and resigned in February 1952. <mask> left Washington for a position in the Kerr-McGee Oil Corp. in Oklahoma City, but he was still active in government circles, for instance in serving on the Draper Committee in 1958. NASA On February 14, 1961, <mask> accepted President John F. Kennedy's appointment as Administrator of NASA, taking the reins from interim director, Hugh L. Dryden, Deputy Administrator. <mask> directed NASA's undertaking of the goal set by Kennedy of landing an American on the Moon before the end of the 1960s through the Apollo program. For seven years after Kennedy's May 25, 1961, announcement of the goal of a manned lunar landing until October 1968, <mask> lobbied for support for NASA in Congress. As a longtime Washington insider and with the backing of President Lyndon B. Johnson, he was able to produce continued support and resources for Apollo.During his administration, NASA developed from a loose collection of research centers to a co-ordinated organization. <mask> had a key role in creating the Manned Spacecraft Center, later the Johnson Space Center, in Houston. Despite the pressures to focus on the Apollo program, <mask> ensured that NASA carried out a program of planetary exploration with the Mariner and Pioneer space programs. After the Apollo 1 accident in 1967, <mask> told the media, "We've always known that something like this was going to happen sooner or later... Who would have thought that the first tragedy would be on the ground?" <mask> went to Johnson and asked for NASA to be allowed to handle the accident investigation and to direct its recovery, according to a procedure that was established following the in-flight accident on Gemini 8. He promised to be truthful in assessing blame, even to himself and NASA management, as appropriate. The agency set out to discover the details of the tragedy, to correct problems, and to continue progress toward the Apollo 11 lunar landing.<mask> reported the investigation board's findings to various congressional committees, and he took a personal blaming at nearly every meeting. Whether by happenstance or by design, <mask> managed to deflect some of the backlash over the accident away from both NASA as an agency and from the Johnson administration. As a result, NASA's image and popular support were largely undamaged. <mask> was a Democrat tied closely to Johnson, and since Johnson chose not to run for reelection, <mask> decided to step down as administrator to allow the next president, Republican Richard Nixon, to choose his own administrator. <mask> was informed by CIA sources in 1968 that the Soviet Union was developing its own heavy N1 rocket for a manned lunar mission, and he directed NASA to prepare Apollo 8 for a possible lunar orbital mission that year. At the time, <mask>'s assertions about the Soviet Union's abilities were doubted by some people, and the N-1 was dubbed "<mask>'s Giant". However after the collapse of the Soviet Union, revelations about the Soviet Moonshot, have given support to <mask>'s conclusion.<mask> left NASA in October 1968, just before the first manned flight in the Apollo program. Drawing on his NASA experience, <mask> published Space Age Management: The Large-Scale Approach (1969), in which he presented the space program as a model of successful administration that could be broadened to address major societal problems. In 1969, <mask> was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Johnson. He is a 1976 recipient of the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution. Later life and death After retiring from NASA, <mask> remained in Washington, DC, serving on several advisory boards, including serving as a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1981, he was awarded the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military Academy at West Point for his dedication to his country. <mask> died from a heart attack at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington on March 27, 1992, at age 85.He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. <mask> was played by Dan Lauria in the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. <mask> was played by Ken Strunk in the 2016 film Hidden Figures. Telescope name NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, originally known as the Next Generation Space Telescope, was renamed in <mask>'s honor in 2002. This telescope, launched on December 25, 2021, is described as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. In March 2021, a commentary in Scientific American urged NASA to rename the James Webb Space Telescope, alleging that <mask> had been complicit in the State Department's purge of LGBTQ individuals from the federal workforce. In July 2021, a related telescope renaming article appeared in the journal Nature.Scientists who opposed naming the telescope in <mask>'s honor pointed to the case of NASA budget analyst Clifford Norton, who in 1963 was accused of homosexual behavior, arrested and fired, with NASA calling his suspected conduct "immoral, indecent, and disgraceful". While critics argued that it would have been difficult for <mask> not to be aware of these proceedings, direct evidence did not come to light. Astrophysicist Hakeem Oluseyi wrote an article saying that the initial accusations that <mask> was part of the Lavender Scare were based on a quote attributed to <mask> which he never said, and there is little to no evidence <mask> took part in anti-gay discrimination. On September 30, 2021, NASA announced that it would keep the JWST name after running an investigation and finding "no evidence at this time that warrants changing the name". References Bibliography W. Henry Lambright, Powering Apollo: <mask><mask> of NASA; Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995; Piers Bizony, The Man Who Ran the Moon: <mask> <mask>, NASA, and the Secret History of Project Apollo; New York: Thunder's mouth press, 2006; Portions of this article are based on public domain text from NASA. Encyclopædia Britannica, "<mask> <mask>" External links |- |- 1906 births 1992 deaths Administrators of NASA Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Collier Trophy recipients Directors of the Office of Management and Budget George Washington University Law School alumni <mask> Space Telescope Kennedy administration personnel Lyndon B. Johnson administration personnel Military personnel from North Carolina North Carolina Democrats People from Granville County, North Carolina Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal Texas Democrats Truman administration personnel United States Marine Corps colonels United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II United States Under Secretaries of State

The Undersecretary of State from 1949 to 1952 was an American government official. He was the second administrator of NASA. From the beginning of the Kennedy administration through the end of the Johnson administration, <mask> oversaw NASA's first crewed missions in the Mercury and Gemini programs until days before the launch of the first Apollo mission. The Apollo 1 fire was dealt with by him. The Next Generation Space Telescope was renamed the James <mask> Space Telescope in 2002. He was born in the hamlet of Tally Ho in North Carolina in 1906. His father was in charge of the public schools.He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with a Bachelor of Arts in Education in 1928. He was a member of an organization. He served as a pilot in the Marine Corps from 1930 to 1932, after becoming a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps. He received a J.D. from The George Washington University Law School. The degree was obtained in 1936. He was admitted to the Bar of the District of Columbia in the same year. The couple had two children.He was a member of the Masonic Lodge. He began his career in public service in Washington, D.C., when he was secretary to US Representative <mask>. Pou of North Carolina from 1932 to 1934. The Rules Committee was chaired by Pou. During the first hundred days of Roosevelt's term, Pou was influential in pushing through the first legislation of the New Deal. He provided physical assistance to the elderly and ailing Pou. From 1934 to 1936, the assistant to private attorney <mask> worked in the office of Oliver Max Gardner, an attorney, former governor of North Carolina and friend of President Roosevelt. He supported the finishing of law school.Airmail was stopped by the government during the Air Mail scandal of 1934. A group of airline executives, led by Thomas Morgan, the President of the Sperry Gyroscope Company in Brooklyn, hired Gardner's firm to represent them. The contracts to private airlines were resumed after the successful resolution. <mask> was hired as the personnel director and assistant to Thomas Morgan, the president of Sperry, as a result of their interactions. Between 1936 and 1944, he was the secretary-treasurer and vice president of Sperry. During World War II, the company grew from 800 employees to more than 33,000 and became a major supplier of navigation equipment and airborne radar systems. Although he wanted to re-enlist in the Marines at the start of the war, he was deferred because of the importance of his work at Sperry.After returning to the Marine Corps on February 1, 1944, he became the commanding officer of Marine Air Warning Group One, 9th Marine Aircraft Wing, first as a captain and later as a major. At that time, a prisoner of war in Japan was also a Marine Corps officer, and he was captured after the Battle of Wake Island. He was in charge of the radar program for the invasion of the Japanese mainland. He was supposed to leave for Japan on August 14, 1945, but his orders were delayed and he didn't see combat. Before he became the director of the Bureau of the Budget in the Office of the President of the United States, he was an executive assistant to the Undersecretary of the Treasury. The appointment to Truman was made by the Treasury Secretary. Because of his association with the Treasury Department, his appointment was seen as subordinating the BoB to the Treasury.He was not told of the decision to appoint him. Truman forgot the name of the person he was announcing the appointment to. Each year, the Bureau of the Budget prepared the President's proposed budget. After the large expenditures of World War II, Truman wanted the budget to balance. He began working in the U.S. Department of State in January 1949. The first assignment of Secretary Dean Acheson was to reorganize the Department and add 12 new Presidential appointees. The secretariat consolidated the flow of foreign policy information.The new organization strengthened the Department's ties to the President after it became law. The Department of State was faced with the question of whether the Soviet Union could be contained through diplomatic means or military means. The Director of Policy Planning wrote a memo arguing for a military build-up of NATO forces. Truman was persuaded to support the recommendations of NSC68 by the help of Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson. On June 25, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 The Navy Pacific Fleet should be sent into the Yellow Sea, and the Air Force should be allowed to bomb the Korean tanks. The use of force was delayed by several days after Truman implemented the first two recommendations.Johnson blamed the Defense Department for the lack of US readiness. George Marshall was called out of retirement to become the new Secretary of Defense after Truman was forced to replace Johnson. The State Department rules put in place in 1947 led to the firing of hundreds of LGBTQ personnel during the Lavender Scare. In order to establish how the White House, the State Department, and the Hoey Committee might "work together on the homosexual investigation", Truman agreed to send two White House aides to meet with the Hoey Committee. Dozens of LGBTQ workers were dismissed from the State Department from 1950 to 1952 as a result of discrimination. Project Troy was established in 1950 to bolster the United States' psychological warfare capabilities by studying how to circumvent Soviet attempts to jam Voice of America broadcasts. The Department's attention was focused on the Korean War.As the author of NSC68, State Department Director of Policy Planning Paul Nitze became the principal advisor to Secretary Acheson, and a misunderstanding between them led to Nitze calling for <mask>'s resignation. After the rift blew over, he began to suffer from headaches and resigned in February 1952. He was still active in government circles despite leaving Washington for a position in Oklahoma City. Kennedy's appointment as Administrator of NASA was accepted on February 14, 1961. Kennedy set a goal for NASA to land an American on the Moon before the end of the 1960s. The goal of a manned lunar landing until October 1968 was announced by Kennedy on May 25, 1961. He had the support of President Lyndon B. Johnson and was able to produce more resources for Apollo.NASA was formed from a loose collection of research centers. The Manned Spacecraft Center and the Johnson Space Center were created by the same person. NASA carried out a program of planetary exploration with the Mariner and Pioneer space programs despite the pressures to focus on the Apollo program. "Who would have thought that the first tragedy would be on the ground?" After the Apollo 1 accident in 1967, the media was told, "We've always known that something like this was going to happen sooner or later." NASA was allowed to handle the accident investigation and to direct its recovery after the in-flight accident on Gemini 8. He promised to be honest with himself and NASA management. To correct problems and continue progress toward the Apollo 11 lunar landing, the agency set out to discover the details of the tragedy.He blamed himself at nearly every meeting when he reported the investigation board's findings. The backlash over the accident was away from NASA as an agency and from the Johnson administration. NASA's image and popular support were undamaged. After Johnson decided not to run for reelection, the next president, Republican Richard Nixon, decided to choose his own administrator, and that's when <mask> decided to step down as administrator. CIA sources told him in 1968 that the Soviet Union was developing a heavy N1 rocket for a manned lunar mission, and he directed NASA to prepare Apollo 8 for a possible lunar orbital mission that year. The N-1 was dubbed "<mask>'s Giant" because some people doubted the Soviet Union's abilities. The revelations about the Soviet Moonshot have given support to the conclusion.The first manned flight in the Apollo program took place in October 1968. In 1969 he published Space Age Management: The Large-Scale Approach, in which he presented the space program as a model of successful administration that could be expanded to address major societal problems. The Presidential Medal of Freedom was presented to him in 1969. He was a recipient of the Langley Gold medal. After retiring from NASA, he remained in Washington, DC, serving on several advisory boards. He received an award for his dedication to his country in 1981 from the United States Military Academy at West Point. He died of a heart attack at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington at the age of 85.He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. From the Earth to the Moon was a mini-series that starred Dan Lauria. Ken Strunk starred in the film Hidden Figures. The Next Generation Space Telescope was renamed the James Webb Space Telescope in 2002. The successor to the Hubble Space Telescope was launched in December of 2021. Scientific American urged NASA to change the name of the James Webb Space Telescope in March of 2021. A telescope renaming article appeared in the journal Nature.NASA fired a budget analyst who was accused of homosexual behavior after he was arrested and charged with indecency. Critics argued that it would be difficult for him to not be aware of the proceedings. According to an article written by an Astrophysicist, the initial accusations of the Lavender Scare were based on a quote attributed to the man, but there is no evidence that he took part in anti-gay discrimination. On September 30, 2021, NASA announced that it would keep the name after running an investigation and finding "no evidence at this time that warrants changing the name". W. Henry Lambright wrote Powering Apollo and Piers Bizony wrote The Man Whoran the Moon. Directors of the Office of Management and Budget, as well as administrators of NASA Burials at Arlington National Cemetery, are alumni of George Washington University Law School.

21258010

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20B.%20Marron%20Sr.

Donald B. Marron Sr.

Donald Baird Marron (July 21, 1934 – December 6, 2019) was an American financier, private equity investor and entrepreneur, notable as the chairman and chief executive officer of brokerage firm Paine Webber from 1980 through the sale of the company in 2000, as well as the founder of private equity firm Lightyear Capital and of Data Resources Inc.. He was the father of the economist Donald B. Marron Jr. Career D.B. Marron & Company In 1959, Marron founded D.B. Marron & Company. In 1965, Marron sold his company to Mitchell Hutchins and in 1967 was named president of the company. Mitchell, Hutchins & Co. Mitchell, Hutchins & Co. was a leading equity research boutique in the U.S., ranked the number 3 firm by Institutional Investor in 1974. In 1975, a national poll of portfolio managers chose the institutional brokerage firm as the “best research house on Wall Street.” Under Marron's leadership, the firm grew to be known as "one of Wall Street's premier stock research firms." In 1977, Mitchell Hutchins was acquired by Paine Webber. PaineWebber continued to use the Mitchell Hutchins brand until the company's sale to UBS in 2000. In 2001, the Mitchell Hutchins name was discontinued when it was merged as a subsidiary with UBS's Brinson Partners division. Data Resources Inc. In 1969 Marron co-founded Data Resources Inc. with Harvard University notable economist Otto Eckstein. DRI became the largest non-governmental source of economic data and, working with Eckstein's theory of core inflation, developed the largest macroecomonic model of its era. Data Resources is credited with "breaking new ground for the practical use of economics" among business executives and others. The company went public in 1976, with 52 of the nation's 100 largest industrial corporations as clients. The company was sold to McGraw-Hill in 1979 for $103 million. Paine Webber PaineWebber Group was one of the nation's leading full-service investment firms, serving its global client base through its primary businesses of banking, retail sales, capital transactions, and asset management. In 1977, PaineWebber merged with Mitchell, Hutchins & Co., and Marron was named President of PaineWebber. In 1980, Marron was named PaineWebber’s Chief Executive Officer, and in 1981, he was named Chairman of the Board of PaineWebber, roles he would hold for the next two decades. During his tenure, Marron transformed the business into a leading wealth management and institutional investment firm. In 2000, as CEO, Marron engineered the sale of PaineWebber to UBS AG. The deal valued PaineWebber's outstanding share capital at $10.8 billion, representing an estimated 47 percent premium over PaineWebber's closing price the day prior to the deal's announcement, and a multiple of 18.1 times the company's estimated 2000 earnings at the time. The deal had the support of PaineWebber's major shareholders. PaineWebber's sale to UBS AG expanded UBS's presence in the U.S. wealth management market. The deal was described as one of the most successful transactions of its time, having reached a record sale price and delivering clear benefits to shareholders, clients and employees of both companies. Marron served as Chairman of UBS America from 2000-2003. Lightyear Capital In 2000, Marron founded Lightyear Capital, a private equity firm focused on investments in financial services companies. The firm has raised approximately $3.5 billion since inception across its four funds. In May 2002, Lightyear closed on its first fund, The Lightyear Fund, with $750 million of investor commitments, approximately $500 million of which came from UBS AG. In 2006, the firm completed fundraising for its second private equity fund, with $850 million of commitments from over 40 investors. In 2012, the firm closed its third fund valued at $954 million. In late 2017, the firm closed its fourth fund with more than $950 million. Art collector Marron was one of America's most recognized private art collectors, having supported international artists and cultural institutions for more than 40 years. His collection of post-war works spanning both the 20th and 21st centuries is inspired by his personal response to art and his conviction that good contemporary art reflects—and great art anticipates—societal trends. Under Marron's five-year term as President of the Museum of Modern Art's Board of Trustees in the late 1980s, the Museum's endowment more than doubled, growing from $26 million in 1985 to $59 million in 1990. As a Trustee, Marron oversaw the first expansion of the Museum Tower in 1984, in which MoMA more than doubled its gallery footprint, increased its curatorial department by 30 percent, and added an auditorium, two restaurants and a bookstore. MoMA's atrium is named the Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Atrium, for Marron and his wife, in recognition of their contributions to the Museum's significant expansion efforts. While at PaineWebber, Marron personally directed the firm's acquisition of more than 850 post-1945 works by major American and European artists—including Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Willem de Kooning, and Susan Rothenberg, among many others—to create the PaineWebber Collection. In 2002, UBS PaineWebber promised MoMA 37 works, including paintings, drawings and sculpture by Andy Warhol (including Cagney, 1962), Roy Lichtenstein, Lucian Freud, and Jasper Johns. The donation was to be made over 15 years and was completed in 2017. Non-profit and philanthropic work In 2013, Marron provided the founding donation to launch the New York University Marron Institute of Urban Management. The Marron Institute operates on an academic venture capital model and works with cities to improve health, safety, mobility and inclusiveness. The Marron Institute is dedicated to working with residents, officials and practitioners to address pressing challenges on issues such as city planning, criminal justice and environmental health. In 2012, Marron and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center established the Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center to promote intensive studies focused on tumor metabolism. A key aspect of the Center is the Cell Metabolism Laboratory, which is a state-of-the-art facility that helps investigators characterize biological systems through direct measurement of the small molecule constituents. Board memberships and other affiliations Current Museum of Modern Art - President Emeritus and Lifetime Trustee New York University (NYU) - Life Trustee NYU Marron Institute of Urban Management - Founding Donor Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center's Board of Overseers - Member Council on Foreign Relations - Member Partnership for New York City - Member Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) - Trustee Coalition for the Homeless - Donor Center for the Study of the Presidency & Congress - Chairman Emeritus Former Securities Industry Association (SIA) - Governor and Vice Chairman (1974-1977) New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) - Member of the Board of Directors (1974–81) Dana Foundation - Director (1978-2007) PaineWebber (as Chairman, 1981-2001) National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) - Governor (1997-2001) Shinsei Bank - Director (1999-2005) Fannie Mae - Member of the Board (2001–06) President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities - Member (Former) California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) - Vice Chairman of the Board (Former) Education Bronx High School of Science (January 1950) Attended Baruch College Personal life Marron was married to Catherine "Catie" C. Marron, whose career has encompassed investment banking, magazine journalism, and public service. Mrs. Marron is currently Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Friends of the High Line, a trustee of the New York Public Library—where she was Chairman of the Board for seven years—and a contributing editor to Vogue magazine. She is the creator and editor of City Parks (2013) and City Squares (2016), both published by HarperCollins. Marron died of a heart attack on December 6, 2019 while on his way to a work party in New York City. He was 85. References Marron Q&A: The Buzz on Lightyear Capital. Wall Street Journal, March 5, 2007 Lightyear's Marron eyeing banks, insurers. Reuters, Nov 12, 2008 The Ubiquitous and Indefatigable Donald Marron. New York Sun, September 21, 2005 United States: Golden start to golden years: Thank you UBS. Global Finance, September 2001 External links Lightyear Capital (company website) Donald Marron. Charlie Rose Interviews 1934 births 2019 deaths American art collectors American bankers American billionaires American financiers American philanthropists Baruch College alumni Businesspeople from New York City People associated with the Museum of Modern Art (New York City) People from Goshen, New York Private equity and venture capital investors The Bronx High School of Science alumni

<mask> (July 21, 1934 – December 6, 2019) was an American financier, private equity investor and entrepreneur, notable as the chairman and chief executive officer of brokerage firm Paine Webber from 1980 through the sale of the company in 2000, as well as the founder of private equity firm Lightyear Capital and of Data Resources Inc.. He was the father of the economist <mask><mask>. Career D.B. Marron & Company In 1959, <mask> founded D.B. Marron & Company. In 1965, <mask> sold his company to Mitchell Hutchins and in 1967 was named president of the company. Mitchell, Hutchins & Co. Mitchell, Hutchins & Co. was a leading equity research boutique in the U.S., ranked the number 3 firm by Institutional Investor in 1974. In 1975, a national poll of portfolio managers chose the institutional brokerage firm as the “best research house on Wall Street.” Under <mask>'s leadership, the firm grew to be known as "one of Wall Street's premier stock research firms."In 1977, Mitchell Hutchins was acquired by Paine Webber. PaineWebber continued to use the Mitchell Hutchins brand until the company's sale to UBS in 2000. In 2001, the Mitchell Hutchins name was discontinued when it was merged as a subsidiary with UBS's Brinson Partners division. Data Resources Inc. In 1969 <mask> co-founded Data Resources Inc. with Harvard University notable economist Otto Eckstein. DRI became the largest non-governmental source of economic data and, working with Eckstein's theory of core inflation, developed the largest macroecomonic model of its era. Data Resources is credited with "breaking new ground for the practical use of economics" among business executives and others.The company went public in 1976, with 52 of the nation's 100 largest industrial corporations as clients. The company was sold to McGraw-Hill in 1979 for $103 million. Paine Webber PaineWebber Group was one of the nation's leading full-service investment firms, serving its global client base through its primary businesses of banking, retail sales, capital transactions, and asset management. In 1977, PaineWebber merged with Mitchell, Hutchins & Co., and <mask> was named President of PaineWebber. In 1980, <mask> was named PaineWebber’s Chief Executive Officer, and in 1981, he was named Chairman of the Board of PaineWebber, roles he would hold for the next two decades. During his tenure, Marron transformed the business into a leading wealth management and institutional investment firm. In 2000, as CEO, <mask> engineered the sale of PaineWebber to UBS AG.The deal valued PaineWebber's outstanding share capital at $10.8 billion, representing an estimated 47 percent premium over PaineWebber's closing price the day prior to the deal's announcement, and a multiple of 18.1 times the company's estimated 2000 earnings at the time. The deal had the support of PaineWebber's major shareholders. PaineWebber's sale to UBS AG expanded UBS's presence in the U.S. wealth management market. The deal was described as one of the most successful transactions of its time, having reached a record sale price and delivering clear benefits to shareholders, clients and employees of both companies. <mask> served as Chairman of UBS America from 2000-2003. Lightyear Capital In 2000, <mask> founded Lightyear Capital, a private equity firm focused on investments in financial services companies. The firm has raised approximately $3.5 billion since inception across its four funds.In May 2002, Lightyear closed on its first fund, The Lightyear Fund, with $750 million of investor commitments, approximately $500 million of which came from UBS AG. In 2006, the firm completed fundraising for its second private equity fund, with $850 million of commitments from over 40 investors. In 2012, the firm closed its third fund valued at $954 million. In late 2017, the firm closed its fourth fund with more than $950 million. Art collector <mask> was one of America's most recognized private art collectors, having supported international artists and cultural institutions for more than 40 years. His collection of post-war works spanning both the 20th and 21st centuries is inspired by his personal response to art and his conviction that good contemporary art reflects—and great art anticipates—societal trends. Under <mask>'s five-year term as President of the Museum of Modern Art's Board of Trustees in the late 1980s, the Museum's endowment more than doubled, growing from $26 million in 1985 to $59 million in 1990.As a Trustee, <mask> oversaw the first expansion of the Museum Tower in 1984, in which MoMA more than doubled its gallery footprint, increased its curatorial department by 30 percent, and added an auditorium, two restaurants and a bookstore. MoMA's atrium is named the Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Atrium, for <mask> and his wife, in recognition of their contributions to the Museum's significant expansion efforts. While at PaineWebber, <mask> personally directed the firm's acquisition of more than 850 post-1945 works by major American and European artists—including Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Willem de Kooning, and Susan Rothenberg, among many others—to create the PaineWebber Collection. In 2002, UBS PaineWebber promised MoMA 37 works, including paintings, drawings and sculpture by Andy Warhol (including Cagney, 1962), Roy Lichtenstein, Lucian Freud, and Jasper Johns. The donation was to be made over 15 years and was completed in 2017. Non-profit and philanthropic work In 2013, <mask> provided the founding donation to launch the New York University Marron Institute of Urban Management. The Marron Institute operates on an academic venture capital model and works with cities to improve health, safety, mobility and inclusiveness.The Marron Institute is dedicated to working with residents, officials and practitioners to address pressing challenges on issues such as city planning, criminal justice and environmental health. In 2012, Marron and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center established the Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center to promote intensive studies focused on tumor metabolism. A key aspect of the Center is the Cell Metabolism Laboratory, which is a state-of-the-art facility that helps investigators characterize biological systems through direct measurement of the small molecule constituents. Mrs. <mask> is currently Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Friends of the High Line, a trustee of the New York Public Library—where she was Chairman of the Board for seven years—and a contributing editor to Vogue magazine. She is the creator and editor of City Parks (2013) and City Squares (2016), both published by HarperCollins. <mask> died of a heart attack on December 6, 2019 while on his way to a work party in New York City. He was 85.References Marron Q&A: The Buzz on Lightyear Capital. Wall Street Journal, March 5, 2007 Lightyear's Marron eyeing banks, insurers. Reuters, Nov 12, 2008 The Ubiquitous and Indefatigable <mask>. New York Sun, September 21, 2005 United States: Golden start to golden years: Thank you UBS. Global Finance, September 2001 External links Lightyear Capital (company website) <mask>. Charlie Rose Interviews 1934 births 2019 deaths American art collectors American bankers American billionaires American financiers American philanthropists Baruch College alumni Businesspeople from New York City People associated with the Museum of Modern Art (New York City) People from Goshen, New York Private equity and venture capital investors The Bronx High School of Science alumni

<mask> was an American financier, private equity investor andentrepreneur who was the founder of Lightyear Capital as well as the chairman and chief executive officer of a brokerage firm. <mask><mask>. was the son of him. D.B. was founded in 1959 by Marron & Company. The company is called Marron & Company. Mitchell Hutchins was named president of the company in 1967, after <mask> sold his company. The number 3 firm by Institutional Investor in 1974 was Mitchell, Hutchins & Co. In 1975, a national poll of portfolio managers chose the institutional brokerage firm as the "best research house on Wall Street." Under <mask>'s leadership, the firm grew to be known as "one of Wall Street's premier stock research firms."Mitchell Hutchins was acquired in 1977. The Mitchell Hutchins brand was sold to UBS in 2000. The Mitchell Hutchins name was discontinued in 2001 when it was merged with the Brinson Partners division. Data Resources Inc. is a subsidiary of Data Resources Inc. <mask> co-founded Data Resources with a Harvard University economist. DRI became the largest non-governmental source of economic data and developed the largest macroecomonic model of its era. Business executives and others have credited Data Resources with "breaking new ground for the practical use of economics".52 of the nation's 100 largest industrial corporations were clients when the company went public in 1976. In 1979 the company was sold for $103 million. Through its primary businesses of banking, retail sales, capital transactions, and asset management, the firm was one of the nation's leading full-service investment firms. <mask> was named President of PaineWebber after the merger with Mitchell, Hutchins & Co. In 1980, <mask> was named the Chief Executive Officer of PaineWebber, and in 1981 he became the Chairman of the Board. Marron transformed the business into a leading wealth management and institutional investment firm. <mask> engineered the sale of PaineWebber in 2000.The deal valued PaineWebber's outstanding share capital at $10.8 billion, a 47 percent premium over the closing price on the day before the deal's announcement, and a multiple of 18.1 times the company's estimated 2000 earnings at the time. Major shareholders of PaineWebber supported the deal. As a result of the sale of PaineWebber, the U.S. wealth management market has expanded. The deal was described as one of the most successful transactions of its time, having reached a record sale price and delivering clear benefits to shareholders, clients and employees of both companies. <mask> was Chairman of the company from 2000-2003. Lightyear Capital was founded in 2000 by <mask>. Since inception, the firm has raised over $3 billion.In May 2002, Lightyear closed its first fund, The Lightyear Fund, with $750 million of investor commitments. The firm raised $850 million for its second private equity fund. In 2012 the firm closed its third fund. The firm's fourth fund had more than $950 million. <mask> was an art collector who supported international artists and cultural institutions for more than 40 years. His collection of post-war works spans both the 20th and 21st centuries and is inspired by his personal response to art. The Museum of Modern Art's endowment grew from $26 million in 1985 to $59 million in 1990 under <mask>'s leadership.<mask> oversaw the first expansion of the Museum Tower in 1984 which doubled MoMA's gallery footprint, added an auditorium, two restaurants and a bookstore, and increased its curatorial department by 30 percent. <mask>. and Catherine C<mask> were honored for their contributions to the Museum's expansion efforts. <mask> directed the firm's acquisition of more than 850 post-1945 works by major American and European artists, including Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, and Susan Rothenberg, among many others. MoMA was promised 37 works, including paintings, drawings and sculpture by Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Lucian Freud, and Jasper Johns. The donation was made over a period of 15 years. The founding donation to the New York University Marron Institute of Urban Management came from Marron. The Marron Institute works with cities to improve health, safety, mobility and inclusiveness.The Marron Institute is dedicated to working with residents, officials and practitioners to address pressing challenges on issues such as city planning, criminal justice and environmental health. The <mask> B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center was established in 2012 The Cell Metabolism Laboratory is a state-of-the-art facility that helps investigators characterize biological systems through direct measurement of the small molecule constituents. Mrs. <mask> is a Trustee of the New York Public Library and a contributing editor to Vogue magazine. She is the author and editor of City Parks and City Squares. <mask> died of a heart attack on his way to a work party in New York City. He died at the age of 85.The Buzz on Lightyear Capital was written by <mask>. Lightyear's <mask> is looking at banks and insurers. <mask> is the epitome and indefatigable. The golden start to golden years was thanked by the New York Sun. <mask> is the CEO of Lightyear Capital. People associated with the Museum of Modern Art are from New York City.

755123

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus%20von%20B%C3%BClow

Claus von Bülow

Claus von Bülow (born Claus Cecil Borberg; 11 August 1926 – 25 May 2019) was a Danish-born British lawyer, consultant and socialite. In 1982, he was initially convicted of both the attempted murder of his wife Sunny von Bülow (born Martha Sharp Crawford; 1932–2008) in 1979, which had left her in a temporary coma, as well as an alleged insulin overdose in 1980 that left her in a persistent vegetative state for the rest of her life. On appeal, both convictions were reversed, and Bülow was found not guilty at his second trial. Background Beginning life as Claus Cecil Borberg, Bülow was the son of Jonna von Bülow-Plüskow (1900–1959) and Danish playwright Svend Borberg (1888–1947). His father was accused, though later cleared, of being a Nazi collaborator for his activities during the Second World War in the German occupation of Denmark. After graduating from university with a degree in law and becoming an apprentice in the legal profession, Claus chose to be known by his maternal surname, Bülow, instead of his father's surname, Borberg. His mother was the daughter of Frits Bülow af Plüskow, Danish Minister of Justice from 1910 to 1913, president of the upper chamber of the Danish Parliament from 1920 to 1922 and a member of the old Danish-German noble Bülow family, originally from Mecklenburg. Bülow graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, and practised law in London in the 1950s before working as a personal assistant to J. Paul Getty. While he had a variety of duties for Getty, Bülow became very familiar with the economics of the oil industry. Getty wrote that Bülow showed "remarkable forbearance and good nature" as his occasional whipping boy, and Bülow remained with Getty until 1968. On 6 June 1966, Bülow married Sunny, the American ex-wife of Prince Alfred von Auersperg. He worked on and off as a consultant to oil companies. Sunny already had a son and a daughter from her first marriage; together, she and Bülow had a daughter, Cosima von Bülow, born on 15 April 1967 in New York City. Cosima married the Italian count Riccardo Pavoncelli in 1996. Attempted murder trials In 1982, Bülow was arrested and tried for the attempted murders of Sunny on two occasions in two consecutive years. The main medical and scientific evidence against him was that Sunny had low blood sugar, common in many conditions, but a blood test showed a high insulin level. The test was not repeated. A needle was used as evidence against Bülow in court, with the prosecution alleging that he had used it and a vial of insulin to try to kill his wife. His mistress of two years, the soap opera actress Alexandra Isles, testified "He said that they had been having a long argument, talk, about divorce that had gone on late into the night. She had drunk a great deal of egg nog. And then he said, ‘I saw her take the Seconal.’ And then he said that the next day when she was unconscious that he watched her knowing that she was in a bad way, all day, and watched her and watched her. And finally, when she was at the point of dying he said that he couldn’t go through with it and he called (the doctor) and saved her life. The discovery of these items became the focal point of Bülow's appeal. At the trial in Newport, Rhode Island, Bülow was found guilty and sentenced to 30 years in prison; he appealed, hiring Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz to represent him. Dershowitz served as a consultant to the defense team led by Thomas Puccio, a former federal prosecutor. Dershowitz's campaign to acquit Bülow was assisted by Jim Cramer and future New York attorney general and governor Eliot Spitzer, who were then Harvard Law School students. Dershowitz and his team focused on the discovery of the bag containing the syringes and insulin. Sunny's family had hired a private investigator to look into her coma. The private investigator, Edwin Lambert (an associate of the Bülows' lawyer Richard Kuh), was told by several family members and a maid that Claus had recently been seen locking a closet in the Newport home that previously was always kept open. The family hired a locksmith to drive to the mansion, with the intention of picking the closet lock to find what the closet contained. They had lied to the locksmith and told him that one of them owned the house. When the three arrived, the locksmith insisted that they try again to find the key, and after some searching, Kuh found a key in Claus von Bülow's desk that unlocked the closet. At this point, according to the three men in the original interviews, the locksmith was paid for the trip and left before the closet was actually opened, although the men would later recant that version and insist that the locksmith was present when they entered the closet. It was in the closet that the main evidence against Claus von Bülow was found. In 1984, the two convictions from the first trial were reversed by the Rhode Island Supreme Court. In 1985, after a second trial, Bülow was found not guilty on all charges. At the second trial, the defense called eight medical experts, all university professors, who testified that Sunny's two comas had not been caused by insulin, but by a combination of ingested (not injected) drugs, alcohol, and chronic health conditions. The experts were John Caronna (chairman of neurology, Cornell); Leo Dal Cortivo (former president, U.S. Toxicology Association); Ralph DeFronzo (medicine, Yale University); Kurt Dubowski (forensic pathology, University of Oklahoma); Daniel Foster (medicine, University of Texas at Austin); Daniel Furst (medicine, University of Iowa); Harold Lebovitz (director of clinical research, State University of New York); Vincent Marks (clinical biochemistry, Surrey, vice-president Royal College of Pathologists and president, Association of Clinical Biochemistry); and Arthur Rubinstein (medicine, University of Chicago). Cortivo testified that the hypodermic needle tainted with insulin on the outside (but not inside) would have been dipped in insulin but not injected; injecting it through flesh would have wiped it clean. Evidence also showed that Sunny's hospital admission three weeks before her final coma showed she had ingested at least 73 aspirin tablets, a quantity that could only have been self-administered, and which indicated her state of mind. Dershowitz, in his book Taking the Stand, writes about Claus von Bülow's dinner party after he was found not guilty at his trial. Dershowitz replied to the invitation that he would not attend if it was a "victory party," and Bülow assured him that it was only a dinner for "several interesting friends." Norman Mailer also attended the dinner where Dershowitz explained why the evidence pointed to Bülow not having attempted to murder his wife. As Dershowitz recounted, Mailer grabbed the arm of his wife, Norris Church Mailer, and said: "Let's get out of here. I think this guy is innocent. I thought we were going to be having dinner with a man who actually tried to kill his wife. This is boring." Death Bülow died on 25 May 2019 at his home in London, England. In popular culture The 1990 film Reversal of Fortune depicts the case and its surrounding fallout. For his portrayal of Claus von Bülow, Jeremy Irons won the Academy Award for Best Actor. Klaus and Sunny Baudelaire from A Series of Unfortunate Events are named after Claus and Sunny von Bülow. References 1926 births 2019 deaths Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge English people of Danish descent English socialites Claus Danish expatriates in England Danish emigrants to the United States English people of German descent German socialites People acquitted of attempted murder People from Copenhagen People from Newport, Rhode Island Wrongful convictions Criminal trials that ended in acquittal

<mask> (born <mask>; 11 August 1926 – 25 May 2019) was a Danish-born British lawyer, consultant and socialite. In 1982, he was initially convicted of both the attempted murder of his wife <mask> (born Martha Sharp Crawford; 1932–2008) in 1979, which had left her in a temporary coma, as well as an alleged insulin overdose in 1980 that left her in a persistent vegetative state for the rest of her life. On appeal, both convictions were reversed, and <mask> was found not guilty at his second trial. Background Beginning life as <mask>, <mask> was the son of <mask> (1900–1959) and Danish playwright Svend Borberg (1888–1947). His father was accused, though later cleared, of being a Nazi collaborator for his activities during the Second World War in the German occupation of Denmark. After graduating from university with a degree in law and becoming an apprentice in the legal profession, <mask> chose to be known by his maternal surname, Bülow, instead of his father's surname, Borberg. His mother was the daughter of <mask> af Plüskow, Danish Minister of Justice from 1910 to 1913, president of the upper chamber of the Danish Parliament from 1920 to 1922 and a member of the old Danish-German noble <mask> family, originally from Mecklenburg.<mask> graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, and practised law in London in the 1950s before working as a personal assistant to J. Paul Getty. While he had a variety of duties for Getty, <mask> became very familiar with the economics of the oil industry. Getty wrote that <mask> showed "remarkable forbearance and good nature" as his occasional whipping boy, and <mask> remained with Getty until 1968. On 6 June 1966, <mask> married Sunny, the American ex-wife of Prince <mask> Auersperg. He worked on and off as a consultant to oil companies. Sunny already had a son and a daughter from her first marriage; together, she and <mask> had a daughter, Cosima <mask>, born on 15 April 1967 in New York City. Cosima married the Italian count Riccardo <mask> in 1996.Attempted murder trials In 1982, <mask> was arrested and tried for the attempted murders of Sunny on two occasions in two consecutive years. The main medical and scientific evidence against him was that Sunny had low blood sugar, common in many conditions, but a blood test showed a high insulin level. The test was not repeated. A needle was used as evidence against <mask> in court, with the prosecution alleging that he had used it and a vial of insulin to try to kill his wife. His mistress of two years, the soap opera actress Alexandra Isles, testified "He said that they had been having a long argument, talk, about divorce that had gone on late into the night. She had drunk a great deal of egg nog. And then he said, ‘I saw her take the Seconal.’ And then he said that the next day when she was unconscious that he watched her knowing that she was in a bad way, all day, and watched her and watched her.And finally, when she was at the point of dying he said that he couldn’t go through with it and he called (the doctor) and saved her life. The discovery of these items became the focal point of <mask>'s appeal. At the trial in Newport, Rhode Island, <mask> was found guilty and sentenced to 30 years in prison; he appealed, hiring Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz to represent him. Dershowitz served as a consultant to the defense team led by Thomas Puccio, a former federal prosecutor. Dershowitz's campaign to acquit <mask> was assisted by Jim Cramer and future New York attorney general and governor Eliot Spitzer, who were then Harvard Law School students. Dershowitz and his team focused on the discovery of the bag containing the syringes and insulin. Sunny's family had hired a private investigator to look into her coma.The private investigator, Edwin Lambert (an associate of the Bülows' lawyer Richard Kuh), was told by several family members and a maid that <mask> had recently been seen locking a closet in the Newport home that previously was always kept open. The family hired a locksmith to drive to the mansion, with the intention of picking the closet lock to find what the closet contained. They had lied to the locksmith and told him that one of them owned the house. When the three arrived, the locksmith insisted that they try again to find the key, and after some searching, Kuh found a key in <mask> <mask>'s desk that unlocked the closet. At this point, according to the three men in the original interviews, the locksmith was paid for the trip and left before the closet was actually opened, although the men would later recant that version and insist that the locksmith was present when they entered the closet. It was in the closet that the main evidence against <mask> <mask> was found. In 1984, the two convictions from the first trial were reversed by the Rhode Island Supreme Court.In 1985, after a second trial, <mask> was found not guilty on all charges. At the second trial, the defense called eight medical experts, all university professors, who testified that Sunny's two comas had not been caused by insulin, but by a combination of ingested (not injected) drugs, alcohol, and chronic health conditions. The experts were John Caronna (chairman of neurology, Cornell); Leo Dal Cortivo (former president, U.S. Toxicology Association); Ralph DeFronzo (medicine, Yale University); Kurt Dubowski (forensic pathology, University of Oklahoma); Daniel Foster (medicine, University of Texas at Austin); Daniel Furst (medicine, University of Iowa); Harold Lebovitz (director of clinical research, State University of New York); Vincent Marks (clinical biochemistry, Surrey, vice-president Royal College of Pathologists and president, Association of Clinical Biochemistry); and Arthur Rubinstein (medicine, University of Chicago). Cortivo testified that the hypodermic needle tainted with insulin on the outside (but not inside) would have been dipped in insulin but not injected; injecting it through flesh would have wiped it clean. Evidence also showed that Sunny's hospital admission three weeks before her final coma showed she had ingested at least 73 aspirin tablets, a quantity that could only have been self-administered, and which indicated her state of mind. Dershowitz, in his book Taking the Stand, writes about <mask> <mask>'s dinner party after he was found not guilty at his trial. Dershowitz replied to the invitation that he would not attend if it was a "victory party," and <mask> assured him that it was only a dinner for "several interesting friends."Norman Mailer also attended the dinner where Dershowitz explained why the evidence pointed to <mask> not having attempted to murder his wife. As Dershowitz recounted, Mailer grabbed the arm of his wife, Norris Church Mailer, and said: "Let's get out of here. I think this guy is innocent. I thought we were going to be having dinner with a man who actually tried to kill his wife. This is boring." Death <mask> died on 25 May 2019 at his home in London, England. In popular culture The 1990 film Reversal of Fortune depicts the case and its surrounding fallout.For his portrayal of <mask> <mask>, Jeremy Irons won the Academy Award for Best Actor. Klaus and Sunny Baudelaire from A Series of Unfortunate Events are named after <mask> and <mask> Bülow. References 1926 births 2019 deaths Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge English people of Danish descent English socialites Claus Danish expatriates in England Danish emigrants to the United States English people of German descent German socialites People acquitted of attempted murder People from Copenhagen People from Newport, Rhode Island Wrongful convictions Criminal trials that ended in acquittal

<mask> was a British lawyer and consultant. In 1982, he was found guilty of trying to kill his wife, and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals Blow was found not guilty at his second trial after both convictions were reversed. Blow was the son of <mask> and a playwright. During the Second World War, his father was accused of being a Nazi sympathizer but later cleared. <mask> chose to be known by his mother's name, Blow, instead of his father's name, Borberg, after graduating from university with a degree in law. His mother was the daughter of Frits Blow af Plskow, the Minister of Justice from 1910 to 1913 and the president of the upper chamber of the parliament from 1920 to 1922.Blow worked as a personal assistant to J. Paul Getty after graduating from Trinity College, Cambridge. Blow was very familiar with the economics of the oil industry. Blow showed "remarkable forbearance and good nature" as his whipping boy, and Blow remained with Getty until 1968. Blow married the ex-wife of Prince <mask> Auersperg. He was a consultant to oil companies. She and Blow had a daughter, Cosima <mask>, who was born on April 15, 1967, in New York City. Cosima married the Italian count in 1996.Blow was arrested and tried for the attempted murders of two people in two years. The main medical and scientific evidence against him was that he had low blood sugar, which is common in many conditions. The test was not repeated. Blow was accused of trying to kill his wife by injecting her with a needle and a small amount of insulin. The soap opera actress testified that he said that they had been having a long argument, talk about divorce, and that it had gone on late into the night. She had drunk a lot of food. He said that the next day when she was unconscious, he watched her as she was in a bad way.He called the doctor and saved her life when he said he couldn't go through with it. The focal point of Blow's appeal was the discovery of these items. Blow was sentenced to 30 years in prison after being found guilty at a trial in Rhode Island. The defense team was led by Thomas Puccio, a former federal prosecutor. The campaign to acquit Blow was aided by future New York attorney general and governor Jim Cramer and Harvard Law School students. The bag containing the needles was found by the team. A private investigator was hired by the family to look into her coma.The Blows' lawyer Richard Kuh was told by several family members and a maid that <mask> had recently been seen locking a closet in the Newport home. The locksmith was hired by the family to go to the mansion and find the closet lock. They lied to the locksmith and said that one of them owned the house. After some searching, Kuh found a key in <mask> Blow's desk that unlocked the closet, after the locksmith insisted that they try again to find the key. At this point, according to the three men in the original interviews, the locksmith was paid for the trip and left before the closet was actually opened, although the men would later recant that version and insist that the locksmith was present when they entered the closet. The main evidence against <mask> Blow was found in the closet. The Rhode Island Supreme Court reversed the convictions from the first trial.Blow was found not guilty after a second trial. At the second trial, the defense called eight medical experts, all university professors, who testified that the two comas were caused by a combination of drugs, alcohol, and chronic health conditions. The experts were John Caronna, former president of the U.S. Toxicology Association; Kurt Dubowski, forensic pathology, University of Oklahoma; and Daniel Foster, medicine, University of Texas. Cortivo said that the hypodermic needle would have been dipped in insulin but not injected, and that injecting it through flesh would have wiped it clean. Evidence showed that three weeks before her final coma, she had taken at least 73 aspirin tablets, a quantity that could only have been self-administered, and which indicated her state of mind. <mask> Blow had a dinner party after he was found not guilty. Blow assured him that it was only a dinner for several interesting friends after he replied that he would not attend if it was a victory party.The evidence pointed to Blow not having attempted to murder his wife. Mailer grabbed the arm of his wife and said, "Let's get out of here." I think the guy is not guilty. We were going to have dinner with a man who tried to kill his wife. This is boring. Death Blow passed away at his home in London, England. The 1990 film Reversal of Fortune depicts the case.Jeremy Irons won an Academy Award for his portrayal of <mask> Blow. The Baudelaires from A Series of Unfortunate Events are named after the <mask>. The names of people who died in the year 1919 include alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge, English people of German descent, <mask>, and people from Newport, Rhode Island.

24156194

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Fomunyoh

Christopher Fomunyoh

Christopher Fomunyoh (born 14 August 1956) is the Senior Associate for Africa and Regional Director at the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. Early life The first son of coffee farmers in his native village of Guzang – Batibo sub division, Fomunyoh attended Christian primary education institutions in Guzang, Ambo, and Eka-Bifang, then went on to the Cameroon Protestant College, Bali for secondary school studies, graduating in 1973. He later attended the Cameroon College of Arts, Science and Technology Bambili and obtained the General Certificate of Education Advanced levels in 1975, before proceeding to University of Yaoundé, Faculty of Law and Economics. Academia Fomunyoh holds a License en Droit from the University of Yaoundé, 1979; an LL.M. in International Law from Harvard Law School, 1989; and a Ph.D. in political science from Boston University, 1993. He also holds a professional certificate in Air Law from the Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III. Dr. Fomunyoh is an adjunct faculty at the African Center for Strategic Studies, and a former adjunct professor of African Politics & Government at Georgetown University. He is perfectly articulate in both French and English. Career Upon graduation from University of Yaoundé, he worked for the Water Corporation, Societé Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun (SNEC) and later for Cameroon Airlines both in the coastal city of Douala where he established and managed the Legal department for more than six years before departing Cameroon to pursue further studies at Harvard University. Shortly after graduating from Harvard, Fomunyoh served on internships with the Law Offices of the Bank of Boston (USA), and Standard Chartered Bank in Douala, Cameroon. In 1993, he joined the National Democratic Institute as senior program officer. Today, as senior associate and regional director at NDI, Fomunyoh has organized and advised international election observation missions, designed and supervised country specific democracy support programs in partnership with civic organizations, political parties and legislative bodies across Africa. In the course of his work, Fomunyoh interacts regularly with heads of state and government, cabinet ministers, elected officials, political and civic leaders. He recently designed and helped launch the African Statesmen Initiative a program aimed at facilitating political transitions in Africa by encouraging former democratic Heads of State to stay engaged in humanitarian issues, conflict mediation, public health and other key sectors of political economic and human development on the continent. As an authority on democratization in Africa, Fomunyoh is highly solicited by news organizations and makes frequent guest appearances on major mainstream media including Cable News Network, British Broadcasting Corporation, National Public Radio, Voice Of America, Radio France Internationale and Radio Deustche Welle. He provides interviews for print news organizations such as the Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Washington Times, Le Monde and 'International Herald Tribune. In one of his multiple media outings, Fomunyoh considered colonial rule as "...a terrible moment in African history and for the world too...", but he also places culpability for Africa’s current problems on what he unambiguously terms "...bad governance and lack of visionary leadership..." Fomunyoh upholds the supremacy of the constitution and strongly objects to distortions of the document to suit personal or sectional whims. He points to the Ghanaian example as schemata for budding democracies. Chris Fomunyoh recently remarked: It is extremely important to frequently renew political leadership in every country so new leaders can bring a fresh perspective to global trends and developments, and help move their countries in ways that may differ from previously long held typical and traditional approaches. Civic advocacy Through his life, work and pronouncements, Christopher Fomunyoh espouses respectful communication even amongst disagreeing parties – the kind of dialogue that reaches for compromise by considering the views of all parties involved through ‘yesable’ proposals. Fomunyoh remembers putting this practice to use in the mid 1970s, as one of the executive and founding members of the UNESCO Club at the University of Yaoundé; and before that, in his activist days as a student leader and president of the Moghamo Students Association from 1975 to 1979. Fomunyoh’s Foundation Radio, in Bamenda Cameroon vigorously upholds the creed of ‘Giving Voice to the Voiceless’ and strives to provide a platform for airing the concerns of the silent/impoverished majority and the establishment of the right contacts for obtaining much-needed skills for self-reliance. His family foundation TFF, partners with various traditional civic and administrative institutions within Cameroon to foster these goals. That has earned him encomiums among various Cameroonian constituencies such as: the Sawa Women of Bonendale, Douala in the Littoral region, some of whose cultural and development projects the Fomunyoh Foundation has supported; the Moghamo Women Empowerment Center in Batibo; and the chieftaincy in Dschang in the Western Region where Fomunyoh holds the honorific traditional title of ‘Suffo’. In the months leading to the 2004 presidential elections in Cameroon, Fomunyoh’s name was touted by various interest groups, parties and independent observers as a potential candidate for the race. A few years before the 2011 presidential contest, speculation is rife in the Cameroonian media of both French and English expression, the blogosphere and the Cameroonian Diaspora about the possibility of a Fomunyoh vs Biya Paul Biya show-down. While many Cameroonians ponder the possibility of holding credible, free and fair elections when the election administration body – ELECAM – is perceived as partisan, they also see 2011, as likely to be an epoch-making poll. Fomunyoh has not dropped a traceable hint about his immediate plans; yet a lot seems to be submerged in the unsaid. His more recent (early this year) comments to the media have been a blend of nostalgia for some aspects of the country of his teenage years and an unflappable optimism for better years ahead and the possibilities and potential for positive and meaningful change for Cameroon and Africa as a whole. Growing calls for Fomunyoh to jump into the political fray in Cameroon represent a variety of things to a variety of people: Cameroonian democrats need a boost to their advocacy efforts in favor of good and accountable governance given the government’s performance; while Cameroonians in the Diaspora would love to see someone at the helm of the state that could use his/her international stature to regain credibility for the country and its reputation on the world stage. Fomunyoh’s silence on the issue of his candidacy is yet to quell the speculation that seems to be growing by the day as 2011 year draws nearer, and as many Cameroonians take personal initiatives to reserve domain names, create Fomunyoh fan clubs and online discussion groups in an effort to persuade and pressure him to step forward and get into the presidential race. References 1956 births Living people Harvard Law School alumni Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni

<mask> (born 14 August 1956) is the Senior Associate for Africa and Regional Director at the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. Early life The first son of coffee farmers in his native village of Guzang – Batibo sub division, Fomunyoh attended Christian primary education institutions in Guzang, Ambo, and Eka-Bifang, then went on to the Cameroon Protestant College, Bali for secondary school studies, graduating in 1973. He later attended the Cameroon College of Arts, Science and Technology Bambili and obtained the General Certificate of Education Advanced levels in 1975, before proceeding to University of Yaoundé, Faculty of Law and Economics. Academia Fomunyoh holds a License en Droit from the University of Yaoundé, 1979; an LL.M. in International Law from Harvard Law School, 1989; and a Ph.D. in political science from Boston University, 1993. He also holds a professional certificate in Air Law from the Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III. Dr. Fomunyoh is an adjunct faculty at the African Center for Strategic Studies, and a former adjunct professor of African Politics & Government at Georgetown University.He is perfectly articulate in both French and English. Career Upon graduation from University of Yaoundé, he worked for the Water Corporation, Societé Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun (SNEC) and later for Cameroon Airlines both in the coastal city of Douala where he established and managed the Legal department for more than six years before departing Cameroon to pursue further studies at Harvard University. Shortly after graduating from Harvard, Fomunyoh served on internships with the Law Offices of the Bank of Boston (USA), and Standard Chartered Bank in Douala, Cameroon. In 1993, he joined the National Democratic Institute as senior program officer. Today, as senior associate and regional director at NDI, Fomunyoh has organized and advised international election observation missions, designed and supervised country specific democracy support programs in partnership with civic organizations, political parties and legislative bodies across Africa. In the course of his work, Fomunyoh interacts regularly with heads of state and government, cabinet ministers, elected officials, political and civic leaders. He recently designed and helped launch the African Statesmen Initiative a program aimed at facilitating political transitions in Africa by encouraging former democratic Heads of State to stay engaged in humanitarian issues, conflict mediation, public health and other key sectors of political economic and human development on the continent.As an authority on democratization in Africa, Fomunyoh is highly solicited by news organizations and makes frequent guest appearances on major mainstream media including Cable News Network, British Broadcasting Corporation, National Public Radio, Voice Of America, Radio France Internationale and Radio Deustche Welle. He provides interviews for print news organizations such as the Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Washington Times, Le Monde and 'International Herald Tribune. In one of his multiple media outings, Fomunyoh considered colonial rule as "...a terrible moment in African history and for the world too...", but he also places culpability for Africa’s current problems on what he unambiguously terms "...bad governance and lack of visionary leadership..." Fomunyoh upholds the supremacy of the constitution and strongly objects to distortions of the document to suit personal or sectional whims. He points to the Ghanaian example as schemata for budding democracies. <mask> recently remarked: It is extremely important to frequently renew political leadership in every country so new leaders can bring a fresh perspective to global trends and developments, and help move their countries in ways that may differ from previously long held typical and traditional approaches. Civic advocacy Through his life, work and pronouncements, <mask>h espouses respectful communication even amongst disagreeing parties – the kind of dialogue that reaches for compromise by considering the views of all parties involved through ‘yesable’ proposals. Fomunyoh remembers putting this practice to use in the mid 1970s, as one of the executive and founding members of the UNESCO Club at the University of Yaoundé; and before that, in his activist days as a student leader and president of the Moghamo Students Association from 1975 to 1979.Fomunyoh’s Foundation Radio, in Bamenda Cameroon vigorously upholds the creed of ‘Giving Voice to the Voiceless’ and strives to provide a platform for airing the concerns of the silent/impoverished majority and the establishment of the right contacts for obtaining much-needed skills for self-reliance. His family foundation TFF, partners with various traditional civic and administrative institutions within Cameroon to foster these goals. That has earned him encomiums among various Cameroonian constituencies such as: the Sawa Women of Bonendale, Douala in the Littoral region, some of whose cultural and development projects the Fomunyoh Foundation has supported; the Moghamo Women Empowerment Center in Batibo; and the chieftaincy in Dschang in the Western Region where Fomunyoh holds the honorific traditional title of ‘Suffo’. In the months leading to the 2004 presidential elections in Cameroon, Fomunyoh’s name was touted by various interest groups, parties and independent observers as a potential candidate for the race. A few years before the 2011 presidential contest, speculation is rife in the Cameroonian media of both French and English expression, the blogosphere and the Cameroonian Diaspora about the possibility of a Fomunyoh vs Biya Paul Biya show-down. While many Cameroonians ponder the possibility of holding credible, free and fair elections when the election administration body – ELECAM – is perceived as partisan, they also see 2011, as likely to be an epoch-making poll. Fomunyoh has not dropped a traceable hint about his immediate plans; yet a lot seems to be submerged in the unsaid.His more recent (early this year) comments to the media have been a blend of nostalgia for some aspects of the country of his teenage years and an unflappable optimism for better years ahead and the possibilities and potential for positive and meaningful change for Cameroon and Africa as a whole. Growing calls for Fomunyoh to jump into the political fray in Cameroon represent a variety of things to a variety of people: Cameroonian democrats need a boost to their advocacy efforts in favor of good and accountable governance given the government’s performance; while Cameroonians in the Diaspora would love to see someone at the helm of the state that could use his/her international stature to regain credibility for the country and its reputation on the world stage. Fomunyoh’s silence on the issue of his candidacy is yet to quell the speculation that seems to be growing by the day as 2011 year draws nearer, and as many Cameroonians take personal initiatives to reserve domain names, create Fomunyoh fan clubs and online discussion groups in an effort to persuade and pressure him to step forward and get into the presidential race. References 1956 births Living people Harvard Law School alumni Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni

<mask> is the Senior Associate for Africa and Regional Director at the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. Fomunyoh was the first son of coffee farmers in his native village of Guzang and attended Christian primary education institutions in Guzang, Ambo, and Eka- Bifang. He obtained the General Certificate of Education Advanced levels in 1975, before going to the University of Yaoundé, Faculty of Law and Economics. Fomunyoh obtained a License en Droit from the University of Yaoundé in 1979. In political science from Boston University in 1993 and in International Law from Harvard Law School in 1989. He has a professional certificate in Air Law from the Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III. Dr. <mask> was a professor of African Politics and Government at Georgetown University.He is articulate in both languages. He established and managed the Legal department for more than six years in the coastal city of Douala after graduating from the University of Yaoundé. After graduating from Harvard, Fomunyoh joined the Law Offices of the Bank of Boston. He joined the National Democratic Institute in 1993 as a senior program officer. Fomunyoh has organized and advised international election observation missions, designed and supervised country specific democracy support programs in partnership with civic organizations, political parties and legislative bodies across Africa. Fomunyoh interacts frequently with heads of state and government, cabinet ministers, elected officials, political and civic leaders. The African Statesmen Initiative is a program designed to facilitate political transitions in Africa by encouraging former democratic heads of state to stay involved in humanitarian issues, conflict mediation, public health and other key sectors of political economic and human development.As an authority on democratization in Africa, Fomunyoh is highly solicited by news organizations and makes frequent guest appearances on major mainstream media. The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Washington Times, Le Monde, and 'International Herald Tribune are some of the print news organizations he interviews. Fomunyoh considers colonial rule to be a terrible moment in African history and for the world, but he also places blame for Africa's current problems on bad governance and lack of visionary leadership. He points to the Ghanaian example as a good example. <mask> recently remarked that it is important to frequently renew political leadership in every country so that new leaders can bring a fresh perspective to global trends and developments, and help move their countries in ways that may differ from previously long held typical and traditional approaches. <mask>h promotes respectful communication even amongst disagreeing parties by considering the views of all parties involved through 'yesable' proposals. In the mid-1970s, Fomunyoh was one of the founding members of the UNESCO Club at the University of Yaoundé, and before that, he was a student leader and president of the Moghamo Students Association.Fomunyoh's Foundation Radio strives to provide a platform for airing the concerns of the silent/impoverished majority and the establishment of the right contacts for obtaining much-needed skills. His family foundation TFF works with various traditional civic and administrative institutions to foster these goals. The Fomunyoh Foundation has supported cultural and development projects in various parts of the country. Fomunyoh was mentioned by various interest groups, parties and independent observers as a potential candidate for the race. There is a lot of speculation about the possibility of a Fomunyoh vs Biya Paul Biya show-down a few years before the presidential contest. When the election administration body, ELECAM, is perceived as partisan, many Cameroonians ponder the possibility of holding credible, free and fair elections. A lot seems to be submerged in the unsaid, yet Fomunyoh has not dropped a hint about his immediate plans.His recent comments to the media have been a mixture of nostalgia for some aspects of the country of his teenage years and an unflappable optimism for better years ahead and the possibilities and potential for positive and meaningful change for Africa as a whole. Cameroonian democrats need a boost to their advocacy efforts in favor of good and accountable governance given the government's performance, while Cameroonians in the Diaspora would love to see Fomunyoh join the political scene. <mask>'s silence on the issue of his candidacy is yet to quell the speculation that seems to be growing by the day, and as many Cameroonians take personal initiatives to reserve domain names, create Fomunyoh fan clubs and online discussion groups. Harvard Law School alumni and Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni are mentioned.

1029819

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Gorton

Samuel Gorton

Samuel Gorton (1593–1677) was an early settler and civic leader of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and President of the towns of Providence and Warwick. He had strong religious beliefs which differed from Puritan theology and was very outspoken, and he became the leader of a small sect of converts known as Gortonians, Gortonists or Gortonites. As a result, he was frequently in trouble with the civil and church authorities in the New England colonies. Gorton was baptized in 1593 in Manchester, Lancashire, England and received an education in languages and English law from tutors. In 1637, he emigrated from England, settling first in Plymouth Colony, where he was soon ousted for his religious opinions and his demeanor towards the magistrates and ministers. He settled next in Portsmouth where he met with a similar fate, being whipped for his insubordination towards the magistrates. He next went to Providence Plantation where he once again encountered adverse circumstances, until he and a group of others purchased land from the Narragansett people. They settled south of the Pawtuxet River in an area which they called Shawomet. Gorton refused to answer a summons following the complaints of two Indian sachems about being unfairly treated in a land transaction. He and several of his followers were forcefully taken away to Massachusetts, where he was tried for his beliefs and writings rather than for the alleged land transaction. He was sentenced to prison in Charlestown, though all but three of the presiding magistrates voted to give him the death sentence. After being released, Gorton and two of his associates sailed to England where they obtained an official order of protection for his colony from the Earl of Warwick. During his stay in England, he was also very active in the Puritan underground, preaching in churches and conventicles known for their extreme religious positions. Once back in New England, he changed the name of Shawomet to Warwick in gratitude to his patron in England. He became part of the very civil authority which he had previously rejected, serving as an assistant, commissioner, deputy, and president of the two towns of Providence and Warwick. He wrote a number of books, two of them while in England and several others following his return. He was a man of great learning and great intellectual breadth, and he believed passionately in God, the King, and the individual man, and he was harshly critical of the magistrates and ministers who filled positions that he considered meaningless. His beliefs and demeanor brought him admiration from his followers but condemnation from those in positions of authority, and he was reviled for more than a century after his death. In more recent times, some historians and writers have looked upon him more favorably, and some now consider him to be one of the great colonial leaders of Rhode Island. Ancestry and early life Samuel Gorton was baptized on 12 February 1592/3 in Manchester, Lancashire, England, the son of Thomas and Anne Gorton from the chapelry of Gorton, a part of Manchester. His grandfather and great grandfather were both also likely named Thomas Gorton of the same place. They were members of an ancient family, found in Gorton as early as 1332. Gorton was educated by tutors and became an accomplished scholar, particularly in the area of languages and English law. His library contained volumes "in which the ancient statutes of his country were written." In one document, he was called a "clothier of London," though he wrote of himself that "he had not engaged in any servile employment until he settled in the colonies." His father had been a merchant in London and a guild member, and the family was well off financially. Gorton's theology Gorton's early development centered around religious themes, and he was inspired by the Puritan's challenge to the established Anglican Church in early 17th century England. However, his ideas were not in the mainstream of English Puritan thought, and most authorities who wrote about him considered his theology to be radical. Three of his religious mentors were John Saltmarsh, William Dell, and William Erbury, the first two being chaplains in Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army, and Erbury a Welsh Puritan. All three of these men were considered to be unorthodox by their fellow clergymen. Gorton's belief was that the Holy Spirit was present in all human beings, giving each person a divinity and obscuring any distinction between a saint and sinner. Religious conversion, then, was the willingness to follow the dictates of this inner divinity, even against human authority. Gorton felt that emphasizing external ordinances, as opposed to the inner Spirit, compelled people to live under the ordinances of man rather than of Christ. This theology was embraced by the Seeker and Ranter movements, and later by the Quaker movement—though Gorton never personally identified with any of these groups. Because of his theology, Gorton viewed the ordinances promoted by governments with deep suspicion. His ideology of anti-authoritarianism was based on his belief in the equality of all men, and he felt that both civil and religious hierarchical systems "denied the true priesthood of all believers." He considered an educated, professional ministry to be a form of Anti-Christ, a view also shared by both Dell and Erbury. He wrote in New Englands Memoriall (1669): "I would have you know that I hold my call to preach... not inferior to the call of any minister in the country." Plymouth, Portsmouth, and Providence Gorton was living in London when he filed suit in a chancery case in February 1634/5. His reasons for leaving England and sailing to North America were given in his many writings. One biographer summarized these by writing, "He yearned for a country where he could be free to worship God according to what the Bible taught him, as God enabled him to understand it." Another biographer noted that "Gorton was one of the noble spirits who esteemed liberty more than life, and, counting no sacrifice too great for the maintenance of principal, could not dwell at ease in a land where the inalienable rights of humanity were not acknowledged or were mocked at." Gorton himself wrote, "I left my native country to enjoy liberty of conscience in respect to faith toward God and for no other end." In March 1637, he arrived in Boston from London, bringing his wife and several children and arriving in Boston during the height of the theological struggle known as the Antinomian Controversy. He sensed the growing hostility towards those with unorthodox theological views, such as Anne Hutchinson, and his stay there was short. He soon went to Plymouth Colony where he rented part of a house, becoming active in the community by volunteering during the Pequot War, as did his older brother Thomas. He soon had differences of opinion on religion with his landlord, and he was summoned to court in December 1638 based on the landlord's complaints. In court, Gorton "carried himself so mutinously and seditiously" towards both magistrates and ministers that he was sentenced to find sureties for his good behavior during the remainder of his tenure in Plymouth, and given 14 days to be gone from the colony. He left Plymouth shortly but, being winter, his wife and children were allowed to remain there while he proceeded to Portsmouth on Aquidneck Island (which was officially called Rhode Island), arriving in late December 1638. Here he became a resident, and on the last day of April 1639 he and 28 others signed a compact calling themselves subjects of King Charles and forming a "civil body politick." Things were no better for Gorton in Portsmouth than they had been in Plymouth. In 1640, his servant maid assaulted a woman whose cow had trespassed on his land, and this servant was ordered to court. Gorton refused to allow her to appear and went in her place. With his hostile attitude towards the judges, he was indicted on 14 counts, some of which were calling the magistrates "Just Asses" and calling a freeman in open court "saucy boy and Jack-an-Apes." Governor Coddington said, "All you that own the King take away Gorton and carry him to prison," to which Gorton replied, "All you that own the King take away Coddington and carry him to prison." Since he had previously been imprisoned, he was sentenced to be whipped, and soon left Portsmouth for Providence Plantation. Trouble continued to follow Gorton to Providence, where his democratic ideas concerning church and state led to a division of sentiment in this town. On 8 March 1641, Roger Williams wrote to Massachusetts magistrate John Winthrop, "Master Gorton having abused high and low at Aquidneck, is now bewitching and bemadding poor Providence, both with his unclean and his foul censures of all the ministers of this country (for which myself in Christ's name have withstood him) and also denying all visible and external ordinances in depth of Familism." Being a bitter partisan by nature, Gorton used his talent and energy to consolidate many discontented settlers into a destructive party in the otherwise peaceful settlement established by Williams. This group became known as the Gortonists or Gortonites. Gorton was never received as an inhabitant in Providence because of his disorderly course. At this point, he moved once again to an area called Pawtuxet along the Pawtuxet River, about five miles south of the settlement at Providence (later the dividing line between the Rhode Island towns of Cranston and Warwick). Pawtuxet and Warwick At Pawtuxet, there was immediate friction and a rift among the settlers, with a majority of them adhering to Gorton's views. The original Pawtuxet settlers were deeply offended by Gorton's conduct, notably William Arnold, his son Benedict Arnold, his son-in-law William Carpenter, and Robert Coles. On 17 November 1641, these men sent a letter to Massachusetts in which they complained of the "insolent and riotous carriage of Samuel Gorton and his company," and they petitioned Massachusetts to "lend us a neighborlike helping hand." With no formal government established in the area, these Pawtuxet settlers put themselves under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in an arrangement that lasted for 16 years. By doing this, they cooperated with Massachusetts in its quest to gain territories that would give them direct access to the Narragansett Bay, and they fueled a border conflict between Massachusetts and Rhode Island which continued for nearly 100 years. The Arnolds and their Pawtuxet partners assisted Massachusetts in efforts to remove Gorton and his followers from the entire region. For decades, territorial claims made by Massachusetts in the Narragansett region were an issue of contention for Roger Williams, who wanted to consolidate all of the towns around the Narragansett Bay into a unified government. In January 1643, Gorton and 11 others bought a large tract of land south of Pawtuxet from Narragansett tribal chief Miantonomi for 144 fathoms of wampum (864 feet or 263 meters), and they called the place Shawomet, using its Indian name. Here the settlers felt safe from the Massachusetts authorities and sent them at least two letters that were "filled with invective," presenting religious views that were anathema to the Puritan orthodoxy held by the Bay colony. Gorton and others of Shawomet were summoned to the Boston court to answer complaints filed by two minor Indian sachems concerning some "unjust and injurious dealing" towards them. The Shawomet men refused the summons, claiming that they were loyal subjects of the King of England and beyond the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. Soldiers were sent after them, their writings were confiscated, and the men were taken to Boston for trial. Once tried, the charges against Gorton and the others had nothing to do with the original complaints, but instead were about Gorton's letters, conduct, and religious views. The following charge was made against him: Upon much examination and serious consideration of your writing, with your answers about them, we do charge you to be a blasphemous enemy of the true religion of our Lord Jesus Christ and his Holy Ordinances, and also of all civil authority among the people of God and particularly in this jurisdiction. It was then ordered that Gorton be confined to Charlestown, to be kept at labor, and to wear bolts or irons in order to prevent his escape. He would be sentenced to death, upon a conviction by a jury trial, if he were to break confinement or to maintain any of the "blasphemies or abominable heresies wherewith he hath been charged". All but three of the ruling magistrates gave Gorton the death sentence, though a majority of the deputies refused to sanction this. The sentencing took place in November 1643, but Gorton and the others were released from prison in March 1644, being banished from both Massachusetts and from Shawomet (which was now claimed by Massachusetts). Gorton and his associates were restricted from their own lands, so they went instead to Aquidneck Island and were warmly greeted by a faction of residents who were opposed to Governor Coddington. England Gorton, Randall Holden, and John Greene boarded a ship in New Amsterdam in 1644 and sailed back to England, where Gorton spent four years seeking justice for the wrongs committed against them. In 1646, he published one of his many writings entitled Simplicity's Defence Against Seven Headed Policy, detailing the injustices against the Shawomet settlers. Gorton had gotten what he came for; the Commissioner of Plantations, responsible for overseeing the activities of the colonies, issued an order to Massachusetts to allow the residents of Shawomet and other nearby lands to "freely and quietly live and plant" without being disquieted by external pressures. Gorton remained in England while Holden returned to the American colonies in 1646 and presented the order to the Massachusetts authorities, who found it unacceptable. New England sent former Plymouth governor Edward Winslow to England as their agent to present a case against Gorton. Winslow asserted that Gorton's unorthodox preaching and submission to an inner spirit offered one "an inconceivable political liberty." Ultimately, however, Winslow's efforts failed when the English commission ruled in favor of Gorton. This success did not end Gorton's time in England, however; he had been called to preach and found many favorable audiences for his religious views. He was now seeing profound changes in thinking concerning toleration, unlike when he left England in 1637. Such attitudes were being embraced by parliamentary leaders who were seeking broad support in their war against the king. During his time in England, Gorton had become a prominent part of the Puritan underground, centered mostly around London, where divergent sectarian views were being shared and embraced. He became a highly sought preacher and spent most of his time at Thomas Lamb's church in London's Bell Alley. Lamb was most often termed a "General Baptist", and he entertained what were considered the most radical forms of Puritanism in his church. Gorton was described by one of his detractors as venting his "desperate opinions," while another opponent heard him "declare the irrelevance of church ordinances and officers." One of Gorton's extreme positions was in crossing traditional gender lines, and he likely preached at the conventicle of a woman who has only been identified as Sister Stag. It was clear that he viewed women with "a spiritual and social equality unusual for that time", as did other Puritan radicals, a position that was later embraced by the Quakers. Later life Gorton returned to New England in 1648, landing in Boston that May. Massachusetts Bay authorities ordered his arrest, but he had a letter of protection from Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick which saw him safely back to his family. In honor of the Earl's intercession on his behalf, he changed the name of Shawomet to Warwick. Gorton's views on the role of government had transformed markedly during his time in England. He became actively involved in roles that he had previously criticized, now that his settlement of Warwick was secured by royal decree. The separate settlements of Providence Plantation, Portsmouth, Newport, and now Warwick all came together under a fragile government, choosing John Coggeshall as its first President in 1647 and calling itself Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. With his success in England, Gorton was seen as a leader in the colony and he was chosen as the Warwick assistant (magistrate) in 1649 under colonial President John Smith, also from Warwick. Both Gorton and Smith declined their positions but were fined for doing so; they both ultimately served and their fines were remitted. William Coddington was in England during this time on a mission to remove the island towns of Newport and Portsmouth from the government with Providence and Warwick, hoping to set himself up as Governor for Life of Newport and Portsmouth. In 1651, Gorton was chosen as President of the colony, but Coddington had been successful in gaining his commission to put the island towns under his own authority, so Gorton presided only over the plantations of Providence and Warwick. In 1652, Smith was once again selected as president and Gorton was once again the assistant from Warwick. A remarkable statute during this administration was likely authored by Gorton, an act for the emancipation of slaves. Following his brief time as a magistrate, Gorton remained active in the civil affairs of Warwick. He was chosen as a commissioner during a majority of the years from 1651 to 1663, and his name appears on a list of Warwick freemen in 1655. He was one of several prominent citizens named in Rhode Island's Royal Charter of 1663. Also, he was the Warwick Deputy to the General Assembly for four years during the last half of the 1660s. He last served in a public capacity in 1670 when he was 78 years old. In 1675, Gorton had received word that the Indians living in the Connecticut Colony intended to invade the Narragansett country, and later in the same year King Phillips War broke out in the New England colonies. The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations took no active role in provoking the conflict, but its geographical location caused it to suffer more than any other colony. The people of Warwick were forced to flee their homes during the war and returned in the spring of 1677 to a barren wasteland and the task of rebuilding. Gorton did not leave a will, but several deeds to his heirs on 27 November 1677 distributed his properties, and in one of these instruments he called himself "professor of the mysteries of Christ." He was dead by 10 December, though the exact date of his death was not recorded. He is buried in the Samuel Gorton Cemetery, Rhode Island Historic Cemetery, Warwick #67, at 422 Samuel Gorton Avenue in Warwick, and his grave is marked with a governor's medallion and an uninscribed field stone. Beliefs, demonization, and restitution Gorton left a comfortable life in England to enjoy liberty of conscience in the English colonies of North America. According to Rhode Island historian Thomas Bicknell, he was a man of intense individualism who recognized three pillars of power: "God, the Supreme One; the King, his vicegerent; and himself, the individual man. Between these he recognized no other source of authority. The freedom of the individual was only limited by the express will of God or the King." He and his followers held that "by union with Christ, believers partook of the perfection of God, that Christ is both human and divine, and that Heaven and Hell exist only in the mind." The following are some of the activities for which he and his followers were imprisoned, whipped, put to hard labor, and banished, and had their cattle, food, and property confiscated: teaching that heaven and hell were states existing in the hearts of men and women, rather than a material place where people reside in an afterlife teaching that the baptism of infants would not save a baby's soul, since babies had no capacity to understand or accept the concepts of Christianity (a position also held by Baptists) teaching that the ministers and magistrates should not be the sole or ultimate authorities of how biblical interpretations were enforced with criminal laws teaching that God is a unity rather than a trinity objecting to the mandatory paying of tithes to a state church, and mandatory attendance, since salvation came through individual faith freely chosen, and not from conformity to denominational creeds and ritual In his day, Gorton was largely reviled by those who were not his followers, and his insolence towards colonial leaders made him the butt of most early writers of Rhode Island's colonial history. Nathaniel Morton was the keeper of the Plymouth records for years, and he published a "libellous and scandalous" book about Gorton while he was still alive. On 30 June 1669, Gorton wrote a lengthy letter of denial, refuting virtually every point made by Morton. More than a century later, however, Rhode Island Secretary of State Samuel Eddy wrote, "In the case of Gorton... no one of the first settlers has received more unmerited reproach, nor any one suffered so much injustice. His opinions on religious subjects were probably somewhat singular, though certainly not more so than in any at this day. But that was his business; his opinions were his own and he had a right to them." Later, Rhode Island historian and Lieutenant Governor Samuel G. Arnold wrote of Gorton: Gorton was described as being gentle and sympathetic in private intercourse, and generous and sympathetic in nature. He gave to others the same liberty of thought and expression that he claimed for himself. One of his biographers wrote that, after Roger Williams, no man was more instrumental in establishing the foundation of equal civil rights and liberty in Rhode Island. Puritan scholar Philip Gura sees him as "not a dangerous and immoral troublemaker but rather a man who, more than any other New Englander, was in step with the religious politics of his times and whose history illuminates the complexity of the relationship of American to English Puritanism." Writings by and about Gorton Gorton's first book was Simplicities Defence. He wrote another book while in England entitled An Incorruptible Key composed of the CX. Psalms wherewith you may open the rest of the Scriptures. This book was published in 1647 and expanded the commentary on his radical beliefs. After returning to New England, he wrote Saltmarsh returned from the Dead (1655), inspired by the new model army chaplain John Saltmarsh who had died in 1647. The sequel to this was An Antidote against the Common Plague of the World (1656) which was dedicated to Oliver Cromwell. This volume centers on Matthew 23, in which the scribes and Pharisees are condemned for degrading God's will and word. Gorton's final published work was Antidote Against Pharisaical Teachers (1656), though he left behind an unpublished manuscript of several hundred pages entitled Exposition upon the Lord's Prayer. Two book-length biographical accounts of Gorton have been published. In 1896, Lewis G. Janes published Samuel Gorton: a forgotten Founder of our Liberties and Adelos Gorton published The Life and Times of Samuel Gorton in 1907. The latter work includes an extensive account of Rhode Island's earliest colonial records. Family and descendants Samuel Gorton was married prior to 11 January 1629/30 to Mary Mayplet, the daughter of John Mayplet who was a haberdasher. Mary was the granddaughter of the Reverend John Mayplet, Rector of Great Leighs Parish in Essex, Vicar of Northolt in Middlesex, and a writer on the topics of natural history and astrology. Mary Gorton's brother was Dr. John Mayplet, physician to King Charles II. See also List of colonial governors of Rhode Island List of early settlers of Rhode Island Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations References Notes a. The date is written this way in the original record. Citations Bibliography . Reprint, ed. W.R. Staples, Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society Vol. II (Marshall, Brown & Company, Providence 1835) (Google) External links Chronological list of Rhode Island leaders Scribner's Popular History of the US, Chapter on Shawomet 1593 births 1677 deaths Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies Colonial governors of Rhode Island Politicians from Warwick, Rhode Island Burials in Rhode Island People from Manchester

<mask> (1593–1677) was an early settler and civic leader of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and President of the towns of Providence and Warwick. He had strong religious beliefs which differed from Puritan theology and was very outspoken, and he became the leader of a small sect of converts known as Gortonians, Gortonists or Gortonites. As a result, he was frequently in trouble with the civil and church authorities in the New England colonies. <mask> was baptized in 1593 in Manchester, Lancashire, England and received an education in languages and English law from tutors. In 1637, he emigrated from England, settling first in Plymouth Colony, where he was soon ousted for his religious opinions and his demeanor towards the magistrates and ministers. He settled next in Portsmouth where he met with a similar fate, being whipped for his insubordination towards the magistrates. He next went to Providence Plantation where he once again encountered adverse circumstances, until he and a group of others purchased land from the Narragansett people.They settled south of the Pawtuxet River in an area which they called Shawomet. <mask> refused to answer a summons following the complaints of two Indian sachems about being unfairly treated in a land transaction. He and several of his followers were forcefully taken away to Massachusetts, where he was tried for his beliefs and writings rather than for the alleged land transaction. He was sentenced to prison in Charlestown, though all but three of the presiding magistrates voted to give him the death sentence. After being released, <mask> and two of his associates sailed to England where they obtained an official order of protection for his colony from the Earl of Warwick. During his stay in England, he was also very active in the Puritan underground, preaching in churches and conventicles known for their extreme religious positions. Once back in New England, he changed the name of Shawomet to Warwick in gratitude to his patron in England.He became part of the very civil authority which he had previously rejected, serving as an assistant, commissioner, deputy, and president of the two towns of Providence and Warwick. He wrote a number of books, two of them while in England and several others following his return. He was a man of great learning and great intellectual breadth, and he believed passionately in God, the King, and the individual man, and he was harshly critical of the magistrates and ministers who filled positions that he considered meaningless. His beliefs and demeanor brought him admiration from his followers but condemnation from those in positions of authority, and he was reviled for more than a century after his death. In more recent times, some historians and writers have looked upon him more favorably, and some now consider him to be one of the great colonial leaders of Rhode Island. Ancestry and early life <mask> was baptized on 12 February 1592/3 in Manchester, Lancashire, England, the son of Thomas and <mask> from the chapelry of Gorton, a part of Manchester. His grandfather and great grandfather were both also likely named <mask> of the same place.They were members of an ancient family, found in Gorton as early as 1332. Gorton was educated by tutors and became an accomplished scholar, particularly in the area of languages and English law. His library contained volumes "in which the ancient statutes of his country were written." In one document, he was called a "clothier of London," though he wrote of himself that "he had not engaged in any servile employment until he settled in the colonies." His father had been a merchant in London and a guild member, and the family was well off financially. Gorton's theology Gorton's early development centered around religious themes, and he was inspired by the Puritan's challenge to the established Anglican Church in early 17th century England. However, his ideas were not in the mainstream of English Puritan thought, and most authorities who wrote about him considered his theology to be radical.Three of his religious mentors were John Saltmarsh, William Dell, and William Erbury, the first two being chaplains in Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army, and Erbury a Welsh Puritan. All three of these men were considered to be unorthodox by their fellow clergymen. <mask>'s belief was that the Holy Spirit was present in all human beings, giving each person a divinity and obscuring any distinction between a saint and sinner. Religious conversion, then, was the willingness to follow the dictates of this inner divinity, even against human authority. <mask> felt that emphasizing external ordinances, as opposed to the inner Spirit, compelled people to live under the ordinances of man rather than of Christ. This theology was embraced by the Seeker and Ranter movements, and later by the Quaker movement—though <mask> never personally identified with any of these groups. Because of his theology, <mask> viewed the ordinances promoted by governments with deep suspicion.His ideology of anti-authoritarianism was based on his belief in the equality of all men, and he felt that both civil and religious hierarchical systems "denied the true priesthood of all believers." He considered an educated, professional ministry to be a form of Anti-Christ, a view also shared by both Dell and Erbury. He wrote in New Englands Memoriall (1669): "I would have you know that I hold my call to preach... not inferior to the call of any minister in the country." Plymouth, Portsmouth, and Providence <mask> was living in London when he filed suit in a chancery case in February 1634/5. His reasons for leaving England and sailing to North America were given in his many writings. One biographer summarized these by writing, "He yearned for a country where he could be free to worship God according to what the Bible taught him, as God enabled him to understand it." Another biographer noted that "Gorton was one of the noble spirits who esteemed liberty more than life, and, counting no sacrifice too great for the maintenance of principal, could not dwell at ease in a land where the inalienable rights of humanity were not acknowledged or were mocked at."<mask> himself wrote, "I left my native country to enjoy liberty of conscience in respect to faith toward God and for no other end." In March 1637, he arrived in Boston from London, bringing his wife and several children and arriving in Boston during the height of the theological struggle known as the Antinomian Controversy. He sensed the growing hostility towards those with unorthodox theological views, such as Anne Hutchinson, and his stay there was short. He soon went to Plymouth Colony where he rented part of a house, becoming active in the community by volunteering during the Pequot War, as did his older brother Thomas. He soon had differences of opinion on religion with his landlord, and he was summoned to court in December 1638 based on the landlord's complaints. In court, <mask> "carried himself so mutinously and seditiously" towards both magistrates and ministers that he was sentenced to find sureties for his good behavior during the remainder of his tenure in Plymouth, and given 14 days to be gone from the colony. He left Plymouth shortly but, being winter, his wife and children were allowed to remain there while he proceeded to Portsmouth on Aquidneck Island (which was officially called Rhode Island), arriving in late December 1638.Here he became a resident, and on the last day of April 1639 he and 28 others signed a compact calling themselves subjects of King Charles and forming a "civil body politick." Things were no better for <mask> in Portsmouth than they had been in Plymouth. In 1640, his servant maid assaulted a woman whose cow had trespassed on his land, and this servant was ordered to court. <mask> refused to allow her to appear and went in her place. With his hostile attitude towards the judges, he was indicted on 14 counts, some of which were calling the magistrates "Just Asses" and calling a freeman in open court "saucy boy and Jack-an-Apes." Governor Coddington said, "All you that own the King take away <mask> and carry him to prison," to which <mask> replied, "All you that own the King take away Coddington and carry him to prison." Since he had previously been imprisoned, he was sentenced to be whipped, and soon left Portsmouth for Providence Plantation.Trouble continued to follow <mask> to Providence, where his democratic ideas concerning church and state led to a division of sentiment in this town. On 8 March 1641, Roger Williams wrote to Massachusetts magistrate John Winthrop, "Master <mask> having abused high and low at Aquidneck, is now bewitching and bemadding poor Providence, both with his unclean and his foul censures of all the ministers of this country (for which myself in Christ's name have withstood him) and also denying all visible and external ordinances in depth of Familism." Being a bitter partisan by nature, <mask> used his talent and energy to consolidate many discontented settlers into a destructive party in the otherwise peaceful settlement established by Williams. This group became known as the Gortonists or Gortonites. <mask> was never received as an inhabitant in Providence because of his disorderly course. At this point, he moved once again to an area called Pawtuxet along the Pawtuxet River, about five miles south of the settlement at Providence (later the dividing line between the Rhode Island towns of Cranston and Warwick). Pawtuxet and Warwick At Pawtuxet, there was immediate friction and a rift among the settlers, with a majority of them adhering to <mask>'s views.The original Pawtuxet settlers were deeply offended by <mask>'s conduct, notably William Arnold, his son Benedict Arnold, his son-in-law William Carpenter, and Robert Coles. On 17 November 1641, these men sent a letter to Massachusetts in which they complained of the "insolent and riotous carriage of <mask> and his company," and they petitioned Massachusetts to "lend us a neighborlike helping hand." With no formal government established in the area, these Pawtuxet settlers put themselves under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in an arrangement that lasted for 16 years. By doing this, they cooperated with Massachusetts in its quest to gain territories that would give them direct access to the Narragansett Bay, and they fueled a border conflict between Massachusetts and Rhode Island which continued for nearly 100 years. The Arnolds and their Pawtuxet partners assisted Massachusetts in efforts to remove <mask> and his followers from the entire region. For decades, territorial claims made by Massachusetts in the Narragansett region were an issue of contention for Roger Williams, who wanted to consolidate all of the towns around the Narragansett Bay into a unified government. In January 1643, <mask> and 11 others bought a large tract of land south of Pawtuxet from Narragansett tribal chief Miantonomi for 144 fathoms of wampum (864 feet or 263 meters), and they called the place Shawomet, using its Indian name.Here the settlers felt safe from the Massachusetts authorities and sent them at least two letters that were "filled with invective," presenting religious views that were anathema to the Puritan orthodoxy held by the Bay colony. <mask> and others of Shawomet were summoned to the Boston court to answer complaints filed by two minor Indian sachems concerning some "unjust and injurious dealing" towards them. The Shawomet men refused the summons, claiming that they were loyal subjects of the King of England and beyond the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. Soldiers were sent after them, their writings were confiscated, and the men were taken to Boston for trial. Once tried, the charges against <mask> and the others had nothing to do with the original complaints, but instead were about <mask>'s letters, conduct, and religious views. The following charge was made against him: Upon much examination and serious consideration of your writing, with your answers about them, we do charge you to be a blasphemous enemy of the true religion of our Lord Jesus Christ and his Holy Ordinances, and also of all civil authority among the people of God and particularly in this jurisdiction. It was then ordered that <mask> be confined to Charlestown, to be kept at labor, and to wear bolts or irons in order to prevent his escape.He would be sentenced to death, upon a conviction by a jury trial, if he were to break confinement or to maintain any of the "blasphemies or abominable heresies wherewith he hath been charged". All but three of the ruling magistrates gave <mask> the death sentence, though a majority of the deputies refused to sanction this. The sentencing took place in November 1643, but <mask> and the others were released from prison in March 1644, being banished from both Massachusetts and from Shawomet (which was now claimed by Massachusetts). <mask> and his associates were restricted from their own lands, so they went instead to Aquidneck Island and were warmly greeted by a faction of residents who were opposed to Governor Coddington. England <mask>, Randall Holden, and John Greene boarded a ship in New Amsterdam in 1644 and sailed back to England, where Gorton spent four years seeking justice for the wrongs committed against them. In 1646, he published one of his many writings entitled Simplicity's Defence Against Seven Headed Policy, detailing the injustices against the Shawomet settlers. <mask> had gotten what he came for; the Commissioner of Plantations, responsible for overseeing the activities of the colonies, issued an order to Massachusetts to allow the residents of Shawomet and other nearby lands to "freely and quietly live and plant" without being disquieted by external pressures.<mask> remained in England while Holden returned to the American colonies in 1646 and presented the order to the Massachusetts authorities, who found it unacceptable. New England sent former Plymouth governor Edward Winslow to England as their agent to present a case against <mask>. Winslow asserted that <mask>'s unorthodox preaching and submission to an inner spirit offered one "an inconceivable political liberty." Ultimately, however, Winslow's efforts failed when the English commission ruled in favor of <mask>. This success did not end <mask>'s time in England, however; he had been called to preach and found many favorable audiences for his religious views. He was now seeing profound changes in thinking concerning toleration, unlike when he left England in 1637. Such attitudes were being embraced by parliamentary leaders who were seeking broad support in their war against the king.During his time in England, <mask> had become a prominent part of the Puritan underground, centered mostly around London, where divergent sectarian views were being shared and embraced. He became a highly sought preacher and spent most of his time at Thomas Lamb's church in London's Bell Alley. Lamb was most often termed a "General Baptist", and he entertained what were considered the most radical forms of Puritanism in his church. <mask> was described by one of his detractors as venting his "desperate opinions," while another opponent heard him "declare the irrelevance of church ordinances and officers." One of <mask>'s extreme positions was in crossing traditional gender lines, and he likely preached at the conventicle of a woman who has only been identified as Sister Stag. It was clear that he viewed women with "a spiritual and social equality unusual for that time", as did other Puritan radicals, a position that was later embraced by the Quakers. Later life <mask> returned to New England in 1648, landing in Boston that May.Massachusetts Bay authorities ordered his arrest, but he had a letter of protection from Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick which saw him safely back to his family. In honor of the Earl's intercession on his behalf, he changed the name of Shawomet to Warwick. <mask>'s views on the role of government had transformed markedly during his time in England. He became actively involved in roles that he had previously criticized, now that his settlement of Warwick was secured by royal decree. The separate settlements of Providence Plantation, Portsmouth, Newport, and now Warwick all came together under a fragile government, choosing John Coggeshall as its first President in 1647 and calling itself Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. With his success in England, <mask> was seen as a leader in the colony and he was chosen as the Warwick assistant (magistrate) in 1649 under colonial President John Smith, also from Warwick. Both <mask> and Smith declined their positions but were fined for doing so; they both ultimately served and their fines were remitted.William Coddington was in England during this time on a mission to remove the island towns of Newport and Portsmouth from the government with Providence and Warwick, hoping to set himself up as Governor for Life of Newport and Portsmouth. In 1651, <mask> was chosen as President of the colony, but Coddington had been successful in gaining his commission to put the island towns under his own authority, so <mask> presided only over the plantations of Providence and Warwick. In 1652, Smith was once again selected as president and <mask> was once again the assistant from Warwick. A remarkable statute during this administration was likely authored by <mask>, an act for the emancipation of slaves. Following his brief time as a magistrate, <mask> remained active in the civil affairs of Warwick. He was chosen as a commissioner during a majority of the years from 1651 to 1663, and his name appears on a list of Warwick freemen in 1655. He was one of several prominent citizens named in Rhode Island's Royal Charter of 1663.Also, he was the Warwick Deputy to the General Assembly for four years during the last half of the 1660s. He last served in a public capacity in 1670 when he was 78 years old. In 1675, <mask> had received word that the Indians living in the Connecticut Colony intended to invade the Narragansett country, and later in the same year King Phillips War broke out in the New England colonies. The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations took no active role in provoking the conflict, but its geographical location caused it to suffer more than any other colony. The people of Warwick were forced to flee their homes during the war and returned in the spring of 1677 to a barren wasteland and the task of rebuilding. <mask> did not leave a will, but several deeds to his heirs on 27 November 1677 distributed his properties, and in one of these instruments he called himself "professor of the mysteries of Christ." He was dead by 10 December, though the exact date of his death was not recorded.He is buried in the Samuel Gorton Cemetery, Rhode Island Historic Cemetery, Warwick #67, at 422 Samuel Gorton Avenue in Warwick, and his grave is marked with a governor's medallion and an uninscribed field stone. Beliefs, demonization, and restitution Gorton left a comfortable life in England to enjoy liberty of conscience in the English colonies of North America. According to Rhode Island historian Thomas Bicknell, he was a man of intense individualism who recognized three pillars of power: "God, the Supreme One; the King, his vicegerent; and himself, the individual man. Between these he recognized no other source of authority. The freedom of the individual was only limited by the express will of God or the King." He and his followers held that "by union with Christ, believers partook of the perfection of God, that Christ is both human and divine, and that Heaven and Hell exist only in the mind." The following are some of the activities for which he and his followers were imprisoned, whipped, put to hard labor, and banished, and had their cattle, food, and property confiscated: teaching that heaven and hell were states existing in the hearts of men and women, rather than a material place where people reside in an afterlife teaching that the baptism of infants would not save a baby's soul, since babies had no capacity to understand or accept the concepts of Christianity (a position also held by Baptists) teaching that the ministers and magistrates should not be the sole or ultimate authorities of how biblical interpretations were enforced with criminal laws teaching that God is a unity rather than a trinity objecting to the mandatory paying of tithes to a state church, and mandatory attendance, since salvation came through individual faith freely chosen, and not from conformity to denominational creeds and ritual In his day, Gorton was largely reviled by those who were not his followers, and his insolence towards colonial leaders made him the butt of most early writers of Rhode Island's colonial history.Nathaniel Morton was the keeper of the Plymouth records for years, and he published a "libellous and scandalous" book about <mask> while he was still alive. On 30 June 1669, <mask> wrote a lengthy letter of denial, refuting virtually every point made by Morton. More than a century later, however, Rhode Island Secretary of State <mask> wrote, "In the case of <mask>... no one of the first settlers has received more unmerited reproach, nor any one suffered so much injustice. His opinions on religious subjects were probably somewhat singular, though certainly not more so than in any at this day. But that was his business; his opinions were his own and he had a right to them." Later, Rhode Island historian and Lieutenant Governor <mask>. Arnold wrote of <mask>: <mask> was described as being gentle and sympathetic in private intercourse, and generous and sympathetic in nature. He gave to others the same liberty of thought and expression that he claimed for himself.One of his biographers wrote that, after Roger Williams, no man was more instrumental in establishing the foundation of equal civil rights and liberty in Rhode Island. Puritan scholar Philip Gura sees him as "not a dangerous and immoral troublemaker but rather a man who, more than any other New Englander, was in step with the religious politics of his times and whose history illuminates the complexity of the relationship of American to English Puritanism." Writings by and about <mask> <mask>'s first book was Simplicities Defence. He wrote another book while in England entitled An Incorruptible Key composed of the CX. Psalms wherewith you may open the rest of the Scriptures. This book was published in 1647 and expanded the commentary on his radical beliefs. After returning to New England, he wrote Saltmarsh returned from the Dead (1655), inspired by the new model army chaplain John Saltmarsh who had died in 1647.The sequel to this was An Antidote against the Common Plague of the World (1656) which was dedicated to Oliver Cromwell. This volume centers on Matthew 23, in which the scribes and Pharisees are condemned for degrading God's will and word. <mask>'s final published work was Antidote Against Pharisaical Teachers (1656), though he left behind an unpublished manuscript of several hundred pages entitled Exposition upon the Lord's Prayer. Two book-length biographical accounts of <mask> have been published. In 1896, Lewis G. Janes published <mask>: a forgotten Founder of our Liberties and Adelos <mask> published The Life and Times of <mask> in 1907. The latter work includes an extensive account of Rhode Island's earliest colonial records. Family and descendants <mask> was married prior to 11 January 1629/30 to Mary Mayplet, the daughter of John Mayplet who was a haberdasher.Mary was the granddaughter of the Reverend John Mayplet, Rector of Great Leighs Parish in Essex, Vicar of Northolt in Middlesex, and a writer on the topics of natural history and astrology. <mask>'s brother was Dr. John Mayplet, physician to King Charles II. See also List of colonial governors of Rhode Island List of early settlers of Rhode Island Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations References Notes a. The date is written this way in the original record. Citations Bibliography . Reprint, ed. W.R.Staples, Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society Vol. II (Marshall, Brown & Company, Providence 1835) (Google) External links Chronological list of Rhode Island leaders Scribner's Popular History of the US, Chapter on Shawomet 1593 births 1677 deaths Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies Colonial governors of Rhode Island Politicians from Warwick, Rhode Island Burials in Rhode Island People from Manchester

The leader of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was <mask>. He became the leader of a small sect of converts known as Gortonians, Gortonists or Gortonites because of his strong religious beliefs and outspokenness. He was often in trouble with the civil and church authorities in the New England colonies. <mask> received an education in languages and English law after he wasbaptized in Manchester, England. He left England in 1637 and settled in Plymouth Colony, where he was ousted for his religious opinions and demeanor towards the ministers. He was whipped for insubordination towards the magistrates in Pompey. He encountered adverse circumstances when he went to Providence Plantation, but he and a group of others were able to purchase land from the Narragansett people.Shawomet is an area south of the Pawtuxet River. <mask> refused to answer a summons after two Indian sachems complained about being unfairly treated in a land transaction. He and several of his followers were taken away to Massachusetts, where they were tried for their beliefs and writings rather than for the land transaction. He was sentenced to prison in Charlestown, despite the fact that all but three of the presiding magistrates voted to give him the death sentence. <mask> and two of his associates went to England to get an official order of protection from the Earl of Warwick. He preached in churches and conventicles that were known for their extreme religious positions during his stay in England. He changed his name back in New England to honor his patron in England.He became part of the civil authority that he had previously rejected, serving as an assistant, commissioner, deputy, and president of the two towns of Providence and Warwick. Two of the books he wrote were in England. He believed passionately in God, the King, and the individual man, and he was harshly critical of the magistrates and ministers who filled positions that he considered meaningless. His beliefs and demeanor brought him admiration from his followers but condemnation from those in positions of authority, and he was reviled for more than a century after his death. Some historians and writers now consider him to be one of the great colonial leaders of Rhode Island. <mask>, the son of Thomas and <mask> from the chapelry of Gorton, a part of Manchester, was christened on 12 February 1592/3. His grandfather and great grandfather were both named <mask>.Gorton was the location of an ancient family as early as 1332. <mask> was an accomplished scholar in the area of languages and English law. The ancient statutes of his country were written in volumes in his library. He was called a "clothier of London" in one document, though he wrote that he had not engaged in any employment until he settled in the colonies. His father was a merchant in London and the family was well off. <mask>'s early development centered around religious themes, and he was inspired by the Puritan's challenge to the established Anglican Church in early 17th century England. Most authorities who wrote about him considered his theology to be radical because his ideas were not in the mainstream of English Puritan thought.Three of his religious mentors were John Saltmarsh, William Dell, and William Erbury, the first two being chaplains in Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army. The three men were considered to be unconventional by their fellow clergymen. <mask> believed that the Holy Spirit was present in all humans and that they were all the same. Even against human authority, religious conversion was willing to follow the dictates of this inner divinity. <mask> felt that people were compelled to live under the ordinances of man rather than the Christ. <mask> never personally identified with any of the groups that embraced this theology. <mask> viewed the ordinances promoted by governments with suspicion because of his theology.His ideology of anti-authoritarianism was based on his belief in the equality of all men, and he felt that both civil and religious hierarchical systems "denied the true priesthood of all believers." Both Dell and Erbury believed that an educated, professional ministry was a form of Anti-Christ. "I hold my call to preach not inferior to the call of any minister in the country," he wrote in New Englands Memoriall. <mask> was living in London when he filed the chancery case. His reasons for leaving England were given in his writings. One biographer wrote, "He yearned for a country where he could be free to worship God according to what the Bible taught him, as God enabled him to understand it." One biographer said that "<mask> was one of the noble spirits who esteemed liberty more than life, and, counting no sacrifice too great for the maintenance of principal, could not dwell at ease in a land where the inalienable rights of humanity were not acknowledged or were mocked at."<mask> wrote, "I left my native country to enjoy liberty of conscience in respect to faith toward God and for no other end." In March 1637, he arrived in Boston from London and brought his wife and several children with him. His stay there was short because of the growing hostility towards Anne Hutchinson. He became active in the community by volunteering during the Pequot War, as did his older brother Thomas. He was summoned to court in December 1638 because of his differences of opinion with his landlord. <mask> was given 14 days to leave the colony after he was sentenced to find sureties for his good behavior during the remainder of his tenure. While he was in Rhode Island, his wife and children were allowed to remain in Plymouth, despite the fact that they were not allowed to leave during the winter.On the last day of April 1639, he and 28 others signed a compact calling themselves subjects of King Charles and forming a "civil body politick." <mask> was not better off in Portsmouth than he was inPlymouth. In 1640, his servant maid was ordered to court for attacking a woman who had a cow on his land. <mask> didn't allow her to show up and went in her place. He was indicted on 14 counts, some of which were called "Just Asses" and "saucy boy and Jack-an-Apes", because of his hostile attitude towards the judges. <mask> replied, "All you that own the King take away <mask> and carry him to prison." He was sentenced to be whipped and left for Providence Plantation.<mask>'s ideas about church and state led to a division of sentiment in this town. On 8 March 1641, Roger Williams wrote to Massachusetts magistrate John Winthrop, saying that Master <mask> had abused high and low at Aquidneck and was now bewitching and bemadding poor Providence. <mask> used his talent and energy to consolidate many discontented settlers into a destructive party in the otherwise peaceful settlement established by Williams. The <mask>ites became known as the Gortonists. <mask> was never received as an inhabitant in Providence because of his disorderly course. At this point, he moved once again to an area called Pawtuxet along the Pawtuxet River, about five miles south of the settlement at Providence. There was a rift among the settlers at Pawtuxet, with a majority of them adhering to Gorton's views.William Arnold, his son Benedict Arnold, his son-in-law William Carpenter, and Robert Coles were offended by <mask>'s conduct. On 17 November 1641, these men wrote a letter to Massachusetts complaining about the carriage of <mask> and his company. The settlers put themselves under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colony for 16 years because there was no formal government in the area. They cooperated with Massachusetts in its quest to gain territories that would give them direct access to the Narragansett Bay, and they caused a border conflict between Massachusetts and Rhode Island for nearly 100 years. <mask> and his followers were removed from the entire region by the Arnolds and their partners. Territorial claims made by Massachusetts in the Narragansett region were an issue of contention for Roger Williams, who wanted to consolidate all of the towns around the Narragansett Bay into a unified government. <mask>, along with 11 others, bought a large tract of land south of Pawtuxet from Miantonomi and called it Shawomet.The settlers sent the Massachusetts authorities at least two letters that were filled with invective, presenting religious views that were antithetical to the Puritan orthodoxy held by the Bay colony. <mask> and others of Shawomet were summoned to the Boston court to answer complaints from two minor Indian sachems regarding some "unjust and injurious dealing" towards them. The Shawomet men refused the summons because they said they were loyal subjects of the King of England. Soldiers were sent after them, their writings were seized, and they were taken to Boston for trial. The charges against <mask> and the others had nothing to do with the original complaints, but were about <mask>'s letters, conduct, and religious views. He was charged with being an enemy of the true religion of our Lord Jesus Christ, and also of all civil authority among the people of God. <mask> was ordered to be confined to Charlestown, to be kept at labor, and to wear bolts or irons in order to prevent his escape.He would be sentenced to death if he were to break confinement or to be charged with a crime. <mask> was given the death sentence by all but three of the ruling magistrates. <mask> and the others were banned from both Massachusetts and Shawomet after they were released from prison. <mask> and his associates were restricted from their own lands, so they went to Aquidneck Island, where they were warmly welcomed by a group of residents opposed to Governor Coddington. <mask> spent four years seeking justice for the wrongs committed against them after they boarded a ship in New Amsterdam and sailed back to England. He wrote about the injustice against the Shawomet settlers in one of his writings. The Commissioner of Plantations issued an order to Massachusetts to allow the residents of Shawomet and other nearby lands to "freely and quietly live and plant" without being disturbed by external pressures.<mask> remained in England and presented the order to the Massachusetts authorities, who found it unacceptable. Edward Winslow was sent to England by New England to present a case against <mask>. One "an inconceivable political liberty" was offered by <mask>'s preaching and submission to an inner spirit. The English commission ruled in favor of <mask>. <mask>'s time in England didn't end because he was called to preach and found many favorable audiences for his religious views. When he left England in 1637, he thought about toleration differently. The war against the king was being supported by parliamentary leaders who were embracing such attitudes.<mask> was a prominent part of the Puritan underground in England, where sectarian views were being shared and embraced. He spent most of his time at Thomas Lamb's church in London's Bell Alley. Lamb entertained what were considered to be the most radical forms of Puritanism in his church. <mask> was described as having "desperate opinions" and "declare the irrelevance of church officers" by one of his opponents. One of <mask>'s extreme positions was in crossing traditional gender lines, and he preached at the conventicle of a woman who has only been identified as Sister Stag. It was clear that he viewed women with a spiritual and social equality unusual for that time, as did other Puritan radicals. <mask> returned to New England in 1648.Massachusetts Bay authorities ordered his arrest, but he had a letter of protection from Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, which allowed him to return to his family. Shawomet was changed to Warwick in honor of the Earl. During his time in England, <mask>'s views on the role of government changed a lot. He became involved in roles that he had previously criticized. The first President of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was John Coggeshall. <mask> was seen as a leader in the colony after his success in England and in 1649 he was chosen as the Warwick assistant (magistrate). <mask> and Smith were both fined for declining their positions, but they both ended up serving.During this time, William Coddington was in England, trying to remove the island towns of Newport and Pompey from the government in order to set himself up as the Governor for Life of Newport and Pompey. <mask> was chosen as President of the colony in 1651, but Coddington was successful in getting his commission to put the island towns under his own authority, so <mask> only presided over the plantations of Providence and Warwick. <mask> was once again the assistant to Smith in 1652. <mask> is believed to have authored an act for the emancipation of slaves. <mask> was active in the civil affairs of Warwick after his brief time as a magistrate. He was a commissioner for a majority of the years from 1651 to 1663, and his name appears on a list of freemen in 1655. He was named in Rhode Island's Royal Charter of 1663.He was the deputy to the General Assembly for four years in the last half of the 1660s. He was 78 years old when he last served in public. <mask> was told in 1675 that the Indians in the Connecticut Colony were going to invade the Rhode Island. The geographical location of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations caused it to suffer more than any other colony. After fleeing their homes during the war, the people of Warwick returned to a wasteland in the spring of 1677. <mask> did not leave a will, but several deeds to his heirs on 27 November 1677 distributed his properties, and in one of these instruments he called himself "professor of the mysteries of Christ." The exact date of his death was not recorded.He is buried in the Samuel Gorton Cemetery, Rhode Island Historic Cemetery, Warwick #67, and his grave is marked with a governor's medallion and an uninscribed field stone. <mask> left a comfortable life in England for liberty of conscience in the English colonies of North America. According to Rhode Island historian Thomas Bicknell, he was a man of intense individualism who recognized three pillars of power: God, the Supreme One; the King, his vicegerent; and himself, the individual man. He didn't recognize any other source of authority between these. The individual's freedom was limited by the will of God or the King. He and his followers believed that Christ was both human and divine, and that Heaven and Hell were only in the mind. He and his followers were imprisoned, whipped, put to hard labor, and had their cattle, food, and property seized for teaching that heaven and hell were states in the hearts of men and women.Nathaniel Morton published a book about <mask> while he was still alive, and he was the keeper of the records for a long time. <mask> denied almost every point made by Morton in a lengthy letter. In the case of <mask>, no one of the first settlers has received more unmerited reproach, nor have they suffered so much injustice. His opinions on religious subjects were probably somewhat singular, though certainly not more so than they are today. His opinions were his own and he had a right to them. <mask> was described as being generous and sympathetic in nature by Rhode Island historian and Lieutenant Governor <mask>. Arnold. He gave others the same freedom of thought and expression that he claimed for himself.The foundation of equal civil rights and liberty in Rhode Island was established by Roger Williams, according to one of his biographers. Philip Gura sees him as not a dangerous and immoral troublemaker but rather a man who, more than any other New Englander, was in step with the religious politics of his times and whose history illuminates the complexity of the relationship of American to English Puritanism. <mask>'s first book was Simplicities Defence. He wrote An Incorruptible Key while in England. The rest of the Scriptures may be opened by you. The commentary on his radical beliefs was expanded in this book. Saltmarsh returned from the Dead was written after he returned to New England.An Antidote against the Common Plague of the World was dedicated to Oliver Cromwell. Matthew 23, in which the pharoahs are condemned for degrading God's will and word, is the subject of this volume. <mask>'s last published work was Antidote Against Pharisaical Teachers, but he left behind an unfinished manuscript called Exposition upon the Lord's Prayer. <mask>'s biographies have been published. <mask>: a forgotten founder of our Liberties and The Life and Times of <mask> were both published in 1907. Rhode Island's earliest colonial records are included in the latter work. <mask> was married to Mary Mayplet on 11 January 1629/30, the daughter of John Mayplet, who was a haberdasher.Mary was the granddaughter of the Reverend John Mayplet and a writer on the topics of natural history and astrology. <mask>'s brother was a doctor. The Rhode Island Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations have a list of colonial governors. This is how the date is written. There are citations in the Bibliography. It was a ed. R.The Rhode Island Historical Society has collections. There is a list of Rhode Island leaders in Scribner's Popular History of the US.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammes%20Luckett

Jammes Luckett

Jammes Luckett, also formerly credited as Jaye Barnes Luckett is an American musician, writer, visual artist, and voice actor. She became known as the force behind the rock / electronic band Poperratic – as singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, music arranger, music video director and record producer. Likewise, Luckett gained notice as a film and television composer and songwriter; contributing film scores and original songs (across a wide variety of genres) for independent and major projects. Luckett first came to international attention with her work on 2002's May – which has since acquired a cult following. Art Mechanix Luckett has frequently released recordings, artwork, zines, stories and other projects via her own imprint, Art Mechanix. Art Mechanix was formerly known as Go Little Records, and was initially founded in 1998. Music In addition to her own name, Luckett has also worked under various pseudonyms. Among the most well-known of these are: Alien Tempo Experiment 13 (or ATE 13), Merkcurie and Poperratic. Poperratic (1994–2009) Jammes' one-woman music group, Poperratic, first began as Alien Tempo Experiment 13, also known as ATE 13. With Go Little Records, she self-released a number of cassette albums. In 1998, she saw her first 7" Vinyl E.P., "Live! From The Roller Derby" commercially released on the now-defunct New York-based indie label Glimmerfed Records. The E.P. was co-produced by Luckett, with A.J. Lambert, then-future film director Lucky McKee, and also Don Fleming (musician) the noted music producer who has worked with (Hole, Sonic Youth, Shonen Knife). Poperratic's music was mostly noted for its catchy melodies, elaborate harmony arrangements, crunchy guitars and unusual structures, all written and performed by Luckett, herself. Due to the unconventional structures Luckett often uses, as well as storytelling techniques, Luckett's music tends to have a cinematic quality to it. When asked who his favorite film directors of previous generations who piqued his interest in horror were, Lucky McKee alluded to the fact that he considers Luckett a peer in this regard, by listing Poperratic as a favorite. Comic book illustrator Jordan Crane, of NON-existence Comics once described one of Luckett's early rock releases as "hitting around PJ Harvey meets the Pixies... with some Beatles." In early 2007, Poperratic's first studio album, 'Vagus (the wandering nerve.)' was released. A review at Perrero said of the 'Vagus', "The album overall has a really bluesy old school rock feel, by way of the grrl band movement of the early 90s." Jammes Luckett In 2009, Luckett returned to primarily using Jammes Luckett as the credited name for projects, regardless of genre or medium. Merkcurie Jammes Luckett has also written and performed electronic music under the project name "Merkcurie". Merkcurie sometimes features a character called "Merk Shaneley" (voiced by Luckett). Writing Jammes' portfolio has shown a long history as a writer of screenplays, stage plays, and short stories, including some ghostwritten for others. In 2012, her newsletter stated that she was working on a science fiction novel, entitled "The Perfect Kind" and various other writing projects. Luckett has written across a variety of genres including science fiction, contemporary fantasy, paranormal, children's literature, and technical writing. Acting and Directing Starting from a young age, Jammes Luckett began acting in the theatre, in dramatic and musical productions. At times, she served as assistant director and sometimes director of small stage productions. Among other subjects, Jammes studied animation and filmmaking in college, including at the University of Southern California, where she met frequent collaborator Lucky McKee. McKee has cited Jammes Luckett and Poperratic when asked about the directors who has been most influential on him. Luckett carried her experience across multiple mediums into her film and voice acting work, often on the same film and television projects she composed and performed original music for. Some of her most extensive contributions were frequently uncredited. In 2007, she served as voice talent on an animated pilot called "The Twincesses". Luckett has also scored and acted in a number of films for writer/director Kevin Ford of Mo-Freek Filmworks. Jammes Luckett has also put her versatility to use as a music video director. The music video for her original song "Android in Love" was selected to feature on the Website for the 2012 Protoclip Festival International Du Clip Musical (Music Video Festival), in Paris, France. She directed, edited and animated the video, as well as wrote, produced and performed the track. Art and Design As a professional designer and visual artist, Jammes Luckett has done album artwork, paintings, interior and furniture design, animation, posters and other art for production companies and studios. Luckett has frequently and openly stated that she utilizes the influence of visual art, literature and music, interchangeably, in her songwriting, stories, paintings, drawings, and other work. When film director, writer and actor Lucky McKee was asked who his favorite film directors were of previous generations, who piqued his interest in horror, McKee alluded to the fact that he considers Jammes Luckett somewhat a peer in this regard, by listing Poperratic as a favorite. This observation was further cemented, when in 2008, McKee recruited Jammes Luckett to create the poster art for his film Blue Like You (2008), which was created for Xbox 360 Live's "Horror Meets Comedy" episodes which debuted on New Xbox Experience. Luckett's poster for the film was printed and distributed at that year's San Diego ComiCon, during an appearance by Lucky McKee and cast. It was also featured as the broadcast art for the episode, which viewers watched via the Xbox 360 console. Jammes Luckett also directed music videos for several of her own original songs, which were viewed on the YouTube Website. In addition to directing them, other roles served on the project include as an editor, animator and actor. Collaborative Works Film and Television Soundtracks Luckett's scores earned a reputation for their "haunting melodies and textured atmosphere". Both Ain't It Cool News and The Los Angeles Times cited Luckett as a "composer to watch". . Most of her early scoring work for Lucky McKee was written, performed and recorded herself; with modest equipment, lending itself to the unconventional nature of her writing. In honor of her unusual approach to horror music, Luckett was asked to appear at the first "Maestros of Horror" Composer Panel at the 2007 Weekend of Horrors. She appeared beside fellow composers Harry Manfredini, John Harrison, John Murphy, Nathan Barr, and Richard Band, on the same day that soundtrack label La-La Land Records released an early retrospective of her film scoring work. That release was entitled "May and Other Selected Works of Jaye Barnes Luckett" (LLLCD 1056). She also appeared on a Weekend of Horrors panel in 2002, with Lucky McKee, Angela Bettis, Anna Faris, and Nichole Hiltz, while promoting May. Luckett's collaborations with screenwriter/film director McKee, stemmed from their years as students at the University of Southern California, in Los Angeles. Both also have stated that it was Luckett who originated the role of "May", in a series of short films from the USC-era. Having played in several bands together, McKee asked her years later to write the score for their first feature, May, which was an expansion of his student films. In many of Luckett and McKee's collaborative works, Angela Bettis appeared as an actor. However, for 2007's Roman, which also featured original score and songs by Luckett (as Poperratic), McKee starred in the title role, with Bettis directing. Luckett scored and/or provided original songs for the following McKee-related films: 'May' (2002) – her first orchestral score for a feature film. She also provided numerous original songs under the name Alien Tempo Experiment 13, and served as Music Supervisor. The Woods (2006) – original songs and additional score Masters of Horror: Sick Girl (2006) – her first television score. Also featured original Poperratic songs. This was the tenth episode of the first season of the popular Showtime TV series Masters of Horror Roman (2007) – her personal favorite of her own scores. Also features original Poperratic songs, and Luckett was co-music supervisor, along with director Angela Bettis. Blue Like You (2009) – co-wrote and performed the title theme song, for the Xbox 360 Live episode, directed by McKee. DEUXO Luckett briefly was one-half of the Electronic Pop / Dance collaboration called DEUXO with fellow musician / producer Schpilkas. The project released a digital E.P. that year called "Tres Deuxo," which shows another side of Luckett's versatility as a synth player, vocalist and co-songwriter. In early 2007, DEUXO's song "MoreSumthin (Fais Do Do)" was featured in the third episode of the FX (TV Network) show Dirt, starring Courteney Cox. Selected awards and nominations Sitges Film Festival Nominated for Best Soundtrack: 'May' (2002) Notes External links Art Mechanix Studio Site 1974 births Living people American women writers American rock musicians Songwriters from Ohio American film score composers American film actresses American voice actresses Women film score composers American women composers Record producers from Ohio American music arrangers 21st-century American women musicians American women record producers La-La Land Records artists

<mask>, also formerly credited as <mask> is an American musician, writer, visual artist, and voice actor. She became known as the force behind the rock / electronic band Poperratic – as singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, music arranger, music video director and record producer. Likewise, <mask> gained notice as a film and television composer and songwriter; contributing film scores and original songs (across a wide variety of genres) for independent and major projects. <mask> first came to international attention with her work on 2002's May – which has since acquired a cult following. Art Mechanix <mask> has frequently released recordings, artwork, zines, stories and other projects via her own imprint, Art Mechanix. Art Mechanix was formerly known as Go Little Records, and was initially founded in 1998. Music In addition to her own name, <mask> has also worked under various pseudonyms.Among the most well-known of these are: Alien Tempo Experiment 13 (or ATE 13), Merkcurie and Poperratic. Poperratic (1994–2009) Jammes' one-woman music group, Poperratic, first began as Alien Tempo Experiment 13, also known as ATE 13. With Go Little Records, she self-released a number of cassette albums. In 1998, she saw her first 7" Vinyl E.P., "Live! From The Roller Derby" commercially released on the now-defunct New York-based indie label Glimmerfed Records. The E.P. was co-produced by <mask>, with A.J.Lambert, then-future film director Lucky McKee, and also Don Fleming (musician) the noted music producer who has worked with (Hole, Sonic Youth, Shonen Knife). Poperratic's music was mostly noted for its catchy melodies, elaborate harmony arrangements, crunchy guitars and unusual structures, all written and performed by <mask>, herself. Due to the unconventional structures <mask> often uses, as well as storytelling techniques, <mask>'s music tends to have a cinematic quality to it. When asked who his favorite film directors of previous generations who piqued his interest in horror were, Lucky McKee alluded to the fact that he considers <mask> a peer in this regard, by listing Poperratic as a favorite. Comic book illustrator Jordan Crane, of NON-existence Comics once described one of <mask>'s early rock releases as "hitting around PJ Harvey meets the Pixies... with some Beatles." In early 2007, Poperratic's first studio album, 'Vagus (the wandering nerve.)' was released.A review at Perrero said of the 'Vagus', "The album overall has a really bluesy old school rock feel, by way of the grrl band movement of the early 90s." <mask> <mask> In 2009, <mask> returned to primarily using <mask> <mask> as the credited name for projects, regardless of genre or medium. Merkcurie <mask> <mask> has also written and performed electronic music under the project name "Merkcurie". Merkcurie sometimes features a character called "Merk Shaneley" (voiced by <mask>). Writing <mask>' portfolio has shown a long history as a writer of screenplays, stage plays, and short stories, including some ghostwritten for others. In 2012, her newsletter stated that she was working on a science fiction novel, entitled "The Perfect Kind" and various other writing projects. Luckett has written across a variety of genres including science fiction, contemporary fantasy, paranormal, children's literature, and technical writing.Acting and Directing Starting from a young age, <mask> <mask> began acting in the theatre, in dramatic and musical productions. At times, she served as assistant director and sometimes director of small stage productions. Among other subjects, <mask> studied animation and filmmaking in college, including at the University of Southern California, where she met frequent collaborator Lucky McKee. McKee has cited <mask> <mask> and Poperratic when asked about the directors who has been most influential on him. Luckett carried her experience across multiple mediums into her film and voice acting work, often on the same film and television projects she composed and performed original music for. Some of her most extensive contributions were frequently uncredited. In 2007, she served as voice talent on an animated pilot called "The Twincesses".<mask> has also scored and acted in a number of films for writer/director Kevin Ford of Mo-Freek Filmworks. <mask> <mask> has also put her versatility to use as a music video director. The music video for her original song "Android in Love" was selected to feature on the Website for the 2012 Protoclip Festival International Du Clip Musical (Music Video Festival), in Paris, France. She directed, edited and animated the video, as well as wrote, produced and performed the track. Art and Design As a professional designer and visual artist, <mask> <mask> has done album artwork, paintings, interior and furniture design, animation, posters and other art for production companies and studios. <mask> has frequently and openly stated that she utilizes the influence of visual art, literature and music, interchangeably, in her songwriting, stories, paintings, drawings, and other work. When film director, writer and actor Lucky McKee was asked who his favorite film directors were of previous generations, who piqued his interest in horror, McKee alluded to the fact that he considers <mask> <mask> somewhat a peer in this regard, by listing Poperratic as a favorite.This observation was further cemented, when in 2008, McKee recruited <mask> <mask> to create the poster art for his film Blue Like You (2008), which was created for Xbox 360 Live's "Horror Meets Comedy" episodes which debuted on New Xbox Experience. <mask>'s poster for the film was printed and distributed at that year's San Diego ComiCon, during an appearance by Lucky McKee and cast. It was also featured as the broadcast art for the episode, which viewers watched via the Xbox 360 console. <mask> <mask> also directed music videos for several of her own original songs, which were viewed on the YouTube Website. In addition to directing them, other roles served on the project include as an editor, animator and actor. Collaborative Works Film and Television Soundtracks <mask>'s scores earned a reputation for their "haunting melodies and textured atmosphere". Both Ain't It Cool News and The Los Angeles Times cited <mask> as a "composer to watch". .Most of her early scoring work for Lucky McKee was written, performed and recorded herself; with modest equipment, lending itself to the unconventional nature of her writing. In honor of her unusual approach to horror music, <mask> was asked to appear at the first "Maestros of Horror" Composer Panel at the 2007 Weekend of Horrors. She appeared beside fellow composers Harry Manfredini, John Harrison, John Murphy, Nathan Barr, and Richard Band, on the same day that soundtrack label La-La Land Records released an early retrospective of her film scoring work. That release was entitled "May and Other Selected Works of Jaye Barnes Luckett" (LLLCD 1056). She also appeared on a Weekend of Horrors panel in 2002, with Lucky McKee, Angela Bettis, Anna Faris, and Nichole Hiltz, while promoting May. <mask>'s collaborations with screenwriter/film director McKee, stemmed from their years as students at the University of Southern California, in Los Angeles. Both also have stated that it was <mask> who originated the role of "May", in a series of short films from the USC-era.Having played in several bands together, McKee asked her years later to write the score for their first feature, May, which was an expansion of his student films. In many of <mask> and McKee's collaborative works, Angela Bettis appeared as an actor. However, for 2007's Roman, which also featured original score and songs by <mask> (as Poperratic), McKee starred in the title role, with Bettis directing. <mask>ee-related films: 'May' (2002) – her first orchestral score for a feature film. She also provided numerous original songs under the name Alien Tempo Experiment 13, and served as Music Supervisor. The Woods (2006) – original songs and additional score Masters of Horror: Sick Girl (2006) – her first television score. Also featured original Poperratic songs.This was the tenth episode of the first season of the popular Showtime TV series Masters of Horror Roman (2007) – her personal favorite of her own scores. Also features original Poperratic songs, and <mask> was co-music supervisor, along with director Angela Bettis. Blue Like You (2009) – co-wrote and performed the title theme song, for the Xbox 360 Live episode, directed by McKee. DEUXO <mask> briefly was one-half of the Electronic Pop / Dance collaboration called DEUXO with fellow musician / producer Schpilkas. The project released a digital E.P. that year called "Tres Deuxo," which shows another side of <mask>'s versatility as a synth player, vocalist and co-songwriter. In early 2007, DEUXO's song "MoreSumthin (Fais Do Do)" was featured in the third episode of the FX (TV Network) show Dirt, starring Courteney Cox.Selected awards and nominations Sitges Film Festival Nominated for Best Soundtrack: 'May' (2002) Notes External links Art Mechanix Studio Site 1974 births Living people American women writers American rock musicians Songwriters from Ohio American film score composers American film actresses American voice actresses Women film score composers American women composers Record producers from Ohio American music arrangers 21st-century American women musicians American women record producers La-La Land Records artists

<mask> is an American musician, writer, visual artist, and voice actor. She became known as the force behind the rock band Poperratic, as well as being a music video director and record producer. <mask> contributed film scores and original songs for independent and major projects as a film and television composer and writer. Her work on 2002's May has since acquired a cult following. Art Mechanix Luckett's own imprint, Art Mechanix, has frequently released recordings, artwork, zines, stories and other projects. Go Little Records was founded in 1998. <mask> has worked under a number of different names.Alien Tempo Experiment 13 is one of the most well-known of these. <mask>' one-woman music group, Poperratic, began as Alien Tempo Experiment 13 in 1994. She self-released a number of cassette albums. She saw her first vinyl record in 1998. The song "From The Roller Derby" was released on a New York-based label. The E.P. A.J. and <mask> co-produced it.Don Fleming is a noted music producer who has worked withHole, Sonic Youth, and Shonen Knife. Poperratic's music was written and performed by <mask>, who also wrote and performed many of the songs. <mask>'s music tends to have a cinematic quality to it due to the unconventional structures he uses. Lucky McKee mentioned that he considers Poperratic to be a favorite when he was asked who his favorite film directors of previous generations were. Comic book illustrator Jordan Crane once described one of <mask>'s early rock releases as "hitting around PJ Harvey meets the Pixies... with some Beatles." Poperratic's first studio album was 'Vagus'. It was released.A review at Perrero said of the 'Vagus', "The album overall has a really bluesy old school rock feel, by way of the grrl band movement of the early 90s." In 2009, <mask> <mask> was the credited name for all projects, regardless of genre or medium. Merkcurie <mask> <mask> has written and performed electronic music. There is a character called "Merk Shaneley" that is voiced by <mask>. Writing <mask>' portfolio shows a long history as a writer of screenplays, stage plays, and short stories, including some ghostwritten for others. She stated in her newsletter in 2012 that she was working on a science fiction novel. Science fiction, contemporary fantasy, paranormal, children's literature, and technical writing are some of the genres that <mask> has written in.<mask> <mask> started acting in the theatre at a young age. She was sometimes an assistant director and sometimes the director of small stage productions. <mask> studied animation and filmmaking at the University of Southern California, where she met Lucky McKee. <mask> <mask> and Poperratic have been cited by McKee as the directors who have been most influential to him. <mask>'s film and voice acting work was often on the same film and television projects she composed and performed original music for. Her most extensive contributions were often uncredited. She was a voice talent on the pilot "The Twincesses".Kevin Ford of Mo-Freek Filmworks has scored and acted in a number of films with <mask>. <mask> <mask> is a music video director. The music video for her original song "Android in Love" was selected to feature on the Website for the 2012 Protoclip Festival International Du Clip Musical ( Music Video Festival), in Paris, France. She directed, edited and animated the video, as well as wrote, produced and performed the track. <mask> <mask> is a professional designer and visual artist who has done album artwork, paintings, interior and furniture design, animation, posters and other art for production companies and studios. In her work, Luckett uses the influence of visual art, literature and music. When Lucky McKee was asked who his favorite film directors were of previous generations, who piqued his interest in horror, he listed Poperratic as a favorite because he considers <mask> <mask> to be a peer in this regard.The poster art for Blue Like You was created by <mask> <mask>, who was recruited by McKee to create the poster art for his film. <mask>'s poster for the film was printed and distributed at the San Diego ComiCon during an appearance by Lucky McKee and cast. It was used in the broadcast art for the episode, which viewers watched via the console. Several of <mask> <mask>'s own original songs were featured in her music videos. Other roles on the project include as an editor, animator and actor. <mask>'s scores earned a reputation for their "haunting melodies and textured atmosphere". Ain't It Cool News and The Los Angeles Times both named <mask> as a composer to watch.Most of her early scoring work was written, performed and recorded herself; with modest equipment, lending itself to the unconventional nature of her writing. In honor of her unusual approach to horror music, <mask> was asked to appear at the first "Maestros of Horror" Composer Panel at the 2007 Weekend of Horrors. On the same day that La-La Land Records released an early retrospective of her film scoring work, she appeared beside fellow composers Harry Manfredini, John Harrison, John Murphy, Nathan Barr, and Richard Band. " May and Other Selected Works of Jaye Barnes Luckett" was the title of that release. She appeared on a Weekend of Horrors panel in 2002 with Lucky McKee, Anna Faris, and Nichole Hiltz. As students at the University of Southern California, <mask> and McKee collaborated on films. It was <mask> who originated the role of May in a series of short films.After playing in several bands with him, she was asked to write the score for his first feature, May, which was an expansion of his student films. Bettis appeared as an actor in many of the works. Bettis directed the title role in Roman, which featured original score and songs by <mask>. The first orchestral score for a feature film was provided by <mask>. She was the Music Supervisor and provided many original songs. Her first television score was Masters of Horror: Sick Girl. There were also original Poperratic songs.Her personal favorite of her own scores was the tenth episode of the first season of Masters of Horror Roman. Also features original Poperratic songs, and <mask> was co-music supervisor. The title theme song was co-written and performed by Blue Like You. One-half of the Electronic Pop / Dance collaboration called DEUXO was formed by DEUXO <mask> and Schpilkas. The digital E.P. was released by the project. "Tres Deuxo" shows another side of <mask>'s talent as a singer, guitarist, and synthesizer player. In the third episode of the show Dirt, DEUXO's song " MoreSumthin (Fais Do Do)" was used.The Sitges Film Festival has been nominated for a Best Soundtrack award.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Barnard

Chester Barnard

Chester Irving Barnard (November 7, 1886 – June 7, 1961) was an American business executive, public administrator, and the author of pioneering work in management theory and organizational studies. His landmark 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive, sets out a theory of organization and of the functions of executives in organizations. The book has been widely assigned in university courses in management theory and organizational sociology. Barnard viewed organizations as systems of cooperation of human activity, and noted that they are typically short-lived. According to Barnard, organizations are generally not long-lived because they do not meet the two criteria necessary for survival: effectiveness and efficiency. Biography In his youth, Barnard worked on a farm, then working as a piano tuner, paid his way through high school at the Mount Hermon School. After graduation he studied economics at Harvard University on a scholarship, earning money selling pianos and operating a dance band. He did not obtain his Harvard BA because he did his four-year work in three years and could not complete a science course, but a number of universities later granted him honorary doctorates. Barnard joined the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (now AT&T) in 1909. In 1927, he became president of the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company. During the Great Depression, he directed the New Jersey state relief system. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1939. He was president of the United Service Organizations (USO), 1942-45. Upon retiring from business, he served as president of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1948–52, and as chairman of the National Science Foundation, 1952-54. End 1950s he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. Work Barnard viewed organizations as systems of cooperation of human activity, and noted that they are typically short-lived. It is rare for a firm to last more than a century. Similarly most nations last for less than a century. The only organization that can claim a substantial age is the Roman Catholic Church. According to Barnard, organizations are not long-lived because they do not meet the two criteria necessary for survival: effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness, is defined the usual way: as being able to accomplish stated goals. In contrast, Barnard's meaning of organizational efficiency differed substantially from the conventional use of the word. He defined efficiency of an organization as the degree to which that organization is able to satisfy the motives of the individuals. If an organization satisfies the motives of its members while attaining its explicit goals, cooperation among its members will last. Barnard was a great admirer of Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) and he and Parsons corresponded persistently. The two scholars would send manuscripts for commentary to each other and they would write long letters where they engage in a common theoretical discussion. The first correspondence between Barnard and Parsons began in the end of the 1930s and it persisted essentially to Barnard’s death in 1961. The Functions of the Executive Barnard's classic 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive discusses, as the title suggests, the functions of the executive, but not from a merely intuitive point of view, but instead deriving them from his conception of cooperative systems. Barnard summarized the functions of the executive as follows: Establishing and maintaining a system of communication; Securing essential services from other members; Formulating organizational purposes and objectives. To manage people and make sure they do their jobs Authority and incentives Barnard formulated two interesting theories: one of authority and the other of incentives. Both are seen in the context of a communication system grounded in seven essential rules: The channels of communication should be definite; Everyone should know of the channels of communication; Everyone should have access to the formal channels of communication; Lines of communication should be as short and as direct as possible; Competence of persons serving as communication centers should be adequate; The line of communication should not be interrupted when the organization is functioning; Every communication should be authenticated. Thus, what makes a communication authoritative, rests with the subordinate, rather than with his superior. Barnard's perspective had affinities to that of Mary Parker Follett and was very unusual for his time, and that has remained the case down to the present day. He seemed to argue that managers should obtain authority by treating subordinates with respect and competence. As for incentives, he proposed two ways of convincing subordinates to cooperate: tangible incentives and persuasion. Barnard gives great importance to persuasion, much more than to economic incentives. He described four general, and four specific incentives. The specific incentives were: Money and other material inducements; Personal non-material opportunities for distinction; Desirable physical conditions of work; Ideal benefactions, such as pride of workmanship etc. The general incentives were: Associated attractiveness (based upon compatibility with associates) Adaptation of working conditions to habitual methods and attitudes The opportunity for the feeling of enlarged participation in the course of events The condition of communing with others (personal comfort with social relations, opportunity for comradeship etc., ) See also Organizational studies Selected publications 1938. The Functions of the Executive 1939. Dilemmas of Leadership in the Democratic Process. 1946. A Report on the International Control of Atomic Energy. 1948. Organization and Management 1956. Organization and Management: Selected Papers 1956. On the Teaching of Law in the Liberal Arts Curriculum. With Harold Joseph Berman. Harvard Law 1958. Elementary Conditions of Business Morals. 1973. Conversations With Chester I. Barnard. Edited by William B. Wolf. 1986. Philosophy for Managers; Selected Papers of Chester I. Barnard. Edited by William B. Wolf and Haruki Iino. References Further reading Anicich, Adam. (2009) , Doctoral Research Papers, University of Maryland University College, DMGT 800, (2): 1-15. Gehani, R. Ray (2002) "Chester Barnard's “executive” and the knowledge-based firm", Management Decision 40(10): 980 - 991. Mahoney, Joseph T. (2002) "The relevance of Chester I. Barnard's teaching to contemporary management education: communicating the aesthetics of management," Int. J. Organ. Theory Behav. 5 (1&2): 159-72. Mathews, Gary S. (1981) "An Examination of Cooperative Organizational Behavior and the Functions of Executives in Formal Organizations: The Theory of Chester Irving Barnard and Its Implications for Educational Administration. A Research Paper." Marshall, Gordon (1998) "Chester I. Barnard" in A Dictionary of Sociology. Scott, William G. (1992) Chester I. Barnard and the guardians of the management state. Wolf, William B. (1974). The basic Barnard: an introduction to Chester i. Barnard and his theories of organization and management. External links Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Chester Barnard. Archives and records Chester I. Barnard papers at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School. 1886 births 1961 deaths American business theorists Public administration Medal for Merit recipients Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Presidents of the Rockefeller Foundation Public administration scholars 20th-century American writers

<mask> (November 7, 1886 – June 7, 1961) was an American business executive, public administrator, and the author of pioneering work in management theory and organizational studies. His landmark 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive, sets out a theory of organization and of the functions of executives in organizations. The book has been widely assigned in university courses in management theory and organizational sociology. <mask> viewed organizations as systems of cooperation of human activity, and noted that they are typically short-lived. According to <mask>, organizations are generally not long-lived because they do not meet the two criteria necessary for survival: effectiveness and efficiency. Biography In his youth, <mask> worked on a farm, then working as a piano tuner, paid his way through high school at the Mount Hermon School. After graduation he studied economics at Harvard University on a scholarship, earning money selling pianos and operating a dance band.He did not obtain his Harvard BA because he did his four-year work in three years and could not complete a science course, but a number of universities later granted him honorary doctorates. <mask> joined the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (now AT&T) in 1909. In 1927, he became president of the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company. During the Great Depression, he directed the New Jersey state relief system. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1939. He was president of the United Service Organizations (USO), 1942-45. Upon retiring from business, he served as president of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1948–52, and as chairman of the National Science Foundation, 1952-54.End 1950s he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. Work <mask> viewed organizations as systems of cooperation of human activity, and noted that they are typically short-lived. It is rare for a firm to last more than a century. Similarly most nations last for less than a century. The only organization that can claim a substantial age is the Roman Catholic Church. According to <mask>, organizations are not long-lived because they do not meet the two criteria necessary for survival: effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness, is defined the usual way: as being able to accomplish stated goals.In contrast, <mask>'s meaning of organizational efficiency differed substantially from the conventional use of the word. He defined efficiency of an organization as the degree to which that organization is able to satisfy the motives of the individuals. If an organization satisfies the motives of its members while attaining its explicit goals, cooperation among its members will last. <mask> was a great admirer of Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) and he and Parsons corresponded persistently. The two scholars would send manuscripts for commentary to each other and they would write long letters where they engage in a common theoretical discussion. The first correspondence between <mask> and Parsons began in the end of the 1930s and it persisted essentially to <mask>’s death in 1961. The Functions of the Executive <mask>'s classic 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive discusses, as the title suggests, the functions of the executive, but not from a merely intuitive point of view, but instead deriving them from his conception of cooperative systems.<mask> summarized the functions of the executive as follows: Establishing and maintaining a system of communication; Securing essential services from other members; Formulating organizational purposes and objectives. To manage people and make sure they do their jobs Authority and incentives <mask> formulated two interesting theories: one of authority and the other of incentives. Both are seen in the context of a communication system grounded in seven essential rules: The channels of communication should be definite; Everyone should know of the channels of communication; Everyone should have access to the formal channels of communication; Lines of communication should be as short and as direct as possible; Competence of persons serving as communication centers should be adequate; The line of communication should not be interrupted when the organization is functioning; Every communication should be authenticated. Thus, what makes a communication authoritative, rests with the subordinate, rather than with his superior. <mask>'s perspective had affinities to that of Mary Parker Follett and was very unusual for his time, and that has remained the case down to the present day. He seemed to argue that managers should obtain authority by treating subordinates with respect and competence. As for incentives, he proposed two ways of convincing subordinates to cooperate: tangible incentives and persuasion.<mask> gives great importance to persuasion, much more than to economic incentives. He described four general, and four specific incentives. The specific incentives were: Money and other material inducements; Personal non-material opportunities for distinction; Desirable physical conditions of work; Ideal benefactions, such as pride of workmanship etc. The general incentives were: Associated attractiveness (based upon compatibility with associates) Adaptation of working conditions to habitual methods and attitudes The opportunity for the feeling of enlarged participation in the course of events The condition of communing with others (personal comfort with social relations, opportunity for comradeship etc., ) See also Organizational studies Selected publications 1938. The Functions of the Executive 1939. Dilemmas of Leadership in the Democratic Process. 1946.A Report on the International Control of Atomic Energy. 1948. Organization and Management 1956. Organization and Management: Selected Papers 1956. On the Teaching of Law in the Liberal Arts Curriculum. With Harold Joseph Berman. Harvard Law 1958.Elementary Conditions of Business Morals. 1973. Conversations With <mask><mask>. Edited by William B. Wolf. 1986. Philosophy for Managers; Selected Papers of <mask><mask>. Edited by William B. Wolf and Haruki Iino.References Further reading Anicich, Adam. (2009) , Doctoral Research Papers, University of Maryland University College, DMGT 800, (2): 1-15. Gehani, R. Ray (2002) "<mask>'s “executive” and the knowledge-based firm", Management Decision 40(10): 980 - 991. Mahoney, Joseph T. (2002) "The relevance of <mask><mask>'s teaching to contemporary management education: communicating the aesthetics of management," Int. J. Organ. Theory Behav.5 (1&2): 159-72. Mathews, Gary S. (1981) "An Examination of Cooperative Organizational Behavior and the Functions of Executives in Formal Organizations: The Theory of <mask> <mask> and Its Implications for Educational Administration. A Research Paper." Marshall, Gordon (1998) "<mask>. <mask>" in A Dictionary of Sociology. Scott, William G. (1992) <mask>. <mask> and the guardians of the management state. Wolf, William B. (1974).The basic <mask>: an introduction to <mask>. <mask> and his theories of organization and management. External links Julius Caesar, Crassus, and <mask>. Archives and records <mask><mask> papers at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School. 1886 births 1961 deaths American business theorists Public administration Medal for Merit recipients Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Presidents of the Rockefeller Foundation Public administration scholars 20th-century American writers

<mask> was an American business executive, public administrator, and the author of seminal work in management theory and organizational studies. The Functions of the Executive is a book about the functions of executives in organizations. The book is used in management theory and organizational sociology. Organizations are typically short-lived, according to <mask>, who viewed them as systems of cooperation of human activity. Organizations aren't long-lived because they don't meet the two criteria needed for survival: effectiveness and efficiency. After graduating from Mount Hermon School, he worked as a piano tuner and worked on a farm. He earned money selling pianos and operating a dance band while studying economics at Harvard University.He didn't get a degree from Harvard because he couldn't finish a science course in three years, but he did get a degree from a number of universities. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was founded in 1909. He was president of the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company in 1927. He directed the New Jersey state relief system during the Great Depression. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was the president of the USO. He served as president of the Rockefeller Foundation and chairman of the National Science Foundation after retiring from business.He was one of the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. Organizations are typically short-lived, according to <mask>, who viewed them as systems of cooperation of human activity. It is very rare for a firm to last more than a century. Most nations last less than a century. The Roman Catholic Church is the only organization that can claim a substantial age. The two criteria needed for survival are effectiveness and efficiency. The usual way of defining effectiveness is as being able to accomplish stated goals.The meaning of organizational efficiency was different from the conventional use of the word. The degree to which an organization is able to satisfy the motives of the individuals is the degree to which efficiency is defined. cooperation among its members will last if an organization is satisfied with the motives of its members. The two men were very fond of each other and they continued to correspond persistently. Two scholars would send manuscripts for commentary to each other and they would also write long letters to each other. The first correspondence between the two men began at the end of the 1930s and continued until 1961. The functions of the executive are discussed in The Functions of the Executive, but not from a merely intuitive point of view, but from his conception of cooperative systems.Establishing and maintaining a system of communication is one of the functions of the executive. Authority and incentives were formulated to help manage people and make sure they do their jobs. The channels of communication should be definite, everyone should know of the channels of communication, everyone should have access to the formal channels of communication, and the lines of communication should be as short and direct as possible. What makes a communication authoritative is not dependent on his superior. For his time, <mask>'s perspective was very different than that of MaryParker Follett, and that has remained the case today. He argued that managers should treat their subordinates with respect and competence. He proposed two ways of persuading subordinates to cooperate.The importance of persuasion is much more than economic incentives. Four general and four specific incentives were described by him. Money and other material inducements, personal non-material opportunities for distinction, desirable physical conditions of work, and pride of workmanship were some of the specific incentives. The general incentives were: Associated attractiveness (based upon compatibility with associates), adaptation of working conditions to habitual methods and attitudes, personal comfort with social relations, and opportunity for comradeship. The functions of the executive in 1939. There are challenges of leadership in the Democratic process. In 1946.There is a report on the international control of atomic energy. 1948. There was an organization and management. Papers about organization and management were published in the mid-sixties. Law is taught in the Liberal Arts curriculum. With Harold Joseph Berman. The law was written by Harvard.Business Morals have elementary conditions. 1973. There are conversations with <mask>. William B. Wolf was the editor. The year 1986. The philosophy for managers was written by <mask><mask>. The book was edited by William B. Wolf and Haruki Iino.Further reading Anicich, Adam. The research papers are from the University of Maryland University College. "<mask>'s executive and the knowledge-based firm" was written by R. Ray. The relevance of <mask>. <mask>'s teaching to contemporary management education is discussed. J. There is an organ. Theory behav.5 (1&2): 159-72. "An Examination of Cooperative Organizational Behavior and the Functions of Executives in Formal Organizations: The Theory of <mask> <mask> and Its Implications for Educational Administration" was written by Gary Mathews. A research paper. Gordon Marshall wrote "Chester I. Barnard" in A Dictionary of Sociology. The guardians of the management state were <mask><mask> and William G. Scott. Wolf, William B. The year 1974An introduction to <mask><mask>'s theories of organization and management. There are external links to Julius Caesar. The <mask><mask> papers are in the Baker Library Special Collections. The Presidents of the Rockefeller Foundation and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences are recipients of the Public administration medal.

30596007

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Burgess

Simon Burgess

Simon Burgess (born 11 September 1967 in Franklin, Tasmania) is an Australian national champion, two-time World Champion, three-time Olympian and dual Olympic silver medal-winning lightweight rower. He represented Australia ten times at World Rowing Championships between 1990 and 2002. He won world and national championships in both sculls and in sweep-oared boat classes during an eighteen-year elite level career. Club and state rowing An accomplished sculler and sweep oarsman, Burgess' senior rowing was with the Franklin Rowing Club in the small southern Tasmanian town of Geeveston. Burgess began contesting national lightweight championship sculling titles at Australian Rowing Championships in 1987 representing the Franklin Rowing Club. He won his first national championship being the Australian lightweight single sculls title in 1990 . He rowed in the Tasmania representative men's lightweight four who contested the Penrith Cup at the Interstate Regatta on ten occasions between 1993 and 2005. He stroked that crew on seven occasions in those years and was a crew member in the seven consecutive Tasmanian wins from 1999 to 2005. He contested the heavyweight singles sculls championship - the President's Cup - representing Tasmania in 1995. International representative rowing World Championships Burgess was first selected to represent Australia in his "home" world championships at Lake Barrington 1990. The Australian quad scull contained two Tasmanian locals in Burgess and Stephen Hawkins and was coached by Tim McLaren and John Driessen, also Tasmanians. Hawkins stroked the crew (with Burgess at bow) to a bronze medal. The following year at Vienna 1991 that same crew (with Gary Lynagh and Bruce Hick at two & three) won gold and a World Championship title. They rowed through the field and won by 0.23 seconds. In 1992 Stephen Hawkins was selected in the Olympic heavyweight double scull and so the champion lightweight quad was broken up. At the 1992 lightweight World Championships Lynagh and Hick had success as a double while Burgess raced the lightweight single scull championship for a fifth place. For Roudnice 1993 and Indianapolis 1994 Burgess was back in the Australian lightweight quad scull and he stroked both those crews to a seventh place in 1993 and fifth place in 1994. Burgess did not make Australian representative sculling crews in 1995 or 1996 but by 1997 he was performing and selected at the elite level in lightweight sweep oared boats. For Aiguebelette 1997 he was picked in the six seat of the Australian lightweight eight who won gold, earning Burgess his second World Championship title. For Cologne 1998 and then at St Catharine's 1999 Burgess rowed in the Australian coxless four. The same four took bronze in 1998 and silver, with Burgess at stroke in 1999. Burgess' final World Championship appearances were in the build up to the 2004 Summer Olympics. He was again selected in the coxless four who competed at Seville 2002 (4th place) and Milan 2003 (7th place). Olympics Atlanta 1996 saw lightweight events introduced to the Olympic regatta for the first time. Burgess was selected with his longstanding sculling partner Gary Lynagh in the lightweight coxless four along with Haimish Karrasch and David Belcher. They made the Olympic final and placed sixth. For Sydney 2000 Burgess was again selected in the lightweight coxless four. The event showcased two match races between the Australians and the French crew. They met in a semi-final where the Australians (with Burgess in the bow seat) pipped the French by 3/100ths of a second. In the final the Australians led for much of the race. The French tried once to break through and failed, then a second time and failed and finally with a matter of metres to go broke through to win by less than half a second. Both races were superb and a highlight of the regatta. At Athens 2004 Burgess made his third and final Olympic appearance in the Australian lightweight coxless four, this time as stroke. Anthony Edwards in the two seat was also at his third Olympics and both were still looking for their first Olympic gold medal. The Danish crew however were favourites and they got away in the 1st 500m. Burgess brought the Australian crew back into contention in the second and third 500 metres. However the Danes still had something in reserve in the rush home extending their lead to 1.4 seconds at the finish. This would be Burgess' last international representative appearance and the end of a seventeen-year rowing career at the elite level. Rowing palmares Olympics 1996 Atlanta Olympics LM4- stroke - sixth 2000 Sydney Olympics LM4- bow - silver 2004 Athens Olympics LM4- stroke - silver World Championships 1990 Tasmania LM4x bow - bronze 1991 Vienna LM4x bow - gold 1992 Montreal LM1x - fifth 1993 Roudnice LM4x stroke - seventh 1994 Indianapolis LM4x stroke - fifth 1997 Aiguebelette LM8+ six seat - gold 1998 Cologne LM4- two seat - bronze 1999 St. Catharines LM4- stroke - silver 2002 Seville LM4- bow - fourth 2003 Milan LM4- stroke - seventh National Interstate Regatta 1993 Interstate men's LM4- (TAS) stroke - second 1994 Interstate men's LM4- (TAS) stroke - third 1995 Interstate men's single scull (TAS) - fifth 1998 Interstate men's LM4- (TAS) stroke - third 1999 Interstate men's LM4- (TAS) stroke - first 2000 Interstate men's LM4- (TAS) stroke - first 2001 Interstate men's LM4- (TAS) three seat - first 2002 Interstate men's LM4- (TAS) stroke - first 2003 Interstate men's LM4- (TAS) stroke - first 2004 Interstate men's LM4- (TAS) bow - first 2005 Interstate men's LM4- (TAS) stroke - first References External links rowinghistory-aus 1967 births Living people People from Tasmania Australian male rowers Sportsmen from Tasmania Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic silver medalists for Australia Olympic medalists in rowing Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics World Rowing Championships medalists for Australia Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics

<mask> (born 11 September 1967 in Franklin, Tasmania) is an Australian national champion, two-time World Champion, three-time Olympian and dual Olympic silver medal-winning lightweight rower. He represented Australia ten times at World Rowing Championships between 1990 and 2002. He won world and national championships in both sculls and in sweep-oared boat classes during an eighteen-year elite level career. Club and state rowing An accomplished sculler and sweep oarsman, <mask>' senior rowing was with the Franklin Rowing Club in the small southern Tasmanian town of Geeveston. <mask> began contesting national lightweight championship sculling titles at Australian Rowing Championships in 1987 representing the Franklin Rowing Club. He won his first national championship being the Australian lightweight single sculls title in 1990 . He rowed in the Tasmania representative men's lightweight four who contested the Penrith Cup at the Interstate Regatta on ten occasions between 1993 and 2005.He stroked that crew on seven occasions in those years and was a crew member in the seven consecutive Tasmanian wins from 1999 to 2005. He contested the heavyweight singles sculls championship - the President's Cup - representing Tasmania in 1995. International representative rowing World Championships <mask> was first selected to represent Australia in his "home" world championships at Lake Barrington 1990. The Australian quad scull contained two Tasmanian locals in <mask> and Stephen Hawkins and was coached by Tim McLaren and John Driessen, also Tasmanians. Hawkins stroked the crew (with <mask> at bow) to a bronze medal. The following year at Vienna 1991 that same crew (with Gary Lynagh and Bruce Hick at two & three) won gold and a World Championship title. They rowed through the field and won by 0.23 seconds. In 1992 Stephen Hawkins was selected in the Olympic heavyweight double scull and so the champion lightweight quad was broken up.At the 1992 lightweight World Championships Lynagh and Hick had success as a double while <mask> raced the lightweight single scull championship for a fifth place. For Roudnice 1993 and Indianapolis 1994 <mask> was back in the Australian lightweight quad scull and he stroked both those crews to a seventh place in 1993 and fifth place in 1994. <mask> did not make Australian representative sculling crews in 1995 or 1996 but by 1997 he was performing and selected at the elite level in lightweight sweep oared boats. For Aiguebelette 1997 he was picked in the six seat of the Australian lightweight eight who won gold, earning <mask> his second World Championship title. For Cologne 1998 and then at St Catharine's 1999 <mask> rowed in the Australian coxless four. The same four took bronze in 1998 and silver, with <mask> at stroke in 1999. <mask>' final World Championship appearances were in the build up to the 2004 Summer Olympics.He was again selected in the coxless four who competed at Seville 2002 (4th place) and Milan 2003 (7th place). Olympics Atlanta 1996 saw lightweight events introduced to the Olympic regatta for the first time. <mask> was selected with his longstanding sculling partner Gary Lynagh in the lightweight coxless four along with Haimish Karrasch and David Belcher. They made the Olympic final and placed sixth. For Sydney 2000 <mask> was again selected in the lightweight coxless four. The event showcased two match races between the Australians and the French crew. They met in a semi-final where the Australians (with <mask> in the bow seat) pipped the French by 3/100ths of a second.In the final the Australians led for much of the race. The French tried once to break through and failed, then a second time and failed and finally with a matter of metres to go broke through to win by less than half a second. Both races were superb and a highlight of the regatta. At Athens 2004 <mask> made his third and final Olympic appearance in the Australian lightweight coxless four, this time as stroke. Anthony Edwards in the two seat was also at his third Olympics and both were still looking for their first Olympic gold medal. The Danish crew however were favourites and they got away in the 1st 500m. <mask> brought the Australian crew back into contention in the second and third 500 metres.However the Danes still had something in reserve in the rush home extending their lead to 1.4 seconds at the finish. This would be <mask>' last international representative appearance and the end of a seventeen-year rowing career at the elite level.

An Australian national champion, two-time World Champion, three-time Olympian and dual Olympic silver medal-winning lightweight rower is <mask>. Between 1990 and 2002 he was a member of the Australian team at the World Rowing Championships. He won world and national titles in both sculls and sweep-oared boat classes. An accomplished sculler and sweep oarsman, <mask>' senior rowing was with the Franklin Rowing Club in the small southern Tasmanian town of Geeveston. The Franklin Rowing Club was represented by <mask> at the Australian Rowing Championships. He won the Australian lightweight single sculls title in 1990. He was a member of the lightweight four that competed in the Penrith Cup on ten occasions between 1993 and 2005.From 1999 to 2005 he stroked that crew seven times and was a member of the seven consecutive wins. He competed in the President's Cup in 1995 and was selected to represent Australia in 1990. The Australian quad scull was coached by Tim McLaren and John Driessen. The crew received a bronze medal. The same crew won a gold and a World Championship title at Vienna 1991 after they were 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 They rowed through the field and won. The lightweight quad was broken up in 1992 because the champion was selected in a double scull.At the 1992 lightweight World Championships, there were double and single scull winners as well as a fifth place single sculler. In 1993 and 1994 he stroked both the Roudnice crew and the Indianapolis crew to seventh and fifth place, respectively. In 1995 or 1996 he did not make Australian representative sculling crews, but by 1997 he was performing and selected at the elite level in lightweight sweep oared boats. He won his second World Championship title in 1997 when he was in the six seat of the Australian lightweight eight who won gold. The Australian coxless four was used for Cologne 1998 and St Catharine's 1999. In 1998 and 1999 the same four took bronze and silver. The 2004 Summer Olympics were in the build up to <mask>' final World Championship appearances.He was in the coxless four that competed in Milan and Seville. lightweight events were introduced to the Olympic regatta for the first time. The lightweight coxless four consisted of Gary Lynagh, David Belcher, and Haimish Karrasch. They placed sixth in the Olympics. The lightweight coxless four was used for the second year in a row. There were two match races between the Australians and the French crew. The Australians beat the French in the semi-finals by 3/100ths of a second.The Australians led for most of the race. The French broke through with a matter of metres to go to win by less than half a second. The highlight of the regatta were the two races. At Athens 2004, he made his third and final Olympic appearance in the Australian lightweight coxless four. They were both looking for their first Olympic gold medal and Anthony was in the two seat. The Danes got away in the first 500m. The Australian crew was in contention in the second and third 500 metres.The Danes extended their lead to 1.4 seconds at the finish in the rush home. A seventeen-year rowing career at the elite level would come to an end with this international representative appearance.

1701874

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiga%20%28musician%29

Tiga (musician)

Tiga () James Sontag (born 18 September 1974), known simply as Tiga, is a Canadian musician, DJ and record producer of electronic dance music. He has released three albums, Sexor, Ciao!, and No Fantasy Required. Sexor won the 2007 Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year. Tiga released a selection of compilations in the early 2000s, featuring mixes such as American Gigolo, DJ-Kicks: Tiga and, Mixed Emotions, which put him on the map as one of "the world's best mixers". His compilation mix, Tiga Non-Stop, was released in November 2012, and premiered Tiga's latest single "Plush". The mix also features tracks from artists such as Kindness, Duke Dumont and Blawan. Tiga has remixed songs from The xx, LCD Soundsystem, The Kills, Cabaret Voltaire, Scissor Sisters, Peaches, Moby, Depeche Mode, Justice, Friendly Fires and Mylo. Along with Zombie Nation, Tiga is half of ZZT, and has released material as The Dove, Rainer Werner Bassfinder (with Jesper Dahlbäck), and TGV (with Mateo Murphy). He has also co-produced music with Soulwax, James Murphy, Chilly Gonzales, Jesper Dahlbäck, and Matthew Dear, who he worked with on "Plush". As a solo artist, Tiga released "Sunglasses at Night" with Finnish producer Jori Hulkkonen. The single reached number 25 in the UK Dance Chart. Other successful chart singles include "Pleasure From the Bass", "You Gonna Want Me" featuring Jake Shears, and his 2009 release "Shoes", co-produced with Soulwax and Chilly Gonzales. Tiga was the host of the BBC Radio 6 Music show My Name Is Tiga, and made his acting debut in the 2010 film Ivory Tower. The film won special mention at the Locarno International Film Festival. Tiga hosts a podcast entitled Last Party On Earth, Season 1 in 2019 featured guests Annie Mac, Pete Tong, Carl Cox. Personal life Tiga was born to hippie parents and spent part of his early life in Goa, India. He also attended Selwyn House School in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Career 1990s In 1990 Tiga and a few friends started throwing small parties and street promotions in Montreal that evolved into a cult following. Having bought DNA records in 1994, the nightclub SONA was then conceived in Montreal in 1996, with Tiga having a major role to play in the creation of the dance scene at the time. 2000–2003 In 2001, Tiga entered the studio with producer Zyntherius to record a rendition of Corey Hart's solo song, "Sunglasses at Night." The track also made it to number two on the UK Dance Chart, number 23 on the UK National Singles Chart, number one on the MTV Dance Chart for over six weeks and was in the Top 20 on Germany's National Singles Chart. Tiga also performed "Sunglasses at Night" with Zyntherius on Top of the Pops. Tiga completed remixes for the likes of Martini Bros, Alpinestars, Linda Lamb, Crossover, FC Kahuna, Cabaret Voltaire, Telepopmusik, Felix da Housecat, Fischerspooner and Dannii Minogue in the years that followed the success of "Sunglasses at Night." In 2003, he commanded the attention of the scene with a mix CD for K7's legendary DJ-Kicks series. 2006– In 2006 Tiga released Sexor, Good As Gold/Flexible Skulls would go on to be featured in EA's Need For Speed Carbon, released October of that same year. 2008–2009: Ciao! The release of Tiga's second album, Ciao! took place in 2009. 2010: Ivory Tower In 2010, Tiga starred in Adam Traynor's Ivory Tower, along Chilly Gonzales and Peaches. 2011–2012: Party's Over, Earth ZZT released their debut album, Party's Over, Earth on Turbo Recordings in 2011. Tiga's 2013 song "Plush" (Jacques Lu Cont remix) and "Bugatti" is the radio station Soulwax FM and Los Santos Underground Radio featured in the best-selling video game Grand Theft Auto V. 2016: No Fantasy Required In 2017, Tiga released his third album No Fantasy Required on Ninja Tune. Turbo Recordings Tiga founded Turbo Recordings in Montreal in 1998. The label helped launch his own career, at the same time as being central in the success of acts such as Chromeo, Proxy and Azari & III. Other names on the label include Jesper Dahlbäck, Gingy & Bordello, Jori Hulkkonen, Duke Dumont, Brodinski, Zdar, D.I.M, Martini Bros, Stu Thousand VI, Boys Noize and Sei A. Awards and nominations Antville Music Video Awards The Antville Music Video Awards are online awards for the best music video and music video directors of the year. They were first awarded in 2005. |- | 2005 | "You Gonna Want Me" | Best Video | D&AD Awards Design and Art Direction (D&AD) is a British educational charity which exists to promote excellence in design and advertising. |- | 2015 | "Bugatti" | Editing | style="background:#BF8040"| Wood Pencil DanceStar USA Awards !Ref. |- | 2004 | DJ Kicks | Best Compilation | | International Dance Music Awards The Winter Music Conference (WMC) is a weeklong electronic music conference, held every March since 1985 in Miami Beach, Florida, United States. It is also known as the premiere platform for electronic dance music. The conference brings together professionals such as artists, DJs, record label representatives (A&R), producers, promoters, radio and the media for seminars and panel discussions. Thousands of attendees attend the Winter Music Conference each year. |- | 2010 | "Shoes" | Best Electro Track | |- | rowspan="3" | 2014 | rowspan="2" | "Let's Go Dancing" | Best Tech House/Techno Track | |- | Best Underground Dance Track | |- | Himself | Best Techno/Tech House DJ | |- |2015 | "Bugatti" | Best Indie Dance Track | |- | 2016 | "Dancing Again" | Best Tech House/Techno Track | Juno Awards The Juno Awards are presented annually to Canadian musical artists and bands to acknowledge their artistic and technical achievements in all aspects of music. |- |rowspan="1"| 2007 ||rowspan= "1"| Sexor || Dance Recording of the Year || Music Video Production Awards The MVPA Awards are annually presented by a Los Angeles-based music trade organization to honor the year's best music videos. |- | rowspan="2" | 2006 | "You Gonna Want Me" (ft. Jake Shears) | rowspan="2" | Best Electronic Video | |- | "Far From Home" | UK Music Video Awards The UK Music Video Awards is an annual award ceremony founded in 2008 to recognise creativity, technical excellence and innovation in music videos and moving images for music. |- |rowspan="1"| 2009 ||rowspan="1"| "Shoes" || rowspan="2" | Best Dance Video || |- | rowspan="4" | 2015 || rowspan="4" | "Bugatti" || |- | Best Art Direction & Design || |- | Best Styling || |- | Best Editing || My Name Is Tiga “My Name is Tiga" is the name of Tiga's BBC Radio 6 show that features unreleased exclusive music and classic dance tracks. Tiga's broadcasting career began with the 90s CKUT terrestrial radio show "The Tiga and Gnat Show." Last Party On Earth “Last Party On Earth" is the name of Tiga's podcast which launched in summer 2019 on Apple Music, Soundcloud and Spotify. Episode 1: Kölsch Episode 2: Gerd Janson Episode 3: Annie Mac Episode 4: Pete Tong Episode 5: Carl Cox Episode 6: Seth Troxler Episode 7: Four Tet Episode 8: Boys Noize Episode 9: Erol Alkan Episode 10: Miss Kittin Episode 11: Benji B Episode 12: Richard Russell Episode 13: 2manydjs Episode 14: Chilly Gonzales Episode 15: Trevor Jackson Episode 16: Nick Rhodes Discography Albums Sexor (2006) Ciao! (2009) No Fantasy Required (2016) DJ mix compilations Montreal Mix Sessions Vol. 1 (1998) Mixed Emotions: Montreal Mix Sessions Vol. 5 (2000) American Gigolo (2001) DJ-Kicks: Tiga (2002) INTHEMIX.05 (2005) Tiga: Non Stop (2012) Singles "Sunglasses at Night" (2001), with Jori Hulkkonen, as Tiga & Zyntherius (UK #25) "TGV EP" (2002), as TGV, with Mateo Murphy "DJ-Kicks Promo" (2002), with Mateo Murphy "Running out of Time EP" (2003), as TGV, with Mateo Murphy "Hot in Herre" (2003), with Mateo Murphy and Jake Shears, (UK #46) "Burning Down" (2003), with Richard X "Pleasure from the Bass" (2004), with Jesper Dahlbäck, (UK #57) "Louder than a Bomb" (2005), with Jesper Dahlbäck "You Gonna Want Me" (2005), with Soulwax and Jake Shears, (UK No. 64, AUS #65) "Good as Gold" (2005), with Soulwax "Far From Home" (2006), (UK No. 65, AUS #69) "3 Weeks" (2006), with remixes by Jesper Dahlbäck, Booka Shade and Troy Pierce "Move My Body" (2006) including the original Only4Erol mix and a Boys Noize remix. "Lower State of Consciousness" (2007) as ZZT with Zombie Nation, including Justice remix. "Mind Dimension" (2008) (featuring special guest Jori Hulkkonen) "The Worm" (2008), as ZZT with Zombie Nation "Shoes" (2009) (featuring special guests Soulwax & Gonzales) "What You Need" (2009) "Beep Beep Beep" (2009) "Sex 'O Clock" (2010) "ZZafrika" (2010), as ZZT with Zombie Nation "Hands Up" (2010), as Massimo Massivi with Jesper Dahlbäck "Girl at a Party with Siren" (2011), as The Dove with Jesper Dahlbäck "Vulkan Alarm!" (2011), as ZZT with Zombie Nation "Partys Over Los Angeles" (2011), as ZZT with Zombie Nation "Plush" (2012) "Let's Go Dancing" (2013), with Audion "Fever" (2014), with Audion "Bugatti" (2014) "Bugatti" (Remix featuring Pusha T) (2014) "Don't Break My Heart" (2015) "Planet E" (2016) "Woke" (2017) 'Stay Cool" (2018) "HAL" with Kolsch (2018) "Blessed EP Part 1" with The Martinez Brothers plus "Blessed / Cleopatra Remixes" featuring remixes from Virgil Abloh and Ricardo Villalobos (2018/2019) Remixes Bran Van 3000 – "Drinking in L.A." (Tiga, Mateo and Delage's Sinking in LA Dub) Märtini Brös. – "Flash" (Tiga's Acid Flashback mix) Komma 8 Komma 1 – "Popmusic" (TGV Vocal mix) The Devils – "Come Alive" (Tiga Swears Lies Remix) LCD Soundsystem – "Beat Connection" (Tiga Edit) FC Kahuna – "Machine Says Yes" (Tiga's Unreleased Mix) Felix Da Housecat featuring Miss Kittin – "Madame Hollywood" (Tiga's Mister Hollywood Version) FPU – "Ocean Drive" (Tiga's White Linen Vox) Cabaret Voltaire – "Nag Nag Nag" (Tiga & Zyntherius Radio mix) Alpinestars – "Snow Patrol" (Tiga TGV Disco Patrol dub) Dannii Minogue – "Put The Needle On It" (Tiga's Cookies Dub Edit) Linda Lamb – "Hot Room" (Tiga remix) FPU – "Race Car" (TGV Join The Race Remix) / (TGV Dub) Alexkid – "Come With Me" (Tiga vs Etoy Acideathravefuckinglive mix) Scissor Sisters – "Comfortably Numb" (Tiga remix) / (Tiga Dub) Märtini Brös. – "Flash" (Tiga's Unholy Trinity Mix) Télépopmusik – "Breathe" (TGV Remix) The Neon Judgement – "TV Treated" (Tiga's Recovered Vox) / (Tiga's Dub for Ivan) Crossover – "Phostographt" (Tiga's Revenge) Märtini Brös. – "Big and Dirty" (Tiga Remix) Peaches – "Shake Yer Dix" (Tiga's Where Were You in '92 Remix) / (Tiga's Where Were You in '92 Instrumental mix) Seelenluft – "I Can See Clearly Now" (Tiga Remix) Drama Society feat. Turner – "Crying Hero" (Tiga Remix) Junior Jack feat. Robert Smith – "Da Hype" (Tiga remix) Drinking Electricity – "Breakout" (Tiga edit) La Oreja de Van Gogh – "Bonustrack" (Tiga's Vocal Mix) Soulwax – "E Talking" (Tiga's Disco Drama remix) Tomas Andersson – "Washing Up" (Tiga's Na Na Na Na Na Remix) Zdar – "Don't U Want" (Tiga remix) LCD Soundsystem – "Tribulations" (Tiga's Out of the Trance Closet mix) The Kills – "The Good Ones" (Tiga Remix) Mylo – "Muscle Car" (Tiga remix) Depeche Mode – "Shake The Disease" (Tiga Remix) Moby – "Where You End" (Tiga's All That I Need Is To Be Sampled mix) / (Tiga's All That I Need Is To Be Dubbed mix) Depeche Mode – "Suffer Well" (Tiga Remix) Pet Shop Boys – "Minimal" (Tiga's M-I-N-I-M-A-L Remix) / (Tiga's M-I-N-I-M-A-L Dub) Coldcut ft. Robert Owens – "Walk A Mile In My Shoes" (Tiga Mix) The Killers – "Bones'' (Tiga Mix) Alter Ego – "Gary" (Tiga's Italia 90 Mix) Fever Ray – "Triangle Walks" (Tiga's 1-2-3-4 Remix) Miike Snow – "Black & Blue" (Tiga Remix) The Prodigy – "Thunder" (Tiga Remix) Boys Noize – "Transmission" (Tiga Remix) Jamie Lidell – "I Wanna Be Your Telephone" (Tiga's Party Like It's 1990 Remix) The xx – "Shelter" (Tiga Remix) LCD Soundsystem – "I Can Change" (Tiga Remix) Friendly Fires – "Blue Cassette" (Tiga Remix) Azari & III – "Reckless (With Your Love)" (Tiga Remix) Footprintz – "Dangers of the Mouth" (Tiga Remix) Justice – "Canon" (Tiga Remix) Iggy Azalea – "Black Widow (feat. Rita Ora)" (Tiga Remix) Disclosure – "Magnets (feat. Lorde)" (Tiga Remix) Filmography References External links Tiga's official website Official website for Turbo Recordings Official Tiga YouTube channel Tiga Interview May 2006 Tiga on RCRD LBL Canadian DJs Canadian house musicians Canadian techno musicians Club DJs Counter Records artists Electroclash Electronic dance music DJs Living people Remixers 1974 births Musicians from Montreal Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year winners

<mask>) James Sontag (born 18 September 1974), known simply as <mask>, is a Canadian musician, DJ and record producer of electronic dance music. He has released three albums, Sexor, Ciao!, and No Fantasy Required. Sexor won the 2007 Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year. <mask> released a selection of compilations in the early 2000s, featuring mixes such as American Gigolo, DJ-Kicks: <mask> and, Mixed Emotions, which put him on the map as one of "the world's best mixers". His compilation mix, Tiga Non-Stop, was released in November 2012, and premiered Tiga's latest single "Plush". The mix also features tracks from artists such as Kindness, Duke Dumont and Blawan. <mask> has remixed songs from The xx, LCD Soundsystem, The Kills, Cabaret Voltaire, Scissor Sisters, Peaches, Moby, Depeche Mode, Justice, Friendly Fires and Mylo.Along with Zombie Nation, <mask> is half of ZZT, and has released material as The Dove, Rainer Werner Bassfinder (with Jesper Dahlbäck), and TGV (with Mateo Murphy). He has also co-produced music with Soulwax, James Murphy, Chilly Gonzales, Jesper Dahlbäck, and Matthew Dear, who he worked with on "Plush". As a solo artist, <mask> released "Sunglasses at Night" with Finnish producer Jori Hulkkonen. The single reached number 25 in the UK Dance Chart. Other successful chart singles include "Pleasure From the Bass", "You Gonna Want Me" featuring Jake Shears, and his 2009 release "Shoes", co-produced with Soulwax and Chilly Gonzales. <mask> was the host of the BBC Radio 6 Music show My Name Is Tiga, and made his acting debut in the 2010 film Ivory Tower. The film won special mention at the Locarno International Film Festival.<mask> hosts a podcast entitled Last Party On Earth, Season 1 in 2019 featured guests Annie Mac, Pete Tong, Carl Cox. Personal life <mask> was born to hippie parents and spent part of his early life in Goa, India. He also attended Selwyn House School in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Career 1990s In 1990 <mask> and a few friends started throwing small parties and street promotions in Montreal that evolved into a cult following. Having bought DNA records in 1994, the nightclub SONA was then conceived in Montreal in 1996, with <mask> having a major role to play in the creation of the dance scene at the time. 2000–2003 In 2001, <mask> entered the studio with producer Zyntherius to record a rendition of Corey Hart's solo song, "Sunglasses at Night." The track also made it to number two on the UK Dance Chart, number 23 on the UK National Singles Chart, number one on the MTV Dance Chart for over six weeks and was in the Top 20 on Germany's National Singles Chart.<mask> also performed "Sunglasses at Night" with Zyntherius on Top of the Pops. <mask> completed remixes for the likes of Martini Bros, Alpinestars, Linda Lamb, Crossover, FC Kahuna, Cabaret Voltaire, Telepopmusik, Felix da Housecat, Fischerspooner and Dannii Minogue in the years that followed the success of "Sunglasses at Night." In 2003, he commanded the attention of the scene with a mix CD for K7's legendary DJ-Kicks series. 2006– In 2006 <mask> released Sexor, Good As Gold/Flexible Skulls would go on to be featured in EA's Need For Speed Carbon, released October of that same year. 2008–2009: Ciao! The release of Tiga's second album, Ciao! took place in 2009.2010: Ivory Tower In 2010, <mask> starred in Adam Traynor's Ivory Tower, along Chilly Gonzales and Peaches. 2011–2012: Party's Over, Earth ZZT released their debut album, Party's Over, Earth on Turbo Recordings in 2011. <mask>'s 2013 song "Plush" (Jacques Lu Cont remix) and "Bugatti" is the radio station Soulwax FM and Los Santos Underground Radio featured in the best-selling video game Grand Theft Auto V. 2016: No Fantasy Required In 2017, <mask> released his third album No Fantasy Required on Ninja Tune. Turbo Recordings <mask> founded Turbo Recordings in Montreal in 1998. The label helped launch his own career, at the same time as being central in the success of acts such as Chromeo, Proxy and Azari & III. Other names on the label include Jesper Dahlbäck, Gingy & Bordello, Jori Hulkkonen, Duke Dumont, Brodinski, Zdar, D.I.M, Martini Bros, Stu Thousand VI, Boys Noize and Sei A. Awards and nominations Antville Music Video Awards The Antville Music Video Awards are online awards for the best music video and music video directors of the year.They were first awarded in 2005. |- | 2005 | "You Gonna Want Me" | Best Video | D&AD Awards Design and Art Direction (D&AD) is a British educational charity which exists to promote excellence in design and advertising. |- | 2015 | "Bugatti" | Editing | style="background:#BF8040"| Wood Pencil DanceStar USA Awards !Ref. |- | 2004 | DJ Kicks | Best Compilation | | International Dance Music Awards The Winter Music Conference (WMC) is a weeklong electronic music conference, held every March since 1985 in Miami Beach, Florida, United States. It is also known as the premiere platform for electronic dance music. The conference brings together professionals such as artists, DJs, record label representatives (A&R), producers, promoters, radio and the media for seminars and panel discussions. Thousands of attendees attend the Winter Music Conference each year.|- | 2010 | "Shoes" | Best Electro Track | |- | rowspan="3" | 2014 | rowspan="2" | "Let's Go Dancing" | Best Tech House/Techno Track | |- | Best Underground Dance Track | |- | Himself | Best Techno/Tech House DJ | |- |2015 | "Bugatti" | Best Indie Dance Track | |- | 2016 | "Dancing Again" | Best Tech House/Techno Track | Juno Awards The Juno Awards are presented annually to Canadian musical artists and bands to acknowledge their artistic and technical achievements in all aspects of music. |- |rowspan="1"| 2007 ||rowspan= "1"| Sexor || Dance Recording of the Year || Music Video Production Awards The MVPA Awards are annually presented by a Los Angeles-based music trade organization to honor the year's best music videos. |- | rowspan="2" | 2006 | "You Gonna Want Me" (ft. Jake Shears) | rowspan="2" | Best Electronic Video | |- | "Far From Home" | UK Music Video Awards The UK Music Video Awards is an annual award ceremony founded in 2008 to recognise creativity, technical excellence and innovation in music videos and moving images for music. |- |rowspan="1"| 2009 ||rowspan="1"| "Shoes" || rowspan="2" | Best Dance Video || |- | rowspan="4" | 2015 || rowspan="4" | "Bugatti" || |- | Best Art Direction & Design || |- | Best Styling || |- | Best Editing || My Name Is Tiga “My Name is Tiga" is the name of Tiga's BBC Radio 6 show that features unreleased exclusive music and classic dance tracks. Tiga's broadcasting career began with the 90s CKUT terrestrial radio show "The Tiga and Gnat Show." Last Party On Earth “Last Party On Earth" is the name of Tiga's podcast which launched in summer 2019 on Apple Music, Soundcloud and Spotify. Episode 1: Kölsch Episode 2: Gerd Janson Episode 3: Annie Mac Episode 4: Pete Tong Episode 5: Carl Cox Episode 6: Seth Troxler Episode 7: Four Tet Episode 8: Boys Noize Episode 9: Erol Alkan Episode 10: Miss Kittin Episode 11: Benji B Episode 12: Richard Russell Episode 13: 2manydjs Episode 14: Chilly Gonzales Episode 15: Trevor Jackson Episode 16: Nick Rhodes Discography Albums Sexor (2006) Ciao!(2009) No Fantasy Required (2016) DJ mix compilations Montreal Mix Sessions Vol. 1 (1998) Mixed Emotions: Montreal Mix Sessions Vol. 5 (2000) American Gigolo (2001) DJ-Kicks: Tiga (2002) INTHEMIX.05 (2005) Tiga: Non Stop (2012) Singles "Sunglasses at Night" (2001), with Jori Hulkkonen, as Tiga & Zyntherius (UK #25) "TGV EP" (2002), as TGV, with Mateo Murphy "DJ-Kicks Promo" (2002), with Mateo Murphy "Running out of Time EP" (2003), as TGV, with Mateo Murphy "Hot in Herre" (2003), with Mateo Murphy and Jake Shears, (UK #46) "Burning Down" (2003), with Richard X "Pleasure from the Bass" (2004), with Jesper Dahlbäck, (UK #57) "Louder than a Bomb" (2005), with Jesper Dahlbäck "You Gonna Want Me" (2005), with Soulwax and Jake Shears, (UK No. 64, AUS #65) "Good as Gold" (2005), with Soulwax "Far From Home" (2006), (UK No. 65, AUS #69) "3 Weeks" (2006), with remixes by Jesper Dahlbäck, Booka Shade and Troy Pierce "Move My Body" (2006) including the original Only4Erol mix and a Boys Noize remix. "Lower State of Consciousness" (2007) as ZZT with Zombie Nation, including Justice remix. "Mind Dimension" (2008) (featuring special guest Jori Hulkkonen) "The Worm" (2008), as ZZT with Zombie Nation "Shoes" (2009) (featuring special guests Soulwax & Gonzales) "What You Need" (2009) "Beep Beep Beep" (2009) "Sex 'O Clock" (2010) "ZZafrika" (2010), as ZZT with Zombie Nation "Hands Up" (2010), as Massimo Massivi with Jesper Dahlbäck "Girl at a Party with Siren" (2011), as The Dove with Jesper Dahlbäck "Vulkan Alarm!"(2011), as ZZT with Zombie Nation "Partys Over Los Angeles" (2011), as ZZT with Zombie Nation "Plush" (2012) "Let's Go Dancing" (2013), with Audion "Fever" (2014), with Audion "Bugatti" (2014) "Bugatti" (Remix featuring Pusha T) (2014) "Don't Break My Heart" (2015) "Planet E" (2016) "Woke" (2017) 'Stay Cool" (2018) "HAL" with Kolsch (2018) "Blessed EP Part 1" with The Martinez Brothers plus "Blessed / Cleopatra Remixes" featuring remixes from Virgil Abloh and Ricardo Villalobos (2018/2019) Remixes Bran Van 3000 – "Drinking in L.A." (Tiga, Mateo and Delage's Sinking in LA Dub) Märtini Brös. – "Flash" (Tiga's Unholy Trinity Mix) Télépopmusik – "Breathe" (TGV Remix) The Neon Judgement – "TV Treated" (Tiga's Recovered Vox) / (Tiga's Dub for Ivan) Crossover – "Phostographt" (Tiga's Revenge) Märtini Brös. – "Big and Dirty" (Tiga Remix) Peaches – "Shake Yer Dix" (Tiga's Where Were You in '92 Remix) / (Tiga's Where Were You in '92 Instrumental mix) Seelenluft – "I Can See Clearly Now" (Tiga Remix) Drama Society feat. Turner – "Crying Hero" (Tiga Remix) Junior Jack feat. Rita Ora)" (Tiga Remix) Disclosure – "Magnets (feat. Lorde)" (Tiga Remix) Filmography References External links Tiga's official website Official website for Turbo Recordings Official Tiga YouTube channel Tiga Interview May 2006 Tiga on RCRD LBL Canadian DJs Canadian house musicians Canadian techno musicians Club DJs Counter Records artists Electroclash Electronic dance music DJs Living people Remixers 1974 births Musicians from Montreal Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year winners

James Sontag, also known as <mask>, is a Canadian musician, DJ and record producer. Sexor, Ciao!, and No Fantasy Required were all released by him. Sexor won Dance Recording of the Year. American Gigolo, DJ-Kicks: <mask>, and Mixed Emotions were some of the mixes that <mask> released in the early 2000s, which put him on the map as one of the world's best mixers. <mask>'s new single "Plush" was released in November 2012 as part of his mix. The mix has tracks from artists such as Blawan. <mask> has reworked songs from The xx, The Kills, Cabaret Voltaire, Scissor Sisters, and more.Along with Zombie Nation, <mask> is half of ZZT and has released material as The Dove. He co-produced music with Matthew Dear, James Murphy, and others. <mask> released "Sunglasses at Night" as a solo artist. The UK Dance Chart has the single at number 25. Other successful chart singles include "Pleasure From the Bass", "You Gonna Want Me", and his 2009 release "Shoes". <mask> made his acting debut in the 2010 film "Ivy Tower" and was the host of the Radio 6 Music show "My Name Is <mask>". Special mention was given to the film at the Locarno International Film Festival.Annie Mac, Pete Tong, Carl Cox were featured on the Last Party On Earth, Season 1 in 2019. <mask> was born to hippie parents and spent part of his early life in India. Selwyn House School is in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In 1990 <mask> and a few friends started throwing small parties and street promotions in Montreal that grew into a cult following. The nightclub SONA was conceived in Montreal in 1996, with <mask> having a major role to play in the creation of the dance scene at the time. <mask> recorded a version of "Sunglasses at Night" with producer Zyntherius in 2001. The track made it to number two on the UK Dance Chart, number 23 on the UK National Singles Chart, number one on the MTV Dance Chart for over six weeks, and was in the Top 20 on Germany's National Singles Chart."Sunglasses at Night" 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 The success of "Sunglasses at Night" led to the creation of new music by Tiga. He commanded the attention of the scene in 2003 with a mix CD for K7's legendary DJ-Kicks series. Sexor, Good As Gold/Flexible Skulls was released in 2006 and featured in Need for Speed Carbon. The year 2008–2009. Tiga's second album was released. The event took place in 2009.<mask> starred in Adam Traynor'sIvory Tower in 2010. Party's Over, Earth ZZT's debut album was released in 2011. <mask>'s song "Bugatti" is featured in the best-selling video game Grand Theft Auto V. <mask> founded a record label in Montreal. The label helped launch his own career at the same time as being central to the success of acts such as Chromeo, Proxy and Azari & III. Some of the other names on the label include Duke Dumont, Brodinski, Zdar, D.I.M, Martini Bros, and Boys Noize. There are online awards for the best music video and music video directors of the year.They were awarded in 2005. Design and Art Direction is a British educational charity that promotes excellence in design and advertising. "Bugatti" is an editing and style 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 The Winter Music Conference is an electronic music conference that takes place every March in Miami Beach, Florida. It is the premiere platform for electronic dance music. The conference brings together professionals such as artists, DJs, record label representatives (A&R), producers, promoter, radio and the media for seminars and panel discussions. Thousands of people attend the Winter Music Conference each year."Let's Go Dancing" is the Best Tech House/Techno Track. The Music Video Production Awards are presented by a Los Angeles-based music trade organization to honor the year's best music videos. The UK Music Video Awards was founded in 2008. "Shoes" is the Best Dance Video of 2009. <mask>'s broadcasting career began in the 90s with a radio show. "Last Party On Earth" is the name of <mask>'s show which was launched in the summer of 2019. Episode 1: Klsch Episode 2: Gerd Janson Episode 3: Annie Mac Episode 4: Pete Tong Episode 5: Carl Cox Episode 6: Seth Troxler Episode 8: Boys Noize Episode 9: Erol Alkan Episode 10: Miss Kittin Episode 11: Benji B Episode 12: Richard Russell EpisodeNo Fantasy Required is a DJ mix. Mixed Emotions: Montreal mix sessions 5 (2000) American Gigolo, DJ-Kicks: Tiga, INTHEMIX.05, and Tiga: Non Stop. "Good as Gold" and "Far From Home" are from the same book. The original Only4Erol mix and a Boys Noize remix are included in the "3 weeks" 2006 version. "Lower State of Consciousness" is a song by ZZT with Zombie Nation. ZZT with Zombie Nation "Shoes", "What You Need", "Beep Beep Beep", and "Sex" all feature special guests.ZZT with Zombie Nation "Partys Over Los Angeles", as well as ZZT with Audion "Fever" and "Bugatti". The Neon Judgement - "TV Treated" / "Tiga's Dub for Ivan" Seelenluft - "I Can See Clearly Now" Junior Jack is featured in Turner's "Crying Hero". Disclosure: "Magnets" is a song by Rita Ora. Tiga Interview May 2006 on RCRD LBL can be found on Tiga's official website.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Smith%20%28fell%20runner%29

Bill Smith (fell runner)

Bill Smith (May 1936 – September 2011) was a fell runner and author on the sport. His achievements in breaking records for the number of peaks scaled within 24 hours, contributions to fell-running events, plus documenting its history, earned him the accolade of "legend" within the sport upon his accidental death in 2011. His body was discovered on 7 October in a peat bog in the Forest of Bowland, Lancashire, England, after a three-week disappearance. Career A lifelong resident of Liverpool who left school at age 15, Bill Smith earned his livelihood by working as a porter at a Liverpool department store for most of his adult life. Smith took up fell running in 1971 and quickly became one of the sport's best-known competitors. Peter Booth, chairman of Clayton-le-Moors Harriers, said that Smith "did so much for fell running ... and will be greatly missed by all." In 1969, 1970 and 1971 he put in respectable performances in the Fellsman Hike, a race that is said to be the "ultimate fell running challenge." Second place finishes were attained in 1973, 1976 and 1977 and he "quickly became a member of the prizewinning team" at the Clayton Harriers. The 1970s saw him train per week. In 1973, Smith became the twelfth person to complete the Bob Graham Round, considered "one of the most demanding challenges in the country", and breaking its record (with Boyd Millen) by scaling 42 Lake District peaks in under 24 hours. He built on the feat by traversing 55 peaks in 24 hours, and in 1975, 63 peaks in 23 hours and 55 minutes. The latter established a new benchmark in fell running, second only to the record of 72 peaks set by Joss Naylor. His conquest of Marilyns, tors and peak bagging was renowned. He successfully competed in long distance fell races, e.g., the Lake District Mountain Trial and the Wasdale "Horseshoe" Fell Race. Smith lived alone in Everton, and was said to enjoy "Cajun ... [and] gypsy music." He eschewed telephones and cars, often walked rather than rode, and was a devotee of public transportation. He constantly acted as a mentor at events, took photographs that he would share for free, and when not running, he acted as a marshal. In July 2011, Bill Smith was part of a relay that carried Fred Rogerson's ashes "around their beloved Bob Graham Round ..." Rogerson, Stan Bradshaw and Bill Smith, were a trio that "formed part of the bedrock of modern-day fell running." All three died within the span of 18 months. In August 2011 he was named as "Honorary of Clayton-le-Moors Harriers", to recognise his service to the club and sport. From 1972 he was member No. 172. Death On 10 September 2011, Smith travelled from Ormskirk to Preston by rail, but never made the return trip. On 25 September, race onlookers and participants became concerned when Smith did not appear at the rendezvous point for the Thieveley Pike race near Burnley, where he was expected to serve as a marshal. His body was discovered by a walker in a remote location outside the range of mobile phone signals and from which "it took several hours of hiking ... [to] raise the alarm." The remains were recovered by the Bowland Pennine Mountain Rescue Team in a five-hour extraction that required a helicopter. There was a return ticket in Smith's pocket. As The Independent article commented: "The rescuers paused for a few moments to pay their respects to the man they found submerged in a peat bog on the remote Trough of Bowland last weekend. It is an honour afforded all those that perish out on the wild Lancashire fell sides." However, the recovery party was largely clueless that the "elderly man, discovered the previous day but thought to have lain undiscovered for up to three weeks, belonged to one of the legends" of British sport. He is thought to have "fallen as he ran across Saddle Fell." Peat bogs are "a potent menace to all runners and walkers." Although said to be among the most tender and threatened British habitats, in the northern uplands they are a common landscape feature. A deceptive appearance of solid ground can mask "little more than a veneer of soil floating on often ice-cold water." According to survival experts, anyone who falls into a peat bog should move slowly and swim broadly in an effort to reach safety. As with being stuck in quick sand, panic and errant movements can exacerbate a bad situation and make "it impossible to escape without help." Filing a 'flight plan,' having a buddy system, and carrying proper equipment could be possible preventatives of similar tragedies. "[M]ountain rescuers said the tragedy showed that even seasoned runners needed to let someone know their plans", know where they are and have a cell phone, and to make sure they carry a full complement of equipment. Believing when he made the statement that a "walker" was involved, Phil O'Brien of the Rescue Team stated "I urge walkers not to take any unnecessary risks and where possible, to use appropriate maps." "They should tell someone where they are going and when to expect them back. They should make sure they are wearing appropriate clothing and footwear and to check the weather forecast before setting off. Inexperienced walkers should make sure they are with someone with them who knows the area well." Blurred eyesight was suspected to be a factor in his final fall; he skipped several scheduled procedures to deal with the ongoing problem. He found his prescription eyeglasses to be ineffective. He refused to wear glasses whilst running, and considered them to be a needless nuisance. Nevertheless, he was troubled seeing persons with whom he conversed; but was said to be "fearless" as he careened madly (and perhaps blindly) down mountains. Thus, he may have misjudged distances and fallen into the bog. In any event, "Friends ... said Mr Smith's failing eyesight could have been the cause of his tragic accident", but whether blindness "was the problem, or ... his heart gave out, nobody knew." Commonwealth gold medal-winning long distance runner Ron Hill said Smith's death "will be felt by many ... He was relatively young at 75 and tremendously fit and his death is a real shock to everyone. His loss is huge – but I suppose you can say that he passed away while doing what he loved doing, running across the moors." His funeral took place on 14 October 2011, at the Church of the Good Shepherd in West Derby. Reverend Sandra Trapnell officiated, noting his "great" contribution to the sport, and the many tributes that had appeared. A future memorial event by fell running organisations is anticipated. Donations were made to Mountain Rescue in his memory. The book For over a quarter century Smith published a "stream of immaculately researched historical articles" in Fellrunner magazine (which he helped popularise) and other publications. Smith's treatise, Stud Marks on the Summits started out as a fifty-page flyer, and was thereafter expanded into an "1800 page opus." In print it is 581 pages. The book was privately published after the publishing houses all turned it down; and possession is now a mark of being a fell runner aficionado. It sold out in 1986, and is available electronically on line from the Fell Runners Association It has been called "the definitive guide" on the sport. Out of print, its internet price exceeded £100 several times. Commonwealth Games gold medal winner and long distance runner Ron Hill described the book as a "bible for future generations." Despite its epic saga of fell running, Smith is mentioned only six times in the tome. Smith was held in high regard both for his running and for his encyclopaedic knowledge of the sport. The president of the Fell Runners Association, Graham Breeze, published a posthumous encomium and long-belated book review: "Considering the masterpiece that bears his name Bill Smith was a staggeringly modest and unassuming man ... I am privileged to have known him slightly and corresponded with him occasionally ... A few years ago I wrote a short piece about Stud marks on the summits and sent it to Bill for his approval. I wrote that I knew he would hate it but I would like it to appear in The Fellrunner in homage to his masterpiece. As I partly anticipated, he wrote back and asked me not to publish because it would embarrass him. We later talked about the piece at a race and I promised that, since all writers hate to waste material, it would only appear when he could no longer be embarrassed ... Fellrunners come and go, Champions come and go, but no-one will ever be as important to the development and history of fellrunning as the man who died in September on the Bowland fells." Song Boff Whalley, lead guitarist of Chumbawamba, recorded a song inspired by a chance meeting with Smith. Whalley took up fell running as a result. He was paraphrased as having said Smith "encapsulated the ethos of the sport – its emphasis on self-reliance and nature and its history." Published works W.R. Smith, "Runners on the Three Peaks", The Dalesman, 37 (1975–76):966-68. - Total pages: 581 See also British orienteers James A. Corea Jim Fixx List of orienteers List of orienteering events Micah True Munro/ "Munro Bagging" Bibliography Footnotes Endnotes External links Works by Bill Smith 1936 births 2011 deaths Sportspeople from Liverpool British ultramarathon runners Male ultramarathon runners British orienteers Male orienteers English athletics coaches English male long-distance runners English exercise and fitness writers Foot orienteers British fell runners Orienteering coaches

<mask> (May 1936 – September 2011) was a fell runner and author on the sport. His achievements in breaking records for the number of peaks scaled within 24 hours, contributions to fell-running events, plus documenting its history, earned him the accolade of "legend" within the sport upon his accidental death in 2011. His body was discovered on 7 October in a peat bog in the Forest of Bowland, Lancashire, England, after a three-week disappearance. Career A lifelong resident of Liverpool who left school at age 15, <mask> earned his livelihood by working as a porter at a Liverpool department store for most of his adult life. <mask> took up fell running in 1971 and quickly became one of the sport's best-known competitors. Peter Booth, chairman of Clayton-le-Moors Harriers, said that <mask> "did so much for fell running ... and will be greatly missed by all." In 1969, 1970 and 1971 he put in respectable performances in the Fellsman Hike, a race that is said to be the "ultimate fell running challenge."Second place finishes were attained in 1973, 1976 and 1977 and he "quickly became a member of the prizewinning team" at the Clayton Harriers. The 1970s saw him train per week. In 1973, <mask> became the twelfth person to complete the Bob Graham Round, considered "one of the most demanding challenges in the country", and breaking its record (with Boyd Millen) by scaling 42 Lake District peaks in under 24 hours. He built on the feat by traversing 55 peaks in 24 hours, and in 1975, 63 peaks in 23 hours and 55 minutes. The latter established a new benchmark in fell running, second only to the record of 72 peaks set by Joss Naylor. His conquest of Marilyns, tors and peak bagging was renowned. He successfully competed in long distance fell races, e.g., the Lake District Mountain Trial and the Wasdale "Horseshoe" Fell Race.<mask> lived alone in Everton, and was said to enjoy "Cajun ... [and] gypsy music." He eschewed telephones and cars, often walked rather than rode, and was a devotee of public transportation. He constantly acted as a mentor at events, took photographs that he would share for free, and when not running, he acted as a marshal. In July 2011, <mask> was part of a relay that carried Fred Rogerson's ashes "around their beloved Bob Graham Round ..." Rogerson, Stan Bradshaw and <mask>, were a trio that "formed part of the bedrock of modern-day fell running." All three died within the span of 18 months. In August 2011 he was named as "Honorary of Clayton-le-Moors Harriers", to recognise his service to the club and sport. From 1972 he was member No.172. Death On 10 September 2011, <mask> travelled from Ormskirk to Preston by rail, but never made the return trip. On 25 September, race onlookers and participants became concerned when <mask> did not appear at the rendezvous point for the Thieveley Pike race near Burnley, where he was expected to serve as a marshal. His body was discovered by a walker in a remote location outside the range of mobile phone signals and from which "it took several hours of hiking ... [to] raise the alarm." The remains were recovered by the Bowland Pennine Mountain Rescue Team in a five-hour extraction that required a helicopter. There was a return ticket in <mask>'s pocket. As The Independent article commented: "The rescuers paused for a few moments to pay their respects to the man they found submerged in a peat bog on the remote Trough of Bowland last weekend.It is an honour afforded all those that perish out on the wild Lancashire fell sides." However, the recovery party was largely clueless that the "elderly man, discovered the previous day but thought to have lain undiscovered for up to three weeks, belonged to one of the legends" of British sport. He is thought to have "fallen as he ran across Saddle Fell." Peat bogs are "a potent menace to all runners and walkers." Although said to be among the most tender and threatened British habitats, in the northern uplands they are a common landscape feature. A deceptive appearance of solid ground can mask "little more than a veneer of soil floating on often ice-cold water." According to survival experts, anyone who falls into a peat bog should move slowly and swim broadly in an effort to reach safety.As with being stuck in quick sand, panic and errant movements can exacerbate a bad situation and make "it impossible to escape without help." Filing a 'flight plan,' having a buddy system, and carrying proper equipment could be possible preventatives of similar tragedies. "[M]ountain rescuers said the tragedy showed that even seasoned runners needed to let someone know their plans", know where they are and have a cell phone, and to make sure they carry a full complement of equipment. Believing when he made the statement that a "walker" was involved, Phil O'Brien of the Rescue Team stated "I urge walkers not to take any unnecessary risks and where possible, to use appropriate maps." "They should tell someone where they are going and when to expect them back. They should make sure they are wearing appropriate clothing and footwear and to check the weather forecast before setting off. Inexperienced walkers should make sure they are with someone with them who knows the area well."Blurred eyesight was suspected to be a factor in his final fall; he skipped several scheduled procedures to deal with the ongoing problem. He found his prescription eyeglasses to be ineffective. He refused to wear glasses whilst running, and considered them to be a needless nuisance. Nevertheless, he was troubled seeing persons with whom he conversed; but was said to be "fearless" as he careened madly (and perhaps blindly) down mountains. Thus, he may have misjudged distances and fallen into the bog. In any event, "Friends ... said Mr <mask>'s failing eyesight could have been the cause of his tragic accident", but whether blindness "was the problem, or ... his heart gave out, nobody knew." Commonwealth gold medal-winning long distance runner Ron Hill said <mask>'s death "will be felt by many ...He was relatively young at 75 and tremendously fit and his death is a real shock to everyone. His loss is huge – but I suppose you can say that he passed away while doing what he loved doing, running across the moors." His funeral took place on 14 October 2011, at the Church of the Good Shepherd in West Derby. Reverend Sandra Trapnell officiated, noting his "great" contribution to the sport, and the many tributes that had appeared. A future memorial event by fell running organisations is anticipated. Donations were made to Mountain Rescue in his memory. The book For over a quarter century <mask> published a "stream of immaculately researched historical articles" in Fellrunner magazine (which he helped popularise) and other publications.<mask>'s treatise, Stud Marks on the Summits started out as a fifty-page flyer, and was thereafter expanded into an "1800 page opus." In print it is 581 pages. The book was privately published after the publishing houses all turned it down; and possession is now a mark of being a fell runner aficionado. It sold out in 1986, and is available electronically on line from the Fell Runners Association It has been called "the definitive guide" on the sport. Out of print, its internet price exceeded £100 several times. Commonwealth Games gold medal winner and long distance runner Ron Hill described the book as a "bible for future generations." Despite its epic saga of fell running, <mask> is mentioned only six times in the tome.<mask> was held in high regard both for his running and for his encyclopaedic knowledge of the sport. The president of the Fell Runners Association, Graham Breeze, published a posthumous encomium and long-belated book review: "Considering the masterpiece that bears his name <mask> was a staggeringly modest and unassuming man ... I am privileged to have known him slightly and corresponded with him occasionally ... A few years ago I wrote a short piece about Stud marks on the summits and sent it to <mask> for his approval. I wrote that I knew he would hate it but I would like it to appear in The Fellrunner in homage to his masterpiece. As I partly anticipated, he wrote back and asked me not to publish because it would embarrass him. We later talked about the piece at a race and I promised that, since all writers hate to waste material, it would only appear when he could no longer be embarrassed ... Fellrunners come and go, Champions come and go, but no-one will ever be as important to the development and history of fellrunning as the man who died in September on the Bowland fells." Song Boff Whalley, lead guitarist of Chumbawamba, recorded a song inspired by a chance meeting with <mask>.Whalley took up fell running as a result. He was paraphrased as having said <mask> "encapsulated the ethos of the sport – its emphasis on self-reliance and nature and its history." Published works W.R<mask>, "Runners on the Three Peaks", The Dalesman, 37 (1975–76):966-68. - Total pages: 581 See also British orienteers James A. Corea Jim Fixx List of orienteers List of orienteering events Micah True Munro/ "Munro Bagging" Bibliography Footnotes Endnotes External links Works by <mask> 1936 births 2011 deaths Sportspeople from Liverpool British ultramarathon runners Male ultramarathon runners British orienteers Male orienteers English athletics coaches English male long-distance runners English exercise and fitness writers Foot orienteers British fell runners Orienteering coaches

<mask> was a fell runner and author. His achievements in breaking records for the number of peaks scaled within 24 hours, contributions to fell-running events, plus documenting its history, earned him the accolade of "legend" within the sport upon his accidental death in 2011. His body was found in the forest of Bowland, England, on October 7, three weeks after he went missing. <mask>'s career began when he left school at the age of 15 and worked at a department store for the rest of his life. <mask> became one of the sport's best-known competitors after taking up fell running. <mask> "did so much for fell running and will be greatly missed by all," said Peter Booth, chairman of Clayton-le-Moors Harriers. The "ultimate fell running challenge" he put in in 1969-1970 and 1971 was the Fellsman Hike.Second place finishes were achieved in 1973, 1976 and 1977 and he quickly became a member of the prizewinning team. He trained per week in the 70s. <mask> became the twelfth person to complete the Bob Graham Round, considered one of the most demanding challenges in the country, by scaling 42 Lake District peaks in under 24 hours. He took 55 peaks in 24 hours and 63 peaks in 23 hours and 55 minutes. The new benchmark in fell running was established by the latter. His conquest of Marilyns, tors and peak bagging was well known. He competed in long distance fell races, such as the Lake District Mountain Trial.<mask> was said to enjoy cajun and gypsies. He was a big fan of public transportation and walked rather than drove. He acted as a mentor, took photographs that he would share for free, and when not running, he acted as a marshal. Rogerson, Stan Bradshaw and <mask> were a trio that formed part of the bedrock of modern-day fell running. Three people died within 18 months. He was honoured for his service to the club and sport in August 2011. He was a member from 1972 to 1972.172. <mask> didn't make the return trip from Ormskirk after travelling by rail. <mask> was supposed to serve as a marshal at the rendezvous point for the Thieveley pike race, but he did not show up. His body was discovered by a walker in a remote location outside the range of mobile phone signals and it took several hours of hiking to raise the alarm. The Bowland Pennine Mountain Rescue Team used a helicopter to recover the remains. <mask> had a return ticket in his pocket. The article stated that the rescuers paused for a few moments to pay their respects to the man they found submerged.It is an honor to die on the wild fell sides. The recovery party was largely unaware that the "elderly man, discovered the previous day but thought to have lain undiscovered for up to three weeks, belonged to one of the legends" of British sport". He is thought to have fallen as he ran. Peat bogs are a menace to runners and walkers. In the northern uplands, they are a common landscape feature. A veneer of soil floating on ice-cold water can be masked by a deceptive appearance of solid ground. According to survival experts, anyone who falls into the water should swim broadly in an effort to reach safety.Being stuck in quick sand can make it impossible to escape without help. Carrying proper equipment and having a buddy system could be preventatives of similar tragedies. The tragedy showed that even seasoned runners need to let someone know their plans, have a cell phone, and carry a full complement of equipment. Phil O'Brien of the Rescue Team stated "I urge not to take any unnecessary risks and where possible, to use appropriate maps" after he made the statement that walkers were involved. They should tell someone where they are going and when to come back. Before setting off, they should check the weather forecast and make sure they are wearing appropriate clothing. It's important for inexperienced walkers to have someone with them who knows the area.He skipped several scheduled procedures to deal with his blurry eyesight, which was thought to be a factor in his final fall. He found his glasses to be useless. He considered glasses to be a nuisance and refused to wear them while running. He was worried about seeing people with whom he conversed, but was said to be "fearless" as he careened down mountains. He may have lost his bearings and fallen into the water. Friends said that Mr <mask>'s failing eyesight could have been the cause of his tragic accident, but they didn't know what the problem was. Ron Hill said <mask>'s death will be felt by many.His death is a real shock to everyone because he was so fit and young. I suppose you can say that he died doing what he loved, running across the moors. His funeral was held at the Church of the Good Shepherd in West Derby. Reverend Trapnell said that he had made a great contribution to the sport. A memorial event is anticipated. Mountain Rescue received donations in his memory. <mask> published a "stream of immaculately researched historical articles" in his book For over a quarter century.Stud Marks on the Summits started out as a fifty-page flyer, and was later expanded into an "1800 page opus." It is 581 pages in print. After the publishing houses all turned it down, the book was privately published and is now a mark of being a fell runner. It sold out in 1986 and is still available on line. The price on the internet was over £100 several times. The book was described as a "bible for future generations" by Ron Hill. <mask> is only mentioned six times in the book.<mask> was held in high regard for both his running and his knowledge of the sport. The president of the Fell Runners Association, Graham Breeze, published a posthumous encomium and long-belated book review. A few years ago I wrote a short piece about Stud marks on the summits and sent it to <mask> for his approval. I wanted it to appear in The Fellrunner in honor of his masterpiece, even though he would hate it. He asked me not to publish because he would be embarrassed. I promised that since all writers hate to waste material, it would only appear when he could no longer be embarrassed, since no-one will ever be as important to the development and history. A chance meeting with <mask> inspired Song Boff Whalley to record a song.Whalley ran as a result. <mask> "encapsulated the ethos of the sport - its emphasis on self-reliance and nature and its history," he was quoted as saying. W.R<mask>'s "Runners on the Three Peaks" was published in 1975. British orienteers James A. Corea and Jim Fixx are included in the total pages.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubhendra%20Rao

Shubhendra Rao

Shubhendra Rao is a composer and sitar player who is ranked amongst the top soloists of India. The press describes him as "a musical bridge to many cultures" and "a thinking musician, constantly endeavoring to carry his instrument beyond conventional boundaries". His music is "an experience that is not aimed at titillating the senses, but to seize the soul". A protege of Ravi Shankar, he is acknowledged by critics and connoisseurs alike as a worthy successor to his teacher's tradition. He is a classical musician, as well as a collaborator, working with musicians from different genres across the world. He has performed at prestigious venues and festivals like the Kennedy Center, Carnegie Hall, Broadway, the Sydney Opera House, the National Arts Festival, the Theatre de la Ville, Dover Lane Music Conference, and St. Xavier's college Ahmedabad to name a few. Early life Shubhendra Rao was born on 26 November 1964 in Mysore city in the state of Karnataka in Southern India. From a very young age, he showed great talent for music. His father, N R Rama Rao (who was one of the earliest and closest disciples of Ravi Shankar), initiated him into the intricacies of the sitar. His mother, Nagaratna, is a trained Saraswati Veena player. At the age of seven he took his first lesson from the master Ravi Shankar and continued to visit Shankar in different cities in India to pursue his musical education. The year 1984 was a milestone year in his life. At the insistence of his teacher, Shubhendra moved to Delhi to live with and learn from him in the true guru-shishya tradition. The years that followed were a period of introspective and creative metamorphosis. He tried to build in a discipline within himself, practicing from anything between ten and twelve hours every day. His teacher nurtured his talent, giving him deep insights into what it entailed to become a complete artist. Performing with and assisting Ravi Shankar An important part of his learning was assisting his teacher in solo concerts and orchestras. As an 18-year-old in 1983, he performed on stage for the first time with his Guru in ‘Uday Utsav’ in New Delhi. In 1988, he assisted and performed in the orchestra ‘Live in Kremlin’ in Russia that has been released as a CD. In 1989 and 1990, he toured with the production ‘Ghanashyam’ in the UK and India. His first concert assisting his Shankar in his solo concert was in February 1985 in New Delhi. Between 1985 and 1995, he performed with his Shankar at numerous concerts all over the world, continuing to assist him in all his creative productions. Career In 1987 Shubhendra gave his first solo concert in Bangalore, and since then has gone on to establish himself as one of the distinguished instrumentalists of his generation. Shubhendra has performed at some of the most prestigious venues like Carnegie Hall and on Broadway in New York, John F. Kennedy Center for Performing Arts in Washington DC, Walker Arts Center in Minneapolis, Des Moines Arts Center, Maui Arts and Cultural Center in Hawaii, Sydney Opera House in Sydney, Edinburgh Festivals in Scotland, at the Theatre de la Ville in Paris, WOMAD festival in Guernsey England, National Arts Festival in South Africa, Fajr International Music Festival in Tehran, Esplanade in Singapore among others. In India, Shubhendra has performed at major music festivals including Dover Lane Music Conference, the ITC Music Conference in Kolkata, Baba Harballabh Sangeet Mahasabha in Jullundhar, Shankarlal Festival and Gunidas Sammelan in New Delhi, SAPTAK Festival in Ahmedabad, and Vasantahabba Festival in Bangalore. A regular performer on Radio and the National Television, he holds a ‘Grade A’ status on the All India Radio roster. He is impaneled by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) both as a performer as well as a Guru. He has also been invited as a guest teacher to give 'lecture-demonstrations' about Indian music by leading universities all over the world. Some universities include Peabody Conservatory of Music, Duke University, Yale University, University of Sacramento, Lewis and Clark College, University of Minneapolis, Winona State University, University of Nebraska. In November 2007, he was awarded the "Youth Icon for Classical Music" by India's popular Zee Television Network. Shubhendra Rao & Saskia Rao were also honoured with the "Delhi Ratna" award by the Art and Cultural Trust of India in December 2014. Collaborations An ardent and enthusiastic collaborator, Shubhendra has worked with musicians across genres. Some of the wonderful musicians he has composed for and collaborated with include Pipa Master, Ms. Gao Hong, Jazz Guitarist Nguyen Le from Paris, Jazz guitarist, Freddie Bryant from New York, legendary singer Ryoko Moriyama from Japan, Jazz flautist James Newton. He has also worked with Iranian musicians, Ciavash Borhani on Taar and Samer Habibi on Kamancha. The press has hailed his collaborative work with his Dutch Cellist wife, Saskia Rao-de Haas as taking Indian music into a brave, new era. Compositions In August 2008, India's premier Television Network, NDTV commissioned Shubhendra and Saskia to compose and perform a musical tribute to celebrate India's 61st Independence Day. This celebration had more than 90,000 hits on MSN India in just three days. Composed for the production, "From Temple to Theatre", Minneapolis based Ragamala Dance production. Composed the music with Saskia Rao-de Haas for "When Gods meet", Padma Vibhushan Dr. Sonal Mansingh's production. For the 50th anniversary of the Spanish founder Father Vicente Ferrer in 2009, Shubhendra and Saskia composed a vibrant piece in the presence of the Spanish vice-president, illustrating the connection between his land of birth and India. "Yathra" which means 'journey' is the title of a composition that they created for Ragamala Dance, Minneapolis, US in 2008 and 2011. Yathra evokes an abstract expression of the cycle of life in a day, metaphorically tracing a human being's journey from the dawn of birth to the twilight of life. "The Red Flower" (2011) is a musical dialogue based on the conversation that took place between Rabindranath Tagore and Albert Einstein regarding the perception of music by different individuals. It was through a fine weave of two seemingly different paradigms of culture and music that Shubhendra and Saskia chose to present this innovative concept. "Vesaal" (2011) is the collaboration between Shubhendra and Saskia with the Iranian musicians Ciavash Borhani on Tar, Samir Habibi on Kemanche and Fakkhrudin Ghaffari on Tombak, Duf exploring the cross points of Indian and Persian Classical music. "Unity of Faith" is a work commissioned in 2008 in honour of the international conference by the same name. Shubhendra and Saskia composed music to prayers and spiritual texts from different religions showing the effect that music can have on any seeker of spiritual enlightenment from any background bringing together a world music ensemble. Discography Fulfilment—Solo recording of Raga Lalit and Raga Maru Bihag. Raga Marwa—Released by India Music Archives, New York Journey Together—Duet with Sarod player Partho Sarathy—Raga Patdeep and Raga Charukesi. Creating Waves—Duet with Saskia Rao-de Haas released by Rhyme Records, Kansas City Ancient Weaves—Duet with Sarod player, Partho Sarathy—Raga Charukauns and Raga Manj Khamaj New Offerings of Ravi Shankar—recorded Raga Tilak Shyam with his Guru, Pandit Ravi Shankar in 1983. Flying Dragon—Composed and performed with Pipa maestro, Gao Hong. Teacher As someone who is amongst the last of his generation learning under the age-old 'Guru-Shishya parampara', Shubhendra continues to teach those who seek him out. As an impaneled Guru of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, many students from all over the world learn from him. Some of them stay for 6–8 years at a stretch, some spend a few months every year with him and others continue to learn from him all year round. Shubhendra and Saskia Rao Foundation The Shubhendra & Saskia Rao Foundation is a nonprofit organization that stands for Music every child's birthright! The Foundation is a way to help under privileged children to realize their full potential through music. They have introduced a new approach to music education in their specially developed curriculum for India: ‘Music4All: a Glocalizedmusic education to empower youth’. The Foundation is currently working with over 150 school children from the Nizamuddin Basti to empower them through music, conducts outreach programs for adults, teacher trainings and organizes random music events and concerts throughout the city. Personal life Shubhendra Rao married Saskia Rao-de Haas on 3 February 2001. They are blessed with a son, Ishaan who is learning the Piano and Sitar, showing signs of the genes he has inherited. References External links Shubhendra Rao official site Shubhendra Rao Linkedin Profile Shubhendra Rao Facebook Shubhendra & Saskia Rao Foundation, www.music4all.org, a music education initiative for under privileged children. SPICMACAY Chapter in UK Hindustani instrumentalists Living people 1964 births Musicians from Mysore Sitar players 20th-century Indian male classical singers

<mask> is a composer and sitar player who is ranked amongst the top soloists of India. The press describes him as "a musical bridge to many cultures" and "a thinking musician, constantly endeavoring to carry his instrument beyond conventional boundaries". His music is "an experience that is not aimed at titillating the senses, but to seize the soul". A protege of Ravi Shankar, he is acknowledged by critics and connoisseurs alike as a worthy successor to his teacher's tradition. He is a classical musician, as well as a collaborator, working with musicians from different genres across the world. He has performed at prestigious venues and festivals like the Kennedy Center, Carnegie Hall, Broadway, the Sydney Opera House, the National Arts Festival, the Theatre de la Ville, Dover Lane Music Conference, and St. Xavier's college Ahmedabad to name a few. Early life <mask> was born on 26 November 1964 in Mysore city in the state of Karnataka in Southern India.From a very young age, he showed great talent for music. His father, N R <mask> (who was one of the earliest and closest disciples of Ravi Shankar), initiated him into the intricacies of the sitar. His mother, Nagaratna, is a trained Saraswati Veena player. At the age of seven he took his first lesson from the master Ravi Shankar and continued to visit Shankar in different cities in India to pursue his musical education. The year 1984 was a milestone year in his life. At the insistence of his teacher, Shubhendra moved to Delhi to live with and learn from him in the true guru-shishya tradition. The years that followed were a period of introspective and creative metamorphosis.He tried to build in a discipline within himself, practicing from anything between ten and twelve hours every day. His teacher nurtured his talent, giving him deep insights into what it entailed to become a complete artist. Performing with and assisting Ravi Shankar An important part of his learning was assisting his teacher in solo concerts and orchestras. As an 18-year-old in 1983, he performed on stage for the first time with his Guru in ‘Uday Utsav’ in New Delhi. In 1988, he assisted and performed in the orchestra ‘Live in Kremlin’ in Russia that has been released as a CD. In 1989 and 1990, he toured with the production ‘Ghanashyam’ in the UK and India. His first concert assisting his Shankar in his solo concert was in February 1985 in New Delhi.Between 1985 and 1995, he performed with his Shankar at numerous concerts all over the world, continuing to assist him in all his creative productions. Career In 1987 Shubhendra gave his first solo concert in Bangalore, and since then has gone on to establish himself as one of the distinguished instrumentalists of his generation. Shubhendra has performed at some of the most prestigious venues like Carnegie Hall and on Broadway in New York, John F. Kennedy Center for Performing Arts in Washington DC, Walker Arts Center in Minneapolis, Des Moines Arts Center, Maui Arts and Cultural Center in Hawaii, Sydney Opera House in Sydney, Edinburgh Festivals in Scotland, at the Theatre de la Ville in Paris, WOMAD festival in Guernsey England, National Arts Festival in South Africa, Fajr International Music Festival in Tehran, Esplanade in Singapore among others. In India, Shubhendra has performed at major music festivals including Dover Lane Music Conference, the ITC Music Conference in Kolkata, Baba Harballabh Sangeet Mahasabha in Jullundhar, Shankarlal Festival and Gunidas Sammelan in New Delhi, SAPTAK Festival in Ahmedabad, and Vasantahabba Festival in Bangalore. A regular performer on Radio and the National Television, he holds a ‘Grade A’ status on the All India Radio roster. He is impaneled by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) both as a performer as well as a Guru. He has also been invited as a guest teacher to give 'lecture-demonstrations' about Indian music by leading universities all over the world.Some universities include Peabody Conservatory of Music, Duke University, Yale University, University of Sacramento, Lewis and Clark College, University of Minneapolis, Winona State University, University of Nebraska. In November 2007, he was awarded the "Youth Icon for Classical Music" by India's popular Zee Television Network. <mask> <mask> & Saskia <mask> were also honoured with the "Delhi Ratna" award by the Art and Cultural Trust of India in December 2014. Collaborations An ardent and enthusiastic collaborator, <mask> has worked with musicians across genres. Some of the wonderful musicians he has composed for and collaborated with include Pipa Master, Ms. Gao Hong, Jazz Guitarist Nguyen Le from Paris, Jazz guitarist, Freddie Bryant from New York, legendary singer Ryoko Moriyama from Japan, Jazz flautist James Newton. He has also worked with Iranian musicians, Ciavash Borhani on Taar and Samer Habibi on Kamancha. The press has hailed his collaborative work with his Dutch Cellist wife, Saskia <mask> Haas as taking Indian music into a brave, new era.Compositions In August 2008, India's premier Television Network, NDTV commissioned Shubhendra and Saskia to compose and perform a musical tribute to celebrate India's 61st Independence Day. This celebration had more than 90,000 hits on MSN India in just three days. Composed for the production, "From Temple to Theatre", Minneapolis based Ragamala Dance production. Composed the music with Saskia <mask> Haas for "When Gods meet", Padma Vibhushan Dr. Sonal Mansingh's production. For the 50th anniversary of the Spanish founder Father Vicente Ferrer in 2009, Shubhendra and Saskia composed a vibrant piece in the presence of the Spanish vice-president, illustrating the connection between his land of birth and India. "Yathra" which means 'journey' is the title of a composition that they created for Ragamala Dance, Minneapolis, US in 2008 and 2011. Yathra evokes an abstract expression of the cycle of life in a day, metaphorically tracing a human being's journey from the dawn of birth to the twilight of life."The Red Flower" (2011) is a musical dialogue based on the conversation that took place between Rabindranath Tagore and Albert Einstein regarding the perception of music by different individuals. It was through a fine weave of two seemingly different paradigms of culture and music that Shubhendra and Saskia chose to present this innovative concept. "Vesaal" (2011) is the collaboration between <mask> and Saskia with the Iranian musicians Ciavash Borhani on Tar, Samir Habibi on Kemanche and Fakkhrudin Ghaffari on Tombak, Duf exploring the cross points of Indian and Persian Classical music. "Unity of Faith" is a work commissioned in 2008 in honour of the international conference by the same name. Shubhendra and Saskia composed music to prayers and spiritual texts from different religions showing the effect that music can have on any seeker of spiritual enlightenment from any background bringing together a world music ensemble. Discography Fulfilment—Solo recording of Raga Lalit and Raga Maru Bihag. Raga Marwa—Released by India Music Archives, New York Journey Together—Duet with Sarod player Partho Sarathy—Raga Patdeep and Raga Charukesi.Creating Waves—Duet with Saskia <mask> Haas released by Rhyme Records, Kansas City Ancient Weaves—Duet with Sarod player, Partho Sarathy—Raga Charukauns and Raga Manj Khamaj New Offerings of Ravi Shankar—recorded Raga Tilak Shyam with his Guru, Pandit Ravi Shankar in 1983. Flying Dragon—Composed and performed with Pipa maestro, Gao Hong. Teacher As someone who is amongst the last of his generation learning under the age-old 'Guru-Shishya parampara', Shubhendra continues to teach those who seek him out. As an impaneled Guru of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, many students from all over the world learn from him. Some of them stay for 6–8 years at a stretch, some spend a few months every year with him and others continue to learn from him all year round. Shubhendra and Saskia Rao Foundation The Shubhendra & Saskia Rao Foundation is a nonprofit organization that stands for Music every child's birthright! The Foundation is a way to help under privileged children to realize their full potential through music.They have introduced a new approach to music education in their specially developed curriculum for India: ‘Music4All: a Glocalizedmusic education to empower youth’. The Foundation is currently working with over 150 school children from the Nizamuddin Basti to empower them through music, conducts outreach programs for adults, teacher trainings and organizes random music events and concerts throughout the city. Personal life <mask> <mask> married Saskia <mask> Haas on 3 February 2001. They are blessed with a son, Ishaan who is learning the Piano and Sitar, showing signs of the genes he has inherited. References External links Shubhendra <mask> official site Shubhendra Rao Linkedin Profile Shubhendra <mask> Facebook Shubhendra & Saskia Rao Foundation, www.music4all.org, a music education initiative for under privileged children. SPICMACAY Chapter in UK Hindustani instrumentalists Living people 1964 births Musicians from Mysore Sitar players 20th-century Indian male classical singers

<mask> is a composer and sitar player who is ranked amongst the top players in India. He is described as a musical bridge to many cultures and a thinker, constantly endeavoring to carry his instrument beyond conventional boundaries. His music is not intended to impress the senses, but to seize the soul. Critics and connoisseurs alike agree that he is a worthy successor to his teacher's tradition. He is a classical musician and also works with musicians from different genres. He has performed at prestigious venues and festivals such as the Kennedy Center, Carnegie Hall, Broadway, the Sydney Opera House, the National Arts Festival, and the Theatre de la Ville. <mask> was born on November 26, 1964 in Mysore city in the state of Karnataka.He had a great talent for music. He was initiated into the intricacies of the sitar by his father. His mother is a trained player. He took his first lesson from the master at the age of seven and continued to visit him in different cities in India to pursue his musical education. The year 1984 was a turning point in his life. Shubhendra moved to Delhi to live with and learn from his teacher in the true guru-shishya tradition. The years that followed were a time of transformation.He practiced from ten to twelve hours a day in order to build a discipline within himself. His teacher gave him insight into what it took to become an artist. Helping his teacher in solo concerts and orchestra was an important part of his learning. In 1983, he performed on stage with his guru for the first time in New Delhi. He assisted and performed in an orchestra in Russia in 1988 that was released as a CD. He toured with the production in the UK and India. His first solo concert was in New Delhi in February 1985.Between 1985 and 1995 he performed with his Shankar at numerous concerts all over the world, continuing to assist him in all his creative productions. After giving his first solo concert in Bangalore in 1987, Shubhendra went on to establish himself as one of the distinguished instrumentalists of his generation. The John F. Kennedy Center for Performing Arts in Washington DC, the Walker Arts Center in Minneapolis, and the Maui Arts and Cultural Center in Hawaii are some of the places Shubhendra has performed. In India, Shubhendra has performed at many major music festivals. He is a regular performer on Radio and the National Television. He is a performer and a guru at the Indian Council for Cultural Relations. He has been invited as a guest teacher to teach about Indian music at leading universities all over the world.Some universities include Duke University, Yale University, University of Sacramento, Lewis and Clark College, University of Minneapolis, and the University of Nebraska. He was awarded the "Youth Icon for Classical Music" in November of 2007. The Art and Cultural Trust of India gave the "Delhi Ratna" award to <mask> and Saskia. <mask> has collaborated with many musicians. He has collaborated with many wonderful musicians, including Pipa Master, Ms. Gao Hong, Jazz guitarist, Freddie Bryant from New York, and Ryoko Moriyama from Japan. He has worked with musicians from Iran. The press hailed his collaborative work with his Dutch Cellist wife as taking Indian music into a brave, new era.A musical tribute to celebrate India's 61st Independence Day was composed and performed by Shubhendra and Saskia. The celebration had more than 90,000 hits in three days. "From Temple to Theatre" is a Minneapolis based Ragamala Dance production. The music was composed for "When Gods meet" by Sonal Mansingh. In the presence of the Spanish vice-president, Shubhendra and Saskia composed a vibrant piece, illustrating the connection between his land of birth and India. They created a composition called "Yathra" for Ragamala Dance, Minneapolis, US in 2008 and 2011. Yathra evokes an abstract expression of the cycle of life in a day, metaphorically tracing a human being's journey from the dawn of birth to the twilight of life.Rabindranath Tagore and Albert Einstein had a conversation about the perception of music by different people. This innovative concept was presented through a fine weave of two seemingly different paradigms of culture and music. The collaboration between <mask> and Saskia with the Iranian musicians Ciavash Borhani on Tar, Samir Habibi on Kemanche, and Fakkhrudin Ghaffari on Tombak, Duf explores the cross points of Indian and Persian Classical music. The work "Unity of Faith" was commissioned in 2008 in honor of the international conference. The effect that music can have on a person's spiritual enlightenment was shown by <mask> and Saskia in their music to prayers and spiritual texts from different religions. There is a single recording of Raga Lalit and Raga Maru Bihag. Raga Marwa was released by India Music Archives.Creating Waves was released by Rhyme Records and Kansas City Ancient Weaves. Flying Dragon was written and performed by Pipa maestro, Gao Hong. Shubhendra is one of the last of his generation to learn under the age-old 'Guru-Shishya parampara'. Many students from all over the world learn from him as an impaneled guru of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations. Some of them stay for 6 years at a time, some spend a few months every year with him, and others continue to learn from him all year round. The Shubhendra and Saskia Rao Foundation is a nonprofit organization that supports music. Under privileged children are helped by the Foundation to realize their full potential through music.The new approach to music education in India is called Music4All: a Glocalizedmusic education to empower youth. The Foundation works with over 150 school children from the Nizamuddin Basti to empower them through music, conducts outreach programs for adults, teacher trainings and organizes random music events and concerts throughout the city. On 3 February 2001 <mask> and Saskia married each other. They have a son, Ishaan, who is learning the Piano and Sitar and showing signs of his genes. A music education initiative for under privileged children can be found on the website www.music4all.org. There is a chapter in the UK for living people and musicians from Mysore.

36652231

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andjar%20Asmara

Andjar Asmara

Abisin Abbas (; 26 February 1902 – 20 October 1961), better known by his pseudonym Andjar Asmara (), was a dramatist and filmmaker active in the cinema of the Dutch East Indies. Born in Alahan Panjang, West Sumatra, he first worked as a reporter in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta). He became a writer for the Padangsche Opera in Padang, where he developed a new, dialogue-centric style, which later spread throughout the region. After returning to Batavia in 1929, he spent over a year as a theatre and film critic. In 1930 he joined the Dardanella touring troupe as a writer. He went to India in an unsuccessful bid to film his stage play Dr Samsi. After leaving Dardanella in 1936, Andjar established his own troupe. He also worked at a publishers, writing serials based on successful films. In 1940 he was asked to join The Teng Chun's company, Java Industrial Film, helping with marketing and working as a director for two productions. After the Japanese occupation, during which time he stayed in theatre, Andjar made a brief return to cinema. He directed three films in the late 1940s and wrote four screenplays, which were produced as films in the early 1950s. He published a novel, Noesa Penida (1950). Afterward he worked for the remainder of his life writing serials based on local films and publishing film criticism. Historians recognise him as a pioneer of theatre and one of the first native Indonesian film directors, although he had little creative control of his productions. Early life and theatre Andjar was born Abisin Abbas in Alahan Panjang, West Sumatra, on 26 February 1902. He gravitated toward traditional theatre at a young age after visits from the wandering Wayang Kassim and Juliana Opera stambul troupes; he pretended to act with his friends in stage plays which they had seen. After completing his formal education up to the Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (junior high school) level – first in Malay-language schools then Dutch ones – he moved to Batavia (modern-day Jakarta). He worked as a reporter for two daily newspapers, Bintang Timoer and Bintang Hindia; he may have also worked on a farm. Around 1925, having had little success in Batavia, Andjar moved to Padang, where he was a reporter for the daily Sinar Soematera. At the same time, he worked with the city's Padangsche Opera, writing stage plays. In contrast to the standard musical theatre of the time, bangsawan, he promoted a more natural style, using dialogue instead of song to convey the story; he referred to this as toneel, based on the Dutch word for theatre. Among the works he wrote for the Padangsche Opera were adaptations of Melati van Agam, a 1923 work by Swan Pen, and Sitti Nurbaya, a 1922 novel by Marah Roesli. These works were well received. In the late 1920s, after spending some two years in Medan with the daily Sinar Soematra, Andjar returned to Batavia and in 1929 helped establish the magazine Doenia Film, a Malay adaptation of the Dutch-language magazine Filmland; although an adaptation, Doenia Film also contained original coverage of the domestic theatre and film industry. At the time, the cinema of the Indies was becoming established: the first domestic film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng (The Lost Lutung), was released in 1926, and four additional films were released in 1927 and 1928. Andjar wrote extensively regarding local cinematic and theatrical productions; for example, the Indonesian film critic Salim Said writes Andjar inspired the marketing for 1929's Njai Dasima, which emphasised the exclusively native cast. In 1930 Andjar left Doenia Film and was replaced by Bachtiar Effendi. Andjar became a writer for the theatrical troupe Dardanella in November 1930, working under the group's founder Willy A. Piedro. Andjar believed the troupe to be dedicated to the betterment of the toneel as an art form and not only motivated by financial interests, as were the earlier stambul troupes. He wrote and published many plays with the group's backing, including Dr Samsi and Singa Minangkabau (The Lion of Minangkabau). Andjar also worked as a theatre critic, writing several pieces on the history of local theatre, sometimes using his birth name and sometimes his pseudonym. In 1936 Andjar went with Dardanella to India to record a film adaptation of his drama Dr Samsi, which followed a doctor who was blackmailed after an unscrupulous Indo discovered he had an illegitimate child. The deal fell through, however, and Andjar left India with his wife Ratna. Film career and death Upon his return to the Indies, Andjar formed another theatrical troupe, Bolero, with Effendi, but left the troupe around 1940 to work at Kolf Publishers in Surabaya. Effendi was left as the head of Bolero, which then became more politicised. At Kolf Andjar edited the publisher's magazine Poestaka Timoer. As his work entailed writing synopses and serials based on popular films for Kolf's magazine, he became increasingly involved in the film industry. He was soon asked by The Teng Chun, with whom he had maintained a business relationship, to direct a film for his company Java Industrial Film (JIF); with this Andjar became one of several noted theatrical personnel who migrated to film following Albert Balink's 1937 hit Terang Boelan (Full Moon). After handling the marketing for Rentjong Atjeh (Rencong of Aceh, 1940), Andjar made his directorial debut in 1940 with Kartinah, a war-time romance starring Ratna Asmara. Academia was critical of the film, believing it to lack educational value. In 1941 he directed Noesa Penida, a tragedy based in Bali, for JIF; the film was remade in 1988. In these films, he had little creative control, and performed as what the Indonesian entertainment journalist Eddie Karsito describes as a dialogue coach. Camera angles and locations were chosen by the cinematographer, who was generally also the producer. During the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945, the nation's film industry nearly ceased to exist: all but one studio were closed, and all films released were propaganda pieces to assist the Japanese war effort and promote the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Andjar was not involved in these but was excited by the artistic merits of Japanese films. Although he wrote several short stories during this time, three of which were published in the pro-Japanese newspaper Asia Raja in 1942, Andjar focused on theatre, forming the troupe Tjahaya Timoer. He often visited the Cultural Centre (Keimin Bunka Sidosho) in Jakarta, where two employees, D. Djajakusuma and Usmar Ismail, discussed filmmaking with him. Both became influential film directors during the 1950s. After Indonesia's independence, Andjar moved to Purwokerto to lead the daily Perdjoeangan Rakjat. After the paper collapsed, he returned to film, film a piece entitled Djaoeh Dimata for the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration in 1948. This was followed by two additional films, Anggrek Bulan (Moon Orchid; 1948) and Gadis Desa (Maiden from the Village; 1949), both based on plays he wrote several years earlier. In 1950, Andjar published his only novel, Noesa Penida, a critique of the Balinese caste system, which followed lovers from different levels of the social hierarchy. Meanwhile, he continued to write and publish paperback serials adapted from local films. Andjar's screenplay Dr Samsi was finally adapted as a film in 1952 by Ratna Asmara, who had become Indonesia's first female film director with her 1950 film Sedap Malam (Sweetness of the Night). The adaptation starred Ratna and Raden Ismail. It would prove Andjar's last screenwriting credit during his lifetime. Although no longer writing films, Andjar remained active in the country's film industry. In 1955 he headed the inaugural Indonesian Film Festival, which was criticized when it gave the Best Picture Award to two films, Usmar Ismail's Lewat Djam Malam (After the Curfew) and Lilik Sudjio's Tarmina. Critics wrote that Lewat Djam Malam was easily the stronger of the two and suggested that Djamaluddin Malik, Tarmina producer, had influenced the jury's decision. In 1958 Asmara became the head of the entertainment magazine Varia, where the fellow director Raden Ariffien served as his deputy. Asmara held the position until his death; among other roles, he wrote a series of memoires on the history of theatre in the country. He died on 20 October 1961 in Cipanas, West Java, during a trip to Bandung and was buried in Jakarta. Legacy Andjar's toneels were generally based on day-to-day experiences, rather than the tales of princes and ancient wars which were standard at the time. Regarding Andjar's toneels, the Indonesian literary critic Bakri Siregar writes that Andjar's stage plays, as well as those of fellow dramatist Njoo Cheong Seng, revitalised the genre and made the works more realistic. However, he considered the conflict in these works to have been poorly developed. Andjar believed that the Padangsche Opera's performances influenced other troupes in West Sumatra to adapt the toneel format, which later spread throughout the Indies. Matthew Isaac Cohen, a scholar of Indonesian performing arts, describes Andjar as "Indonesia's foremost theater critic during the colonial period", noting that he wrote extensively on the history of theatre in the Indies. Cohen also believes that Andjar also worked to justify the toneel style and distance it from the earlier stambul. Even after entering the film industry, Andjar considered the theatre more culturally significant than cinema. However, the Indonesian journalist Soebagijo I.N. writes that Andjar remains best known for his film work. Andjar was one of the first native Indonesian film directors, with Bachtiar Effendi, Soeska, and Inoe Perbatasari. Said writes that Andjar was forced to follow the whims of the ethnic Chinese film moguls, which resulted in the films' shift toward commercial orientation, rather than the prioritisation of artistic merit. The film historian Misbach Yusa Biran writes that Andjar and his fellow journalists, upon joining JIF, brought with them new ideas that helped the company flourish until it closed after the arrival of the Japanese; the company and its subsidiaries released fifteen films in two years. Filmography Kartinah (1940) – as director, scriptwriter, and story writer Noesa Penida (1941) – as director and story writer Djaoeh Dimata (Out of Sight; 1948) – as director and story writer Anggrek Bulan (Moon Orchid; 1948) – as director Gadis Desa (Maiden from the Village; 1949) – as director and story writer Sedap Malam (Sweetness of the Night; 1950) – as story writer Pelarian dari Pagar Besi (Escape from the Iron Fence; 1951) – as story writer Musim Bunga di Selabintana (Flowers in Selabintana; 1951) – as story writer Dr Samsi (1952) – as story writer Noesa Penida (Pelangi Kasih Pandansari) (Noesa Penida [Pandansari's Rainbow of Love]; 1988) – as story writer (posthumous credit) Notes References Footnotes Bibliography External links 1902 births 1961 deaths Film directors of the Dutch East Indies Indonesian dramatists and playwrights Indonesian film directors Indonesian journalists Indonesian screenwriters Minangkabau people People from West Sumatra Screenwriters of the Dutch East Indies 20th-century dramatists and playwrights 20th-century screenwriters 20th-century journalists

Abisin Abbas (; 26 February 1902 – 20 October 1961), better known by his pseudonym <mask> (), was a dramatist and filmmaker active in the cinema of the Dutch East Indies. Born in Alahan Panjang, West Sumatra, he first worked as a reporter in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta). He became a writer for the Padangsche Opera in Padang, where he developed a new, dialogue-centric style, which later spread throughout the region. After returning to Batavia in 1929, he spent over a year as a theatre and film critic. In 1930 he joined the Dardanella touring troupe as a writer. He went to India in an unsuccessful bid to film his stage play Dr Samsi. After leaving Dardanella in 1936, <mask> established his own troupe.He also worked at a publishers, writing serials based on successful films. In 1940 he was asked to join The Teng Chun's company, Java Industrial Film, helping with marketing and working as a director for two productions. After the Japanese occupation, during which time he stayed in theatre, <mask> made a brief return to cinema. He directed three films in the late 1940s and wrote four screenplays, which were produced as films in the early 1950s. He published a novel, Noesa Penida (1950). Afterward he worked for the remainder of his life writing serials based on local films and publishing film criticism. Historians recognise him as a pioneer of theatre and one of the first native Indonesian film directors, although he had little creative control of his productions.Early life and theatre <mask> was born Abisin Abbas in Alahan Panjang, West Sumatra, on 26 February 1902. He gravitated toward traditional theatre at a young age after visits from the wandering Wayang Kassim and Juliana Opera stambul troupes; he pretended to act with his friends in stage plays which they had seen. After completing his formal education up to the Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (junior high school) level – first in Malay-language schools then Dutch ones – he moved to Batavia (modern-day Jakarta). He worked as a reporter for two daily newspapers, Bintang Timoer and Bintang Hindia; he may have also worked on a farm. Around 1925, having had little success in Batavia, <mask> moved to Padang, where he was a reporter for the daily Sinar Soematera. At the same time, he worked with the city's Padangsche Opera, writing stage plays. In contrast to the standard musical theatre of the time, bangsawan, he promoted a more natural style, using dialogue instead of song to convey the story; he referred to this as toneel, based on the Dutch word for theatre.Among the works he wrote for the Padangsche Opera were adaptations of Melati van Agam, a 1923 work by Swan Pen, and Sitti Nurbaya, a 1922 novel by Marah Roesli. These works were well received. In the late 1920s, after spending some two years in Medan with the daily Sinar Soematra, <mask> returned to Batavia and in 1929 helped establish the magazine Doenia Film, a Malay adaptation of the Dutch-language magazine Filmland; although an adaptation, Doenia Film also contained original coverage of the domestic theatre and film industry. At the time, the cinema of the Indies was becoming established: the first domestic film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng (The Lost Lutung), was released in 1926, and four additional films were released in 1927 and 1928. <mask> wrote extensively regarding local cinematic and theatrical productions; for example, the Indonesian film critic Salim Said writes <mask> inspired the marketing for 1929's Njai Dasima, which emphasised the exclusively native cast. In 1930 <mask> left Doenia Film and was replaced by Bachtiar Effendi. <mask> became a writer for the theatrical troupe Dardanella in November 1930, working under the group's founder Willy A. Piedro.<mask> believed the troupe to be dedicated to the betterment of the toneel as an art form and not only motivated by financial interests, as were the earlier stambul troupes. He wrote and published many plays with the group's backing, including Dr Samsi and Singa Minangkabau (The Lion of Minangkabau). <mask> also worked as a theatre critic, writing several pieces on the history of local theatre, sometimes using his birth name and sometimes his pseudonym. In 1936 <mask> went with Dardanella to India to record a film adaptation of his drama Dr Samsi, which followed a doctor who was blackmailed after an unscrupulous Indo discovered he had an illegitimate child. The deal fell through, however, and <mask> left India with his wife Ratna. Film career and death Upon his return to the Indies, <mask> formed another theatrical troupe, Bolero, with Effendi, but left the troupe around 1940 to work at Kolf Publishers in Surabaya. Effendi was left as the head of Bolero, which then became more politicised.At Kolf <mask> edited the publisher's magazine Poestaka Timoer. As his work entailed writing synopses and serials based on popular films for Kolf's magazine, he became increasingly involved in the film industry. He was soon asked by The Teng Chun, with whom he had maintained a business relationship, to direct a film for his company Java Industrial Film (JIF); with this <mask> became one of several noted theatrical personnel who migrated to film following Albert Balink's 1937 hit Terang Boelan (Full Moon). After handling the marketing for Rentjong Atjeh (Rencong of Aceh, 1940), <mask> made his directorial debut in 1940 with Kartinah, a war-time romance starring Ratna <mask>. Academia was critical of the film, believing it to lack educational value. In 1941 he directed Noesa Penida, a tragedy based in Bali, for JIF; the film was remade in 1988. In these films, he had little creative control, and performed as what the Indonesian entertainment journalist Eddie Karsito describes as a dialogue coach.Camera angles and locations were chosen by the cinematographer, who was generally also the producer. During the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945, the nation's film industry nearly ceased to exist: all but one studio were closed, and all films released were propaganda pieces to assist the Japanese war effort and promote the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. <mask> was not involved in these but was excited by the artistic merits of Japanese films. Although he wrote several short stories during this time, three of which were published in the pro-Japanese newspaper Asia Raja in 1942, <mask> focused on theatre, forming the troupe Tjahaya Timoer. He often visited the Cultural Centre (Keimin Bunka Sidosho) in Jakarta, where two employees, D. Djajakusuma and Usmar Ismail, discussed filmmaking with him. Both became influential film directors during the 1950s. After Indonesia's independence, <mask> moved to Purwokerto to lead the daily Perdjoeangan Rakjat.After the paper collapsed, he returned to film, film a piece entitled Djaoeh Dimata for the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration in 1948. This was followed by two additional films, Anggrek Bulan (Moon Orchid; 1948) and Gadis Desa (Maiden from the Village; 1949), both based on plays he wrote several years earlier. In 1950, <mask> published his only novel, Noesa Penida, a critique of the Balinese caste system, which followed lovers from different levels of the social hierarchy. Meanwhile, he continued to write and publish paperback serials adapted from local films. <mask>'s screenplay Dr Samsi was finally adapted as a film in 1952 by Ratna <mask>, who had become Indonesia's first female film director with her 1950 film Sedap Malam (Sweetness of the Night). The adaptation starred Ratna and Raden Ismail. It would prove <mask>'s last screenwriting credit during his lifetime.Although no longer writing films, <mask> remained active in the country's film industry. In 1955 he headed the inaugural Indonesian Film Festival, which was criticized when it gave the Best Picture Award to two films, Usmar Ismail's Lewat Djam Malam (After the Curfew) and Lilik Sudjio's Tarmina. Critics wrote that Lewat Djam Malam was easily the stronger of the two and suggested that Djamaluddin Malik, Tarmina producer, had influenced the jury's decision. In 1958 <mask> became the head of the entertainment magazine Varia, where the fellow director Raden Ariffien served as his deputy. <mask> held the position until his death; among other roles, he wrote a series of memoires on the history of theatre in the country. He died on 20 October 1961 in Cipanas, West Java, during a trip to Bandung and was buried in Jakarta. Legacy <mask>'s toneels were generally based on day-to-day experiences, rather than the tales of princes and ancient wars which were standard at the time.Regarding <mask>'s toneels, the Indonesian literary critic Bakri Siregar writes that <mask>'s stage plays, as well as those of fellow dramatist Njoo Cheong Seng, revitalised the genre and made the works more realistic. However, he considered the conflict in these works to have been poorly developed. <mask> believed that the Padangsche Opera's performances influenced other troupes in West Sumatra to adapt the toneel format, which later spread throughout the Indies. Matthew Isaac Cohen, a scholar of Indonesian performing arts, describes <mask> as "Indonesia's foremost theater critic during the colonial period", noting that he wrote extensively on the history of theatre in the Indies. Cohen also believes that <mask> also worked to justify the toneel style and distance it from the earlier stambul. Even after entering the film industry, <mask> considered the theatre more culturally significant than cinema. However, the Indonesian journalist Soebagijo I.N.writes that <mask> remains best known for his film work. <mask> was one of the first native Indonesian film directors, with Bachtiar Effendi, Soeska, and Inoe Perbatasari. Said writes that <mask> was forced to follow the whims of the ethnic Chinese film moguls, which resulted in the films' shift toward commercial orientation, rather than the prioritisation of artistic merit. The film historian Misbach Yusa Biran writes that <mask> and his fellow journalists, upon joining JIF, brought with them new ideas that helped the company flourish until it closed after the arrival of the Japanese; the company and its subsidiaries released fifteen films in two years.

Abisin Abbas, better known as <mask>, was a dramatist and filmmaker active in the cinema of the Dutch East Indies. He was born in West Sumatra and first worked as a reporter in Jakarta. He was a writer for the Padangsche Opera in Padang, where he developed a new style of writing. He spent a year as a theatre and film critic after returning to the area. He joined the Dardanella touring troupe as a writer in 1930. He tried to film his stage play Dr Samsi in India. <mask> established his own troupe after leaving Dardanella.He wrote serials based on successful films. He joined Java Industrial Film in 1940, helping with marketing and working as a director for two productions. After the Japanese occupation, <mask> stayed in theatre and1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556 In the late 1940s and early 1950s, he directed three films and wrote four screenplays. Noesa Penida was published in 1950. He worked for the rest of his life as a serial writer and film critic. Historians think he was a pioneer of theatre and one of the first native Indonesian film directors.Abisin Abbas, also known as <mask>, was born in West Sumatra on February 26, 1902. He became enamored with traditional theatre at a young age when he pretended to act in stage plays his friends had seen. After completing his formal education up to the junior high school level, he moved to Jakarta. He was a reporter for two daily newspapers, Bintang Hindia and Bintang Timoer. In 1925, <mask> moved to Padang, where he was a reporter for the daily Sinar Soematera. He wrote stage plays for the Padangsche Opera at the same time. In contrast to the standard musical theatre of the time, bangsawan, he promoted a more natural style, using dialogue instead of song to convey the story; he referred to this as toneel, based on the Dutch word for theatre.Melati van Agam, a 1923 work by Swan Pen, was one of the works he wrote for the Padangsche Opera. The works were well received. In the late 1920s, after spending two years in Medan with the daily Sinar Soematra, <mask> returned to Batavia and helped establish the magazine Doenia Film, a Malay adaptation of the Dutch-language magazine Filmland. The first domestic film in the Indies was released in 1926, and four additional films were released in 1927 and 1928. The marketing of 1929's Njai Dasima was inspired by <mask>, who wrote extensively about local cinematic and theatrical productions. <mask> left Doenia Film in 1930 and was replaced by Effendi. In November 1930, <mask> became a writer for the theatrical troupe Dardanella.<mask> believed the troupe to be dedicated to the betterment of the toneel as an art form and not only motivated by financial interests, as were the earlier stambul troupes. He wrote plays for the group, including Dr Samsi and Singa Minangkabau. <mask> was a theatre critic, writing several pieces on the history of local theatre, sometimes using his birth name and sometimes his pseudonym. In 1936 <mask> went to India to record a film adaptation of his drama Dr Samsi, which followed a doctor who was blackmailed after he discovered he had an illegitimate child. <mask> and his wife Ratna left India after the deal fell through. After his return to the Indies, <mask> formed another troupe, Bolero, with Effendi, but left them around 1940 to work at a publisher. The head of Bolero was left to be Effendi.The publisher's magazine was edited by <mask>. He became more involved in the film industry as his work involved writing synopses and serials based on popular films. He became one of the noted theatrical personnel who migrated to film following Albert Balink's 1937 hit Terang Boelan when he was asked to direct a film for his company Java Industrial Film. <mask> made his directorial debut in 1940 with Kartinah, a war-time romance starring Ratna <mask>. The film was thought to lack educational value. Noesa Penida, a tragedy based in Indonesia, was directed by him in 1941. Eddie Karsito, an Indonesian entertainment journalist, describes him as a dialogue coach in these films.The producer and the cinematographer chose the camera angles and locations. During the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945, the nation's film industry nearly ceased to exist, as all but one studio were closed and all films released were propaganda pieces to assist the Japanese war effort. <mask> was excited by the artistic merits of Japanese films. During this time, <mask> wrote several short stories, three of which were published in the pro-Japanese newspaper Asia Raja in 1942. He often visited the Cultural Centre in Jakarta, where two employees discussed their work with him. Both became influential film directors. <mask> moved to Purwokerto to lead the daily Perdjoeangan Rakjat.After the paper fell, he returned to film a piece for the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration. Two more films, Anggrek Bulan and Gadis Desa, were based on plays he wrote several years earlier. In 1950, <mask> published his only novel, Noesa Penida, a critique of the Balinese caste system, which followed lovers from different levels of the social hierarchy. He continued to write and publish paperback serials. Ratna <mask>, Indonesia's first female film director, adapted <mask>'s script Dr Samsi into a film in 1952. The adaptation starred two people. It would show <mask>'s last screenwriting credit.<mask> was still active in the country's film industry despite no longer writing films. The first Indonesian Film Festival was criticized for giving the Best Picture Award to two films, Lewat Djam Malam and Tarmina. Critics wrote that Lewat Djam Malam was the stronger of the two and suggested that Djamaluddin Malik, Tarmina producer, had influenced the jury's decision. Ariffien served as Asmara's deputy when he was the head of the entertainment magazine. A series of memoires on the history of theatre in the country was written by <mask>, who held the position until his death. He died in West Java during a trip to Bandung and was buried in Jakarta. The tales of princes and ancient wars were standard at the time, but Legacy Andjar's toneels were based on day-to-day experiences.According to the Indonesian literary critic, <mask>'s stage plays revitalised the genre and made the works more realistic. The conflict in these works was poorly developed. The Padangsche Opera's performances influenced other troupes in West Sumatra to adapt the toneel format. According to a scholar of Indonesian performing arts, <mask> was Indonesia's foremost theater critic during the colonial period. Cohen believes that <mask> worked to justify the toneel style and distance it from the earlier stambul. After entering the film industry, <mask> thought the theatre was more important than cinema. The Indonesian journalist is named Soebagijo I.N.<mask> is best known for his film work. One of the first native Indonesian film directors was <mask>. The shift toward commercial orientation of the films resulted from <mask> being forced to follow the dictates of the ethnic Chinese film moguls. According to the film historian, <mask> and his fellow journalists brought with them new ideas that helped the company flourish until it closed after the arrival of the Japanese.

2933259

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20McCallum%20Jr.

Robert McCallum Jr.

Robert Davis McCallum Jr. (born January 30, 1946) is an American lawyer and diplomat who served in the Bush administration. He was the Associate Attorney General of the United States from 2003 to 2006, also acting as the Deputy Attorney General from 2005 to 2006. He was appointed as the United States Ambassador to Australia in 2006, a capacity in which he served until the end of Bush's term in 2009. Early life McCallum was born in Memphis, Tennessee, where his father, Robert D. McCallum, was a businessman. He was educated at Presbyterian Day School in Memphis and then at The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut, where he was a star tennis player and captain of the basketball team. He then went to Yale University, where he graduated in 1968. At Yale his roommate and fellow member of Skull and Bones was George W. Bush. In 1968, McCallum was named a Rhodes Scholar and attended Oxford University in England. While at Oxford, McCallum was a member of the Oxford University men's basketball team that reached the final of the Amateur Basketball Association (A.B.B.A) National Championship. In 1969, he married Mary Rankin Weems ("Mimi") of Memphis. They have two adult sons, one of whom was also a Rhodes Scholar. McCallum graduated from Yale Law School in 1973. Professional life After completing his Juris Doctor at Yale in 1973, McCallum joined the Atlanta law firm of Alston & Bird. Philip Alston, one of the principals of this firm, was U.S. Ambassador to Australia under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1981. McCallum remained with the firm for 28 years, before joining the U.S. Department of Justice in 2001 as Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division. In this position, he oversaw litigation involving the defense of challenges to Presidential actions and acts of Congress; national security issues; immigration; benefit programs; commercial issues including health care fraud, banking, insurance, patents, debt collection; and the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act. In July 2003 McCallum was appointed Associate Attorney General. He served as Acting Deputy Attorney General from September to December 2004 and from August 2005 until he resigned on being nominated as Ambassador to Australia. In 2005 McCallum was accused of interfering with the government's prosecution of the tobacco industry by requiring Justice Department lawyers to cut their demand for an industry-sponsored smoking cessation program from $130 billion to $10 billion. During his ambassadorial confirmation hearings before the United States Senate, Senator Dick Durbin of Illinois raised this issue and demanded an investigation of McCallum's role. The Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility found no wrongdoing on McCallum's part. In her 2006 decision in the case, Judge Gladys Kessler placed limits on tobacco companies' abilities to market cigarettes, but found that a previous appeals court ruling prevented her (in the judicial branch) from requiring the industry to pay for a smoking cessation program. Australia McCallum had never been to Australia prior to his appointment and had had no previous involvement with the country, or indeed with foreign policy at all. The position of U.S. Ambassador to Australia is traditionally held by friends or political associates of the President, rather than by career diplomats, since Australia is a close ally of the U.S. and the post is considered a highly desirable one. The previous Ambassador, Tom Schieffer, was a business associate of President Bush. In an interview with The Australian, a national daily newspaper, McCallum said that he had been attending seminars on Australian affairs since his appointment. "I feel that [from the seminars] I have got a good grounding in the fundamentals of what is going on in a very, very important relationship to the U.S. with Australia, and I'm eager to learn and experience that firsthand", he said. He said that he would seek to meet and establish close relations with Australian politicians of all parties, including those critical of U.S. policies. McCallum's arrival in Australia ended an 18-month period in which there was no U.S. Ambassador in Canberra. Following Schieffer's departure to take up the position of Ambassador to Japan in January 2005, the U.S. was represented by a Chargé d'Affaires, Bill Stanton, who also departed Australia before McCallum's appointment. The long delay was caused by the Bush Administration's apparent inability to find a candidate who was suitably close to the President but willing to undergo the scrutiny which accompanies the Senate confirmation process. McCallum announced that he would resign his position following the inauguration of President Barack Obama in 2009, to make way for the next U.S ambassador to Australia and---as he was not close with Senators McCain or Obama---iterated his view that it is important for a US-Australia ambassador have a close relationship with the President. He resigned from the position and left Australia on 20 January 2009. See also List of United States ambassadors to Australia References External links Remarks to the American Health Lawyers Association Meeting, September 30, 2002. United States Department of Justice recovers record $1.6 billion in fraud payments. Statement of Assistant Attorney General Robert McCallum Jr. about the Third Circuit Decision issued in North Jersey Media Group v. Ashcroft, October 8, 2002. Statement of Assistant Attorney General Robert McCallum Jr. following daily arguments in 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund Case, April 14, 2003. New envoy a smart lawyer and friend of Bush Presidential Nomination: Robert Davis McCallum 1946 births Living people Ambassadors of the United States to Australia American Rhodes Scholars Choate Rosemary Hall alumni People from Memphis, Tennessee People from Wallingford, Connecticut United States Associate Attorneys General United States Assistant Attorneys General for the Civil Division Yale Law School alumni Yale University alumni

<mask>. (born January 30, 1946) is an American lawyer and diplomat who served in the Bush administration. He was the Associate Attorney General of the United States from 2003 to 2006, also acting as the Deputy Attorney General from 2005 to 2006. He was appointed as the United States Ambassador to Australia in 2006, a capacity in which he served until the end of Bush's term in 2009. Early life <mask> was born in Memphis, Tennessee, where his father, <mask><mask>, was a businessman. He was educated at Presbyterian Day School in Memphis and then at The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut, where he was a star tennis player and captain of the basketball team. He then went to Yale University, where he graduated in 1968. At Yale his roommate and fellow member of Skull and Bones was George W. Bush.In 1968, <mask> was named a Rhodes Scholar and attended Oxford University in England. While at Oxford, <mask> was a member of the Oxford University men's basketball team that reached the final of the Amateur Basketball Association (A.B.B.A) National Championship. In 1969, he married Mary Rankin Weems ("Mimi") of Memphis. They have two adult sons, one of whom was also a Rhodes Scholar. <mask> graduated from Yale Law School in 1973. Professional life After completing his Juris Doctor at Yale in 1973, <mask> joined the Atlanta law firm of Alston & Bird. Philip Alston, one of the principals of this firm, was U.S.Ambassador to Australia under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1981. <mask> remained with the firm for 28 years, before joining the U.S. Department of Justice in 2001 as Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division. In this position, he oversaw litigation involving the defense of challenges to Presidential actions and acts of Congress; national security issues; immigration; benefit programs; commercial issues including health care fraud, banking, insurance, patents, debt collection; and the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act. In July 2003 <mask> was appointed Associate Attorney General. He served as Acting Deputy Attorney General from September to December 2004 and from August 2005 until he resigned on being nominated as Ambassador to Australia. In 2005 <mask> was accused of interfering with the government's prosecution of the tobacco industry by requiring Justice Department lawyers to cut their demand for an industry-sponsored smoking cessation program from $130 billion to $10 billion. During his ambassadorial confirmation hearings before the United States Senate, Senator Dick Durbin of Illinois raised this issue and demanded an investigation of McCallum's role.The Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility found no wrongdoing on McCallum's part. In her 2006 decision in the case, Judge Gladys Kessler placed limits on tobacco companies' abilities to market cigarettes, but found that a previous appeals court ruling prevented her (in the judicial branch) from requiring the industry to pay for a smoking cessation program. Australia McCallum had never been to Australia prior to his appointment and had had no previous involvement with the country, or indeed with foreign policy at all. The position of U.S. Ambassador to Australia is traditionally held by friends or political associates of the President, rather than by career diplomats, since Australia is a close ally of the U.S. and the post is considered a highly desirable one. The previous Ambassador, Tom Schieffer, was a business associate of President Bush. In an interview with The Australian, a national daily newspaper, McCallum said that he had been attending seminars on Australian affairs since his appointment."I feel that [from the seminars] I have got a good grounding in the fundamentals of what is going on in a very, very important relationship to the U.S. with Australia, and I'm eager to learn and experience that firsthand", he said. He said that he would seek to meet and establish close relations with Australian politicians of all parties, including those critical of U.S. policies. <mask>'s arrival in Australia ended an 18-month period in which there was no U.S. Ambassador in Canberra. Following Schieffer's departure to take up the position of Ambassador to Japan in January 2005, the U.S. was represented by a Chargé d'Affaires, Bill Stanton, who also departed Australia before McCallum's appointment. The long delay was caused by the Bush Administration's apparent inability to find a candidate who was suitably close to the President but willing to undergo the scrutiny which accompanies the Senate confirmation process. <mask> announced that he would resign his position following the inauguration of President Barack Obama in 2009, to make way for the next U.S ambassador to Australia and---as he was not close with Senators McCain or Obama---iterated his view that it is important for a US-Australia ambassador have a close relationship with the President.He resigned from the position and left Australia on 20 January 2009. See also List of United States ambassadors to Australia References External links Remarks to the American Health Lawyers Association Meeting, September 30, 2002. United States Department of Justice recovers record $1.6 billion in fraud payments. Statement of Assistant Attorney General <mask> Jr. about the Third Circuit Decision issued in North Jersey Media Group v. Ashcroft, October 8, 2002. Statement of Assistant Attorney General <mask> Jr. following daily arguments in 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund Case, April 14, 2003. New envoy a smart lawyer and friend of Bush Presidential Nomination: <mask> McCallum 1946 births Living people Ambassadors of the United States to Australia American Rhodes Scholars Choate Rosemary Hall alumni People from Memphis, Tennessee People from Wallingford, Connecticut United States Associate Attorneys General United States Assistant Attorneys General for the Civil Division Yale Law School alumni Yale University alumni

<mask>. is an American lawyer and diplomat who served in the Bush administration. From 2003 to 2006 he was the Associate Attorney General of the United States. He was the United States Ambassador to Australia until the end of Bush's term in 2009. He was born in Memphis, Tennessee, where his father was a businessman. He was educated at Presbyterian Day School in Memphis and then at The Choate School in Connecticut, where he was a star tennis player and captain of the basketball team. He graduated from Yale University in 1968. George W. Bush was his roommate at Yale.He attended Oxford University in England after being named a Rhodes Scholar. The Oxford University men's basketball team made it to the final of the A.B.B.A National Championship. He married Mary Weems of Memphis in 1969. One of their sons was a Rhodes Scholar. In 1973, he graduated from Yale Law School. He joined the Atlanta law firm of Alston & Bird after completing his Juris Doctor at Yale. Philip Alston was one of the principals.Ambassador to Australia from 1977 to 1981 After 28 years with the firm, <mask> joined the U.S. Department of Justice as an assistant attorney general. He oversaw the defense of challenges to Presidential actions and acts of Congress, as well as national security issues, immigration, benefit programs, and commercial issues. In July of 2003 he was appointed Associate Attorney General. He was the acting deputy attorney general from December 2004 to August 2005 before he was nominated as ambassador to Australia. <mask> was accused of interfering with the government's prosecution of the tobacco industry by requiring Justice Department lawyers to cut their demand for an industry-sponsored smoking cessation program from $130 billion to $10 billion. During his ambassadorial confirmation hearings before the United States Senate, Senator Dick Durbin of Illinois demanded an investigation of <mask>'s role.The Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility did not find any wrongdoing on McCallum's part. In her 2006 decision in the case, Judge Gladys Kessler placed limits on tobacco companies' abilities to market cigarettes, but found that a previous appeals court ruling prevented her from requiring the industry to pay for a smoking cessation program. Australia McCallum had never been to Australia prior to his appointment and had no previous involvement with the country or foreign policy. There is a position of the U.S. Australia is a close ally of the U.S. and the post of Ambassador to Australia is held by friends or political associates of the President. The previous Ambassador was a business associate of the President. In an interview with The Australian, McCallum said that he had been attending seminars on Australian affairs since his appointment.He said that he was eager to learn and experience what was happening in the relationship between the US and Australia. He wants to establish close relations with Australian politicians who are critical of the U.S. policies. The 18-month period in which there was no U.S. was ended by <mask>'s arrival in Australia. The ambassador is in the country. After Schieffer left to take up the position of Ambassador to Japan, the U.S. was represented by a Chargé d'Affaires who also left Australia. The long delay was caused by the Bush Administration's inability to find a candidate who was close to the President but willing to undergo the scrutiny which accompanies the Senate confirmation process. In order to make way for the next U.S ambassador to Australia, he would resign his position, as he was not close with either McCain or Obama.He left Australia on January 20, 2009. External links to the American Health Lawyers Association Meeting can be found here. The United States Department of Justice recovered a record amount of fraud payments. The Third Circuit Decision was issued in the case of North Jersey Media Group. The statement was made by the assistant attorney general. The Ambassador of the United States to Australia is a smart lawyer and friend of Bush.

42294202

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20E.%20McBride

Ella E. McBride

Ella Etna McBride (November 17, 1862 – September 14, 1965) was an American fine-art photographer, mountain climber, and centenarian known for her career achievements after age sixty. In addition to running her own photography studio for over thirty years, she also spent eight years running the photography studio of Edward S. Curtis. She was a member of the Seattle Camera Club and an early mentor of Japanese-American photographers Frank Kunishige and Soichi Sunami. Personal life Early years Ella E. McBride was born on November 17, 1862 in Albia, Iowa to Samuel B. McBride and America McIntire McBride. In 1865, the family of five traveled via the Isthmus of Panama to Oregon. In 1882, McBride graduated high school. Mountain climber McBride began climbing mountains on the west coast. She began with Mount Hood and climbed more than thirty-six more major mountains over her life. She joined Mazamas, a mountaineering organization in Portland in 1896. She was the group's secretary and historian from 1896 to 1898. She met Edward S. Curtis, a photographer and Mazamas member, during a climb he led up Mount Rainier in 1897. Edgar McClure died during the descent after losing his footing; he had been gathering information to calculate Rainier's height. Curtis respected her independent mountain climbing ability and she assisted him on other climbs. The August 26, 1899 issue of Harper's Weekly reported on her trek with the Mazamas in the North Cascades up Sahale Mountain. Career Education In 1889, after receiving her teaching certificate, McBride taught in Portland, Oregon schools. In 1894, she became the principal of the Ainsworth School, a position she held for 13 years. Photography McBride moved to Seattle, Washington by 1907 to work in the Curtis Studio. She managed the office and worked in the showroom and darkroom. In 1909, she operated his booth at the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition. She opened her own studio in 1916 and the following year Edmund Schwinke joined McBride as a partner. In 1918, Wayne Albee joined the studio as chief photographer and a partner. He was assisted by Soichi Sunami and Frank Kunishige. Albee was a source of inspiration for McBride's photography, she was particularly interested in floral fine art works beginning in 1920. The studio's images were produced in local publications, including the Town Crier magazine. It photographed musicians and dancers at the Cornish School of the Arts. McBride's work was "firmly in the Pictorialist school", a "Modernist sharp-focus documentary style" that was prevalent after the 1920s, and became less popular over time. She was the only Caucasian and only woman who exhibited at the North American Times Exhibition of Pictorial Photographs in 1921. She won honorable mention for three of the floral photographs she exhibited at the Frederick & Nelson Salon. In 1922, she exhibited at a Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain competition. There were only 154 works selected out of thousands submitted. Three floral photographs of twelve accepted by American photographers were taken by McBride. McBride exhibited eight photographs in 1922 at the Frederick & Nelson Salon. It includes a portrait of Kunishige, other figure studies, landscapes and the floral still-life, Life & Death. She exhibited at F&N in 1923 and 1925. Her interest in Japanese art is evident in her A Shirley Poppy and Dogwood works. McBride was an early member of the Seattle Camera Club, which stated that she was among the world's most exhibited photographers. He works included floral and figure studies of artists and dancers. Her works were published in the Royal Photographic Society, American Photography and other magazines in the United States and abroad. Full-page illustrations of her photographs were shown in the American Annual of Photography in 1927 and 1928. Her work was exhibited at the First International Photographic Salon of Japan in May 1927 and then solo exhibitions. In August, 30 of her prints were shown at the California Camera Club in San Francisco and in November at the Portage Camera Club in Akron, Ohio. Another solo exhibition was held in January 1931 at the Art Institute of Seattle. Her works were exhibited internationally in Paris, London, Stockholm, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Toronto, Turin, Vancouver, and Budapest. Within the United States, besides Seattle, her works were shown in New York, Chicago, Rochester, Syracuse, Cleveland, Akron, and Portland. Her exhibitions were concentrated over a 10-year period, during which she was the sixth most exhibited Pictorialist photographer in the world in 1926 to 1927. She stopped exhibiting at the beginning of the Depression. In 1925, McBride cofounded the women's Seattle Metropolitan Soropotomist Club, which she was a member and officer for almost 40 years. She focused most of her effort on her studio during the Depression. Albee had moved to California about 1930 and in 1932 she took on a new partner, commercial photographer Richard H. Anderson, who particularly took images of children. From then until the 1960s, it was one of the leading studios in Seattle. They were located in the Loveless Studio building. Her eyesight began to fail and at the age of 91, she retired. Her work is documented in the book Captive Light: The Life and Photography of Ella E. McBride by Margaret E. Bullock and David F. Martin. Death McBride died at 102 years and 10 months of age on September 14, 1965, when she was still vital and clear-minded. Some of her negatives from 1917 to the 1950s are at the Seattle's Museum of History & Industry (MOHAI); others were destroyed. Fifteen photographs taken by McBride or her studio are among the collection of the University of Washington Libraries. They include studio portraits, such as poet Don Blanding, and images of the University of Washington campus. Collections McBride's works are included in the collections of: Los Angeles County Museum of Art Minneapolis Institute of Arts Museum of History & Industry (MOHAI), Seattle Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art, Logan, Utah. Seattle Art Museum Tacoma Art Museum References Further reading External links Ella McBride History Links encyclopedia article and images Artists from Seattle American women photographers American centenarians 1862 births 1965 deaths Fine art photographers 19th-century American women artists 20th-century American women artists Women centenarians 19th-century women photographers 20th-century women photographers

<mask> (November 17, 1862 – September 14, 1965) was an American fine-art photographer, mountain climber, and centenarian known for her career achievements after age sixty. In addition to running her own photography studio for over thirty years, she also spent eight years running the photography studio of <mask>. Curtis. She was a member of the Seattle Camera Club and an early mentor of Japanese-American photographers Frank Kunishige and Soichi Sunami. Personal life Early years <mask><mask> was born on November 17, 1862 in Albia, Iowa to Samuel B<mask> and <mask>. In 1865, the family of five traveled via the Isthmus of Panama to Oregon. In 1882, <mask> graduated high school. Mountain climber <mask> began climbing mountains on the west coast.She began with Mount Hood and climbed more than thirty-six more major mountains over her life. She joined Mazamas, a mountaineering organization in Portland in 1896. She was the group's secretary and historian from 1896 to 1898. She met <mask>. Curtis, a photographer and Mazamas member, during a climb he led up Mount Rainier in 1897. <mask>re died during the descent after losing his footing; he had been gathering information to calculate Rainier's height. Curtis respected her independent mountain climbing ability and she assisted him on other climbs. The August 26, 1899 issue of Harper's Weekly reported on her trek with the Mazamas in the North Cascades up Sahale Mountain.Career Education In 1889, after receiving her teaching certificate, <mask> taught in Portland, Oregon schools. In 1894, she became the principal of the Ainsworth School, a position she held for 13 years. Photography <mask> moved to Seattle, Washington by 1907 to work in the Curtis Studio. She managed the office and worked in the showroom and darkroom. In 1909, she operated his booth at the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition. She opened her own studio in 1916 and the following year <mask> joined <mask> as a partner. In 1918, Wayne Albee joined the studio as chief photographer and a partner.He was assisted by Soichi Sunami and Frank Kunishige. Albee was a source of inspiration for <mask>'s photography, she was particularly interested in floral fine art works beginning in 1920. The studio's images were produced in local publications, including the Town Crier magazine. It photographed musicians and dancers at the Cornish School of the Arts. <mask>'s work was "firmly in the Pictorialist school", a "Modernist sharp-focus documentary style" that was prevalent after the 1920s, and became less popular over time. She was the only Caucasian and only woman who exhibited at the North American Times Exhibition of Pictorial Photographs in 1921. She won honorable mention for three of the floral photographs she exhibited at the Frederick & Nelson Salon.In 1922, she exhibited at a Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain competition. There were only 154 works selected out of thousands submitted. Three floral photographs of twelve accepted by American photographers were taken by <mask>. <mask> exhibited eight photographs in 1922 at the Frederick & Nelson Salon. It includes a portrait of Kunishige, other figure studies, landscapes and the floral still-life, Life & Death. She exhibited at F&N in 1923 and 1925. Her interest in Japanese art is evident in her A Shirley Poppy and Dogwood works.<mask> was an early member of the Seattle Camera Club, which stated that she was among the world's most exhibited photographers. He works included floral and figure studies of artists and dancers. Her works were published in the Royal Photographic Society, American Photography and other magazines in the United States and abroad. Full-page illustrations of her photographs were shown in the American Annual of Photography in 1927 and 1928. Her work was exhibited at the First International Photographic Salon of Japan in May 1927 and then solo exhibitions. In August, 30 of her prints were shown at the California Camera Club in San Francisco and in November at the Portage Camera Club in Akron, Ohio. Another solo exhibition was held in January 1931 at the Art Institute of Seattle.Her works were exhibited internationally in Paris, London, Stockholm, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Toronto, Turin, Vancouver, and Budapest. Within the United States, besides Seattle, her works were shown in New York, Chicago, Rochester, Syracuse, Cleveland, Akron, and Portland. Her exhibitions were concentrated over a 10-year period, during which she was the sixth most exhibited Pictorialist photographer in the world in 1926 to 1927. She stopped exhibiting at the beginning of the Depression. In 1925, <mask> cofounded the women's Seattle Metropolitan Soropotomist Club, which she was a member and officer for almost 40 years. She focused most of her effort on her studio during the Depression. Albee had moved to California about 1930 and in 1932 she took on a new partner, commercial photographer Richard H. Anderson, who particularly took images of children.From then until the 1960s, it was one of the leading studios in Seattle. They were located in the Loveless Studio building. Her eyesight began to fail and at the age of 91, she retired. Her work is documented in the book Captive Light: The Life and Photography of <mask><mask> by Margaret E. Bullock and David F. Martin. Death <mask> died at 102 years and 10 months of age on September 14, 1965, when she was still vital and clear-minded. Some of her negatives from 1917 to the 1950s are at the Seattle's Museum of History & Industry (MOHAI); others were destroyed. Fifteen photographs taken by <mask> or her studio are among the collection of the University of Washington Libraries.They include studio portraits, such as poet Don Blanding, and images of the University of Washington campus. Collections <mask>'s works are included in the collections of: Los Angeles County Museum of Art Minneapolis Institute of Arts Museum of History & Industry (MOHAI), Seattle Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art, Logan, Utah. Seattle Art Museum Tacoma Art Museum References Further reading External links <mask> History Links encyclopedia article and images Artists from Seattle American women photographers American centenarians 1862 births 1965 deaths Fine art photographers 19th-century American women artists 20th-century American women artists Women centenarians 19th-century women photographers 20th-century women photographers

An American fine-art photographer, mountain climber, and centenarian, she was known for her career achievements after age sixty. She ran her own photography studio for over thirty years and also ran the Edward S. Curtis photography studio for eight years. She was a mentor to Frank Kunishige and Soichi Sunami. On November 17, 1862, Samuel B<mask> and <mask>'s daughter was born. The family traveled via the Isthmus of Panama to Oregon in 1865. In 1882, he graduated from high school. There are mountains on the west coast.Over the course of her life, she climbed more than thirty-six mountains. She joined the organization in 1896. She was the group's historian from 1896 to 1898. She met <mask>.Curtis, who was a photographer and a member of the Mazamas, while climbing Mount Rainier in 1897. The man who died on the descent was gathering information to calculate the height of the man. She assisted him on other climbs because she respected her independence. The August 26, 1899 issue ofHarper's Weekly reported on her trek with the Mazama.After receiving her teaching certificate, she taught in Portland, Oregon. She held the position of principal for 13 years. The photographer moved to Seattle in 1907 to work in the studio. She worked in the darkroom and showroom. She operated his booth at the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific exposition in 1909. <mask> joined <mask> as a partner after she opened her studio in 1916. In 1918, Wayne Albee joined the studio.Frank Kunishige and Soichi Sunami were with him. Albee was a source of inspiration for <mask>'s photography, she was particularly interested in floral fine art works beginning in 1920. The studio's images were used in local publications. The Cornish School of the Arts has musicians and dancers. The "Modernist sharp-focus documentary style" that was prevalent after the 1920s became less popular over time. She was the only white woman who exhibited at the North American Times exhibition. She won an honorable mention for three of her photographs.She exhibited at the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain in 1922. Out of thousands of submissions, 154 works were selected. Three floral photographs of twelve were accepted by American photographers. The Frederick & Nelson Salon had an exhibit by <mask> in 1922. There is a portrait of Kunishige, other figure studies, landscapes and a floral still-life. She displayed her work at F&N in 1923 and 1925. Her interest in Japanese art can be seen in her works.The Seattle Camera Club stated that she was among the world's most exhibited photographers. There were floral and figure studies in his works. Her works were published in magazines in the United States and abroad. The American Annual of Photography featured full-page illustrations of her photographs. She exhibited her work at the First International Photographic Salon of Japan in 1927. In August, 30 of her prints were shown at the California Camera Club in San Francisco. The Art Institute of Seattle held a solo exhibition in January 1931.Her works were exhibited in a number of countries. In the United States, her works were shown in New York, Chicago, Rochester, Syracuse, Cleveland, Akron, and Portland. During the 10-year period, she was the sixth most exhibited photographer in the world. She stopped showing at the beginning of the Depression. She was a member and officer of the Seattle Metropolitan Soropotomist Club for over 40 years. During the Depression, she focused most of her efforts on her studio. After moving to California in 1930, Albee took on a new partner, commercial photographer Richard H. Anderson, who took images of children.It was one of the top studios in Seattle. The Loveless studio building was where they were located. At the age of 91, she retired. Margaret E. Bullock and David F. Martin wrote a book about her work. Death <mask> died at the age of 102 years and 10 months on September 14, 1965, when she was still vital and clear-minded. Some of her negatives from 1917 to the 1950s are at the Seattle's Museum of History & Industry. The University of Washington Libraries has a collection of fifteen photographs taken by <mask>.They have images of the University of Washington campus and studio portraits of poet Don Blanding. The collections include the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Minneapolis Institute of Arts Museum of History & Industry (MOHAI), Seattle and a museum in Utah. Links encyclopedia article and images Artists from Seattle American women photographers American centenarians 1862 births 1965, deaths Fine art photographers 19th-century American women artists 20th-century American women artists Women centenarians 19th-

3680937

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Nelson%20%28footballer%29

Michael Nelson (footballer)

Michael John Nelson (born 23 March 1980) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender and is assistant manager at Hartlepool United. Nelson has previously played for Scunthorpe United, Norwich City, Hartlepool United, Bury, Kilmarnock, Bradford City, Hibernian, Cambridge United, Barnet and Chesterfield. Club career Early career Born in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, Nelson started his playing career as a semi-professional, playing for non-League teams such as Spennymoor United, Leek Town and Bishop Auckland. Nelson's performances attracted the attention of league clubs who sent scouts to watch him. Nelson was given a trial at Hartlepool but he was not offered a contract by the then Hartlepool manager Chris Turner. However Nelson was offered a contract at Bury by manager Andy Preece after Bury scout Peter Ward convinced him to give Nelson a chance. Bury Once Nelson had settled down to professional football, he gradually became a first team regular and during his first full season at Bury he managed to play 31 of the club's 46 league matches, scoring 2 goals in the process. Nelson formed a defensive partnership with Danny Swailes. However, during the season Nelson suffered what he described as the worst injury of his career after suffering a collapsed lung and several cracked ribs after a collision during Bury's match against Wigan Athletic. Nelson had to have a drain inserted into his chest for several days while he was hospitalised. The injury threatened to keep him sidelined for three months but remarkably Nelson was able to resume training less than three weeks later. Despite being dropped early on, Nelson's second season turned out to be even more successful as he played in 40 of Bury's 46 matches, scoring 5 goals. Nelson was made club captain and his performances earned him the respect of the club's players and fans. During that season, Bury manager Andy Preece hailed Nelson as "the best centre-half in Division Three". However, Bury failed to gain promotion to League 1 as they missed out during the play-offs and Nelson was offered the chance to play in a higher division by several League 1 clubs. Hartlepool United The following season, Nelson joined Hartlepool United on the same day that Neale Cooper was appointed manager for a fee of around £70,000. Nelson was seen as natural replacement for Graeme Lee who had joined Sheffield Wednesday. Nelson started strongly for Hartlepool and scored the winner from 30 yards during his debut in Hartlepool's 4–3 win over Peterborough. This goal almost earned him another award as it was on the shortlist for Hartlepool's Goal of the Season. He was also voted September's Player of the Month on the official Hartlepool website. Nelson began to form a strong partnership with Chris Westwood and the pair played together for the majority of Hartlepool's games. Nelson went on to play in 40 of Hartlepool's league matches and played in both legs of Hartlepool's play-off semi-final match against Bristol City. Nelson was in contention for Hartlepool's Fans and Players' Player of the season but he missed out to Jim Provett on both occasions. However Nelson failed to maintain this through to the 2004–05 season and he handed in a transfer request. His agent claimed that he'd been "promised" a better deal. This triggered a feud with Hartlepool chairman Ken Hodcroft who criticised Nelson and his agent. Nelson was missing in several of Hartlepool's matches and was rumoured to be signing for Hull City for a fee of around £100,000. However Nelson withdrew his transfer request and was reinstalled into the starting line-up. His performances earned him an improved contract and he was offered a new three-year contract that would tie him to the club until 2008. Nelson's third season of the club saw him receiving his first red card for Hartlepool after he retaliated and elbowed Jack Lester during Hartlepool's defeat to Nottingham Forest. He was the favoured central defender alongside Ben Clark during the 2006–07 campaign, playing a major part in the 18 game unbeaten run along with Dimitrios Konstantopoulos in goal. The season also saw him take the captain's armband in the absence on Michael Barron. Nelson was named in the PFA League Two Team of the Year for the 2006–07 season. Norwich City In June 2009, Nelson agreed to join Norwich City, who had just been relegated to League One, on a two-year deal once his contract at Hartlepool expired at the end of the month. He made his debut in the 7–1 opening-day thrashing at the hands of Colchester, and did not play for the first team again until the game against his former club Hartlepool later in August, in which he scored a magnificent overhead kick. It was his first goal for Norwich and put the Canaries on course for a 2–0 win at Victoria Park. Nelson established himself as a regular starter following an injury to teammate Jens Berthel Askou in December. He subsequently formed a strong central defensive partnership with Gary Doherty as Norwich surged up the League One table, overhauling runaway leaders Leeds United in the process. On 17 April 2010, he scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory at Charlton Athletic which secured Norwich's return to the Championship at the first attempt. Nelson's scored his third goal for Norwich in a 2–0 win over Gillingham. In his second season, Nelson scored his fourth goal against Watford in a 3–2 loss in Norwich City's first match of the season. Nelson scored his fifth and last goal for Norwich against Sheffield United in a 4–2 win. Nelson remained in the first team for Norwich City until he suffered a foot injury. Following his return from injury, Nelson was targeting the first team but was deemed surplus to requirements by Canaries boss Paul Lambert as Lambert favoured Elliott Ward and Leon Barnett as their first choice centre back. Nelson is held in very high esteem by Norwich City fans for his performances during the successful League One campaign. He received a standing ovation from Carrow Road on his return with new club Scunthorpe United. Scunthorpe United He left the Canaries on deadline day in January 2011 for an undisclosed fee, joining Scunthorpe United, just an hour from the deadline. Nelson made his debut for Scunthorpe United in a disastrous 5–1 defeat to Hull City. At the end of the season, Scunthorpe were relegated to League One. Nelson scored his first goal for Scunthorpe in a 1–1 draw against Wycombe Wanderers. Scunthorpe's poor form continued and at the end of 2011 the club was just above the relegation zone to League Two. In January 2012, Nelson was strongly linked with move away from Scunthorpe following a restructuring programme at the club. Kilmarnock On 14 January 2012, Nelson signed for Scottish Premier League side Kilmarnock, a two-and-a-half-year contract. After the move, Manager Kenny Shiels described new signing Nelson as 'quality' and expected Nelson will be good asset in the second half of the season. Shortly joining, Nelson revealed that then Norwich City manager Paul Lambert made a recommendation of Nelson joining Kilmarnock. Nelson had to wait until on 4 February 2012 when he made his debut, playing in the central defence, in a 1–1 draw against Dunfermline Athletic. Then on 18 March, he played in the 2012 Scottish League Cup Final which Kilmarnock won after beating Celtic 1–0. A week after the Scottish League Cup Final, Nelson scored his first goal for the club in a 4–3 thriller victory over Inverness Caledonian Thistle The next season, Nelson continued to retain his first team place until he left and start his new season when he scored his first goal in the second round of Scottish League Cup, in a 2–1 loss against Stenhousemuir and he soon scored his second goal for the club in a 2–1 loss against St Johnstone on 24 November 2012. Bradford City On 15 January 2013, Nelson agreed to join Bradford City on an 18-month deal for an undisclosed fee. Thirty days later, on 15 February 2013, when asked why Nelson was sold, Shiels then explained his decision selling Nelson, that he wanted to be close with his children and described his departure as a "big loss". He made his debut on 2 February, in a 2–2 draw away to Fleetwood Town. Nelson was an unused substitute as Bradford won promotion to League One by winning the 2013 Football League Two play-off Final. Hibernian On 1 August 2013 Nelson signed a two-year deal with Scottish Premiership side Hibernian, moving from Bradford City for a nominal transfer fee. He had then left the club after agreeing mutual termination of his contract. Cambridge United On 26 August 2014 Nelson signed a one-year contract with League Two side Cambridge United shortly after agreeing mutual termination with his previous club Hibernian. At the end of the 2014–15 season the club did not offer him a new deal when his contract expired. Barnet Nelson joined Barnet on trial in 2015–16 pre-season, and signed a one-year deal on 3 August. Nelson signed a new deal at the end of the season and extended his contract into a third year in summer 2017, also taking up a role as the club's under-23 team coach. Following the appointment of Graham Westley as head coach, Nelson was appointed as his assistant for the first team, but returned to playing duties following the appointment of Martin Allen. Barnet claimed to have offered Nelson a new contract at the end of the 2017–18 season, but this was disputed by the player himself. Chesterfield Nelson signed a one-year deal with Chesterfield on 22 May 2018. Manager Martin Allen said "Michael is very old with great experience and good knowledge. He is a leader of men and he knows how to win games. He is as fit as a butcher's dog and he is a great man to work with." Gateshead In the summer of 2019, Nelson signed for his home town club, Gateshead, as a player-coach; he made his début in a 0–0 draw at A.F.C. Telford United on 10 August. Stevenage Nelson was appointed assistant manager of Stevenage on 17 January 2020, once again assisting Graham Westley. Nelson left the club a month later after Alex Revell was appointed manager. Coaching Career Blyth Spartans Nelson returned to playing when he joined Blyth Spartans on 26 February 2020 until the end of the season. A week later Nelson was then made player-manager after the departure of Lee Clark. Hartlepool United On 1 December 2021, Nelson left Blyth Spartans to join former club Hartlepool United as assistant manager to the newly appointed Graeme Lee. Career statistics Managerial statistics As of 1 December 2021: Honours Club Hartlepool United Football League Two runners-up: 2006–07 Norwich City Football League One: 2009–10 Kilmarnock Scottish League Cup: 2011–12 Individual Bury Player of the Year: 2002–03 PFA League Two Team of the Year: 2007 References External links 1980 births Living people Footballers from Gateshead English footballers Association football defenders Leek Town F.C. players Spennymoor United F.C. players Bishop Auckland F.C. players Bury F.C. players Hartlepool United F.C. players Norwich City F.C. players Scunthorpe United F.C. players Kilmarnock F.C. players Bradford City A.F.C. players Hibernian F.C. players Cambridge United F.C. players Barnet F.C. players Barnet F.C. non-playing staff Chesterfield F.C. players Gateshead F.C. players Stevenage F.C. non-playing staff Blyth Spartans A.F.C. players Blyth Spartans A.F.C. managers Categry:Hartlepool United F.C. non-playing staff English Football League players National League (English football) players National League (English football) managers Scottish Premier League players Scottish Professional Football League players English football managers

<mask> (born 23 March 1980) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender and is assistant manager at Hartlepool United. <mask> has previously played for Scunthorpe United, Norwich City, Hartlepool United, Bury, Kilmarnock, Bradford City, Hibernian, Cambridge United, Barnet and Chesterfield. Club career Early career Born in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, <mask> started his playing career as a semi-professional, playing for non-League teams such as Spennymoor United, Leek Town and Bishop Auckland. <mask>'s performances attracted the attention of league clubs who sent scouts to watch him. <mask> was given a trial at Hartlepool but he was not offered a contract by the then Hartlepool manager Chris Turner. However <mask> was offered a contract at Bury by manager Andy Preece after Bury scout Peter Ward convinced him to give <mask> a chance. Bury Once <mask> had settled down to professional football, he gradually became a first team regular and during his first full season at Bury he managed to play 31 of the club's 46 league matches, scoring 2 goals in the process.<mask> formed a defensive partnership with Danny Swailes. However, during the season <mask> suffered what he described as the worst injury of his career after suffering a collapsed lung and several cracked ribs after a collision during Bury's match against Wigan Athletic. <mask> had to have a drain inserted into his chest for several days while he was hospitalised. The injury threatened to keep him sidelined for three months but remarkably <mask> was able to resume training less than three weeks later. Despite being dropped early on, <mask>'s second season turned out to be even more successful as he played in 40 of Bury's 46 matches, scoring 5 goals. <mask> was made club captain and his performances earned him the respect of the club's players and fans. During that season, Bury manager Andy Preece hailed <mask> as "the best centre-half in Division Three".However, Bury failed to gain promotion to League 1 as they missed out during the play-offs and <mask> was offered the chance to play in a higher division by several League 1 clubs. Hartlepool United The following season, <mask> joined Hartlepool United on the same day that Neale Cooper was appointed manager for a fee of around £70,000. <mask> was seen as natural replacement for Graeme Lee who had joined Sheffield Wednesday. <mask> started strongly for Hartlepool and scored the winner from 30 yards during his debut in Hartlepool's 4–3 win over Peterborough. This goal almost earned him another award as it was on the shortlist for Hartlepool's Goal of the Season. He was also voted September's Player of the Month on the official Hartlepool website. <mask> began to form a strong partnership with Chris Westwood and the pair played together for the majority of Hartlepool's games.<mask> went on to play in 40 of Hartlepool's league matches and played in both legs of Hartlepool's play-off semi-final match against Bristol City. <mask> was in contention for Hartlepool's Fans and Players' Player of the season but he missed out to Jim Provett on both occasions. However <mask> failed to maintain this through to the 2004–05 season and he handed in a transfer request. His agent claimed that he'd been "promised" a better deal. This triggered a feud with Hartlepool chairman Ken Hodcroft who criticised <mask> and his agent. <mask> was missing in several of Hartlepool's matches and was rumoured to be signing for Hull City for a fee of around £100,000. However <mask> withdrew his transfer request and was reinstalled into the starting line-up.His performances earned him an improved contract and he was offered a new three-year contract that would tie him to the club until 2008. <mask>'s third season of the club saw him receiving his first red card for Hartlepool after he retaliated and elbowed Jack Lester during Hartlepool's defeat to Nottingham Forest. He was the favoured central defender alongside Ben Clark during the 2006–07 campaign, playing a major part in the 18 game unbeaten run along with Dimitrios Konstantopoulos in goal. The season also saw him take the captain's armband in the absence on <mask>. <mask> was named in the PFA League Two Team of the Year for the 2006–07 season. Norwich City In June 2009, <mask> agreed to join Norwich City, who had just been relegated to League One, on a two-year deal once his contract at Hartlepool expired at the end of the month. He made his debut in the 7–1 opening-day thrashing at the hands of Colchester, and did not play for the first team again until the game against his former club Hartlepool later in August, in which he scored a magnificent overhead kick.It was his first goal for Norwich and put the Canaries on course for a 2–0 win at Victoria Park. <mask> established himself as a regular starter following an injury to teammate Jens Berthel Askou in December. He subsequently formed a strong central defensive partnership with Gary Doherty as Norwich surged up the League One table, overhauling runaway leaders Leeds United in the process. On 17 April 2010, he scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory at Charlton Athletic which secured Norwich's return to the Championship at the first attempt. <mask>'s scored his third goal for Norwich in a 2–0 win over Gillingham. In his second season, <mask> scored his fourth goal against Watford in a 3–2 loss in Norwich City's first match of the season. <mask> scored his fifth and last goal for Norwich against Sheffield United in a 4–2 win.<mask> remained in the first team for Norwich City until he suffered a foot injury. Following his return from injury, <mask> was targeting the first team but was deemed surplus to requirements by Canaries boss Paul Lambert as Lambert favoured Elliott Ward and Leon Barnett as their first choice centre back. <mask> is held in very high esteem by Norwich City fans for his performances during the successful League One campaign. He received a standing ovation from Carrow Road on his return with new club Scunthorpe United. Scunthorpe United He left the Canaries on deadline day in January 2011 for an undisclosed fee, joining Scunthorpe United, just an hour from the deadline. <mask> made his debut for Scunthorpe United in a disastrous 5–1 defeat to Hull City. At the end of the season, Scunthorpe were relegated to League One.<mask> scored his first goal for Scunthorpe in a 1–1 draw against Wycombe Wanderers. Scunthorpe's poor form continued and at the end of 2011 the club was just above the relegation zone to League Two. In January 2012, <mask> was strongly linked with move away from Scunthorpe following a restructuring programme at the club. Kilmarnock On 14 January 2012, <mask> signed for Scottish Premier League side Kilmarnock, a two-and-a-half-year contract. After the move, Manager Kenny Shiels described new signing <mask> as 'quality' and expected <mask> will be good asset in the second half of the season. Shortly joining, <mask> revealed that then Norwich City manager Paul Lambert made a recommendation of <mask> joining Kilmarnock. <mask> had to wait until on 4 February 2012 when he made his debut, playing in the central defence, in a 1–1 draw against Dunfermline Athletic.Then on 18 March, he played in the 2012 Scottish League Cup Final which Kilmarnock won after beating Celtic 1–0. A week after the Scottish League Cup Final, <mask> scored his first goal for the club in a 4–3 thriller victory over Inverness Caledonian Thistle The next season, <mask> continued to retain his first team place until he left and start his new season when he scored his first goal in the second round of Scottish League Cup, in a 2–1 loss against Stenhousemuir and he soon scored his second goal for the club in a 2–1 loss against St Johnstone on 24 November 2012. Bradford City On 15 January 2013, <mask> agreed to join Bradford City on an 18-month deal for an undisclosed fee. Thirty days later, on 15 February 2013, when asked why <mask> was sold, Shiels then explained his decision selling <mask>, that he wanted to be close with his children and described his departure as a "big loss". He made his debut on 2 February, in a 2–2 draw away to Fleetwood Town. <mask> was an unused substitute as Bradford won promotion to League One by winning the 2013 Football League Two play-off Final. Hibernian On 1 August 2013 <mask> signed a two-year deal with Scottish Premiership side Hibernian, moving from Bradford City for a nominal transfer fee.He had then left the club after agreeing mutual termination of his contract. Cambridge United On 26 August 2014 <mask> signed a one-year contract with League Two side Cambridge United shortly after agreeing mutual termination with his previous club Hibernian. At the end of the 2014–15 season the club did not offer him a new deal when his contract expired. Barnet <mask> joined Barnet on trial in 2015–16 pre-season, and signed a one-year deal on 3 August. <mask> signed a new deal at the end of the season and extended his contract into a third year in summer 2017, also taking up a role as the club's under-23 team coach. Following the appointment of Graham Westley as head coach, <mask> was appointed as his assistant for the first team, but returned to playing duties following the appointment of Martin Allen. Barnet claimed to have offered <mask> a new contract at the end of the 2017–18 season, but this was disputed by the player himself.Chesterfield Nelson signed a one-year deal with Chesterfield on 22 May 2018. Manager Martin Allen said "<mask> is very old with great experience and good knowledge. He is a leader of men and he knows how to win games. He is as fit as a butcher's dog and he is a great man to work with." Gateshead In the summer of 2019, <mask> signed for his home town club, Gateshead, as a player-coach; he made his début in a 0–0 draw at A.F.C. Telford United on 10 August. Stevenage <mask> was appointed assistant manager of Stevenage on 17 January 2020, once again assisting Graham Westley.<mask> left the club a month later after Alex Revell was appointed manager. Coaching Career Blyth Spartans <mask> returned to playing when he joined Blyth Spartans on 26 February 2020 until the end of the season. A week later <mask> was then made player-manager after the departure of Lee Clark. Hartlepool United On 1 December 2021, <mask> left Blyth Spartans to join former club Hartlepool United as assistant manager to the newly appointed Graeme Lee. Career statistics Managerial statistics As of 1 December 2021: Honours Club Hartlepool United Football League Two runners-up: 2006–07 Norwich City Football League One: 2009–10 Kilmarnock Scottish League Cup: 2011–12 Individual Bury Player of the Year: 2002–03 PFA League Two Team of the Year: 2007 References External links 1980 births Living people Footballers from Gateshead English footballers Association football defenders Leek Town F.C. players Spennymoor United F.C. players Bishop Auckland F.C.players Bury F.C. players Hartlepool United F.C. players Norwich City F.C. players Scunthorpe United F.C. players Kilmarnock F.C. players Bradford City A.F.C. players Hibernian F.C.players Cambridge United F.C. players Barnet F.C. players Barnet F.C. non-playing staff Chesterfield F.C. players Gateshead F.C. players Stevenage F.C. non-playing staff Blyth Spartans A.F.C.players Blyth Spartans A.F.C. managers Categry:Hartlepool United F.C. non-playing staff English Football League players National League (English football) players National League (English football) managers Scottish Premier League players Scottish Professional Football League players English football managers

<mask> is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender and is an assistant manager. <mask> has played for a number of different teams. <mask> began his playing career as a semi-professional, playing for non-League teams such as Spennymoor United. League clubs sent scouts to watch <mask>'s performances. Chris Turner was the manager of Hartlepool at the time and he did not offer <mask> a contract. <mask> was offered a contract by Andy Preece after Peter Ward convinced him to give him a chance. <mask> played 31 of the club's 46 league matches in his first full season, scoring 2 goals, as he gradually became a first team regular.<mask> formed a partnership with Danny. <mask> suffered a collapsed lung and several cracked ribs after a collision during the match against Wigan Athletic, which was the worst injury of his career. <mask> had a drain inserted into his chest while he was in the hospital. <mask> was able to return to training less than three weeks after the injury. <mask>'s second season was even better as he played in 40 of the 46 matches and scored 5 goals. The respect of the club's players and fans was earned by <mask>, who was made club captain. <mask> was hailed as the best centre-half in Division Three by Andy Preece.<mask> was offered the chance to play in a higher division by several League 1 clubs after he failed to gain promotion to League 1. <mask> joined Hartlepool United on the same day that Cooper was appointed manager. <mask> was seen as the natural replacement for Lee. <mask> scored the winner from 30 yards on his debut for Hartlepool. He almost got another award for this goal as it was on the short list for the goal of the season. He was voted September's Player of the month on the official website. <mask> and Westwood formed a strong partnership and played together for most of the games.<mask> played in both the first and second legs of the play-off match against Bristol City. <mask> was in the running for the Fans and Players' Player of the season, but he missed out on it. <mask> handed in a transfer request after he failed to maintain this through the 2004–05 season. His agent said that he had been promised a better deal. <mask> and his agent were criticized by the chairman of Hartlepool. <mask> was rumored to be signing for Hull City for a fee of around $100,000 after missing several matches. <mask> was reinstalled into the starting line-up after withdrawing his transfer request.He was offered a new three-year contract that would tie him to the club until 2008. <mask> received his first red card for Hartlepool in the third season of the club after he retaliated and elbowed Jack Lester during their defeat toNottingham Forest. During the 2006–07 campaign, he was the preferred central defender, playing a major part in the 18 game perfect run along with Dimitrios Konstantopoulos in goal. He was the captain in the absence of <mask>. <mask> was a member of the League Two Team of the Year. After his contract at Hartlepool expired at the end of the month, <mask> agreed to join Norwich City, who had just been promoted to League One. He didn't play for the first team again until the game against his former club, Hartlepool, in which he scored a wonderful overhead kick.It was his first goal for the Canaries and they were on their way to a 2–0 win. Following an injury to teammate Jens Berthel Askou, <mask> established himself as a regular starter. He formed a strong central defensive partnership with Gary Doherty as the Canaries surged up the League One table. On 17 April 2010, he scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory at Charlton Athletic which securedNorwich's return to the Championship at the first attempt. In a 2–0 win over Gillingham, <mask> scored his third goal. <mask> scored his fourth goal of the season in the first match of the season, but the Canaries lost 3–2. <mask> scored his fifth and last goal in a 4–2 win.<mask> was in the first team until he injured his foot. <mask> was surplus to requirements when he came back from injury and was replaced by Leon Barnett in the first team. <mask> is held in high regard by the fans of Norwich City for his performances during the League One campaign. He received a standing applause from the crowd at Carrow Road. Just an hour from the deadline, he left the Canaries for an undisclosed fee and joined Scunthorpe United. <mask> made his debut in a loss to Hull City. The team was demoted to League One at the end of the season.<mask> scored his first goal in a 1–1 draw. At the end of the year, the club was just above the danger zone in League Two. <mask> was linked with a move away from the club in January of 2012 after a restructuring programme at the club. <mask> signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Kilmarnock. <mask> will be a good asset in the second half of the season according to Manager Kenny Shiels. <mask> revealed that he was recommended to join Kilmarnock by the manager of Norwich City. <mask> made his debut in the central defence in a 1–1 draw against Dunfermline Athletic on February 4, 2012On 18 March, he played in the 2012 Scottish League Cup Final, in which Kilmarnock beat Celtic. <mask> scored his first goal for the club in a 4–3 thriller victory over Inverness Caledonian Thistle a week after the Scottish League Cup Final. <mask> agreed to join Bradford City on an 18-month deal for an undisclosed fee. When asked why <mask> was sold, Shiels explained that he wanted to be close with his children and described his departure as a big loss. He made his debut in a 2–2 draw away to Fleetwood Town. <mask> was an unused substitute as the team won promotion to League One. <mask> signed a two-year deal with Hibs on August 1st, for a nominal transfer fee.He mutually terminated his contract with the club. <mask> signed a one-year contract with Cambridge United after agreeing to leave his previous club. When his contract expired at the end of the season, the club did not offer him a new deal. The trialist signed a one-year deal with the club on 3 August. <mask> signed a new deal at the end of the season and also took up a role as the club's under-23 team coach. Following the appointment of Graham Westley as head coach, <mask> was appointed as his assistant for the first team, but returned to playing duties after the appointment of Martin Allen. <mask> disagreed with the claim that he was offered a new contract at the end of the season.On May 22, 2018, <mask> signed a one-year deal. Martin Allen said that <mask> is very old and has good knowledge. He knows how to win games. He is a great man to work with and he is as fit as a butcher's dog. <mask> made his debut as a player-coach for his hometown club, Gateshead, in a 0–0 draw at A.F.C. There is a United on 10 August. On January 17, 2020, Graham Westley was once again assisted by Stevenage <mask>.<mask> left the club a month later. <mask> joined the Spartans on February 26, 2020 and stayed until the end of the season. <mask> was made player-manager after Lee Clark left. <mask> joined former club Hartlepool United as an assistant manager in December of 2021. As of December 2021, Managerial statistics include Club Hartlepool United Football League Two runners-up, Norwich City Football League One, and the Kilmarnock Scottish League Cup. The players are from Spennymoor United F.C. The players are from Bishop Auckland F.C.The players are from Bury F.C. The players are from Hartlepool United F.C. The players are from Norfolk City F.C. The players are from Scunthorpe United F.C. The players are from Kilmarnock F.C. The players are fromBradford City A.F.C. The players are from Hibernian F.C.The players of United F.C. are from Cambridge. The players are from Barnet F.C. The players are from Barnet F.C. The staff is not playing. The players of F.C. are from Gateshead. The players are from F.C. The Blyth Spartans A.F.C. are not playing staff.The players are from the Spartans. The managers are fromHartlepool United F.C. Non-playing staff English Football League players National League (English football) players National League (English football) managers Scottish Professional Football League players English football managers

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Bender

Richard Bender

Richard Bender is an architect and urban planner with extensive experience in urban, campus and community design. He also serves as dean emeritus and professor of architecture at the College of Environmental Design at the University of California at Berkeley. Bender has also taught at The Cooper Union, Columbia University, the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Swiss Federal Technical University, and the Instituto Universitario Arquitettura in Venice. Bender has served as chairman of Berkeley's Department of Architecture, as associate dean for research in the College of Environmental Design, as director of the Campus Planning Study Group and the Urban Construction Laboratory at Berkeley. He has been the Visiting “GC-5” Professor of Urban Design and Construction at Tokyo University, and an honorary professor at the Université Europeene de Maitrise D’Oeuvre Urbaine in Cergy¬Pontoise, France.<ref name=undefined In the United States, he has been a member of the Federal Construction Council of the Building Research Advisory Board, an advisor to the National Endowment for the Arts, and a technical advisor to the National ‘Douglas Commission’ in Urban Problems. According to biographer Elizabeth Douthitt Byrne, in Bender's “distinguished and wide-ranging international career in teaching and practice [he] has studied or worked with and/or been associated with some of the most influential artists, designers, builders and planners of the 20th and 21st centuries, including Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, Josep Lluis Sert, Mark Rothko, Frank Lloyd Wright, Pete Seeger, Norman Mailer, Buckminster Fuller, Renzo Piano, Daniel Libeskind, Margaret Mead, Le Corbusier, Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, Saul Steinberg, I.M. Pei, Ada Louise Huxtable, Jean Nouvel, Fumihiko Maki, Reyner Banham, and many, many more. With his teaching and practice in New York, Greenland, Switzerland, France and Japan, he relishes learning and stimulating learning, bringing people together across disciplines.” Bender was a founding director of the nonprofit BRIDGE Housing Corporation. He continues as an emeritus director. He served The Getty Trust as advisor during the design and construction of The Getty Center in Los Angeles. He has directed master plans for the Benesse Art Site on the Island of Naoshima, Japan and Nanyang Technical University in Singapore, as well as directing plans throughout the University of California System, including at The University of California at San Diego, UC Santa Cruz as well as UC Berkeley. Commemorating his important service to the University of California system, then Chancellor Chang-lin Tien awarded Bender the Berkeley Citation in 1990. At the ceremony, the chancellor noted that, “Dean Bender revitalized the planning process on the Berkeley Campus. He defined, instituted and led the Design Review Board. This has worked so well that he has been called upon by several other UC campuses to institute the concept there. And he has left his mark on so many building projects that it must truly be said of him, as for others like Frederick Law Olmsted and John Galen Howard, that the campus itself as a built environment is in significant part his monument.” In 2012, Bender was honored with the creation of a fellowship at the College of Environmental Designed, which was named after him. "The Fellowship, established by an anonymous donor, will be used to support a dual-degree graduate student in the Department of City and Regional Planning and the Department of Architecture who focuses on the design of affordable housing in livable communities," building off Bender's legacy of affordability in community planning. Publications Selected Master Plans: “Naoshima Master Plan”, Benesse, Okayama, (with Phillip Enquist and SOM Chicago, 1995 “Master Plan and Implementation Program” for the University of California Santa Cruz, (with EDAW & SOM) 1989 “Master Plan and Implementation Program” for the University of California San Diego (with SOM) 1989 Urban design studies for the Berkeley campus / contributors, Campus Planning Study Group, Richard Bender, University of California, Berkeley. Campus Planning Study Group. Berkeley : Center for Planning & Development Research, College of Environmental Design, University of California, Berkeley, 1979–1982. “Boeing in Building – a Report on the Potential for Involvement”, (with William Meyer and Building Systems Development, San Francisco), June, 1970 “Master Plan for CERN” for the Nuclear Research Center in Geneva, Die Bauten des CERN, Organisation Europeenne pour la Recherche Nucleaire, in Gent, Verlage Buchdruckeri Winterthur. Ag, with Architekten Dr, Rudolf Steiger und Peter Steiger, Zurich, October, 1960 Books and Selected Chapters: A Crack in the Rearview Mirror: Views of the Industrialization of Building, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973 The Form of Housing, (Housing and Urbanism) edited by Sam Davis, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977. “Berkeley Campus and Community” Univer-Cities, Strategic Implications for Asia, Richard Bender, Emily Marthinsen, John Parman, Editor, Anthony SC Teo, Volumes I and II, World Scientific Press, London 2015 The Future of the City - Centre for Studies and Research, Dipartimento di Architettura e Urbanistica per l’Ingegneria - Università di Roma Sapienza. Issue #03, February 2007 “San Francisco: Evolution of a City and its Region”, Proceedings of the 49th IFHP World Congress, International Federation of Housing and Planning, Rome, October 2–5, 2005 (Prof. Richard Bender with John Parman) “New Directions for A New Millennium - One World - Global But Local”’ Keynote Address, Proceedings of the Nagoya International Design Conference, October 6, 1997 “A University Without Walls – Fact or Fancy”, Trusteeship, The Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges, July/August 1996 “Affordable Housing, Liveable Communities,” PLACES, MIT Press, Vol. 2, No. 1, May 1985. “The Factory Without Walls: Industrialization in Residential Construction,” California Management Review, Spring 1976, Vol. XVIII, No. 3, (with John Parman.) “The Industrialization of the Building Site: An Analysis of Experience in Operation Breakthrough,” Industrialization Forum, Vol. VI, No. 1, (with John Parman.) 1975 “Incremental Infrastructure,” Proceedings of the MIT Symposium on Strategies for A.I.D. Programs in Selected Areas of Science and Technology: Vol. 2: Housing, Transportation and Water Resources, ed. J.P. Ruina, April 1974. “Dust to Dust - The Ultimate System,” Progressive Architecture, December 1973. “Industrialization and Self-Help Housing,: Proceedings of the Shirtsleeve Conference on Housing at M.I.T., edited by E. Allen, M.I.T., May 1972. “Pipe Dreams: Scenarios for Change in the Public Service Industries,” Architectural Design, March 1972. “General Motors as General Contractor,” Progressive Architecture, April 1970. “Selected Technological Aspects of the American Building Industry: The Industrialization of Building”, A report to the National Commission on Urban Problems, published by The Commission and the Commerce Learning House, PB 1852110 January, 1969 “Budget Beach House”, (The ‘Bender House’ and community in East Hampton Long Island), New York Times, Sunday Magazine, May 3, 1964 References http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/collections/subjectarea/univ_hist/fac_adm_reg.html http://oskicat.berkeley.edu/search~S1/X?SEARCH=(richard%20bender)&SORT=D 20th-century American architects Living people Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni Civil engineers 1930 births 21st-century American architects

<mask> is an architect and urban planner with extensive experience in urban, campus and community design. He also serves as dean emeritus and professor of architecture at the College of Environmental Design at the University of California at Berkeley. Bender has also taught at The Cooper Union, Columbia University, the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Swiss Federal Technical University, and the Instituto Universitario Arquitettura in Venice. Bender has served as chairman of Berkeley's Department of Architecture, as associate dean for research in the College of Environmental Design, as director of the Campus Planning Study Group and the Urban Construction Laboratory at Berkeley. He has been the Visiting “GC-5” Professor of Urban Design and Construction at Tokyo University, and an honorary professor at the Université Europeene de Maitrise D’Oeuvre Urbaine in Cergy¬Pontoise, France.<ref name=undefined In the United States, he has been a member of the Federal Construction Council of the Building Research Advisory Board, an advisor to the National Endowment for the Arts, and a technical advisor to the National ‘Douglas Commission’ in Urban Problems. According to biographer Elizabeth Douthitt Byrne, in Bender's “distinguished and wide-ranging international career in teaching and practice [he] has studied or worked with and/or been associated with some of the most influential artists, designers, builders and planners of the 20th and 21st centuries, including Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, Josep Lluis Sert, Mark Rothko, Frank Lloyd Wright, Pete Seeger, Norman Mailer, Buckminster Fuller, Renzo Piano, Daniel Libeskind, Margaret Mead, Le Corbusier, Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, Saul Steinberg, I.M. Pei, Ada Louise Huxtable, Jean Nouvel, Fumihiko Maki, Reyner Banham, and many, many more.With his teaching and practice in New York, Greenland, Switzerland, France and Japan, he relishes learning and stimulating learning, bringing people together across disciplines.” <mask> was a founding director of the nonprofit BRIDGE Housing Corporation. He continues as an emeritus director. He served The Getty Trust as advisor during the design and construction of The Getty Center in Los Angeles. He has directed master plans for the Benesse Art Site on the Island of Naoshima, Japan and Nanyang Technical University in Singapore, as well as directing plans throughout the University of California System, including at The University of California at San Diego, UC Santa Cruz as well as UC Berkeley. Commemorating his important service to the University of California system, then Chancellor Chang-lin Tien awarded <mask> the Berkeley Citation in 1990. At the ceremony, the chancellor noted that, “Dean Bender revitalized the planning process on the Berkeley Campus. He defined, instituted and led the Design Review Board.This has worked so well that he has been called upon by several other UC campuses to institute the concept there. And he has left his mark on so many building projects that it must truly be said of him, as for others like Frederick Law Olmsted and John Galen Howard, that the campus itself as a built environment is in significant part his monument.” In 2012, Bender was honored with the creation of a fellowship at the College of Environmental Designed, which was named after him. "The Fellowship, established by an anonymous donor, will be used to support a dual-degree graduate student in the Department of City and Regional Planning and the Department of Architecture who focuses on the design of affordable housing in livable communities," building off Bender's legacy of affordability in community planning. Publications Selected Master Plans: “Naoshima Master Plan”, Benesse, Okayama, (with Phillip Enquist and SOM Chicago, 1995 “Master Plan and Implementation Program” for the University of California Santa Cruz, (with EDAW & SOM) 1989 “Master Plan and Implementation Program” for the University of California San Diego (with SOM) 1989 Urban design studies for the Berkeley campus / contributors, Campus Planning Study Group, <mask>, University of California, Berkeley. Campus Planning Study Group. Berkeley : Center for Planning & Development Research, College of Environmental Design, University of California, Berkeley, 1979–1982. “Boeing in Building – a Report on the Potential for Involvement”, (with William Meyer and Building Systems Development, San Francisco), June, 1970 “Master Plan for CERN” for the Nuclear Research Center in Geneva, Die Bauten des CERN, Organisation Europeenne pour la Recherche Nucleaire, in Gent, Verlage Buchdruckeri Winterthur.Ag, with Architekten Dr, Rudolf Steiger und Peter Steiger, Zurich, October, 1960 Books and Selected Chapters: A Crack in the Rearview Mirror: Views of the Industrialization of Building, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973 The Form of Housing, (Housing and Urbanism) edited by Sam Davis, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977. “Berkeley Campus and Community” Univer-Cities, Strategic Implications for Asia, <mask>, Emily Marthinsen, John Parman, Editor, Anthony SC Teo, Volumes I and II, World Scientific Press, London 2015 The Future of the City - Centre for Studies and Research, Dipartimento di Architettura e Urbanistica per l’Ingegneria - Università di Roma Sapienza. Issue #03, February 2007 “San Francisco: Evolution of a City and its Region”, Proceedings of the 49th IFHP World Congress, International Federation of Housing and Planning, Rome, October 2–5, 2005 (Prof. <mask> with John Parman) “New Directions for A New Millennium - One World - Global But Local”’ Keynote Address, Proceedings of the Nagoya International Design Conference, October 6, 1997 “A University Without Walls – Fact or Fancy”, Trusteeship, The Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges, July/August 1996 “Affordable Housing, Liveable Communities,” PLACES, MIT Press, Vol. 2, No. 1, May 1985. “The Factory Without Walls: Industrialization in Residential Construction,” California Management Review, Spring 1976, Vol. XVIII, No.3, (with John Parman.) “The Industrialization of the Building Site: An Analysis of Experience in Operation Breakthrough,” Industrialization Forum, Vol. VI, No. 1, (with John Parman.) 1975 “Incremental Infrastructure,” Proceedings of the MIT Symposium on Strategies for A.I.D. Programs in Selected Areas of Science and Technology: Vol. 2: Housing, Transportation and Water Resources, ed.J.P. Ruina, April 1974. “Dust to Dust - The Ultimate System,” Progressive Architecture, December 1973. “Industrialization and Self-Help Housing,: Proceedings of the Shirtsleeve Conference on Housing at M.I.T., edited by E. Allen, M.I.T., May 1972. “Pipe Dreams: Scenarios for Change in the Public Service Industries,” Architectural Design, March 1972. “General Motors as General Contractor,” Progressive Architecture, April 1970. “Selected Technological Aspects of the American Building Industry: The Industrialization of Building”, A report to the National Commission on Urban Problems, published by The Commission and the Commerce Learning House, PB 1852110 January, 1969 “Budget Beach House”, (The ‘Bender House’ and community in East Hampton Long Island), New York Times, Sunday Magazine, May 3, 1964 References http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/collections/subjectarea/univ_hist/fac_adm_reg.html http://oskicat.berkeley.edu/search~S1/X?SEARCH=(richard%20bender)&SORT=D 20th-century American architects Living people Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni Civil engineers 1930 births 21st-century American architects

<mask> is an architect and urbanplanner with extensive experience in urban, campus and community design. He is dean of the College of Environmental Design at the University of California at Berkeley. At The Cooper Union, Columbia University, the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Swiss Federal Technical University, Bender has taught. As associate dean for research in the College of Environmental Design, he was the director of the Campus Planning Study Group and the Urban Construction Laboratory at Berkeley. He is the Visiting Professor of Urban Design and Construction at Tokyo University, as well as a professor at the Université Europeene de Maitrise D'Oeuvre Urbaine in CergyPontoise, France. He has studied or worked with some of the most influential artists, designers, builders and planners of the 20th and 21st. Pei, Ada Louise Huxtable, Jean Nouvel, Fumihiko Maki, Reyner Banham, and many more.He loves learning and brings people together across disciplines with his teaching and practice in New York, Greenland, Switzerland, France and Japan. He continues to work as a director. He was an advisor to The Getty Trust during the design and construction of the center. He has directed master plans for the Benesse Art Site on the Island of Naoshima, Japan and Nanyang Technical University in Singapore, as well as directing plans throughout the University of California System, including at The University of California at San Diego, UC Santa Cruz as well as UC Berkeley. Chancellor Chang-lin Tien awarded Bender the Berkeley Citation for his service to the University of California system. The chancellor noted at the ceremony that the planning process on the Berkeley campus was rejuvenated by <mask>. The Design Review Board was led by him.He has been called upon by several other UC campuses to institute the concept there because this has worked so well. The campus itself as a built environment is in significant part his monument, as he has left his mark on so many building projects that it must truly be said of him. An anonymous donor established a fellowship to support a dual degree graduate student in the Department of City and Regional Planning and the Department of Architecture who focuses on the design of affordable housing in livable communities. The University of California Santa Cruz had a Master Plan and Implementation Program. A study group about campus planning. The Center for Planning & Development Research is located at the University of California, Berkeley. William Meyer and Building Systems Development in San Francisco collaborated with Boeing on a report on the potential for involvement.A Crack in the Rearview Mirror: Views of the Industrialization of Building was published in 1960. The Future of the City - Centre for Studies and Research was published by World Scientific Press. San Francisco: Evolution of a City and its Region was published in February 2007. 2, No. May 1, 1985. The Factory Without Walls: Industrialization in Residential Construction was published in the California Management Review. No. XVIII, No.3, with John Parman. The Industrialization of the Building site is an analysis of experience. No. VI, No. 1, with John Parman. The MIT Symposium on Strategies for A.I.D. was held in 1975. There are programs in selected areas of science and technology. The second edition of Housing, Transportation and Water Resources.J.P. Ruina was born in 1974. "Dust to Dust - The Ultimate System" was written in December 1973. The Shirtsleeve Conference on Housing at M.I.T. was edited by E. Allen. Architectural Design published "Pipe Dreams: Scenarios for Change in the Public Service Industry". Progressive Architecture wrote about General GM as a General Contractor. A report to the National Commission on Urban Problems was published by The Commission and the Commerce Learning House.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Nochlin

Linda Nochlin

Linda Nochlin (née Weinberg; January 30, 1931 – October 29, 2017) was an American art historian, Lila Acheson Wallace Professor Emerita of Modern Art at New York University Institute of Fine Arts, and writer. As a prominent feminist art historian, she became well known for her pioneering 1971 article "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" published by ARTnews. Early life and education Linda Natalie Weinberg was born the daughter of Jules Weinberg and Elka Heller (Weinberg) in Brooklyn, New York and raised in the borough's Crown Heights neighborhood. She attended Brooklyn Ethical Cultural School, a progressive grammar school. She received her B.A. in Philosophy from Vassar College in 1951, her M.A. in English from Columbia University in 1952, and her Ph.D in the history of art from the Institute of Fine Arts at New York University in 1963. Academic career After working in the art history departments at Yale University, the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (with Rosalind Krauss), and Vassar College, Nochlin took a position at the Institute of Fine Arts, where she taught until retiring in 2013. In 2000, Self and History: A Tribute to Linda Nochlin was published, an anthology of essays developing themes that Nochlin worked on throughout her career. Her critical attention was drawn to investigating the ways in which gender affects the creation and apprehension of art, as evidenced by her 1994 essay "Issues of Gender in Cassatt and Eakins". Besides feminist art history, she was best known for her work on Realism, specifically on Gustave Courbet. Complementing her career as an academic, she served on the Art Advisory Council of the International Foundation for Art Research. Nochlin was the co-curator of a number of landmark exhibitions exploring the history and achievements of female artists. 2007 — "Global Feminisms" at the Brooklyn Museum. 1976 — "Women Artists: 1550-1950" (with Ann Sutherland Harris) at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Global Feminisms In March 2007, Nochlin co-curated the feminist art exhibition "Global Feminisms" alongside Maura Reilly at the Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art at the Brooklyn Museum, New York City, United States. It was the first international exhibition that was exclusively dedicated to feminist art, and it featured works from approximately eighty-eight women artists from around the world. The exhibit featured art in all forms of media, such as photography, video, performance, painting and sculpture. The goal of the exhibit was to move beyond the dominating brand of Western feminism, and instead showcase different understandings of feminism and feminist art from a global perspective. Women Artists: 1550-1950 Alongside Global Feminisms, Nochlin also co-curated Women Artists: 1550-1950, the first international art exhibition created solely by female artists on December 21, 1976. It debuted eighty-three artists from 12 countries, and contained roughly 150 European American paintings. In the exhibition catalogue, Ann Sutherland Harris and Linda Nochlin stated “Our intention in assembling these works by European and American women artists active from 1550 to 1950 is to make more widely known the achievements of some fine artists whose neglect can in part be attributed to their sex and to learn more about why and how women artists first emerged as rare exceptions in the sixteenth century and gradually became more numerous until they were a largely accepted part of the cultural scene.” As a four-city exhibition, it was originally located at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in Los Angeles, California, United States. It was then moved and displayed at the Jack S. Blanton Museum of Art at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas. It then continued its journey and was displayed at the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and completed the exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City, the same place Global Feminisms was displayed. Feminist art history In 1971, ArtNews published Nochlin's essay "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?", in which she explored assumptions embedded in the title's question. She considered the very nature of art along with the reasons why the notion of artistic genius has been reserved for male geniuses, such as Michelangelo. Nochlin argued that significant societal barriers have prevented women from pursuing art, including restrictions on educating women in art academies and "the entire romantic, elitist, individual-glorifying, and monograph-producing substructure upon which the profession of art history is based ". The thirty-year anniversary of Nochlin's ground-breaking inquiry informed a conference at Princeton University in 2001. The book associated with the conference, "Women artists at the Millennium", includes Nochlin's essay ""Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" Thirty Years After". In the conference and in the book, art historians addressed the innovative work of such figures as Louise Bourgeois, Eva Hesse, Francesca Woodman, Carrie Mae Weems, and Mona Hatoum, in the light of the legacies of thirty years of feminist art history. In her 1994 essay "Starting from Scratch: The Beginnings of Feminist Art History," Nochlin reflected on her awakening as a feminist and its impact on her scholarship and teaching: "In 1969, three major events occurred in my life: I had a baby, I became a feminist, and I organized the first class in Women and Art at Vassar College." Nochlin deconstructed art history by identifying and questioning methodological presuppositions. She was an advocate for "art historians who investigate the work before their eyes while focusing on its subject matter, informed by a sensitivity to its feminist spirit." Orientalism Following Edward Said's influential 1978 book, Orientalism, Nochlin was one of the first art historians to apply theories of Orientalism to the study of art history, specifically in her 1983 paper, "The Imaginary Orient." Her key assertion was that Orientalism must be seen from the point-of-view of 'the particular power structure in which these works came into being," in this case, 19th century French colonialism. Nochlin focused primarily on the 19th century French artists Jean-Leon Gérôme and Eugène Delacroix, who both depicted 'orientalist' themes in their work, including, respectively, The Snake Charmer and The Death of Sardanapalus. In Gérôme's "The Snake Charmer," from the late 1860s, Nochlin described how Gérôme created a sense of verisimilitude not only in his rendering of the scene with such realistic precision one almost forgets a painter painted it, but in capturing the most minute details, such as meticulously painted tiles. As a result, the painting appears to be documentary evidence of life in the Ottoman court while, according to Nochlin, it is in fact a Westerner's vision of a mysterious world. In Delacroix's "The Death of Sardanapalus" from 1827, Nochlin argued that the artist used Orientalism to explore overt erotic and violent themes that may not necessarily reflect France's cultural hegemony but rather the chauvinism and misogyny of early 19th century French society. Representing Women In "Memoirs of an Ad Hoc Art Historian," which is the introduction to Nochlin's book of essays Representing Women, Nochlin examines the representation of women in nineteenth-century art and the ways in which the ad hoc methodology is at play, as she writes, "What I am questioning is the possibility of a single methodology—empirical, theoretical, or both, or neither—which is guaranteed to work in every case, a kind of methodological Vaseline which lubricates an entry into the problem and ensures a smooth, perfect outcome every time" and "[Although] the 'methodology' of these pieces might be described as ad hoc in the extreme, the political nature of this project is far from ad hoc because there is a pre-existing ethical issue at stake which lies at the heart of the undertaking: the issue of women and their representation in art". Here Nochlin is looking at the intersection of the self and history between the middle of the 18th century and the early decades of the 20th, as she analyzes the different ways artists portray women and how these portrayals are representatives of their gender. Lost and Found: Once More the Fallen Woman In March 1978, Nochlin looked at the sexual asymmetry of the word "fallen" and how it is used in regards of gender. For men, it depicts an act of heroism, but for women the term is applied much more negatively and is understood in terms of any sexual activity that is performed out of wedlock. The same differentiation appears in art as well, as fallen in a masculine sense inspired sculptural monuments, versus fallen in a feminine sense struck fascination of nineteenth-century artists. This fascination with the theme of fallen women can be said to have inspired some of the works by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, where he devoted a number of poems and pictorial works to the subject, which resulted in his most notable work: the painting Found. Why Have There Been No Great Women Chefs? Nochlin’s essay “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” not only impacted the way we view feminist art, but it has also impacted how we view women’s recognition in other careers. Nochlin’s work inspired the essay “Why Have There Been No Great Women Chefs?” by Charlotte Druckman, in which the author analyzes the terms cook and chef, and how each one is attributed to an individual based on their gender. A cook is often associated with a woman whereas a chef is associated with a man. Druckman argues that "In theory, we’ve come a long way from the notion that a woman’s place is in the domestic kitchen, and that the only kitchen appropriate for a man is the professional one. But in practice, things can be pared down to the following equation: woman : man as cook : chef." By using Nochlin's argument in "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?", Druckman follows in her footsteps by arguing "It becomes clear that we need to ask not why these semantic nuances exist but where they come from, and whether we might be complicit in perpetuating them." Personal life Nochlin married twice. First, in 1953 she married Philip H. Nochlin, an assistant professor of philosophy at Vassar, who died seven years later. She then married Richard Pommer, an architectural historian, in 1968. Nochlin had two daughters: Jessica, with Philip Nochlin, and Daisy, with Richard Pommer, who was depicted with Nochlin by the artist Alice Neel in 1973. Linda Nochlin died at age 86 on October 29, 2017. Awards 1967: Arthur Kingsley Porter Prize for the best article published in The Art Bulletin 1978: Frank Jewett Mather Prize for Critical Writing, The College Art Association 1977: Woman of the Year, Mademoiselle magazine 1984-1985: Guggenheim Fellowship 1985: Fellow, Institute for Advanced Study 2003: Honorary Doctorate, Harvard University 2006: Visionary Woman Award, Moore College of Art & Design Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, New York University's Institute for the Humanities Fellow, American Philosophical Society Selected publications Nochlin's published writings encompass 156 works in 280 publications in 12 languages and 20,393 library holdings. Nochlin, Linda. "'Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?' Thirty Years After." Women Artists at the Millennium,. Ed. Carol Armstrong and Catherine de Zegher. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006. ; OCLC 223446291 Nochlin, Linda. "Issues of Gender in Cassatt and Eakins." Nineteenth Century Art: A Critical History,. Ed. Thomas Crow, Brian Lukacher, Linda Nochlin and Frances K. Pohl. London: Thames & Hudson, 2007. ; ; OCLC 137221626 Nochlin, Linda. "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" ARTnews January 1971: 22-39, 67-71. Nochlin, Linda. "Realism." New York: Penguin Books, 1971. Library of Congress 71-149557. Notes References D'Souza, Aruna (2000). Self and History: A Tribute to Linda Nochlin. London: Thames & Hudson, 2000. Nochlin, Linda (1999). "Memoirs of an Ad Hoc Art Historian" in Representing Women. London: Thames & Hudson. ; OCLC 185808272. External links NYU: Linda Nochlin Linda Nochlin biography and c. v. provided by the Chinese University of Hong Kong in conjunction with the International Congress on Culture and Humanity in the New Millennium: "The Future of Human Values", 8–10 January 2000, Hong Kong 1931 births 2017 deaths American art historians Feminist historians Vassar College alumni Columbia University alumni Women's historians New York University Institute of Fine Arts alumni Yale University faculty City University of New York faculty New York University Institute of Fine Arts faculty Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences American women historians Women art historians Vassar College faculty People from Crown Heights, Brooklyn Historians from New York (state) 21st-century American women

<mask> (née Weinberg; January 30, 1931 – October 29, 2017) was an American art historian, Lila Acheson Wallace Professor Emerita of Modern Art at New York University Institute of Fine Arts, and writer. As a prominent feminist art historian, she became well known for her pioneering 1971 article "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" published by ARTnews. Early life and education <mask> was born the daughter of Jules Weinberg and Elka Heller (Weinberg) in Brooklyn, New York and raised in the borough's Crown Heights neighborhood. She attended Brooklyn Ethical Cultural School, a progressive grammar school. She received her B.A. in Philosophy from Vassar College in 1951, her M.A.in English from Columbia University in 1952, and her Ph.D in the history of art from the Institute of Fine Arts at New York University in 1963. Academic career After working in the art history departments at Yale University, the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (with Rosalind Krauss), and Vassar College, Nochlin took a position at the Institute of Fine Arts, where she taught until retiring in 2013. In 2000, Self and History: A Tribute to <mask> was published, an anthology of essays developing themes that Nochlin worked on throughout her career. Her critical attention was drawn to investigating the ways in which gender affects the creation and apprehension of art, as evidenced by her 1994 essay "Issues of Gender in Cassatt and Eakins". Besides feminist art history, she was best known for her work on Realism, specifically on Gustave Courbet. Complementing her career as an academic, she served on the Art Advisory Council of the International Foundation for Art Research. Nochlin was the co-curator of a number of landmark exhibitions exploring the history and achievements of female artists.2007 — "Global Feminisms" at the Brooklyn Museum. 1976 — "Women Artists: 1550-1950" (with Ann Sutherland Harris) at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Global Feminisms In March 2007, Nochlin co-curated the feminist art exhibition "Global Feminisms" alongside Maura Reilly at the Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art at the Brooklyn Museum, New York City, United States. It was the first international exhibition that was exclusively dedicated to feminist art, and it featured works from approximately eighty-eight women artists from around the world. The exhibit featured art in all forms of media, such as photography, video, performance, painting and sculpture. The goal of the exhibit was to move beyond the dominating brand of Western feminism, and instead showcase different understandings of feminism and feminist art from a global perspective. Women Artists: 1550-1950 Alongside Global Feminisms, Nochlin also co-curated Women Artists: 1550-1950, the first international art exhibition created solely by female artists on December 21, 1976.It debuted eighty-three artists from 12 countries, and contained roughly 150 European American paintings. In the exhibition catalogue, Ann Sutherland Harris and <mask> stated “Our intention in assembling these works by European and American women artists active from 1550 to 1950 is to make more widely known the achievements of some fine artists whose neglect can in part be attributed to their sex and to learn more about why and how women artists first emerged as rare exceptions in the sixteenth century and gradually became more numerous until they were a largely accepted part of the cultural scene.” As a four-city exhibition, it was originally located at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in Los Angeles, California, United States. It was then moved and displayed at the Jack S. Blanton Museum of Art at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas. It then continued its journey and was displayed at the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and completed the exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City, the same place Global Feminisms was displayed. Feminist art history In 1971, ArtNews published <mask>'s essay "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? ", in which she explored assumptions embedded in the title's question. She considered the very nature of art along with the reasons why the notion of artistic genius has been reserved for male geniuses, such as Michelangelo.<mask> argued that significant societal barriers have prevented women from pursuing art, including restrictions on educating women in art academies and "the entire romantic, elitist, individual-glorifying, and monograph-producing substructure upon which the profession of art history is based ". The thirty-year anniversary of <mask>'s ground-breaking inquiry informed a conference at Princeton University in 2001. The book associated with the conference, "Women artists at the Millennium", includes <mask>'s essay ""Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" Thirty Years After". In the conference and in the book, art historians addressed the innovative work of such figures as Louise Bourgeois, Eva Hesse, Francesca Woodman, Carrie Mae Weems, and Mona Hatoum, in the light of the legacies of thirty years of feminist art history. In her 1994 essay "Starting from Scratch: The Beginnings of Feminist Art History," Nochlin reflected on her awakening as a feminist and its impact on her scholarship and teaching: "In 1969, three major events occurred in my life: I had a baby, I became a feminist, and I organized the first class in Women and Art at Vassar College." Nochlin deconstructed art history by identifying and questioning methodological presuppositions.She was an advocate for "art historians who investigate the work before their eyes while focusing on its subject matter, informed by a sensitivity to its feminist spirit." Orientalism Following Edward Said's influential 1978 book, Orientalism, Nochlin was one of the first art historians to apply theories of Orientalism to the study of art history, specifically in her 1983 paper, "The Imaginary Orient." Her key assertion was that Orientalism must be seen from the point-of-view of 'the particular power structure in which these works came into being," in this case, 19th century French colonialism. Nochlin focused primarily on the 19th century French artists Jean-Leon Gérôme and Eugène Delacroix, who both depicted 'orientalist' themes in their work, including, respectively, The Snake Charmer and The Death of Sardanapalus. In Gérôme's "The Snake Charmer," from the late 1860s, <mask> described how Gérôme created a sense of verisimilitude not only in his rendering of the scene with such realistic precision one almost forgets a painter painted it, but in capturing the most minute details, such as meticulously painted tiles. As a result, the painting appears to be documentary evidence of life in the Ottoman court while, according to Nochlin, it is in fact a Westerner's vision of a mysterious world. In Delacroix's "The Death of Sardanapalus" from 1827, Nochlin argued that the artist used Orientalism to explore overt erotic and violent themes that may not necessarily reflect France's cultural hegemony but rather the chauvinism and misogyny of early 19th century French society.Representing Women In "Memoirs of an Ad Hoc Art Historian," which is the introduction to <mask>'s book of essays Representing Women, Nochlin examines the representation of women in nineteenth-century art and the ways in which the ad hoc methodology is at play, as she writes, "What I am questioning is the possibility of a single methodology—empirical, theoretical, or both, or neither—which is guaranteed to work in every case, a kind of methodological Vaseline which lubricates an entry into the problem and ensures a smooth, perfect outcome every time" and "[Although] the 'methodology' of these pieces might be described as ad hoc in the extreme, the political nature of this project is far from ad hoc because there is a pre-existing ethical issue at stake which lies at the heart of the undertaking: the issue of women and their representation in art". Here Nochlin is looking at the intersection of the self and history between the middle of the 18th century and the early decades of the 20th, as she analyzes the different ways artists portray women and how these portrayals are representatives of their gender. Lost and Found: Once More the Fallen Woman In March 1978, Nochlin looked at the sexual asymmetry of the word "fallen" and how it is used in regards of gender. For men, it depicts an act of heroism, but for women the term is applied much more negatively and is understood in terms of any sexual activity that is performed out of wedlock. The same differentiation appears in art as well, as fallen in a masculine sense inspired sculptural monuments, versus fallen in a feminine sense struck fascination of nineteenth-century artists. This fascination with the theme of fallen women can be said to have inspired some of the works by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, where he devoted a number of poems and pictorial works to the subject, which resulted in his most notable work: the painting Found. Why Have There Been No Great Women Chefs?<mask>’s essay “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” not only impacted the way we view feminist art, but it has also impacted how we view women’s recognition in other careers. <mask>’s work inspired the essay “Why Have There Been No Great Women Chefs?” by Charlotte Druckman, in which the author analyzes the terms cook and chef, and how each one is attributed to an individual based on their gender. A cook is often associated with a woman whereas a chef is associated with a man. Druckman argues that "In theory, we’ve come a long way from the notion that a woman’s place is in the domestic kitchen, and that the only kitchen appropriate for a man is the professional one. But in practice, things can be pared down to the following equation: woman : man as cook : chef." By using <mask>'s argument in "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? ", Druckman follows in her footsteps by arguing "It becomes clear that we need to ask not why these semantic nuances exist but where they come from, and whether we might be complicit in perpetuating them."Personal life Nochlin married twice. First, in 1953 she married Philip H<mask>, an assistant professor of philosophy at Vassar, who died seven years later. She then married Richard Pommer, an architectural historian, in 1968. Nochlin had two daughters: Jessica, with <mask>, and Daisy, with Richard Pommer, who was depicted with Nochlin by the artist Alice Neel in 1973. <mask> died at age 86 on October 29, 2017. Awards 1967: Arthur Kingsley Porter Prize for the best article published in The Art Bulletin 1978: Frank Jewett Mather Prize for Critical Writing, The College Art Association 1977: Woman of the Year, Mademoiselle magazine 1984-1985: Guggenheim Fellowship 1985: Fellow, Institute for Advanced Study 2003: Honorary Doctorate, Harvard University 2006: Visionary Woman Award, Moore College of Art & Design Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, New York University's Institute for the Humanities Fellow, American Philosophical Society Selected publications Nochlin's published writings encompass 156 works in 280 publications in 12 languages and 20,393 library holdings. Nochlin, <mask>."'Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?' Thirty Years After." Women Artists at the Millennium,. Ed. Carol Armstrong and Catherine de Zegher. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006. ; OCLC 223446291 <mask>, <mask>. "Issues of Gender in Cassatt and Eakins."Nineteenth Century Art: A Critical History,. Ed. Thomas Crow, Brian Lukacher, <mask> and Frances K. Pohl. London: Thames & Hudson, 2007. ; ; OCLC 137221626 <mask>, <mask>. "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" ARTnews January 1971: 22-39, 67-71. <mask>, <mask>."Realism." New York: Penguin Books, 1971. Library of Congress 71-149557. Notes References D'Souza, Aruna (2000). Self and History: A Tribute to <mask>. London: Thames & Hudson, 2000. <mask>, <mask> (1999)."Memoirs of an Ad Hoc Art Historian" in Representing Women. London: Thames & Hudson. ; OCLC 185808272. External links NYU: <mask>lin <mask>lin biography and c. v. provided by the Chinese University of Hong Kong in conjunction with the International Congress on Culture and Humanity in the New Millennium: "The Future of Human Values", 8–10 January 2000, Hong Kong 1931 births 2017 deaths American art historians Feminist historians Vassar College alumni Columbia University alumni Women's historians New York University Institute of Fine Arts alumni Yale University faculty City University of New York faculty New York University Institute of Fine Arts faculty Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences American women historians Women art historians Vassar College faculty People from Crown Heights, Brooklyn Historians from New York (state) 21st-century American women

<mask> was an American art historian and a professor at the New York University Institute of Fine Arts. She was well known for her 1971 article "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" It was published by ARTnews. <mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York and raised in the Crown Heights neighborhood. She attended Brooklyn Ethical Cultural School. She got her B.A. She received her M.A. in philosophy from Vassar College.She received her masters degree in the history of art from the Institute of Fine Arts at New York University in 1963. After working in the art history departments at Yale University and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Nochlin took a position at the Institute of Fine Arts. Self and History: A tribute to <mask> was published in 2000. Her critical attention was drawn to investigating the ways in which gender affects the creation and apprehension of art, as evidenced by her 1994 essay "Issues of Gender in Cassatt and Eakins". She was best known for her work on Realism, specifically on Gustave Courbet. She was a member of the Art Advisory Council of the International Foundation for Art Research. A number of landmark exhibitions explored the history and achievements of female artists."Global Feminisms" was held at the Brooklyn Museum. The Los Angeles County Museum of Art has a collection of Women Artists. In March 2007, <mask> co-curated the feminist art exhibition "Global Feminisms" at the Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art. Eighty-eight women artists from around the world were featured in the first international exhibition dedicated to feminist art. Photography, video, performance, painting and sculpture were some of the art forms featured in the exhibit. The goal of the exhibit was to move beyond the dominating brand of Western feminism, and instead showcase different understandings of feminism and feminist art from a global perspective. <mask> co-curated Women Artists: 1550-1950, the first international art exhibition created solely by female artists, on December 21, 1976.It had 83 artists from 12 countries and 150 European American paintings. The aim of the exhibition is to show the works of European and American women artists who were active from 1550 to 1950 and to make them known to the public. It was displayed at the Jack S. Blanton Museum of Art at the University of Texas. The exhibition Global Feminisms was displayed at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City, the same place it was displayed at the Carnegie Museum of Art. <mask>'s essay "Why have there been no great women artists?" was published in 1971 by ArtNews. She explored assumptions in the title's question. She considered the nature of art along with the reasons why the notion of artistic genius has been reserved for men.There are significant societal barriers that prevent women from pursuing art, including restrictions on educating women in art academies and the entire romantic, elitist, individual-glorifying, and monograph-produced substructure upon which the profession of art history is based. The thirty-year anniversary of Nochlin's inquiry was the subject of a conference in 2001. <mask>'s essay "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" is included in the book associated with the conference. Thirty years later. The legacies of thirty years of feminist art history were addressed in the conference and in the book by art historians. In her 1994 essay "Starting from Scratch: The Beginnings of Feminist Art History," Nochlin reflected on her awakening as a feminist and its impact on her scholarship and teaching. Nochlin questioned methodological presuppositions in art history.She was an advocate for "art historians who investigate the work before their eyes while focusing on its subject matter, informed by a sensitivity to its feminist spirit." Orientalism Following Edward Said's influential 1978 book, Orientalism, <mask> was one of the first art historians to apply theories of Orientalism to the study of art history. She said that Orientalism must be seen from the point of view of the particular power structure in which these works came into being. The 19th century French artists Jean-Leon Gérme and Eugne Delacroix, who both depicted 'orientalist' themes in their work, were the focus of Nochlin. In Gérme's "The Snake Charmer," <mask> described how Gérme created a sense of verisimilitude not only in his rendering of the scene with such realistic precision one almost forgets a painter painted it. According to Nochlin, the painting is a Westerner's vision of a mysterious world and appears to be proof of life in the Ottoman court. Nochlin argued that Delacroix used Orientalism to explore overt erotic and violent themes that may not necessarily reflect France's cultural hegemony.The introduction to <mask>'s book of essays Representing Women examines the representation of women in nineteenth-century art and the ways in which the ad hoc methodology is at play. The intersection of the self and history between the middle of the 18th century and the early 20th century is being looked at by <mask>. Nochlin looked at how the word "fallen" is used in relation to gender in Lost and Found: Once More the Fallen Woman. For men, it depicts an act of heroism, but for women the term is used negatively and is understood in terms of any sexual activity that is performed out of wedlock. In art, fallen in a masculine sense inspired sculptural monuments, versus fallen in a feminine sense struck a fascination with nineteenth-century artists. This fascination with the theme of fallen women inspired some of the works by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, which resulted in his most notable work: the painting Found. There have been no great women chefs.The way we view feminist art and how we view women in other careers have been impacted by <mask>'s essay "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" The essay "Why Have There Been No Great Women Chefs?" by Charlotte Druckman was inspired by <mask>'s work, in which the author analyzes the terms cook and chef, and how each one is attributed to an individual based on their gender. A cook is associated with a woman while a chef is associated with a man. In theory, we have come a long way from the idea that a woman's place is in the domestic kitchen and that the only kitchen appropriate for a man is the professional one. Things can be reduced to the following equation: woman, man, and chef. <mask>'s argument was used in "Why have there been no great women artists?" It becomes clear that we need to ask not why these semantic nuances exist but where they come from, and whether we might be complicit in perpetuate them.Nochlin married twice. She married Philip H<mask>, an assistant professor of philosophy, seven years later. She married Richard Pommer in 1968. Nochlin had two daughters, Jessica, with <mask>, and Daisy, with Richard Pommer. <mask> died at the age of 86. The Arthur Kingsley Porter Prize for the best article published in The Art Bulletin was awarded in 1967. <mask>lin.Why have there been no great women artists? Thirty years later. Women Artists at the Millennium. Ed. Carol and Catherine were together. MIT Press was published in Cambridge, MA. There are issues of gender in the books.A critical history of the 19th century art. Ed. Brian Lukacher, <mask>, and Thomas Crow are all related. The book was written by <mask> of London: Thames & Hudson. There have been no great women artists. January 1971: 22-39, 67-71. <mask>lin."Realism." New York: Penguin Books. The Library of Congress. There are notes about D'Souza. A tribute to <mask>. Thames & Hudson was in London in 2000. <mask> was born in 1999.Representing Women contains "Memoirs of an Ad Hoc Art Historian". London has the names Thames and Hudson. There is an item called "Occupy 185808272." The <mask>lin biography is provided by the Chinese University of Hong Kong in conjunction with the International Congress on Culture and Humanity in the New Millennium: "The Future of Human Values".

56901146

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta%20Vansittart

Henrietta Vansittart

Henrietta Vansittart, née Lowe (1833 - 8 February 1883) was an English engineer and inventor, awarded a patent for a screw propeller called the Lowe-Vansittart propeller. She was self-trained and she is considered to be one of the first female engineers, with her concentration being on ship propulsion. Early life Henrietta Vansittart, born Henrietta Lowe, was born in Ewell, Surrey in 1833. She was one of eight children born to James and Marie Lowe, née Barnes. Her father James Lowe was a blacksmith-inventory working on ship propulsion and applying for related patents using his wife's money and connections. Vansittart's family lived in poor conditions with her father occupation being a machinist and smoke jack maker. On 23 March 1838, Vansittart's father James Lowe took out a patent for a new screw propeller but made no significant financial gain from his contributions due to competition in infringement battles. By the 1850, James Lowe nearly ran his family into bankruptcy, despite the adoption of his general scheme for submerged propellers. This led to Vansittart's marriage in 1855 to a Lieutenant named Frederick Vansittart (1827-1902), a lieutenant in the 14th Dragoons (later the Hussars) who were just back from the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and they set up the marital home in Clarges Street, Mayfair. Engineering work and career There is no documentation on her education: Vansittart was proclaimed a self-trained engineer. As was common for many of the women in engineering in the 19th and early 20th century, Vansittart was introduced to engineering through a family connection, which in her case was her father, James Lowe. Shortly after her marriage, Vansittart began to study her father's work on ship propulsion. She had accompanied her father on HMS Bullfinch to test out a new version of his screw propeller, which began her interest, in 1857. The Lowe propeller had been fixed to many British warships by this time, but James Lowe never saw any financial reward due to infringement battles. When Vansittart's father died in 1866, after being run over by a carriage, she began working and experimenting in earnest, perhaps looking for the recognition her father never had in his lifetime. In 1868, Vansittart was awarded a patent (British Patent no 2877), for an improvement on her father's work – what she called the Lowe-Vansittart propeller. Her argument for the propeller was that it allowed ships to move faster and smoother, while using less fuel. Her work went on to be fitted on many ships, including HMS Druid, the Scandinavian, and the SS Lusitania. In addition, she also took out an American patent (US Patent 89712 granted in 1869), which was on the construction of screw propellers. In the 1860s, Henrietta improved the design with curved rather than straight blades for greater efficiency, and her home was filled with the development models she built and tested The Lowe-Vansittart Propeller was awarded a first-class diploma at the International Exhibition in Kensington in 1871, a first class diploma and medal at the 1872 Dublin, 1875 Paris, 1876 Belgian, 1879 Sydney Exhibition, 1880 Melbourne and 1881 Adelaide Exhibitions, as well as other awards at the Royal Cornwall and Naples Maritime Exhibitions. For her work on ship propulsion, Vansittart won many awards, was mentioned by name in various newspapers, such as The Times and her invention took her to several exhibitions all over the world. In 1876, Vansittart was the first female to write, read, and illustrate her own diagrams and drawings for a scientific article presented at Association of Foreman Engineers and Draughtsmen. A pamphlet written by Vansittart, based on this paper, was published in 1882, entitled The History of the Lowe Vansittart Propeller and a short extract of the life of the late Mr James Lowe, the successful inventor of screw ships from their first introduction. This pamphlet indicates her dedication to the work and legacy of her father, as well as illustrating her technical knowledge of the Lowe Vansittart propeller. Personal life In 1859, Vansittart began an affair with Edward Bulwer-Lytton, a well-known novelist and politician, which lasted for 12 years. The affair was known throughout both families, as well as the House of Commons, which Bulwer-Lytton was a part of. Bulwer-Lytton gave Vansittart financial assistance over the course of this period, and, though the affair ended in 1871, when he died in 1873, Bulwer-Lytton left £12,000 in his will for Vansittart and her husband, though her husband's sum was smaller. Letters from Vansittart to Bulwer-Lytton show that it was a tumultuous, passionate affair, which played an important role in Vansittart's life for many years. Despite its growing popularity in the second half of the nineteenth century, Vansittart was not involved in the suffrage movement. She spoke publicly on this, stating that she believed a woman's place was in the home, unless she needed to vindicate the cause of a family member, such as she felt she had to do for the legacy of her father. Death and legacy In late 1882, Vansittart visited the Tynemouth Exhibition, and she was found wandering the streets by police, confused. She exhibited signs of mania and violent tendencies. She was ordered by magistrates to St Nicholas's Hospital, Gosforth, where she was admitted on the 19 September 1882. After five months at the asylum, she died of acute mania and anthrax on 8 February 1883. In the obituary for Vansittart in the Journal of the London Association of Foreman Engineers and Draughtsmen it stated that 'she was a remarkable personage with a great knowledge of engineering matters and considerable versatility of talent', as well as 'how cheery and thoughtful for the happiness of others she was …' The obituary also claims that Vansittart was the first woman to write and read a scientific paper, illustrated with diagrams and drawings of her own, before a scientific institution. With the work that she accomplished, ships could now move faster and use less fuel, while being maneuvered better in reverse. She did this at a time in history when there were no female engineers, with no formal scientific or engineering training. Her work is considered by some to be "one of the most important nautical inventions of the 19th century." However, she never paid the fee to renew the patent. A scale model of the Lowe-Vansittart propeller is held in the Science Museum Group's collections, which she donated to the museum in 1874. Vansittart never had children, and her husband died in 1902. References 1833 births 1883 deaths British inventors British women engineers 19th-century women engineers English inventors 19th-century English businesswomen 19th-century English businesspeople People from Ewell

<mask>, née Lowe (1833 - 8 February 1883) was an English engineer and inventor, awarded a patent for a screw propeller called the Lowe-Vansittart propeller. She was self-trained and she is considered to be one of the first female engineers, with her concentration being on ship propulsion. Early life <mask>, born <mask>, was born in Ewell, Surrey in 1833. She was one of eight children born to James and Marie Lowe, née Barnes. Her father James Lowe was a blacksmith-inventory working on ship propulsion and applying for related patents using his wife's money and connections. Vansittart's family lived in poor conditions with her father occupation being a machinist and smoke jack maker. On 23 March 1838, Vansittart's father James Lowe took out a patent for a new screw propeller but made no significant financial gain from his contributions due to competition in infringement battles.By the 1850, James Lowe nearly ran his family into bankruptcy, despite the adoption of his general scheme for submerged propellers. This led to Vansittart's marriage in 1855 to a Lieutenant named Frederick Vansittart (1827-1902), a lieutenant in the 14th Dragoons (later the Hussars) who were just back from the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and they set up the marital home in Clarges Street, Mayfair. Engineering work and career There is no documentation on her education: Vansittart was proclaimed a self-trained engineer. As was common for many of the women in engineering in the 19th and early 20th century, Vansittart was introduced to engineering through a family connection, which in her case was her father, James Lowe. Shortly after her marriage, Vansittart began to study her father's work on ship propulsion. She had accompanied her father on HMS Bullfinch to test out a new version of his screw propeller, which began her interest, in 1857. The Lowe propeller had been fixed to many British warships by this time, but James Lowe never saw any financial reward due to infringement battles.When Vansittart's father died in 1866, after being run over by a carriage, she began working and experimenting in earnest, perhaps looking for the recognition her father never had in his lifetime. In 1868, Vansittart was awarded a patent (British Patent no 2877), for an improvement on her father's work – what she called the Lowe-Vansittart propeller. Her argument for the propeller was that it allowed ships to move faster and smoother, while using less fuel. Her work went on to be fitted on many ships, including HMS Druid, the Scandinavian, and the SS Lusitania. In addition, she also took out an American patent (US Patent 89712 granted in 1869), which was on the construction of screw propellers. In the 1860s, <mask> improved the design with curved rather than straight blades for greater efficiency, and her home was filled with the development models she built and tested The Lowe-Vansittart Propeller was awarded a first-class diploma at the International Exhibition in Kensington in 1871, a first class diploma and medal at the 1872 Dublin, 1875 Paris, 1876 Belgian, 1879 Sydney Exhibition, 1880 Melbourne and 1881 Adelaide Exhibitions, as well as other awards at the Royal Cornwall and Naples Maritime Exhibitions. For her work on ship propulsion, Vansittart won many awards, was mentioned by name in various newspapers, such as The Times and her invention took her to several exhibitions all over the world.In 1876, Vansittart was the first female to write, read, and illustrate her own diagrams and drawings for a scientific article presented at Association of Foreman Engineers and Draughtsmen. A pamphlet written by Vansittart, based on this paper, was published in 1882, entitled The History of the Lowe Vansittart Propeller and a short extract of the life of the late Mr James Lowe, the successful inventor of screw ships from their first introduction. This pamphlet indicates her dedication to the work and legacy of her father, as well as illustrating her technical knowledge of the Lowe Vansittart propeller. Personal life In 1859, Vansittart began an affair with Edward Bulwer-Lytton, a well-known novelist and politician, which lasted for 12 years. The affair was known throughout both families, as well as the House of Commons, which Bulwer-Lytton was a part of. Bulwer-Lytton gave Vansittart financial assistance over the course of this period, and, though the affair ended in 1871, when he died in 1873, Bulwer-Lytton left £12,000 in his will for Vansittart and her husband, though her husband's sum was smaller. Letters from Vansittart to Bulwer-Lytton show that it was a tumultuous, passionate affair, which played an important role in Vansittart's life for many years.Despite its growing popularity in the second half of the nineteenth century, Vansittart was not involved in the suffrage movement. She spoke publicly on this, stating that she believed a woman's place was in the home, unless she needed to vindicate the cause of a family member, such as she felt she had to do for the legacy of her father. Death and legacy In late 1882, Vansittart visited the Tynemouth Exhibition, and she was found wandering the streets by police, confused. She exhibited signs of mania and violent tendencies. She was ordered by magistrates to St Nicholas's Hospital, Gosforth, where she was admitted on the 19 September 1882. After five months at the asylum, she died of acute mania and anthrax on 8 February 1883. In the obituary for Vansittart in the Journal of the London Association of Foreman Engineers and Draughtsmen it stated that 'she was a remarkable personage with a great knowledge of engineering matters and considerable versatility of talent', as well as 'how cheery and thoughtful for the happiness of others she was …' The obituary also claims that Vansittart was the first woman to write and read a scientific paper, illustrated with diagrams and drawings of her own, before a scientific institution.With the work that she accomplished, ships could now move faster and use less fuel, while being maneuvered better in reverse. She did this at a time in history when there were no female engineers, with no formal scientific or engineering training. Her work is considered by some to be "one of the most important nautical inventions of the 19th century." However, she never paid the fee to renew the patent. A scale model of the Lowe-Vansittart propeller is held in the Science Museum Group's collections, which she donated to the museum in 1874. Vansittart never had children, and her husband died in 1902. References 1833 births 1883 deaths British inventors British women engineers 19th-century women engineers English inventors 19th-century English businesswomen 19th-century English businesspeople People from Ewell

The inventor of the Lowe-Vansittart propeller was an English engineer named <mask>. She is considered to be one of the first female engineers because of her concentration on ship propulsion. In the early 19th century, <mask> was born in Ewell, Surrey. James and Marie Lowe had eight children. James Lowe used his wife's money and connections to apply for related patents while he was a blacksmith. Vansittart's father was a smoke jack maker and his family lived in poor conditions. Vansittart's father James Lowe took out a patent for a new screw propeller but didn't make a lot of money from it due to competition.Despite adoption of his general scheme for submerged propellers, James Lowe nearly ran his family into bankruptcy by the 1850s. This led to Vansittart's marriage in 1855 to a Lieutenant named Frederick Vansittart, who was just back from the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and they set up the marital home in C. Vansittart was proclaimed a self-trained engineer. As was common for many of the women in engineering in the 19th and early 20th century, Vansittart was introduced to engineering through a family connection. Vansittart began to study her father's work after she married. Her interest in the screw propeller began when she accompanied her father to test out a new version. The Lowe propeller was fixed to many British warships by this time, but James Lowe never saw a financial reward due to the battles.When Vansittart's father died after being run over by a carriage, she began working and experimenting, perhaps looking for the recognition her father never had. In 1868, Vansittart was awarded a patent for an improvement on her father's work, which she called the Lowe-Vansittart propeller. She argued that the propeller allowed ships to move faster and use less fuel. Her work was fitted on many ships. She took out an American patent for the construction of screw propellers. In the 1860s, <mask> improved the design with curved rather than straight blades for greater efficiency, and her home was filled with development models she built and tested. Vansittart's invention took her to several exhibitions all over the world and she won many awards for her work on ship propulsion.Vansittart was the first female to write, read, and illustrate her own diagrams and drawings. The History of the Lowe Vansittart Propeller and a short extract of the life of the late Mr James Lowe, the successful inventor of screw ships, were published in a pamphlet in 1884. This pamphlet shows her dedication to the work and legacy of her father, as well as showing her technical knowledge of the Lowe Vansittart propeller. Vansittart had an affair with a well-known novelist and politician for 12 years. Both families and the House of Commons were aware of the affair. Vansittart received financial assistance over the course of this period, though the affair ended in 1871, though her husband's will left no money for her. It was an important part of Vansittart's life for a long time.Vansittart was not involved in the suffragist movement despite its growing popularity in the second half of the 19th century. She stated publicly that she believed a woman's place was in the home if she needed to vindicate the cause of a family member. Vansittart was found wandering the streets by police in the late 19th century. She had violent tendencies and exhibited signs of mania. She was admitted to St Nicholas's Hospital in Gosforth in September of 1882. She died of acute mania and anthrax after five months at the asylum. According to the obituary for Vansittart in the Journal of the London Association of Foreman Engineers and Draughtsmen, she was a remarkable person with a great knowledge of engineering matters, as well as how cheery and thoughtful for the happiness of others.With the work that she did, ships were able to move faster and use less fuel, while being maneuvered better in reverse. At a time when there were no female engineers, she did this. Her work is considered to be one of the most important nautical inventions of the 19th century. She didn't pay the fee to keep the patent. She donated a scale model of the Lowe-Vansittart propeller to the museum in 1874. Vansittart's husband died in 1901. British women engineers 19th-century women English inventors 19th-century English businesswomen

7474087

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Girard

Alexander Girard

Alexander Girard (May 24, 1907 – December 31, 1993), affectionately known as Sandro, was an architect, interior designer, furniture designer, industrial designer, and a textile designer. Early life He was born in New York City to an American mother from Boston and a French-Italian father. He was raised in Florence, Italy and in 1917 he was sent as a boarder to Bedford Modern School in England leaving in 1924 to study architecture in London. After also graduating from the Royal School of Architecture in Rome, Girard refined his skills in both Florence and New York. In 1932, his studio was opened in New York and he moved it to Detroit in 1937. Career Girard is widely known for his contributions in the field of American textile design, particularly through his work for Herman Miller (1952 to 1973), where he created fabrics for the designs of George Nelson and Charles and Ray Eames. His work also includes designing the La Fonda del Sol Restaurant in New York (1960), the Herman Miller Showplace: T&O (Textiles and Objects) (1961), Braniff International Airways (1965), and the Girard Foundation (1962), which houses his extensive folk art collection. He and his wife, Susan Girard, amassed a remarkable collection of artifacts consisting of folk art, popular art, toys, and textiles from around the world, which is displayed through the Girard Foundation, founded 1962. One of the artists Girard supported was Cochiti Pueblo potter Helen Cordero, the creator of Storyteller pottery figurines. Girard at Herman Miller Herman Miller Textiles Division In 1952, Alexander Girard was hired to head the fabric and textile division. Girard worked with George Nelson and Charles and Ray Eames to form a design team that has influenced the fundamentals of design throughout the United States and the rest of the world. Girard initially established a fabric collection based on his architectural training. His first fabric line consisted of plain upholsteries and geometric drapery prints—stripes, circles, and triangles. He went on to create many more patterns and designs, largely inspired by folk art. He also worked with a 19th-century textile mill he discovered in central Mexico, to create a line of handwoven 100% cotton fabrics. Because of the excellent quality and array of colors available, he developed a range of colorful "mexidots"and "mexistripes" which he used in many of his projects including installation backing, ground for environmental enrichment panels and upholstery. Girard also developed a furniture collection for Herman Miller in 1967 building on his designs for Braniff Airlines' lounge and office furniture which featured a low sight line and interior/exterior shell separate from the seat cushion to maximize varied upholstery. Originals from this collection are rare and have become highly collectible, since they were quite expensive at the time and were in production only for one year. In 1971, he developed 40 screen printed graphics on fabrics for Robert Propst's Action Office 2 System. These Environmental Enrichment panels add a touch of warmth, color, and design to the office environment. T&O (Textiles and Objects) 1961 This Herman Miller showplace was a unique space filled with textiles and folk art pieces on Manhattan's East 53rd Street. Textiles and Objects was an innovation demonstrating textiles as an integral part of interior displays for both designers and the individual consumer. The showroom also featured folk art Girard collected from around the world. T&O closed in shortly after opening, due to insufficient marketing and a public was not quite ready to add such colorful and exotic objects to the typical 1950s palette of their homes. Independent projects Braniff Airways and "The End of The Plain Plane" In May 1965, Girard began his design work for Braniff International Airways re-branding campaign called "The End of the Plain Plane". This project gave Girard the opportunity to work with textiles, color, and graphics on a grand scale, redesigning everything from the sugar packets to the ticket counters to the color of the planes themselves. He used colors like light and dark blue, beige, ochre, orange, turquoise, and lemon yellow to make the planes recognizable from the ground. Italian couturier fashion designer Emilio Pucci designed attendant uniforms. Girard also designed a line of furniture for Braniff's ticket offices and customer lounges. This furniture was also available to the public by Herman Miller in 1967 but was available for one year only. Restaurants In 1960, Girard designed every aspect of the La Fonda del Sol restaurant located in Manhattan's Time-Life building in a Latin American and contemporary theme/style, including menus, matchbooks, tableware and the ceramic tiles on the floors and walls. Girard created over eighty different sun motifs found throughout the restaurant. As part of the commission, Charles and Ray Eames were brought in to design a fabric covered fiberglass chair and table, both with a new pedestal design. The chairs were similar to the plastic Eames chairs with a modification to the top silhouette of the fiberglass bucket. Girard was also commissioned by Brody to design the L'Etoile Restaurant (1966) in the Sherry Netherlands Hotel, New York, a French restaurant with austere decor featuring a range of silver and greys featuring glass engraved with the names of French luminaries and daisy shaped tables in the bar. The Compound Restaurant (1967), in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is in a clean modern yet traditional New Mexican style with inlaid Mexicotton ceiling tiles and nichos featuring a mix of folk art and Girard's own designs. Georg Jensen In 1956, Just Lunning, president of Georg Jensen, commissioned Girard to design seven table settings for an exhibition on 5th Avenue in New York. Each setting was created around a vignette outlining the personalities and situations of the company at the particular table. He created place mats and dishes specific to the project. John Deere Girard was commissioned to create a mural for the John Deere Company, in the entrance to their administration building designed by Eero Saarinen near Moline, Illinois. The mural is one hundred eighty feet long and eight feet high, created entirely with three dimensional found objects. The Girard Foundation In 1962, Girard and his wife established the Girard Foundation in Santa Fe to manage their art collection that numbered over 100,000 pieces, including toys, dolls, icons, and other ethnic expressions. Girard's design work was heavily influenced by his passion for folk art. In 1978, Girard contributed his immense collection to the Museum of International Folk Art in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States. The museum opened to the public in 1953 and has gained national and international recognition as home to the world's largest collection of folk art. The Girard Wing houses the popular permanent exhibition, Multiple Visions: A Common Bond, which showcases folk art, popular art, toys and textiles from more than 100 nations. Opening in 1982, this unorthodox and delightful exhibition was designed and installed by Girard, and remains popular with the public. Additional projects Radio cabinets, interiors for Detrola Corporation (1943) Exhibition design, "Design for Modern Use, Made in U.S.A." Museum of Modern Art (1950) Rieveschi residence, Grosse Pointe, Michigan (1951) Miller House, Columbus, Indiana (1953) Exhibition design, "Good Design" Home Furnishings Exhibition, Museum of Modern Art (1954) Exhibition design, "Textiles and Ornamental Arts of India" Museum of Modern Art (1954) "Day of the Dead" documentary film, collaboration with Charles Eames (1956) Nativity Exhibition, sponsored by Hallmark Cards, Atkins Museum, Kansas City, Missouri Penthouse apartment for Hallmark Cards, Hallmark Building, Kansas City (1962) Gregory residence, Wayzata, Minnesota (1963, with architect I.W. Colburn) Interior design of the campus of St. John's College, Santa Fe, New Mexico (1964) Indian government commissioned Girard and Eames to design the Memorial Exhibition for Nehru, Delhi, India (1965) "El Encanto de un Pueblo (The Magic of a People): International Exhibit for Hemisfair, San Antonio, Texas (1968) Wooden Dolls Girard Designed the Wooden Dolls in 1952. The Wooden Dolls were used for his Santa Fe home. They were human and animal characters with various colors. After Girard's heirs donated it to the Vitra Design Museum, it was stuidied and imitated and produced. Font Design Girard designed his own typeface and used it in other design works through typography. The fonts he designed are practical, illustrative and readable. Awards/Recognition Gold Medal, Barcelona Exhibition, 1929 Fabric Competition, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1946 St. Louis Memorial Competition, Winning Team Member, 1948 Trail Blazer Award, Home Fashion League of New York, 1952 Silver Medal, Architectural League of New York, 1962 Elise de Wolfe Award, New York Chapter of American Institute of Interior Designers, 1966 Governor’s Award, Outstanding Contribution to Fine Arts in New Mexico, 1981 Designer’s West/Ray Bradbury Creativity Award, 1987 Exhibitions Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, The Opulent Eye of Alexander Girard, 2001 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Alexander Girard: Vibrant Modern, 2006 Exhibition 'Alexander Girard: A Designer's Universe' Vitra Design Museum, Weilam Rhein, Germany 11 Mar 2016- 22 Jan 2017 Cranbrook Art Museum, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA Jan 17 2017- Oct 08 2017 Hangaram Design Museum, Bloom field Hills, Seoul, South Korea, Dec 2017- Mar 2018 Museum of Internationala Folk Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA May 5, 2019- Oct 27 2019 Palm Springs Art Museum, Palm Springs, California, USA Nov 23 2019- Mar 01 2020 Franz Mayer Museum, Mexico City Jun 17 2020- October 11, 2020 Gallery References Further reading – A 276-page set of essays which describe the content and importance of the Girard collection. The essays are complemented by black and white as well as color plates of collection objects on display at the Museum. – A 96-page set of essays which describe the Girard collection and its origins. The book, which contains over 100 color plates of objects described in the essays, is currently out of print. External links Braniff Flying Colors Historical Page Girard Wing Girard at Braniff Dwell Magazine Article House Industries Girard Collection produced in conjunction with the Girard estate and Máximo House Industries Alexandar Girard's works in Columbus, Indiana 1907 births 1993 deaths Architects from New York City American textile designers Museum founders American people of French descent American people of Italian descent 20th-century American architects People educated at Bedford Modern School American expatriates in Italy 20th-century philanthropists American expatriates in the United Kingdom AIGA medalists

<mask> (May 24, 1907 – December 31, 1993), affectionately known as Sandro, was an architect, interior designer, furniture designer, industrial designer, and a textile designer. Early life He was born in New York City to an American mother from Boston and a French-Italian father. He was raised in Florence, Italy and in 1917 he was sent as a boarder to Bedford Modern School in England leaving in 1924 to study architecture in London. After also graduating from the Royal School of Architecture in Rome, Girard refined his skills in both Florence and New York. In 1932, his studio was opened in New York and he moved it to Detroit in 1937. Career Girard is widely known for his contributions in the field of American textile design, particularly through his work for Herman Miller (1952 to 1973), where he created fabrics for the designs of George Nelson and Charles and Ray Eames. His work also includes designing the La Fonda del Sol Restaurant in New York (1960), the Herman Miller Showplace: T&O (Textiles and Objects) (1961), Braniff International Airways (1965), and the Girard Foundation (1962), which houses his extensive folk art collection.He and his wife, <mask>, amassed a remarkable collection of artifacts consisting of folk art, popular art, toys, and textiles from around the world, which is displayed through the Girard Foundation, founded 1962. One of the artists Girard supported was Cochiti Pueblo potter Helen Cordero, the creator of Storyteller pottery figurines. Girard at Herman Miller Herman Miller Textiles Division In 1952, <mask> was hired to head the fabric and textile division. Girard worked with George Nelson and Charles and Ray Eames to form a design team that has influenced the fundamentals of design throughout the United States and the rest of the world. Girard initially established a fabric collection based on his architectural training. His first fabric line consisted of plain upholsteries and geometric drapery prints—stripes, circles, and triangles. He went on to create many more patterns and designs, largely inspired by folk art.He also worked with a 19th-century textile mill he discovered in central Mexico, to create a line of handwoven 100% cotton fabrics. Because of the excellent quality and array of colors available, he developed a range of colorful "mexidots"and "mexistripes" which he used in many of his projects including installation backing, ground for environmental enrichment panels and upholstery. <mask> also developed a furniture collection for Herman Miller in 1967 building on his designs for Braniff Airlines' lounge and office furniture which featured a low sight line and interior/exterior shell separate from the seat cushion to maximize varied upholstery. Originals from this collection are rare and have become highly collectible, since they were quite expensive at the time and were in production only for one year. In 1971, he developed 40 screen printed graphics on fabrics for Robert Propst's Action Office 2 System. These Environmental Enrichment panels add a touch of warmth, color, and design to the office environment. T&O (Textiles and Objects) 1961 This Herman Miller showplace was a unique space filled with textiles and folk art pieces on Manhattan's East 53rd Street.Textiles and Objects was an innovation demonstrating textiles as an integral part of interior displays for both designers and the individual consumer. The showroom also featured folk art Girard collected from around the world. T&O closed in shortly after opening, due to insufficient marketing and a public was not quite ready to add such colorful and exotic objects to the typical 1950s palette of their homes. Independent projects Braniff Airways and "The End of The Plain Plane" In May 1965, Girard began his design work for Braniff International Airways re-branding campaign called "The End of the Plain Plane". This project gave Girard the opportunity to work with textiles, color, and graphics on a grand scale, redesigning everything from the sugar packets to the ticket counters to the color of the planes themselves. He used colors like light and dark blue, beige, ochre, orange, turquoise, and lemon yellow to make the planes recognizable from the ground. Italian couturier fashion designer Emilio Pucci designed attendant uniforms.Girard also designed a line of furniture for Braniff's ticket offices and customer lounges. This furniture was also available to the public by Herman Miller in 1967 but was available for one year only. Restaurants In 1960, Girard designed every aspect of the La Fonda del Sol restaurant located in Manhattan's Time-Life building in a Latin American and contemporary theme/style, including menus, matchbooks, tableware and the ceramic tiles on the floors and walls. Girard created over eighty different sun motifs found throughout the restaurant. As part of the commission, Charles and Ray Eames were brought in to design a fabric covered fiberglass chair and table, both with a new pedestal design. The chairs were similar to the plastic Eames chairs with a modification to the top silhouette of the fiberglass bucket. Girard was also commissioned by Brody to design the L'Etoile Restaurant (1966) in the Sherry Netherlands Hotel, New York, a French restaurant with austere decor featuring a range of silver and greys featuring glass engraved with the names of French luminaries and daisy shaped tables in the bar.The Compound Restaurant (1967), in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is in a clean modern yet traditional New Mexican style with inlaid Mexicotton ceiling tiles and nichos featuring a mix of folk art and Girard's own designs. Georg Jensen In 1956, Just Lunning, president of Georg Jensen, commissioned Girard to design seven table settings for an exhibition on 5th Avenue in New York. Each setting was created around a vignette outlining the personalities and situations of the company at the particular table. He created place mats and dishes specific to the project. John Deere <mask> was commissioned to create a mural for the John Deere Company, in the entrance to their administration building designed by Eero Saarinen near Moline, Illinois. The mural is one hundred eighty feet long and eight feet high, created entirely with three dimensional found objects. The Girard Foundation In 1962, Girard and his wife established the Girard Foundation in Santa Fe to manage their art collection that numbered over 100,000 pieces, including toys, dolls, icons, and other ethnic expressions.Girard's design work was heavily influenced by his passion for folk art. In 1978, Girard contributed his immense collection to the Museum of International Folk Art in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States. The museum opened to the public in 1953 and has gained national and international recognition as home to the world's largest collection of folk art. The Girard Wing houses the popular permanent exhibition, Multiple Visions: A Common Bond, which showcases folk art, popular art, toys and textiles from more than 100 nations. Opening in 1982, this unorthodox and delightful exhibition was designed and installed by Girard, and remains popular with the public. Additional projects Radio cabinets, interiors for Detrola Corporation (1943) Exhibition design, "Design for Modern Use, Made in U.S.A." Museum of Modern Art (1950) Rieveschi residence, Grosse Pointe, Michigan (1951) Miller House, Columbus, Indiana (1953) Exhibition design, "Good Design" Home Furnishings Exhibition, Museum of Modern Art (1954) Exhibition design, "Textiles and Ornamental Arts of India" Museum of Modern Art (1954) "Day of the Dead" documentary film, collaboration with Charles Eames (1956) Nativity Exhibition, sponsored by Hallmark Cards, Atkins Museum, Kansas City, Missouri Penthouse apartment for Hallmark Cards, Hallmark Building, Kansas City (1962) Gregory residence, Wayzata, Minnesota (1963, with architect I.W. Colburn) Interior design of the campus of St. John's College, Santa Fe, New Mexico (1964) Indian government commissioned Girard and Eames to design the Memorial Exhibition for Nehru, Delhi, India (1965) "El Encanto de un Pueblo (The Magic of a People): International Exhibit for Hemisfair, San Antonio, Texas (1968) Wooden Dolls Girard Designed the Wooden Dolls in 1952.The Wooden Dolls were used for his Santa Fe home. They were human and animal characters with various colors. After Girard's heirs donated it to the Vitra Design Museum, it was stuidied and imitated and produced. Font Design Girard designed his own typeface and used it in other design works through typography. The fonts he designed are practical, illustrative and readable. The essays are complemented by black and white as well as color plates of collection objects on display at the Museum. – A 96-page set of essays which describe the Girard collection and its origins.The book, which contains over 100 color plates of objects described in the essays, is currently out of print. External links Braniff Flying Colors Historical Page Girard Wing Girard at Braniff Dwell Magazine Article House Industries Girard Collection produced in conjunction with the Girard estate and Máximo House Industries Alexandar Girard's works in Columbus, Indiana 1907 births 1993 deaths Architects from New York City American textile designers Museum founders American people of French descent American people of Italian descent 20th-century American architects People educated at Bedford Modern School American expatriates in Italy 20th-century philanthropists American expatriates in the United Kingdom AIGA medalists

<mask>, affectionately known as Sandro, was an architect, interior designer, furniture designer, industrial designer, and a textile designer. He was born in New York City to an American mother and a French-Italian father. After graduating from school in 1917, he was sent to England to study architecture in London. After graduating from the Royal School of Architecture in Rome, he refined his skills in Florence and New York. He moved his studio from New York to Detroit in 1937. His work for Herman Miller, where he created fabrics for the designs of George Nelson and Charles and Ray Eames, is well-known for his contributions in the field of American textile design. His work includes the La Fonda del Sol Restaurant in New York, the Herman Miller Showplace: T&O, Braniff International Airways, and the Girard Foundation.He and his wife, Susan, amassed a remarkable collection of artifacts consisting of folk art, popular art, toys, and textiles from around the world, which is displayed through the Girard Foundation. Helen Cordero is the creator of the Storyteller pottery figurines. <mask> was hired to head the fabric and textile division. The fundamental principles of design in the United States and the rest of the world have been influenced by the design team of George Nelson, Charles and Ray Eames. The fabric collection was established based on his training. His first fabric line was made of plain upholsteries and geometric drapery prints. Folk art inspired him to create many more patterns and designs.He worked with a 19th-century textile mill in central Mexico to create a line of handwoven cotton fabrics. He developed a range of colorful "mxidots" and "mexistripes" which he used in many of his projects because of the excellent quality and array of colors available. The furniture collection for Herman Miller was built on his designs for Braniff Airlines' lounge and office furniture which featured a low sight line and interior/exterior shell separate from the seat cushion to maximize varied upholstery. The originals from this collection were expensive at the time and were only made for a year. 40 screen printed graphics were created for Robert Propst's Action Office 2 System. The panels add warmth, color, and design to the office environment. The Herman Miller showplace was a unique place filled with textiles and folk art.Textiles and Objects demonstrated that textiles are an important part of interior displays for both designers and the individual consumer. Folk art from around the world were displayed in the showroom. T&O closed due to insufficient marketing and a public that was not ready to add colorful and exotic objects to their homes. Braniff Airways and "The End of The Plain Plane" are two independent projects. This project gave Girard the chance to work with textiles, color, and graphics on a grand scale, redesigning everything from the sugar packets to the ticket counter to the color of the planes themselves. Light and dark blue, beige, orange, turquoise, and lemon yellow are some of the colors he used to make the planes recognizable. The attendant uniforms were designed by Pucci.Braniff's ticket offices and customer lounges were designed by Girard. The Herman Miller furniture was only available to the public for a year. The La Fonda del Sol restaurant in Manhattan's Time-Life building was designed by Girard in 1960 in a Latin American and contemporary style with ceramic tiles on the floors and walls. There are over eighty sun motifs in the restaurant. As part of the commission, Charles and Ray Eames were brought in to design a fabric covered fiberglass chair and table. The chairs had a modification to the top silhouette of the fiberglass bucket. The L'Etoile Restaurant in the Sherry Netherlands Hotel, New York, a French restaurant with austere decor featuring a range of silver and greys featuring glass engraved with the names of French luminaries and daisy shaped tables in the bar, was designed by Girard.The Compound Restaurant in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is in a clean modern yet traditional New Mexican style with inlaid Mexicotton ceiling tiles and nichos featuring a mix of folk art and Girard's own designs. Just Lunning, president of Georg Jensen, commissioned Girard to design seven table settings for an exhibition on 5th Avenue in New York. The company's personality and situations were outlined in a vignettes around the particular table. He created mats and dishes for the project. The entrance to the administration building of the John Deere Company was designed by Eero Saarinen. The mural is one hundred eighty feet long and eight feet high. The art collection of Girard and his wife numbered over 100,000 pieces, including toys, dolls, icons, and other ethnic expressions.His passion for folk art influenced his design work. The Museum of International Folk Art is located in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The world's largest collection of folk art can be found at the museum, which opened to the public in 1953. Multiple Visions: A Common Bond is a permanent exhibition that showcases folk art, popular art, toys and textiles from more than 100 nations. The exhibition opened in 1982 and is still popular with the public. The exhibition design was "Design for Modern Use, Made in U.S.A." The campus of St. John's College, Santa Fe, New Mexico has an interior design by Colburn.He used the wooden dolls to live in Santa Fe. They were both human and animal. It was produced after it was donated to the Vitra Design Museum. He used his own typeface in other works. The fonts he designed are readable. Black and white as well as color plates of collection objects are on display at the Museum. The essays describe the origins of the collection.The book contains over 100 color plates of objects and is currently out of print. Braniff Flying Colors Historical Page Girard Wing Girard at Braniff Dwell Magazine is produced in conjunction with the Mximo House Industries Alexandar Girard's works in Columbus, Indiana.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly%20Renton

Polly Renton

The Honourable Polly Renton, born Penelope Sally Rosita Renton (4 March 1970 – 28 May 2010), was an award-winning British documentary film maker and proponent of ethical journalism, who played an important part in transforming political television in East Africa and trained a generation of African television journalists through her Nairobi based NGO, MEDEVA (Media Development in Africa). Early life and education Penelope (‘Polly’) Sally Rosita Renton was born in Brighton on 4 March 1970, the youngest of the five children of Tim Renton (later Baron Renton of Mount Harry), a Conservative MP and Chief Whip to Margaret Thatcher, and his wife Alice (née Fergusson), a novelist and historian. She was named, in part, after her great aunt, the novelist and explorer Rosita Forbes. Her siblings include the investigative journalist and author Alex Renton and the artist and cartoonist Chelsea Renton. She was educated at Windlesham House School and Roedean before going up to Magdalen College, Oxford to read Modern Languages. After university she spent time in Guatemala helping to rescue children from prostitution before threats to her life forced her to leave the country. Career In 1994 Renton abandoned an 18-month career in the pharmaceuticals industry to work as a researcher for Peter Kosminsky on his sexual abuse docu-drama, No Child of Mine (1997), at Yorkshire Television. She directed her first two documentary films, My Mate Charlie (2000), about the rise in the use of cocaine in Britain, and Waiting for Sentence (2001), which explored prison life, for Channel 4's Doing Time series. Her next film, Sex Bomb (2002), dealt with sexually transmitted diseases among British teenagers and won the Royal Television Society's award for Best Independent Programme in 2002.“Polly Renton was adept at getting the very best out of her interviewees, giving them the confidence to speak openly about their experiences. She was a tenacious yet compassionate director, and her humour and kindness were evident even in the bleakest filming situations.” (Obituary, The Telegraph) MEDEVA Renton moved to Kenya after holidaying there in 2000 and is credited with playing a major role in the transformation of the country’s television. Disillusioned by the poor quality of television journalism available and the restrictions on it, Renton obtained funding from the Ford Foundation to set up a non-governmental organisation, Media Development in Africa (MEDEVA), in Nairobi. MEDEVA’s objective was to train Kenyan film makers and journalists and it went on to produce five series of the current affairs magazine show Tazama! (Swahili for ‘Look’), Kenya’s most popular show after the news with four million weekly viewers, and three seasons of Agenda Kenya, a political talk show in the vein of Question Time, for which she was advised by family friend David Dimbleby.“Polly’s idea of producing this kind of programme was much harder to do in a country like Kenya, which doesn’t have a tradition of public criticism. It was an act of huge courage and determination. I remember people were quite sceptical that she could even get it on air.” (David Dimbleby)The incendiary nature of the political discussions on Agenda Kenya meant it often had to be filmed in the presence of armed guards. On one occasion an unrelated power cut led to student demonstrations in the streets in the belief that the government had taken the programme off air.“The audience on Agenda Kenya has been spectacularly brave and articulate. In the UK politics is often about schools or taxes, but here politics is life and death. It’s about whether you have access to justice or food or get caught up in some tribal skirmish.” (Polly Renton, speaking about Agenda Kenya)By 2008 MEDEVA had trained more than 100 young Kenyans to become ethical television reporters, producers, editors and sound and camera technicians. In 2009 she produced a series of films for the Department for International Development with her brother, journalist Alex Renton, dealing with issues affecting East Africa. At the time of her death in 2010 she was slated to work with the BBC's Comic Relief on a series of films about poverty in the slums of Kibera. Personal life Renton was a rower and a violinist at university. Her father’s life peerage in 1997 entitled her to the style ‘The Honourable’. In 2005 in Kenya she married Toby Fenwick-Wilson, a safari manager and guide who hailed, as she did, from Sussex. The couple had a daughter, Rosita, and a son, Tristan, and settled at Ulu, where they helped set up a conservation area, a ranger service and a health clinic.“Polly was a woman of tireless enthusiasm and integrity. While she would rarely turn down the opportunity for a cocktail at sundown, or a party on a dhow off the Kenyan coast, she nevertheless experienced Kenya in a way many of the "Happy Valley" white Kenyans never aspired to, helping to change and improve the lives of black Kenyans through her work and charitable projects. At her funeral in Ulu, hundreds of people from all walks of life came to pay their respects.” (Obituary, The Guardian, by her friend and colleague Alice Keens-Soper) Death and legacy On 28 May 2010 she and her four-year-old daughter, Rosita (‘Sita’) Fenwick-Wilson, were killed in a car crash as she drove to interview nurses at a remote medical clinic in Kenya. Her one-year-old son and his nanny were also in the car but survived the crash. The Rosita Trust was set up in 2011 in memory of Renton and her daughter, Rosita, principally to carry on the running of MEDEVA, which continued to train journalists in Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda as well as Kenya for several years. The trust’s patrons are David Dimbleby, David Frost and David Puttnam. References External links Polly Renton on British Film Institute 1970 births British journalists People educated at Windlesham House School People educated at Roedean School, East Sussex Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford Daughters of barons 2010 deaths Road incident deaths in Kenya

The Honourable <mask>, born <mask> (4 March 1970 – 28 May 2010), was an award-winning British documentary film maker and proponent of ethical journalism, who played an important part in transforming political television in East Africa and trained a generation of African television journalists through her Nairobi based NGO, MEDEVA (Media Development in Africa). Early life and education Penelope (‘<mask>’) <mask> was born in Brighton on 4 March 1970, the youngest of the five children of <mask> (later <mask> of Mount Harry), a Conservative MP and Chief Whip to Margaret Thatcher, and his wife Alice (née Fergusson), a novelist and historian. She was named, in part, after her great aunt, the novelist and explorer Rosita Forbes. Her siblings include the investigative journalist and author <mask> and the artist and cartoonist <mask>. She was educated at Windlesham House School and Roedean before going up to Magdalen College, Oxford to read Modern Languages. After university she spent time in Guatemala helping to rescue children from prostitution before threats to her life forced her to leave the country. Career In 1994 Renton abandoned an 18-month career in the pharmaceuticals industry to work as a researcher for Peter Kosminsky on his sexual abuse docu-drama, No Child of Mine (1997), at Yorkshire Television.She directed her first two documentary films, My Mate Charlie (2000), about the rise in the use of cocaine in Britain, and Waiting for Sentence (2001), which explored prison life, for Channel 4's Doing Time series. Her next film, Sex Bomb (2002), dealt with sexually transmitted diseases among British teenagers and won the Royal Television Society's award for Best Independent Programme in 2002.“<mask> was adept at getting the very best out of her interviewees, giving them the confidence to speak openly about their experiences. She was a tenacious yet compassionate director, and her humour and kindness were evident even in the bleakest filming situations.” (Obituary, The Telegraph) MEDEVA Renton moved to Kenya after holidaying there in 2000 and is credited with playing a major role in the transformation of the country’s television. Disillusioned by the poor quality of television journalism available and the restrictions on it, Renton obtained funding from the Ford Foundation to set up a non-governmental organisation, Media Development in Africa (MEDEVA), in Nairobi. MEDEVA’s objective was to train Kenyan film makers and journalists and it went on to produce five series of the current affairs magazine show Tazama! (Swahili for ‘Look’), Kenya’s most popular show after the news with four million weekly viewers, and three seasons of Agenda Kenya, a political talk show in the vein of Question Time, for which she was advised by family friend David Dimbleby.“<mask>’s idea of producing this kind of programme was much harder to do in a country like Kenya, which doesn’t have a tradition of public criticism. It was an act of huge courage and determination.I remember people were quite sceptical that she could even get it on air.” (David Dimbleby)The incendiary nature of the political discussions on Agenda Kenya meant it often had to be filmed in the presence of armed guards. On one occasion an unrelated power cut led to student demonstrations in the streets in the belief that the government had taken the programme off air.“The audience on Agenda Kenya has been spectacularly brave and articulate. In the UK politics is often about schools or taxes, but here politics is life and death. It’s about whether you have access to justice or food or get caught up in some tribal skirmish.” (<mask>, speaking about Agenda Kenya)By 2008 MEDEVA had trained more than 100 young Kenyans to become ethical television reporters, producers, editors and sound and camera technicians. In 2009 she produced a series of films for the Department for International Development with her brother, journalist <mask>, dealing with issues affecting East Africa. At the time of her death in 2010 she was slated to work with the BBC's Comic Relief on a series of films about poverty in the slums of Kibera. Personal life <mask> was a rower and a violinist at university.Her father’s life peerage in 1997 entitled her to the style ‘The Honourable’. In 2005 in Kenya she married Toby Fenwick-Wilson, a safari manager and guide who hailed, as she did, from Sussex. The couple had a daughter, Rosita, and a son, Tristan, and settled at Ulu, where they helped set up a conservation area, a ranger service and a health clinic.“<mask> was a woman of tireless enthusiasm and integrity. While she would rarely turn down the opportunity for a cocktail at sundown, or a party on a dhow off the Kenyan coast, she nevertheless experienced Kenya in a way many of the "Happy Valley" white Kenyans never aspired to, helping to change and improve the lives of black Kenyans through her work and charitable projects. At her funeral in Ulu, hundreds of people from all walks of life came to pay their respects.” (Obituary, The Guardian, by her friend and colleague Alice Keens-Soper) Death and legacy On 28 May 2010 she and her four-year-old daughter, Rosita (‘Sita’) Fenwick-Wilson, were killed in a car crash as she drove to interview nurses at a remote medical clinic in Kenya. Her one-year-old son and his nanny were also in the car but survived the crash. The Rosita Trust was set up in 2011 in memory of <mask> and her daughter, Rosita, principally to carry on the running of MEDEVA, which continued to train journalists in Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda as well as Kenya for several years.The trust’s patrons are David Dimbleby, David Frost and David Puttnam. References External links <mask> on British Film Institute 1970 births British journalists People educated at Windlesham House School People educated at Roedean School, East Sussex Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford Daughters of barons 2010 deaths Road incident deaths in Kenya

The Honorable <mask> was an award-winning British documentary film maker and proponent of ethical journalism who played an important part in transforming political television in East Africa and trained a generation of African television journalists. <mask> was the youngest of the five children of Tim and <mask>, a Conservative MP and Chief Whip to Margaret Thatcher. She was named after her great aunt, a novelist and explorer. The investigative journalist and author <mask> is one of her siblings. After graduating from Windlesham House School, she went to Oxford to study Modern Languages. threats to her life forced her to leave the country where she spent time helping to rescue children from prostitution. After 18 months in the pharmaceuticals industry, Renton left to work as a researcher for Peter Kosminsky on his sexual abuse docu-drama, No Child of Mine.Her first two films were about the rise in the use of cocaine in Britain, and the second was about prison life. Her next film, Sex Bomb, dealt with sexually transmitted diseases among British teenagers and won the Royal Television Society's award for Best Independent Programme in 2002. She was a tenacious yet compassionate director, and her humour and kindness were evident even in the bleakest filming situations. Disillusioned by the poor quality of television journalism available and the restrictions on it, Renton obtained funding from the Ford Foundation to set up a non-governmental organisation, Media Development in Africa. Five series of the current affairs magazine show Tazama! were produced by MEDEVA and went on to train film makers and journalists. She was advised by her family friend David Dimbleby to host a show called "Polly", which was a political talk show in the vein of Question Time, and was the most popular show after the news with four million weekly viewers. It was an act of determination.David Dimbleby said people were skeptical that she could even get it on air. On one occasion an unrelated power cut led to student demonstrations in the streets in the belief that the government had taken the programme off air. Politics in the UK is often about schools or taxes, but here it is life and death. More than 100 young people were trained by MEDEVA to become ethical television reporters, producers, editors and sound and camera technicians. She and her brother Alex produced films for the Department for International Development about issues affecting East Africa. She was going to work with Comic Relief on a series of films about poverty in the slums of Kibera. At university, Renton was a rower and violinist.She was entitled to the style of The Honorable by her father. In 2005 she married Toby Fenwick-Wilson, a guide who hailed from Sussex. The couple had two children, a daughter and a son, and they settled at Ulu, where they helped set up a range of services. While she would rarely turn down the opportunity for a cocktail at sundown, or a party on a dhow off the Kenyan coast, she nevertheless experienced Kenya in a way many of the "Happy Valley" white Kenyans never aspire to, helping to change and improve the lives of black Kenyans Hundreds of people from all walks of life came to pay their respects at her funeral in Ulu. Her one-year-old son and his nanny were in the car with her at the time of the crash. In memory of <mask> and her daughter, Rosita, the trust was set up in 2011.Three of the trust's patrons are David Dimbleby, David Puttnam and David Frost. The British Film Institute has links to people educated at Windlesham House School.

9350844

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Gerard

Leo Gerard

Leo W. Gerard (born 1947) is a retired steelworker and Canadian and American labor leader. He was elected president of the United Steelworkers (USW) in 2001, becoming the second Canadian to head the union. He served in the role until July 2019. He also served on the Executive Council of the AFL-CIO. Early life and career Gerard was born in 1947 in Creighton Mine, Ontario, at the time an unincorporated suburb of Sudbury. His father, Wilfred Gerard, was a miner at the Creighton Mine and a key organizer with the International Mine Mill and Smelter Workers' Union (which merged with the United Steelworkers in 1967). He grew up in Sudbury. Taught that unions were supposed to be engaged on social issues and not just collective bargaining, Gerard often listened in on union meetings conducted in the family home. He handed out leaflets on the eve of a strike at the age of 11, and accompanied his father on a union organizing drive at the age of 13. After graduating from Lively District Secondary School, Gerard took a job at the Inco nickel smelter in Sudbury, unclogging tuyeres with a sledgehammer. He was elected steward and then chief steward of the 7,000-member Local 6500. He enrolled at Laurentian University, studying economics and planning to be an economics professor. He quit college in 1977 when he was just a few credits short of graduation, and took a job as a staff representative for the international union. He married his high school sweetheart, Susan, and they have two daughters. Gerard rose steadily within the Steelworkers union hierarchy over the next two decades. He was elected director of USW District 6 in 1985 and re-elected in 1989, and was appointed national director of the Canadian division of the USW in August 1991. He was elected secretary-treasurer of the international union in 1993, and again in 1997. While USW secretary-treasurer, Gerard instituted a number of important administrative initiatives. He implemented cost-saving and revenue-generating initiatives, reorganized the secretary-treasurer's office, created an information technology department, developed a new union-to-member communications network, restructured member and local union servicing, and reinvigorated the union's organizing efforts. Gerard eventually returned to Laurentian University and received a bachelor's degree in economics and politics. The university awarded him an honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 1994. USW presidency Concerned that his age hindered the USW's ability to deal effectively with the problems confronting workers, President George Becker resigned effective February 28, 2001, seven months before his term of office was to end. The Steelworkers' executive council appointed Gerard his successor on February 21. Gerard quickly assembled a slate of supporters (many of them incumbent officers in the international union), and announced he would run for the presidency in the union's regularly scheduled elections in November 2001. He was elected without opposition to four-year terms in 2001, 2005 and 2009. Gerard was the second Canadian to head the United Steelworkers, after Lynn R. Williams (1983-1994). In his first two terms in office, Gerard oversaw in a significant number of union mergers with the USW. The USW merged with the 12,000-member American Flint Glass Workers Union in 2003, the 50,000-member Industrial, Wood and Allied Workers of Canada in 2004, 3,000 former members of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees in Canada in 2004, and the 1,150-member Independent Steelworkers Union in 2007. But the most important merger was in 2005 with the 250,000-member Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union (PACE), a merger which made the USW the largest industrial union in North America. Gerard has adopted a global perspective on unionization. Beginning in 2003, he has signed strategical alliances pledging mutual support on workers' rights, organizing, and collective bargaining with the World Aluminum Conference of the International Metalworkers' Federation, Australian Workers' Union, Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union of Australia, Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists, National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic, Confederação Nacional dos Metalúrgicos of Brazil, and the Canadian Region of the Communications Workers of America. In 2005, Gerard negotiated a strategic alliance with the million-member Amicus, the United Kingdom's second-largest trade union and the largest private sector union. Two years later, this strategic alliance led to a merger between the USW and Amicus' successor, the 1.8 million-member Unite. The two unions adopted a new name, Workers Uniting, although both unions will retain their individual identities for at least a few years. He returned to Sudbury for a visit in 2008 after an arson incident burned down the historic Sudbury Steelworkers Hall, where he had gotten his start as an organizer with Local 6500, and told the city's media that seeing the burned building was one of the most traumatic events of his life. Steel's head office subsequently donated $10,000 to the city's police force as a reward for any information that led to an arrest. Gerard suffered a blood clot (thrombus) in his heart in February 2008, and successfully underwent heart surgery to remove the blockage. Gerard retired in 2019, and was replaced by Thomas M. Conway as International President. Other roles In 2002, he chaired the Second World Rubber Industries Conference in São Paulo, Brazil and served as chair of the Rubber Sector of the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions (ICEM). A member of the executive committee of the International Metalworkers' Federation, he co-chaired the federation's World Aluminum Conference in 2003. Gerard is a member of the Labor Advisory Committee to the United States Trade Representative and the Secretary of Labor and the National Commission on Energy Policy. He is also a member of the Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiations (ACTPN). Gerard was elected a vice president of the AFL-CIO in 2001, elected to the AFL-CIO Executive Council in 2001, and appointed to serve on the labor federation's Executive Committee in February 2003. He was instrumental in the formation of the AFL-CIO Industrial Union Council, and was named chair of the AFL-CIO's Public Policy Committee in March 2005. He also is a member of the Apollo Alliance, a group which works toward North American energy independence and cleaner and more efficient energy alternatives, and is co-chair of the board of directors of the Blue Green Alliance In popular culture News footage of Gerard is included in the 2008 documentary, Battle in Seattle by Stuart Townsend. Gerard and USW vice president Tom Conway are seen dragging two large concrete planters into an intersection near the Washington State Convention and Trade Center during the 1999 WTO protests in an attempt to help protesters block access to the WTO meetings. Gerard and Conway came under fire by Seattle police during the incident. References External links "USW Web Site" "Interview with Leo W. Gerard." Bill Moyers' Journal. January 9, 2009. People from Greater Sudbury Trade unionists from Ontario Living people Laurentian University alumni Presidents of United Steelworkers 1947 births

<mask><mask> (born 1947) is a retired steelworker and Canadian and American labor leader. He was elected president of the United Steelworkers (USW) in 2001, becoming the second Canadian to head the union. He served in the role until July 2019. He also served on the Executive Council of the AFL-CIO. Early life and career <mask> was born in 1947 in Creighton Mine, Ontario, at the time an unincorporated suburb of Sudbury. His father, <mask>, was a miner at the Creighton Mine and a key organizer with the International Mine Mill and Smelter Workers' Union (which merged with the United Steelworkers in 1967). He grew up in Sudbury.Taught that unions were supposed to be engaged on social issues and not just collective bargaining, <mask> often listened in on union meetings conducted in the family home. He handed out leaflets on the eve of a strike at the age of 11, and accompanied his father on a union organizing drive at the age of 13. After graduating from Lively District Secondary School, <mask> took a job at the Inco nickel smelter in Sudbury, unclogging tuyeres with a sledgehammer. He was elected steward and then chief steward of the 7,000-member Local 6500. He enrolled at Laurentian University, studying economics and planning to be an economics professor. He quit college in 1977 when he was just a few credits short of graduation, and took a job as a staff representative for the international union. He married his high school sweetheart, Susan, and they have two daughters.<mask> rose steadily within the Steelworkers union hierarchy over the next two decades. He was elected director of USW District 6 in 1985 and re-elected in 1989, and was appointed national director of the Canadian division of the USW in August 1991. He was elected secretary-treasurer of the international union in 1993, and again in 1997. While USW secretary-treasurer, <mask> instituted a number of important administrative initiatives. He implemented cost-saving and revenue-generating initiatives, reorganized the secretary-treasurer's office, created an information technology department, developed a new union-to-member communications network, restructured member and local union servicing, and reinvigorated the union's organizing efforts. <mask> eventually returned to Laurentian University and received a bachelor's degree in economics and politics. The university awarded him an honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 1994.USW presidency Concerned that his age hindered the USW's ability to deal effectively with the problems confronting workers, President George Becker resigned effective February 28, 2001, seven months before his term of office was to end. The Steelworkers' executive council appointed <mask> his successor on February 21. <mask> quickly assembled a slate of supporters (many of them incumbent officers in the international union), and announced he would run for the presidency in the union's regularly scheduled elections in November 2001. He was elected without opposition to four-year terms in 2001, 2005 and 2009. <mask> was the second Canadian to head the United Steelworkers, after Lynn R. Williams (1983-1994). In his first two terms in office, <mask> oversaw in a significant number of union mergers with the USW. The USW merged with the 12,000-member American Flint Glass Workers Union in 2003, the 50,000-member Industrial, Wood and Allied Workers of Canada in 2004, 3,000 former members of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees in Canada in 2004, and the 1,150-member Independent Steelworkers Union in 2007.But the most important merger was in 2005 with the 250,000-member Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union (PACE), a merger which made the USW the largest industrial union in North America. <mask> has adopted a global perspective on unionization. Beginning in 2003, he has signed strategical alliances pledging mutual support on workers' rights, organizing, and collective bargaining with the World Aluminum Conference of the International Metalworkers' Federation, Australian Workers' Union, Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union of Australia, Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists, National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic, Confederação Nacional dos Metalúrgicos of Brazil, and the Canadian Region of the Communications Workers of America. In 2005, <mask> negotiated a strategic alliance with the million-member Amicus, the United Kingdom's second-largest trade union and the largest private sector union. Two years later, this strategic alliance led to a merger between the USW and Amicus' successor, the 1.8 million-member Unite. The two unions adopted a new name, Workers Uniting, although both unions will retain their individual identities for at least a few years. He returned to Sudbury for a visit in 2008 after an arson incident burned down the historic Sudbury Steelworkers Hall, where he had gotten his start as an organizer with Local 6500, and told the city's media that seeing the burned building was one of the most traumatic events of his life.Steel's head office subsequently donated $10,000 to the city's police force as a reward for any information that led to an arrest. <mask> suffered a blood clot (thrombus) in his heart in February 2008, and successfully underwent heart surgery to remove the blockage. <mask> retired in 2019, and was replaced by Thomas M. Conway as International President. Other roles In 2002, he chaired the Second World Rubber Industries Conference in São Paulo, Brazil and served as chair of the Rubber Sector of the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions (ICEM). A member of the executive committee of the International Metalworkers' Federation, he co-chaired the federation's World Aluminum Conference in 2003. <mask> is a member of the Labor Advisory Committee to the United States Trade Representative and the Secretary of Labor and the National Commission on Energy Policy. He is also a member of the Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiations (ACTPN).<mask> was elected a vice president of the AFL-CIO in 2001, elected to the AFL-CIO Executive Council in 2001, and appointed to serve on the labor federation's Executive Committee in February 2003. He was instrumental in the formation of the AFL-CIO Industrial Union Council, and was named chair of the AFL-CIO's Public Policy Committee in March 2005. He also is a member of the Apollo Alliance, a group which works toward North American energy independence and cleaner and more efficient energy alternatives, and is co-chair of the board of directors of the Blue Green Alliance In popular culture News footage of <mask> is included in the 2008 documentary, Battle in Seattle by Stuart Townsend. <mask> and USW vice president Tom Conway are seen dragging two large concrete planters into an intersection near the Washington State Convention and Trade Center during the 1999 WTO protests in an attempt to help protesters block access to the WTO meetings. <mask> and Conway came under fire by Seattle police during the incident. References External links "USW Web Site" "Interview with <mask>. <mask>."Bill Moyers' Journal. January 9, 2009. People from Greater Sudbury Trade unionists from Ontario Living people Laurentian University alumni Presidents of United Steelworkers 1947 births

He is a retired steelworker and Canadian and American labor leader. He became the second Canadian to head the USW when he was elected president in 2001. He was in the role until July. He was a member of the Executive Council. At the time of an unincorporated suburb of Sudbury, <mask> was born in 1947. The International Mine Mill and Smelter Workers' Union merged with the United Steelworkers in 1967. He grew up in the city.He was taught that unions were supposed to be involved in social issues and not just collective bargaining. He accompanied his father on a union organizing drive at the age of 13 and handed out leaflets on the eve of a strike at the age of 11. After graduating from Lively District Secondary School, <mask> took a job at the Inco nickel smelter. He was the chief steward of Local 6500. He plans to become an economics professor at the university. He took a job as a staff representative for the international union in 1977 when he was just a few credits short of graduating from college. He married his high school sweetheart, Susan, and they have two daughters.The Steelworkers union hierarchy saw a rise in popularity over the next two decades. He was elected director of USW District 6 in 1985 and re-elected in 1989 and was appointed national director of the Canadian division of the USW in 1991. He was the secretary-treasurer of the international union twice. A number of important administrative initiatives were instituted by the USW secretary-treasurer. He implemented cost-saving and revenue-generating initiatives, reorganized the secretary-treasurer's office, created an information technology department, developed a new union-to-member communications network, restructured member and local union servicing, and rejuvenated the union's organizing efforts. He received a bachelor's degree in economics and politics from Laurentian University. He received a Doctor of Laws degree from the university.George Becker resigned as president of the USW seven months before his term of office was to end because of his age. His successor was appointed by the Steelworkers' executive council. The international union's regularly scheduled elections for the presidency will be held in November 2001. In 2001, 2005, and 2009, he was elected without opposition. Lynn R. Williams was the second Canadian to head the United Steelworkers. In his first two terms in office, <mask> oversaw a number of union mergers with the USW. In 2004, 3,000 former members of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees in Canada joined the Independent Steelworkers Union.The Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union (PACE) merger made the USW the largest industrial union in North America. There is a global perspective on unionization. He signed alliances in 2003 that pledged mutual support on workers' rights, organizing, and collective bargaining with the World Aluminum Conference of the International Metalworkers' Federation, Australian Workers' Union, Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union of Australia, and the Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio The United Kingdom's second-largest trade union and the largest private sector union formed a strategic alliance in 2005. The strategic alliance led to a merger between the USW and Unite. Both unions will retain their individual identities for at least a few years after they adopted a new name, Workers Uniting. He told the city's media that seeing the burned building was one of the most traumatic events of his life after he returned to the city in 2008.Steel's head office donated $10,000 to the city's police force for any information that led to an arrest. After suffering a blood clot in his heart in February 2008, he underwent heart surgery to remove the obstruction. The International President was replaced by Thomas M. Conway. He was the chair of the Rubber Sector of the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions. He was a member of the executive committee of the International Metalworkers' Federation. The Secretary of Labor and the National Commission on Energy Policy are members of the Labor Advisory Committee. He is a member of the Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiations.He was appointed to serve on the labor federation's Executive Committee in February 2003 after being elected a vice president of the AFL-CIO in 2001. He was named chair of the Public Policy Committee in March 2005, after he was instrumental in the formation of the Industrial Union Council. He is a member of the Apollo Alliance, a group which works toward North American energy independence and cleaner and more efficient energy alternatives, and is co-chair of the board of directors of the Blue Green Alliance. During the 1999 WTO protests, the USW and its vice president, Tom Conway, were seen dragging two large concrete planters into an intersection near the Washington State Convention and Trade Center in an attempt to help protesters block access to the meetings. They came under fire from Seattle police. There are external links to the USW Web site. There is a person named <mask>.Bill Moyers has a journal. January 9, 2009. The presidents of the United Steelworkers 1947 births were people from Greater Sudbury Trade unionists.

9946

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Sullivan

Ed Sullivan

Edward Vincent Sullivan (September 28, 1901 – October 13, 1974) was an American television personality, impresario, sports and entertainment reporter, and syndicated columnist for the New York Daily News and the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. He was the creator and host of the television variety program The Toast of the Town, which in 1955 was renamed The Ed Sullivan Show. Broadcast from 1948 to 1971, it set a record as the longest-running variety show in US broadcast history. "It was, by almost any measure, the last great TV show," said television critic David Hinckley. "It's one of our fondest, dearest pop culture memories." Sullivan was a broadcasting pioneer during the early years of American television. As critic David Bianculli wrote, "Before MTV, Sullivan presented rock acts. Before Bravo, he presented jazz and classical music and theater. Before the Comedy Channel, even before there was The Tonight Show, Sullivan discovered, anointed and popularized young comedians. Before there were 500 channels, before there was cable, Ed Sullivan was where the choice was. From the start, he was indeed 'the Toast of the Town'." In 1996, Sullivan was ranked number 50 on TV Guide'''s "50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time". Early life and career Edward Vincent Sullivan was born on September 28, 1901, in Harlem, New York City: the son of Elizabeth F. (née Smith) and Peter Arthur Sullivan, a customs house employee. He grew up in Port Chester, New York, where the family lived in a small red brick home at 53 Washington Street. He was of Irish descent. The entire family loved music, and someone was always playing the piano or singing. A phonograph was a prized possession; the family loved playing all types of records on it. Sullivan was a gifted athlete in high school, earning 12 athletic letters at Port Chester High School. He played halfback in football; he was a guard in basketball; in track he was a sprinter. With the baseball team, Sullivan was catcher and team captain and he led the team to several championships. Baseball made an impression on him that would affect his career as well as the culture of America. Sullivan noted that, in the state of New York, integration was taken for granted in high school sports: "When we went up into Connecticut, we ran into clubs that had Negro players. In those days this was accepted as commonplace; and so, my instinctive antagonism years later to any theory that a Negro wasn't a worthy opponent or was an inferior person. It was just as simple as that." Sullivan landed his first job at The Port Chester Daily Item: a local newspaper for which he had written sports news while in high school and then joined the paper full-time after graduation. In 1919, he joined The Hartford Post. The newspaper folded in his first week there, but he landed another job on The New York Evening Mail as a sports reporter. After The Evening Mail closed in 1923, he bounced through a series of news jobs with The Associated Press, The Philadelphia Bulletin, The Morning World, The Morning Telegraph, The New York Bulletin and The Leader. Finally, in 1927, Sullivan joined The Evening Graphic: first as a sports writer and then as a sports editor. In 1929, when Walter Winchell moved to The Daily Mirror, Sullivan was made its Broadway columnist. He left the Graphic for the city's largest tabloid: the New York Daily News. His column, "Little Old New York", concentrated on Broadway shows and gossip, as Winchell's had; and, like Winchell, he did show-business news broadcasts on radio. Again echoing Winchell, Sullivan took on yet another medium in 1933 by writing and starring in the film Mr. Broadway, which has him guiding the audience around New York nightspots to meet entertainers and celebrities. Sullivan soon became a powerful starmaker in the entertainment world himself, becoming one of Winchell's main rivals, setting the El Morocco nightclub in New York as his unofficial headquarters against Winchell's seat of power at the nearby Stork Club. Sullivan continued writing for The News throughout his broadcasting career, and his popularity long outlived Winchell's. In the late 60's, however, Sullivan praised Winchell's legacy in a magazine interview, leading to a major reconciliation between the longtime adversaries. Throughout his career as a columnist, Sullivan had dabbled in entertainment—producing vaudeville shows with which he appeared as master of ceremonies in the 1920s and 1930s, directing a radio program over the original WABC (now WCBS), and organizing benefit reviews for various causes. Radio In 1941, Sullivan was host of the Summer Silver Theater, a variety program on CBS, with Will Bradley as bandleader and a guest star featured each week. Television In 1948, producer Marlo Lewis convinced the CBS network to hire Sullivan to do a weekly Sunday-night TV variety show, Toast of the Town, which later became The Ed Sullivan Show. Debuting in June 1948, the show was originally broadcast from the Maxine Elliott Theatre on West 39th Street in New York City. In January 1953, it moved to CBS-TV Studio 50, at 1697 Broadway (at 53rd Street) in New York City, which in 1967 was renamed the Ed Sullivan Theater (and was later the home of the Late Show with David Letterman and The Late Show with Stephen Colbert). From 1936 to 1950, Studio 50 was a CBS Radio playhouse. Before that it was variously known as Manhattan Theatre, Billy Rose's Music Hall, and Hammerstein's Theatre (it was built in 1927 by Arthur Hammerstein). Television critics gave the new show and its host poor reviews. Harriet Van Horne alleged that "he got where he is not by having a personality, but by having no personality." (The host wrote to the critic, "Dear Miss Van Horne: You bitch. Sincerely, Ed Sullivan.") Sullivan had little acting ability; in 1967, 20 years after his show's debut, Time magazine asked, "What exactly is Ed Sullivan's talent?" His mannerisms on camera were so awkward that some viewers believed the host suffered from Bell's palsy. Time in 1955 stated that Sullivan resembled "Yet," the magazine concluded, "instead of frightening children, Ed Sullivan charms the whole family." Sullivan appeared to the audience as an average guy who brought the great acts of show business to their home televisions. "Ed Sullivan will last", comedian Fred Allen said, "as long as someone else has talent." Frequent guest Alan King said, "Ed does nothing, but he does it better than anyone else in television." A typical show would feature a vaudeville act (acrobats, jugglers, magicians, etc.), one or two popular comedians, a singing star, a hot jukebox favorite, a figure from the legitimate theater, and for the kids, a visit with puppet "Topo Gigio, the little Italian mouse", or a popular athlete. The bill was often international in scope, with many European performers augmenting the American artists. Sullivan had a healthy sense of humor about himself and permitted—even encouraged—impersonators such as John Byner, Frank Gorshin, Rich Little, and especially Will Jordan, to imitate him on his show. Johnny Carson also did a fair impression, and even Joan Rivers imitated Sullivan's unique posture. The impressionists exaggerated his stiffness, raised shoulders, and nasal tenor phrasing, along with some of his commonly used introductions, such as "And now, right here on our stage...", "For all you youngsters out there...", and "a really big shew" (his pronunciation of the word "show"). The latter phrase was in fact in the exclusive domain of his impressionists, as Sullivan never actually spoke the phrase "really big show" in the opening introduction of any episode in the entire history of the series. Will Jordan portrayed Sullivan in the films I Wanna Hold Your Hand, The Buddy Holly Story, The Doors, Mr. Saturday Night, Down with Love, and in the 1979 TV movie Elvis. Sullivan played himself parodying his mannerisms as directed by Jerry Lewis in Lewis' 1964 film The Patsy. Sullivan inspired a song in the musical Bye Bye Birdie, and in 1963, appeared as himself in the film. In 1954, Sullivan was a co-host on a memorable TV musical special, General Foods 25th Anniversary Show: A Salute to Rodgers and Hammerstein. Legacy Sullivan was quoted as saying "In the conduct of my own show, I've never asked a performer his religion, his race or his politics. Performers are engaged on the basis of their abilities. I believe that this is another quality of our show that has helped win it a wide and loyal audience." Although he was wary of Elvis Presley's "bad boy" image, and initially said that he would never book him, Presley became too big a name to ignore; in 1956, Sullivan signed him for three appearances. In August 1956, Sullivan was injured in an automobile accident near his country home in Southbury, Connecticut, and missed Presley's first appearance on September 9. Charles Laughton wound up introducing Presley on the Sullivan hour. When Ed returned to the show, audiences noticed a change in his voice. After Sullivan got to know Presley personally, he made amends by telling his audience, "This is a real decent, fine boy." Sullivan's failure to scoop the TV industry with Presley made him determined to get the next big sensation first. In November 1963, while in Heathrow Airport, Sullivan witnessed Beatlemania firsthand as the band returned from Sweden and the terminal was overrun by screaming teens. At first Sullivan was reluctant to book the Beatles because the band did not have a commercially successful single released in the US at the time, but at the behest of a friend, legendary impresario Sid Bernstein, Sullivan signed the group. Their initial Sullivan show appearance on February 9, 1964, was the most-watched program in TV history to that point. The Beatles appeared three more times in person, and submitted filmed performances afterwards. The Dave Clark Five, who claimed a "cleaner" image than the Beatles, made 13 appearances on the show, more than any other UK group. Unlike many shows of the time, Sullivan asked that most musical acts perform their music live, rather than lip-synching to their recordings. Examination of performances shows that exceptions were made, as when a microphone could not be placed close enough to a performer for technical reasons. An example was B.J. Thomas' 1969 performance of "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head", in which actual water was sprinkled on him as a special effect. In 1969, Sullivan presented the Jackson 5 with their first single "I Want You Back", which ousted the B.J. Thomas song from the top spot of Billboard's pop charts. Sullivan had an appreciation for African American talent. According to biographer Gerald Nachman, "Most TV variety shows welcomed 'acceptable' black superstars like Louis Armstrong, Pearl Bailey and Sammy Davis Jr. ... but in the early 1950s, long before it was fashionable, Sullivan was presenting the much more obscure black entertainers he had enjoyed in Harlem on his uptown rounds— legends like Peg Leg Bates, Pigmeat Markham and Tim Moore ... strangers to white America." He hosted pioneering TV appearances by Bo Diddley, the Platters, Brook Benton, Jackie Wilson, Fats Domino, and numerous Motown acts, including the Supremes, who appeared 17 times. As the critic John Leonard wrote, "There wasn't an important black artist who didn't appear on Ed's show." He defied pressure to exclude African American entertainers, and to avoid interacting with them when they did appear. "Sullivan had to fend off his hard-won sponsor, Ford's Lincoln dealers, after kissing Pearl Bailey on the cheek and daring to shake Nat King Cole's hand," Nachman wrote. According to biographer Jerry Bowles, "Sullivan once had a Ford executive thrown out of the theatre when he suggested that Sullivan stop booking so many black acts. And a dealer in Cleveland told him 'We realize that you got to have niggers on your show. But do you have to put your arm around Bill 'Bojangles' Robinson at the end of his dance?' Sullivan had to be physically restrained from beating the man to a pulp." Sullivan later raised money to help pay for Robinson's funeral. "As a Catholic, it was inevitable that I would despise intolerance, because Catholics suffered more than their share of it," he told an interviewer. "As I grew up, the causes of minorities were part and parcel of me. Negroes and Jews were the minority causes closest at hand. I need no urging to take a plunge in and help." At a time when television had not yet embraced Country and Western music, Sullivan featured Nashville performers on his program. This, in turn, paved the way for shows such as Hee Haw, and variety shows hosted by Johnny Cash, Glen Campbell, and other country singers. The Canadian comedy duo Wayne & Shuster made the most appearances of any act throughout the show's run, 67 appearances between 1958 and 1969. Sullivan appeared as himself on other television programs, including an April 1958 episode of the Howard Duff and Ida Lupino CBS situation comedy Mr. Adams and Eve. On September 14, 1958, Sullivan appeared on What's My Line? as a mystery guest, and showed his comedic side by donning a rubber mask. In 1961, Sullivan was asked by CBS to fill in for an ailing Red Skelton on The Red Skelton Show. Sullivan took Skelton's roles in the various comedy sketches; Skelton's hobo character "Freddie the Freeloader" was renamed "Eddie the Freeloader." Personality Sullivan was quick to take offense if he felt that he had been crossed, and he could hold a grudge for a long time. As he told biographer Gerald Nachman, "I'm a pop-off. I flare up, then I go around apologizing." "Armed with an Irish temper and thin skin," wrote Nachman, "Ed brought to his feuds a hunger for combat fed by his coverage of, and devotion to, boxing." Bo Diddley, Buddy Holly, Jackie Mason, and Jim Morrison were parties to some of Sullivan's most storied conflicts. For his second Sullivan appearance in 1955, Bo Diddley planned to sing his namesake hit, "Bo Diddley", but Sullivan told him to perform Tennessee Ernie Ford's song "Sixteen Tons". "That would have been the end of my career right there," Diddley told his biographer, so he sang "Bo Diddley" anyway. Sullivan was enraged: "You're the first black boy that ever double-crossed me on the show," Diddley quoted him as saying. "We didn't have much to do with each other after that." Later, Diddley resented that Elvis Presley, whom he accused of copying his revolutionary style and beat, received the attention and accolades on Sullivan's show that he felt were rightfully his. "I am owed," he said, "and I never got paid." "He might have," wrote Nachman, "had things gone smoother with Sullivan." Buddy Holly and the Crickets first appeared on the Sullivan show in 1957 to an enthusiastic response. For their second appearance in January 1958, Sullivan considered the lyrics of their chosen number "Oh, Boy!" too suggestive, and ordered Holly to substitute another song. Holly responded that he had already told his hometown friends in Texas that he would be singing "Oh, Boy!" for them. Sullivan, unaccustomed to having his instructions questioned, angrily repeated them, but Holly refused to back down. Later, when the band was slow to respond to a summons to the rehearsal stage, Sullivan commented, "I guess the Crickets are not too excited to be on The Ed Sullivan Show." Holly, still annoyed by Sullivan's attitude, replied, "I hope they're damn more excited than I am." Sullivan retaliated by cutting them from two numbers to one, then mispronounced Holly's name during the introduction. He also saw to it that Holly's guitar amplifier volume was barely audible, except during his guitar solo. Nevertheless, the band was so well-received that Sullivan was forced to invite them back; Holly responded that Sullivan did not have enough money. Archival photographs taken during the appearance show Holly smirking and ignoring a visibly angry Sullivan. During Jackie Mason's October 1964 performance on a show that had been shortened by ten minutes due to an address by President Lyndon Johnson, Sullivan—on-stage but off-camera—signaled Mason that he had two minutes left by holding up two fingers. Sullivan's signal distracted the studio audience, and to television viewers unaware of the circumstances, it seemed as though Mason's jokes were falling flat. Mason, in a bid to regain the audience's attention, cried, "I'm getting fingers here!" and made his own frantic hand gesture: "Here's a finger for you!" Videotapes of the incident are inconclusive as to whether Mason's upswept hand (which was just off-camera) was intended to be an indecent gesture, but Sullivan was convinced that it was, and banned Mason from future appearances on the program. Mason later insisted that he did not know what the "middle finger" meant, and that he did not make the gesture anyway. In September 1965, Sullivan—who, according to Mason, was "deeply apologetic"—brought Mason on the show for a "surprise grand reunion". "He said they were old pals," Nachman wrote, "news to Mason, who never got a repeat invitation." Mason added that his earning power "...was cut right in half after that. I never really worked my way back until I opened on Broadway in 1986." When the Byrds performed on December 12, 1965, David Crosby got into a shouting match with the show's director. They were never asked to return. Sullivan decided that "Girl, we couldn't get much higher", from the Doors' signature song "Light My Fire", was too overt a reference to drug use, and directed that the lyric be changed to "Girl, we couldn't get much better" for the group's September 1967 appearance. The band members "nodded their assent", according to Doors biographer Ben Fong-Torres, then sang the song as written. After the broadcast, producer Bob Precht told the group, "Mr. Sullivan wanted you for six more shows, but you'll never work the Ed Sullivan Show again." Jim Morrison replied, "Hey, man, we just did the Ed Sullivan Show." The Rolling Stones famously capitulated during their fifth appearance on the show, in 1967, when Mick Jagger was told to change the titular lyric of "Let's Spend the Night Together" to "Let's spend some time together". "But Jagger prevailed," wrote Nachman, by deliberately calling attention to the censorship, rolling his eyes, mugging, and drawing out the word "t-i-i-i-me" as he sang the revised lyric. Sullivan was angered by the insubordination, but the Stones did make one additional appearance on the show, in 1969. Moe Howard of the Three Stooges recalled in 1975 that Sullivan had a memory problem of sorts: "Ed was a very nice man, but for a showman, quite forgetful. On our first appearance, he introduced us as the Three Ritz Brothers. He got out of it by adding, 'who look more like the Three Stooges to me'." Joe DeRita, who worked with the Stooges after 1959, had commented that Sullivan had a personality "like the bottom of a bird cage." Diana Ross, who was very fond of Sullivan, later recalled Sullivan's forgetfulness during the many occasions the Supremes performed on his show. In a 1995 appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman (taped in the Ed Sullivan Theater), Ross stated, "he could never remember our names. He called us 'the girls'." In a 1990 press conference, Paul McCartney recalled meeting Sullivan again in the early 1970s. Sullivan apparently had no idea who McCartney was. McCartney tried to remind Sullivan that he was one of the Beatles, but Sullivan obviously could not remember, and nodding and smiling, simply shook McCartney's hand and left. In an interview with Howard Stern around 2012, Joan Rivers said that Sullivan had been suffering from dementia toward the end of his life. Politics Sullivan, like many American entertainers, was pulled into the Cold War anticommunism of the late 1940s and 1950s. Tap dancer Paul Draper's scheduled January 1950 appearance on Toast of the Town met with opposition from Hester McCullough, an activist in the hunt for "subversives". Branding Draper a Communist Party "sympathizer", she demanded that Sullivan's lead sponsor, the Ford Motor Company, cancel Draper's appearance. Draper denied the charge, and appeared on the show as scheduled. Ford received over a thousand angry letters and telegrams, and Sullivan was obliged to promise Ford's advertising agency, Kenyon & Eckhardt, that he would avoid controversial guests going forward. Draper was forced to move to Europe to earn a living. After the Draper incident, Sullivan began to work closely with Theodore Kirkpatrick of the anti-Communist Counterattack newsletter. He would consult Kirkpatrick if any questions came up regarding a potential guest's political leanings. Sullivan wrote in his June 21, 1950, Daily News column that "Kirkpatrick has sat in my living room on several occasions and listened attentively to performers eager to secure a certification of loyalty." Cold War repercussions manifested in a different way when Bob Dylan was booked to appear in May 1963. His chosen song was "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues", which poked fun at the ultraconservative John Birch Society and its tendency to see Communist conspiracies in many situations. No concern was voiced by anyone, including Sullivan, during rehearsals; but on the day of the broadcast, CBS's Standards and Practices department rejected the song, fearing that lyrics equating the Society's views with those of Adolf Hitler might trigger a defamation lawsuit. Dylan was offered the opportunity to perform a different song, but he responded that if he could not sing the number of his choice, he would rather not appear at all. The story generated widespread media attention in the days that followed; Sullivan denounced the network's decision in published interviews. Sullivan butted heads with Standards and Practices on other occasions, as well. In 1956, Ingrid Bergman—who had been living in "exile" in Europe since 1950 in the wake of her scandalous love affair with director Roberto Rossellini while they were both married—was planning a return to Hollywood as the star of Anastasia. Sullivan, confident that the American public would welcome her back, invited her to appear on his show and flew to Europe to film an interview with Bergman, Yul Brynner, and Helen Hayes on the Anastasia set. When he arrived back in New York, Standards and Practices informed Sullivan that under no circumstances would Bergman be permitted to appear on the show, either live or on film. Sullivan's prediction later proved correct, as Bergman won her second Academy Award for her portrayal, as well as the forgiveness of her fans. Personal life Sullivan was engaged to champion swimmer Sybil Bauer, but she died of cancer in 1927 at the age of 23. In 1926, Sullivan met and began dating Sylvia Weinstein. Weinstein tried to tell her Jewish family she was dating a man named Ed Solomon, but her brother figured out she meant Ed Sullivan. With both families strongly opposed to a Catholic–Jewish marriage, the affair was on-again-off-again for three years. They were finally married on April 28, 1930, in a City Hall ceremony, and 8 months later Sylvia gave birth to Elizabeth ("Betty"), named after Sullivan's mother, who had died that year. The Sullivans rented a suite of rooms at the Hotel Delmonico in 1944 after living at the Hotel Astor on Times Square for many years. Sullivan rented a suite next door to the family suite, which he used as an office until The Ed Sullivan Show was canceled in 1971. Sullivan was in the habit of calling his wife after every program to get her immediate critique. The Sullivans were always "on the town", eating out five nights a week at some of the trendiest clubs and restaurants, including the Stork Club, Danny's Hide-A-Way and Jimmy Kelly's. Sullivan socialized with the rich and famous, was friends with U.S. Presidents and was given audiences with several Popes. In 1952, Betty Sullivan married the Ed Sullivan Show's producer, Bob Precht. From the Prechts, Ed had five grandchildren—Robert Edward, Carla Elizabeth, Vincent Henry, Andrew Sullivan and Margo Elizabeth. The Sullivan and Precht families were very close; Betty died on June 7, 2014, aged 83. Later years and death In the fall of 1965, CBS began televising its weekly programs in color. Although the Sullivan show was seen live in the Central and Eastern time zones, it was taped for airing in the Pacific and Mountain time zones. Excerpts have been released on home video, and posted on the official Ed Sullivan Show YouTube Channel. By 1971, the show's ratings had plummeted. In an effort to refresh its lineup, CBS canceled the program in March 1971, along with some of its other long running shows throughout the 1970–1971 season (later known as the rural purge). Angered, Sullivan refused to host three more months of scheduled shows. They were replaced by reruns and a final program without him aired in June. He remained with the network in various other capacities and hosted a 25th anniversary special in June 1973. In early September 1974, Sullivan was diagnosed with an advanced stage of esophageal cancer. Doctors gave him very little time to live, and the family chose to keep the diagnosis secret from him. Sullivan, believing his ailment to be yet another complication from a long-standing battle with gastric ulcers, died five weeks later on October 13, 1974, at New York's Lenox Hill Hospital, two weeks after his 73rd birthday. His funeral was attended by 3,000 at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, on a cold, rainy day. Sullivan is interred in a crypt at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Sullivan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6101 Hollywood Blvd. References Cited sources Further reading Leonard, John, The Ed Sullivan Age, American Heritage, May/June 1997, Volume 48, Issue 3 Nachman, Gerald, Ed Sullivan, December 18, 2006. Barthelme, Donald, "And Now Let's Hear It for the Ed Sullivan Show!" in Guilty Pleasures'', Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974 External links The Official Ed Sullivan Show Website Ed Sullivan Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. Ed Sullivan Documentary 1901 births 1974 deaths 20th-century American journalists American male journalists 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers American gossip columnists American people of Irish descent Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Deaths from esophageal cancer Journalists from New York City New York Daily News people People from Port Chester, New York Radio personalities from New York City Television personalities from New York City Writers from Manhattan

<mask> (September 28, 1901 – October 13, 1974) was an American television personality, impresario, sports and entertainment reporter, and syndicated columnist for the New York Daily News and the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. He was the creator and host of the television variety program The Toast of the Town, which in 1955 was renamed The Ed <mask> Show. Broadcast from 1948 to 1971, it set a record as the longest-running variety show in US broadcast history. "It was, by almost any measure, the last great TV show," said television critic David Hinckley. "It's one of our fondest, dearest pop culture memories." <mask> was a broadcasting pioneer during the early years of American television. As critic David Bianculli wrote, "Before MTV, <mask> presented rock acts.Before Bravo, he presented jazz and classical music and theater. Before the Comedy Channel, even before there was The Tonight Show, <mask> discovered, anointed and popularized young comedians. Before there were 500 channels, before there was cable, <mask> was where the choice was. From the start, he was indeed 'the Toast of the Town'." In 1996, <mask> was ranked number 50 on TV Guide'''s "50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time". Early life and career <mask> <mask> was born on September 28, 1901, in Harlem, New York City: the son of Elizabeth F. (née Smith) and Peter Arthur <mask>, a customs house employee. He grew up in Port Chester, New York, where the family lived in a small red brick home at 53 Washington Street.He was of Irish descent. The entire family loved music, and someone was always playing the piano or singing. A phonograph was a prized possession; the family loved playing all types of records on it. <mask> was a gifted athlete in high school, earning 12 athletic letters at Port Chester High School. He played halfback in football; he was a guard in basketball; in track he was a sprinter. With the baseball team, <mask> was catcher and team captain and he led the team to several championships. Baseball made an impression on him that would affect his career as well as the culture of America.<mask> noted that, in the state of New York, integration was taken for granted in high school sports: "When we went up into Connecticut, we ran into clubs that had Negro players. In those days this was accepted as commonplace; and so, my instinctive antagonism years later to any theory that a Negro wasn't a worthy opponent or was an inferior person. It was just as simple as that." <mask> landed his first job at The Port Chester Daily Item: a local newspaper for which he had written sports news while in high school and then joined the paper full-time after graduation. In 1919, he joined The Hartford Post. The newspaper folded in his first week there, but he landed another job on The New York Evening Mail as a sports reporter. After The Evening Mail closed in 1923, he bounced through a series of news jobs with The Associated Press, The Philadelphia Bulletin, The Morning World, The Morning Telegraph, The New York Bulletin and The Leader.Finally, in 1927, <mask> joined The Evening Graphic: first as a sports writer and then as a sports editor. In 1929, when Walter Winchell moved to The Daily Mirror, <mask> was made its Broadway columnist. He left the Graphic for the city's largest tabloid: the New York Daily News. His column, "Little Old New York", concentrated on Broadway shows and gossip, as Winchell's had; and, like Winchell, he did show-business news broadcasts on radio. Again echoing Winchell, <mask> took on yet another medium in 1933 by writing and starring in the film Mr. Broadway, which has him guiding the audience around New York nightspots to meet entertainers and celebrities. <mask> soon became a powerful starmaker in the entertainment world himself, becoming one of Winchell's main rivals, setting the El Morocco nightclub in New York as his unofficial headquarters against Winchell's seat of power at the nearby Stork Club. <mask> continued writing for The News throughout his broadcasting career, and his popularity long outlived Winchell's.In the late 60's, however, <mask> praised Winchell's legacy in a magazine interview, leading to a major reconciliation between the longtime adversaries. Throughout his career as a columnist, <mask> had dabbled in entertainment—producing vaudeville shows with which he appeared as master of ceremonies in the 1920s and 1930s, directing a radio program over the original WABC (now WCBS), and organizing benefit reviews for various causes. Radio In 1941, <mask> was host of the Summer Silver Theater, a variety program on CBS, with Will Bradley as bandleader and a guest star featured each week. Television In 1948, producer Marlo Lewis convinced the CBS network to hire <mask> to do a weekly Sunday-night TV variety show, Toast of the Town, which later became The Ed Sullivan Show. Debuting in June 1948, the show was originally broadcast from the Maxine Elliott Theatre on West 39th Street in New York City. In January 1953, it moved to CBS-TV Studio 50, at 1697 Broadway (at 53rd Street) in New York City, which in 1967 was renamed the Ed Sullivan Theater (and was later the home of the Late Show with David Letterman and The Late Show with Stephen Colbert). From 1936 to 1950, Studio 50 was a CBS Radio playhouse.Before that it was variously known as Manhattan Theatre, Billy Rose's Music Hall, and Hammerstein's Theatre (it was built in 1927 by Arthur Hammerstein). Television critics gave the new show and its host poor reviews. Harriet Van Horne alleged that "he got where he is not by having a personality, but by having no personality." (The host wrote to the critic, "Dear Miss Van Horne: You bitch. Sincerely, <mask>.") <mask> had little acting ability; in 1967, 20 years after his show's debut, Time magazine asked, "What exactly is <mask>'s talent?" His mannerisms on camera were so awkward that some viewers believed the host suffered from Bell's palsy.Time in 1955 stated that <mask> resembled "Yet," the magazine concluded, "instead of frightening children, <mask> charms the whole family." <mask> appeared to the audience as an average guy who brought the great acts of show business to their home televisions. "<mask> will last", comedian Fred Allen said, "as long as someone else has talent." Frequent guest Alan King said, "<mask> does nothing, but he does it better than anyone else in television." A typical show would feature a vaudeville act (acrobats, jugglers, magicians, etc. ), one or two popular comedians, a singing star, a hot jukebox favorite, a figure from the legitimate theater, and for the kids, a visit with puppet "Topo Gigio, the little Italian mouse", or a popular athlete. The bill was often international in scope, with many European performers augmenting the American artists.<mask> had a healthy sense of humor about himself and permitted—even encouraged—impersonators such as John Byner, Frank Gorshin, Rich Little, and especially Will Jordan, to imitate him on his show. Johnny Carson also did a fair impression, and even Joan Rivers imitated <mask>'s unique posture. The impressionists exaggerated his stiffness, raised shoulders, and nasal tenor phrasing, along with some of his commonly used introductions, such as "And now, right here on our stage...", "For all you youngsters out there...", and "a really big shew" (his pronunciation of the word "show"). The latter phrase was in fact in the exclusive domain of his impressionists, as <mask> never actually spoke the phrase "really big show" in the opening introduction of any episode in the entire history of the series. Will Jordan portrayed <mask> in the films I Wanna Hold Your Hand, The Buddy Holly Story, The Doors, Mr. Saturday Night, Down with Love, and in the 1979 TV movie Elvis. <mask> played himself parodying his mannerisms as directed by Jerry Lewis in Lewis' 1964 film The Patsy. <mask> inspired a song in the musical Bye Bye Birdie, and in 1963, appeared as himself in the film.In 1954, <mask> was a co-host on a memorable TV musical special, General Foods 25th Anniversary Show: A Salute to Rodgers and Hammerstein. Legacy <mask> was quoted as saying "In the conduct of my own show, I've never asked a performer his religion, his race or his politics. Performers are engaged on the basis of their abilities. I believe that this is another quality of our show that has helped win it a wide and loyal audience." Although he was wary of Elvis Presley's "bad boy" image, and initially said that he would never book him, Presley became too big a name to ignore; in 1956, <mask> signed him for three appearances. In August 1956, <mask> was injured in an automobile accident near his country home in Southbury, Connecticut, and missed Presley's first appearance on September 9. Charles Laughton wound up introducing Presley on the <mask> hour.When <mask> returned to the show, audiences noticed a change in his voice. After <mask> got to know Presley personally, he made amends by telling his audience, "This is a real decent, fine boy." <mask>'s failure to scoop the TV industry with Presley made him determined to get the next big sensation first. In November 1963, while in Heathrow Airport, <mask> witnessed Beatlemania firsthand as the band returned from Sweden and the terminal was overrun by screaming teens. At first <mask> was reluctant to book the Beatles because the band did not have a commercially successful single released in the US at the time, but at the behest of a friend, legendary impresario Sid Bernstein, <mask> signed the group. Their initial <mask> show appearance on February 9, 1964, was the most-watched program in TV history to that point. The Beatles appeared three more times in person, and submitted filmed performances afterwards.The Dave Clark Five, who claimed a "cleaner" image than the Beatles, made 13 appearances on the show, more than any other UK group. Unlike many shows of the time, <mask> asked that most musical acts perform their music live, rather than lip-synching to their recordings. Examination of performances shows that exceptions were made, as when a microphone could not be placed close enough to a performer for technical reasons. An example was B.J. Thomas' 1969 performance of "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head", in which actual water was sprinkled on him as a special effect. In 1969, <mask> presented the Jackson 5 with their first single "I Want You Back", which ousted the B.J. Thomas song from the top spot of Billboard's pop charts.<mask> had an appreciation for African American talent. According to biographer Gerald Nachman, "Most TV variety shows welcomed 'acceptable' black superstars like Louis Armstrong, Pearl Bailey and Sammy Davis Jr. ... but in the early 1950s, long before it was fashionable, <mask> was presenting the much more obscure black entertainers he had enjoyed in Harlem on his uptown rounds— legends like Peg Leg Bates, Pigmeat Markham and Tim Moore ... strangers to white America." He hosted pioneering TV appearances by Bo Diddley, the Platters, Brook Benton, Jackie Wilson, Fats Domino, and numerous Motown acts, including the Supremes, who appeared 17 times. As the critic John Leonard wrote, "There wasn't an important black artist who didn't appear on <mask>'s show." He defied pressure to exclude African American entertainers, and to avoid interacting with them when they did appear. "<mask> had to fend off his hard-won sponsor, Ford's Lincoln dealers, after kissing Pearl Bailey on the cheek and daring to shake Nat King Cole's hand," Nachman wrote. According to biographer Jerry Bowles, "<mask> once had a Ford executive thrown out of the theatre when he suggested that <mask> stop booking so many black acts.And a dealer in Cleveland told him 'We realize that you got to have niggers on your show. But do you have to put your arm around Bill 'Bojangles' Robinson at the end of his dance?' <mask> had to be physically restrained from beating the man to a pulp." <mask> later raised money to help pay for Robinson's funeral. "As a Catholic, it was inevitable that I would despise intolerance, because Catholics suffered more than their share of it," he told an interviewer. "As I grew up, the causes of minorities were part and parcel of me. Negroes and Jews were the minority causes closest at hand.I need no urging to take a plunge in and help." At a time when television had not yet embraced Country and Western music, <mask> featured Nashville performers on his program. This, in turn, paved the way for shows such as Hee Haw, and variety shows hosted by Johnny Cash, Glen Campbell, and other country singers. The Canadian comedy duo Wayne & Shuster made the most appearances of any act throughout the show's run, 67 appearances between 1958 and 1969. <mask> appeared as himself on other television programs, including an April 1958 episode of the Howard Duff and Ida Lupino CBS situation comedy Mr. Adams and Eve. On September 14, 1958, <mask> appeared on What's My Line? as a mystery guest, and showed his comedic side by donning a rubber mask.In 1961, <mask> was asked by CBS to fill in for an ailing Red Skelton on The Red Skelton Show. <mask> took Skelton's roles in the various comedy sketches; Skelton's hobo character "Freddie the Freeloader" was renamed "<mask> the Freeloader." Personality <mask> was quick to take offense if he felt that he had been crossed, and he could hold a grudge for a long time. As he told biographer Gerald Nachman, "I'm a pop-off. I flare up, then I go around apologizing." "Armed with an Irish temper and thin skin," wrote Nachman, "<mask> brought to his feuds a hunger for combat fed by his coverage of, and devotion to, boxing." Bo Diddley, Buddy Holly, Jackie Mason, and Jim Morrison were parties to some of <mask>'s most storied conflicts.For his second <mask> appearance in 1955, Bo Diddley planned to sing his namesake hit, "Bo Diddley", but <mask> told him to perform Tennessee Ernie Ford's song "Sixteen Tons". "That would have been the end of my career right there," Diddley told his biographer, so he sang "Bo Diddley" anyway. <mask> was enraged: "You're the first black boy that ever double-crossed me on the show," Diddley quoted him as saying. "We didn't have much to do with each other after that." Later, Diddley resented that Elvis Presley, whom he accused of copying his revolutionary style and beat, received the attention and accolades on <mask>'s show that he felt were rightfully his. "I am owed," he said, "and I never got paid." "He might have," wrote Nachman, "had things gone smoother with <mask>."Buddy Holly and the Crickets first appeared on the <mask> show in 1957 to an enthusiastic response. For their second appearance in January 1958, <mask> considered the lyrics of their chosen number "Oh, Boy!" too suggestive, and ordered Holly to substitute another song. Holly responded that he had already told his hometown friends in Texas that he would be singing "Oh, Boy!" for them. <mask>, unaccustomed to having his instructions questioned, angrily repeated them, but Holly refused to back down. Later, when the band was slow to respond to a summons to the rehearsal stage, <mask> commented, "I guess the Crickets are not too excited to be on The Ed <mask> Show."Holly, still annoyed by <mask>'s attitude, replied, "I hope they're damn more excited than I am." <mask> retaliated by cutting them from two numbers to one, then mispronounced Holly's name during the introduction. He also saw to it that Holly's guitar amplifier volume was barely audible, except during his guitar solo. Nevertheless, the band was so well-received that <mask> was forced to invite them back; Holly responded that <mask> did not have enough money. Archival photographs taken during the appearance show Holly smirking and ignoring a visibly angry <mask>. During Jackie Mason's October 1964 performance on a show that had been shortened by ten minutes due to an address by President Lyndon Johnson, <mask>—on-stage but off-camera—signaled Mason that he had two minutes left by holding up two fingers. <mask>'s signal distracted the studio audience, and to television viewers unaware of the circumstances, it seemed as though Mason's jokes were falling flat.Mason, in a bid to regain the audience's attention, cried, "I'm getting fingers here!" and made his own frantic hand gesture: "Here's a finger for you!" Videotapes of the incident are inconclusive as to whether Mason's upswept hand (which was just off-camera) was intended to be an indecent gesture, but <mask> was convinced that it was, and banned Mason from future appearances on the program. Mason later insisted that he did not know what the "middle finger" meant, and that he did not make the gesture anyway. In September 1965, <mask>—who, according to Mason, was "deeply apologetic"—brought Mason on the show for a "surprise grand reunion". "He said they were old pals," Nachman wrote, "news to Mason, who never got a repeat invitation." Mason added that his earning power "...was cut right in half after that.I never really worked my way back until I opened on Broadway in 1986." When the Byrds performed on December 12, 1965, David Crosby got into a shouting match with the show's director. They were never asked to return. <mask> decided that "Girl, we couldn't get much higher", from the Doors' signature song "Light My Fire", was too overt a reference to drug use, and directed that the lyric be changed to "Girl, we couldn't get much better" for the group's September 1967 appearance. The band members "nodded their assent", according to Doors biographer Ben Fong-Torres, then sang the song as written. After the broadcast, producer Bob Precht told the group, "Mr. <mask> wanted you for six more shows, but you'll never work the <mask> Show again." Jim Morrison replied, "Hey, man, we just did the <mask> Show."The Rolling Stones famously capitulated during their fifth appearance on the show, in 1967, when Mick Jagger was told to change the titular lyric of "Let's Spend the Night Together" to "Let's spend some time together". "But Jagger prevailed," wrote Nachman, by deliberately calling attention to the censorship, rolling his eyes, mugging, and drawing out the word "t-i-i-i-me" as he sang the revised lyric. <mask> was angered by the insubordination, but the Stones did make one additional appearance on the show, in 1969. Moe Howard of the Three Stooges recalled in 1975 that <mask> had a memory problem of sorts: "<mask> was a very nice man, but for a showman, quite forgetful. On our first appearance, he introduced us as the Three Ritz Brothers. He got out of it by adding, 'who look more like the Three Stooges to me'." Joe DeRita, who worked with the Stooges after 1959, had commented that <mask> had a personality "like the bottom of a bird cage."Diana Ross, who was very fond of <mask>, later recalled <mask>'s forgetfulness during the many occasions the Supremes performed on his show. In a 1995 appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman (taped in the Ed Sullivan Theater), Ross stated, "he could never remember our names. He called us 'the girls'." In a 1990 press conference, Paul McCartney recalled meeting <mask> again in the early 1970s. <mask> apparently had no idea who McCartney was. McCartney tried to remind <mask> that he was one of the Beatles, but <mask> obviously could not remember, and nodding and smiling, simply shook McCartney's hand and left. In an interview with Howard Stern around 2012, Joan Rivers said that <mask> had been suffering from dementia toward the end of his life.Politics <mask>, like many American entertainers, was pulled into the Cold War anticommunism of the late 1940s and 1950s. Tap dancer Paul Draper's scheduled January 1950 appearance on Toast of the Town met with opposition from Hester McCullough, an activist in the hunt for "subversives". Branding Draper a Communist Party "sympathizer", she demanded that <mask>'s lead sponsor, the Ford Motor Company, cancel Draper's appearance. Draper denied the charge, and appeared on the show as scheduled. Ford received over a thousand angry letters and telegrams, and <mask> was obliged to promise Ford's advertising agency, Kenyon & Eckhardt, that he would avoid controversial guests going forward. Draper was forced to move to Europe to earn a living. After the Draper incident, <mask> began to work closely with Theodore Kirkpatrick of the anti-Communist Counterattack newsletter.He would consult Kirkpatrick if any questions came up regarding a potential guest's political leanings. <mask> wrote in his June 21, 1950, Daily News column that "Kirkpatrick has sat in my living room on several occasions and listened attentively to performers eager to secure a certification of loyalty." Cold War repercussions manifested in a different way when Bob Dylan was booked to appear in May 1963. His chosen song was "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues", which poked fun at the ultraconservative John Birch Society and its tendency to see Communist conspiracies in many situations. No concern was voiced by anyone, including <mask>, during rehearsals; but on the day of the broadcast, CBS's Standards and Practices department rejected the song, fearing that lyrics equating the Society's views with those of Adolf Hitler might trigger a defamation lawsuit. Dylan was offered the opportunity to perform a different song, but he responded that if he could not sing the number of his choice, he would rather not appear at all. The story generated widespread media attention in the days that followed; <mask> denounced the network's decision in published interviews.<mask> butted heads with Standards and Practices on other occasions, as well. In 1956, Ingrid Bergman—who had been living in "exile" in Europe since 1950 in the wake of her scandalous love affair with director Roberto Rossellini while they were both married—was planning a return to Hollywood as the star of Anastasia. <mask>, confident that the American public would welcome her back, invited her to appear on his show and flew to Europe to film an interview with Bergman, Yul Brynner, and Helen Hayes on the Anastasia set. When he arrived back in New York, Standards and Practices informed <mask> that under no circumstances would Bergman be permitted to appear on the show, either live or on film. <mask>'s prediction later proved correct, as Bergman won her second Academy Award for her portrayal, as well as the forgiveness of her fans. Personal life <mask> was engaged to champion swimmer Sybil Bauer, but she died of cancer in 1927 at the age of 23. In 1926, <mask> met and began dating Sylvia Weinstein.Weinstein tried to tell her Jewish family she was dating a man named <mask>, but her brother figured out she meant <mask>. With both families strongly opposed to a Catholic–Jewish marriage, the affair was on-again-off-again for three years. They were finally married on April 28, 1930, in a City Hall ceremony, and 8 months later Sylvia gave birth to Elizabeth ("Betty"), named after <mask>'s mother, who had died that year. The <mask>s rented a suite of rooms at the Hotel Delmonico in 1944 after living at the Hotel Astor on Times Square for many years. <mask> rented a suite next door to the family suite, which he used as an office until The Ed <mask> Show was canceled in 1971. <mask> was in the habit of calling his wife after every program to get her immediate critique. The <mask>s were always "on the town", eating out five nights a week at some of the trendiest clubs and restaurants, including the Stork Club, Danny's Hide-A-Way and Jimmy Kelly's.<mask> socialized with the rich and famous, was friends with U.S. Presidents and was given audiences with several Popes. In 1952, <mask> married the <mask> Show's producer, Bob Precht. From the Prechts, <mask> had five grandchildren—<mask>, Carla Elizabeth, Vincent Henry, <mask> and Margo Elizabeth. The <mask> and Precht families were very close; Betty died on June 7, 2014, aged 83. Later years and death In the fall of 1965, CBS began televising its weekly programs in color. Although the <mask> show was seen live in the Central and Eastern time zones, it was taped for airing in the Pacific and Mountain time zones. Excerpts have been released on home video, and posted on the official Ed <mask> Show YouTube Channel.By 1971, the show's ratings had plummeted. In an effort to refresh its lineup, CBS canceled the program in March 1971, along with some of its other long running shows throughout the 1970–1971 season (later known as the rural purge). Angered, <mask> refused to host three more months of scheduled shows. They were replaced by reruns and a final program without him aired in June. He remained with the network in various other capacities and hosted a 25th anniversary special in June 1973. In early September 1974, <mask> was diagnosed with an advanced stage of esophageal cancer. Doctors gave him very little time to live, and the family chose to keep the diagnosis secret from him.<mask>, believing his ailment to be yet another complication from a long-standing battle with gastric ulcers, died five weeks later on October 13, 1974, at New York's Lenox Hill Hospital, two weeks after his 73rd birthday. His funeral was attended by 3,000 at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, on a cold, rainy day. <mask> is interred in a crypt at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6101 Hollywood Blvd. References Cited sources Further reading Leonard, John, The Ed Sullivan Age, American Heritage, May/June 1997, Volume 48, Issue 3 Nachman, Gerald, <mask>, December 18, 2006. Barthelme, Donald, "And Now Let's Hear It for the <mask> Show!" in Guilty Pleasures'', Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974 External links The Official <mask> Show Website <mask> Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research.<mask> Documentary 1901 births 1974 deaths 20th-century American journalists American male journalists 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers American gossip columnists American people of Irish descent Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Deaths from esophageal cancer Journalists from New York City New York Daily News people People from Port Chester, New York Radio personalities from New York City Television personalities from New York City Writers from Manhattan

<mask> was an American television personality, impresario, sports and entertainment reporter, and syndicated columnist for the New York Daily News and the Chicago Tribune. He was the creator and host of The Toast of the Town, which was renamed The Ed <mask> Show in 1955. It was the longest-running variety show in US broadcast history. David Hinckley said that it was the last great TV show. It's one of our favorite pop culture memories. <mask> was one of the pioneers of American television. <mask> presented rock acts before MTV.He presented jazz and classical music. <mask> discovered, anointed and popularized young comedians before The Tonight Show. <mask> was where the choice was before cable. He was "the toast of the town" from the beginning. <mask> was ranked number 50 on TV Guide''s "50 greatest TV stars of all time". <mask> was born on September 28, 1901, in Harlem, New York City, to Elizabeth F. Smith and Peter Arthur <mask>. The family lived in a small red brick home in Port Chester, New York when he was a child.He was of Irish descent. Someone in the family was always singing or playing the piano. The family loved playing all types of records on the phonograph. At Port Chester High School, <mask> earned 12 athletic letters for being a gifted athlete. He was a halfback in football, a guard in basketball, and a sprinter. <mask> was the captain of the baseball team and he led the team to several titles. Baseball influenced his career as well as the culture of America.<mask> noted that, in the state of New York, integration was taken for granted in high school sports. It was accepted as normal in those days to think that a Negro wasn't a worthy opponent or an inferior person. It was the same as that. After graduating from high school, <mask> got his first job as a sports reporter at The Port Chester Daily Item, a newspaper that he had written for while in high school. He joined The Hartford Post in 1919. He was a sports reporter on The New York Evening Mail after the newspaper folded. He worked for a number of news organizations after The Evening Mail closed.<mask> joined The Evening Graphic in 1927 as a sports editor and a sports writer. <mask> was made its Broadway columnist when Walter Winchell moved to The Daily Mirror in 1929. The New York Daily News is the city's largest tabloid. Like Winchell, he did show-business news broadcasts on radio and concentrated on Broadway shows and gossip. <mask> took on another medium in 1933 when he wrote and starred in the film Mr. Broadway, which had him guiding the audience around New York nightspots to meet entertainers and celebrities. <mask> became one of Winchell's main rivals, setting the El Morocco nightclub in New York as his unofficial headquarters against Winchell's seat of power at the nearby Stork Club. <mask>'s popularity lasted longer than Winchell's, as he continued writing for The News throughout his broadcasting career.<mask> praised Winchell's legacy in a magazine interview, leading to a reconciliation between the adversaries. In the 1920s and 1930s, <mask> directed a radio program over the original WABC (now WCBS), and produced and appeared in a variety of entertainment shows. <mask> was host of the Summer Silver Theater, a variety program on CBS, with Will Bradley as bandleader and a guest star featured each week. The <mask> Show was created after Marlo Lewis convinced CBS to hire <mask> to do a weekly variety show. The show was first broadcast in New York City. The Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City was the home of the Late Show with David Letterman and The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. The CBS Radio playhouse was called Studio 50.It used to be known as Manhattan Theatre, Billy Rose's Music Hall, and Hammerstein's Theatre. The host of the new show received poor reviews. He got where he is not by having a personality, but by having no personality. The host wrote a letter to the critic. <mask>, sincerely. In 1967, 20 years after <mask>'s show's debut, Time magazine asked, "What exactly is <mask>'s talent?" Some viewers thought the host had Bell's palsy because of his awkward mannerisms on camera.<mask> charms the whole family instead of frightening children, as stated by Time in 1955. The average guy who brought the great acts of show business to their home televisions was <mask>. Fred Allen said that <mask> will last as long as someone else has talent. Alan King said, "<mask> does nothing, but he does it better than anyone else in television." A typical show would feature a variety of entertainers. One or two popular comedians, a singing star, a hot jukebox favorite, a figure from the legitimate theater, and for the kids, a visit with puppet "Topo Gigio, the little Italian mouse". The bill was often international, with many European performers augmenting the American artists.<mask> had a sense of humor that he was allowed to joke about on his show. Joan Rivers also mimicked <mask>'s posture. Some of his commonly used introductions, such as "And now, right here on our stage...", "For all you youngsters out there...", and "a really big shew", were exaggerated by the impressionists. <mask> never said the phrase "really big show" in the opening introduction of any episode of the series, as it was in the exclusive domain of his impressionists. <mask> was portrayed by Will Jordan in a number of films and TV shows. <mask> spoofed his mannerisms in a film by Jerry Lewis. <mask> appeared in the film as himself after he inspired a song in the musical Bye Bye Birdie.<mask> co-hosted a TV musical special called General Foods 25th Anniversary Show: A Salute to Rodgers and Hammerstein. "In the conduct of my own show, I've never asked a performer his religion, his race or his politics," <mask> was quoted as saying. Performers are engaged on their abilities. This is another quality of our show that has helped it win a wide and loyal audience. <mask> signed Elvis for three appearances because he was too big a name to ignore, despite being wary of his "bad boy" image. <mask> missed Presley's first appearance after being injured in an automobile accident near his country home in Connecticut. Presley was introduced by Charles Laughton on the <mask> hour.<mask>'s voice changed when he came back to the show. <mask> apologized to his audience after he got to know Presley. <mask> was determined to get the next big sensation first after failing to scoop the TV industry with Presley. In November 1963, <mask> witnessed Beatlemania firsthand as the band returned from Sweden and the terminal was overrun by screaming teens. <mask> was hesitant to sign the Beatles because they did not have a commercially successful single in the US, but at the insistence of a friend, Sid Bernstein, <mask> signed the group. Their first appearance on the <mask> show was the most watched program in TV history. The Beatles appeared in person three more times.The Dave Clark Five made 13 appearances on the show, more than any other UK group. <mask> asked that most musical acts perform their music live, instead of lip-syncing to their recordings. When a microphone couldn't be placed close enough to a performer for technical reasons, there were exceptions. B.J. was an example. In Thomas' 1969 performance of "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head", water was sprinkled on him as a special effect. <mask> presented the Jackson 5 with their first single, "I Want You Back". Thomas song was at the top of the pop charts.<mask> was fond of African American talent. Most TV variety shows welcomed 'acceptable' black superstars like Louis Armstrong, Pearl Bailey and Sammy Davis Jr., but in the early 1950s, <mask> was presenting the much more obscure black entertainers he had enjoyed in Harlem. Bo Diddley, the Platters, and the Supremes were some of the acts he hosted. John Leonard wrote that there wasn't an important black artist who didn't appear on <mask>'s show. He didn't exclude African American entertainers and didn't interact with them when they appeared. <mask> had to fight off his sponsor, Ford's Lincoln dealers, after kissing Pearl Bailey on the cheek and shaking Nat King Cole's hand. <mask> once had a Ford executive thrown out of the theatre for suggesting that he stop booking black acts.He was told by a dealer in Cleveland that he needed to have niggers on his show. Do you have to put your arm around him at the end of the dance? <mask> was restrained from hitting the man. <mask> helped pay for Robinson's funeral. He told an interviewer that he despises intolerance because Catholics suffered more than their share. The causes of minorities were a part of me as a child. The causes closest to hand were negroes and Jews.I don't need to be told to take a plunge. Nashville performers were featured on <mask>'s program at a time when television had not yet embraced Country and Western music. This paved the way for variety shows hosted by Johnny Cash, Glen Campbell, and other country singers. During the show's run, the Canadian comedy duo Wayne & Shuster made 67 appearances. <mask> appeared in an April 1958 episode of Mr. Adams and Eve as himself. <mask> appeared on What's My Line? He wore a rubber mask as a mystery guest.<mask> was asked by CBS to fill in for Red Skelton on The Red Skelton Show. The hobo character "Freddie the Freeloader" was changed to "<mask> the Freeloader" by <mask>. <mask> could hold a grudge for a long time if he felt that he had been crossed. He told Gerald that he was a pop-off. I apologize after I flare up. <mask> brought to his feuds a hunger for combat fed by his coverage of boxing and his thin skin. Some of <mask>'s most storied conflicts were attended to by Bo Diddley, Buddy Holly, and Jim Morrison.Bo Diddley was supposed to sing "Bo Diddley" but <mask> told him to perform "Sixteen Tons". Diddley told his biographer that singing "Bo Diddley" would have been the end of his career. Diddley quoted <mask> as saying, "You're the first black boy that ever double-crossed me on the show." We didn't have much to do with each other after that. Diddley felt that Elvis was rightfully his because he received the attention and praise on <mask>'s show that he felt were rightfully his. He said that he never got paid. Had things gone smoothly with <mask>, he might have.The <mask> show first aired Buddy Holly and the Crickets in 1957. <mask> considered the lyrics of the song "Oh, Boy!" for their second appearance. Holly was ordered to substitute another song. Holly told his hometown friends in Texas that he would be singing "Oh, Boy!". For them. <mask> angrily repeated his instructions, but Holly refused to back down. When the band was slow to respond to a summons to the rehearsal stage, <mask> commented, "I guess the Crickets are not too excited to be on The Ed Sullivan Show."Holly said she hopes they're more excited than she is. <mask> retaliated by cutting them from two numbers to one. Holly's guitar amplifier volume was barely audible, except during his guitar solo. <mask> was forced to invite the band back because he did not have enough money. Photographs taken during the appearance show Holly smirking and ignoring <mask>. <mask> gestured to Mason that he had two minutes left by holding up two fingers during the October 1964 performance on a show that had been shortened by ten minutes due to an address by President Lyndon Johnson. <mask>'s signal distracted the studio audience, and to television viewers unaware of the circumstances, it seemed as though Mason's jokes were falling flat.In order to get the audience's attention, Mason cried, "I'm getting fingers here!" He gestured with his hand: "Here's a finger for you!" Videotapes of the incident are not conclusive as to whether Mason's hand was intended to be an indecent gesture, but <mask> was convinced that it was, and banned Mason from future appearances on the program. Mason insisted that he didn't make the gesture because he didn't know what it meant. In September 1965, <mask> brought Mason on the show for a surprise grand reunion. "He said they were friends and that Mason never got a repeat invitation," Nachman wrote. After that, his earning power was cut in half.I opened on Broadway in 1986. On December 12, 1965, David Crosby got into a shouting match with the show's director. They were never asked to come back. "Girl, we couldn't get much higher", from the Doors' signature song "Light My Fire", was too overt a reference to drug use, and <mask> directed that the lyric be changed to "Girl, we couldn't get much better" for the group. According to a Doors biographer, the band members 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932s then sang the song as written. Bob Precht told the group that they would never work on the Ed <mask> Show again. Jim Morrison said, "Hey, man, we just did the Ed <mask> Show."The Rolling Stones were told to change their song "Let's Spend the Night Together" to "Let's spend some time together". "But Jagger prevailed, by deliberately calling attention to the censorship, rolling his eyes, mugging, and drawing out the word 't-i-i-i-me' as he sang the revised lyric," wrote Nachman. The Stones made one more appearance on the show in 1969 after <mask> was angered by the insubordination. "<mask> was a very nice man, but for a showman, quite forgetting," said Howard. He introduced us as the Three Ritz Brothers. He got out of it by saying "who look more like the Three Stooges to me". <mask> had a personality like the bottom of a bird cage according to Joe DeRita.Diana Ross recalled <mask>'s forgetfulness when the Supremes performed on his show. Ross stated in a 1995 appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman that he couldn't remember our names. He referred to us as the girls. Paul McCartney recalled meeting <mask> again in the early 1970s. <mask> didn't know who McCartney was. <mask> shook McCartney's hand and left after McCartney tried to remind him that he was one of the Beatles. Joan Rivers said in an interview that <mask> had been suffering from dementia and was going to die.Politics <mask> was pulled into the Cold War anticommunism of the late 1940s and 1950s. An activist in the hunt for "subversives" objected to the January 1950 appearance of a tap dancer on Toast of the Town. She demanded that <mask>'s lead sponsor, the Ford Motor Company, cancel Draper's appearance after branding him a Communist Party sympathizer. He appeared on the show as scheduled after denying the charge. <mask> was obliged to promise Ford's advertising agency that he would avoid controversial guests after Ford received over a thousand angry letters and telegrams. He had to move to Europe to make a living. The anti-Communist Counterattack newsletter was started by <mask> and Theodore Kirkpatrick.If there were questions about a potential guest's political leanings, he would consult Kirkpatrick. <mask> wrote in his June 21, 1950, Daily News column that Kirkpatrick sat in his living room on several occasions and listened to performers eager to secure a certification of loyalty. Bob Dylan was booked to appear in May 1963. The song "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues" poked fun at the John Birch Society and its tendency to see Communism in many situations. On the day of the broadcast, CBS's Standards and Practices department rejected the song, fearing that lyrics equating the Society's views with those of Hitler could cause a defamation lawsuit. Dylan was offered the chance to perform a different song, but he said he would rather not appear at all if he could not sing the number of his choice. <mask> denounced the network's decision in published interviews after the story generated widespread media attention.<mask> had disagreements with Standards and Practices. After living in "exile" in Europe since 1950 in the wake of her scandalous love affair with director Roberto Rossellini, Ingrid Bergman was planning a return to Hollywood as the star of "Anastasia." <mask>, confident that the American public would welcome her back, invited her to appear on his show and flew to Europe to film an interview with Bergman. <mask> was told by Standards and Practices that Bergman wouldn't be allowed to appear on the show, either live or on film. Bergman won her second Academy Award for her portrayal, as well as the forgiveness of her fans, as <mask>'s prediction proved correct. <mask> was engaged to a champion swimmer, but she died of cancer at the age of 23. <mask> and Sylvia Weinstein began dating in the late 19th century.Weinstein tried to tell her family she was dating a man named <mask>, but her brother thought she meant <mask>. The affair was on-again-off-again for three years because both families were against a Catholic–Jewish marriage. They were married in a City Hall ceremony on April 28, 1930, and 8 months later Sylvia gave birth toBetty, named after <mask>'s mother who died that year. After living at the Hotel Astor on Times Square for many years, the <mask>s rented a suite of rooms at the Hotel Delmonico in 1944. The Ed <mask> Show was canceled in 1971 after <mask> rented a suite next to the family suite. <mask> would call his wife after every program to get her feedback. The <mask>s would eat out five nights a week at some of thetrendiest clubs and restaurants, including the Stork Club, Danny's Hide-A-Way and Jimmy Kelly's.<mask> had audiences with several Popes and was friends with U.S. Presidents. Bob Precht was the producer of the <mask> Show. <mask> had five children from the Prechts. The <mask> and Precht families were very close to each other. In 1965, CBS began airing its weekly programs in color. The <mask> show was taped in the Pacific and Mountain time zones so that it could be seen live in the Central and Eastern time zones. Excerpts from the <mask> Show can be found on home video and on the official <mask> Show Channel.By 1971, the show's ratings had plummeted. In an effort to refresh its lineup, CBS canceled the program in March 1971, along with some of its other long running shows throughout the 1970–1971 season. <mask> refused to host more shows. The last program without him aired in June. He hosted a 25th anniversary special in June 1973. <mask> was diagnosed with an advanced stage of cancer in September 1974. Doctors gave him very little time to live, and the family chose to keep the diagnosis a secret.<mask> died five weeks later at New York's Lenox Hill Hospital, two weeks after his 73rd birthday, after he believed his ailment to be a result of his battle with gastric ulcers. His funeral was held in New York on a cold, rainy day. <mask> is buried at the Ferncliff Cemetery in New York. <mask> has a star on the Walk of Fame. Leonard, John, The Ed <mask> Age, American Heritage, May/June 1997, Volume 48, Issue 3 was cited. Donald Barthelme wrote "And Now Let's Hear It for the <mask> Show!" <mask> Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research can be found on the Official Ed <mask> Show Website.<mask> Documentary 1901 births 1974 deaths 20th-century American journalists American male journalists 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers American gossip columnists American people of Irish descent.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Debord

Guy Debord

Guy Louis Debord (; ; 28 December 1931 – 30 November 1994) was a French Marxist theorist, philosopher, filmmaker, critic of work, member of the Letterist International, founder of a Letterist faction, and founding member of the Situationist International. He was also briefly a member of Socialisme ou Barbarie. Biography Early life Guy Debord was born in Paris in 1931. Debord's father, Martial, was a pharmacist who died when Debord was young. Debord's mother, Paulette Rossi, sent Guy to live with his grandmother in her family villa in Italy. During World War II, the Rossis left the villa and began to travel from town to town. As a result, Debord attended high school in Cannes, where he began his interest in film and vandalism. As a young man, Debord actively opposed the French war in Algeria and joined in demonstrations in Paris against it. Debord studied law at the University of Paris, but left early and did not complete his university education. After ending his stint at the University of Paris, he began his career as a writer. Involvement with the Letterists Debord joined the Letterist International when he was 18. The Letterists were led dictatorially by Isidore Isou until a widely agreed upon schism ended Isou's authority. This schism gave rise to several factions of Letterists, one of which was decidedly led by Debord upon Gil Wolman's unequivocal recommendation. In the 1960s, Debord led the Situationist International group, which influenced the Paris Uprising of 1968, during which he took part in the occupation of the Sorbonne. Some consider his book The Society of the Spectacle (1967) to be a catalyst for the uprising, although perhaps a more immediately significant text was Mustapha Khayati's "On the Poverty of Student Life", published in November 1966. Founding of the Situationist International In 1957, the Letterist International, the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus, and the London Psychogeographical Association gathered in Cosio d'Arroscia (Imperia), Italy, to found the Situationist International, with Debord having been the leading representative of the Letterist delegation. Initially made up of a number of well-known artists such as Asger Jorn and Pinot Gallizio, the early days of the SI were heavily focused on the formulation of a critique of art, which would serve as a foundation for the group's future entrance into further political critiques. The SI was known for a number of its interventions in the art world, which included one raid against an international art conference in Belgium during 1958 that included a large pamphlet drop and significant media coverage, all of which culminated in the arrest of various situationists and sympathizers associated with the scandal. In addition to this action, the SI endeavored to formulate industrial painting, or, painting prepared en masse with the intent of defaming the original value largely associated with the art of the period. In the course of these actions, Debord was heavily involved in the planning and logistical work associated with preparing these interventions, as well as the work for Internationale Situationniste associated with theoretical defense of the Situationist International's actions. Political phase of the Situationist International In the early 1960s Debord began to direct the SI toward an end of its artistic phase, eventually expelling members such as Jorn, Gallizio, Troche, and Constant—the bulk of the "artistic" wing of the SI—by 1965. Having established the situationist critique of art as a social and political critique, one not to be carried out in traditional artistic activities, the SI began, due in part to Debord's contributions, to pursue a more concise theoretical critique of capitalist society along Marxist lines. With Debord's 1967 work, The Society of the Spectacle, and excerpts from the group's journal, Internationale Situationniste, the Situationists began to formulate their theory of the spectacle, which explained the nature of late capitalism's historical decay. In Debord's terms, situationists defined the spectacle as an assemblage of social relations transmitted via the imagery of class power, and as a period of capitalist development wherein "all that was once lived has moved into representation". With this theory, Debord and the SI would go on to play an influential role in the revolts of May 1968 in France, with many of the protesters drawing their slogans from Situationist tracts penned or influenced by Debord. After the Situationist International In 1972, Debord disbanded the Situationist International after its original members, including Asger Jorn and Raoul Vaneigem, quit or were expelled. (Vaneigem wrote a biting criticism of Debord and the International.) Debord then focused on filmmaking with financial backing from the movie mogul and publisher Gérard Lebovici (éditions Champ Libre), until Lebovici's mysterious death. Debord was suspected of Lebovici's murder. Distraught by the accusations and his friend's death, Debord took his films and writings out of production until after his death. He had agreed to have his films released posthumously at the request of the American researcher, Thomas Y. Levin. Debord's two most recognized films are Society of the Spectacle (1973) and "" (1978). After dissolving the Situationist International, Debord spent his time reading, and occasionally writing, in relative isolation in a cottage at Champot with Alice Becker-Ho, his second wife. He continued to correspond on political and other issues, notably with Lebovici and the Italian situationist Gianfranco Sanguinetti. He focused on reading material relating to war strategies, e.g. Clausewitz and Sun Tzu, and he designed a war game with Alice Becker-Ho. Debord married twice, first to Michèle Bernstein and then Alice Becker-Ho. Debord had affairs with other women, including Michèle Mochot-Bréhat. Bernstein wrote a vaguely fictional but detailed account of the open relationships Mochot and she had with Debord in her novel All The King's Horses. Death Just before Debord's death, he filmed (although did not release) a documentary, Son art et son temps (His Art and His Times), an autobiography of sorts that focused primarily on social issues in Paris in the 1990s. It has been suggested that his dark depiction of this period was a suicide note of sorts. Both Debord's depression and alcohol consumption had become problematic, resulting in a form of polyneuritis. Perhaps to end the suffering caused by these conditions, Debord died by suicide on 30 November 1994. This was not the first time he attempted to end his life. Debord's suicide is as controversial as it is unclear. Some assert it was a revolutionary act related to his career. Due to his involvement with the radical Situationist International (SI), as well as his sadness at 'the society as a spectacle' being considered a cliché in later life, many think that Debord felt hopeless about the very society he was trying to shed light on. Debord was said to be "victim of the Spectacle he fought". Among the many commentaries on Debord's demise, one scholar noted: "Guy Debord did not kill himself. He was murdered by the thoughtlessness and selfishness of so-called scholars (primarily trendy lit-criters) who colonized his brilliant ideas and transformed his radical politics into an academic status symbol not worth the pulp it's printed on…" Legacy On 29 January 2009, fifteen years after his death, Christine Albanel, Minister of Culture, classified the archive of his works as a "national treasure" in response to a sale request by Yale University. The Ministry declared that "he has been one of the most important contemporary thinkers, with a capital place in history of ideas from the second half of the twentieth century." Similarly, Debord once called his book, The Society of the Spectacle, "the most important book of the twentieth century". He continues to be a canonical and controversial figure particularly among European scholars of radical politics and modern art. Written works Guy Debord's best known works are his theoretical books, The Society of the Spectacle and Comments on the Society of the Spectacle. In addition to these he wrote a number of autobiographical books including Mémoires, Panégyrique, Cette Mauvaise Réputation..., and Considérations sur l'assassinat de Gérard Lebovici. He was also the author of numerous short pieces, sometimes anonymous, for the journals Potlatch, Les Lèvres Nues, Les Chats Sont Verts, and Internationale Situationniste. The Society of the spectacle was written in an "interesting prose", unlike most writings in that time or of that nature. For Debord, the Spectacle is viewed as false representations in our real lives. The Spectacle is a materialized worldview. The spectacle 'subjects human beings to itself'. Debord was deeply distressed by the hegemony of governments and media over everyday life through mass production and consumption. He criticized both the capitalism of the West and the dictatorial communism of the Eastern bloc for the lack of autonomy allowed to individuals by both types of governmental structure. Debord postulated that Alienation had gained a new relevance through the invasive forces of the 'spectacle' – "a social relation between people that is mediated by images" consisting of mass media, advertisement, and popular culture. The spectacle is a self-fulfilling control mechanism for society. Debord's analysis developed the notions of "reification" and "fetishism of the commodity" pioneered by Karl Marx and Georg Lukács. Semiotics was also a major influence, particularly the work of his contemporary, Roland Barthes, who was the first to envisage bourgeois society as a spectacle, and to study in detail the political function of fashion within that spectacle. Debord's analysis of "the spectaclist society" probed the historical, economic, and psychological roots of the media and popular culture. Central to this school of thought was the claim that alienation is more than an emotive description or an aspect of individual psychology: rather, it is a consequence of the mercantile form of social organization that has reached its climax in capitalism, as theorized by Herbert Marcuse of the Frankfurt School. The Situationist International (SI), a political/artistic movement organized by Debord and his colleagues and represented by a journal of the same name, attempted to create a series of strategies for engaging in class struggle by reclaiming individual autonomy from the spectacle. These strategies, including "dérive" and "détournement," drew on the traditions of Lettrism. As founder of the SI, it has been suggested that Debord felt driven to generalize and define the values, ideas, and characteristics of the entire group, which may have contributed to his hand-picking and expulsion of members. The hierarchical and dictatorial nature of the SI existed, however, in the groups that birthed it, including the Letterists and the Surrealists. Debord's first book, Mémoires, was bound with a sandpaper cover so that it would damage other books placed next to it. Debord has been the subject of numerous biographies, works of fiction, artworks, and songs, many of which are catalogued in the bibliography by Shigenobu Gonzalves, "Guy Debord ou la Beauté du Negatif." Often, it is suggested that Debord was opposed to the creation of art, however, Debord writes in the Situationist International magazine ("Contre le Cinema") that he believes that "ordinary" (quotidian) people should make "everyday" (quotidian) art; art and creation should liberate from the spectacle, from capitalism, and from the banality of everyday life in contemporary society. In "The Society of the Spectacle," Debord argues that it is the price put on art that destroys the integrity of the art object, not the material or the creation itself. It is important to note that Debord does not equate art to "the spectacle." Films Debord began an interest in film early in his life when he lived in Cannes in the late 1940s. Debord recounted that, during his youth, he was allowed to do very little other than attend films. He said that he frequently would leave in the middle of a film screening to go home because films often bored him. Debord joined the Lettrists just as Isidore Isou was producing films and the Lettrists attempted to sabotage Charlie Chaplin's trip to Paris through negative criticism. Overall, Debord challenged the conventions of filmmaking; prompting his audience to interact with the medium instead of being passive receivers of information. As a matter of fact, his film Hurlements exclusively consists of a series of black and white screens and silence with a bit of commentary dispersed throughout. Debord directed his first film, Hurlements en faveur de Sade in 1952 with the voices of Michèle Bernstein and Gil Wolman. The film has no images represented; instead, it shows bright white when there is speaking and black when there is not. Long silences separate speaking parts. The film ends with 24 minutes of black silence. People were reported to have become angry and left screenings of this film. The script is composed of quotes appropriated from various sources and made into a montage with a sort of non-linear narrative. Later, through the financial support of Michèle Bernstein and Asger Jorn, Debord produced a second film, Sur le passage de quelques personnes à travers une assez courte unité de temps, which combined scenes with his friends and scenes from mass media culture. This integration of Debord's world with mass media culture became a running motif climaxing with "The Society of the Spectacle". Debord wrote the book The Society of the Spectacle before writing the movie. When asked why he made the book into a movie, Debord said, "I don't understand why this surprised people. The book was already written like a script". Debord's last film, "Son Art et Son Temps", was not produced during his lifetime. It worked as a final statement where Debord recounted his works and a cultural documentary of "his time". Hurlements en faveur de Sade (Howls for Sade) 1952 Sur le passage de quelques personnes à travers une assez courte unité de temps (On the Passage of a Few Persons Through a Rather Brief Unity of Time) 1959 (short film, Dansk-Fransk Experimentalfilmskompagni) Critique de la séparation (Critique of Separation) 1961 (short film, Dansk-Fransk Experimentalfilmskompagni) La Société du spectacle (Society of the Spectacle) 1973 (Simar Films) Réfutation de tous les judgements, tant élogieux qu'hostiles, qui ont été jusqu'ici portés sur le film " La Société du spectacle " (Refutation of All the Judgements, Pro or Con, Thus Far Rendered on the Film "The Society of the Spectacle") 1975 (short film, Simar Films) (a Latin palindrome meaning "We Go Round and Round in the Night, Consumed by Fire") (Simar Films) 1978 – This film was meant to be Debord's last and is largely autobiographical. The script was reprinted in 2007 in No: A Journal of the Arts. Guy Debord, son art, son temps (Guy Debord – His Art and His Time) 1994 (a "sabotage television film" by Guy Debord and Brigitte Cornand, Canal Plus) Complete Cinematic Works (AK Press, 2003, translated and edited by Ken Knabb) includes the scripts for all six of Debord's films, along with related documents and extensive annotations. Bibliography Mémoires, 1959 (co-authored by Asger Jorn), reprinted by Allia (2004), . La société du spectacle, 1967, numerous editions; in English: The Society of the Spectacle, Zone Books 1995, . Society of the Spectacle, Rebel Press 2004, . The Society of the Spectacle: Annotated Edition, Bureau of Public Secrets, 2014, . La Véritable Scission dans L'Internationale, Champ Libre, 1972 (co-authored by Gianfranco Sanguinetti); in English: The Real Split in the International, Pluto Press 2003, . Œuvres cinématographiques complètes, Champ Libre, 1978, new edition in 1994; in English: Complete Cinematic Works: Scripts, Stills, and Documents, AK Press 2003, . Considérations sur l'assassinat de Gérard Lebovici, éditions Gérard Lebovici, 1985; in English: Considerations on the Assassination of Gérard Lebovici, TamTam 2001, . Le Jeu de la Guerre, 1987; in English A Game of War, Atlas Press 2008, Commentaires sur la société du spectacle, éditions Gérard Lebovici, 1988; in English: Comments on the Society of the Spectacle, Verso 1990, . Panégyrique volume 1, 1989; in English: Panegyric, Verso 2004, reprinted 2009, ; in Portuguese: "Panegírico" [2002], . All the Guy Debord's books and films as well as unpublished texts were gathered in a volume of Œuvres, éditions Gallimard, collection Quarto, Paris, 2006. "The Proletariat as Subject and as Representation" References Further reading Mario Perniola, An Aesthetic of the Grand Style: Guy Debord, in "Substance", 1999, n.90. Internationale situationniste, Paris, 1958–1969. Réédition intégrale chez Van Gennep, Amsterdam 1972, chez Champ Libre 1975, et chez Fayard 1997, ; complete translations are available in German: Situationistische Internationale, Gesammelte Ausgabe des Organs der Situationistischen Internationale, Hamburg: MaD Verlag 1976–1977, ; and in Spanish: Internacional situacionista: textos completos en castellano de la revista Internationale situationniste (1958–1969), Madrid: Literatura Gris [1999–2001], . The Situationist International by Simon Ford, Black Dog Publishing, 2004, illustrated. Debord: Le naufrageur, Jean-Marie Apostolidès, Flammarion, 2016. Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century, Greil Marcus, Harvard University Press, 1990, . Situationist International Anthology, translated and edited by Ken Knabb, Bureau of Public Secrets 1981; Revised and Expanded Edition 2006, . Guy Debord, Anselm Jappe, University of California Press 1999, . Guy Debord – Revolutionary, Len Bracken, Feral House 1997, . I situazionisti, Mario Perniola, Roma, Castelvecchi 2005, . Della critica radicale – bibliografia ragionata sull Internazionale situazionista – con documenti inediti in italiano, Gianluigi Balsebre, Bologna, Grafton 9, 1995. The Game of War: The Life and Death of Guy Debord., Andrew Hussey, Cape 2001, . Guy Debord and the Situationist International, edited by Tom McDonough, MIT Press 2002, . "The Beautiful Language of my Century": Reinventing the Language of Contestation in Postwar France, 1945–1968, Tom McDonough, MIT Press 2007, . Guy Debord, Andy Merrifield, Reaktion 2005, . 50 Years of Recuperation of the Situationist International, McKenzie Wark, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 2008 . Los Situacionistas y la Anarquía, Miguel Amorós, Bilbao, Muturreko burutazioak, 2008, . Debord ou la Diffraction du temps, Stéphane Zagdanski, Gallimard, 2008. Fabien Danesi, Le Cinéma de Guy Debord ou la Négativité à l'œuvre : 1952–1994, Paris, Paris expérimental, 2011 . Fabien Danesi, Fabrice Flahutez et Emmanuel Guy, La Fabrique du cinéma de Guy Debord, Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône), Actes sud, 2013 . Fabien Danesi, Fabrice Flahutez, Emmanuel Guy, Undercover Guy Debord, (English-French),Paris, Artvenir, 2012 . External links Situationist international online Letters 1957–1994 The Marxist Critique of Religion in the Films of Guy Debord Guy Debord's Howls for Sade Libcom.org/library: Guy Debord archive A brief biography and several texts, including Society of the Spectacle "Comments on the society of the spectacle" (1988) Guy Debord and the Situationists Audio recordings and Films by Guy Debord at Ubu.web Michael Löwy on Guy Debord, in Radical Philosophy The Strange Life of Guy Debord(French) Films / Writings and Literature on Guy Debord "On Guy Debord’s Films" Guy Debord and the Aesthetics of Cine-sabotage Constructing Situations: Guy Debord's detournement of fiction Class Wargames Presents Guy Debord's The Game of War Quote: "Anyone who has skimmed Guy Debord's Wikipedia page or watched the American Music Awards could condemn our culture as a masquerade, a spectacle of virtuality." 1931 births 1994 suicides 20th-century essayists 20th-century French essayists 20th-century French male writers 20th-century French non-fiction writers 20th-century French philosophers Anti-consumerists Board game designers French Communist writers Continental philosophers Critical theorists Cultural critics Direct democracy activists French anti-capitalists French anti-war activists French communists French film directors French graphic designers French political philosophers French male essayists French male non-fiction writers French male screenwriters French Marxists French screenwriters Lettrism Marxist theorists French Marxist writers Mass media theorists Media critics Philosophers of art Philosophers of culture Philosophers of history Philosophers of war Political philosophers Psychogeographers Revolution theorists Situationists French social commentators Social critics Social philosophers Suicides by firearm in France Theorists on Western civilization Writers about activism and social change Writers from Paris 20th-century French screenwriters Critics of work and the work ethic

<mask> (; ; 28 December 1931 – 30 November 1994) was a French Marxist theorist, philosopher, filmmaker, critic of work, member of the Letterist International, founder of a Letterist faction, and founding member of the Situationist International. He was also briefly a member of Socialisme ou Barbarie. Biography Early life <mask> was born in Paris in 1931. Debord's father, Martial, was a pharmacist who died when Debord was young. Debord's mother, Paulette Rossi, sent <mask> to live with his grandmother in her family villa in Italy. During World War II, the Rossis left the villa and began to travel from town to town. As a result, Debord attended high school in Cannes, where he began his interest in film and vandalism.As a young man, Debord actively opposed the French war in Algeria and joined in demonstrations in Paris against it. Debord studied law at the University of Paris, but left early and did not complete his university education. After ending his stint at the University of Paris, he began his career as a writer. Involvement with the Letterists Debord joined the Letterist International when he was 18. The Letterists were led dictatorially by Isidore Isou until a widely agreed upon schism ended Isou's authority. This schism gave rise to several factions of Letterists, one of which was decidedly led by Debord upon Gil Wolman's unequivocal recommendation. In the 1960s, Debord led the Situationist International group, which influenced the Paris Uprising of 1968, during which he took part in the occupation of the Sorbonne.Some consider his book The Society of the Spectacle (1967) to be a catalyst for the uprising, although perhaps a more immediately significant text was Mustapha Khayati's "On the Poverty of Student Life", published in November 1966. Founding of the Situationist International In 1957, the Letterist International, the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus, and the London Psychogeographical Association gathered in Cosio d'Arroscia (Imperia), Italy, to found the Situationist International, with Debord having been the leading representative of the Letterist delegation. Initially made up of a number of well-known artists such as Asger Jorn and Pinot Gallizio, the early days of the SI were heavily focused on the formulation of a critique of art, which would serve as a foundation for the group's future entrance into further political critiques. The SI was known for a number of its interventions in the art world, which included one raid against an international art conference in Belgium during 1958 that included a large pamphlet drop and significant media coverage, all of which culminated in the arrest of various situationists and sympathizers associated with the scandal. In addition to this action, the SI endeavored to formulate industrial painting, or, painting prepared en masse with the intent of defaming the original value largely associated with the art of the period. In the course of these actions, Debord was heavily involved in the planning and logistical work associated with preparing these interventions, as well as the work for Internationale Situationniste associated with theoretical defense of the Situationist International's actions. Political phase of the Situationist International In the early 1960s Debord began to direct the SI toward an end of its artistic phase, eventually expelling members such as Jorn, Gallizio, Troche, and Constant—the bulk of the "artistic" wing of the SI—by 1965.Having established the situationist critique of art as a social and political critique, one not to be carried out in traditional artistic activities, the SI began, due in part to Debord's contributions, to pursue a more concise theoretical critique of capitalist society along Marxist lines. With Debord's 1967 work, The Society of the Spectacle, and excerpts from the group's journal, Internationale Situationniste, the Situationists began to formulate their theory of the spectacle, which explained the nature of late capitalism's historical decay. In Debord's terms, situationists defined the spectacle as an assemblage of social relations transmitted via the imagery of class power, and as a period of capitalist development wherein "all that was once lived has moved into representation". With this theory, Debord and the SI would go on to play an influential role in the revolts of May 1968 in France, with many of the protesters drawing their slogans from Situationist tracts penned or influenced by Debord. After the Situationist International In 1972, Debord disbanded the Situationist International after its original members, including Asger Jorn and Raoul Vaneigem, quit or were expelled. (Vaneigem wrote a biting criticism of Debord and the International.) Debord then focused on filmmaking with financial backing from the movie mogul and publisher Gérard Lebovici (éditions Champ Libre), until Lebovici's mysterious death.<mask> was suspected of Lebovici's murder. Distraught by the accusations and his friend's death, Debord took his films and writings out of production until after his death. He had agreed to have his films released posthumously at the request of the American researcher, Thomas Y. Levin. Debord's two most recognized films are Society of the Spectacle (1973) and "" (1978). After dissolving the Situationist International, Debord spent his time reading, and occasionally writing, in relative isolation in a cottage at Champot with Alice Becker-Ho, his second wife. He continued to correspond on political and other issues, notably with Lebovici and the Italian situationist Gianfranco Sanguinetti. He focused on reading material relating to war strategies, e.g.Clausewitz and Sun Tzu, and he designed a war game with Alice Becker-Ho. Debord married twice, first to Michèle Bernstein and then Alice Becker-Ho. Debord had affairs with other women, including Michèle Mochot-Bréhat. Bernstein wrote a vaguely fictional but detailed account of the open relationships Mochot and she had with Debord in her novel All The King's Horses. Death Just before Debord's death, he filmed (although did not release) a documentary, Son art et son temps (His Art and His Times), an autobiography of sorts that focused primarily on social issues in Paris in the 1990s. It has been suggested that his dark depiction of this period was a suicide note of sorts. Both Debord's depression and alcohol consumption had become problematic, resulting in a form of polyneuritis.Perhaps to end the suffering caused by these conditions, Debord died by suicide on 30 November 1994. This was not the first time he attempted to end his life. Debord's suicide is as controversial as it is unclear. Some assert it was a revolutionary act related to his career. Due to his involvement with the radical Situationist International (SI), as well as his sadness at 'the society as a spectacle' being considered a cliché in later life, many think that Debord felt hopeless about the very society he was trying to shed light on. Debord was said to be "victim of the Spectacle he fought". Among the many commentaries on Debord's demise, one scholar noted: "<mask>d did not kill himself.He was murdered by the thoughtlessness and selfishness of so-called scholars (primarily trendy lit-criters) who colonized his brilliant ideas and transformed his radical politics into an academic status symbol not worth the pulp it's printed on…" Legacy On 29 January 2009, fifteen years after his death, Christine Albanel, Minister of Culture, classified the archive of his works as a "national treasure" in response to a sale request by Yale University. The Ministry declared that "he has been one of the most important contemporary thinkers, with a capital place in history of ideas from the second half of the twentieth century." Similarly, Debord once called his book, The Society of the Spectacle, "the most important book of the twentieth century". He continues to be a canonical and controversial figure particularly among European scholars of radical politics and modern art. Written works <mask> Lebovici. He was also the author of numerous short pieces, sometimes anonymous, for the journals Potlatch, Les Lèvres Nues, Les Chats Sont Verts, and Internationale Situationniste.The Society of the spectacle was written in an "interesting prose", unlike most writings in that time or of that nature. For Debord, the Spectacle is viewed as false representations in our real lives. The Spectacle is a materialized worldview. The spectacle 'subjects human beings to itself'. Debord was deeply distressed by the hegemony of governments and media over everyday life through mass production and consumption. He criticized both the capitalism of the West and the dictatorial communism of the Eastern bloc for the lack of autonomy allowed to individuals by both types of governmental structure. Debord postulated that Alienation had gained a new relevance through the invasive forces of the 'spectacle' – "a social relation between people that is mediated by images" consisting of mass media, advertisement, and popular culture.The spectacle is a self-fulfilling control mechanism for society. <mask>'s analysis developed the notions of "reification" and "fetishism of the commodity" pioneered by Karl Marx and Georg Lukács. Semiotics was also a major influence, particularly the work of his contemporary, Roland Barthes, who was the first to envisage bourgeois society as a spectacle, and to study in detail the political function of fashion within that spectacle. <mask>'s analysis of "the spectaclist society" probed the historical, economic, and psychological roots of the media and popular culture. Central to this school of thought was the claim that alienation is more than an emotive description or an aspect of individual psychology: rather, it is a consequence of the mercantile form of social organization that has reached its climax in capitalism, as theorized by Herbert Marcuse of the Frankfurt School. The Situationist International (SI), a political/artistic movement organized by <mask> and his colleagues and represented by a journal of the same name, attempted to create a series of strategies for engaging in class struggle by reclaiming individual autonomy from the spectacle. These strategies, including "dérive" and "détournement," drew on the traditions of Lettrism.As founder of the SI, it has been suggested that Debord felt driven to generalize and define the values, ideas, and characteristics of the entire group, which may have contributed to his hand-picking and expulsion of members. The hierarchical and dictatorial nature of the SI existed, however, in the groups that birthed it, including the Letterists and the Surrealists. Debord's first book, Mémoires, was bound with a sandpaper cover so that it would damage other books placed next to it. Debord has been the subject of numerous biographies, works of fiction, artworks, and songs, many of which are catalogued in the bibliography by Shigenobu Gonzalves, "Guy Debord ou la Beauté du Negatif." Often, it is suggested that Debord was opposed to the creation of art, however, Debord writes in the Situationist International magazine ("Contre le Cinema") that he believes that "ordinary" (quotidian) people should make "everyday" (quotidian) art; art and creation should liberate from the spectacle, from capitalism, and from the banality of everyday life in contemporary society. In "The Society of the Spectacle," Debord argues that it is the price put on art that destroys the integrity of the art object, not the material or the creation itself. It is important to note that Debord does not equate art to "the spectacle."Films Debord began an interest in film early in his life when he lived in Cannes in the late 1940s. Debord recounted that, during his youth, he was allowed to do very little other than attend films. He said that he frequently would leave in the middle of a film screening to go home because films often bored him. Debord joined the Lettrists just as Isidore Isou was producing films and the Lettrists attempted to sabotage Charlie Chaplin's trip to Paris through negative criticism. Overall, Debord challenged the conventions of filmmaking; prompting his audience to interact with the medium instead of being passive receivers of information. As a matter of fact, his film Hurlements exclusively consists of a series of black and white screens and silence with a bit of commentary dispersed throughout. Debord directed his first film, Hurlements en faveur de Sade in 1952 with the voices of Michèle Bernstein and Gil Wolman.The film has no images represented; instead, it shows bright white when there is speaking and black when there is not. Long silences separate speaking parts. The film ends with 24 minutes of black silence. People were reported to have become angry and left screenings of this film. The script is composed of quotes appropriated from various sources and made into a montage with a sort of non-linear narrative. Later, through the financial support of Michèle Bernstein and Asger Jorn, Debord produced a second film, Sur le passage de quelques personnes à travers une assez courte unité de temps, which combined scenes with his friends and scenes from mass media culture. This integration of Debord's world with mass media culture became a running motif climaxing with "The Society of the Spectacle".Debord wrote the book The Society of the Spectacle before writing the movie. When asked why he made the book into a movie, Debord said, "I don't understand why this surprised people. The book was already written like a script". Debord's last film, "Son Art et Son Temps", was not produced during his lifetime. It worked as a final statement where Debord recounted his works and a cultural documentary of "his time". Hurlements en faveur de Sade (Howls for Sade) 1952 Sur le passage de quelques personnes à travers une assez courte unité de temps (On the Passage of a Few Persons Through a Rather Brief Unity of Time) 1959 (short film, Dansk-Fransk Experimentalfilmskompagni) Critique de la séparation (Critique of Separation) 1961 (short film, Dansk-Fransk Experimentalfilmskompagni) La Société du spectacle (Society of the Spectacle) 1973 (Simar Films) Réfutation de tous les judgements, tant élogieux qu'hostiles, qui ont été jusqu'ici portés sur le film " La Société du spectacle " (Refutation of All the Judgements, Pro or Con, Thus Far Rendered on the Film "The Society of the Spectacle") 1975 (short film, Simar Films) (a Latin palindrome meaning "We Go Round and Round in the Night, Consumed by Fire") (Simar Films) 1978 – This film was meant to be Debord's last and is largely autobiographical. The script was reprinted in 2007 in No: A Journal of the Arts.<mask>d, son art, son temps (<mask>d – His Art and His Time) 1994 (a "sabotage television film" by <mask> and Brigitte Cornand, Canal Plus) Complete Cinematic Works (AK Press, 2003, translated and edited by Ken Knabb) includes the scripts for all six of <mask>'s films, along with related documents and extensive annotations. Bibliography Mémoires, 1959 (co-authored by Asger Jorn), reprinted by Allia (2004), . La société du spectacle, 1967, numerous editions; in English: The Society of the Spectacle, Zone Books 1995, . Society of the Spectacle, Rebel Press 2004, . The Society of the Spectacle: Annotated Edition, Bureau of Public Secrets, 2014, . La Véritable Scission dans L'Internationale, Champ Libre, 1972 (co-authored by Gianfranco Sanguinetti); in English: The Real Split in the International, Pluto Press 2003, . Œuvres cinématographiques complètes, Champ Libre, 1978, new edition in 1994; in English: Complete Cinematic Works: Scripts, Stills, and Documents, AK Press 2003, .Considérations sur l'assassinat de Gérard Lebovici, éditions Gérard Lebovici, 1985; in English: Considerations on the Assassination of Gérard Lebovici, TamTam 2001, . Le Jeu de la Guerre, 1987; in English A Game of War, Atlas Press 2008, Commentaires sur la société du spectacle, éditions Gérard Lebovici, 1988; in English: Comments on the Society of the Spectacle, Verso 1990, . Panégyrique volume 1, 1989; in English: Panegyric, Verso 2004, reprinted 2009, ; in Portuguese: "Panegírico" [2002], . All the <mask>d's books and films as well as unpublished texts were gathered in a volume of Œuvres, éditions Gallimard, collection Quarto, Paris, 2006. "The Proletariat as Subject and as Representation" References Further reading Mario Perniola, An Aesthetic of the Grand Style: <mask>d, in "Substance", 1999, n.90. Internationale situationniste, Paris, 1958–1969. Réédition intégrale chez Van Gennep, Amsterdam 1972, chez Champ Libre 1975, et chez Fayard 1997, ; complete translations are available in German: Situationistische Internationale, Gesammelte Ausgabe des Organs der Situationistischen Internationale, Hamburg: MaD Verlag 1976–1977, ; and in Spanish: Internacional situacionista: textos completos en castellano de la revista Internationale situationniste (1958–1969), Madrid: Literatura Gris [1999–2001], .The Situationist International by Simon Ford, Black Dog Publishing, 2004, illustrated. Debord: Le naufrageur, Jean-Marie Apostolidès, Flammarion, 2016. Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century, Greil Marcus, Harvard University Press, 1990, . Situationist International Anthology, translated and edited by Ken Knabb, Bureau of Public Secrets 1981; Revised and Expanded Edition 2006, . <mask>, Anselm Jappe, University of California Press 1999, . <mask> – Revolutionary, Len Bracken, Feral House 1997, . I situazionisti, Mario Perniola, Roma, Castelvecchi 2005, .Della critica radicale – bibliografia ragionata sull Internazionale situazionista – con documenti inediti in italiano, Gianluigi Balsebre, Bologna, Grafton 9, 1995. The Game of War: The Life and Death of <mask>d., Andrew Hussey, Cape 2001, . <mask> and the Situationist International, edited by Tom McDonough, MIT Press 2002, . "The Beautiful Language of my Century": Reinventing the Language of Contestation in Postwar France, 1945–1968, Tom McDonough, MIT Press 2007, . <mask>, Andy Merrifield, Reaktion 2005, . 50 Years of Recuperation of the Situationist International, McKenzie Wark, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 2008 . Los Situacionistas y la Anarquía, Miguel Amorós, Bilbao, Muturreko burutazioak, 2008, .Debord ou la Diffraction du temps, Stéphane Zagdanski, Gallimard, 2008. Fabien Danesi, Le Cinéma de Guy Debord ou la Négativité à l'œuvre : 1952–1994, Paris, Paris expérimental, 2011 . Fabien Danesi, Fabrice Flahutez et <mask>, La Fabrique du cinéma de <mask>d, Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône), Actes sud, 2013 . Fabien Danesi, Fabrice Flahutez, <mask>, Undercover <mask>d, (English-French),Paris, Artvenir, 2012 . External links Situationist international online Letters 1957–1994 The Marxist Critique of Religion in the Films of <mask>d <mask>d's Howls for Sade Libcom.org/library: <mask>d archive A brief biography and several texts, including Society of the Spectacle "Comments on the society of the spectacle" (1988) <mask>d and the Situationists Audio recordings and Films by <mask>d at Ubu.web Michael Löwy on <mask>d, in Radical Philosophy The Strange Life of <mask>d(French) Films / Writings and Literature on <mask>d "On <mask>d’s Films" <mask>d and the Aesthetics of Cine-sabotage Constructing Situations: <mask>'s detournement of fiction Class Wargames Presents <mask>d's The Game of War Quote: "Anyone who has skimmed <mask>d's Wikipedia page or watched the American Music Awards could condemn our culture as a masquerade, a spectacle of virtuality." 1931 births 1994 suicides 20th-century essayists 20th-century French essayists 20th-century French male writers 20th-century French non-fiction writers 20th-century French philosophers Anti-consumerists Board game designers French Communist writers Continental philosophers Critical theorists Cultural critics Direct democracy activists French anti-capitalists French anti-war activists French communists French film directors French graphic designers French political philosophers French male essayists French male non-fiction writers French male screenwriters French Marxists French screenwriters Lettrism Marxist theorists French Marxist writers Mass media theorists Media critics Philosophers of art Philosophers of culture Philosophers of history Philosophers of war Political philosophers Psychogeographers Revolution theorists Situationists French social commentators Social critics Social philosophers Suicides by firearm in France Theorists on Western civilization Writers about activism and social change Writers from Paris 20th-century French screenwriters Critics of work and the work ethic

<mask> was a French Marxist theorist, philosopher, filmmaker, critic of work, member of the Letterist International, and founding member of the Situationist International. He was a member of the socialist party. <mask> was born in Paris in 1931. Martial was a pharmacist and died when Debord was young. <mask> was sent to live with his grandmother in Italy by his mother. The Rossis traveled from town to town after leaving the villa during World War II. He began his interest in film and vandalising at high school.<mask> was involved in demonstrations in Paris against the French war in Algeria as a young man. He did not complete his university education after studying law at the University of Paris. He began his career as a writer after leaving the University of Paris. He joined the Letterist International when he was 18. Isidore Isou was the leader of the Letterists until a widely agreed upon schism ended his authority. The schism gave rise to several groups of Letterists, one of which was led by Debord. During the Paris Uprising of 1968, Debord took part in the occupation of the Sorbonne.Mustapha Khayati's "On the Poverty of Student Life" was published in November 1966 and is thought to have been a catalyst for the uprising. In 1957, a group of people gathered in Italy to form the Situationist International. Initially made up of a number of well-known artists such as Asger Jorn and Pinot Gallizio, the early days of the SI were heavily focused on the creation of a critique of art, which would serve as a foundation for the group's future entrance into further political critiques. The SI was known for its interventions in the art world, which included one raid against an international art conference in Belgium in 1958 that resulted in the arrest of many situationists and sympathizers associated with the scandal, as well as a large pamphlet drop and significant media coverage. The SI endeavored to formulate industrial painting, or, painting prepared en masse with the intent of defaming the original value largely associated with the art of the period. In the course of these actions, Debord was heavily involved in the planning and logistical work associated with preparing these interventions, as well as the work for Internationale Situationniste associated with theoretical defense of the Situationist International's actions. The political phase of the SI began in the early 1960s, eventually expelling members such as Jorn, Gallizio, Troche, and Constant.Having established the situationist critique of art as a social and political critique, one not to be carried out in traditional artistic activities, the SI began to pursue a more concise theoretical critique of capitalist society along Marxist lines. The Society of the Spectacle and excerpts from the Internationale Situationniste began to explain the nature of late capitalism's historical decay. situationists defined the spectacle as a collection of social relations transmitted via the imagery of class power, and as a period of capitalist development, where "all that was once lived has moved into representation". The revolts of May 1968 in France were influenced by the theories of Debord and the SI, with many of the protesters drawing their slogans from Situationist tracts. The Situationist International was dissolved in 1972 after its original members quit or were kicked out. Vaneigem criticized Debord and the International. Gérard Lebovici, the movie mogul and publisher, gave Debord financial backing until his death.He was suspected of being involved in Lebovici's murder. After his friend's death, Debord took his films and writings out of production. He agreed to have his films released posthumously at the request of the American researcher. Society of the Spectacle is one of Debord's two most well-known films. After dissolving the Situationist International, Debord spent his time reading and writing in relative isolation in a cottage at Champot with his second wife. He continued to correspond on political and other issues. He was reading about war strategies.Clausewitz designed a war game with Alice Becker-Ho. Both Michle Bernstein and Alice Becker-Ho were married to <mask>. Michle Mochot-Bréhat had affairs with Debord. In her novel All The King's Horses, Bernstein wrote a detailed account of the open relationships she had with two men. His Art and His Times, an autobiography of sorts that focused primarily on social issues in Paris in the 1990s, was filmed before <mask>'s death. His depiction of this period was thought to be a suicide note. A form of polyneuritis was caused by both Debord's depression and alcohol consumption.<mask> died by suicide on November 30, 1994. He tried to end his life before. It's unclear if Debord's suicide is controversial or not. Some say it was a revolutionary act related to his career. Due to his involvement with the radical Situationist International (SI), as well as his sadness at 'the society as a spectacle' being considered a cliché in later life, many think that Debord felt hopeless about the very society he was trying to shed light on. He was said to be a victim of the Spectacle he fought. One scholar noted that <mask>d did not kill himself.He was murdered by the thoughtlessness and selfishness of so-called scholars who colonized his brilliant ideas and transformed his radical politics into an academic status symbol not worth the pulp it's printed on. He has been declared one of the most important contemporary thinkers with a capital place in history of ideas from the second half of the twentieth century. The Society of the Spectacle was once called the most important book of the twentieth century by Debord. He is a controversial figure among European scholars of radical politics and modern art. <mask> Lebovici. He was the author of many short pieces for journals such as Potlatch and Les Lvres Nues.The Society of the spectacle was written in an interesting prose, unlike most writings in that time or of that nature. The Spectacle is seen as a lie in our lives. The Spectacle is a realization. The spectacle subjects human beings to themselves. Debord was distressed by the control of mass production and consumption by the governments and media. He criticized the capitalism of the West and the dictatorial communism of the Eastern bloc for the lack of autonomy allowed to individuals by both types of governmental structure. Alienation gained a new relevance through the invasion of the'spectacle' consisting of mass media, advertisement, and popular culture.Society is controlled by the spectacle. The ideas of "reification" and "fetishism of the commodity" were developed by Debord. His contemporary, Roland Barthes, was the first to see bourgeois society as a spectacle and to study the political function of fashion within that spectacle. The historical, economic, and psychological roots of the media and popular culture were examined by Debord. Herbert Marcuse of the Frankfurt School theorizes that the rise of capitalism is due to the rise of the mercantile form of social organization that has reached its climax. The Situationist International (SI), a political/ artistic movement organized by Debord and his colleagues and represented by a journal of the same name, attempted to create a series of strategies for engaging in class struggle by reclaiming individual autonomy from the spectacle. The traditions of Lettrism were used in these strategies.The founder of the SI may have been driven to generalize and define the values, ideas, and characteristics of the entire group, which may have contributed to his hand-picking and expulsion of members. The letterists and the surrealists were the groups that created the SI. The first book was bound with a cover that would damage other books next to it. "<mask>d ou la Beauté du Negatif" is a list of biographies, works of fiction, artworks, and songs about the man. In the magazine "Contre le Cinema", <mask> writes that he believes that ordinary people should make "everyday" art. In "The Society of the Spectacle," <mask> argues that the price of art destroys the integrity of the art object, not the creation itself. Debord doesn't equate art to the spectacle.His interest in film began when he lived in the late 1940s. During his youth, Debord was only allowed to attend films. He said that he would often leave in the middle of a film screening to go home. As Isidore Isou was producing films and the Lettrists attempted to sabotage Charlie Chaplin's trip to Paris, Debord joined the Lettrists. Debord challenged the conventions of filmmaking by prompting his audience to interact with the medium instead of being passive recipients of information. His film Hurlements consists of a series of black and white screens and silence with commentary throughout. Hurlements en faveur de Sade was directed by Debord in 1952 and featured the voices of Michle Bernstein and Gil Wolman.There is no images in the film, instead it shows bright white when there is speaking and black when there is not. There are separate speaking parts. There is 24 minutes of black silence at the end of the film. People left screenings of the film because they became angry. The script consists of quotes from various sources and is a non- linear narrative. Later, through the financial support of Michle Bernstein and Asger Jorn, Debord produced a second film. The Society of the Spectacle is the culmination of this integration of Debord's world with mass media culture.The Society of the Spectacle was written by Debord. "I don't understand why this surprised people," Debord said when asked why he made the book into a movie. The book was already written. His last film, "Son Art et Son Temps", was not produced. It was a final statement where Debord talked about his works and his time. On the Passage of a Few Persons Through a Rather Brief Unity of Time is a short film. No: A Journal of the Arts published the script in 2007.The Complete Cinematic Works was translated and edited by Ken Knabb. The Bibliography Mémoires, 1959 was co-authored by Asger Jorn. In English: The Society of the Spectacle, Zone Books 1995, there are numerous editions of La société du spectacle. The Society of the Spectacle was published in 2004. The Bureau of Public Secrets has an edition of The Society of the Spectacle. The real split in the international is in English: The Real Split in the International. Champ Libre, 1978, new edition was published in 1994.The Considérations sur l'assassinat de Gérard Lebovici was published in 1985. Commentaires sur la société du spectacle, in English: Comments on the Society of the Spectacle, was written by Gérard Lebovici. The first volume of Panégyrique was published in 1989 in English and Portuguese. A volume of uvres, ditions Gallimard, collection Quarto, Paris, 2006 contains all the <mask>'s books and films. There are references to "The Proletariat as Subject and as Representation". The Internationale situationniste was located in Paris. The complete translations are available in German: Situationistische Internationale.Simon Ford illustrated The Situationist International. Jean-Marie Apostolids is the naufrageur. Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century was published in 1990. Ken Knabb edited the Revised and Expanded Edition of Situationist International. <mask> is a writer for the University of California Press. <mask> is from the Feral House. I situazionisti, Mario Perniola.The Bibliografia ragionata is con documenti inediti in italiano. Andrew Hussey wrote The Game of War: The Life and Death of <mask>d. Tom McDonough edited <mask>d and the Situationist International. "The Beautiful Language of my Century": Reinventing the Language of Contestation in Postwar France, 1945–1968 was published in 2007. <mask> and Andy Merrifield wrote Reaktion 2005. The 50 Years of Recuperation of the Situationist International was published in 2008. Los Situacionistas y la Anarqua.The Diffraction du temps was held in Gallimard. The Négativité l'uvre was written by Fabien Danesi. The Actes were performed by Fabien Danesi, Fabrice Flahutez, andEmmanuel <mask>. Fabien Danesi, Fabrice Flahutez,<mask>, Undercover <mask>d, are all from Paris. The Marxist Critique of Religion in the Films of <mask>d can be found on the internet. 20th-century French essayists 20th-century French male writers 20th-century French non-fiction writers 20th-century French philosophers

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Hale

Dorothy Hale

Dorothy Hale (January 11, 1905 – October 21, 1938) was an American socialite and aspiring actress. She died after jumping off a building in New York City. Her husband's death, followed by several unsuccessful relationships, left her financially dependent on her wealthy friends. The artist Frida Kahlo, commissioned by Clare Boothe Luce, created a famous painting based on her death, titled The Suicide of Dorothy Hale. Early life Hale was born Dorothy Donovan, the daughter of a real estate agent, in Pittsburgh. In 1919, after attending a convent and a drama school, Hale left home to pursue a career. Her family hired detectives to find her, but she eventually returned when her funds ran out. With the assistance of friends, she eventually landed a job in the chorus of a Broadway production of Lady, Be Good. While she was studying sculpture in Paris, she married millionaire stockbroker Gaillard Thomas, son of the wealthy gynecologist T. Gaillard Thomas; the brief marriage ended in divorce. She married Gardner Hale (1894–1931) in 1927. Gardner Hale was a fresco, mural, and society portrait artist, and the married Dorothy Hale continued moving in creative and expensive social circles. During this West Coast period, she socialized with artists Miquel and Rosa Corvarrubias, Frida Kahlo, and photographer Nickolas Muray. Career Hale's stage work was limited to several seasons in stock companies and some work as a dancer and Ziegfeld girl. In the summer of 1935, Hale and her friend Rosamond Pinchot, another New York socialite and aspiring actress, opened in Abide with Me, a psychological drama written by their friend Clare Boothe Luce. Though the three friends enjoyed the experience tremendously, the play was panned and it died quietly. Pinchot went on to take her life by carbon monoxide poisoning in January 1938. Personal life When her husband's car went over a Santa Maria cliff in December 1931, she was left in severe financial difficulties. No longer able to maintain her high-society lifestyle, Hale began to accept the largesse of rich lovers and generous friends, such as Luce, with whom she was close. "We all believed that a girl of such extraordinary beauty could not be long in either developing a career or finding another husband. Dorothy had very little talent and no luck." Hale repeatedly yet unsuccessfully tried to find work as an actress. In 1932, an acquaintance with Samuel Goldwyn led to an uncredited role in Cynara, as well as a minor role in Catherine the Great (1934). Her screen tests were dubbed a failure. Affairs Numbering among Hale's ill-fated lovers were Constantin Alajalov, a well-known New York cover artist; the still-married Russell Davenport, a writer for Time; and Isamu Noguchi, an up-and-coming sculptor, artist, and designer. Early in 1933, Noguchi and Hale took a Caribbean cruise, where he was introduced to many of her wealthy and influential friends from New York; many of them commissioned portraits, including Luce for a sculpture bust. Noguchi traveled to London and Paris with Hale, hoping to find more patrons. Noguchi had begun a portrait sculpture of Hale, but it was never finished, and its present location is unknown. In 1934, Hale and Luce accompanied Noguchi on a road trip through Connecticut in a car Noguchi had designed with Buckminster Fuller, the Dymaxion car. The threesome stopped to see Thornton Wilder in Hamden, Connecticut, before going on to Hartford to join Fuller for the out-of-town opening of Gertrude Stein and Virgil Thomson's Four Saints in Three Acts. By 1937, Hale was involved in a serious romance with Harry Hopkins, WPA administrator and Franklin D. Roosevelt's top adviser. Anticipating a "White House wedding" Hale moved into Hampshire House, a 27-story apartment building at 150 Central Park South, and began putting together a trousseau, but Hopkins abruptly broke off the affair. Luce said in later years that the White House was not happy about the Hopkins/Hale engagement rumors, and that may have been the cause of the break. The gossip columnists who had been reporting the engagement rumors played up the cruel jilting, causing Hale great embarrassment. Hopkins eventually married Lou Macy, a close Roosevelt associate. In 1938, another benefactor and abandoned suitor, Bernard Baruch, advised Hale that, at 33, she was too old for a professional career and that she should look for a wealthy husband. Baruch even gave her $1,000 with the instructions, "... to buy a dress glamorous enough to capture a husband." Hale became despondent over her stalled career, constant debt, and unhappy love life. Death Farewell party The evening of her death, Hale informally entertained some friends; she had told them that she was planning a long trip and invited them to a farewell party. Among the guests at this informal "last party" were Mrs. Brock Pemberton; Prince del Drago of Italy; painter Dorothy Swinburne, who was married to Admiral Luke McNamee (President of the McKay Radio and Telegraph company); and Margaret Case (later Harriman, daughter of Frank Case), an editor at Vogue who would go on to write The Vicious Circle. After the party Hale went on to the theater with Mr. and Mrs. J. P. Morgan to see the Stokes' play, Oscar Wilde. After attending the theater, Hale returned to her home—a one-room studio apartment with a kitchenette on the 16th floor of Hampshire House—at about 1:15 am, leaving a large number of friends partying at the 21 Club. She apparently spent the next four hours at the typewriter composing farewell notes to friends: one to Baruch expressing regret at not taking his advice; and one to her attorney, instructing how her estate and burial were to be handled. At 5:15 am on October 21, 1938, Hale threw herself out of the window of her apartment. She was found still wearing her favorite Madame X femme-fatale black velvet dress with a corsage of small yellow roses, given to her by Noguchi. Though The New York Times covered her death, accordingly, Hopkins believed that Baruch had used his influence to mute the reporting of Hale's suicide and diffuse his involvement in the affair. In his interview for the Herrera book on Frida Kahlo, Noguchi would say of Hale: She was very beautiful girl, all my girls are beautiful. I went to London with her in 1933. Bucky (Buckminster Fuller) and I were there the night before she did it. I remember very well she said, 'Well that's the end of the vodka. There isn't any more.' Just like that you know. I wouldn't have thought of it much, except afterward I realized that that's what she was talking about. Dorothy was very pretty, and she traveled in this false world. She didn't want to be second to anybody, and she must have thought she was slipping. Frida Kahlo painting Hale's friend Clare Boothe Luce, an ardent admirer of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, almost immediately commissioned Kahlo to paint a recuerdo (remembrance) portrait of their deceased mutual friend, so that in Kahlo's words: "her life must not be forgotten". Luce understood a recuerdo to be an idealized memorial portrait and was doubtless expecting a conventional over-the-fireplace portrait for her $400. After being shown in March in Paris, the completed painting arrived in August 1939: Luce claims she was so shocked by the unwrapped painting that she "almost passed out". What Kahlo created was a graphic, narrative retablo, detailing every step of Hale's suicide. It depicts Hale standing on the balcony, falling to her death while also lying on the bloody pavement below. Luce was so offended that she seriously considered destroying it, but instead, she had the sculptor Isamu Noguchi paint out the part of the legend that bore Luce's name. Luce simply left the work crated up in the care of Frank Crowninshield, only to be presented with it again decades later, when Crowninshield's heirs discovered it in storage. She donated it anonymously to the Phoenix Art Museum, where it was eventually outed as a Luce donation. The museum retains ownership, although the painting is frequently on tour in exhibitions of Kahlo's works. In 2010, the painting was included in a "sweeping view" of Noguchi's career in the “On Becoming an Artist: Isamu Noguchi and His Contemporaries, 1922-1960” show at the Noguchi Museum in Long Island City, Queens, New York City. Portrayals and dramatizations Stage play The Rise of Dorothy Hale, written by Myra Bairstow, premiered off-Broadway at the St. Luke's Theater on September 30, 2007. The play explores the life and death of Hale through the creative process of Frida Kahlo. The play has been compared to Otto Preminger’s 1944 film Laura. Questions are raised as to whether Hale's death was a suicide or a murder. The original cast members were Emmy Award winner Michael Badalucco, Patrick Boll, Sarita Choudhury, Laura Koffman, Sarah Wynter, and Mark LaMura. The cast and playwright of The Rise of Dorothy Hale were featured guests of NASDAQ on October 18, 2007, to ring the closing bell. Fictional biography Lady Be Good: The Life and Times of Dorothy Hale, written by former NBC News producer Pamela Hamilton, was published on March 31, 2021. Drawing on original research, the novel portrays Hale as a smart, talented, determined woman, upending the widely held belief that Hale was hapless. At the heart of the novel is Hale’s friendship with Clare Boothe Luce and the life they led in café society. Pulitzer Prize winner and New York Times bestselling author Bill Dedman said: “Meticulously researched and well told, Lady be Good is a magnificent debut novel that takes readers on an enthralling and heartbreaking journey. Hamilton beautifully captures the themes of love and betrayal, class and culture, and the price of fame.” References External links Hampshire House website Frida Kahlo's The Suicide of Dorothy Hale The Phoenix Art Museum website The New York Times review of The Rise of Dorothy Hale 1905 births 1938 suicides 20th-century American actresses American film actresses American socialites American stage actresses Actresses from New York (state) Actresses from Pennsylvania Suicides by jumping in New York City 1938 deaths Female suicides

<mask> (January 11, 1905 – October 21, 1938) was an American socialite and aspiring actress. She died after jumping off a building in New York City. Her husband's death, followed by several unsuccessful relationships, left her financially dependent on her wealthy friends. The artist Frida Kahlo, commissioned by Clare Boothe Luce, created a famous painting based on her death, titled The Suicide of <mask>. Early life <mask> was born <mask>, the daughter of a real estate agent, in Pittsburgh. In 1919, after attending a convent and a drama school, <mask> left home to pursue a career. Her family hired detectives to find her, but she eventually returned when her funds ran out.With the assistance of friends, she eventually landed a job in the chorus of a Broadway production of Lady, Be Good. While she was studying sculpture in Paris, she married millionaire stockbroker Gaillard Thomas, son of the wealthy gynecologist T. Gaillard Thomas; the brief marriage ended in divorce. She married <mask> (1894–1931) in 1927. <mask> was a fresco, mural, and society portrait artist, and the married <mask> continued moving in creative and expensive social circles. During this West Coast period, she socialized with artists Miquel and Rosa Corvarrubias, Frida Kahlo, and photographer Nickolas Muray. Career <mask>'s stage work was limited to several seasons in stock companies and some work as a dancer and Ziegfeld girl. In the summer of 1935, <mask> and her friend Rosamond Pinchot, another New York socialite and aspiring actress, opened in Abide with Me, a psychological drama written by their friend Clare Boothe Luce.Though the three friends enjoyed the experience tremendously, the play was panned and it died quietly. Pinchot went on to take her life by carbon monoxide poisoning in January 1938. Personal life When her husband's car went over a Santa Maria cliff in December 1931, she was left in severe financial difficulties. No longer able to maintain her high-society lifestyle, <mask> began to accept the largesse of rich lovers and generous friends, such as Luce, with whom she was close. "We all believed that a girl of such extraordinary beauty could not be long in either developing a career or finding another husband. <mask> had very little talent and no luck." <mask> repeatedly yet unsuccessfully tried to find work as an actress.In 1932, an acquaintance with Samuel Goldwyn led to an uncredited role in Cynara, as well as a minor role in Catherine the Great (1934). Her screen tests were dubbed a failure. Affairs Numbering among <mask>'s ill-fated lovers were Constantin Alajalov, a well-known New York cover artist; the still-married Russell Davenport, a writer for Time; and Isamu Noguchi, an up-and-coming sculptor, artist, and designer. Early in 1933, Noguchi and <mask> took a Caribbean cruise, where he was introduced to many of her wealthy and influential friends from New York; many of them commissioned portraits, including Luce for a sculpture bust. Noguchi traveled to London and Paris with <mask>, hoping to find more patrons. Noguchi had begun a portrait sculpture of <mask>, but it was never finished, and its present location is unknown. In 1934, <mask> and Luce accompanied Noguchi on a road trip through Connecticut in a car Noguchi had designed with Buckminster Fuller, the Dymaxion car.The threesome stopped to see Thornton Wilder in Hamden, Connecticut, before going on to Hartford to join Fuller for the out-of-town opening of Gertrude Stein and Virgil Thomson's Four Saints in Three Acts. By 1937, <mask> was involved in a serious romance with Harry Hopkins, WPA administrator and Franklin D. Roosevelt's top adviser. Anticipating a "White House wedding" <mask> moved into Hampshire House, a 27-story apartment building at 150 Central Park South, and began putting together a trousseau, but Hopkins abruptly broke off the affair. Luce said in later years that the White House was not happy about the <mask> engagement rumors, and that may have been the cause of the break. The gossip columnists who had been reporting the engagement rumors played up the cruel jilting, causing <mask> great embarrassment. Hopkins eventually married Lou Macy, a close Roosevelt associate. In 1938, another benefactor and abandoned suitor, Bernard Baruch, advised <mask> that, at 33, she was too old for a professional career and that she should look for a wealthy husband.Baruch even gave her $1,000 with the instructions, "... to buy a dress glamorous enough to capture a husband." <mask> became despondent over her stalled career, constant debt, and unhappy love life. Death Farewell party The evening of her death, <mask> informally entertained some friends; she had told them that she was planning a long trip and invited them to a farewell party. Among the guests at this informal "last party" were Mrs. Brock Pemberton; Prince del Drago of Italy; painter <mask>, who was married to Admiral Luke McNamee (President of the McKay Radio and Telegraph company); and Margaret Case (later Harriman, daughter of Frank Case), an editor at Vogue who would go on to write The Vicious Circle. After the party <mask> went on to the theater with Mr. and Mrs. J. P. Morgan to see the Stokes' play, Oscar Wilde. After attending the theater, <mask> returned to her home—a one-room studio apartment with a kitchenette on the 16th floor of Hampshire House—at about 1:15 am, leaving a large number of friends partying at the 21 Club. She apparently spent the next four hours at the typewriter composing farewell notes to friends: one to Baruch expressing regret at not taking his advice; and one to her attorney, instructing how her estate and burial were to be handled.At 5:15 am on October 21, 1938, <mask> threw herself out of the window of her apartment. She was found still wearing her favorite Madame X femme-fatale black velvet dress with a corsage of small yellow roses, given to her by Noguchi. Though The New York Times covered her death, accordingly, Hopkins believed that Baruch had used his influence to mute the reporting of <mask>'s suicide and diffuse his involvement in the affair. In his interview for the Herrera book on Frida Kahlo, Noguchi would say of <mask>: She was very beautiful girl, all my girls are beautiful. I went to London with her in 1933. Bucky (Buckminster Fuller) and I were there the night before she did it. I remember very well she said, 'Well that's the end of the vodka.There isn't any more.' Just like that you know. I wouldn't have thought of it much, except afterward I realized that that's what she was talking about. <mask> was very pretty, and she traveled in this false world. She didn't want to be second to anybody, and she must have thought she was slipping. Frida Kahlo painting <mask>'s friend Clare Boothe Luce, an ardent admirer of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, almost immediately commissioned Kahlo to paint a recuerdo (remembrance) portrait of their deceased mutual friend, so that in Kahlo's words: "her life must not be forgotten". Luce understood a recuerdo to be an idealized memorial portrait and was doubtless expecting a conventional over-the-fireplace portrait for her $400.After being shown in March in Paris, the completed painting arrived in August 1939: Luce claims she was so shocked by the unwrapped painting that she "almost passed out". What Kahlo created was a graphic, narrative retablo, detailing every step of <mask>'s suicide. It depicts <mask> standing on the balcony, falling to her death while also lying on the bloody pavement below. Luce was so offended that she seriously considered destroying it, but instead, she had the sculptor Isamu Noguchi paint out the part of the legend that bore Luce's name. Luce simply left the work crated up in the care of Frank Crowninshield, only to be presented with it again decades later, when Crowninshield's heirs discovered it in storage. She donated it anonymously to the Phoenix Art Museum, where it was eventually outed as a Luce donation. The museum retains ownership, although the painting is frequently on tour in exhibitions of Kahlo's works.In 2010, the painting was included in a "sweeping view" of Noguchi's career in the “On Becoming an Artist: Isamu Noguchi and His Contemporaries, 1922-1960” show at the Noguchi Museum in Long Island City, Queens, New York City. Portrayals and dramatizations Stage play The Rise of Dorothy <mask>, written by Myra Bairstow, premiered off-Broadway at the St. Luke's Theater on September 30, 2007. The play explores the life and death of <mask> through the creative process of Frida Kahlo. The play has been compared to Otto Preminger’s 1944 film Laura. Questions are raised as to whether <mask>'s death was a suicide or a murder. The original cast members were Emmy Award winner Michael Badalucco, Patrick Boll, Sarita Choudhury, Laura Koffman, Sarah Wynter, and Mark LaMura. The cast and playwright of The Rise of Dorothy Hale were featured guests of NASDAQ on October 18, 2007, to ring the closing bell.Fictional biography Lady Be Good: The Life and Times of <mask>, written by former NBC News producer Pamela Hamilton, was published on March 31, 2021. Drawing on original research, the novel portrays <mask> as a smart, talented, determined woman, upending the widely held belief that <mask> was hapless. At the heart of the novel is <mask>’s friendship with Clare Boothe Luce and the life they led in café society. Pulitzer Prize winner and New York Times bestselling author Bill Dedman said: “Meticulously researched and well told, Lady be Good is a magnificent debut novel that takes readers on an enthralling and heartbreaking journey. Hamilton beautifully captures the themes of love and betrayal, class and culture, and the price of fame.” References External links Hampshire House website Frida Kahlo's The Suicide of Dorothy Hale The Phoenix Art Museum website The New York Times review of The Rise of Dorothy Hale 1905 births 1938 suicides 20th-century American actresses American film actresses American socialites American stage actresses Actresses from New York (state) Actresses from Pennsylvania Suicides by jumping in New York City 1938 deaths Female suicides

<mask> was an aspiring actress and was born in 1905. She died after jumping off a building. Her husband's death left her financially dependent on her wealthy friends. A famous painting was created based on the death of the artist. <mask> was the daughter of a real estate agent. <mask> left home in 1919 to pursue a career after attending a convent and a drama school. She returned when her funds ran out after her family hired detectives to find her.She got a job in the chorus of a Broadway show with the help of her friends. She married Gaillard Thomas, son of T. Gaillard Thomas, while she was studying sculpture in Paris. She married a man in 1927. The <mask>s were 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 She socialized with a number of artists on the West Coast. Hale's stage work was limited to several seasons in stock companies and some work as a dancer. Hale and her friendRosamond Pinchot, a New York socialite and aspiring actress, opened in a psychological drama written by their friend, in the summer of 1935.The three friends enjoyed the play, but it was panned and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 Pinchot took her life due to carbon monoxide poisoning. She was left penniless after her husband's car went over a Santa Maria cliff. <mask> was no longer able to maintain her high-society lifestyle and began to accept the largesse of rich lovers and generous friends. We all believed that a girl of such beauty could find another husband quickly and develop a career. There wasn't much talent and no luck. <mask> tried to find work as an actress.There was an uncredited role in Cynara and a minor role in Catherine the Great due to an association with Samuel Goldwyn. Her screen tests were a failure. Among <mask>'s ill-fated lovers were a well-known New York cover artist, a writer for Time, and an up-and-coming sculptor, artist, and designer. Many of her wealthy and influential friends from New York commissioned portraits, including Luce for a sculpture bust, after Noguchi and <mask> took a Caribbean cruise in 1933. <mask> and Noguchi traveled to London and Paris to find more patrons. Noguchi had begun a portrait sculpture of <mask>, but it was never finished, and its current location is unknown. Noguchi designed the Dymaxion car for the road trip that <mask> and Luce took in 1934.The threesome went to see Thornton Wilder in Connecticut before going to see the opening of Four Saints in Three Acts in Hartford. <mask> was involved in a romance with the administrator of the WPA. Anticipating a "White House wedding", <mask> moved into Hampshire House, a 27 story apartment building at 150 Central Park South, and began putting together a trousseau. The break may have been caused by the White House not being happy about the <mask> engagement rumors. The cruel jilting that the gossip columnists played up caused <mask> great embarrassment. Lou Macy was a close Roosevelt associate. <mask> was told that she should look for a wealthy husband because she was too old for a professional career.To buy a dress glamorous enough to capture a husband is what Baruch told her to do. <mask> was depressed over her career, debt, and love life. <mask> invited her friends to a farewell party when she told them that she was going on a long trip. Margaret Case, daughter of Frank Case, was one of the guests at the last party. <mask> went to the theater with Mr. and Mrs. Morgan to see the play. A large group of friends partying at the 21 Club after <mask> returned to her home on the 16th floor of Hampshire House. She spent the next four hours at the typewriter writing farewell notes to her friends, regretting not taking his advice, and instructing her attorney how her estate and burial would be handled.<mask> threw herself out of the window of her apartment. She was wearing a black velvet dress with a corsage of small yellow roses that was given to her by Noguchi. Though The New York Times covered her death, they believed that he had used his influence to obscure the story of <mask>'s suicide. Noguchi said in an interview that <mask> was very beautiful and all his girls were beautiful. I went to London with her in 1933. We were there the night before she did it. I remember that she said that was the end of the alcohol.There isn't any left. Just like that. I wouldn't have thought of it, except that she was talking about. She traveled in a false world and was pretty. She must have thought she was slipping because she didn't want to be second to anyone. <mask>'s friend Clare Boothe Luce, an ardent admirer of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, almost immediately commissioned Kahlo to paint a recuerdo (remembrance) portrait of her, so that her life would not be forgotten. She was expecting a conventional over-the-fireplace portrait for her $400 and understood a recuerdo to be an idealized memorial portrait.After being shown a finished painting in Paris in March, Luce claims she was so shocked by the painting that she almost passed out. The narrative retablo was a graphic detailing every step of <mask>'s suicide. <mask> fell to her death on the balcony while lying on the pavement below. The part of the legend that bore Luce's name was painted out by the sculptor Isamu Noguchi instead of being destroyed. When Crowninshield's heirs discovered it in storage, they found the work that had been left in the care of Frank Crowninshield. She gave it to the Phoenix Art Museum without telling anyone. The painting is on tour in exhibitions of the artist's work.In 2010, the painting was included in a "sweeping view" of Noguchi's career in the "On Becoming an Artist: Isamu Noguchi and His Contemporaries, 1922-1960" show at the Noguchi Museum in Long Island City, Queens, New York City. The Rise of Dorothy Hale, written by Myra Bairstow, was performed off-Broadway on September 30, 2007. The life and death of <mask> is explored in the play. The play has been compared to a film. There are questions about whether <mask>'s death was a suicide or a murder. The original cast members were Mark LaMura, Michael Badalucco, Patrick Boll, Laura Koffman, and Sarah Wynter. The cast and playwright of The Rise of Dorothy Hale rang the closing bell at the stock exchange.Pamela Hamilton, a former NBC News producer, wrote Lady Be Good: The Life and Times of <mask>. The novel shows <mask> as a smart, talented, determined woman upending the belief that she was hapless. The life and friendship of <mask> and Boothe Luce are at the center of the novel. Bill Dedman, a Pulitzer Prize winner and New York Times bestselling author, said: "Meticulously researched and well told, Lady be Good is a magnificent debut novel that takes readers on an exhilarating and heartbreaking journey." Hamilton beautifully captures the themes of love and betrayal, class and culture, and the price of fame.

363271

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emin%20Pasha

Emin Pasha

Mehmed Emin Pasha (born Isaak Eduard Schnitzer, baptized Eduard Carl Oscar Theodor Schnitzer; March 28, 1840 – October 23, 1892) was an Ottoman physician of German Jewish origin, naturalist, and governor of the Egyptian province of Equatoria on the upper Nile. The Ottoman Empire conferred the title "Pasha" on him in 1886, and thereafter he was referred to as "Emin Pasha". Life and career Emin was born in Oppeln (in present day Poland), Silesia, into a middle-class German Jewish family, which moved to Neisse when he was two years old. After the death of his father in 1845, his mother married a Christian; she and her offspring were baptized Lutherans. He was a student at Carolinum in Nysa, at the universities at Breslau, Königsberg, and Berlin, qualifying as a physician in 1864. However, he was disqualified from practice, and left Germany for Constantinople, with the intention of entering Ottoman service. Travelling via Vienna and Trieste, he stopped at Antivari in Montenegro, found himself welcomed by the local community, and was soon in medical practice. He put his linguistic talent to good use, as well, adding Turkish, Albanian, and Greek to his repertoire of languages. He became the quarantine officer of the port, leaving only in 1870 to join the staff of Ismail Hakki Pasha, governor of northern Albania; in the service, he travelled throughout the Ottoman Empire, although the details are little-known. When Hakki Pasha died in 1873, Emin went back to Neisse with the pasha's widow and children, where he passed them off as his own family, but left suddenly in September 1875, reappearing in Cairo and then departing for Khartoum, where he arrived in December. At this point he took the name "Mehemet Emin" (Arabic Muhammad al-Amin), started a medical practice, and began collecting plants, animals, and birds, many of which he sent to museums in Europe. Although some regarded him as a Muslim, it is not clear if he ever actually converted. Charles George Gordon, then governor of Equatoria, heard of Emin's presence and invited him to be the chief medical officer of the province; Emin assented and arrived there in May 1876. Gordon immediately sent Emin on diplomatic missions to Bunyoro and to Muteesa I of Buganda to the south, where Emin's modest style and fluency in Luganda were quite popular. After 1876, Emin made Lado his base for collecting expeditions throughout the region. In 1878, the Khedive of Egypt appointed Emin as Gordon's successor to govern the province, giving him the title of Bey. Despite the grand title, there was little for Emin to do; his military force consisted of a few thousand soldiers who controlled no more than a mile's radius around each of their outposts, and the government in Khartoum was indifferent to his proposals for development. He showed himself a bitter foe of slavery. In 1879 General Gordon gave Frank Lupton command of a flotilla of river steamers to relieve Emin. When Lupton reached Lado almost two years later he found that Emin did not want to be relieved. He became Emin's deputy, in charge of the Latuka district based at Tarangole. The revolt of Muhammad Ahmad that began in 1881 had cut Equatoria off from the outside world by 1883, and the following year, Karam Allah marched south to capture Equatoria and Emin. In 1885, Emin and most of his forces withdrew further south, to Wadelai near Lake Albert. Cut off from communications to the north, he was still able to exchange mail with Zanzibar through Buganda. Determined to remain in Equatoria, his communiques, carried by his friend Wilhelm Junker, aroused considerable sentiment in Europe in 1886, particularly acute after the death of Gordon the previous year. The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, led by Henry Morton Stanley, undertook to rescue Emin by going up the Congo River and then through the Ituri Forest, an extraordinarily difficult route that resulted in the loss of two-thirds of the expedition. Precise details of this trek are recorded in the published diaries of the expedition's non-African "officers" (e.g., Major Edmund Musgrave Barttelot, Captain William Grant Stairs, Mr. Arthur Jephson, and Thomas Heazle Parke, surgeon of the expedition). Stanley met Emin in April 1888, and after a year spent in argument and indecision, during which Emin and Jephson were imprisoned at Dufile by troops who mutinied from August to November 1888, Emin was convinced to leave for the coast. The bulk of his forces remained near Lake Albert until 1890, when Frederick Lugard took them with him to Kampala Hill, where they participated in the Battle of Kampala Hill. Stanley and Emin arrived in Bagamoyo in 1890. During celebrations, Emin was injured when he stepped through a window he mistook for an opening to a balcony. Emin spent two months in a hospital recovering, while Stanley left without being able to bring him back in triumph. The introduction of sleeping sickness in Uganda was attributed to the movement of Emin and his followers. Prior to the 1890s, sleeping sickness was unknown in Uganda, but the tsetse fly was probably brought by Emin from the Congo territory. Emin then entered the service of the German East Africa Company and accompanied Dr. Stuhlmann on an expedition to the lakes in the interior, but was killed by two Arab slave traders at Kinena Station in the Congo Free State, near Nyangwe, on the 23rd or 24 October 1892. He added greatly to the anthropological knowledge of central Africa and published valuable geographical papers. In 1890 he was awarded the Founder's Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. Emin Pasha is commemorated in the scientific name of an East African species of leptotyphlopid snake, Emin Pasha's worm snake Leptotyphlops emini, and an East African species of Passer sparrow, the chestnut sparrow Passer eminibey. See also Emin Pasha Relief Expedition Notes References External links A.J. Mounteney Jephson, Diary, Edited by Dorothy Middleton, Hakluyt Society 1969 Emin Pasha's family genealogy 1840 births 1892 deaths 19th-century people of the Ottoman Empire 19th-century explorers Pashas Explorers of Africa German explorers German explorers of Africa Zoological collectors Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism German Lutherans Silesian Jews Colonial people of German East Africa People murdered in the Democratic Republic of the Congo German people murdered abroad People of the Ottoman Empire murdered abroad German emigrants to the Ottoman Empire Kolegium Carolinum Neisse alumni People from the Province of Silesia People from Opole 19th-century Lutherans

<mask> (born Isaak Eduard Schnitzer, baptized Eduard Carl Oscar Theodor Schnitzer; March 28, 1840 – October 23, 1892) was an Ottoman physician of German Jewish origin, naturalist, and governor of the Egyptian province of Equatoria on the upper Nile. The Ottoman Empire conferred the title "<mask>" on him in 1886, and thereafter he was referred to as "<mask>". Life and career <mask> was born in Oppeln (in present day Poland), Silesia, into a middle-class German Jewish family, which moved to Neisse when he was two years old. After the death of his father in 1845, his mother married a Christian; she and her offspring were baptized Lutherans. He was a student at Carolinum in Nysa, at the universities at Breslau, Königsberg, and Berlin, qualifying as a physician in 1864. However, he was disqualified from practice, and left Germany for Constantinople, with the intention of entering Ottoman service. Travelling via Vienna and Trieste, he stopped at Antivari in Montenegro, found himself welcomed by the local community, and was soon in medical practice.He put his linguistic talent to good use, as well, adding Turkish, Albanian, and Greek to his repertoire of languages. He became the quarantine officer of the port, leaving only in 1870 to join the staff of Ismail Hakki <mask>, governor of northern Albania; in the service, he travelled throughout the Ottoman Empire, although the details are little-known. When Hakki <mask> died in 1873, <mask> went back to Neisse with the pasha's widow and children, where he passed them off as his own family, but left suddenly in September 1875, reappearing in Cairo and then departing for Khartoum, where he arrived in December. At this point he took the name "Mehemet <mask>" (Arabic Muhammad al-Amin), started a medical practice, and began collecting plants, animals, and birds, many of which he sent to museums in Europe. Although some regarded him as a Muslim, it is not clear if he ever actually converted. Charles George Gordon, then governor of Equatoria, heard of Emin's presence and invited him to be the chief medical officer of the province; Emin assented and arrived there in May 1876. Gordon immediately sent Emin on diplomatic missions to Bunyoro and to Muteesa I of Buganda to the south, where Emin's modest style and fluency in Luganda were quite popular.After 1876, <mask> made Lado his base for collecting expeditions throughout the region. In 1878, the Khedive of Egypt appointed <mask> as Gordon's successor to govern the province, giving him the title of Bey. Despite the grand title, there was little for <mask> to do; his military force consisted of a few thousand soldiers who controlled no more than a mile's radius around each of their outposts, and the government in Khartoum was indifferent to his proposals for development. He showed himself a bitter foe of slavery. In 1879 General Gordon gave Frank Lupton command of a flotilla of river steamers to relieve Emin. When Lupton reached Lado almost two years later he found that <mask> did not want to be relieved. He became <mask>'s deputy, in charge of the Latuka district based at Tarangole.The revolt of Muhammad Ahmad that began in 1881 had cut Equatoria off from the outside world by 1883, and the following year, Karam Allah marched south to capture Equatoria and Emin. In 1885, <mask> and most of his forces withdrew further south, to Wadelai near Lake Albert. Cut off from communications to the north, he was still able to exchange mail with Zanzibar through Buganda. Determined to remain in Equatoria, his communiques, carried by his friend Wilhelm Junker, aroused considerable sentiment in Europe in 1886, particularly acute after the death of Gordon the previous year. The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, led by Henry Morton Stanley, undertook to rescue <mask> by going up the Congo River and then through the Ituri Forest, an extraordinarily difficult route that resulted in the loss of two-thirds of the expedition. Precise details of this trek are recorded in the published diaries of the expedition's non-African "officers" (e.g., Major Edmund Musgrave Barttelot, Captain William Grant Stairs, Mr. Arthur Jephson, and Thomas Heazle Parke, surgeon of the expedition). Stanley met <mask> in April 1888, and after a year spent in argument and indecision, during which <mask> and Jephson were imprisoned at Dufile by troops who mutinied from August to November 1888, <mask> was convinced to leave for the coast.The bulk of his forces remained near Lake Albert until 1890, when Frederick Lugard took them with him to Kampala Hill, where they participated in the Battle of Kampala Hill. Stanley and <mask> arrived in Bagamoyo in 1890. During celebrations, <mask> was injured when he stepped through a window he mistook for an opening to a balcony. <mask> spent two months in a hospital recovering, while Stanley left without being able to bring him back in triumph. The introduction of sleeping sickness in Uganda was attributed to the movement of <mask> and his followers. Prior to the 1890s, sleeping sickness was unknown in Uganda, but the tsetse fly was probably brought by Emin from the Congo territory. <mask> then entered the service of the German East Africa Company and accompanied Dr. Stuhlmann on an expedition to the lakes in the interior, but was killed by two Arab slave traders at Kinena Station in the Congo Free State, near Nyangwe, on the 23rd or 24 October 1892.He added greatly to the anthropological knowledge of central Africa and published valuable geographical papers. In 1890 he was awarded the Founder's Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. <mask> <mask> is commemorated in the scientific name of an East African species of leptotyphlopid snake, <mask> <mask>'s worm snake Leptotyphlops emini, and an East African species of Passer sparrow, the chestnut sparrow Passer eminibey. See also <mask> <mask> Relief Expedition Notes References External links A.J. Mounteney Jephson, Diary, Edited by Dorothy Middleton, Hakluyt Society 1969 <mask> <mask>'s family genealogy 1840 births 1892 deaths 19th-century people of the Ottoman Empire 19th-century explorers Pashas Explorers of Africa German explorers German explorers of Africa Zoological collectors Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism German Lutherans Silesian Jews Colonial people of German East Africa People murdered in the Democratic Republic of the Congo German people murdered abroad People of the Ottoman Empire murdered abroad German emigrants to the Ottoman Empire Kolegium Carolinum Neisse alumni People from the Province of Silesia People from Opole 19th-century Lutherans

The governor of the Egyptian province of Equatoria was an Ottoman physician of German Jewish origin. The title "<mask>" was given to him by the Ottoman Empire in 1886. A middle-class German Jewish family moved to Neisse when <mask> was two years old after he was born in Poland. His mother married a Christian after the death of his father. He qualified as a physician at the universities of Breslau, Knigsberg, and Berlin in the late 19th century. He left Germany for Constantinople with the intention of joining the Ottomans. He was welcomed by the local community and was soon in medical practice after travelling via Vienna and Trieste.He added Turkish, Albanian, and Greek to his language collection. He left the port in 1870 to join the staff of the governor of northern Albania, but the details are not known. When Hakki <mask> died in 1873, <mask> went back to Neisse with the pasha's widow and children, but left suddenly in September 1875, reappearing in Cairo and then departing for Khartoum, where he arrived in December. He took the name "Mehemet <mask>" (Arabic Muhammad al-Amin), started a medical practice, and began collecting plants, animals, and birds, many of which he sent to museums in Europe. It is not clear if he ever converted to Islam. When Charles George Gordon heard of Emin's presence, he invited him to be the chief medical officer of the province. Gordon immediately sent Emin on diplomatic missions to Bunyoro and Buganda, where he was popular with the locals.Lado was the base for collecting expeditions after 1876. The Khedive of Egypt appointed <mask> as Gordon's successor and gave him the title of Bey. Despite the grand title, there was little for <mask> to do; his military force consisted of a few thousand soldiers who controlled no more than a mile around each of their outposts, and the government in Khartoum was indifferent to his proposals for development. He was against slavery. General Gordon gave Frank Lupton command of a flotilla of river steamers to relieve <mask>. <mask> did not want to be relieved when Lupton reached Lado. He was in charge of the Latuka district.After the revolt of Muhammad Ahmad that began in 1881, Equatoria was cut off from the outside world in the year 1884. Most of <mask>'s forces left to Wadelai near Lake Albert in 1885. He was able to exchange mail with Zanzibar through Buganda despite being cut off from communications to the north. After the death of Gordon in 1886, the Europeans were very upset by his determination to remain in Equatoria. Two-thirds of the expedition, led by Henry Morton Stanley, was lost when they went up the Congo River and through the Ituri Forest to rescue <mask>. The published diaries of the expedition's non-African "officers" record precise details of this trek. <mask> was convinced to leave for the coast after a year of argument and indecision, during which he and Jephson were imprisoned at Dufile.The Battle of Kampala Hill took place when Frederick Lugard took the bulk of his forces with him. Stanley and <mask> arrived in Bagamoyo in 1890. <mask> was injured when he stepped through a window that he mistook for a balcony. Stanley left without being able to bring <mask> back in triumph after he spent two months in a hospital. The movement of <mask> and his followers led to the introduction of sleeping sickness in Uganda. Prior to the 1890s, sleeping sickness was unknown in Uganda, but the tsetse fly was brought by Emin from the Congo territory. On the 23rd or 24th of October, <mask> was killed by two Arab slave traders at Kinena Station, near Nyangwe, while he was on an expedition to the lakes in the interior.He added to the knowledge of anthropology in central Africa. The founder's gold medal was awarded to him in 1890. An East African species of Passer sparrow, the chestnut sparrow Passer eminibey, is commemorated in the scientific name of a snake. External links A.J. are included in the Emin <mask> Relief Expedition Notes References. The Diary of Mounteney Jephson was published in 1969 by the Hakluyt Society.

18583731

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D%20Shin

Shō Shin

was a king of the Ryukyu Kingdom, the third ruler the second Shō Dynasty. Shō Shin's long reign has been described as "the Great Days of Chūzan", a period of great peace and relative prosperity. He was the son of Shō En, the founder of the dynasty, by Yosoidon, Shō En's second wife, often referred to as the queen mother. He succeeded his uncle, Shō Sen'i, who was forced to abdicate in his favor. Reign Much of the foundational organization of the kingdom's administration and economy is traced back to developments which occurred during Shō Shin's reign. As government became more institutionalized and organized, the aji (按司, local lords) gradually lost power and independence, becoming more closely tied to the central government at Shuri. In order to strengthen central control over the kingdom, and to prevent insurrection on the part of the aji, Shō Shin gathered weapons from all the aji to be put to use for the defense of the kingdom, and ordered aji to make their residences in Shuri; lords separated from their lands and from their people were far less able to act independently or to organize rebellion, and, over time, their emotional connections to Shuri grew, those with their territory weakening. The residences at Shuri of the aji were divided into three districts – one each for those coming from the northern, central, and southern areas of Okinawa Island which had formerly been the independent kingdoms of Hokuzan, Chūzan, and Nanzan respectively. These regions were now renamed Kunigami, Nakagami, and Shimajiri, respectively, place names which remain in use today. Through intermarriage, residence in Shuri, and other factors, the aji came to be more integrated as a class, more closely associated with life and customs and politics at Shuri, and less attached to their ancestral territorial identities. The aji left deputies, called aji okite (按司掟), to administer their lands on their behalf, and some years later a system of jito dai (地頭代), agents sent by the central government to oversee the outlying territories, was established. Some aji of the northern regions were allowed to remain there, not moving to Shuri, as they were too powerful for the king to force their obedience in this matter; the king's third son was made Warden of the North, however, and granted authority to maintain peace and order in the region. The Shuri dialect of the Okinawan language used by administrators and bureaucrats became standardized at this time, and a golden age of poetry and literature blossomed. The first volumes of the Omoro Sōshi, a collection of poems, songs, and chants reflecting centuries-old oral tradition as well as contemporary events, were completed in 1532. Along with later volumes, the Omoro Sōshi would become one of the chief primary sources for modern-day historians studying the kingdom's history. The process of moving the aji to Shuri also brought about major changes to the city, including the construction of a great many grand gates, pavilions, lakes, bridges, monuments, and gardens. There came to be a great demand for masons, carpenters, and others, as well as for a wide variety of goods and materials, imported by each aji from his own territories. Okinawa Island quickly became more economically integrated, with goods and labor traveling to and from Shuri and the neighboring port city of Naha. Economic integration allowed territories to become more specialized, and the production of luxury goods expanded significantly. Various kinds of hairpins and other ornaments became standard elements of the fashions of courtiers and bureaucrats, new techniques in producing and weaving silk were imported, and the use of gold, silver, lacquer, and silk became more common among townspeople. Urbanization led to increased prosperity for merchants, traders, courtiers, townsmen and others, though historian George H. Kerr points out that farmers and fishermen, who made up the vast majority of the Okinawan population, remained quite poor. Many monuments, temples, and other structures were also erected during the prosperous reign of Shō Shin. A new palace building was constructed, in Chinese style, and court rituals and ceremonies were dramatically altered and expanded, in emulation of Chinese modes. A pair of tall stone "Dragon Pillars" were placed at the entrance to the palace, patterned not after Chinese, Korean or Japanese models, but after those of Thailand and Cambodia, reflecting, as Kerr points out, the reach and extent of Okinawan trade and the cosmopolitan nature of the capital at this time. The Buddhist temple Enkaku-ji was built in 1492, Sōgen-ji was expanded in 1496, and in 1501, Tamaudun, the royal mausoleum complex, was completed. Shō Shin successfully petitioned the Korean royal court, several times, to send volumes of Buddhist texts; In the thirtieth year of his reign, a stele was erected in the grounds of Shuri Castle, listing Eleven Distinctions of the Age enumerated by court officials. A reproduction of this stele, destroyed in the 1945 Battle of Okinawa along with the castle, stands in the castle grounds today. The reign of Shō Shin also saw the expansion of the kingdom's control over several of the outlying Ryukyu Islands. Okinawan ships began in the late 15th century to frequent Miyakojima and the Yaeyama Islands; following a series of disputes among the local lords in the Yaeyama Islands which broke out in 1486, Shō Shin in 1500 sent military forces to quell the disputes and establish control over the islands. Kumejima was brought under firm control of Shuri, and liaison offices were established in Miyako and Yaeyama, in 1500 and 1524 respectively. Shō Shin also effected significant changes to the organization of the native noro (巫女, village priestesses) cult and its relationship to the government. He owed his uncle's abdication, and his own succession to his sister, the noro of the royal family, a special position known as the kikoe-ōgimi. He established a new residence for the kikoe-ōgimi (聞得大君) just outside the gates to the castle, and erected high walls in 1519 around the Sonohyan Utaki, the sacred space and accompanying sacred hearth which she tended. A system by which the king and kikoe-ōgimi appointed local noro across the kingdom was established, tying this element of the native Ryukyuan religion into formal systems of authority under the government. After a fifty-year reign, Shō Shin died in 1526, and was succeeded by his son Shō Sei. It is said that after such a long reign, officials encountered difficulties in determining the proper way to conduct the royal funeral, succession rituals, and other important related ceremonies. Historian George Kerr writes that "Okinawa was never again to know the halcyon days of Sho Shin's reign." See also Imperial Chinese missions to Ryukyu Kingdom Notes References Kerr, George H. (1965). Okinawa, the History of an Island People. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co. OCLC 39242121 "Shō Shin." Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten (沖縄歴史人名事典, "Encyclopedia of People of Okinawan History"). Naha: Okinawa Bunka-sha, 1996. p41. Second Shō dynasty Kings of Ryūkyū 1465 births 1526 deaths

was a king of the Ryukyu Kingdom, the third ruler the second Shō Dynasty. <mask>'s long reign has been described as "the Great Days of Chūzan", a period of great peace and relative prosperity. He was the son of Shō En, the founder of the dynasty, by Yosoidon, Shō En's second wife, often referred to as the queen mother. He succeeded his uncle, Shō Sen'i, who was forced to abdicate in his favor. Reign Much of the foundational organization of the kingdom's administration and economy is traced back to developments which occurred during Shō <mask>'s reign. As government became more institutionalized and organized, the aji (按司, local lords) gradually lost power and independence, becoming more closely tied to the central government at Shuri. In order to strengthen central control over the kingdom, and to prevent insurrection on the part of the aji, Shō <mask> gathered weapons from all the aji to be put to use for the defense of the kingdom, and ordered aji to make their residences in Shuri; lords separated from their lands and from their people were far less able to act independently or to organize rebellion, and, over time, their emotional connections to Shuri grew, those with their territory weakening.The residences at Shuri of the aji were divided into three districts – one each for those coming from the northern, central, and southern areas of Okinawa Island which had formerly been the independent kingdoms of Hokuzan, Chūzan, and Nanzan respectively. These regions were now renamed Kunigami, Nakagami, and Shimajiri, respectively, place names which remain in use today. Through intermarriage, residence in Shuri, and other factors, the aji came to be more integrated as a class, more closely associated with life and customs and politics at Shuri, and less attached to their ancestral territorial identities. The aji left deputies, called aji okite (按司掟), to administer their lands on their behalf, and some years later a system of jito dai (地頭代), agents sent by the central government to oversee the outlying territories, was established. Some aji of the northern regions were allowed to remain there, not moving to Shuri, as they were too powerful for the king to force their obedience in this matter; the king's third son was made Warden of the North, however, and granted authority to maintain peace and order in the region. The Shuri dialect of the Okinawan language used by administrators and bureaucrats became standardized at this time, and a golden age of poetry and literature blossomed. The first volumes of the Omoro Sōshi, a collection of poems, songs, and chants reflecting centuries-old oral tradition as well as contemporary events, were completed in 1532.Along with later volumes, the Omoro Sōshi would become one of the chief primary sources for modern-day historians studying the kingdom's history. The process of moving the aji to Shuri also brought about major changes to the city, including the construction of a great many grand gates, pavilions, lakes, bridges, monuments, and gardens. There came to be a great demand for masons, carpenters, and others, as well as for a wide variety of goods and materials, imported by each aji from his own territories. Okinawa Island quickly became more economically integrated, with goods and labor traveling to and from Shuri and the neighboring port city of Naha. Economic integration allowed territories to become more specialized, and the production of luxury goods expanded significantly. Various kinds of hairpins and other ornaments became standard elements of the fashions of courtiers and bureaucrats, new techniques in producing and weaving silk were imported, and the use of gold, silver, lacquer, and silk became more common among townspeople. Urbanization led to increased prosperity for merchants, traders, courtiers, townsmen and others, though historian George H. Kerr points out that farmers and fishermen, who made up the vast majority of the Okinawan population, remained quite poor.Many monuments, temples, and other structures were also erected during the prosperous reign of <mask> <mask>. A new palace building was constructed, in Chinese style, and court rituals and ceremonies were dramatically altered and expanded, in emulation of Chinese modes. A pair of tall stone "Dragon Pillars" were placed at the entrance to the palace, patterned not after Chinese, Korean or Japanese models, but after those of Thailand and Cambodia, reflecting, as Kerr points out, the reach and extent of Okinawan trade and the cosmopolitan nature of the capital at this time. The Buddhist temple Enkaku-ji was built in 1492, Sōgen-ji was expanded in 1496, and in 1501, Tamaudun, the royal mausoleum complex, was completed. <mask> <mask> successfully petitioned the Korean royal court, several times, to send volumes of Buddhist texts; In the thirtieth year of his reign, a stele was erected in the grounds of Shuri Castle, listing Eleven Distinctions of the Age enumerated by court officials. A reproduction of this stele, destroyed in the 1945 Battle of Okinawa along with the castle, stands in the castle grounds today. The reign of Shō <mask> also saw the expansion of the kingdom's control over several of the outlying Ryukyu Islands.Okinawan ships began in the late 15th century to frequent Miyakojima and the Yaeyama Islands; following a series of disputes among the local lords in the Yaeyama Islands which broke out in 1486, <mask> <mask> in 1500 sent military forces to quell the disputes and establish control over the islands. Kumejima was brought under firm control of Shuri, and liaison offices were established in Miyako and Yaeyama, in 1500 and 1524 respectively. <mask> <mask> also effected significant changes to the organization of the native noro (巫女, village priestesses) cult and its relationship to the government. He owed his uncle's abdication, and his own succession to his sister, the noro of the royal family, a special position known as the kikoe-ōgimi. He established a new residence for the kikoe-ōgimi (聞得大君) just outside the gates to the castle, and erected high walls in 1519 around the Sonohyan Utaki, the sacred space and accompanying sacred hearth which she tended. A system by which the king and kikoe-ōgimi appointed local noro across the kingdom was established, tying this element of the native Ryukyuan religion into formal systems of authority under the government. After a fifty-year reign, Shō <mask> died in 1526, and was succeeded by his son Shō Sei.It is said that after such a long reign, officials encountered difficulties in determining the proper way to conduct the royal funeral, succession rituals, and other important related ceremonies. Historian George Kerr writes that "Okinawa was never again to know the halcyon days of Sho <mask>'s reign." See also Imperial Chinese missions to Ryukyu Kingdom Notes References Kerr, George H. (1965). Okinawa, the History of an Island People. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co. OCLC 39242121 "Shō <mask>." Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten (沖縄歴史人名事典, "Encyclopedia of People of Okinawan History").Naha: Okinawa Bunka-sha, 1996. p41. Second Shō dynasty Kings of Ryūkyū 1465 births 1526 deaths

He was the third ruler of the second Sh Dynasty. <mask>'s reign was described as the "great days of chzan", a period of peace and prosperity. Yosoidon, Sh En's second wife, referred to him as the queen mother. Sh Sen'i was forced to abdicate in favor of his nephew. The organization of the kingdom's administration and economy can be traced back to Sh <mask>'s reign. The aji became more tied to the central government at Shuri as government became more organized. Sh <mask> gathered weapons from all the aji to be used for the defense of the kingdom, and ordered aji to make their residences in Shuri.The residences at Shuri of the aji were divided into three districts, one each for those from the northern, central, and southern areas of Okinawa Island, which used to be independent kingdoms. The place names which remain in use today are Kunigami, Nakagami, and Shimajiri. Through intermarriage, residence in Shuri, and other factors, the aji came to be more integrated as a class, more closely associated with life and customs and politics at Shuri, and less attached to their ancestral territorial identities. The central government sent agents to oversee the outlying territories after the aji left their lands to the aji okite. The northern regions were not allowed to move to Shuri as they were too powerful for the king to force their will, and the king's third son was given authority to maintain peace and order. The golden age of poetry and literature began when the Shuri dialect of the Okinawan language became standardized. A collection of poems, songs, and chants reflecting centuries-old oral tradition as well as contemporary events were completed in 1532.The Omoro SShi is one of the primary sources for historians studying the kingdom's history. Major changes to the city were brought about by the process of moving the aji to Shuri. There was a great demand for masons, carpenters, and others, as well as for a wide variety of goods and materials, imported by each aji from his own territories. Goods and labor traveled to and from Shuri and the neighboring port city of Naha on the island. The production of luxury goods expanded greatly as a result of economic integration. The use of gold, silver, lacquer, and silk became more common among townspeople, as new techniques in producing and weaving silk were imported, and various kinds of hairpins and other ornaments became standard elements of the fashions of courtiers and bureaucrats. The prosperity of merchants, traders, courtiers, townsmen and others increased as a result of urbanization.During the prosperous reign of Sh <mask>, many monuments, temples, and other structures were built. A new palace building was constructed in Chinese style, and court rituals and ceremonies were dramatically altered and expanded in imitation of Chinese modes. A pair of tall stone "Dragon Pillars" were placed at the entrance to the palace, patterned not after Chinese, Korean or Japanese models, but after those of Thailand and Cambodia, reflecting on the cosmopolitan nature of the capital. The Buddhist temple Enkaku-ji was built in 1492, Sgen-ji was expanded in 1496 and the mausoleum royal complex was completed in 1501. The Korean royal court was petitioned by Sh <mask> several times to send volumes of Buddhist texts. There is a reproduction of this stele in the castle grounds. The expansion of the kingdom's control over the Ryukyu Islands was a result of Sh <mask>'s reign.Sh <mask> sent military forces to quell the disputes in the Yaeyama Islands after they broke out in 1486. Shuri took control of Kumejima and established liaison offices in Miyako and Yaeyama. Sh <mask> made changes to the relationship between the government and the native noro cult. He owed his uncle's abdication and his own succession to his sister, the noro of the royal family, a special position known as the kikoe-gimi. He established a new residence for the kikoe-gimi just outside the gates to the castle and built high walls around the sacred space. The king and kikoe-gimi established a system of authority that tied the local noro to the government. Sh <mask> died in 1526 and was succeeded by his son.There were difficulties in determining the proper way to conduct the royal funeral after such a long reign. Historian George Kerr wrote that "Okinawa was never again to know the good times of Sho <mask>'s reign." There are Imperial Chinese missions to Ryukyu Kingdom. The History of an Island People. C.E. is located in Rutland, Vermont. "Sh Shin" is listed in the Tuttle Co. The Encyclopedia of People of Okinawan History was written by Okinawa rekishi jinmei Jiten.Naha: Okinawa Bunka-sha. The second Sh dynasty had 1465 births and 1526 deaths.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Collins

Jimmy Collins

James Joseph Collins (January 16, 1870 – March 6, 1943) was an American professional baseball player. He played 14 seasons in Major League Baseball. Collins was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945. Collins was especially regarded for his defense. He was best known for his ability to field a bunt—prior to his debut, it was the shortstop who fielded bunts down the third base line—and is regarded as a pioneer of the modern defensive play of a third baseman. As of 2012, he is second all-time in putouts by a third baseman behind Brooks Robinson. At the plate, Collins finished his career with 65 home runs, 1055 runs scored, 983 RBI and a .294 batting average. Collins was also the first manager of the Boston Red Sox franchise, then known as the Boston Americans. He was the winning manager in the first-ever World Series, as Boston defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1903 World Series, five games to three. Early life Jimmy Collins was born in Niagara Falls, New York. After graduating from St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute, he went to work for the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and played baseball in the Buffalo City League. Playing career Minor leagues Collins began his professional baseball career with the minor league Buffalo Bisons of the Eastern League, the forerunner of the current International League, in 1893. That season, he was used primarily as a shortstop, batting .286 in 76 games. In 1894, Collins was moved to the outfield by the Bisons. He batted .352 with nine home runs in 125 games, and after the season his contract was purchased by the Boston Beaneaters for $500. Major league debut Collins began his major league career as a right fielder, playing ten games at the position with the Beaneaters in 1895. On May 19, he was loaned to the Louisville Colonels, again for $500. He was soon made the team's starting third baseman, batting .279 over the remainder of the season. However, his larger impact was on defense, where he played in on the grass rather than back to cut down on the number of bunt hits. National League star Collins was returned to the Beaneaters after the 1895 season. Joe Harrington was the club's starting third baseman at the beginning of the season, but Collins soon asserted himself as the starter, and Harrington was released in July. Collins asserted himself as a skilled player in 1897 when he held a .346 batting average and knocked in 132 runs. He led the league in both putouts and assists as well, a feat he would duplicate in 1900. He followed with an equally impressive 1898 season, in which he hit .328—seventh in the league—drove in 111 runs and belted a league-high 15 home runs. Jumping to the American League Following the 1900 season, Collins, who was by now regarded as the best third baseman in the game, was offered the manager's job with the Boston Americans of the new American League. He accepted the job, which came with a salary of $5,500, a $3,500 signing bonus, and a cut of the team's profits, despite efforts by Beaneaters owner Arthur Soden to keep him. The two traded accusations in the press, and Collins went further, accusing National League owners of conspiring to hold down salaries, stating "I would not go back now if they offered me the whole outfit." Collins recruited other National League stars for the Americans' roster, including Cy Young, and in his first season as player-manager guided the team to a second-place finish, four games behind the Chicago White Sox. First World Series In 1902, Collins was limited to 108 games by injury, and the Americans finished third. He did hit the team's first ever inside-the-park grand slam however. The next season, Collins led the Americans to their first American League pennant, winning the league by games over the Philadelphia Athletics. With an agreement in place for the champions of the American and National Leagues to meet in a best-of-nine "World Series", Boston represented the Junior Circuit. After losing two out of three at home to start the series, then losing the first game in Pittsburgh, the Americans won the next three in Pittsburgh, then returned home to win Game Eight in Boston to become the first-ever World Series Champions. Collins himself batted .250 in the Series, with a pair of triples and five runs scored. Remaining career The Americans won the pennant again in 1904, with Collins batting .271 and leading the league in putouts for the fifth time in eight seasons. However, the Americans would not get the opportunity to defend their title, as John McGraw and the New York Giants refused to play them in the postseason. In 1905, the Americans slipped to fourth place, and Collins clashed with team president John I. Taylor, reportedly quitting on the team during the season. As a player, Collins batted .276, but again missed time due to injury. In 1906, Collins found himself in hot water, as not only were the Americans in last, but he himself was suspended twice, and was eventually was replaced as manager by Chick Stahl. He also missed the end of the season with a knee injury. Collins began the 1907 season with Boston, but it was only a matter of time before he departed. For reasons that have never become clear, Stahl had committed suicide during spring training; instead of Collins, the Americans turned to Cy Young as manager, following by George Huff, and then Bob Unglaub, all within the first three months of the season. After playing 41 games with the Americans, Collins was traded to the Philadelphia Athletics in June for infielder John Knight. While he batted .278, he had a career-low (to that point) .330 slugging percentage, and failed to hit a home run for the first time in his career. In 1908, he slumped even further, batting just .217, and was let go. After his major league career ended, Collins continued to play and manage in the minor leagues. He spent 1909 with the Minneapolis Millers of the American Association, then spent two seasons with the Providence Grays in the Eastern League before retiring. Honors When Collins was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1945, he was the first to be chosen primarily as a third baseman. In 1981, Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included him in their book The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time. Collins became a charter member of the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame in 1985. In a 1976 Esquire magazine article, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter", consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. Because of space limitations the Irish team, including Collins as third baseman, was omitted. Managerial record * Remained as a player only Personal life Jimmy Collins married Sarah Murphy in 1907, and the couple had two daughters. After his retirement from baseball, they moved back to Buffalo, where Collins worked for the Buffalo Parks Department. Collins died of pneumonia on March 6, 1943 at the age of 73. In popular culture Boston-based Celtic punk band Dropkick Murphys recorded the song "Jimmy Collins' Wake" on their 2013 album Signed and Sealed in Blood. The song, originally written by Richard Johnson, recounts Collins' wake in Buffalo, New York, at what is currently K.O. Bar and Grill on Delaware Ave. See also Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers References External links Collins Third Base Stylist; Couldn't Hit Ball Past Him, by Harry Grayson, June 2, 1943 1870 births 1943 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Major League Baseball third basemen Boston Beaneaters players Louisville Colonels players Boston Americans players Philadelphia Athletics players National League home run champions Boston Red Sox managers Major League Baseball player-managers Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players Providence Grays (minor league) players Minor league baseball managers Minneapolis Millers (baseball) managers Baseball players from Buffalo, New York 19th-century baseball players St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute alumni World Series-winning managers

<mask> (January 16, 1870 – March 6, 1943) was an American professional baseball player. He played 14 seasons in Major League Baseball. <mask> was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945. <mask> was especially regarded for his defense. He was best known for his ability to field a bunt—prior to his debut, it was the shortstop who fielded bunts down the third base line—and is regarded as a pioneer of the modern defensive play of a third baseman. As of 2012, he is second all-time in putouts by a third baseman behind Brooks Robinson. At the plate, <mask> finished his career with 65 home runs, 1055 runs scored, 983 RBI and a .294 batting average.<mask> was also the first manager of the Boston Red Sox franchise, then known as the Boston Americans. He was the winning manager in the first-ever World Series, as Boston defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1903 World Series, five games to three. Early life <mask> was born in Niagara Falls, New York. After graduating from St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute, he went to work for the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and played baseball in the Buffalo City League. Playing career Minor leagues <mask> began his professional baseball career with the minor league Buffalo Bisons of the Eastern League, the forerunner of the current International League, in 1893. That season, he was used primarily as a shortstop, batting .286 in 76 games. In 1894, <mask> was moved to the outfield by the Bisons.He batted .352 with nine home runs in 125 games, and after the season his contract was purchased by the Boston Beaneaters for $500. Major league debut <mask> began his major league career as a right fielder, playing ten games at the position with the Beaneaters in 1895. On May 19, he was loaned to the Louisville Colonels, again for $500. He was soon made the team's starting third baseman, batting .279 over the remainder of the season. However, his larger impact was on defense, where he played in on the grass rather than back to cut down on the number of bunt hits. National League star <mask> was returned to the Beaneaters after the 1895 season. Joe Harrington was the club's starting third baseman at the beginning of the season, but <mask> soon asserted himself as the starter, and Harrington was released in July.<mask> asserted himself as a skilled player in 1897 when he held a .346 batting average and knocked in 132 runs. He led the league in both putouts and assists as well, a feat he would duplicate in 1900. He followed with an equally impressive 1898 season, in which he hit .328—seventh in the league—drove in 111 runs and belted a league-high 15 home runs. Jumping to the American League Following the 1900 season, <mask>, who was by now regarded as the best third baseman in the game, was offered the manager's job with the Boston Americans of the new American League. He accepted the job, which came with a salary of $5,500, a $3,500 signing bonus, and a cut of the team's profits, despite efforts by Beaneaters owner Arthur Soden to keep him. The two traded accusations in the press, and <mask> went further, accusing National League owners of conspiring to hold down salaries, stating "I would not go back now if they offered me the whole outfit." <mask> recruited other National League stars for the Americans' roster, including Cy Young, and in his first season as player-manager guided the team to a second-place finish, four games behind the Chicago White Sox.First World Series In 1902, <mask> was limited to 108 games by injury, and the Americans finished third. He did hit the team's first ever inside-the-park grand slam however. The next season, <mask> led the Americans to their first American League pennant, winning the league by games over the Philadelphia Athletics. With an agreement in place for the champions of the American and National Leagues to meet in a best-of-nine "World Series", Boston represented the Junior Circuit. After losing two out of three at home to start the series, then losing the first game in Pittsburgh, the Americans won the next three in Pittsburgh, then returned home to win Game Eight in Boston to become the first-ever World Series Champions. <mask> himself batted .250 in the Series, with a pair of triples and five runs scored. Remaining career The Americans won the pennant again in 1904, with <mask> batting .271 and leading the league in putouts for the fifth time in eight seasons.However, the Americans would not get the opportunity to defend their title, as John McGraw and the New York Giants refused to play them in the postseason. In 1905, the Americans slipped to fourth place, and <mask> clashed with team president John I. Taylor, reportedly quitting on the team during the season. As a player, <mask> batted .276, but again missed time due to injury. In 1906, <mask> found himself in hot water, as not only were the Americans in last, but he himself was suspended twice, and was eventually was replaced as manager by Chick Stahl. He also missed the end of the season with a knee injury. <mask> began the 1907 season with Boston, but it was only a matter of time before he departed. For reasons that have never become clear, Stahl had committed suicide during spring training; instead of <mask>, the Americans turned to Cy Young as manager, following by George Huff, and then Bob Unglaub, all within the first three months of the season.After playing 41 games with the Americans, <mask> was traded to the Philadelphia Athletics in June for infielder John Knight. While he batted .278, he had a career-low (to that point) .330 slugging percentage, and failed to hit a home run for the first time in his career. In 1908, he slumped even further, batting just .217, and was let go. After his major league career ended, <mask> continued to play and manage in the minor leagues. He spent 1909 with the Minneapolis Millers of the American Association, then spent two seasons with the Providence Grays in the Eastern League before retiring. Honors When <mask> was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1945, he was the first to be chosen primarily as a third baseman. In 1981, Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included him in their book The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time.<mask> became a charter member of the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame in 1985. In a 1976 Esquire magazine article, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter", consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. Because of space limitations the Irish team, including <mask> as third baseman, was omitted. Managerial record * Remained as a player only Personal life <mask> married Sarah Murphy in 1907, and the couple had two daughters. After his retirement from baseball, they moved back to Buffalo, where <mask> worked for the Buffalo Parks Department. <mask> died of pneumonia on March 6, 1943 at the age of 73. In popular culture Boston-based Celtic punk band Dropkick Murphys recorded the song "<mask> Collins' Wake" on their 2013 album Signed and Sealed in Blood.The song, originally written by Richard Johnson, recounts <mask>' wake in Buffalo, New York, at what is currently K.O. Bar and Grill on Delaware Ave. See also Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers References External links <mask> Third Base Stylist; Couldn't Hit Ball Past Him, by Harry Grayson, June 2, 1943 1870 births 1943 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Major League Baseball third basemen Boston Beaneaters players Louisville Colonels players Boston Americans players Philadelphia Athletics players National League home run champions Boston Red Sox managers Major League Baseball player-managers Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players Providence Grays (minor league) players Minor league baseball managers Minneapolis Millers (baseball) managers Baseball players from Buffalo, New York 19th-century baseball players St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute alumni World Series-winning managers

<mask> was an American professional baseball player. He played in the Major Leagues. <mask> was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. <mask> was respected for his defense. He is considered to be a pioneer of the modern defensive play of a third baseman due to his ability to field a bunt prior to his debut. He is second all-time in putouts by a third baseman. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217<mask> was the first manager of the Boston Americans. Boston defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first-ever World Series in 1903, winning five games to three. <mask> was born in New York. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 <mask> began his professional baseball career with the Buffalo Bisons of the Eastern League in 1893. In 76 games that season, he was batting.286. <mask> was moved to the outfield in 1894.His contract was purchased by the Boston Beaneaters for $500 after he hit nine home runs in 125 games. <mask> began his major league career as a right fielder, playing ten games for the Beaneaters in 1895. He was lent to the Louisville Colonels again on May 19 for $500. He was the team's starting third baseman and batting.279 over the rest of the season. His larger impact was on defense, where he played on the grass rather than back to cut down on the number of bunt hits. <mask> was returned to the Beaneaters after the 1895 season. At the beginning of the season, Joe Harrington was the club's starting third baseman, but he was released in July due to <mask>' emergence as the starter.<mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He hit.328 in 1898, which was seventh in the league, and he had a league-high 15 home runs. The Boston Americans of the new American League offered the manager's job to Collins, who was considered to be the best third baseman in the game. Despite Arthur Soden's efforts to keep him, he accepted the job with a salary of $5,500, a signing bonus of $3,500, and a cut of the team's profits. Collins accused the National League owners of conspiring to hold down salaries and said he wouldn't return if they offered him the whole outfit. Collins recruited other National League stars for the Americans' roster, including Cy Young, and in his first season as player-manager guided the team to a second-place finish.The Americans finished third in the first World Series after <mask> was injured. He hit the team's first inside-the-park grand slam. The Americans won the American League Championship by defeating the Philadelphia Athletics. Boston was represented on the Junior Circuit by an agreement for the American and National Leagues to meet in a best-of-nine "World Series". After losing two out of three at home to start the series, then losing the first game in Pittsburgh, the Americans won the next three in Pittsburgh, then returned home to win the World Series in Boston. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 <mask> was batting.270 and leading the league in putouts for the fifth time in eight seasons when the Americans won the pennant in 1904.The Americans wouldn't get to defend their title because the New York Giants wouldn't play them in the playoffs. The Americans fell to fourth place in 1905 and <mask> clashed with the team president. <mask> missed time due to injury while he was a player. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He injured his knee at the end of the season. It was only a matter of time before <mask> left Boston. In the first three months of the season, the Americans replaced <mask> with Cy Young, followed by George Huff, and then Bob Unglaub.<mask> was traded to the Philadelphia Athletics in June for infielder John Knight. He failed to hit a home run for the first time in his career and had a career-low.330 batting average. He was let go after batting just.217 in 1908. <mask> continued to play and manage after his major league career ended. He spent two seasons with the Providence Grays in the Eastern League before retiring. <mask> was the first to be chosen primarily as a third baseman when he was in the Hall of Fame. He was included in the book The 100 greatest baseball players of all time.<mask> was a charter member of the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame. Harry Stein wrote an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter" consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. <mask> was not included in the Irish team because of space limitations. In 1907, <mask> married Sarah Murphy and the couple had two daughters. <mask> worked for the Buffalo Parks Department after retiring from baseball. <mask> died of pneumonia at the age of 73. Dropkick Murphys recorded the song "<mask> Collins' Wake" on their album Signed and Sealed in Blood.Richard Johnson wrote a song about <mask>' wake in Buffalo, New York. List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball player-manager

21457841

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrese%20Rice

Tyrese Rice

Tyrese Jammal Rice (born May 15, 1987) is an American-Montenegrin professional basketball player who last played for AEK Athens of the Greek Basket League and the Basketball Champions League. He also represents the senior men's National Team of Montenegro. Rice played college basketball with the Boston College Eagles. Early life and high school Rice was born in Salisbury, North Carolina, to Allison Rice and Wayne Jefferson. His parents ended their relationship soon afterward. Rice attended L. C. Bird High School in Chesterfield, Virginia, and played on the school's basketball team. In his junior and senior seasons, he earned AAA All-State honors from the Virginia High School Coaches Association. In the 2004–05 season, he led his team to a school-record 29 wins and a Central Region title, their first ever. Rice averaged 27.0 points, 6.2 assists and 5.0 rebounds per game that season. He earned 2004–05 Associated Press (Virginia) Co-Player of the Year honors and was named (Richmond) Times-Dispatch Player of the Year. Collegiate career Rice signed his letter of intent to play basketball at and attend Boston College on April 28, 2005. As a freshman (2005–06), Rice played in all 36 games, averaging 9.3 points, 1.4 rebounds and 2.5 assists per game. He earned two ACC rookie honors: ACC Rookie of the Week on November 28, 2005 and was named to the ACC All-Freshman team. In his sophomore season (2006–07), Rice started all 33 games, averaging 36.6 minutes a game. He finished the season with stats of 17.6 points, 3.4 rebounds and 5.4 assists per game. Rice was named to the All-ACC second team, and garnered All-Tournament honors for that season's ACC tournament. In two NCAA tournament games, Rice averaged 24 points. A highlight of Rice's junior season (2007–08) was a career-high 46-point performance in a 90–80 home loss to North Carolina on March 1, 2008. He scored 34 points by halftime. Rice averaged 21.0 points, 3.3 rebounds and 5.0 assists per game. He again earned All-ACC honors, this time on the first team. In a scintillating senior year (2008–09), Rice experienced a dip in his scoring, averaging 16.9 points a game but improved in other statistical categories, averaging 3.8 rebounds and 5.4 assists a game. He scored 9 points in BC's only appearance of the 2009 NCAA tournament. Professional career Rice went undrafted in the 2009 NBA draft; he had been projected to be selected in the second round or go undrafted. He then joined the Greek League club Panionios for the 2009–10 season. Rice played for the Utah Jazz in the Orlando Pro Summer League and later with Sacramento Kings in the NBA Summer League in 2010. He was signed by the Artland Dragons for the 2010–11 season, a team in Germany's Basketball Bundesliga, the top league in the country. In the 2011–12 season Rice played for Lietuvos rytas of the Lithuanian Basketball League. In 2012–13 season he returned to Germany to play for Bayern Munich. On July 11, 2013, Rice signed a two-year contract with the Israeli club Maccabi Tel Aviv. In his first season with Maccabi, he won the EuroLeague, with him averaging 9.5 points, 3.2 assists and 2.1 rebounds over 30 games. After beating favored Pallacanestro Olimpia Milano in a dramatic playoff series, Maccabi advanced to the EuroLeague Final Four. In the semifinal game, he was responsible for the 68–67 victory over CSKA Moscow by scoring the game-winner with 5.5 seconds left on the clock. In the championship final game against Real Madrid, he scored 26 points, leading his team to a sixth European title, after an overtime 98-86 victory. For such a performance, he was named the EuroLeague Final Four MVP. On June 30, 2014, Rice signed a three-year deal with the Russian club Khimki. In the 2014–15 EuroCup season, he was named to the All-EuroCup First Team and selected the EuroCup season MVP. Khimki eventually won the EuroCup, and Rice was named the EuroCup Finals MVP. On July 26, 2016, Rice signed a two-year contract with FC Barcelona. On January 15, 2018, Rice parted ways with Barcelona and signed with the Chinese team Shenzhen Leopards for the rest of the season, as a replacement for Keith Langford. On August 5, 2018, Rice returned to Germany for a third stint, signing a one-year deal with Brose Bamberg. With Bamberg, Rice played in the Basketball Champions League in which he was named the Most Valuable Player of the competition. He led Bamberg to the Final Four, where the team was defeated twice and thus ended in fourth place. On July 1, 2019, Rice signed with Greek powerhouse Panathinaikos of the Greek Basket League. On December 6, 2019, Rice recorded a career-high 41 points, while shooting 13-of-23 from the field, leading Panathinaikos to a 99–93 overtime win over Olympiacos. In the middle of the year he announced that in the end of season he will end his career despite his age (33). Being a member of Panathinaikos he won the Greek Championship. With the Greens he had 10.1 points, 4.6 assists and 2.3 rebounds per game in A1 League and in Euroleague he had 10.0 points, 2.8 assists and 1.8 rebound per game. On August 17, 2020, Rice signed with AEK Athens. The Basketball Tournament Rice led Boeheim's Army to The Basketball Tournament 2021 Championship. He was named MVP of the Tournament. National team career In July 2013, Rice received a Montenegrin passport that allowed him to play for the senior men's Montenegrin national team at the EuroBasket 2013. He also played at the EuroBasket 2017. Career statistics EuroLeague |- | style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| 2013–14† | style="text-align:left;"| Maccabi | 30 || 5 || 20.6 || .409 || .382 || .850 || 2.1 || 3.2 || .6 || .1 || 9.5 || 9.6 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2015–16 | style="text-align:left;"| Khimki | 24 || 23 || 29.2 || .382 || .308 || .814 || 2.1 || 6.1 || 1.2 || .1 || 12.4 || 12.8 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2016–17 | style="text-align:left;"| Barcelona | 30 || 30 || 29.4 || .427 || .320 || .822 || 1.6 || 4.9 || 1.1 || .1 || 13.0 || 10.6 |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:left;"| Career | style="text-align:left;"| | 84 || 58 || 26.2 || .407 || .328 || .830 || 1.9 || 4.6 || 1 || .1 || 11.6 || 10.8 Source: EuroLeague Domestic leagues Source: RealGM College |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2005–06 | style="text-align:left;"| Boston College | 36 || 0 || 20.8 || .432 || .391 || .773 || 1.4 || 2.5 || .7 || .1 || 9.3 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2006–07 | style="text-align:left;"| Boston College | 33 || 33 || 36.6 || .458 || .322 || .795 || 3.4 || 5.4 || 1.2 || .3 || 17.6 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2007–08 | style="text-align:left;"| Boston College | 30 || 30 || 38.1 || .433 || .358 || .846 || 3.3 || 5.0 || 1.6 || .2 || 21.0 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2008–09 | style="text-align:left;"| Boston College | 33 || 33 || 33.4 || .413 || .347 || .856 || 3.8 || 5.3 || 1.4 || .2 || 16.9 |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:left;"| Career | style="text-align:left;"| | 132 || 96 || 31.8 || .434 || .353 || .825 || 2.9 || 4.5 || 1.2 || .2 || 15.9 References External links Boston College Eagles bio DraftExpress profile Eurobasket profile RealGM profile EuroLeague profile FIBA profile 1987 births Living people Montenegrin men's basketball players American men's basketball players American emigrants to Montenegro African-American basketball players American expatriate basketball people in China American expatriate basketball people in Germany American expatriate basketball people in Greece American expatriate basketball people in Israel American expatriate basketball people in Lithuania American expatriate basketball people in Russia American expatriate basketball people in Spain Artland Dragons players Basketball players from Richmond, Virginia BC Khimki players BC Rytas players Boston College Eagles men's basketball players FC Barcelona Bàsquet players FC Bayern Munich basketball players Greek Basket League players Israeli Basketball Premier League players Liga ACB players Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players Montenegrin people of African-American descent Panathinaikos B.C. players Panionios B.C. players Point guards Shenzhen Leopards players 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American people

<mask> (born May 15, 1987) is an American-Montenegrin professional basketball player who last played for AEK Athens of the Greek Basket League and the Basketball Champions League. He also represents the senior men's National Team of Montenegro. <mask> played college basketball with the Boston College Eagles. Early life and high school <mask> was born in Salisbury, North Carolina, to <mask> and Wayne Jefferson. His parents ended their relationship soon afterward. <mask> attended L. C. Bird High School in Chesterfield, Virginia, and played on the school's basketball team. In his junior and senior seasons, he earned AAA All-State honors from the Virginia High School Coaches Association.In the 2004–05 season, he led his team to a school-record 29 wins and a Central Region title, their first ever. <mask> averaged 27.0 points, 6.2 assists and 5.0 rebounds per game that season. He earned 2004–05 Associated Press (Virginia) Co-Player of the Year honors and was named (Richmond) Times-Dispatch Player of the Year. Collegiate career <mask> signed his letter of intent to play basketball at and attend Boston College on April 28, 2005. As a freshman (2005–06), <mask> played in all 36 games, averaging 9.3 points, 1.4 rebounds and 2.5 assists per game. He earned two ACC rookie honors: ACC Rookie of the Week on November 28, 2005 and was named to the ACC All-Freshman team. In his sophomore season (2006–07), <mask> started all 33 games, averaging 36.6 minutes a game.He finished the season with stats of 17.6 points, 3.4 rebounds and 5.4 assists per game. <mask> was named to the All-ACC second team, and garnered All-Tournament honors for that season's ACC tournament. In two NCAA tournament games, <mask> averaged 24 points. A highlight of <mask>'s junior season (2007–08) was a career-high 46-point performance in a 90–80 home loss to North Carolina on March 1, 2008. He scored 34 points by halftime. <mask> averaged 21.0 points, 3.3 rebounds and 5.0 assists per game. He again earned All-ACC honors, this time on the first team.In a scintillating senior year (2008–09), <mask> experienced a dip in his scoring, averaging 16.9 points a game but improved in other statistical categories, averaging 3.8 rebounds and 5.4 assists a game. He scored 9 points in BC's only appearance of the 2009 NCAA tournament. Professional career <mask> went undrafted in the 2009 NBA draft; he had been projected to be selected in the second round or go undrafted. He then joined the Greek League club Panionios for the 2009–10 season. <mask> played for the Utah Jazz in the Orlando Pro Summer League and later with Sacramento Kings in the NBA Summer League in 2010. He was signed by the Artland Dragons for the 2010–11 season, a team in Germany's Basketball Bundesliga, the top league in the country. In the 2011–12 season <mask> played for Lietuvos rytas of the Lithuanian Basketball League.In 2012–13 season he returned to Germany to play for Bayern Munich. On July 11, 2013, <mask> signed a two-year contract with the Israeli club Maccabi Tel Aviv. In his first season with Maccabi, he won the EuroLeague, with him averaging 9.5 points, 3.2 assists and 2.1 rebounds over 30 games. After beating favored Pallacanestro Olimpia Milano in a dramatic playoff series, Maccabi advanced to the EuroLeague Final Four. In the semifinal game, he was responsible for the 68–67 victory over CSKA Moscow by scoring the game-winner with 5.5 seconds left on the clock. In the championship final game against Real Madrid, he scored 26 points, leading his team to a sixth European title, after an overtime 98-86 victory. For such a performance, he was named the EuroLeague Final Four MVP.On June 30, 2014, <mask> signed a three-year deal with the Russian club Khimki. In the 2014–15 EuroCup season, he was named to the All-EuroCup First Team and selected the EuroCup season MVP. Khimki eventually won the EuroCup, and <mask> was named the EuroCup Finals MVP. On July 26, 2016, <mask> signed a two-year contract with FC Barcelona. On January 15, 2018, <mask> parted ways with Barcelona and signed with the Chinese team Shenzhen Leopards for the rest of the season, as a replacement for Keith Langford. On August 5, 2018, <mask> returned to Germany for a third stint, signing a one-year deal with Brose Bamberg. With Bamberg, <mask> played in the Basketball Champions League in which he was named the Most Valuable Player of the competition.He led Bamberg to the Final Four, where the team was defeated twice and thus ended in fourth place. On July 1, 2019, <mask> signed with Greek powerhouse Panathinaikos of the Greek Basket League. On December 6, 2019, <mask> recorded a career-high 41 points, while shooting 13-of-23 from the field, leading Panathinaikos to a 99–93 overtime win over Olympiacos. In the middle of the year he announced that in the end of season he will end his career despite his age (33). Being a member of Panathinaikos he won the Greek Championship. With the Greens he had 10.1 points, 4.6 assists and 2.3 rebounds per game in A1 League and in Euroleague he had 10.0 points, 2.8 assists and 1.8 rebound per game. On August 17, 2020, <mask> signed with AEK Athens.The Basketball Tournament <mask> led Boeheim's Army to The Basketball Tournament 2021 Championship. He was named MVP of the Tournament. National team career In July 2013, <mask> received a Montenegrin passport that allowed him to play for the senior men's Montenegrin national team at the EuroBasket 2013. He also played at the EuroBasket 2017. players Montenegrin people of African-American descent Panathinaikos B.C. players Panionios B.C. players Point guards Shenzhen Leopards players 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American people

<mask> is an American-Montenegrin professional basketball player who last played for AEK Athens of the Greek Basket League. He is a member of the senior men's National Team of Montenegro. <mask> was a basketball player at Boston College. <mask> was born in Salisbury, North Carolina, to Allison and Wayne Jefferson. His parents ended their relationship after that. <mask> was on the basketball team at L. C. Bird High School. He was a member of the Virginia High School Coaches Association.In the 2004–05 season, he led his team to a school-record 29 wins and a Central Region title. <mask> averaged 28.0 points, 6.2 assists and 5.0 assists per game. He was named the Times-Dispatch Player of the Year. <mask> signed his letter of intent to play basketball at Boston College on April 28, 2005. <mask> played in all 36 games as a freshman and averaged 9.3 points, 1.4 rebound and 2.5 assists per game. He was named to the All-Freshman team after being named the ACC's Freshman of the Week on November 28, 2005. <mask> started all 33 games in his sophomore season and averaged 36.6 minutes a game.He finished the season with a stat of 18.6 points, 3.4 rebound and 5.4 assists per game. <mask> was named to the All-ACC second team and the All-Tournament team. <mask> scored 24 points in two NCAA tournament games. In a 90–80 home loss to North Carolina on March 1, 2008, <mask>'s career-high 46-point performance was a highlight. He scored 34 points in the first half. <mask> had 21.0 points, 3.3 rebounds and 5.0 assists per game. He was on the first team.<mask>'s scoring dipped from 16.9 points a game to 16.9 points a game in his senior year, but he improved in other statistical categories, including 3.8 rebound and 5.4 assists a game. He scored 9 points in BC's only appearance in the NCAA tournament. <mask> was projected to be selected in the second round of the NBA draft, but he was not selected. He joined the Panionios club in the Greek League. <mask> played for the Utah Jazz and the Sacramento Kings in the NBA Summer League. The Artland Dragons, a team in Germany's Basketball Bundesliga, signed him for the 2010–11 season. <mask> played for Lietuvos rytas in theLithuanian Basketball League.He spent the 2012–13 season in Germany. <mask> signed a two-year contract with a club in Israel. In his first season with Maccabi, he won the EuroLeague with averages of 9.5 points, 3.2 assists and 2.1 rebound. After beating favored Pallacanestro Olimpia Milano in a dramatic playoff series, Maccabi advanced to the EuroLeague Final Four. He scored the game-winner with less than a second left in the semifinal game to lead the way to the victory. He scored 26 points in the final game against Real Madrid to lead his team to a sixth European title. He was named the EuroLeague Final Four Most Valuable Player.<mask> signed a three-year deal with a Russian club. In the EuroCup 2014–2018 2014–2018, he was named to the 2014–2018 2014–2018 All-EuroCup First Team. <mask> was named the EuroCup Finals Most Valuable Player. <mask> signed a two-year contract with FC Barcelona. <mask> signed with the Chinese team Shenzhen Leopards for the rest of the season after he parted ways with Barcelona. <mask> signed a one-year deal with Brose Bamberg on August 5, 2018, after returning to Germany for a third time. <mask> was named the Most Valuable Player of the competition when he was with Bamberg.The team ended in fourth place after being defeated twice in the Final Four. <mask> was a member of the Greek Basket League. <mask> scored a career-high 41 points, while shooting 13-of-23 from the field, in a 99–93 overtime win over Olympiacos on December 6, 2019. He will end his career at the end of the season despite his age. He won the Greek Championship as a member of Panathinaikos. He had a lot of points and assists for the Greens in the A1 League and in the Euroleague. <mask> joined AEK Athens on August 17, 2020.The Basketball Tournament <mask> led Boeheim's Army to the Championship. He was the tournament's Most Valuable Player. <mask> was able to play for the senior men's Montenegrin national team at the EuroBasket 2013 after receiving a Montenegrin passport. He played in the EuroBasket. People of African-American descent are Montenegrin players. The players are from Panionios B.C. The point guards of the Shenzhen Leopards are African-American.

768042

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estelle%20Parsons

Estelle Parsons

Estelle Margaret Parsons (born November 20, 1927) is an American actress, singer and stage director. After studying law, Parsons became a singer before deciding to pursue a career in acting. She worked for the television program Today and made her stage debut in 1961. During the 1960s, Parsons established her career on Broadway before progressing to film. She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde (1967), and was also nominated for her work in Rachel, Rachel (1968). She worked extensively in film and theatre during the 1970s and later directed several Broadway productions. More recently her television work included her most well-known role, playing Beverly Harris, mother of the title character, on the sitcom Roseanne, and its spinoff The Conners. She has been nominated five times for the Tony Award (four times for Lead Actress of a Play and once for Featured Actress). In 2004, Parsons was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Early life Parsons was born in Lynn Hospital, Lynn, Massachusetts. Her mother, Elinor Ingeborg (née Mattsson), was a native of Sweden, and her father, Eben Parsons, was of English descent. She attended Oak Grove School for Girls in Maine. After graduating from Connecticut College in 1949, Parsons initially studied law at Boston University, and then worked as a singer with a band before settling on an acting career in the early 1950s. In 1983, when co-starring with fellow Academy Award-winning actor Jack Lemmon in a new Ernest Thompson stage play in Los Angeles, Parsons appeared on the November 1 episode of The Tonight Show, telling Johnny Carson that Lemmon had been her first boyfriend, when they were both teenagers in the 1940s. Career Moving to New York City, Parsons worked as a writer, producer and commentator for The Today Show. She made her Broadway debut in 1956 in the ensemble of the Ethel Merman musical Happy Hunting. She began performing Off-Broadway in 1961, and received a Theatre World Award in 1963 for her performance in Whisper into My Good Ear/Mrs. Dally Has a Lover (1962). In 1964, Parsons won an Obie Award for Best Actress for her performance in two Off-Broadway plays, Next Time I'll Sing to You and In the Summer House. In 1967, she starred with Stacy Keach in the premiere of Joseph Heller's play We Bombed in New Haven at the Yale Repertory Theater. Parsons has received Tony Award nominations for her work in The Seven Descents of Myrtle (1968), And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little (1971), Miss Margarida's Way (1978), Morning's at Seven (2002), and The Velocity of Autumn (2014). She played Leokadia Begbick in the American premiere of the Weill–Brecht opera, Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (1970), and performed as Mrs. Peachum to Lotte Lenya's Jenny in Threepenny Opera on tour and in New York City. In 1978 she played Lady Macbeth in the Kauai Community Players production. She also played Ruth in Gilbert & Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance on Broadway in 1981. From June 17, 2008, through May 17, 2009, she played the role of Violet Weston in August: Osage County. She continued playing the role during the show's national tour beginning July 24, 2009, in Denver. As a director, Parsons has a number of Broadway credits, including a production of Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and As You Like It in 1986. Off-Broadway, she directed Dario Fo's Orgasmo Adulto Escapes from the Zoo (1983). She served as the Artistic Director of the Actors Studio for five years, ending in 2003. In 2016, she starred in Israel Horovitz's new play Out Of The Mouths Of Babes along with Judith Ivey directed by Barnet Kellman at The Cherry Lane Theater in New York City. In 2004, Parsons was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Her film career includes an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde (1967), and a nomination for Rachel, Rachel (1968). She received a BAFTA Award nomination for her role in Watermelon Man (1970), and appeared in I Never Sang for My Father (1970), Two People (1973), A Memory of Two Mondays (1974), For Pete's Sake (1974), Dick Tracy (1990) and Boys on the Side (1995). On television, Parsons played the recurring role of Beverly Harris, the mother of the title character on Roseanne; her Beverly character is the daughter of character Nana Mary, played by fellow Academy Award winner Shelley Winters. Other television credits include appearances in The Patty Duke Show, Love, American Style, All In The Family, Archie Bunker's Place, Open Admissions, Frasier, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and The Good Wife, as well as The UFO Incident: The Story of Betty and Barney Hill and the PBS production of June Moon. She played the part of Babe in three episodes of the second and fifth seasons of Grace and Frankie. She was honored with a Woman of Achievement Award from the Women's Project Theater in 2009. In 2010, she appeared in London, playing psychic Helga ten Dorp in Deathtrap at the Noël Coward Theatre in the West End. Parsons' most recent Broadway appearances include Good People (2011) and Nice Work If You Can Get It (2012). In April 2018, Parsons returned to television reprising her role as Beverly Harris, mother of Roseanne Barr's title character, in season 10, episode 5 of Roseanne. Personal life Parsons married author Richard Gehman in 1953. They had twin daughters, reporter Abbie and actress Martha Gehman, before divorcing in 1958. Her grandson, Abbie's son, is former Chicago Bears and Jacksonville Jaguars guard/tackle, Eben Britton, named for his great-grandfather, Estelle's father. In January 1983 she married her partner of 10 years, Peter Zimroth, who has served as Assistant U.S. Attorney, Assistant District Attorney and court-appointed monitor of the NYPD's policies and practices regarding stop-and-frisk. They adopted a son, Abraham, born in February 1983. Zimroth died on November 8, 2021. Filmography Film Television References External links Estelle Parsons at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 1927 births Living people 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from Boston American film actresses American television actresses American Shakespearean actresses American people of English descent American people of Swedish descent Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Connecticut College alumni Drama Desk Award winners Obie Award recipients Singers from Massachusetts 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers

<mask> (born November 20, 1927) is an American actress, singer and stage director. After studying law, <mask> became a singer before deciding to pursue a career in acting. She worked for the television program Today and made her stage debut in 1961. During the 1960s, <mask> established her career on Broadway before progressing to film. She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde (1967), and was also nominated for her work in Rachel, Rachel (1968). She worked extensively in film and theatre during the 1970s and later directed several Broadway productions. More recently her television work included her most well-known role, playing Beverly Harris, mother of the title character, on the sitcom Roseanne, and its spinoff The Conners.She has been nominated five times for the Tony Award (four times for Lead Actress of a Play and once for Featured Actress). In 2004, <mask> was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Early life <mask> was born in Lynn Hospital, Lynn, Massachusetts. Her mother, Elinor Ingeborg (née Mattsson), was a native of Sweden, and her father, Eben <mask>, was of English descent. She attended Oak Grove School for Girls in Maine. After graduating from Connecticut College in 1949, <mask> initially studied law at Boston University, and then worked as a singer with a band before settling on an acting career in the early 1950s. In 1983, when co-starring with fellow Academy Award-winning actor Jack Lemmon in a new Ernest Thompson stage play in Los Angeles, <mask> appeared on the November 1 episode of The Tonight Show, telling Johnny Carson that Lemmon had been her first boyfriend, when they were both teenagers in the 1940s.Career Moving to New York City, <mask> worked as a writer, producer and commentator for The Today Show. She made her Broadway debut in 1956 in the ensemble of the Ethel Merman musical Happy Hunting. She began performing Off-Broadway in 1961, and received a Theatre World Award in 1963 for her performance in Whisper into My Good Ear/Mrs. Dally Has a Lover (1962). In 1964, <mask> won an Obie Award for Best Actress for her performance in two Off-Broadway plays, Next Time I'll Sing to You and In the Summer House. In 1967, she starred with Stacy Keach in the premiere of Joseph Heller's play We Bombed in New Haven at the Yale Repertory Theater. <mask> has received Tony Award nominations for her work in The Seven Descents of Myrtle (1968), And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little (1971), Miss Margarida's Way (1978), Morning's at Seven (2002), and The Velocity of Autumn (2014).She played Leokadia Begbick in the American premiere of the Weill–Brecht opera, Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (1970), and performed as Mrs. Peachum to Lotte Lenya's Jenny in Threepenny Opera on tour and in New York City. In 1978 she played Lady Macbeth in the Kauai Community Players production. She also played Ruth in Gilbert & Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance on Broadway in 1981. From June 17, 2008, through May 17, 2009, she played the role of Violet Weston in August: Osage County. She continued playing the role during the show's national tour beginning July 24, 2009, in Denver. As a director, <mask> has a number of Broadway credits, including a production of Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and As You Like It in 1986. Off-Broadway, she directed Dario Fo's Orgasmo Adulto Escapes from the Zoo (1983).She served as the Artistic Director of the Actors Studio for five years, ending in 2003. In 2016, she starred in Israel Horovitz's new play Out Of The Mouths Of Babes along with Judith Ivey directed by Barnet Kellman at The Cherry Lane Theater in New York City. In 2004, <mask> was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Her film career includes an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde (1967), and a nomination for Rachel, Rachel (1968). She received a BAFTA Award nomination for her role in Watermelon Man (1970), and appeared in I Never Sang for My Father (1970), Two People (1973), A Memory of Two Mondays (1974), For Pete's Sake (1974), Dick Tracy (1990) and Boys on the Side (1995). On television, <mask> played the recurring role of Beverly Harris, the mother of the title character on Roseanne; her Beverly character is the daughter of character Nana Mary, played by fellow Academy Award winner Shelley Winters. Other television credits include appearances in The Patty Duke Show, Love, American Style, All In The Family, Archie Bunker's Place, Open Admissions, Frasier, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and The Good Wife, as well as The UFO Incident: The Story of Betty and Barney Hill and the PBS production of June Moon.She played the part of Babe in three episodes of the second and fifth seasons of Grace and Frankie. She was honored with a Woman of Achievement Award from the Women's Project Theater in 2009. In 2010, she appeared in London, playing psychic Helga ten Dorp in Deathtrap at the Noël Coward Theatre in the West End. <mask>' most recent Broadway appearances include Good People (2011) and Nice Work If You Can Get It (2012). In April 2018, <mask> returned to television reprising her role as Beverly Harris, mother of Roseanne Barr's title character, in season 10, episode 5 of Roseanne. Personal life <mask> married author Richard Gehman in 1953. They had twin daughters, reporter Abbie and actress Martha Gehman, before divorcing in 1958.Her grandson, Abbie's son, is former Chicago Bears and Jacksonville Jaguars guard/tackle, Eben Britton, named for his great-grandfather, <mask>'s father. In January 1983 she married her partner of 10 years, Peter Zimroth, who has served as Assistant U.S. Attorney, Assistant District Attorney and court-appointed monitor of the NYPD's policies and practices regarding stop-and-frisk. They adopted a son, Abraham, born in February 1983. Zimroth died on November 8, 2021. Filmography Film Television References External links <mask> <mask> at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 1927 births Living people 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from Boston American film actresses American television actresses American Shakespearean actresses American people of English descent American people of Swedish descent Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Connecticut College alumni Drama Desk Award winners Obie Award recipients Singers from Massachusetts 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers

She is an American actress, singer and stage director. After studying law, he decided to pursue a career in acting. She made her stage debut in 1961. Before moving to film, she established her career on Broadway. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her work in Rachel, Rachel. She directed several Broadway productions in the 70s. She played Beverly Harris, mother of the title character, on the sitcom Roseanne and its spinoff The Conners.She has been nominated for the Tony Award five times. In 2004, he was in the American Theatre Hall of Fame. There was a baby born in Lynn Hospital. Her mother was native to Sweden and her father was English. She attended a girls school in Maine. After graduating from Connecticut College in 1949, he studied law at Boston University and later worked as a singer with a band. In 1983, when co-starring with fellow Academy Award-winning actor Jack Lemmon in a new Ernest Thompson stage play in Los Angeles, <mask> appeared on the November 1 episode of The Tonight Show, telling Johnny Carson that Lemmon had been her first boyfriend.He worked as a writer, producer and commentator for The Today Show. She made her Broadway debut in Happy Hunting. She received a Theatre World Award for her performance in Whisper into My Good Ear/Mrs. in 1963. Dally has a lover. In 1964, she won an Obie Award for her performance in two Off-Broadway plays, Next Time I'll Sing to You and In the Summer House. The premiere of We Bombed in New Haven was held at the Yale Repertory Theater. She received Tony Award nominations for her work in The Seven Descents of Myrtle, And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little, Miss Margarida's Way, Morning's at Seven, and The Velocity of Autumn.She performed as Mrs. Peachum in Threepenny Opera in New York City and in the American premiere of Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny. In 1978 she was in the Kauai Community Players production. She played Ruth in Gilbert & Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance on Broadway. In August: Osage County, she played the role of Violet Weston. The national tour of the show began in Denver on July 24, 2009. In 1986 he directed a production of As You Like It on Broadway. She directed Orgasmo Adulto Escapes from the Zoo.She was the artistic director of the actors studio for five years. Out of the Mouths of Babes was written by Israel Horovitz and was performed at The Cherry Lane Theater in New York City. In 2004, he was in the American Theatre Hall of Fame. She was nominated for an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Bonnie and Clyde. She was nominated for a BAFTA Award for her role in Watermelon Man and appeared in a number of other films. Beverly Harris was the mother of the title character on Roseanne and her daughter was played by Academy Award winnerShelley Winters. The Patty Duke Show, Love, American Style, All In The Family, Archie Bunker's Place, Open Admissions, Frasier, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and The Good Wife all have television credits.She played the part of Babe in three episodes. She received a Woman of Achievement Award from the Women's Project Theater. She played psychic Helga ten Dorp in Deathtrap at the Nol Coward Theatre in the West End. Good People and Nice Work If You Can Get It were both performed on Broadway. Beverly Harris, mother of Roseanne Barr's title character, was recurred in season 10, episode 5 of Roseanne. Richard Gehman was married to <mask> in 1953. They had twin daughters, a reporter and an actress.Her grandson is a former Chicago Bears and Jacksonville Jaguars guard named after her great-grandfather. She married her partner of 10 years, Peter Zimroth, in January 1983 and he served as an assistant district attorney and court-appointed monitor of the NYPD's policies and practices regarding stop-and-frisk. Abraham was born in February 1983. He died on November 8, 2021. The University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio has an audio collection of 1927 births.

24332197

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Silva

Jay Silva

Jay Silva (born May 25, 1981) is an Angolan-born American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Heavyweight division. A professional competitor since 2008, Silva has also formerly competed for the UFC, Bellator, the MFC, KSW, and Tachi Palace Fights. Mixed martial arts career Early career Raised on the East Coast, Silva's interest in mixed martial arts developed after seeing the first season of The Ultimate Fighter, and he subsequently trained under Renzo Gracie in Brazilian jiu-jitsu, having obtained the level of purple belt, and began a professional career in mixed martial arts. Silva was a Grapplers Quest Champion for both the Heavyweight and Absolute weight divisions. Ultimate Fighting Championship Competing primarily in smaller organizations, Silva received a call from the UFC to fill in as a last minute replacement for Dan Miller and made his debut against CB Dollaway at UFC Fight Night: Diaz vs. Guillard losing a unanimous decision. Silva's next fight was against Chris Leben on January 11, 2010, at UFC Fight Night 20, losing via unanimous decision (30-27, 30-27, 30-27). Silva was released from the UFC along with Kyle Bradley after his loss at UFC Fight Night 20. Bellator Silva stepped in for Paulo Filho, who was set to fight the Bellator Middleweight Champion Hector Lombard in a Super Fight at Bellator 18. Silva was defeated via Knockout in just six seconds of the first round. On May 14, 2011, Silva defeated Gemiyale Adkins at Bellator 44 via unanimous decision. Independent promotions Silva scored a first round KO over MMA veteran Jaime Jara at Tachi Palace Fights 7, ending the bout in 33 seconds. On November 4, 2011, Silva lost a five round unanimous decision to Bristol Marunde in a bout for the Superior Cage Combat Middleweight Championship. Silva next faced fellow UFC veteran Kendall Grove on February 16 in Las Vegas, Nevada under the Superior Cage Combat organization. He won the fight via technical submission due to an arm triangle choke in the second round. Silva next fought on May 12, 2012 against Michał Materla at KSW 19 for the vacant Middleweight Championship. Silva lost the fight via majority decision. Silva faced Michał Materla on September 28, 2013 at KSW 24 in a non-title rematch from KSW 19. Silva won via knockout due to punches in the second round. Maximum Fighting Championship On November 30, 2012 it was announced that Silva signed a multi-fight contract with Maximum Fighting Championship he was set to debut at MFC 36 “Reality Check” against Jacen Flynn on February 15, 2013 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. On February 11, 2013, MFC Announced Wes Swofford as Flynn's Replacement. Silva was defeated by Swofford via TKO due to an elbow and punches in 41 seconds of round one. Silva faced Ultimate Fighter alumni Sam Alvey on May 10, 2013 at MFC 37 “True Grit”. Silva was defeated by Alvey via TKO due to punches in round three. Other promotions Silva faced Oscar Cota in a heavyweight bout at Golden Boy Promotions inaugural MMA event on November 24, 2018. He won the fight via technical submission in the third round. Mixed martial arts record |- | Win | align=center|12–12–1 | Oscar Cota | Technical Submission (arm-triangle choke) | Golden Boy Promotions: Liddell vs. Ortiz 3 | | align=center| 3 | align=center| 2:13 | Inglewood, California, United States | |- |Win |align=center|11–12–1 |Zsolta Balla |Decision (unanimous) |Serbian Battle Championship 17 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Odzaci, Serbia | |- |Loss |align=center| 10–12–1 |Mariusz Pudzianowski |Decision (majority) |KSW 40: Dublin | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Dublin, Ireland | |- |Loss |align=center| 10–11–1 |Tim Williams |Decision (unanimous) |CCFC 63 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Atlantic City, New Jersey | |- |Win |align=center|10–10–1 |Guram Mestvirishvili |Decision (unanimous) |Ring of Combat 54 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Atlantic City, New Jersey | |- |Loss |align=center| 9–10–1 |Aziz Karaoglu |TKO (punches) |KSW 31 | |align=center|1 |align=center|1:48 |Gdańsk, Poland | |- |Draw |align=center| 9–9–1 |Piotr Strus |Draw (unanimous) |KSW 29 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Kraków, Poland | |- |Loss |align=center| 9–9 |Michał Materla |Decision (unanimous) |KSW 26 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Warszawa, Poland | |- |Win |align=center| 9–8 |Michał Materla |KO (punches) |KSW 24 | |align=center|2 |align=center|4:05 |Łódź, Poland | |- |Loss |align=center| 8–8 |Sam Alvey |TKO (punches) |MFC 37 | |align=center|3 |align=center|1:05 |Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | |- |Loss |align=center| 8–7 |Wes Swofford |TKO (elbow & punches) |MFC 36 | |align=center|1 |align=center|0:41 |Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | |- |Loss |align=center| 8–6 |Michal Materla |Decision (majority) |KSW 19 | |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Łódź, Poland | |- |Win |align=center| 8–5 |Kendall Grove |Technical Submission (arm-triangle choke) |Superior Cage Combat 4 | |align=center|2 |align=center|1:52 |Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- |Loss |align=center| 7–5 |Bristol Marunde |Decision (unanimous) |Superior Cage Combat 3 | |align=center|5 |align=center|5:00 |Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- |Win |align=center| 7–4 |Gemiyale Adkins |Decision (unanimous) |Bellator 44 | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 |Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States | |- |Win |align=center| 6–4 |Jaime Jara |KO (punches) |Tachi Palace Fights 7 | |align=center| 1 |align=center| 0:33 |Lemoore, California, United States | |- |Loss |align=center| 5–4 |Hector Lombard |KO (punch) |Bellator 18 | |align=center| 1 |align=center| 0:06 |Monroe, Louisiana, United States | |- |Loss |align=center| 5–3 |Chris Leben |Decision (unanimous) |UFC Fight Night: Maynard vs. Diaz | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 |Fairfax, Virginia, United States | |- |Loss |align=center| 5–2 |CB Dollaway |Decision (unanimous) |UFC Fight Night: Diaz vs. Guillard | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 |Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States | |- |Win |align=center| 5–1 |Ray Lizama |KO (punches) |Call to Arms 2 | |align=center| 3 | |Ontario, California, United States | |- |Win |align=center| 4–1 |Reggie Orr |KO (flying knee) |Call to Arms 1 | |align=center| 2 |align=center| 1:41 |Ontario, California, United States | |- |Win |align=center| 3–1 |Mike Johnson |TKO (punches) |Extreme Challenge: Mayhem at the Marina | |align=center| 2 |align=center| 1:26 |Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States | |- |Loss |align=center| 2–1 |Plinio Cruz |Decision (split) |KAP: The Return of Macaco | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 |Newark, New Jersey, United States | |- |Win |align=center| 2–0 |Ozzy Avalos |KO (knee) |Sparstar Promotions: Battle of the Rising Stars | |align=center| 3 |align=center| 0:42 |Montebello, California, United States | |- |Win |align=center| 1–0 |Mark DaPolito |Submission (rear naked choke) |Ring of Combat 20 | |align=center| 2 |align=center| 3:47 |Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States | References External links Official MySpace 1981 births Living people Brazilian male mixed martial artists American male mixed martial artists Middleweight mixed martial artists Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city) Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States Brazilian people of Angolan descent American people of Angolan descent Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters

<mask> (born May 25, 1981) is an Angolan-born American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Heavyweight division. A professional competitor since 2008, <mask> has also formerly competed for the UFC, Bellator, the MFC, KSW, and Tachi Palace Fights. Mixed martial arts career Early career Raised on the East Coast, <mask>'s interest in mixed martial arts developed after seeing the first season of The Ultimate Fighter, and he subsequently trained under Renzo Gracie in Brazilian jiu-jitsu, having obtained the level of purple belt, and began a professional career in mixed martial arts. <mask> was a Grapplers Quest Champion for both the Heavyweight and Absolute weight divisions. Ultimate Fighting Championship Competing primarily in smaller organizations, <mask> received a call from the UFC to fill in as a last minute replacement for Dan Miller and made his debut against CB Dollaway at UFC Fight Night: Diaz vs. Guillard losing a unanimous decision. <mask>'s next fight was against Chris Leben on January 11, 2010, at UFC Fight Night 20, losing via unanimous decision (30-27, 30-27, 30-27). <mask> was released from the UFC along with Kyle Bradley after his loss at UFC Fight Night 20.Bellator Silva stepped in for Paulo Filho, who was set to fight the Bellator Middleweight Champion Hector Lombard in a Super Fight at Bellator 18. <mask> was defeated via Knockout in just six seconds of the first round. On May 14, 2011, <mask> defeated Gemiyale Adkins at Bellator 44 via unanimous decision. Independent promotions <mask> scored a first round KO over MMA veteran Jaime Jara at Tachi Palace Fights 7, ending the bout in 33 seconds. On November 4, 2011, <mask> lost a five round unanimous decision to Bristol Marunde in a bout for the Superior Cage Combat Middleweight Championship. <mask> next faced fellow UFC veteran Kendall Grove on February 16 in Las Vegas, Nevada under the Superior Cage Combat organization. He won the fight via technical submission due to an arm triangle choke in the second round.<mask> next fought on May 12, 2012 against Michał Materla at KSW 19 for the vacant Middleweight Championship. <mask> lost the fight via majority decision. <mask> faced Michał Materla on September 28, 2013 at KSW 24 in a non-title rematch from KSW 19. <mask> won via knockout due to punches in the second round. Maximum Fighting Championship On November 30, 2012 it was announced that <mask> signed a multi-fight contract with Maximum Fighting Championship he was set to debut at MFC 36 “Reality Check” against Jacen Flynn on February 15, 2013 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. On February 11, 2013, MFC Announced Wes Swofford as Flynn's Replacement. <mask> was defeated by Swofford via TKO due to an elbow and punches in 41 seconds of round one.<mask> faced Ultimate Fighter alumni Sam Alvey on May 10, 2013 at MFC 37 “True Grit”. <mask> was defeated by Alvey via TKO due to punches in round three. Other promotions <mask> faced Oscar Cota in a heavyweight bout at Golden Boy Promotions inaugural MMA event on November 24, 2018. He won the fight via technical submission in the third round.

<mask> is an American mixed martial artist who is currently competing in the Heavyweight division. <mask> competed for the UFC, Tachi Palace Fights, and KSW before becoming a professional competitor. After watching the first season of The Ultimate Fighter, <mask>'s interest in mixed martial arts grew and he went on to become a professional fighter. <mask> was a champion in the weight divisions. <mask> was called by the UFC to fill in as a last minute replacement for Dan Miller and lost a unanimous decision to CB Dollaway. <mask>'s next fight was at UFC Fight Night 20 and he was defeated by a unanimous decision. <mask> and Kyle Bradley were released from the UFC after their losses at Fight Night 20.Filho was going to fight Lombard in a Super Fight at Bellator 18. <mask> was defeated in the first round. <mask> defeated Gemiyale Adkins in a unanimous decision on May 14, 2011. <mask> scored a first round knockout over Jara at Tachi Palace Fights 7, ending the bout in 33 seconds. <mask> lost a five round unanimous decision to Bristol Marunde in a bout for the Superior Cage Combat Middleweight Championship. On February 16 in Las Vegas, Nevada <mask> faced another UFC veteran under the auspices of the Superior Cage Combat organization. He won the fight with an arm triangle choke in the second round.<mask> fought at KSW 19 on May 12, 2012 for the vacant Middleweight Championship. <mask> lost the fight. <mask> faced Micha Materla in a non-title match at KSW 24. <mask> won via knockout because of punches in the second round. On November 30, 2012 it was announced that <mask> signed a multi-fight contract with Maximum Fighting Championship and was set to debut at MFC 36 "Reality Check" against Jacen Flynn. Wes Swofford was announced as Flynn's replacement. <mask> was defeated by Swofford in the first round due to an elbow and punches.On May 10, <mask> faced Sam Alvey. <mask> was defeated by Alvey in the third round. <mask> faced Oscar Cota at Golden Boy's inaugural MMA event in November. He won the fight with a technical submission.

1053311

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanny%20Poffo

Lanny Poffo

Lanny Mark Poffo (born December 28, 1954), better known by his ring names "Leaping" Lanny Poffo and The Genius, is a Canadian-American professional wrestler, motivational speaker, poet, and actor. Poffo was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, to Angelo Poffo, an Italian American Catholic, and Judy Poffo, a Jewish-American. He is also the real-life younger brother of "Macho Man" Randy Savage. Poffo grew up in Downers Grove, Illinois. Professional wrestling career All-South Wrestling Alliance (1974) Lanny Poffo made his debut in 1974, losing to Wayne Cowan in the opening match of an All-South Wrestling Alliance card held in Atlanta, GA on April 16. Poffo remained in the promotion for several months, defeating Cowan in a rematch and also gaining a win over The Great Fuji. At a card on July 9, 1974 in Atlanta he teamed with his father Angelo Poffo for the first time, defeating the veteran team The Royal Kangaroos. National Wrestling Alliance (1974–1978) Still in his rookie year, Poffo and his father then headed to Big Time Wrestling, one of the varied promotions affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance at that time. In their initial match with BTW, Lanny and Angelo lost by disqualification to Lou Thesz and Mighty Igor on November 30, 1974 at a house show in Detroit, MI. They quickly began a house show series against the team of Bobo Brazil and Fred Curry. The two wrestled as heels, with Angelo Poffo wearing a graduation gown and cap that was similar to the attire that Lanny would one day adopt in the WWF. That year they won the NWA World Tag-Team Championship, and the father/son duo held it until 1975 with successful defenses over The Mongols and Brazil & Curry. While still tag-team champions, the Poffos moved on to NWA St. Louis and continued to defend their championship. In 1975 they lost the titles and then returned to Big Time Wrestling. 1976 found Lanny wrestling primarily in singles matches, both in BTW, NWA Western States, and NWA St Louis. On May 29, 1976 Lanny received his first shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Title, losing a televised match to Terry Funk on NWA St Louis Wrestling at the Chase. He would go on to defeat wrestlers such as Don Red Cloud, Raoul Guzman, and Gary Fulton. Lanny moved to Jim Crockett's Mid Atlantic Championship Wrestling in July 1976, and for the first time began teaming with his brother Randy Poffo (Randy Savage). The Poffo Brothers immediately began touring on the MACW house show circuit, defeating such teams as Johnny Eagle & Manuel Soto and Danny Miller & Johnny Weaver and continued to wrestle together for the remainder of the year. With his brother Randy having departed MACW after February, Lanny proceeded into 1977 as a singles wrestler once more. After gaining victories over George Rossi, Herb Gallant, and Leroy Rochester, Poffo gained another shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship when he faced off against Harley Race at an event in Chattanooga, TN on February 4, 1978. This time Lanny was able to wrestle the champion to a draw. Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling (1978) In April 1978 he moved on to Emile Duprée's "Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling" which had a weekly television spot on ATV and toured the Maritimes doing shows seven days per week with some days hosting two shows in two different towns. That year became the first ever AGPW International Heavyweight Champion. On May 23, 1978 he wrestled his brother (now known as Randy Savage) for the very first time, defeating him by disqualification at an event held in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Savage would later defeat his brother for the title, and the two would trade the championship in 1978 and 1979. On July 18, 1978 Lanny challenged his brother for the AGPW International Championship for a final time, wrestling him to a draw at a show in Hartland, New Brunswick, Canada. National Wrestling Alliance (1978–1979) Lanny Poffo next moved to NWA affiliate Portland Championship Wrestling and made his debut on November 16, 1979 when he wrestled Kurt von Steiger to a draw at an event in Portland, OR. Poffo faced a variety of opponents in PNW, including Adrian Adonis, Hiro Ota, and Tully Blanchard. On February 22, 1979 he unsuccessfully challenged PNW Heavyweight Champion Roddy Piper. Following a defeat to Gene Kiniski the next month, he departed the promotion. International Championship Wrestling (1979–1984) In 1978 Lanny's father Angelo founded International Championship Wrestling (ICW), an "outlaw" rival to NWA affiliates Southeastern Championship Wrestling and NWA Mid America. Eventually Angelo would further expand and began signing talent away from the World Wrestling Association and Jerry Jarrett's Continental Wrestling Association (CWA), forming a strong rivalry with the other territories. It was into the maelstrom that Lanny Poffo entered in the summer of 1979 as he jumped to his father's promotion. He became a star in ICW and eventually became the promotion's champion, where he wrestled with and against Randy Savage. The two brothers dominated the ICW Heavyweight Championship, and over the next six years the only other wrestler to hold it was Paul Christy. Lanny would remain a mainstay of the promotion until it folded in 1984. Mid-South Wrestling (1984) Shortly before the dissolution of ICW, Lanny began making appearances in Bill Watts' Mid South Wrestling. His first matches came on October 12, 1983 when he defeated Art Crews and Doug Vines at a MSW television taping in Shreveport, LA. In December he formed a team with Rick Rude and began a house show series with The Midnight Express that carried through January 1984. Lanny then moved back into singles competition and wrestled Buddy Landell in numerous matches. Continental Wrestling Association (1984–1985) On June 18, 1984 Lanny joined his brother Randy Savage who had jumped to the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA), defeating Bart Batten & Johnny Wilhoit at an event in Memphis, TN. They almost immediately entered into a feud with The Rock 'n' Roll Express, a series that lasted throughout the summer. On October 1, 1984 he unsuccessfully challenged CWA International Heavyweight Champion Eddie Gilbert. That winter Poffo and Savage moved on to a house show series against Gilbert and Tommy Rich. In January 1985 they entered a tournament to crown the AWA Southern Tag-Team Champions, but were defeated by The Interns in the semi-finals. In the spring they began a feud with AWA Southern Champions The Fabulous Ones, but were unable to capture the titles. In June 1984 his brother departed for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), and Lanny was soon signed to a contract there as well. World Wrestling Federation (1985–1992) "Leaping Lanny" Poffo jumped to the burgeoning World Wrestling Federation and made his debut on July 13 episode of WWF Championship Wrestling. Teaming with Pedro Morales, the duo defeated JA Rizzo and Barry O in a match taped in Poughkeepsie, NY. Although both brothers made appearances at the same point, the brother angle was never worked in the WWF and the relationship was never mentioned on-air. While Lanny was not a headlining WWF star like his brother, he initially built a niche for himself wrestling as a babyface. In his first role as Leaping Lanny Poffo, he would bring frisbees to the ring, read a short poem written on one of them that he himself had penned, and then throw the frisbees into the crowd. Each poem typically ridiculed the heel who he was about to wrestle, or built heat in favor of the face with whom the heel was feuding at the time. Lanny was initially undefeated in WWF competition, rolling off victories against Mr. X, Rene Goulet, Terry Gibbs, Barry O, and Moondog Spot. However he suffered his first defeat on July 27 edition of Championship Wrestling, teaming with Keith Diamond in a loss to The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff. This presages a series of losses to Jesse Ventura, Big John Studd, and The Missing Link. During his early career in the WWF, he was not a main-eventer and wrestled primarily as enhancement talent on television shows. However, rather than being squashed like most jobbers at the time, he displayed a greater amount of offense in his matches. He found great success on house shows, where he continued to defeat other undercard wrestlers. Poffo performed an agile, athletic, high-flying style at a time when big, heavy power wrestlers still dominated the promotion. He was one of the first wrestlers in North America to use moves like the Senton Bomb and the moonsault, though the announcers of the time referred to the latter as a "leaping backflip". He made his first Saturday Night's Main Event appearance on October 5, 1985 when he recited a poem at the wedding of Uncle Elmer. Entering 1986 he continued to be highly competitive against lower-level opposition, reeling off considerable house show or televised victories against Terry Gibbs, Barry O, Rene Goulet, Tiger Chung Lee and SD Jones. However he remained less successful against the upper tier of the roster and sustained losses to Hercules, and Jim Neidhart. Lanny attained some infamy in late 1986 and early 1987 by competing in a series of Bunkhouse Battle Royals in full knight's armor. He also is noted for competing in a Battle Royal on Saturday Night's Main Event X at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit in 1987, where he was headbutted and eliminated by André the Giant, causing him to bleed heavily all over the floor and have to be carried out on a stretcher. André, in his first televised match as a heel, had accidentally caught Poffo on the bridge of the nose with his headbutt and stitches were required to close the resulting wound. In February 1987 he helped to participate in another famous angle, teaming with The Can-Am Connection in a match against Adorable Adrian Adonis & The Dream Team. During the match, Adonis accidentally cut the hair of Brutus Beefcake - an angle that would ultimately lead to the latter's face turn and assumption of "The Barber" gimmick. Poffo and the Can-Ams won this WWF Superstars of Wrestling match by disqualification. In January 1988 Lanny defeated Sika the Savage Samoan on a series of upsets, and during the following month he began a lengthy house show series with the newly heel-turned Dan Spivey. Poffo continued to receive a strong push against lower-level competition like Barry Horowitz, but was unable to break through as a top tier member of the roster. He entered a house show series with Jim Neidhart following the temporary dissolution of The Hart Foundation, but was unsuccessful in these contests. His fortunes changed somewhat later in the summer when he feuded with "Dangerous" Danny Davis on the house show circuit, pinning David on multiple occasions. Entering the fall of 1988 he faced numerous preliminary opponents and embarked on a lengthy winning streak, defeating Barry Horowitz, Sandy Beach, and George Skaaland. He continued to compete against opening card talent for the remainder of the year and was largely successful. However, as he entered 1989 his fortunes began to wane. Poffo began the year with a loss to Iron Mike Sharpe at a house show on January 1 in West Palm Beach, FL, and this was followed by a televised defeat on January 13 in Boston, MA to The Brooklyn Brawler. After a smattering of wins, he then lost to Conquistador No.1 on February 20, 1989 in Worcester, MA. These were followed by a pair of defeats to Tim Horner in March 1989. Now approaching his fourth anniversary of his WWF tenure, Lanny Poffo found himself at a career crossroads. "The Genius" On March 18, 1989, still known as "Leaping Lanny", Poffo turned heel. He berated the local Boston sports teams, insulting them in his poetry, and instantly drew heat from the Boston crowd. Poffo was subsequently re-introduced as The Genius, a highly intelligent, arrogant heel who wore an academic cap and gown to the ring. After weeks of giving poetry as The Genius, he had his debut against Sonny Rodgers and defeated him. His poems now ridiculed the face wrestlers, and he adopted an exaggerated effeminate, showboating manner, similar to that employed by Gorgeous George, to draw heat from the crowd. During his matches, the Genius would often write a mathematical equation on a clipboard that would "tilt the balance of the match in his favor". Poffo began a house show series against Jim Powers that spring and embarked on a lengthy winning streak. That summer he moved on to feud with Powers' former The Young Stallions partner Paul Roma and was also victorious. His first pinfall loss under his new heel persona finally came on August 12, when he was defeated by Koko B. Ware at a house show in Richfield, OH. Aside from the one untelevised loss, Poffo remained undefeated. He was featured on WWF Superstars during the coronation of Randy Savage as the new "King of the WWF"; Lanny read the proclamation for his real-life brother. He continued to win in his house show series with Koko B Ware and at the same time began to serve as "executive consultant" (and occasional tag team partner) for Mr. Perfect. On the November 25, 1989 Saturday Night's Main Event XXIV, The Genius faced WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan and spent much of the match taunting Hogan and drawing heat from the crowd with his absurd antics. Several minutes into the match, Mr. Perfect appeared at ringside where he goaded Hogan and defaced the championship belt by sticking chewing gum on it. Poffo then tricked Hogan into following him outside the ring, resulting in Mr. Perfect striking Hogan with the championship belt and Poffo climbing back into the ring to win the match by countout. Later in the show, Mr. Perfect and Poffo destroyed the stolen belt with a hammer. This marked the first time in 21 months (since a loss to André the Giant at The Main Event) that Hogan had sustained any form of defeat on WWF television. Poffo entered 1990 firmly entrenched as a main roster player. He suffered his first televised defeat when he teamed with Mr. Perfect in a losing effort against WWF World Champion Hulk Hogan and Intercontinental Champion The Ultimate Warrior on the January 29 episode of Prime Time Wrestling. That winter he entered a house show series against Jim Neidhart and was generally victorious here as well. Poffo made his first PPV appearance at the 1990 Royal Rumble and wrestled Brutus Beefcake to a double disqualification after "The Barber" began cutting his hair and Hennig interfered. In March his momentum began to cool as Poffo began suffering house show defeats to Jim Neidhart. He also teamed with Hennig in losing efforts against Hulk Hogan and various partners. At WrestleMania VI he had his hair cut by Brutus Beefcake after Mr. Perfect was pinned; backstage Randy Savage was legitimately irate over not being informed of the angle. Shortly after WrestleMania VI, Bobby Heenan became Mr. Perfect's manager. In the meantime Poffo was programmed into a feud with Brutus Beefcake and took to wearing wigs and amateur wrestling headgear to cover the haircut that "The Barber" had given him. By the summer of 1990 Poffo had lost his feud with Beefcake and started to move back down the card. In June he renewed his house show series with Koko B. Ware; this time "The Birdman" dominated on shows around the country. The feud continued through the summer and achieved national visibility on the August 27, 1990 edition of Prime Time, where Ware defeated The Genius on television. Poffo made a guest appearance on the October 13, 1990 episode of Saturday Night's Main Event XXVIII, participating in Oktoberfest activities along with The Hart Foundation, Jim Duggan, Mr. Fuji, and The Orient Express. That winter he engaged in opening match contests with Dustin Rhodes, Shane Douglas and Jim Brunzell. After being on sabbatical for several months, Poffo returned with a flurry in April 1991, wrestling Greg Valentine, Jim Duggan, and Bret Hart. He also participated in the joint WWF/SWS tour and faced Jim Powers on each show. On June 26, 1991 he scored a major upset victory in his comeback when he defeated Jim Duggan at a house show in Lansing, MI. On the September 7, 1991 edition of WWF Superstars he became the manager of The Beverly Brothers (Mike Enos and Wayne Bloom). Unlike during his time as manager of Hennig, Poffo generally remained on the sidelines for much of the remainder of 1991 and wrestled very sporadically. In December 1991 Poffo teamed with The Beverly Brothers in six-man matches against The Bushwhackers and Jim Neidhart. In the 1992 Royal Rumble the Genius managed The Beverly Brothers to a win over The Bushwhackers. He also continued to occasionally wrestle, and picked up a televised win over Brian Costello on the July 6 episode of Prime Time Wrestling and wrestled house show matches against Jim Brunzell, Virgil, and Bob Bradley. On the August 28 edition of Prime Time, he teamed with the Beverly Brothers in an unsuccessful effort against The Legion of Doom and Paul Ellering. At SummerSlam 92 Poffo's charges were thwarted in their challenge of The Natural Disasters for the WWF Tag Team Championship; he continued to manage them until making his final appearance at the 1992 Survivor Series. Independent circuit (1993–1994) After a six-month break, Poffo returned to action in June 1993 and joined World Wrestling Superstars on a tour of Germany where he was matched against Demolition Ax. He would work later that year for the International Championship Wrestling Alliance and wrestled Manny Fernandez, Jeff Bradley, and Brutus Beefcake. In December 1993 he appeared for Anvil Promotions and Johnny West, B. Brian Blair, and Al Hardimon. On March 12, 1994 he traveled to Brantford, CT to face The Warlord. World Wrestling Federation (1994) After a nineteen-month absence, Poffo returned in May 1994 and defeated Koko B. Ware on two house shows in Florida. His final WWF match was a loss to Mabel on June 11 at an event in Richmond, Virginia. World Championship Wrestling (1995–1999) Poffo signed a WCW contract in 1995, but may have wrestled only once during his time there (two sites record him as having defeated a preliminary wrestler in a dark match at a WCW Saturday Night taping on October 14, 1997 in Fort Myers, Florida). In a later shoot interview, Poffo explained that he was contacted by his brother (Randy Savage), who was wrestling in WCW at the time, with the guarantee of a contract. Savage, who had purchased the Gorgeous George gimmick, offered the character to Poffo, feeling that his brother would generate heat as a heel. Poffo signed the contract with WCW, began an intense training regimen, and bleached his hair blonde in preparation for his return to the ring. However, as he recalled, despite being under contract for five years and receiving regular paychecks, he was never contacted with any bookings. His own repeated calls to the office went unreturned, and he was simply never used by WCW. Ultimately, Savage gave the Gorgeous George moniker to his then-girlfriend and valet Stephanie Bellars. Late career (2005–present) After a five-year sabbatical from professional wrestling, Poffo returned to be a part of Wrestle Reunion in Tampa, Florida on January 28–30, 2005, and defeated "The Royal Stud" Adam Windsor at that event. He also wrestled in Canada as part of the Supershow in Pembroke and Hawkesbury, Ontario. Poffo has toured the East Coast of Canada with UCW, wrestling in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. After that tour, Poffo also wrestled in Poland and Florida, as well as a show in England. On May 6, 2012 in Reading, PA, Poffo teamed with JD Smooth in a disqualification loss to "Pretty Ugly" in Regional Championship Wrestling's event Rumblemania 8. On September 1, 2018, Poffo appeared at All In in Hoffman Estates, IL, accompanying "Black Machismo" Jay Lethal as Lethal successfully defended the ROH World Championship against Flip Gordon. Currently Lanny appears on ROH telecasts announcing the action, doing commentary from ringside using his extended vocabulary that he made famous during his Leaping Lanny days of the past. On March 28, 2015, Poffo returned to WWE at the 2015 Hall of Fame induction ceremony to induct his deceased brother, Randy Savage. Poffo read poems and shared memories about his brother's past. The following day, Poffo shared the stage with other 2015 Hall of Fame inductees at WrestleMania 31, representing his brother. Outside wrestling Outside wrestling, Poffo has published two books. One is a collection of poems and limericks, most of which were related to drug and alcohol awareness, directed toward young children. Poffo is a vocal opponent of tobacco smoking and also published an anti-smoking book of limericks entitled Limericks from the Heart and Lungs!. He appeared in infomercials as an endorser of Tony Little's Gazelle Freestyle exercise machine, and is a certified credit counselor and motivational speaker. In March 2013, Poffo played a K9 police officer in the Discovery Investigation network's "I (Almost) Got Away With It". In 2018, Poffo released a biographical comic through Squared Circle Comics, titled The Genius Lanny Poffo. On September 3, 2018, Poffo, alongside JP Zarka of ProWrestlingStories.com, launched a weekly podcast entitled The Genius Cast with Lanny Poffo. The podcast featured 20 episodes including interviews with Hacksaw Jim Duggan, Terry Funk, B Brian Blair, Fred Ottman, Sean Waltman, Jeff Jarrett, Molly Holly, "Eugene" Nick Dinsmore, "Hustler" Rip Rogers, Kevin Kelly, Bill Apter, Outback Jack, Keith Elliot Greenberg, Sean Oliver, Evan Ginzburg, Alicia Atout, and more. The show ended its run on January 21, 2019. Championships and accomplishments Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling AGPW International Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling NWA Gulf Coast Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Randy Savage Great North Wrestling GNW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) International Championship Wrestling ICW Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (1 time) ICW United States Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with George Weingeroff (3) and Mike Doggendorf (1)1 ICW Heavyweight Championship (3 times) NWA Detroit NWA World Tag Team Championship (Detroit version) (2 times) – with Angelo Poffo (1) and Chris Colt (1) NWA Mid-America NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship (1 time) NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bobby Eaton Pro Wrestling Lachine PWL International Championship (1 time) Pro Wrestling Illustrated PWI ranked him #229 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI 500" 1991 PWI ranked him #426 of the top 500 singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003 1The ICW United States Tag Team Championship is referred to as the ICW World Tag Team Championship in some publications. See also List of Jewish professional wrestlers References External links 1954 births American expatriate sportspeople in Canada American male poets American male professional wrestlers American men podcasters American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent American poets of Italian descent American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent American podcasters American professional wrestlers of Italian descent Articles containing video clips Canadian male professional wrestlers Jewish American sportspeople Jewish professional wrestlers Living people People from Downers Grove, Illinois Professional wrestlers from Alberta Professional wrestling jobbers Professional wrestling managers and valets Professional wrestling podcasters Sportspeople from Calgary Stampede Wrestling alumni The First Family (professional wrestling) members Writers from Calgary 21st-century American Jews

<mask> (born December 28, 1954), better known by his ring names "Leaping" <mask> and The Genius, is a Canadian-American professional wrestler, motivational speaker, poet, and actor. <mask> was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, to <mask>, an Italian American Catholic, and <mask>, a Jewish-American. He is also the real-life younger brother of "Macho Man" Randy Savage. <mask> grew up in Downers Grove, Illinois. Professional wrestling career All-South Wrestling Alliance (1974) <mask> made his debut in 1974, losing to Wayne Cowan in the opening match of an All-South Wrestling Alliance card held in Atlanta, GA on April 16. Poffo remained in the promotion for several months, defeating Cowan in a rematch and also gaining a win over The Great Fuji. At a card on July 9, 1974 in Atlanta he teamed with his father <mask> for the first time, defeating the veteran team The Royal Kangaroos.National Wrestling Alliance (1974–1978) Still in his rookie year, <mask> and his father then headed to Big Time Wrestling, one of the varied promotions affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance at that time. In their initial match with BTW, <mask> and Angelo lost by disqualification to Lou Thesz and Mighty Igor on November 30, 1974 at a house show in Detroit, MI. They quickly began a house show series against the team of Bobo Brazil and Fred Curry. The two wrestled as heels, with <mask> wearing a graduation gown and cap that was similar to the attire that <mask> would one day adopt in the WWF. That year they won the NWA World Tag-Team Championship, and the father/son duo held it until 1975 with successful defenses over The Mongols and Brazil & Curry. While still tag-team champions, the Poffos moved on to NWA St. Louis and continued to defend their championship. In 1975 they lost the titles and then returned to Big Time Wrestling.1976 found <mask> wrestling primarily in singles matches, both in BTW, NWA Western States, and NWA St Louis. On May 29, 1976 <mask> received his first shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Title, losing a televised match to Terry Funk on NWA St Louis Wrestling at the Chase. He would go on to defeat wrestlers such as Don Red Cloud, Raoul Guzman, and Gary Fulton. <mask> moved to Jim Crockett's Mid Atlantic Championship Wrestling in July 1976, and for the first time began teaming with his brother <mask> (Randy Savage). The <mask> Brothers immediately began touring on the MACW house show circuit, defeating such teams as Johnny Eagle & Manuel Soto and Danny Miller & Johnny Weaver and continued to wrestle together for the remainder of the year. With his brother Randy having departed MACW after February, <mask> proceeded into 1977 as a singles wrestler once more. After gaining victories over George Rossi, Herb Gallant, and Leroy Rochester, Poffo gained another shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship when he faced off against Harley Race at an event in Chattanooga, TN on February 4, 1978.This time <mask> was able to wrestle the champion to a draw. Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling (1978) In April 1978 he moved on to Emile Duprée's "Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling" which had a weekly television spot on ATV and toured the Maritimes doing shows seven days per week with some days hosting two shows in two different towns. That year became the first ever AGPW International Heavyweight Champion. On May 23, 1978 he wrestled his brother (now known as Randy Savage) for the very first time, defeating him by disqualification at an event held in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Savage would later defeat his brother for the title, and the two would trade the championship in 1978 and 1979. On July 18, 1978 <mask> challenged his brother for the AGPW International Championship for a final time, wrestling him to a draw at a show in Hartland, New Brunswick, Canada. National Wrestling Alliance (1978–1979) <mask> <mask> next moved to NWA affiliate Portland Championship Wrestling and made his debut on November 16, 1979 when he wrestled Kurt von Steiger to a draw at an event in Portland, OR.Poffo faced a variety of opponents in PNW, including Adrian Adonis, Hiro Ota, and Tully Blanchard. On February 22, 1979 he unsuccessfully challenged PNW Heavyweight Champion Roddy Piper. Following a defeat to Gene Kiniski the next month, he departed the promotion. International Championship Wrestling (1979–1984) In 1978 <mask>'s father Angelo founded International Championship Wrestling (ICW), an "outlaw" rival to NWA affiliates Southeastern Championship Wrestling and NWA Mid America. Eventually Angelo would further expand and began signing talent away from the World Wrestling Association and Jerry Jarrett's Continental Wrestling Association (CWA), forming a strong rivalry with the other territories. It was into the maelstrom that <mask> <mask> entered in the summer of 1979 as he jumped to his father's promotion. He became a star in ICW and eventually became the promotion's champion, where he wrestled with and against Randy Savage.The two brothers dominated the ICW Heavyweight Championship, and over the next six years the only other wrestler to hold it was Paul Christy. <mask> would remain a mainstay of the promotion until it folded in 1984. Mid-South Wrestling (1984) Shortly before the dissolution of ICW, <mask> began making appearances in Bill Watts' Mid South Wrestling. His first matches came on October 12, 1983 when he defeated Art Crews and Doug Vines at a MSW television taping in Shreveport, LA. In December he formed a team with Rick Rude and began a house show series with The Midnight Express that carried through January 1984. <mask> then moved back into singles competition and wrestled Buddy Landell in numerous matches. Continental Wrestling Association (1984–1985) On June 18, 1984 <mask> joined his brother Randy Savage who had jumped to the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA), defeating Bart Batten & Johnny Wilhoit at an event in Memphis, TN.They almost immediately entered into a feud with The Rock 'n' Roll Express, a series that lasted throughout the summer. On October 1, 1984 he unsuccessfully challenged CWA International Heavyweight Champion Eddie Gilbert. That winter Poffo and Savage moved on to a house show series against Gilbert and Tommy Rich. In January 1985 they entered a tournament to crown the AWA Southern Tag-Team Champions, but were defeated by The Interns in the semi-finals. In the spring they began a feud with AWA Southern Champions The Fabulous Ones, but were unable to capture the titles. In June 1984 his brother departed for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), and <mask> was soon signed to a contract there as well. World Wrestling Federation (1985–1992) "Leaping Lanny" Poffo jumped to the burgeoning World Wrestling Federation and made his debut on July 13 episode of WWF Championship Wrestling.Teaming with Pedro Morales, the duo defeated JA Rizzo and Barry O in a match taped in Poughkeepsie, NY. Although both brothers made appearances at the same point, the brother angle was never worked in the WWF and the relationship was never mentioned on-air. While <mask> was not a headlining WWF star like his brother, he initially built a niche for himself wrestling as a babyface. In his first role as Leaping <mask> <mask>, he would bring frisbees to the ring, read a short poem written on one of them that he himself had penned, and then throw the frisbees into the crowd. Each poem typically ridiculed the heel who he was about to wrestle, or built heat in favor of the face with whom the heel was feuding at the time. <mask> was initially undefeated in WWF competition, rolling off victories against Mr. X, Rene Goulet, Terry Gibbs, Barry O, and Moondog Spot. However he suffered his first defeat on July 27 edition of Championship Wrestling, teaming with Keith Diamond in a loss to The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff.This presages a series of losses to Jesse Ventura, Big John Studd, and The Missing Link. During his early career in the WWF, he was not a main-eventer and wrestled primarily as enhancement talent on television shows. However, rather than being squashed like most jobbers at the time, he displayed a greater amount of offense in his matches. He found great success on house shows, where he continued to defeat other undercard wrestlers. <mask> performed an agile, athletic, high-flying style at a time when big, heavy power wrestlers still dominated the promotion. He was one of the first wrestlers in North America to use moves like the Senton Bomb and the moonsault, though the announcers of the time referred to the latter as a "leaping backflip". He made his first Saturday Night's Main Event appearance on October 5, 1985 when he recited a poem at the wedding of Uncle Elmer.Entering 1986 he continued to be highly competitive against lower-level opposition, reeling off considerable house show or televised victories against Terry Gibbs, Barry O, Rene Goulet, Tiger Chung Lee and SD Jones. However he remained less successful against the upper tier of the roster and sustained losses to Hercules, and Jim Neidhart. <mask> attained some infamy in late 1986 and early 1987 by competing in a series of Bunkhouse Battle Royals in full knight's armor. He also is noted for competing in a Battle Royal on Saturday Night's Main Event X at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit in 1987, where he was headbutted and eliminated by André the Giant, causing him to bleed heavily all over the floor and have to be carried out on a stretcher. André, in his first televised match as a heel, had accidentally caught <mask> on the bridge of the nose with his headbutt and stitches were required to close the resulting wound. In February 1987 he helped to participate in another famous angle, teaming with The Can-Am Connection in a match against Adorable Adrian Adonis & The Dream Team. During the match, Adonis accidentally cut the hair of Brutus Beefcake - an angle that would ultimately lead to the latter's face turn and assumption of "The Barber" gimmick.<mask> and the Can-Ams won this WWF Superstars of Wrestling match by disqualification. In January 1988 <mask> defeated Sika the Savage Samoan on a series of upsets, and during the following month he began a lengthy house show series with the newly heel-turned Dan Spivey. Poffo continued to receive a strong push against lower-level competition like Barry Horowitz, but was unable to break through as a top tier member of the roster. He entered a house show series with Jim Neidhart following the temporary dissolution of The Hart Foundation, but was unsuccessful in these contests. His fortunes changed somewhat later in the summer when he feuded with "Dangerous" Danny Davis on the house show circuit, pinning David on multiple occasions. Entering the fall of 1988 he faced numerous preliminary opponents and embarked on a lengthy winning streak, defeating Barry Horowitz, Sandy Beach, and George Skaaland. He continued to compete against opening card talent for the remainder of the year and was largely successful.However, as he entered 1989 his fortunes began to wane. <mask> began the year with a loss to Iron Mike Sharpe at a house show on January 1 in West Palm Beach, FL, and this was followed by a televised defeat on January 13 in Boston, MA to The Brooklyn Brawler. After a smattering of wins, he then lost to Conquistador No.1 on February 20, 1989 in Worcester, MA. These were followed by a pair of defeats to Tim Horner in March 1989. Now approaching his fourth anniversary of his WWF tenure, <mask> <mask> found himself at a career crossroads. "The Genius" On March 18, 1989, still known as "Leaping Lanny", Poffo turned heel. He berated the local Boston sports teams, insulting them in his poetry, and instantly drew heat from the Boston crowd.<mask> was subsequently re-introduced as The Genius, a highly intelligent, arrogant heel who wore an academic cap and gown to the ring. After weeks of giving poetry as The Genius, he had his debut against Sonny Rodgers and defeated him. His poems now ridiculed the face wrestlers, and he adopted an exaggerated effeminate, showboating manner, similar to that employed by Gorgeous George, to draw heat from the crowd. During his matches, the Genius would often write a mathematical equation on a clipboard that would "tilt the balance of the match in his favor". <mask> began a house show series against Jim Powers that spring and embarked on a lengthy winning streak. That summer he moved on to feud with Powers' former The Young Stallions partner Paul Roma and was also victorious. His first pinfall loss under his new heel persona finally came on August 12, when he was defeated by Koko B. Ware at a house show in Richfield, OH.Aside from the one untelevised loss, <mask> remained undefeated. He was featured on WWF Superstars during the coronation of Randy Savage as the new "King of the WWF"; <mask> read the proclamation for his real-life brother. He continued to win in his house show series with Koko B Ware and at the same time began to serve as "executive consultant" (and occasional tag team partner) for Mr. Perfect. On the November 25, 1989 Saturday Night's Main Event XXIV, The Genius faced WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan and spent much of the match taunting Hogan and drawing heat from the crowd with his absurd antics. Several minutes into the match, Mr. Perfect appeared at ringside where he goaded Hogan and defaced the championship belt by sticking chewing gum on it.<mask> then tricked Hogan into following him outside the ring, resulting in Mr. Perfect striking Hogan with the championship belt and <mask> climbing back into the ring to win the match by countout. Later in the show, Mr. Perfect and <mask> destroyed the stolen belt with a hammer. This marked the first time in 21 months (since a loss to André the Giant at The Main Event) that Hogan had sustained any form of defeat on WWF television. <mask> entered 1990 firmly entrenched as a main roster player. He suffered his first televised defeat when he teamed with Mr.Perfect in a losing effort against WWF World Champion Hulk Hogan and Intercontinental Champion The Ultimate Warrior on the January 29 episode of Prime Time Wrestling. That winter he entered a house show series against Jim Neidhart and was generally victorious here as well. <mask> made his first PPV appearance at the 1990 Royal Rumble and wrestled Brutus Beefcake to a double disqualification after "The Barber" began cutting his hair and Hennig interfered. In March his momentum began to cool as <mask> began suffering house show defeats to Jim Neidhart. He also teamed with Hennig in losing efforts against Hulk Hogan and various partners. At WrestleMania VI he had his hair cut by Brutus Beefcake after Mr. Perfect was pinned; backstage Randy Savage was legitimately irate over not being informed of the angle.Shortly after WrestleMania VI, Bobby Heenan became Mr. Perfect's manager. In the meantime <mask> was programmed into a feud with Brutus Beefcake and took to wearing wigs and amateur wrestling headgear to cover the haircut that "The Barber" had given him. By the summer of 1990 Poffo had lost his feud with Beefcake and started to move back down the card. In June he renewed his house show series with Koko B. Ware; this time "The Birdman" dominated on shows around the country. The feud continued through the summer and achieved national visibility on the August 27, 1990 edition of Prime Time, where Ware defeated The Genius on television. Poffo made a guest appearance on the October 13, 1990 episode of Saturday Night's Main Event XXVIII, participating in Oktoberfest activities along with The Hart Foundation, Jim Duggan, Mr. Fuji, and The Orient Express.That winter he engaged in opening match contests with Dustin Rhodes, Shane Douglas and Jim Brunzell. After being on sabbatical for several months, Poffo returned with a flurry in April 1991, wrestling Greg Valentine, Jim Duggan, and Bret Hart. He also participated in the joint WWF/SWS tour and faced Jim Powers on each show. On June 26, 1991 he scored a major upset victory in his comeback when he defeated Jim Duggan at a house show in Lansing, MI. On the September 7, 1991 edition of WWF Superstars he became the manager of The Beverly Brothers (Mike Enos and Wayne Bloom). Unlike during his time as manager of Hennig, <mask> generally remained on the sidelines for much of the remainder of 1991 and wrestled very sporadically. In December 1991 Poffo teamed with The Beverly Brothers in six-man matches against The Bushwhackers and Jim Neidhart.In the 1992 Royal Rumble the Genius managed The Beverly Brothers to a win over The Bushwhackers. He also continued to occasionally wrestle, and picked up a televised win over Brian Costello on the July 6 episode of Prime Time Wrestling and wrestled house show matches against Jim Brunzell, Virgil, and Bob Bradley. On the August 28 edition of Prime Time, he teamed with the Beverly Brothers in an unsuccessful effort against The Legion of Doom and Paul Ellering. At SummerSlam 92 Poffo's charges were thwarted in their challenge of The Natural Disasters for the WWF Tag Team Championship; he continued to manage them until making his final appearance at the 1992 Survivor Series. Independent circuit (1993–1994) After a six-month break, Poffo returned to action in June 1993 and joined World Wrestling Superstars on a tour of Germany where he was matched against Demolition Ax. He would work later that year for the International Championship Wrestling Alliance and wrestled Manny Fernandez, Jeff Bradley, and Brutus Beefcake. In December 1993 he appeared for Anvil Promotions and Johnny West, B. Brian Blair, and Al Hardimon.On March 12, 1994 he traveled to Brantford, CT to face The Warlord. World Wrestling Federation (1994) After a nineteen-month absence, <mask> returned in May 1994 and defeated Koko B. Ware on two house shows in Florida. His final WWF match was a loss to Mabel on June 11 at an event in Richmond, Virginia. World Championship Wrestling (1995–1999) Poffo signed a WCW contract in 1995, but may have wrestled only once during his time there (two sites record him as having defeated a preliminary wrestler in a dark match at a WCW Saturday Night taping on October 14, 1997 in Fort Myers, Florida). In a later shoot interview, Poffo explained that he was contacted by his brother (Randy Savage), who was wrestling in WCW at the time, with the guarantee of a contract. Savage, who had purchased the Gorgeous George gimmick, offered the character to Poffo, feeling that his brother would generate heat as a heel. Poffo signed the contract with WCW, began an intense training regimen, and bleached his hair blonde in preparation for his return to the ring.However, as he recalled, despite being under contract for five years and receiving regular paychecks, he was never contacted with any bookings. His own repeated calls to the office went unreturned, and he was simply never used by WCW. Ultimately, Savage gave the Gorgeous George moniker to his then-girlfriend and valet Stephanie Bellars. Late career (2005–present) After a five-year sabbatical from professional wrestling, Poffo returned to be a part of Wrestle Reunion in Tampa, Florida on January 28–30, 2005, and defeated "The Royal Stud" Adam Windsor at that event. He also wrestled in Canada as part of the Supershow in Pembroke and Hawkesbury, Ontario. Poffo has toured the East Coast of Canada with UCW, wrestling in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. After that tour, Poffo also wrestled in Poland and Florida, as well as a show in England.On May 6, 2012 in Reading, PA, <mask> teamed with JD Smooth in a disqualification loss to "Pretty Ugly" in Regional Championship Wrestling's event Rumblemania 8. On September 1, 2018, Poffo appeared at All In in Hoffman Estates, IL, accompanying "Black Machismo" Jay Lethal as Lethal successfully defended the ROH World Championship against Flip Gordon. Currently <mask> appears on ROH telecasts announcing the action, doing commentary from ringside using his extended vocabulary that he made famous during his Leaping Lanny days of the past. On March 28, 2015, Poffo returned to WWE at the 2015 Hall of Fame induction ceremony to induct his deceased brother, Randy Savage. Poffo read poems and shared memories about his brother's past. The following day, Poffo shared the stage with other 2015 Hall of Fame inductees at WrestleMania 31, representing his brother. Outside wrestling Outside wrestling, Poffo has published two books.One is a collection of poems and limericks, most of which were related to drug and alcohol awareness, directed toward young children. Poffo is a vocal opponent of tobacco smoking and also published an anti-smoking book of limericks entitled Limericks from the Heart and Lungs!. He appeared in infomercials as an endorser of Tony Little's Gazelle Freestyle exercise machine, and is a certified credit counselor and motivational speaker. In March 2013, Poffo played a K9 police officer in the Discovery Investigation network's "I (Almost) Got Away With It". In 2018, Poffo released a biographical comic through Squared Circle Comics, titled The Genius Lanny Poffo. On September 3, 2018, Poffo, alongside JP Zarka of ProWrestlingStories.com, launched a weekly podcast entitled The Genius Cast with <mask> <mask>. The podcast featured 20 episodes including interviews with Hacksaw Jim Duggan, Terry Funk, B Brian Blair, Fred Ottman, Sean Waltman, Jeff Jarrett, Molly Holly, "Eugene" Nick Dinsmore, "Hustler" Rip Rogers, Kevin Kelly, Bill Apter, Outback Jack, Keith Elliot Greenberg, Sean Oliver, Evan Ginzburg, Alicia Atout, and more.The show ended its run on January 21, 2019. Championships and accomplishments Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling AGPW International Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling NWA Gulf Coast Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Randy Savage Great North Wrestling GNW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) International Championship Wrestling ICW Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (1 time) ICW United States Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with George Weingeroff (3) and Mike Doggendorf (1)1 ICW Heavyweight Championship (3 times) NWA Detroit NWA World Tag Team Championship (Detroit version) (2 times) – with <mask> (1) and Chris Colt (1) NWA Mid-America NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship (1 time) NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bobby Eaton Pro Wrestling Lachine PWL International Championship (1 time) Pro Wrestling Illustrated PWI ranked him #229 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI 500" 1991 PWI ranked him #426 of the top 500 singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003 1The ICW United States Tag Team Championship is referred to as the ICW World Tag Team Championship in some publications. See also List of Jewish professional wrestlers References External links 1954 births American expatriate sportspeople in Canada American male poets American male professional wrestlers American men podcasters American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent American poets of Italian descent American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent American podcasters American professional wrestlers of Italian descent Articles containing video clips Canadian male professional wrestlers Jewish American sportspeople Jewish professional wrestlers Living people People from Downers Grove, Illinois Professional wrestlers from Alberta Professional wrestling jobbers Professional wrestling managers and valets Professional wrestling podcasters Sportspeople from Calgary Stampede Wrestling alumni The First Family (professional wrestling) members Writers from Calgary 21st-century American Jews

<mask>, better known by his ring names "Leaping" and "The Genius", is a Canadian-American professional wrestler, motivational speaker, poet, and actor. <mask> is the son of an Italian American Catholic and a Jewish-American. He is the younger brother of Randy. <mask> was born in Illinois. <mask> lost to Wayne Cowan in the opening match of an All-South Wrestling Alliance card in Atlanta, GA in 1974. Poffo gained a win over The Great Fuji and also defeated Cowan in a second match. He and his father, <mask>, won their first match at a card in Atlanta on July 9, 1974.<mask> and his father headed to Big Time Wrestling, one of the different promotions affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance at that time. On November 30, 1974 at a house show in Detroit, MI, <mask> and Angelo lost by disqualification to Lou Thesz and Mighty Igor. They started a house show series against the team of Bobo Brazil and Fred Curry. The two wrestled as heels, with <mask> wearing a graduation gown and cap that was similar to the attire that <mask> would one day adopt in the WWF. The father/son duo held on to the NWA World Tag- Team Championship until 1975, when they defeated The Mongols and Brazil & Curry. The Poffos continued to defend their title after moving to NWA St. Louis. They returned to Big Time Wrestling after losing the titles.<mask> wrestled in singles matches in the NWA Western States and NWA St Louis. <mask> lost his first match at the NWA World Heavyweight Title on May 29, 1976, to Terry Funk on NWA St Louis Wrestling at the Chase. He defeated wrestlers such as Don Red Cloud and Gary Fulton. <mask> and his brother Randy Poffo began teaming up for the first time in 1976, after <mask> moved to Jim Crockett's Mid Atlantic Championship Wrestling. The <mask> Brothers immediately began touring on the MACW house show circuit, defeating teams such as Johnny Eagle, Danny Miller, and Johnny Weaver, and continued to wrestle together for the remainder of the year. After his brother Randy left MACW in February, <mask> continued to wrestle as a singles wrestler. Poffo gained another shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship when he faced off against Harley Race at an event in Tennessee on February 4, 1978.<mask> was able to wrestle the champion to a draw. Emile Duprée's "Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling" had a weekly television spot on ATV and toured the Maritimes doing shows seven days per week with some days hosting two shows in two different towns. That year was the first time that AGPW International had a champion. On May 23, 1978 he defeated his brother Randy by disqualification at an event in Nova Scotia, Canada. In 1978 and 1979 the two brothers would trade the title for each other. <mask> challenged his brother to a draw at a show in Canada on July 18, 1978 in order to win the AGPW International Championship. <mask> <mask> made his debut for Portland Championship Wrestling on November 16, 1979 after he wrestled Kurt von Steiger to a draw at an event in Portland, OR.Poffo faced many opponents in the Pacific Northwest. On February 22, 1979 he tried to beat the champ. He left the promotion after a defeat to Gene Kiniski. International Championship Wrestling was founded in 1978 by <mask>'s father, an "outlaw" competitor to NWA affiliates. The rivalry between the other territories and the World Wrestling Association was formed as a result of Angelo signing talent away from the World Wrestling Association and Jerry Jarrett's Continental Wrestling Association. <mask> <mask> entered the maelstrom in the summer of 1979 as he jumped to his father's promotion. He became a star in ICW and eventually became the promotion's champion, where he wrestled with and against Randy Savage.Over the next six years, the only other wrestler to hold the title was Paul Christy, who was the brother of the two brothers. The promotion folded in 1984. <mask> appeared in Bill Watts' Mid South Wrestling before the dissolution of ICW. On October 12, 1983, he defeated Art crews and Doug vines at a MSW television taping in Shreveport, LA. The Midnight Express was a house show series that ran through January 1984. <mask> wrestled Buddy Landell in many matches. On June 18, 1984 <mask> joined his brother Randy who had jumped to the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA), defeating Bart Batten and Johnny Wilhoit at an event in Memphis, Tennessee.The Rock 'n' Roll Express was a series that lasted throughout the summer. He tried to challenge Eddie Gilbert on October 1, 1984. The house show series was against Gilbert and Tommy Rich. They entered a tournament to win the AWA Southern tag-team title, but were defeated by The Interns in the semi-finals. They began a feud with The Fabulous Ones, but were unable to win the titles. <mask> was signed to a contract with the World Wrestling Federation after his brother left for the organization. Leaping <mask> <mask> made his WWF Championship Wrestling debut on July 13th.The duo defeated the other two in a match taped in New York. The brother angle was never worked in the WWF and the relationship was never mentioned on-air. <mask> <mask>, he would bring frisbees to the ring, read a short poem written by him, and then throw the frisbees into the crowd. Each poem made fun of the person he was about to wrestle or the person he was feuding with at the time. <mask> was perfect in WWF competition, defeating Mr. X, Rene Goulet, Terry Gibbs, Barry O, and Moondog Spot. He was defeated by The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff on the July 27 edition of Championship Wrestling.There were losses to Jesse Ventura, Big John Studd, and The Missing Link. He wrestled mostly as enhancement talent on television shows during his time in the WWF. He displayed more offense in his matches than most jobbers at the time. He continued to defeat other undercard wrestlers on house shows. At a time when big, heavy power wrestlers still dominated the promotion, Poffo performed an athletic, high-flying style. He was one of the first wrestlers in North America to use moves like the Senton Bomb and the moonsault. He made his first appearance on Saturday Night's Main Event in October of 1985 when he read a poem at a wedding.He was very competitive against lower-level opposition, winning a lot of house show and televised victories. He was less successful against the upper tier of the roster. <mask> gained some infamy by competing in a series of Bunkhouse Battle Royals in full knight's armor. He was headbutted and eliminated by the Giant in the Battle Royal at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit in 1987 and had to be carried out on a stretcher. In his first televised match as a heel, André accidentally caught <mask> on the bridge of the nose with his headbutt, requiring stitches to close the wound. In February 1987 he helped to team up with The Can-Am Connection in a match against Adrian Adonis and The Dream Team. During the match, Adonis accidentally cut the hair of Brutus Beefcake - an angle that would ultimately lead to the latter's face turn and assumption of the "The Barber" gimmick.The WWF Superstars of Wrestling match was won by <mask> and the Can-Ams. In January 1988 <mask> defeated Sika the Savage Samoan on a number of upsets, and the following month he began a lengthy house show series with Dan Spivey. <mask> was unable to break through as a top tier member of the roster despite receiving a strong push against lower level competition. Following the dissolution of The Hart Foundation, he entered a house show series with Jim Neidhart. He feuded with "Dangerous" Danny Davis on the house show circuit, pinning David on multiple occasions. He began his winning streak in the fall of 1988 after facing many preliminary opponents. He was successful against opening card talent for the rest of the year.His fortunes began to decline as he entered 1989. <mask> began the year with a loss to Iron Mike Sharpe at a house show on January 1 in West Palm Beach, FL, followed by a televised defeat on January 13 in Boston, MA. He lost to Conquistador No.1 on February 20, 1989 in Massachusetts. In March 1989 there were two defeats to Tim Horner. <mask> <mask> was at a crossroads as he approached his fourth anniversary of his WWF tenure. The name "Leaping Lanny" was changed to "The Genius" on March 18, 1989. He insulted the local Boston sports teams in his poetry and drew heat from the Boston crowd.<mask> was re-introduced as The Genius, a highly intelligent, arrogant heel who wore an academic cap and gown to the ring. He defeated Sonny Rodgers after giving poetry as The Genius. His poems ridiculed the face wrestlers, and he used an exaggerated effeminate, showboating manner to draw heat from the crowd. The Genius would "tilt the balance of the match in his favor" by writing a mathematical equation on a clipboard. <mask> began a house show series against Jim Powers. He feuded with Powers' former The Young Stallions partner Paul Roma and won. His first pinfall loss under his new persona came on August 12 at a house show.<mask> was unaffected by the one untelevised loss. <mask> read the proclamation for his real-life brother when he was featured on WWF Superstars. He began to serve as an executive consultant for Mr. at the same time he continued to win in his house show series. It was perfect. On the November 25, 1989 Saturday Night's Main Event XXIV, The Genius faced WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hogan and spent much of the match taunting Hogan and drawing heat from the crowd with his absurd antics. Several minutes into the match, Mr. He defaced Hogan's championship belt by sticking chewing gum on it.<mask> tricked Hogan into following him outside the ring. <mask> won the match by countout after hitting Hogan with the championship belt. Mr was in the show. <mask> destroyed the belt with a hammer. This was the first time in 21 months that Hogan had lost on WWF television. <mask> was a main roster player. He was defeated on TV for the first time when he 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611On the January 29 episode of Prime Time Wrestling, I was perfect in a losing effort against The Ultimate Warrior. He entered a house show series against Jim Neidhart and was generally victorious. <mask> made his first appearance at a pay-per-view in 1990 when he wrestled Brutus Beefcake to a double disqualification after "The Barber" began cutting his hair. Poffo was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He and Hennig lost against Hogan and other partners. After Mr., he had his hair cut by Brutus Beefcake. Randy was angry that he wasn't informed of the angle.Bobby Heenan became Mr. shortly after the event. Perfect's manager. Poffo wore wigs and amateur wrestling headgear to cover his haircut, which he had been programmed to do by "The Barber". Poffo lost his feud with Beefcake in the summer of 1990 and moved back down the card. "The Birdman" dominated on shows around the country when he renewed his house show in June. Ware defeated The Genius on the August 27, 1990 edition of Prime Time. On the October 13, 1990 episode of Saturday Night's Main Event XXVIII, Poffo made a guest appearance, as well as The Hart Foundation, Mr. Fuji, and The Orient Express.In the winter he had match contests with several people. In April 1991, <mask> returned after several months of sabbatical and wrestled several wrestlers. He faced Jim Powers on each show of the WWF/ SWS tour. He scored a major upset victory in his comeback when he defeated Jim Duggan at a house show. He became the manager of The Beverly Brothers on the September 7, 1991 edition of WWF Superstars. During his time as manager of Hennig, <mask> stayed on the sideline for much of the rest of the year and wrestled very little. In December 1991, <mask> and The Beverly Brothers faced off against Jim and The Bushwhackers.The Genius managed The Beverly Brothers to a win over The Bushwhackers. He wrestled house show matches against Jim Brunzell, Virgil, and Bob Bradley, as well as a televised win over Brian Costello on the July 6 episode of Prime Time Wrestling. On the August 28 edition of Prime Time, he and the Beverly Brothers tried to take on The Legion of Doom. At SummerSlam 92 <mask>'s charges were defeated in their challenge of The Natural Disasters for the WWF Tag Team Championship, but he continued to manage them until his final appearance at the 1992 Survivor Series. After a six-month break, Poffo returned to action in June 1993 and joined World Wrestling Superstars on a tour of Germany. He worked for the International Championship Wrestling Alliance later that year. In December 1993 he was with Johnny West, B. Brian Blair, and Al Hardimon.He traveled to Connecticut to face The Warlord. <mask> returned in May 1994 and defeated Ware on two house shows. His last WWF match was a loss to Mabel on June 11. Poffo signed a contract with World Championship Wrestling in 1995 but may have only wrestled once there, when he defeated a preliminary wrestler in a dark match at a Saturday Night taping. In a later shoot interview, Poffo explained that he was contacted by his brother, who was wrestling in WCW at the time, with the guarantee of a contract. The character of Gorgeous George was offered to Poffo by the man who had purchased it. In preparation for his return to the ring, Poffo bleached his hair blonde and began an intense training regimen.Despite being under contract for five years and receiving regular paychecks, he was never contacted with any bookings. His calls to the office went unreturned, and he was never used by the company. The Gorgeous George name was given to his girlfriend and valet. After a five-year sabbatical from professional wrestling, Poffo returned to the ring in January 2005, defeating "The Royal Stud" Adam Windsor at Wrestle Reunion in Florida. He wrestled in Canada as part of the Supershow. Poffo has wrestled in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. Poffo wrestled in Poland and Florida after that tour.On May 6, 2012 in Reading, PA, <mask> and Smooth were disqualified from the Regional Championship Wrestling's event. Jay Lethal successfully defended the ROH World Championship against Flip Gordon as Poffo accompanied him. <mask> used to do commentary from ringside using his extended vocabulary that he made famous during his Leaping Lanny days. On March 28, 2015, <mask> was inducting his brother, Randy, into the Hall of Fame. Poffo talked about his brother's past. <mask> was inducted into the Hall of Fame on the same day as his brother. Poffo has published two books.A collection of poems and limericks was directed toward young children and was related to drug and alcohol awareness. Poffo published an anti-smoking book of limericks called "Limericks from the Heart and Lungs!". He is a certified credit counselor and motivational speaker, as well as being an endorser of Tony Little's Gazelle exercise machine. Poffo played a K 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 The Genius Lanny Poffo was a biographical comic. The Genius Cast with Lanny Poffo was launched on September 3, 2018. Interviews with Hacksaw Jim Duggan, Terry Funk, B Brian Blair, Fred Ottman, Sean Waltman, Jeff Jarrett, Molly Holly, "Hustler" Nick Dinsmore, "Hustler" Rip Rogers, Kevin Kelly, Bill Apter, and Outback Jack were featuredThe show ended on January 21st. The Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling NWA Gulf Coast Tag Team Championship was won by Randy Savage. There are 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Johnson%20%28entomologist%29

Kurt Johnson (entomologist)

Kurt Johnson (born 1946) is an American entomologist who is also a recognized figure in comparative religion and consciousness studies. His scientific career began while he was a Christian monk, during which time he completed his doctoral studies in evolution and ecology. He is known in science for his writing on taxonomy, evolution and ecology (especially about butterflies) and in particular for his published research and popular writing on the scientific career of famous Russian–American novelist and lepidopterist Vladimir Nabokov. His book Nabokov's Blues (co-authored with journalist S. Coates) was named a "top 10 book in science" in 2000 at the Washington Post, Library Journal, Booklist and HMS Beagle. However, Johnson also became a significant figure, and writer and lecturer in comparative religion, spirituality, consciousness and integral studies, having continued as a Christian monastic for a number of years during his active scientific career and thereafter continuing as a seminary professor, writer and guest lecturer. These aspects of Johnson's life and work are reviewed separately below. Science Johnson was associated with the American Museum of Natural History from 1976 until 1998 and subsequently with the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (McGuire Center, University of Florida, Gainesville). During this time he published some two hundred scientific articles (and several books) on aspects of butterfly taxonomy, evolution and ecology (especially regarding tropical rainforest and high mountain habitats). These publications are listed in numerous bibliographies and catalogues of the scientific literature in this discipline. Johnson's publications, and hundreds of species and generic names created by him and a number of co-authors during that period, involved mostly "hairstreak" and "blue" butterflies. The latter is the common name for the same butterflies studied by Vladimir Nabokov during his scientific career (first at the American Museum of Natural History and later at Harvard University) before his fame as a novelist. Accordingly, after completing scientific studies on the butterfly groups pioneered by Nabokov, and the publication with Coates of Nabokov's Blues, Johnson was a significant figure in Nabokov centennial programs and events in 1999–2000. Johnson continues to work, with a number of colleagues, on DNA studies of Nabokov's butterfly groups as followup to the work he accomplished from 1976–1998 with anatomists Zsolt Balint (of the Hungarian Museum of Natural History, Budapest) and Dubi Benyamini (an Israeli scientist). In addition to taxonomic work, Johnson, Balint and Benyamini published significantly on the evolutionary and biogeographic origins of the high mountain butterflies of South America, an ongoing biogeographic mystery originally explored by Nabokov This work, and Johnson's many popular articles on science in world periodicals (including Natural History and The New York Times Science Times) also involved him in significant conservation work, as an advisor, especially in association with The Nature Conservancy (regarding American plains-prairie habitats), The World Wildlife Fund (regarding the monarch butterfly overwintering grounds in Mexico) and several endangered species, one of which "The Karner Blue" had been discovered by Nabokov himself. Spirituality and religion Johnson was a Christian monastic (initially with the Anglican Order of the Holy Cross in New York state) and began his association with the American Museum of Natural History in New York City during that time (from 1972), and after completion of his doctoral studies in 1980. Shortly before, but mainly after, his retirement from fully active scientific work in 2000, Johnson concentrated more on activities with a monastic colleague, Brother Wayne Teasdale, a Roman Catholic monk who had become an influential pioneer in interfaith and interspiritual dialogue after publication of his books The Mystic Heart: Discovering a Universal Spirituality in the World's Religions and A Monk in the World. Johnson and Teasdale shared a background in Christian contemplation and the Hindu spirituality known as "Advaita". Johnson was ordained in both traditions and Teasdale was a well-known writer in both, with a PhD in Christian theology from Fordham University (Teasdale's last book, on the commonalities of Christian and Hindu contemplative experience was his doctoral dissertation in Theology at New York's Fordham University ). This collaboration led to them, and others, founding InterSpiritual Dialogue in Action (ISDnA) in 2002, an international association for the discussion of contemplative and mystical experience across traditions ISDnA was active with the Parliament of the World's Religions and other inter-religious discussions. After Teasdale's death in 2004, Johnson and other colleagues of Teasdale continued and expanded ISDnA, first to include an education program based on the work and writings of Teasdale, at the One Spirit Interfaith Seminary in New York City (where Johnson joined as a faculty member in 2005). Given his academic background, Johnson also maintained ties with the humanist community, serving on the faculty of the Humanist Institute and also with American Ethical Union's United Nations representative agency The National Service Conference, and publishing on religious issues in humanist publications. Johnson also involved himself with integral philosopher Ken Wilber and the integral community in establishing an array of programs on integral spirituality at One Spirit Interfaith Seminary in New York City and Johnson and another colleague of Teasdale, Gorakh Hayashi, published additional articles on Teadale's thought In 2009 ISDnA created the website resource "The InterSpiritual Multiplex: A Guide and Directory to InterSpirituality Worldwide" and, partnering with the Universal Order of Interfaith and the World Council of Interfaith Congregations founded "The Universal Order of Sannyasa" which Bro. Wayne Teasdale had envisioned and described in his books of 1999–2003. Soon after its founding in January 2010, the Universal Order of Sannyasa grew rapidly and modified its name to become "Community of The Mystic Heart (CMH), a Circle of Interspiritual Mystics and Contemplatives originally envisioned as The Universal Order of Sannyasa by Bro. Wayne Teasdale". As Teasdale envisioned, this association (organized as a religious order) serves to encourage spiritual life practice, sacred activism and advancement of the interspiritual message pioneered by Teasdale and others. ISDnA and CMH work closely, among others, with The Aspen Grove associates of Fr. Thomas Keating and the Christian "Centering prayer" movement and Eckhart Tolle, Michael Brown and others' publishers Namaste Publishing and their Namaste Global Community. Johnson was born Kurt Duane Johnson, on July 21, 1946 in Iowa Falls, Iowa. He grew up primarily in Nebraska pursuing his BA and MA degrees at universities in Wisconsin and Iowa before entering the religious life in New York in 1969 and completing his PhD in the Graduate Center of the City of New York's program with the American Museum of Natural History in 1980. He continues to live in New York City. References Living people 1946 births People associated with the American Museum of Natural History People from Iowa Falls, Iowa American lepidopterists American Christian monks

<mask> (born 1946) is an American entomologist who is also a recognized figure in comparative religion and consciousness studies. His scientific career began while he was a Christian monk, during which time he completed his doctoral studies in evolution and ecology. He is known in science for his writing on taxonomy, evolution and ecology (especially about butterflies) and in particular for his published research and popular writing on the scientific career of famous Russian–American novelist and lepidopterist Vladimir Nabokov. His book Nabokov's Blues (co-authored with journalist S. Coates) was named a "top 10 book in science" in 2000 at the Washington Post, Library Journal, Booklist and HMS Beagle. However, <mask> also became a significant figure, and writer and lecturer in comparative religion, spirituality, consciousness and integral studies, having continued as a Christian monastic for a number of years during his active scientific career and thereafter continuing as a seminary professor, writer and guest lecturer. These aspects of <mask>'s life and work are reviewed separately below. Science <mask> was associated with the American Museum of Natural History from 1976 until 1998 and subsequently with the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (McGuire Center, University of Florida, Gainesville).During this time he published some two hundred scientific articles (and several books) on aspects of butterfly taxonomy, evolution and ecology (especially regarding tropical rainforest and high mountain habitats). These publications are listed in numerous bibliographies and catalogues of the scientific literature in this discipline. <mask>'s publications, and hundreds of species and generic names created by him and a number of co-authors during that period, involved mostly "hairstreak" and "blue" butterflies. The latter is the common name for the same butterflies studied by Vladimir Nabokov during his scientific career (first at the American Museum of Natural History and later at Harvard University) before his fame as a novelist. Accordingly, after completing scientific studies on the butterfly groups pioneered by Nabokov, and the publication with Coates of Nabokov's Blues, <mask> was a significant figure in Nabokov centennial programs and events in 1999–2000. <mask> continues to work, with a number of colleagues, on DNA studies of Nabokov's butterfly groups as followup to the work he accomplished from 1976–1998 with anatomists Zsolt Balint (of the Hungarian Museum of Natural History, Budapest) and Dubi Benyamini (an Israeli scientist). In addition to taxonomic work, <mask>, Balint and Benyamini published significantly on the evolutionary and biogeographic origins of the high mountain butterflies of South America, an ongoing biogeographic mystery originally explored by Nabokov This work, and <mask>'s many popular articles on science in world periodicals (including Natural History and The New York Times Science Times) also involved him in significant conservation work, as an advisor, especially in association with The Nature Conservancy (regarding American plains-prairie habitats), The World Wildlife Fund (regarding the monarch butterfly overwintering grounds in Mexico) and several endangered species, one of which "The Karner Blue" had been discovered by Nabokov himself.Spirituality and religion <mask> was a Christian monastic (initially with the Anglican Order of the Holy Cross in New York state) and began his association with the American Museum of Natural History in New York City during that time (from 1972), and after completion of his doctoral studies in 1980. Shortly before, but mainly after, his retirement from fully active scientific work in 2000, <mask> concentrated more on activities with a monastic colleague, Brother Wayne Teasdale, a Roman Catholic monk who had become an influential pioneer in interfaith and interspiritual dialogue after publication of his books The Mystic Heart: Discovering a Universal Spirituality in the World's Religions and A Monk in the World. <mask> and Teasdale shared a background in Christian contemplation and the Hindu spirituality known as "Advaita". <mask> was ordained in both traditions and Teasdale was a well-known writer in both, with a PhD in Christian theology from Fordham University (Teasdale's last book, on the commonalities of Christian and Hindu contemplative experience was his doctoral dissertation in Theology at New York's Fordham University ). This collaboration led to them, and others, founding InterSpiritual Dialogue in Action (ISDnA) in 2002, an international association for the discussion of contemplative and mystical experience across traditions ISDnA was active with the Parliament of the World's Religions and other inter-religious discussions. After Teasdale's death in 2004, <mask> and other colleagues of Teasdale continued and expanded ISDnA, first to include an education program based on the work and writings of Teasdale, at the One Spirit Interfaith Seminary in New York City (where <mask> joined as a faculty member in 2005). Given his academic background, <mask> also maintained ties with the humanist community, serving on the faculty of the Humanist Institute and also with American Ethical Union's United Nations representative agency The National Service Conference, and publishing on religious issues in humanist publications.<mask> also involved himself with integral philosopher Ken Wilber and the integral community in establishing an array of programs on integral spirituality at One Spirit Interfaith Seminary in New York City and <mask> and another colleague of Teasdale, Gorakh Hayashi, published additional articles on Teadale's thought In 2009 ISDnA created the website resource "The InterSpiritual Multiplex: A Guide and Directory to InterSpirituality Worldwide" and, partnering with the Universal Order of Interfaith and the World Council of Interfaith Congregations founded "The Universal Order of Sannyasa" which Bro. Wayne Teasdale had envisioned and described in his books of 1999–2003. Soon after its founding in January 2010, the Universal Order of Sannyasa grew rapidly and modified its name to become "Community of The Mystic Heart (CMH), a Circle of Interspiritual Mystics and Contemplatives originally envisioned as The Universal Order of Sannyasa by Bro. Wayne Teasdale". As Teasdale envisioned, this association (organized as a religious order) serves to encourage spiritual life practice, sacred activism and advancement of the interspiritual message pioneered by Teasdale and others. ISDnA and CMH work closely, among others, with The Aspen Grove associates of Fr. Thomas Keating and the Christian "Centering prayer" movement and Eckhart Tolle, Michael Brown and others' publishers Namaste Publishing and their Namaste Global Community.<mask> was born <mask> <mask>, on July 21, 1946 in Iowa Falls, Iowa. He grew up primarily in Nebraska pursuing his BA and MA degrees at universities in Wisconsin and Iowa before entering the religious life in New York in 1969 and completing his PhD in the Graduate Center of the City of New York's program with the American Museum of Natural History in 1980. He continues to live in New York City. References Living people 1946 births People associated with the American Museum of Natural History People from Iowa Falls, Iowa American lepidopterists American Christian monks

<mask> is a recognized figure in comparative religion and consciousness studies. While he was a Christian monk, he completed his PhD studies in evolution and ecology. He is well-known in science for his writing on butterflies, evolution and ecology, as well as for his research on the scientific career of famous Russian–American novelist and lepidopterist Vladimir Nabokov. The Washington Post named his book a "top 10 book in science" in 2000. <mask> became a significant figure, and writer and lecturer in comparative religion, spirituality, consciousness and integral studies, having continued as a Christian monastic for a number of years during his active scientific career and thereafter continuing as a seminary professor, writer and guest lecturer. The life and work of <mask> are reviewed separately. <mask> was associated with both the American Museum of Natural History and the Florida State Collection of Arthropods.He published over two hundred scientific articles on aspects of butterfly taxonomy, evolution and ecology. The scientific literature in this discipline is listed in numerous bibliographies and catalogues. <mask> and a number of co-authors created hundreds of species and generic names for butterflies, including "hairstreak" and "blue" butterflies. Vladimir Nabokov studied the same butterflies at the American Museum of Natural History and later at Harvard University before becoming a novelist. <mask> was a significant figure in Nabokov's programs and events after completing scientific studies on the butterfly groups. From 1976 to 1998 <mask> worked with anatomists Zsolt Balint and Dubi Benyamini on the study of Nabokov's butterfly groups. <mask>'s many popular articles on science in world periodicals were published on the biogeographic origins of the high mountain butterflies of South America, an ongoing biogeographic mystery originally explored by Nabokov.The American Museum of Natural History in New York City was where <mask> began his association with the American Museum of Natural History. After his retirement from fully active scientific work in 2000, <mask> concentrated more on activities with a monastic colleague, Brother Wayne Teasdale, a Roman Catholic monk who had become an influential pioneer in interfaith and interspiritual dialogue after publication of his books. Both <mask> and Teasdale had a background in Christian contemplation and Hindu spirituality. Teasdale's last book, on the commonalities of Christian and Hindu contemplative experience was his PhD in Christian theology from New York's Fordham University. InterSpiritual Dialogue in Action, an international association for the discussion of contemplative and mystical experience across traditions, was formed in 2002 as a result of this collaboration. After Teasdale's death in 2004, <mask> and other colleagues of Teasdale continued and expanded ISDnA, first to include an education program based on the work and writings of Teasdale, at the One Spirit Interfaith Seminary in New York City. <mask> served on the faculty of the Humanist Institute and also with American Ethical Union's United Nations representative agency The National Service Conference, as well as publishing on religious issues in humanist publications.In 2009, <mask> and another colleague of Teasdale published additional articles on Teadale's thought, as well as establishing an array of programs on integral spirituality at One Spirit Interfaith Seminary in New York City. In his books of 1999– 2003 Wayne Teasdale imagined and described. The Universal Order of Sannyasa was originally envisioned as The Universal Order of Sannyasa, but it grew quickly and changed its name to the Community of The Mystic Heart. "Wayne Teasdale". This association serves to encourage spiritual life practice, sacred activism and advancement of the interspiritual message pioneered by Teasdale and others. They work closely with the associates of Fr. The Christian "Centering prayer" movement, as well as Michael Brown and others' publishers, are part of the Namaste Global Community.<mask> was born on July 21, 1946, in Iowa Falls. In 1969 he entered the religious life in New York and completed his PhD at the American Museum of Natural History, after completing his BA and MA degrees at universities in Wisconsin and Iowa. He lives in New York City. There are people associated with the American Museum of Natural History.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20Fackenheim

Emil Fackenheim

Emil Ludwig Fackenheim (22 June 1916 – 18 September 2003) was a Jewish philosopher and Reform rabbi. Born in Halle, Germany, he was arrested by Nazis on the night of 9 November 1938, known as Kristallnacht. Briefly interned at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp (1938–1939), he escaped with his younger brother Wolfgang to Great Britain, where his parents later joined him. Emil's older brother Ernst-Alexander, who refused to leave Germany, was killed in the Holocaust. Held by the British as an enemy alien after the outbreak of World War II, Fackenheim was sent to Canada in 1940, where he was interned at a remote internment camp near Sherbrooke, Quebec. He was freed afterward and served as the Interim Rabbi at Temple Anshe Shalom in Hamilton, Ontario, from 1943 to 1948. After this he enrolled in the graduate philosophy department of the University of Toronto and received a PhD from the University of Toronto with a dissertation on medieval Arabic philosophy (1945) and became Professor of Philosophy (1948–1984). He was among the original Editorial Advisors of the scholarly journal Dionysius. In 1971, he received an honorary doctorate from Sir George Williams University, which later became Concordia University. Fackenheim researched the relationship of the Jews with God, believing that the Holocaust must be understood as an imperative requiring Jews to carry on Jewish existence and the survival of the State of Israel. He emigrated to Israel in 1984. "He was always saying that continuing Jewish life and denying Hitler a posthumous victory was the 614th law," referring to the 613 mitzvot given to the Jews in the Torah. Background Emil Fackenheim created this concept of the "614th commandment" (or "614th mitzvah.") The "614th Commandment" can be interpreted as a moral imperative that Jews not use the facts of the Holocaust to give up on God, Judaism or—in the case of secular Jews as well—on the continuing survival of the Jewish people, thereby giving Hitler a "posthumous victory". The meaning of this imperative has been the subject of serious dialogue both within and beyond the Jewish community. Opposition to the goals of Hitler is a moral touchstone that has implications for several sensitive issues. A new moral imperative Traditional Jewish law contains 613 mitzvot (commandments) as compiled by Maimonides. These laws—365 of which are negative (e.g. "Thou shalt not...") and 248 of which are positive—cover all aspects of life. Fackenheim asserted that tradition could not anticipate the Holocaust, so one more law, a 614th Commandment, became necessary. "Thou shalt not hand Hitler posthumous victories. To despair of the God of Israel is to continue Hitler's work for him." This proposes that people of Jewish heritage have a moral obligation to observe their faith and thus frustrate Hitler's goal of eliminating Judaism from the earth. Fackenheim came to this conclusion slowly. A professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto and a Reform rabbi, he did not become a Zionist until 1967, when his reaction to the Holocaust and its implications for Jewish law crystallized: It was at a meeting, just before the Six-Day War. It was a meeting in New York, and I had to make a speech. Before that, the Holocaust had never been essential to my ideology. However, when the chairman said, 'You've got to face it,' I had to face it. I said the most important thing I ever said. Terminology In dialogue about this subject, choice of words is a sensitive matter. Within the Jewish community, many reject Fackenheim's assertion that this could be called a commandment. The Torah already forbids adding additional commandments. Wording that expresses this concept in the form of a commandment may also give offense. This becomes a contentious point because references to a "614th commandment" are not unique to Fackenheim. This concise term has other shortcomings besides the theological objection. To count this as an addition to Jewish law is an implicit statement that it applies only to Jews. Opposition to the goals of Hitler is a universal concept. Gentiles can respect it by studying the Holocaust and opposing antisemitism. In Christian contexts this ideal sometimes appears as the "11th commandment." Christians generally recognize 10 commandments of the Old Testament. This may give unintentional offense to Jews who recognize a different 11th commandment and may lead to confusion with other unrelated ideas that Christians have called an 11th commandment. Although there is no single formulation that expresses this concept in terms that avoid controversy, posthumous victories and Hitler appear in most descriptions. Implications Zionism Fackenheim applied this reasoning to the state of Israel and its Law of Return as a necessity to prevent a second Holocaust. Had a Jewish state existed in the 1930s, it could have accepted Jewish refugees and rescued large numbers of people. This opinion carries clout with most Jewish people although the specifics of how to apply it in contemporary politics is a subject of debate. Boris Shusteff invokes it in a conservative opposition to Israeli withdrawal from settlements. Despite the explicit connection to Zionism, few sources mention Hitler and posthumous victories in reference to Islam. Christian Palestinian Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh of the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law in Lausanne paraphrases it ironically in a defense of Palestinian interests. Where a form of it appears in the Asia Times as part of a quote from Robert Novak, the cultural resonance appears to go unnoticed. Holocaust remembrance The concept encounters broad acceptance in connection with Holocaust remembrance. In the late twentieth century, efforts to document the memories of remaining Holocaust survivors echoed the notion that preserving these facts for future generations was a way to keep Hitler and his ideas in the grave. A guide for British primary school teachers gives the concept in a guide for informing children about the Holocaust. Richard A. Cohen of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte cites it in an essay, "The Holocaust is a Christian Issue." Caution against antisemitism The phrase finds resonance within Christian communities as a rebuke against antisemitism. Methodist minister Rev. Robert A. Hill quotes Fackenheim in a sermon with this context: ...the fact is that Christianity has been pervasively guilty of latent and patent anti-Semitism and the Gospel of John has been one of its sources. We have and can learn from this failure, by carefully monitoring our use of religious language...and our Jewish brothers and sisters can teach us to continue, with Jacob, to wrestle with God. Conversion to other religions Within the broader context of religious tolerance, this concept applies to the sensitive subjects of conversion and intermarriage. Gregory Baum, a German-born Catholic theologian and Professor Emeritus in Religious Studies at McGill University in Montreal, expresses the effect of this concept on Christian views toward conversion. From the perspective of most Christian faiths, whose doctrines normally advocate conversion of nonbelievers, this represents a deep respect for Fackenheim's concept: After Auschwitz the Christian churches no longer wish to convert the Jews. While they may not be sure of the theological grounds that dispense them from this mission, the churches have become aware that asking the Jews to become Christians is a spiritual way of blotting them out of existence and thus only reinforces the effects of the Holocaust. Fackenheim's affirmation of his Jewish heritage, although embraced by many other Holocaust survivors, was by no means universal. Physicist Lise Meitner had been born and brought up Jewish. She rejected newspaper attempts to characterize her as a Jew following the bombing of Hiroshima when the press learned that she had been the first scientist to recognize nuclear fission. Decades before Hitler rose to power she had become a Lutheran. Although the Nazis stole her savings and ruined her career she refused to work on the bomb or let Hitler define her identity. Intermarriage Intermarriages between Jews and non-Jews are relatively common in the United States and Canada. Several circumstances complicate these unions from the perspective of the Jewish community. Different movements within Judaism recognize different standards for conversion to Judaism and transmission of their heritage. Social pressure generally falls upon men to marry Jewish women because all movements recognize a Jewish woman's offspring as Jews. (Note: Starting in the late 1960s and lasting until the 90s–00s, several movements in Judaism ceased recognizing Jewish women's offspring as Jews if the women intermarried. The Reconstructionist movement of the United States, followed by the Reform movement of the U.S. in 1983, declared that they would accept the children of either an intermarried Jewish father or an intermarried Jewish mother as Jews only if the children had been raised as Jews. If the children were not raised as Jews, and later wished to join the Reform or Reconstructionist movements in the U.S., they had to convert. The Society for Humanistic Judaism in the U.S. will accept the children based on their own self-identification. The Orthodox and Conservative movements in the U.S. still require the conversion of patrilineal [Jewish fathers] children, but accept the children of Jewish mothers, regardless of how they are raised. Jewish Renewal rabbis do not have denominational guidelines, and go on a case-by-case basis.) A puzzling twist to this controversy is the fact, apparently not well known, that Prof. Fackenheim himself was intermarried, and the Jewishness of one of his children was rejected by an Israeli Orthodox court, even though that son was converted via Orthodox ritual as a child, and is a citizen of Israel. (See, "Rabbinical Court casts doubt on conversion of son of famed Jewish theologian" in the Jerusalem Post, January 19, 2009). According to this news article, his wife converted to Judaism some time after the marriage. Jews using Fackenheim's admonition not to give posthumous victories to Hitler as a reason to dissuade people from intermarrying are apparently not aware that Fackenheim was himself intermarried. Criticism Rabbi Toba Spitzer finds this idea compelling yet incomplete. In a Passover essay for SocialAction.com she addresses it sympathetically before embracing the Passover tradition and its Seder ritual as a more meaningful story: ...of a people born in slavery, freed by their God, and taken on a transformational journey. It is the story of the steps taken towards becoming a community bound by a holy covenant, where social relationships are defined by the Godly principles of tzedek and chesed, justice and love. Rabbi Marc Gellman rejects it outright in a 2005 Newsweek column: I am Jewish because my mother is Jewish, and, more importantly, because I believe Judaism is loving, just, joyous, hopeful and true. I am not Jewish, and I did not teach my children or my students to be Jewish, just to spite Hitler. The same criticism was formulated by Jewish philosopher Michael Wyschogrod in his 1971 review of God's Presence in History. Wyschogrod questioned the value of a definition of Judaism that merely inverts antisemitism into a bigoted "semitism." The uniqueness of Auschwitz as a historical event, moreover, is a dubious distinction. "It is necessary to recognize that, from any universally humanistic framework, the destruction of European Jewry is one notable chapter in the long record of man's inhumanity against man." Not satisfied with criticism, however, Wyschogrod offered a traditional explanation of the Jewish claim to uniqueness and chosenness formulated in positive terms. The fate of Israel is of central concern because Israel is the elect people of God through whom God's redemptive work is done in the world. However tragic human suffering is on the human plane, what happens to Israel is directly tied to its role as that nation to which God attaches His name and through which He will redeem man. He who strikes Israel, therefore, engages himself in battle with God and it is for this reason that the history of Israel is the fulcrum of human history. The suffering of others must, therefore, be seen in the light of Israel's suffering. The travail of man is not abandoned, precisely because Israel suffers and, thereby, God's presence is drawn into human history and redemption enters the horizon of human existence. Focusing not on Fackenheim's conception of Jewish identity but on Zionism, renowned scholar Daniel Shoag presents a critique of this view from within the Jewish community in The Harvard Israel Review: While Fackenheim's sentiments about the need for Jewish self-reliance in the form of a Jewish state are immensely popular, Fackenheim fails to locate a religious or divine source for his moral imperative. For Fackenheim, self-defense, and its manifestation in Zionism, are not religious values but rather things that precede religious value or stand outside of it. Thus Fackenheim locates the significance of the Jewish State in the Holocaust rather than in traditional Judaism... Perhaps the strongest rejection of Fackenheim's idea of the 614th commandment comes from Rabbi Harold M. Schulweiss: We abuse the Holocaust when it becomes a cudgel against others who have their claims of suffering. The Shoah must not be misused in the contest of one-downsmanship with other victims of brutality. ... The Shoah has become our instant raison d'etre, the short-cut answer to the penetrating questions of our children: 'Why should I not marry out of the faith? Why should I join a synagogue? Why should I support Israel? Why should I be Jewish?' We have relied on a singular imperative: 'Thou shalt not give Hitler a posthumous victory.' That answer will not work. To live in spite, to say 'no' to Hitler is a far cry from living 'yes' to Judaism. Rabbi Michael Goldberg has developed this sort of criticism in his book Why Should the Jews Survive?: Looking Past the Holocaust Toward a Jewish Future. Conclusion During Fackenheim's last interview in 2000 he confronted the question, "Do you think Israel can ever come to the point where it doesn't have to be in a state of resistance?" I think it will be a very long time. But I would say this. Will the time ever come when we can say Hitler's shadow is gone? I think, yes, it will come when Israel is accepted in peace with its neighbor states. But it doesn't look like it will happen soon. Bibliography Paths To Jewish Belief: A Systematic Introduction (1960) Metaphysics and Historicity (1961) The Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought (1967) Quest for Past and Future; Essays in Jewish Theology (1968) God's Presence in History: Jewish Affirmations and Philosophical Reflections (1970) The Human Condition After Auschwitz: a Jewish Testimony a Generation After (1971) Encounters Between Judaism and Modern Philosophy: a Preface to Future Jewish Thought (1973) From Bergen-Belsen to Jerusalem : contemporary implications of the holocaust (1975) The Jewish return into history: reflections in the age of Auschwitz and a New Jerusalem (1978) To Mend the World: Foundations of Future Jewish Thought (1982) The Jewish Thought of Emil Fackenheim: A Reader (1987) What is Judaism? An Interpretation for the Present Age (1988) The Jewish Bible After the Holocaust (1991) To Mend the World: Foundations of Post-Holocaust Jewish Thought (Second Edition, added preface, and lecture) (1994) Jewish Philosophers and Jewish Philosophy (1996) The God Within: Kant, Schelling and Historicity (1996) An Epitaph for German Judaism: From Halle to Jerusalem (Fackenheim's Autobiography) (2007, University of Wisconsin Press) Awards 1969: National Jewish Book Award in the Jewish Thought category for Quest for Past and Future See also Conversion to Judaism Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Who is a Jew? Notes References Ed. Gregory Baum, The Twentieth Century. A Theological Overview, (Orbis Books Maryknoll, New York - G.Chapman, London 1999). J. A. Doull (1968). Review of Emil L. Fackenheim "The Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought" Dialogue, 7, pp 483–491 Emil Fackenheim, To Mend the World: Foundations of Future Jewish Thought (New York: Schocken Books, 1994). Emil Fackenheim, The Jewish Return into History: Reflections in the Age of Auschwitz and a New Jerusalem (New York: Schocken Books, 1978). Eva Fleischer, ed., Auschwitz: Beginning of a New Era? (New York: KTAV Publishing, 1977). Ruth Lewin Sime, Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). Ephraim Chamiel, Between Religion and Reason - The Dialectic Position in Contemporary Jewish Thought, Academic Studies Press, Boston 2020, part I, pp. 108-118. External links Emil Ludwig Fackenheim archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services Jewish existentialists 1916 births 2003 deaths People from Halle (Saale) German Jewish theologians Jewish philosophers Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom Israeli philosophers Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Canada German emigrants to Israel Philosophers of Judaism Canadian Reform rabbis University of Toronto alumni University of Toronto faculty Historians of the Holocaust Canadian Zionists Holocaust theology Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors German male non-fiction writers 20th-century Canadian philosophers Prisoners and detainees of Canada Reform Zionists 20th-century German rabbis

<mask> (22 June 1916 – 18 September 2003) was a Jewish philosopher and Reform rabbi. Born in Halle, Germany, he was arrested by Nazis on the night of 9 November 1938, known as Kristallnacht. Briefly interned at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp (1938–1939), he escaped with his younger brother Wolfgang to Great Britain, where his parents later joined him. <mask>'s older brother Ernst-Alexander, who refused to leave Germany, was killed in the Holocaust. Held by the British as an enemy alien after the outbreak of World War II, <mask> was sent to Canada in 1940, where he was interned at a remote internment camp near Sherbrooke, Quebec. He was freed afterward and served as the Interim Rabbi at Temple Anshe Shalom in Hamilton, Ontario, from 1943 to 1948. After this he enrolled in the graduate philosophy department of the University of Toronto and received a PhD from the University of Toronto with a dissertation on medieval Arabic philosophy (1945) and became Professor of Philosophy (1948–1984).He was among the original Editorial Advisors of the scholarly journal Dionysius. In 1971, he received an honorary doctorate from Sir George Williams University, which later became Concordia University. <mask> researched the relationship of the Jews with God, believing that the Holocaust must be understood as an imperative requiring Jews to carry on Jewish existence and the survival of the State of Israel. He emigrated to Israel in 1984. "He was always saying that continuing Jewish life and denying Hitler a posthumous victory was the 614th law," referring to the 613 mitzvot given to the Jews in the Torah. Background <mask> created this concept of the "614th commandment" (or "614th mitzvah.") The "614th Commandment" can be interpreted as a moral imperative that Jews not use the facts of the Holocaust to give up on God, Judaism or—in the case of secular Jews as well—on the continuing survival of the Jewish people, thereby giving Hitler a "posthumous victory".The meaning of this imperative has been the subject of serious dialogue both within and beyond the Jewish community. Opposition to the goals of Hitler is a moral touchstone that has implications for several sensitive issues. A new moral imperative Traditional Jewish law contains 613 mitzvot (commandments) as compiled by Maimonides. These laws—365 of which are negative (e.g. "Thou shalt not...") and 248 of which are positive—cover all aspects of life. Fackenheim asserted that tradition could not anticipate the Holocaust, so one more law, a 614th Commandment, became necessary. "Thou shalt not hand Hitler posthumous victories.To despair of the God of Israel is to continue Hitler's work for him." This proposes that people of Jewish heritage have a moral obligation to observe their faith and thus frustrate Hitler's goal of eliminating Judaism from the earth. <mask> came to this conclusion slowly. A professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto and a Reform rabbi, he did not become a Zionist until 1967, when his reaction to the Holocaust and its implications for Jewish law crystallized: It was at a meeting, just before the Six-Day War. It was a meeting in New York, and I had to make a speech. Before that, the Holocaust had never been essential to my ideology. However, when the chairman said, 'You've got to face it,' I had to face it.I said the most important thing I ever said. Terminology In dialogue about this subject, choice of words is a sensitive matter. Within the Jewish community, many reject Fackenheim's assertion that this could be called a commandment. The Torah already forbids adding additional commandments. Wording that expresses this concept in the form of a commandment may also give offense. This becomes a contentious point because references to a "614th commandment" are not unique to Fackenheim. This concise term has other shortcomings besides the theological objection.To count this as an addition to Jewish law is an implicit statement that it applies only to Jews. Opposition to the goals of Hitler is a universal concept. Gentiles can respect it by studying the Holocaust and opposing antisemitism. In Christian contexts this ideal sometimes appears as the "11th commandment." Christians generally recognize 10 commandments of the Old Testament. This may give unintentional offense to Jews who recognize a different 11th commandment and may lead to confusion with other unrelated ideas that Christians have called an 11th commandment. Although there is no single formulation that expresses this concept in terms that avoid controversy, posthumous victories and Hitler appear in most descriptions.Implications Zionism Fackenheim applied this reasoning to the state of Israel and its Law of Return as a necessity to prevent a second Holocaust. Had a Jewish state existed in the 1930s, it could have accepted Jewish refugees and rescued large numbers of people. This opinion carries clout with most Jewish people although the specifics of how to apply it in contemporary politics is a subject of debate. Boris Shusteff invokes it in a conservative opposition to Israeli withdrawal from settlements. Despite the explicit connection to Zionism, few sources mention Hitler and posthumous victories in reference to Islam. Christian Palestinian Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh of the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law in Lausanne paraphrases it ironically in a defense of Palestinian interests. Where a form of it appears in the Asia Times as part of a quote from Robert Novak, the cultural resonance appears to go unnoticed.Holocaust remembrance The concept encounters broad acceptance in connection with Holocaust remembrance. In the late twentieth century, efforts to document the memories of remaining Holocaust survivors echoed the notion that preserving these facts for future generations was a way to keep Hitler and his ideas in the grave. A guide for British primary school teachers gives the concept in a guide for informing children about the Holocaust. Richard A. Cohen of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte cites it in an essay, "The Holocaust is a Christian Issue." Caution against antisemitism The phrase finds resonance within Christian communities as a rebuke against antisemitism. Methodist minister Rev. Robert A. Hill quotes Fackenheim in a sermon with this context: ...the fact is that Christianity has been pervasively guilty of latent and patent anti-Semitism and the Gospel of John has been one of its sources.We have and can learn from this failure, by carefully monitoring our use of religious language...and our Jewish brothers and sisters can teach us to continue, with Jacob, to wrestle with God. Conversion to other religions Within the broader context of religious tolerance, this concept applies to the sensitive subjects of conversion and intermarriage. Gregory Baum, a German-born Catholic theologian and Professor Emeritus in Religious Studies at McGill University in Montreal, expresses the effect of this concept on Christian views toward conversion. From the perspective of most Christian faiths, whose doctrines normally advocate conversion of nonbelievers, this represents a deep respect for Fackenheim's concept: After Auschwitz the Christian churches no longer wish to convert the Jews. While they may not be sure of the theological grounds that dispense them from this mission, the churches have become aware that asking the Jews to become Christians is a spiritual way of blotting them out of existence and thus only reinforces the effects of the Holocaust. Fackenheim's affirmation of his Jewish heritage, although embraced by many other Holocaust survivors, was by no means universal. Physicist Lise Meitner had been born and brought up Jewish.She rejected newspaper attempts to characterize her as a Jew following the bombing of Hiroshima when the press learned that she had been the first scientist to recognize nuclear fission. Decades before Hitler rose to power she had become a Lutheran. Although the Nazis stole her savings and ruined her career she refused to work on the bomb or let Hitler define her identity. Intermarriage Intermarriages between Jews and non-Jews are relatively common in the United States and Canada. Several circumstances complicate these unions from the perspective of the Jewish community. Different movements within Judaism recognize different standards for conversion to Judaism and transmission of their heritage. Social pressure generally falls upon men to marry Jewish women because all movements recognize a Jewish woman's offspring as Jews.(Note: Starting in the late 1960s and lasting until the 90s–00s, several movements in Judaism ceased recognizing Jewish women's offspring as Jews if the women intermarried. The Reconstructionist movement of the United States, followed by the Reform movement of the U.S. in 1983, declared that they would accept the children of either an intermarried Jewish father or an intermarried Jewish mother as Jews only if the children had been raised as Jews. If the children were not raised as Jews, and later wished to join the Reform or Reconstructionist movements in the U.S., they had to convert. The Society for Humanistic Judaism in the U.S. will accept the children based on their own self-identification. The Orthodox and Conservative movements in the U.S. still require the conversion of patrilineal [Jewish fathers] children, but accept the children of Jewish mothers, regardless of how they are raised. Jewish Renewal rabbis do not have denominational guidelines, and go on a case-by-case basis.) A puzzling twist to this controversy is the fact, apparently not well known, that Prof. <mask> himself was intermarried, and the Jewishness of one of his children was rejected by an Israeli Orthodox court, even though that son was converted via Orthodox ritual as a child, and is a citizen of Israel.(See, "Rabbinical Court casts doubt on conversion of son of famed Jewish theologian" in the Jerusalem Post, January 19, 2009). According to this news article, his wife converted to Judaism some time after the marriage. Jews using Fackenheim's admonition not to give posthumous victories to Hitler as a reason to dissuade people from intermarrying are apparently not aware that <mask> was himself intermarried. Criticism Rabbi Toba Spitzer finds this idea compelling yet incomplete. In a Passover essay for SocialAction.com she addresses it sympathetically before embracing the Passover tradition and its Seder ritual as a more meaningful story: ...of a people born in slavery, freed by their God, and taken on a transformational journey. It is the story of the steps taken towards becoming a community bound by a holy covenant, where social relationships are defined by the Godly principles of tzedek and chesed, justice and love. Rabbi Marc Gellman rejects it outright in a 2005 Newsweek column: I am Jewish because my mother is Jewish, and, more importantly, because I believe Judaism is loving, just, joyous, hopeful and true.I am not Jewish, and I did not teach my children or my students to be Jewish, just to spite Hitler. The same criticism was formulated by Jewish philosopher Michael Wyschogrod in his 1971 review of God's Presence in History. Wyschogrod questioned the value of a definition of Judaism that merely inverts antisemitism into a bigoted "semitism." The uniqueness of Auschwitz as a historical event, moreover, is a dubious distinction. "It is necessary to recognize that, from any universally humanistic framework, the destruction of European Jewry is one notable chapter in the long record of man's inhumanity against man." Not satisfied with criticism, however, Wyschogrod offered a traditional explanation of the Jewish claim to uniqueness and chosenness formulated in positive terms. The fate of Israel is of central concern because Israel is the elect people of God through whom God's redemptive work is done in the world.However tragic human suffering is on the human plane, what happens to Israel is directly tied to its role as that nation to which God attaches His name and through which He will redeem man. He who strikes Israel, therefore, engages himself in battle with God and it is for this reason that the history of Israel is the fulcrum of human history. The suffering of others must, therefore, be seen in the light of Israel's suffering. The travail of man is not abandoned, precisely because Israel suffers and, thereby, God's presence is drawn into human history and redemption enters the horizon of human existence. Focusing not on <mask>'s conception of Jewish identity but on Zionism, renowned scholar Daniel Shoag presents a critique of this view from within the Jewish community in The Harvard Israel Review: While Fackenheim's sentiments about the need for Jewish self-reliance in the form of a Jewish state are immensely popular, Fackenheim fails to locate a religious or divine source for his moral imperative. For Fackenheim, self-defense, and its manifestation in Zionism, are not religious values but rather things that precede religious value or stand outside of it. Thus Fackenheim locates the significance of the Jewish State in the Holocaust rather than in traditional Judaism... Perhaps the strongest rejection of <mask>'s idea of the 614th commandment comes from Rabbi Harold M. Schulweiss: We abuse the Holocaust when it becomes a cudgel against others who have their claims of suffering.The Shoah must not be misused in the contest of one-downsmanship with other victims of brutality. ... The Shoah has become our instant raison d'etre, the short-cut answer to the penetrating questions of our children: 'Why should I not marry out of the faith? Why should I join a synagogue? Why should I support Israel? Why should I be Jewish?' We have relied on a singular imperative: 'Thou shalt not give Hitler a posthumous victory.'That answer will not work. To live in spite, to say 'no' to Hitler is a far cry from living 'yes' to Judaism. Rabbi Michael Goldberg has developed this sort of criticism in his book Why Should the Jews Survive? : Looking Past the Holocaust Toward a Jewish Future. Conclusion During Fackenheim's last interview in 2000 he confronted the question, "Do you think Israel can ever come to the point where it doesn't have to be in a state of resistance?" I think it will be a very long time. But I would say this.Will the time ever come when we can say Hitler's shadow is gone? I think, yes, it will come when Israel is accepted in peace with its neighbor states. But it doesn't look like it will happen soon. Bibliography Paths To Jewish Belief: A Systematic Introduction (1960) Metaphysics and Historicity (1961) The Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought (1967) Quest for Past and Future; Essays in Jewish Theology (1968) God's Presence in History: Jewish Affirmations and Philosophical Reflections (1970) The Human Condition After Auschwitz: a Jewish Testimony a Generation After (1971) Encounters Between Judaism and Modern Philosophy: a Preface to Future Jewish Thought (1973) From Bergen-Belsen to Jerusalem : contemporary implications of the holocaust (1975) The Jewish return into history: reflections in the age of Auschwitz and a New Jerusalem (1978) To Mend the World: Foundations of Future Jewish Thought (1982) The Jewish Thought of <mask>: A Reader (1987) What is Judaism? An Interpretation for the Present Age (1988) The Jewish Bible After the Holocaust (1991) To Mend the World: Foundations of Post-Holocaust Jewish Thought (Second Edition, added preface, and lecture) (1994) Jewish Philosophers and Jewish Philosophy (1996) The God Within: Kant, Schelling and Historicity (1996) An Epitaph for German Judaism: From Halle to Jerusalem (Fackenheim's Autobiography) (2007, University of Wisconsin Press) Awards 1969: National Jewish Book Award in the Jewish Thought category for Quest for Past and Future See also Conversion to Judaism Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Who is a Jew? Notes References Ed. Gregory Baum, The Twentieth Century.A Theological Overview, (Orbis Books Maryknoll, New York - G.Chapman, London 1999). J. A. Doull (1968). Review of <mask><mask> "The Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought" Dialogue, 7, pp 483–491 <mask>, To Mend the World: Foundations of Future Jewish Thought (New York: Schocken Books, 1994). <mask>, The Jewish Return into History: Reflections in the Age of Auschwitz and a New Jerusalem (New York: Schocken Books, 1978). Eva Fleischer, ed., Auschwitz: Beginning of a New Era? (New York: KTAV Publishing, 1977).Ruth Lewin Sime, Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). Ephraim Chamiel, Between Religion and Reason - The Dialectic Position in Contemporary Jewish Thought, Academic Studies Press, Boston 2020, part I, pp. 108-118. External links <mask> Fackenheim archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services Jewish existentialists 1916 births 2003 deaths People from Halle (Saale) German Jewish theologians Jewish philosophers Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom Israeli philosophers Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Canada German emigrants to Israel Philosophers of Judaism Canadian Reform rabbis University of Toronto alumni University of Toronto faculty Historians of the Holocaust Canadian Zionists Holocaust theology Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors German male non-fiction writers 20th-century Canadian philosophers Prisoners and detainees of Canada Reform Zionists 20th-century German rabbis

<mask> was a Reform rabbi and a Jewish philosopher. He was arrested by the Nazis on the night of Kristallnacht. His parents joined him in Great Britain after he escaped from the concentration camp. His older brother, who refused to leave Germany, was killed in the Holocaust. After the outbreak of World War II, <mask> was sent to Canada, where he was held at a remote internment camp. He served as the Interim Rabbi at Temple Anshe Shalom in Hamilton, Ontario, from 1943 to 1948. He received a PhD from the University of Toronto with a thesis on medieval Arabic philosophy and became a professor of philosophy.He was one of the original Editorial Advisors of Dionysius. He received a doctorate from Sir George Williams University in 1971. The relationship of the Jews with God was researched by <mask>, who believed that the Holocaust must be understood as an imperative requiring Jews to carry on Jewish existence and the survival of the State of Israel. He moved to Israel in 1984. He said that continuing Jewish life and denying Hitler a posthumous victory was the 614th law. The concept of the "614th commandment" was created by Fackenheim. The "614th Commandment" can be seen as a moral imperative that Jews not use the facts of the Holocaust to give up on God, Judaism or secular Jews as well as giving Hitler a "posthumous victory."The meaning of this imperative has been the subject of serious dialogue both within and outside the Jewish community. Several sensitive issues are affected by the opposition to the goals of Hitler. There is a new moral imperative in Traditional Jewish law. The laws are all negative. "Thou shalt not..." is one of the positive words that cover all aspects of life. The 614th Commandment was necessary because Fackenheim said tradition couldn't anticipate the Holocaust. Don't give Hitler posthumous victories.To despair of the God of Israel is to continue Hitler's work. People of Jewish heritage have a moral obligation to observe their faith in order to frustrate Hitler's goal of eliminating Judaism from the earth. Slowly, <mask> came to this conclusion. A professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto and a Reform rabbi, he did not become a Zionist until 1967, just before the Six-Day War, when his reaction to the Holocaust and its implications for Jewish law became clear. I had to speak at a meeting in New York. The Holocaust was never an essential part of my ideology. I had to face it after the chairman said 'You've got to face it'.I said the most important thing. The choice of words is a sensitive matter. Many within the Jewish community do not agree with Fackenheim's assertion. Adding additional commandments is forbidden by the Torah. Wording in the form of a commandment can give offense. The "614th commandment" is not unique to Fackenheim. The theological objection is not the only shortcoming of this concise term.This is an addition to Jewish law that only applies to Jews. It is a universal concept to oppose the goals of Hitler. They can respect the Holocaust by studying it. This ideal is sometimes referred to as the "11th commandment" in Christian contexts. The Old Testament has 10 commandments. This may cause offense to Jews who recognize a different 11th commandment and may cause confusion with other ideas that Christians call an 11th commandment. Hitler and posthumous victories are included in most descriptions of this concept.Zionism Fackenheim applied this reasoning to the state of Israel in order to prevent a second Holocaust. Had a Jewish state existed in the 1930s, it could have taken in many Jewish refugees. The specifics of how to apply this opinion in contemporary politics is a subject of debate. Boris Shusteff is against Israeli withdrawal from settlements. Few sources mention Hitler and posthumous victories in reference to Islam, despite the explicit connection to Zionism. In a defense of Palestinian interests, the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law paraphrases it. There is a form of it that appears in the Asia Times as part of a quote from Robert Novak.The concept of Holocaust remembrance encounters broad acceptance. Efforts to document the memories of remaining Holocaust survivors mirrored the idea that preserving these facts for future generations was a way to keep Hitler's ideas in the grave. A guide for British primary school teachers has the concept in it. "The Holocaust is a Christian Issue" was written by Richard A. Cohen of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Caution against antisemitism has resonance within Christian communities. The minister is a Methodist. Robert A. Hill quotes <mask> in a sermon and says that Christianity has been guilty of anti-Semitic tendencies.We can learn from this failure by carefully monitoring our use of religious language and our Jewish brothers and sisters can teach us how to wrestle with God. The concept of conversion to other religions is related to religious tolerance. The effect of this concept on Christian views toward conversion is expressed by Gregory Baum, a German-born Catholic theologian. From the perspective of most Christian faiths, this represents a deep respect for Fackenheim's idea that after Auschwitz the Christian churches no longer wish to convert the Jews. The churches have become aware that asking the Jews to become Christians is a spiritual way of blotting them out of existence and thus only reinforces the effects of the Holocaust. Although embraced by many other Holocaust survivors, Fackenheim's affirmation of his Jewish heritage was not universal. Lise Meitner was born and brought up Jewish.When the press learned that she was the first scientist to recognize nuclear fission, she refused to be characterized as a Jew. She was a Lutheran before Hitler came to power. She refused to work on the bomb or let Hitler define her, even though the Nazis stole her savings and ruined her career. The United States and Canada have relatively few intermarriages between Jews and non-Jews. From the perspective of the Jewish community, several circumstances complicate these unions. Different movements within Judaism have different standards for conversion to Judaism. The social pressure on men to marry Jewish women is due to the fact that all movements recognize a Jewish woman's offspring as Jews.Several movements in Judaism stopped recognizing Jewish women's offspring as Jews if they intermarried after the late 1960s. In 1983, the Reconstructionist movement of the United States and the Reform movement of the U.S. declared that if the children had been raised as Jews, they would be accepted as Jews. Children who wanted to join the Reform or Reconstructionist movements in the U.S. had to convert if they were not raised as Jews. The children will be accepted by the Society for Humanistic Judaism. Orthodox and Conservative movements in the U.S. accept the children of Jewish mothers regardless of how they are raised, but still require the conversion of patrilineal [Jewish fathers] children. There are no denominational guidelines for Jewish Renewal rabbis, and they go on a case-by-case basis. Prof. <mask>'s son was rejected by an Israeli Orthodox court because he was converted via Orthodox ritual as a child, even though he was Jewish.The Jerusalem Post reported that the rabbinic court doubted the conversion of the son of a renowned Jewish theologian. His wife converted to Judaism after the marriage according to this news article. <mask>'s admonition not to give posthumous victories to Hitler is being used by Jews to discourage people from intermarrying. The idea is compelling but incomplete. She addresses it sympathetically before embracing the Passover tradition and its Seder ritual as a more meaningful story. It is the story of the steps taken towards becoming a community bound by a holy covenant, where social relationships are defined by the principles of tzedek and chesed, justice and love. Rabbi Gellman writes in a 2005 Newsweek column that he is Jewish because his mother is Jewish, and that he believes Judaism is loving, just, joyous, hopeful and true.I did not teach my children or students to be Jewish because I am not a Jew. The 1971 review of God's Presence in History was written by Michael Wyschogrod. Wyschogrod questioned the value of a definition of Judaism that does not include antisemitism. There is a dubious distinction to the fact that Auschwitz is a historical event. One notable chapter in the long record of man's inhumanity against man is the destruction of European Jewry. Wyschogrod offered a traditional explanation of the Jewish claim to uniqueness and chosenness. Israel is an important part of God's work in the world because it is the elect people of God.Israel is tied to its role as that nation to which God will redeem man in a way that is tragic on the human plane. The history of Israel is the center of human history because the man who strikes Israel engages himself in battle with God. In the light of Israel's suffering, the suffering of others must be seen. Because Israel suffers, God's presence is drawn into human history and redemption enters the horizon of human existence. In The Harvard Israel Review, renowned scholar Daniel Shoag presents a critique of this view from within the Jewish community, focusing not on <mask>'s conception of Jewish identity but on Zionism. Self-defense and Zionism are not religious values, but things that precede religious value or stand outside of it. The significance of the Jewish State in the Holocaust is not found by Fackenheim in traditional Judaism.The Shoah should not be used in a contest of one-downmanship with other victims of brutality. ... The Shoah is the answer to the penetrating questions of our children: "Why should I not marry out of the faith?" I don't understand why I should join a synagogue. I don't understand why I should support Israel. I don't understand why I should be Jewish. We relied on a singular imperative, "Thou shalt not give Hitler a posthumous victory."That answer won't work. To say 'no' to Hitler is not the same as saying 'yes' to Judaism. Rabbi Michael Goldberg wrote a book called Why Should the Jews Survive? Looking past the Holocaust to a Jewish future. In 2000, Fackenheim confronted the question, "Do you think Israel can ever come to the point where it doesn't have to be in a state of resistance?" I think it will take a long time. I would say this.When will the time come when Hitler's shadow is gone? It will come when Israel is accepted in peace with its neighbors. It doesn't look like it will happen soon. Paths to Jewish Belief: A Systematic introduction and Historicity, The Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought, and Essays in Jewish Theology are included. An Interpretation for the Present Age, The Jewish Bible After the Holocaust, To Mend the World, Jewish Philosophers and Jewish Philosophy, and The God Within are included. Ed is referred to in the notes. The Twentieth Century was written by Gregory Baum.Maryknoll, New York - G.Chapman, London 1999 is the author of A Theological Overview. J. A. Doull. There is a review of "The Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought" Dialogue by <mask><mask>. The Jewish Return into History: Reflections in the Age of Auschwitz and a New Jerusalem was written by Fackenheim. Eva Fleischer wrote about the beginning of a new era. New York: KTAV Publishing.Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics was written by Ruth Lewin Sime. Between Religion and Reason - The Dialectic Position in Contemporary Jewish Thought, Academic Studies Press, Boston 2020, part I, pp. 108-118. The University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services hold archival papers on Jewish philosophers from Nazi Germany to Canada.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori%20J.%20Martin

Gregori J. Martin

Gregori J. Martin (born Gregorio Barbieri Jr. on May 6, 1978) is a television producer, director, and the founder, CEO, and chairman of LANY Entertainment (formerly known as LANYfilms Productions) an independent bi-coastal entertainment company. Martin is best known for his digital drama series The Bay, for which he won the 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series and the 2016, 2017, and 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series. Martin is also known for the theatrically released independent vampire thriller Raven, a feature film produced by GruntWorks Entertainment where he originally served as a producer, director and as president for approximately four years. Martin is currently in development on a six-hour miniseries titled The Disciples that was sold to Sony Entertainment and serves as co-executive producer and head writer of the made-for-TV miniseries. Martin also serves as co-executive producer and director of the Daytime Emmy-nominated situation comedy This Just In for Associated Television International (ATI). Martin was awarded the 2011 Indie Series Award for Outstanding Directing for his work on The Bay and was again nominated in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Career Around 2000, Martin wrote and produced several experimental projects and TV pilots including Waterfront, directed by Richard J. Lewis. In the Spring of 2005 he made his directorial debut for the stage with Crucify!, a self-written original play following the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth. It was at that time he turned to directing films. In 2006, Martin directed, wrote and produced two feature motion pictures, His first film MARy, an indie horror film based on the urban legend Bloody Mary, shot on location in Los Angeles County. Relocating to the East Coast, he began production as a producer, director, and co-writer of Manhattanites, a feature dramedy starring several Emmy-nominated stars from the ABC and CBS daytime soap operas. In 2007, Martin moved back to Los Angeles, where he wrote, produced, and directed a passion project called Skeletons in the Desert, It was this project that brought Martin to collaborate with GruntWorks Entertainment where he helped manage and control all aspects of production for four years. With GruntWorks, Martin directed and co-produced the film Jack Rio, screened at the Terror Film Festival in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Additional Gruntworks collaborations include The Intruders and Sebastian. Martin completed his tenth feature film, The Southside, based on the true story and tragic death of his cousin, Robert Areizaga Jr. Currently in post-production, Martin's eleventh feature film, A Place Called Hollywood, is a satire that tells the cutting-edge story of a young man who pursues his dream in becoming a famous actor and gives a glimpse of the harsher side of Hollywood. In 2013, Martin served as a story consultant and behind the scenes producer for the TV Guide Network (TVGN) documentary Who Shot the Daytime Soap? Martin has also appeared as an actor, performing in various television and film roles including an appearance as a police officer on ABC's General Hospital, as a terrorist on PAX-TV in The Heroes of Flight 93, in the supporting role of "Jack" in the indie feature motion picture comedy Amber Sunrise, and multiple supporting and cameo roles in his films. Lights Out, a screenplay of Martin's, is in production by the independent film company Mystery Inc. Entertainment. Digital Drama Series Martin is the creator, writer, director and executive producer of the digital drama series The Bay, which premiered in September 2010. Recognized by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS), Martin has since won a 2016 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series for The Bay, a 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series, and the 2016, 2017, and 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series for the series. In 2018, Martin won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing in a Digital Drama Series for his work on The Bay, Martin was previously nominated in 2012 for Outstanding Special Class Short Format Daytime for The Bay. The Bay was featured in the September 20–26, 2010 issue of TV Guide as Top Shows Worth Watching in 2010–2011. In December 2010, Martin was named by We Love Soaps as one of the 15 Most Fascinating People of 2010 for the creation of the series. Personal life Martin resides in Hollywood, California. He is a native New Yorker and father of two children, Dante Aleksander (born 2001) and Isabella Rain (born 2008). Filmography Producer / Director / Screenwriter Manhattanites (2008) Jack Rio (2008) MARy (2008) Skeletons in the Desert (2008) The Intruders (2009) Raven (2009) Lights Out (2010) Sebastian (2011) The Southside (2015) Place Called Hollywood (2015) The Last Whistle (2018) FraXtur (2018) Class Act (2019) The Bay (98 episodes, 2010–2017) (TV) Film actor Better Living (1998) as Teen Neighbor The Hole (2000) as Green Big Apple (2002) as Gigilo G The Guru (2002) as Devout Follower Amber Sunrise (2006) as Jack Spiritual Warriors (2007) as Resident of Atlantis Manhattanites (2008) as Charlie Dean Jack Rio (2008) as Dante Abrams MARy (2008) as Priest Skeletons in the Desert (2008) as David Grey The Intruders (2009) as Bartender Raven (2009) as Dr. Ahn Lights Out (2010) as Soap Actor Sebastian (2011) as Officer Castillo The Southside (2015) as Detective Velez Television actor Get a Life (1 episode, 1997) The $treet (1 episode, 2000) as Carlos Law & Order (1 episode, 2001) as Det. Vic Perez Oz (1 episode, 2002) as Inmate Grey's Anatomy (1 episode, 2005) as Orderly The Heroes of Flight 93 (2006) as Ahmed Al Nami General Hospital (6 episodes, 2005–2006) as Police Officer The Bay (2 episodes, 2012–2014) (TV) as P.I. Clark References External links 1978 births Male actors from New York (state) American male film actors American male soap opera actors Living people People from Yonkers, New York Film producers from New York (state) American male screenwriters Film directors from New York (state) Screenwriters from New York (state) American writers of Italian descent American people of Puerto Rican descent American film directors of Italian descent

<mask><mask> (born <mask>. on May 6, 1978) is a television producer, director, and the founder, CEO, and chairman of LANY Entertainment (formerly known as LANYfilms Productions) an independent bi-coastal entertainment company. <mask> is best known for his digital drama series The Bay, for which he won the 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series and the 2016, 2017, and 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series. <mask> is also known for the theatrically released independent vampire thriller Raven, a feature film produced by GruntWorks Entertainment where he originally served as a producer, director and as president for approximately four years. <mask> is currently in development on a six-hour miniseries titled The Disciples that was sold to Sony Entertainment and serves as co-executive producer and head writer of the made-for-TV miniseries. <mask> also serves as co-executive producer and director of the Daytime Emmy-nominated situation comedy This Just In for Associated Television International (ATI). <mask> was awarded the 2011 Indie Series Award for Outstanding Directing for his work on The Bay and was again nominated in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Career Around 2000, <mask> wrote and produced several experimental projects and TV pilots including Waterfront, directed by Richard J. Lewis.In the Spring of 2005 he made his directorial debut for the stage with Crucify!, a self-written original play following the crucifixion and resurrection of <mask> of Nazareth. It was at that time he turned to directing films. In 2006, <mask> directed, wrote and produced two feature motion pictures, His first film MARy, an indie horror film based on the urban legend Bloody Mary, shot on location in Los Angeles County. Relocating to the East Coast, he began production as a producer, director, and co-writer of Manhattanites, a feature dramedy starring several Emmy-nominated stars from the ABC and CBS daytime soap operas. In 2007, <mask> moved back to Los Angeles, where he wrote, produced, and directed a passion project called Skeletons in the Desert, It was this project that brought <mask> to collaborate with GruntWorks Entertainment where he helped manage and control all aspects of production for four years. With GruntWorks, <mask> directed and co-produced the film <mask>, screened at the Terror Film Festival in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Additional Gruntworks collaborations include The Intruders and Sebastian.<mask> completed his tenth feature film, The Southside, based on the true story and tragic death of his cousin, Robert Areizaga <mask>. Currently in post-production, <mask>'s eleventh feature film, A Place Called Hollywood, is a satire that tells the cutting-edge story of a young man who pursues his dream in becoming a famous actor and gives a glimpse of the harsher side of Hollywood. In 2013, <mask> served as a story consultant and behind the scenes producer for the TV Guide Network (TVGN) documentary Who Shot the Daytime Soap? <mask> has also appeared as an actor, performing in various television and film roles including an appearance as a police officer on ABC's General Hospital, as a terrorist on PAX-TV in The Heroes of Flight 93, in the supporting role of "<mask>" in the indie feature motion picture comedy Amber Sunrise, and multiple supporting and cameo roles in his films. Lights Out, a screenplay of <mask>'s, is in production by the independent film company Mystery Inc. Entertainment. Digital Drama Series <mask> is the creator, writer, director and executive producer of the digital drama series The Bay, which premiered in September 2010. Recognized by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS), <mask> has since won a 2016 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series for The Bay, a 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series, and the 2016, 2017, and 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series for the series.In 2018, <mask> won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing in a Digital Drama Series for his work on The Bay, <mask> was previously nominated in 2012 for Outstanding Special Class Short Format Daytime for The Bay. The Bay was featured in the September 20–26, 2010 issue of TV Guide as Top Shows Worth Watching in 2010–2011. In December 2010, <mask> was named by We Love Soaps as one of the 15 Most Fascinating People of 2010 for the creation of the series. Personal life <mask> resides in Hollywood, California. He is a native New Yorker and father of two children, Dante Aleksander (born 2001) and Isabella Rain (born 2008). Filmography Producer / Director / Screenwriter Manhattanites (2008) <mask> (2008) MARy (2008) Skeletons in the Desert (2008) The Intruders (2009) Raven (2009) Lights Out (2010) Sebastian (2011) The Southside (2015) Place Called Hollywood (2015) The Last Whistle (2018) FraXtur (2018) Class Act (2019) The Bay (98 episodes, 2010–2017) (TV) Film actor Better Living (1998) as Teen Neighbor The Hole (2000) as Green Big Apple (2002) as Gigilo G The Guru (2002) as Devout Follower Amber Sunrise (2006) as <mask> Spiritual Warriors (2007) as Resident of Atlantis Manhattanites (2008) as Charlie Dean <mask> (2008) as Dante Abrams MARy (2008) as Priest Skeletons in the Desert (2008) as David Grey The Intruders (2009) as Bartender Raven (2009) as Dr. Ahn Lights Out (2010) as Soap Actor Sebastian (2011) as Officer Castillo The Southside (2015) as Detective Velez Television actor Get a Life (1 episode, 1997) The $treet (1 episode, 2000) as Carlos Law & Order (1 episode, 2001) as Det. Vic Perez Oz (1 episode, 2002) as Inmate Grey's Anatomy (1 episode, 2005) as Orderly The Heroes of Flight 93 (2006) as Ahmed Al Nami General Hospital (6 episodes, 2005–2006) as Police Officer The Bay (2 episodes, 2012–2014) (TV) as P.I.Clark References External links 1978 births Male actors from New York (state) American male film actors American male soap opera actors Living people People from Yonkers, New York Film producers from New York (state) American male screenwriters Film directors from New York (state) Screenwriters from New York (state) American writers of Italian descent American people of Puerto Rican descent American film directors of Italian descent

<mask><mask> was born on May 6, 1978 and is a television producer, director, and the founder, CEO, and chairman of LANY Entertainment. The Bay, <mask>'s digital drama series, won four awards, two of which were for Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series. <mask> worked as a producer, director, and president for four years on the feature film Raven, which was released as a theatrically released independent vampire thriller. <mask> is a co-executive producer and head writer on the made-for-TV miniseries The Disciples, which was sold to Sony Entertainment. <mask> is the co-executive producer and director of This Just In for Associated Television International. <mask> received an award for Outstanding Directing for his work on The Bay in 2011. Waterfront was directed by Richard J. Lewis and was one of several experimental projects written and produced by <mask>.He made his directorial debut in the spring of 2005 with a play about the crucifixion and resurrection of <mask>. He became a director at that time. In 2006 <mask> directed, wrote and produced two feature motion pictures, the first of which was a horror film called MARy, which was shot in Los Angeles County. After moving to the East Coast, he began production as a producer, director, and co-writer of Manhattanites, a feature dramedy starring several Emmy-nominated stars from the ABC and CBS daytime soap operas. In 2007, <mask> moved back to Los Angeles, where he wrote, produced, and directed a passion project called Skeletons in the Desert, which brought him to collaborate with GruntWorks Entertainment where he helped manage and control all aspects of production for four years. <mask>, directed and co-produced by <mask>, was screened at the Terror Film Festival in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Intruders and Sebastian are Gruntworks collaborations.<mask>'s tenth feature film was based on the true story and tragic death of his cousin, Robert Areizaga <mask>. <mask>'s eleventh feature film, A Place Called Hollywood, is a satire that tells the cutting-edge story of a young man who pursues his dream in becoming a famous actor and gives a glimpse of the harsher side of Hollywood. <mask> was a story consultant and behind the scenes producer for the TV Guide Network documentary Who Shot the Daytime Soap? <mask> has appeared as a police officer on ABC's General Hospital, as a terrorist in The Heroes of Flight 93, and as a supporting role in the film amber. The film company Mystery Inc. Entertainment is making a film called Lights Out. <mask> is the creator, writer, director and executive producer of the digital drama series The Bay. <mask> has been recognized by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences with a number of awards.<mask> won an award for Outstanding Directing in a Digital Drama Series for his work on The Bay, he was previously nominated in 2012 for Outstanding Special Class Short Format for The Bay. TV Guide named The Bay as one of the Top Shows Worth Watching in 2010 and 2011. We Love Soaps named <mask> one of the 15 Most Fascinating People of 2010 for the creation of the series. <mask> lives in Hollywood, California. He is a native New Yorker and the father of two children. <mask> is a filmography producer and director. As Orderly The Heroes of Flight 93, he played the role of P.I, while as Police Officer The Bay he played the role of P.I.There are external links to 1978 births of male actors from New York.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geof%20Darrow

Geof Darrow

Geofrey "Geof" Darrow (born October 21, 1955) is an American comic book artist, best known for his work on comic series Shaolin Cowboy, Hard Boiled and The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot, which was adapted into an animated television series of the same name, as well as his contributions to The Matrix series of films. Darrow's approach to comics and art has been cited as an influence by a multitude of artists including Peter Chung, Frank Quitely, Seth Fisher, Eric Powell, Frank Cho, Juan José Ryp, James Stokoe, Chris Burnham, Aaron Kuder, Nick Pitarra, and others. Early life Geofrey Darrow was born on October 21, 1955, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He attended a Catholic school for thirteen years. Darrow read comics, mostly DC, from an early age, but he only decided to pursue a career in illustration after first seeing Jack Kirby's work in Fantastic Four Annual #3. As a teenager, he encountered Maurice Horn's The World Encyclopedia of Comics, which contained excerpts from Lieutenant Blueberry illustrated by Jean Giraud, whose art further affected his outlook on comics. Darrow sought out all available Blueberry volumes, gradually moving to other European works, such as Jean-Claude Mézières' Valérian and Greg and Hermann's Bernard Prince. Career After graduating from Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, Darrow worked as a freelance illustrator for various advertising agencies. In the late 1970s, he moved to Los Angeles and joined Hanna-Barbera, where he worked as a character designer on a number of cartoon series, most notably Super Friends in its various incarnations. During his time in animation, Darrow became acquainted with such comic and animation industry figures as Jack Kirby, Alex Toth, Tex Avery and Dave Stevens. In 1982, Darrow met French comic book creator and his artistic idol Mœbius, who was staying in Los Angeles while working on Tron for Disney. Upon learning that Darrow is an artist interested in creating comics, Mœbius arranged a meeting for him with Les Humanoïdes Associés, the publisher of French science fiction anthology Métal Hurlant, and offered to collaborate on some sort of project. Eventually, Darrow moved to France to be able to work with Giraud more closely as the two were planning to produce a comic strip written by Mœbius and drawn by Darrow, but Giraud had left France for Tahiti two weeks after Darrow's arrival. Despite that, they were able to produce an art portfolio titled La Cité Feu, penciled by Darrow, inked and colored by Mœbius, published in 1984 by Éditions Ædena. The meeting with Les Humanoïdes Associés resulted in Darrow's first published comics work which was also the debut of his character Bourbon Thret. The following year, the story was reprinted in Geof Darrow Comics and Stories along with a new one, also starring Bourbon Thret, and several pin-ups colored by Mœbius, Tanino Liberatore and François Boucq. The volume was also released as a limited edition accompanied by Darrow Magazine, which mostly consisted of illustrated private jokes from various French comic artists. Mistaking the Magazine for an actual periodical publication, a number of artists contacted Darrow and sent him their portfolios in hopes of doing artwork for the magazine. During one of their stays in Los Angeles, Mœbius introduced Darrow to Frank Miller, which led to a friendship and a number of comics collaborations. Darrow, Miller and Steve Gerber started developing a Superman series as part of the Metropolis proposal, then after the idea fell through, Miller offered Darrow to work on a Daredevil story he was writing that would delve into the character's origin. Eventually, Miller realized he didn't want to be the person to bring Darrow into the world of Big Two work-for-hire, and the two focused on developing their own story. As Darrow has never worked with a writer before, he often strayed from the script, prompting Miller to make a number of significant changes to the story.<ref name="vice">{{cite web|url=http://thecreatorsproject.vice.com/blog/comics-legend-geof-darrow-talks-ibig-guyis-20th-anniversary |last=Furino |first=Giaco |title=Comics Legend Geof Darrow Talks Big Guys 20th Anniversary |publisher=Vice |date=November 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911230812/http://thecreatorsproject.vice.com/blog/comics-legend-geof-darrow-talks-ibig-guyis-20th-anniversary |archive-date=September 11, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Between 1990 and 1992, Dark Horse published the three-issue mini-series titled Hard Boiled, which earned Miller and Darrow the 1991 Eisner Award in the "Best Writer/Artist Team" category. After Hard Boiled, Darrow wanted to do a superhero story, specifically, an Iron Man story, although Marvel wasn't interested. Miller and Darrow started developing the concept into their next project, The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot. This time, they worked in the so-called "Marvel style": Miller wrote a few paragraphs describing the general plot, from which Darrow drew the eighty-page story, which Miller then wrote the dialogue over. Between 1993 and the series' first issue, released in 1995, the characters of Big Guy and Rusty appeared in a number of Darrow-illustrated posters and pin-ups, occasionally crossing over with other creator-owned characters such as Spawn and Ash. In 1994, Dark Horse started a new imprint titled Legend, spear-headed by Frank Miller and John Byrne and encompassing works by various creators including Art Adams, Mike Mignola and Darrow. The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot was published in two issues in 1995 and 1996 under the Legend imprint. Between the release of the first and the second issues, the characters also appeared in two issues of Mike Allred's Madman, which was also published under the Legend imprint at the time. The comic book was later adapted into a 26-episode animated series of the same name, produced by Columbia TriStar Television and Dark Horse Entertainment, airing for two seasons from 1999 to 2001. After finishing Big Guy and Rusty, Darrow decided to return to his Bourbon Thret character but felt he needed to "adapt" him for the American audience. Meanwhile, relative unknowns the Wachowskis (having only directed the 1996 film Bound, as a low budget "audition piece"), impressed by Darrow's art for Hard Boiled, wanted to work with him on their production for The Matrix. Warner Bros. contacted Darrow, and after reading the script he agreed to work on the film. Wachowskis also brought comic book artist Steve Skroce from their short stint on Epic Comics' Ectokid, and the two proceeded to work on the concepts and storyboards which, when finished, played a pivotal role in getting the movie greenlit and financed. The Wachowskis later brought in Darrow as the conceptual designer on Speed Racer, although his contributions were significantly smaller compared to The Matrix trilogy. In 1999, shortly after the release of the first Matrix film, the Wachowskis announced they'll be working on an animated adaptation of Hard Boiled but the project was cancelled due to Miller not wanting to see his creation as an animated film. In 2019, Warner Bros. announced that Darrow and Skorce will be returning as storyboard artists and concept designers for the production of the fourth installment of The Matrix. After finishing work on The Matrix trilogy, the Wachowskis set up a publishing house, Burlyman Entertainment, for which Darrow provided the logo illustration. Burlyman's output consisted of two paperbacks of The Matrix Comics collecting the short comic stories from The Matrix website, as well as seven issues of Darrow's Shaolin Cowboy, published between 2005 and 2007, and six issues of Doc Frankenstein, a Wachowskis-written and Skroce-drawn series originating from a concept developed by Darrow, which he described as "Doc Savage meets Citizen Kane". In 2009, it was announced that the Wachowskis and Circle of Confusion were producing an animated feature of Shaolin Cowboy, subtitled Tomb of Doom, written and co-directed by Darrow, and animated by Madhouse. Darrow spent a year living in Japan and working on the production which was halted after the American financiers, The Weinstein Company, backed out. Around half of the footage was finished, and some of the completed scenes and pencil tests were shown at San Diego Comic Con in 2012 and Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo in 2015. The film was supposed to feature a sequence animated by Masaaki Yuasa. In 2012, Shaolin Cowboy resumed publication at Dark Horse with a 96-page book stylized as a pulp magazine containing a Shaolin Cowboy prose story written by Andrew Vachss (with whom Darrow has had a working relationship dating back to the early 90s) with spot illustrations by Darrow, a prose story by Michael A. Black with spot illustrations by Gary Gianni and one-page strips written and drawn by Darrow. The book was followed by The Shaolin Cowboy, a four-issue mini-series subtitled Shemp Buffet for the collected edition, and The Shaolin Cowboy: Who Will Stop the Reign?, another four-issue mini-series, which incorporated some the visual ideas from the unfinished animated feature. In 2015, DC Comics announced Darrow as the artist for the supplemental mini-comic to the third issue of Frank Miller and Brian Azzarello's The Dark Knight III: The Master Race, as well as the variant covers for issues 3 and 4, though none of his contributions were ultimately realized. Meanwhile, Dark Horse issued a press release announcing the first English-language collection of the Bourbon Thret strips, to be partially re-colored by Dave Stewart. Since then, Dark Horse has re-released Hard Boiled and The Big Guy and Risty the Boy Robot with new coloring by Stewart as well as the entirety of Shaolin Cowboy in a uniform format. As of 2019, the Bourbon Thret collection still hasn't been released. Over the course of his career, Darrow has contributed storyboards and conceptual designs for a number film productions, many of which ended up cancelled, including J. J. Abrams' Superman: Flyby, an animated feature by Ridley Scott, one of Hollywood's attempts at adapting Akira and Alex Proyas' adaptation of Paradise Lost. Outside of comics and film, Darrow has contributed artwork to a number of trading card series, including Magic: The Gathering, Star Wars Galaxy, Witchblade, The Shadow and Madman, as well as promotional posters,Acclaimed Artists Create a Quartet of Original Rise of the Tomb Raider Posters CD covers and role-playing games. Darrow also serves on the national advisory board of PROTECT: The National Association to Protect Children. Awards 1991: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsNomineeBest Artist (for Hard Boiled - Dark Horse) 1991: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsWinnerBest Writer/Artist or Writer/Artist Team (with Frank Miller, for Hard Boiled - Dark Horse) 1996: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsWinnerBest Penciller/Inker (for The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot - Dark Horse/Legend) 2005: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsNomineeBest Best Penciller/Inker or Penciller/Inker Team (for Shaolin Cowboy - Burlyman Entertainment) 2005: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsNomineeBest New Series (for Shaolin Cowboy - Burlyman Entertainment) 2006: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsWinner'''Best Writer/Artist (for Shaolin Cowboy - Burlyman Entertainment) 2012: PROTECT Messenger Award 2012: Inkpot Award Influences Darrow has stated in interviews that he considers Jack Kirby, Hergé, Mœbius (to whom he dedicated The Shaolin Cowboy: Who Will Stop the Reign?), Jean-Claude Mézières, Hermann, François Boucq, Osamu Tezuka, Katsuhiro Otomo, Sanpei Shirato, Vaughn Bode, Jack Davis, Richard Corben, as well as the films of Anthony Mann as his artistic influences. Shaolin Cowboy in particular was inspired by the television series Kung Fu, Akira Kurosawa’s Yojimbo and Shintaro Katsu's portrayal of Zatoichi. Filmography Film Television Darrow contributed character designs to a number of Hanna-Barbera cartoon shows: Super Friends (1981–1983) Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show (1984) The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985) Richie Rich (1982) Pac-Man (1983) The Biskitts (1983) Pink Panther and Sons (1984) He's also credited as "model designer" for CBS' Garbage Pail Kids (1987) and "monster designer" for the adaptation of The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot (1999–2001). Bibliography Early work La Cité Feu (eight-plate full-color portfolio created in collaboration with Mœbius, Ædena, 1984) Métal Hurlant #101: "Bourbon Thret: Terreur Paroissiale" (w/a, anthology, Les Humanoïdes Associés, 1984) A colorized version of the story with rearranged layouts was reprinted in English as "Bourbon Thret: Parochial Terror" in Heavy Metal vol. 8 #12 (1985) A recolored version of the story with the Heavy Metal layouts was reprinted in French as "La Paroisse Infernale" in Geof Darrow Comics and Stories (1986) L'Univers de Gir: "Hommage à Gir" (black-and-white illustration for an interview with Mœbius conducted by Darrow, 94 pages, Dargaud, 1986, ) La bande à Renaud: "Au pays des Gavroches" (two-page full-color illustration, anthology graphic novel, 44 pages, Dargaud, 1986, ) Airboy vol. 2 #12: "I Don't Need My Grave, Part Two" (inks on Bill Jaaska, written by Chuck Dixon, co-feature, Eclipse, 1986) East Meets West (ten-plate full-color portfolio story about the adventures of Bourbon Thret and Clint Eastwood, Ædena, 1986) Geof Darrow Comics and Stories (w/a, full-color, 55 pages, Ædena, 1986, ) Contains a new Bourbon Thret story, "Les Requins aussi aiment le Cola-Cola", and several pin-ups. Reprinted by Dargaud under the Neopolis imprint as Bourbon Thret (45 pages, 1995, ) Les Magiciens d'eau: "Sead" (w/a, anthology graphic novel, 44 pages, Bandes Originales, 1987, ) A black-and-white version of the story with rearranged layouts was reprinted in Dark Horse Presents #19 (Dark Horse, 1988) Original version of the story was reprinted in black and white in Crisis Presents #3: Second Xpresso Special (Fleetway, 1991) Strip AIDS U.S.A.: "Untitled" (w/a, one-page story, anthology graphic novel, 140 pages, Last Gasp, 1988, ) Pilote et Charlie #27: "Un Américain à Paris" (two-page full-color illustration for an article, anthology, Dargaud, 1988) The Rocketeer Adventure Magazine #2–3 (uncredited art assist to Dave Stevens, Comico, 1988; Dark Horse, 1995) Dark Horse Comics Cheval Noir (black-and-white anthology, 1989–1991): Title page illustrations in #1–2, 4, 6, 9–10, 12 and 14. Back cover illustrations in #1–6, 8–9, 11, 13–15, 17 and 18. Table of Contents illustrations in #1–2, 4–5, 7–8, 11, 13, 16–17 and 19. Humorous one-page stories about Darrow's career (written and illustrated by Darrow) in #3 and 4. The Godzilla Portfolio #2 (one black-and-white plate reproducing a pin-up from Geof Darrow Comics and Stories, 1989) Hard Boiled #1–3 (a, with Frank Miller, 1990–1992) collected as Hard Boiled (tpb, 128 pages, 1993, , hc, 144 pages, 1993, ) An unlettered and uncolored version of the story was released in an oversized edition titled Big Damn Hard Boiled (tpb, 128 pages, 1998, ) A recolored version of the story was released as part of a series of Darrow reprints (hc, 136 pages, 2017, ) Another Chance to Get It Right (black-and-white illustrations for the novella written by Andrew Vachss, among other artists): 18-page sequence in the first edition of the book (sc, 64 pages, 1992, , hc, 1993, ) Additional 4 full-page illustrations for the third edition (sc, 88 pages, 2003, ) Hard Looks (black-and-white illustrations for prose stories written by Andrew Vachss): "Head Case" (in #8 of the anthology series, 1993) "Half Breed: Death Trap" (in the third edition of the tpb, 208 pages, 2002, ) Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot #1–2 (a, with Frank Miller, Legend, 1995–1996) collected as Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot (tpb, 80 pages, 1996, ) An unlettered and uncolored version of the story was released in an oversized edition titled King-Size Big Guy and Rusty (tpb, 72 pages, 1997, ) A recolored version of the story was released as part of a series of Darrow reprints (hc, 104 pages, 2015, ) Art Adams' Creature Features (foreword for the collection, 108 pages, 1996, ) Aliens: Havoc #1 (one page, inks on Gary Gianni, written by Mark Schultz, 1997) Dark Horse Presents (anthology, 2011–2017): Black-and-white back cover and spot illustrations (in vol. 2 #1–15, 17–36 and vol. 3 #1–33) Black-and-white and full-color illustrations for Andrew Vachss-penned prose stories (in vol. 2 #10–11 and 13) "A Conversation with Geof Darrow" (interview conducted by Mike Richardson; in vol. 2 #22 and on Dark Horse's blog) "Terror Comes Forth on the Fourth!!!!!!" (w/a, Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot short story + a pin-up gallery, in vol. 3 #1) Shaolin Cowboy (w/a): The Adventure Magazine (with Andrew Vachss, Michael A. Black and Gary Gianni, 96 pages, 2012, ) The Shaolin Cowboy #1–4 (2013–2014) collected as Shaolin Cowboy: Shemp Buffet (hc, 136 pages, 2015, ) Who'll Stop the Reign? #1–4 (2017) collected as Shaolin Cowboy: Who'll Stop the Reign? (hc, 128 pages, 2017, ) Usagi Yojimbo Volume 27: A Town Called Hell (foreword for the collection, hc, 208 pages, 2013, ; tpb, ) Lead Poisoning: The Pencil Art of Geof Darrow (artbook with commentary from various comic industry creators, 128 pages, 2017, ) Other publishers XXXenophile #9: "Tales of the Velvet Fist: Occupational Hazard" (inks on Phil Foglio, anthology, Palliard Press, 1994) Shi: Senryaku #1 (of 3) (two-page illustration for a prose story written by Gary Cohn, among other artists, Crusade, 1995) A Fall of Stardust: Portfolio (one full-color plate, Green Man Press, 1999) Bits and Pieces of Information (a, with the Wachowskis, webcomic, Warner Bros., 1999) collected in The Matrix Comics Volume 1 (tpb, 160 pages, 2003, ) The Art of the Matrix (includes conceptual designs and storyboards created by Darrow for the film accompanied by his commentary, 488 pages, Gardners, 2000, ) Shaolin Cowboy #1–7 (w/a, Burlyman Entertainment, 2004–2007) collected as Shaolin Cowboy (tpb, 208 pages, 2014, ; hc, Dark Horse, 2018, ) TOME Volume 1: "Ben Templesmith in Conversation with Geof Darrow" (anthology graphic novel, 200 pages, IDW Publishing, 2013, ) DMFAO + DMFAO Too + DMFAO Tree + DMFAO For (series of self-published sketchbooks sold at the San Diego Comic-Con, 2013–2016) Frank Cho's Women: Selected Drawings and Illustrations Volume 2 (foreword for the artbook, hc, 80 pages, Image, 2013, ; sc, ) Where We Live'': "Ordinary Devotion" (illustration for a prose story written by Jennifer Battisti, anthology graphic novel, 336 pages, Image, 2018, ) Cover illustrations Other work Interviews References External links 1955 births American comics artists American graphic designers Artists from Cedar Rapids, Iowa Eisner Award winners for Best Penciller/Inker or Penciller/Inker Team Eisner Award winners for Best Writer/Artist Game artists Living people Inkpot Award winners

<mask> "<mask><mask> (born October 21, 1955) is an American comic book artist, best known for his work on comic series Shaolin Cowboy, Hard Boiled and The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot, which was adapted into an animated television series of the same name, as well as his contributions to The Matrix series of films. <mask>'s approach to comics and art has been cited as an influence by a multitude of artists including Peter Chung, Frank Quitely, Seth Fisher, Eric Powell, Frank Cho, Juan José Ryp, James Stokoe, Chris Burnham, Aaron Kuder, Nick Pitarra, and others. Early life <mask> was born on October 21, 1955, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He attended a Catholic school for thirteen years. <mask> read comics, mostly DC, from an early age, but he only decided to pursue a career in illustration after first seeing Jack Kirby's work in Fantastic Four Annual #3. As a teenager, he encountered Maurice Horn's The World Encyclopedia of Comics, which contained excerpts from Lieutenant Blueberry illustrated by Jean Giraud, whose art further affected his outlook on comics. <mask> sought out all available Blueberry volumes, gradually moving to other European works, such as Jean-Claude Mézières' Valérian and Greg and Hermann's Bernard Prince.Career After graduating from Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, <mask> worked as a freelance illustrator for various advertising agencies. In the late 1970s, he moved to Los Angeles and joined Hanna-Barbera, where he worked as a character designer on a number of cartoon series, most notably Super Friends in its various incarnations. During his time in animation, <mask> became acquainted with such comic and animation industry figures as Jack Kirby, Alex Toth, Tex Avery and Dave Stevens. In 1982, <mask> met French comic book creator and his artistic idol Mœbius, who was staying in Los Angeles while working on Tron for Disney. Upon learning that <mask> is an artist interested in creating comics, Mœbius arranged a meeting for him with Les Humanoïdes Associés, the publisher of French science fiction anthology Métal Hurlant, and offered to collaborate on some sort of project. Eventually, <mask> moved to France to be able to work with Giraud more closely as the two were planning to produce a comic strip written by Mœbius and drawn by <mask>, but Giraud had left France for Tahiti two weeks after <mask>'s arrival. Despite that, they were able to produce an art portfolio titled La Cité Feu, penciled by <mask>, inked and colored by Mœbius, published in 1984 by Éditions Ædena.The meeting with Les Humanoïdes Associés resulted in <mask>'s first published comics work which was also the debut of his character Bourbon Thret. The following year, the story was reprinted in Geof Darrow Comics and Stories along with a new one, also starring Bourbon Thret, and several pin-ups colored by Mœbius, Tanino Liberatore and François Boucq. The volume was also released as a limited edition accompanied by Darrow Magazine, which mostly consisted of illustrated private jokes from various French comic artists. Mistaking the Magazine for an actual periodical publication, a number of artists contacted <mask> and sent him their portfolios in hopes of doing artwork for the magazine. During one of their stays in Los Angeles, Mœbius introduced <mask> to Frank Miller, which led to a friendship and a number of comics collaborations. <mask>, Miller and Steve Gerber started developing a Superman series as part of the Metropolis proposal, then after the idea fell through, Miller offered <mask> to work on a Daredevil story he was writing that would delve into the character's origin. Eventually, Miller realized he didn't want to be the person to bring <mask> into the world of Big Two work-for-hire, and the two focused on developing their own story.As <mask> has never worked with a writer before, he often strayed from the script, prompting Miller to make a number of significant changes to the story.<ref name="vice">{{cite web|url=http://thecreatorsproject.vice.com/blog/comics-legend-geof-darrow-talks-ibig-guyis-20th-anniversary |last=Furino |first=Giaco |title=Comics Legend Geof <mask> Talks Big Guys 20th Anniversary |publisher=Vice |date=November 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911230812/http://thecreatorsproject.vice.com/blog/comics-legend-geof-darrow-talks-ibig-guyis-20th-anniversary |archive-date=September 11, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Between 1990 and 1992, Dark Horse published the three-issue mini-series titled Hard Boiled, which earned Miller and <mask> the 1991 Eisner Award in the "Best Writer/Artist Team" category. After Hard Boiled, Darrow wanted to do a superhero story, specifically, an Iron Man story, although Marvel wasn't interested. Miller and <mask> started developing the concept into their next project, The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot. This time, they worked in the so-called "Marvel style": Miller wrote a few paragraphs describing the general plot, from which <mask> drew the eighty-page story, which Miller then wrote the dialogue over. Between 1993 and the series' first issue, released in 1995, the characters of Big Guy and Rusty appeared in a number of Darrow-illustrated posters and pin-ups, occasionally crossing over with other creator-owned characters such as Spawn and Ash. In 1994, Dark Horse started a new imprint titled Legend, spear-headed by Frank Miller and John Byrne and encompassing works by various creators including Art Adams, Mike Mignola and Darrow. The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot was published in two issues in 1995 and 1996 under the Legend imprint.Between the release of the first and the second issues, the characters also appeared in two issues of Mike Allred's Madman, which was also published under the Legend imprint at the time. The comic book was later adapted into a 26-episode animated series of the same name, produced by Columbia TriStar Television and Dark Horse Entertainment, airing for two seasons from 1999 to 2001. After finishing Big Guy and Rusty, <mask> decided to return to his Bourbon Thret character but felt he needed to "adapt" him for the American audience. Meanwhile, relative unknowns the Wachowskis (having only directed the 1996 film Bound, as a low budget "audition piece"), impressed by <mask>'s art for Hard Boiled, wanted to work with him on their production for The Matrix. Warner Bros. contacted <mask>, and after reading the script he agreed to work on the film. Wachowskis also brought comic book artist Steve Skroce from their short stint on Epic Comics' Ectokid, and the two proceeded to work on the concepts and storyboards which, when finished, played a pivotal role in getting the movie greenlit and financed. The Wachowskis later brought in <mask> as the conceptual designer on Speed Racer, although his contributions were significantly smaller compared to The Matrix trilogy.In 1999, shortly after the release of the first Matrix film, the Wachowskis announced they'll be working on an animated adaptation of Hard Boiled but the project was cancelled due to Miller not wanting to see his creation as an animated film. In 2019, Warner Bros. announced that <mask> and Skorce will be returning as storyboard artists and concept designers for the production of the fourth installment of The Matrix. After finishing work on The Matrix trilogy, the Wachowskis set up a publishing house, Burlyman Entertainment, for which <mask> provided the logo illustration. Burlyman's output consisted of two paperbacks of The Matrix Comics collecting the short comic stories from The Matrix website, as well as seven issues of <mask>'s Shaolin Cowboy, published between 2005 and 2007, and six issues of Doc Frankenstein, a Wachowskis-written and Skroce-drawn series originating from a concept developed by <mask>, which he described as "Doc Savage meets Citizen Kane". In 2009, it was announced that the Wachowskis and Circle of Confusion were producing an animated feature of Shaolin Cowboy, subtitled Tomb of Doom, written and co-directed by <mask>, and animated by Madhouse. <mask> spent a year living in Japan and working on the production which was halted after the American financiers, The Weinstein Company, backed out. Around half of the footage was finished, and some of the completed scenes and pencil tests were shown at San Diego Comic Con in 2012 and Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo in 2015.The film was supposed to feature a sequence animated by Masaaki Yuasa. In 2012, Shaolin Cowboy resumed publication at Dark Horse with a 96-page book stylized as a pulp magazine containing a Shaolin Cowboy prose story written by Andrew Vachss (with whom <mask> has had a working relationship dating back to the early 90s) with spot illustrations by <mask>, a prose story by Michael A. Black with spot illustrations by Gary Gianni and one-page strips written and drawn by <mask>. The book was followed by The Shaolin Cowboy, a four-issue mini-series subtitled Shemp Buffet for the collected edition, and The Shaolin Cowboy: Who Will Stop the Reign?, another four-issue mini-series, which incorporated some the visual ideas from the unfinished animated feature. In 2015, DC Comics announced <mask> as the artist for the supplemental mini-comic to the third issue of Frank Miller and Brian Azzarello's The Dark Knight III: The Master Race, as well as the variant covers for issues 3 and 4, though none of his contributions were ultimately realized. Meanwhile, Dark Horse issued a press release announcing the first English-language collection of the Bourbon Thret strips, to be partially re-colored by Dave Stewart. Since then, Dark Horse has re-released Hard Boiled and The Big Guy and Risty the Boy Robot with new coloring by Stewart as well as the entirety of Shaolin Cowboy in a uniform format.As of 2019, the Bourbon Thret collection still hasn't been released. Over the course of his career, <mask> has contributed storyboards and conceptual designs for a number film productions, many of which ended up cancelled, including J. J. Abrams' Superman: Flyby, an animated feature by Ridley Scott, one of Hollywood's attempts at adapting Akira and Alex Proyas' adaptation of Paradise Lost. Outside of comics and film, <mask> has contributed artwork to a number of trading card series, including Magic: The Gathering, Star Wars Galaxy, Witchblade, The Shadow and Madman, as well as promotional posters,Acclaimed Artists Create a Quartet of Original Rise of the Tomb Raider Posters CD covers and role-playing games. <mask> also serves on the national advisory board of PROTECT: The National Association to Protect Children. Awards 1991: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsNomineeBest Artist (for Hard Boiled - Dark Horse) 1991: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsWinnerBest Writer/Artist or Writer/Artist Team (with Frank Miller, for Hard Boiled - Dark Horse) 1996: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsWinnerBest Penciller/Inker (for The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot - Dark Horse/Legend) 2005: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsNomineeBest Best Penciller/Inker or Penciller/Inker Team (for Shaolin Cowboy - Burlyman Entertainment) 2005: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsNomineeBest New Series (for Shaolin Cowboy - Burlyman Entertainment) 2006: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsWinner'''Best Writer/Artist (for Shaolin Cowboy - Burlyman Entertainment) 2012: PROTECT Messenger Award 2012: Inkpot Award Influences Darrow has stated in interviews that he considers Jack Kirby, Hergé, Mœbius (to whom he dedicated The Shaolin Cowboy: Who Will Stop the Reign? ), Jean-Claude Mézières, Hermann, François Boucq, Osamu Tezuka, Katsuhiro Otomo, Sanpei Shirato, Vaughn Bode, Jack Davis, Richard Corben, as well as the films of Anthony Mann as his artistic influences. Shaolin Cowboy in particular was inspired by the television series Kung Fu, Akira Kurosawa’s Yojimbo and Shintaro Katsu's portrayal of Zatoichi.Filmography Film Television <mask> contributed character designs to a number of Hanna-Barbera cartoon shows: Super Friends (1981–1983) Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show (1984) The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985) Richie Rich (1982) Pac-Man (1983) The Biskitts (1983) Pink Panther and Sons (1984) He's also credited as "model designer" for CBS' Garbage Pail Kids (1987) and "monster designer" for the adaptation of The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot (1999–2001). Bibliography Early work La Cité Feu (eight-plate full-color portfolio created in collaboration with Mœbius, Ædena, 1984) Métal Hurlant #101: "Bourbon Thret: Terreur Paroissiale" (w/a, anthology, Les Humanoïdes Associés, 1984) A colorized version of the story with rearranged layouts was reprinted in English as "Bourbon Thret: Parochial Terror" in Heavy Metal vol. 8 #12 (1985) A recolored version of the story with the Heavy Metal layouts was reprinted in French as "La Paroisse Infernale" in Geof Darrow Comics and Stories (1986) L'Univers de Gir: "Hommage à Gir" (black-and-white illustration for an interview with Mœbius conducted by Darrow, 94 pages, Dargaud, 1986, ) La bande à Renaud: "Au pays des Gavroches" (two-page full-color illustration, anthology graphic novel, 44 pages, Dargaud, 1986, ) Airboy vol. 2 #12: "I Don't Need My Grave, Part Two" (inks on Bill Jaaska, written by Chuck Dixon, co-feature, Eclipse, 1986) East Meets West (ten-plate full-color portfolio story about the adventures of Bourbon Thret and Clint Eastwood, Ædena, 1986) Geof Darrow Comics and Stories (w/a, full-color, 55 pages, Ædena, 1986, ) Contains a new Bourbon Thret story, "Les Requins aussi aiment le Cola-Cola", and several pin-ups. Reprinted by Dargaud under the Neopolis imprint as Bourbon Thret (45 pages, 1995, ) Les Magiciens d'eau: "Sead" (w/a, anthology graphic novel, 44 pages, Bandes Originales, 1987, ) A black-and-white version of the story with rearranged layouts was reprinted in Dark Horse Presents #19 (Dark Horse, 1988) Original version of the story was reprinted in black and white in Crisis Presents #3: Second Xpresso Special (Fleetway, 1991) Strip AIDS U.S.A.: "Untitled" (w/a, one-page story, anthology graphic novel, 140 pages, Last Gasp, 1988, ) Pilote et Charlie #27: "Un Américain à Paris" (two-page full-color illustration for an article, anthology, Dargaud, 1988) The Rocketeer Adventure Magazine #2–3 (uncredited art assist to Dave Stevens, Comico, 1988; Dark Horse, 1995) Dark Horse Comics Cheval Noir (black-and-white anthology, 1989–1991): Title page illustrations in #1–2, 4, 6, 9–10, 12 and 14. Back cover illustrations in #1–6, 8–9, 11, 13–15, 17 and 18. Table of Contents illustrations in #1–2, 4–5, 7–8, 11, 13, 16–17 and 19.Humorous one-page stories about <mask>'s career (written and illustrated by <mask>) in #3 and 4. 2 #1–15, 17–36 and vol. 3 #1–33) Black-and-white and full-color illustrations for Andrew Vachss-penned prose stories (in vol. 2 #10–11 and 13) "A Conversation with <mask> <mask>" (interview conducted by Mike Richardson; in vol. 2 #22 and on Dark Horse's blog) "Terror Comes Forth on the Fourth!!!!!!" (w/a, Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot short story + a pin-up gallery, in vol. 3 #1) Shaolin Cowboy (w/a): The Adventure Magazine (with Andrew Vachss, Michael A.Black and Gary Gianni, 96 pages, 2012, ) The Shaolin Cowboy #1–4 (2013–2014) collected as Shaolin Cowboy: Shemp Buffet (hc, 136 pages, 2015, ) Who'll Stop the Reign? #1–4 (2017) collected as Shaolin Cowboy: Who'll Stop the Reign?

A comic book artist by the name of <mask>, he is best known for his work on Cowboy Shaolin, Hardboiled and The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot, which was adapted into an animated television series of the same name. Many artists have cited <mask>'s approach to comics and art as an influence. On October 21, 1955, <mask> was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He was a student at a catholic school for thirteen years. After seeing Jack Kirby's work in Fantastic Four Annual #3, <mask> decided to pursue a career in illustration. As a teenager, he encountered Maurice Horn's The World Encyclopedia of Comics, which contained excerpts from Lieutenant Blueberry illustrated by Jean Giraud. <mask> moved to other European works, such as Jean-Claude Mézires' Valérian and Greg and Hermann's Bernard Prince.<mask> worked as an illustrator for various advertising agencies after graduating from the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. He worked as a character designer on a number of cartoon series, most notably Super Friends in its various incarnations, after moving to Los Angeles in the late 1970s. Comic and animation industry figures such as Jack Kirby, Alex Toth and Dave Stevens were acquaintances of <mask> during his time in animation. <mask> met Mbius, a French comic book creator, in Los Angeles in 1982. Mbius arranged a meeting for <mask> with Les Humanodes Associés, the publisher of French science fiction anthology Métal Hurlant, and offered to collaborate on a project after learning that <mask> was interested in creating comics. <mask> moved to France to be able to work with Giraud more closely as the two were planning to produce a comic strip written by Mbius and drawn by <mask>. The art portfolio titled La Cité Feu, penciled by <mask>, inked and colored by Mbius, was published in 1984 by ditions dena.<mask>'s first published comics work was also the debut of his character Bourbon Thret. The story was re-written in Geof Darrow Comics and Stories along with a new one starring Bourbon Thret and several pin-ups colored by Mbius, Tanino Liberatore and Franois Boucq. The limited edition of the volume was accompanied by Darrow Magazine, which contained private jokes from various French comic artists. <mask> was contacted by a number of artists who wanted to do artwork for a magazine. During one of their stays in Los Angeles, Mbius introduced <mask> to Frank Miller, which led to a friendship and a number of comics collaborations. After the idea for a Superman series fell through, Miller offered <mask> to work on a Daredevil story about the character's origin. Miller realized he didn't want to be the person to bring <mask> into the world of Big Two work-for-hire, and the two focused on developing their own story.Miller made a number of significant changes to the story after <mask> deviated from the script. <mask> wanted to do a story about an Iron Man story. Miller and <mask> were working on a concept for their next project. Miller wrote a few paragraphs describing the general plot, from which <mask> drew the eighty-page story, which Miller wrote the dialogue over. Between 1993 and the series' first issue, released in 1995, the characters of Big Guy and Rusty appeared in a number of Darrow-illustrated posters and pin-ups, occasionally crossing over with other creator-owned characters such as Spawn and Ash. Dark Horse started a new imprint in 1994 called Legend, which included works by various creators including Art Adams, Mike Mignola and <mask>. Two issues of The Big Guy and the Boy Robot were published in 1995 and 1996.Between the release of the first and the second issues, the characters also appeared in two issues of Mike Allred's Madman, which was also published under the Legend imprint at the time. The animated series of the same name was produced by Columbia TriStar Television and Dark Horse Entertainment and aired for two seasons from 1999 to 2001. <mask> decided to return to his Bourbon Thret character but felt he needed to adapt him to the American audience. The Wachowskis were impressed by <mask>'s art for Hard Boiled and wanted to work with him on their production for The Matrix. <mask> agreed to work on the film after Warner Bros. contacted him. The Wachowskis brought comic book artist Steve Skroce with them to work on the storyboards and concepts for the movie. The Wachowskis brought in <mask> as a conceptual designer for Speed Racer, but his contributions were much smaller than for The Matrix trilogy.After the release of the first Matrix film, the Wachowskis announced they'd be working on an animated adaptation, but the project was canceled due to Miller not wanting to see his creation as an animated film. <mask> and Skorce will return as storyboard artists and concept designers for the fourth iteration of The Matrix. <mask> provided the logo illustration for Burlyman Entertainment, a publishing house set up by the Wachowskis after finishing work on The Matrix trilogy. Burlyman's output consisted of two paperbacks of The Matrix Comics, as well as seven issues of <mask>'s Shaolin Cowboy, published between 2005 and 2007, and six issues of Doc Frankenstein, a Wachowskis-written and Skroce. In 2009, it was announced that the Wachowskis and Circle of Confusion were making an animated feature called Shaolin Cowboy, written and directed by <mask>, and animated by Madhouse. The production was halted after the American financiers, The Weinstein Company, backed out. Some of the finished scenes and pencil tests were shown at San Diego Comic Con in 2012 and Chicago Comic & Entertainment expo in 2015.The film was supposed to have an animated sequence. <mask> and Andrew Vachss have had a working relationship dating back to the early 90s, and <mask> illustrated a 96-page book with a story written by Andrew Vachss. There are spot illustrations by Gary Gianni and one-page strips written and drawn by <mask>. The book was followed by a four-issue mini-series called Shemp Buffet for the collected edition, and a four-issue mini-series called Who Will Stop the Reign?, which incorporated some of the visual ideas from the unfinished animated feature. <mask> was announced as the artist for the third issue of Frank Miller and Brian Azzarello's The Dark Knight III: The Master Race, as well as the variant covers for issues 3 and 4, but none of his contributions were realized. The first English-language collection of the Bourbon Thret strips will be partially re-colored by Dave Stewart. Dark Horse has re-released Hard Boiled and The Big Guy and Risty the Boy Robot with new coloring by Stewart as well as the entirety of Shaolin Cowboy in a uniform format.The Bourbon Thret collection hasn't been released. Over the course of his career, <mask> has contributed storyboards and conceptual designs for a number of film productions, many of which ended up canceled. Outside of comics and film, <mask> has contributed artwork to a number of trading card series, including Magic: The Gathering, Star Wars Galaxy, Witchblade, The Shadow and Madman, as well as promotional posters. <mask> is a member of the national advisory board of PROTECT: The National Association to Protect Children. Best Writer/Artist or Writer/Artist Team (with Frank Miller, for Hard Boiled - Dark Horse) won the Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards. His artistic influences include Jean- Claude Mézires, Franois Boucq, Osamu Tezuka, Katsuhiro Otomo, Sanpei Shirato, and the films of Anthony Mann. The television series Kung Fu, Yojimbo and Shintaro Katsu's portrayal of Zatoichi were all inspired by Shaolin Cowboy.Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show was one of the shows <mask> contributed to. "Bourbon Thret: Terreur Paroissiale" is an anthology of early work by La Cité Feu. There was a recolored version of the story with the Heavy Metal layout. "I Don't Need My Grave, Part Two" is written by Bill Jaaska and is a full-color portfolio story about the adventures of Bourbon Thret and Clint. Bourbon Thret was published by Dargaud under the Neopolis imprint. There are illustrations on the back cover for #1–6, 8–9, 11, 13–15, 17 and 18. There are illustrations in the table of contents.The stories about <mask>'s career were written and illustrated by <mask>. 2 #1–15, 17–36 and vol. Black-and-white and full-color illustrations for Andrew Vachss-penned prose stories. "A Conversation with Geof <mask>" was conducted by Mike Richardson. On Dark Horse's website, there is a post titled "Terror Comes Forth on the Fourth". There is a short story and a pin-up gallery. The Adventure Magazine is with Andrew Vachss and Michael A.The Shaolin Cowboy: Shemp Buffet (hc, 136 pages, 2015, ) is a collection of books by Black and Gary Gianni. #1–4 was collected as Shaolin Cowboy: Who'll Stop the Reign?

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan%20Huber

Stephan Huber

Stephan Huber (born 1952 in Lindenberg im Allgäu) is a German sculptor and object artist. Life After his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (1971–1978), Huber received a grant for the P.S.1 studio programme in New York (now MoMA PS1). He has since exhibited internationally, including Documenta VIII in 1987 and the Venice Biennale in 1999 as well as numerous one person shows (Kunstverein Hannover, Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig, Kunsthalle Mannheim, Von-der-Heydt-Museum, Wuppertal, Third Eye Centre, Glasgow, Villa Romana, Florence, Bonner Kunstverein, Westfälischer Kunstverein, Münster, Lenbachhaus, Munich and others). Since 2004, he has been a professor at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts and a member of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts. Huber lives in Munich and in eastern Allgäu. Work Stephan Huber's oeuvre is characterized by a narrative language which distills the conceptional and experiential world of the artist into striking images with immediate emotional impact. Huber often makes himself the protagonist of his works, thematizing his homeland and childhood as well as giving artistic expression to what he sees, reads, and remembers, and thus delineates the social, geographical, and intellectual horizon within which he moves. The autobiographical references—for example, models of radiantly white mountains, upper middle-class interiors, and his parental home—not only are to be understood as aesthetic psychograms of the artist, but also combine with fictional elements and art-historical, political, or literary references so as to give rise to personally colored but simultaneously universal, archetypal symbols of social or emotional states. One fundamental aspect of Huber's oeuvre is a deliberate play with disturbing estrangement. "In the tradition of Munich Dadaism", his sculptures and installations work with a transposition of the customary context of objects as well as with unusual perspectives, altered sizes, logical paradoxes, and unexpected occurrences. Reciprocally related individual works are often joined into spatial passages which are meant to be explored in succession, for example in the exhibition "8,5 Zi.-Whg. f. Künstler, 49 J." ("8½-Room Apt. for Artist, 49 Years Old") at the Lenbachhaus Gallery in Munich. The sometimes emotionally overwhelming aesthetic through which Huber situates himself in the tradition of the Bavarian-Baroque world theater becomes broken and humanized through a humorous revelation of its mechanisms, an ironic distancing, or an unexpected turn of events. In addition to space-encompassing installations and works in public spaces, Huber's oeuvre also includes graphic works, films, plays for puppet theater, and performative projects. Awards 1981 P.S.1 studio grant, New York 1984 Working Stipend of the Stiftung Kunstfonds, Bonn 1984 Förderpreis für Bildende Kunst der Stadt München (Young Talents Award in Visual Art by the City of Munich) 1985 Karl-Hofer-Preis (Karl Hofer Award), Berlin 1986 Bayerischer Kunstförderpreis (Bavarian Art Award), Munich, and Kunstpreis Glockengasse, Cologne 1999 W.-Krafft-Preis (W. Krafft Award), Stuttgart 2007 Rolandpreis für Kunst im öffentlichen Raum (Roland Award for Public Art), Bremen 2008 Kunstpreis der Stadt München (City of Munich Art Prize) Works in Public Spaces (Selection) 2011 Design of the subway station Wien-Aspern in Vienna (completion at the end of 2012) 2010 Drei Kasperlstücke für das Ruhrgebiet (Three Punch-Plays for the Ruhr Region), puppet theater at public sites in the Ruhr region for the exhibition Emscherkunst.2010, Essen 2010 In und um und um herum, light-box installation, Universitätsklinikum Ulm 2010 Raining Hat, fountain sculpture, Landesgartenschau Rosenheim 2008–2010 Arbeiten im Reichtum 2, series of actions in public spaces, Bremen 2007 Cumulus:Cambodunum, fountain sculpture in front of Stadttheater Kempten 2006 Das große Leuchten, exterior installation in front of Künstlerhaus Hannover 2006 Großes Lob des binären Systems, Leibniz-Rechenzentrum, Garching bei München 2005 Katastrophen und Rettung, Versicherungskammer Bayern, Munich 2005 Library at Arp Museum Bahnhof Rolandseck, Remagen 2004 Stiftermosaik (Mosaic of Sponsors), Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig 2002 Zwei Pferde für Münster, LVM Versicherungen, Münster (Westphalia) 2002 Im Fluß, Allianz-Versicherung, Frankfurt am Main 1999 Frankfurter Treppe / XX. Jahrhundert, Main Tower, Frankfurt am Main 1998 Grünes Dach, HUK-Coburg-Versicherung, Coburg 1998 Dächer, Hamburg-Mannheimer Versicherung, Hamburg 1997 Gran Paradiso, New Munich Trade Fair Center 1994 Hauptbahnhof Nord, installation in the subway station Hauptbahnhof Nord, Hamburg (with Raimund Kummer) 1992 Die Alpen, fountain, Munich Airport 1989 Meinwärts (Else Lasker-Schüler memorial), Wuppertal 1987 Rote Sonnen, four mosaics, Kokerei Zollverein, Essen Exhibitions (Selection) 2011 Graz, Kunsthaus: Die Vermessung der Welt. Heterotopien und Wissensräume in der Kunst 2010 Ulm, Kunstverein: from the bergs 2 (solo exhibition) 2010 Århus, ARoS: I LOVE YOU 2010 Potsdam, Villa Schöningen: 1989 2010 Essen, Emscherkunst.2010 2009 Bonn, Kunstmuseum: Reloaded 2009 Vienna, Kunsthalle: 1989. Ende der Geschichte oder Beginn der Zukunft 2009 Hamburg, Kunsthalle: MAN SON 1969. Vom Schrecken der Situation 2008 Saragossa, Expo 2008: El mundo del hielo 2006 Karlsruhe, ZKM: Lichtkunst aus Kunstlicht 2006 Vienna, Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien (MUMOK): Why pictures now 2006 Bolzano, Messner Mountain Museum: In die Berge schreien 2006 Leipzig, Museum der bildenden Künste: Ballkünstler 2005 Munich, Kubus im Petuelpark: Kalte Kammer (solo exhibition) 2005 Metz, FRAC Lorraine: Quand les latitudes deviennent suisses 2005 Berlin, Palast der Republik: Fraktale 04 2003 Essen, Museum Folkwang: Klopfzeichen – Wahnzimmer 2003 Bremen, Städtische Galerie: NO CITY – NO ART 2003 Hanover, Kunstverein: Die Lust des Kartographen 2002 Munich, Lenbachhaus: 8,5 Zi.-Whg. f. Künstler, 49 J. (solo exhibition) 2002 Heidelberg, Kunstverein: Der Berg 2002 Bolzano, Museion: Stanze II 2001 Hanover, Kunstverein: 7,5 Zi.-Whg. f. Künstler, 49 J. (solo exhibition) 2001 Leipzig, Museum der bildenden Künste: 8-Zi.-Whg. f. Künstler, 49 J. (solo exhibition) 2000 Kiel, Kunsthalle, and Leipzig, Museum der bildenden Künste: Desert and Transit 1999 Venice, Biennale di Venezia: d’APERTutto 1999 Munich, Lenbachhaus: Das Gedächtnis öffnet seine Tore 1998 Naples, Pompeiorum Villa Comunale 1998 Hamburg, Kunstverein: Fast forward 1997 Vienna, Kunsthalle: Alpenblick 1995 Ghent, Museum Dhondt-Dhaenens: Leo Copers, Stephan Huber 1994 Mannheim, Kunsthalle: Bauplatz (solo exhibition) 1994 Munich, Haus der Kunst: Scharf im Schauen 1993 Wuppertal, Von-der-Heydt-Museum: Nordwand Südkreuz (solo exhibition) 1993 Munich, Kunstverein: Die Arena des Privaten 1991 Antwerp, Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst: Naackte Schoonheid 1991 Bonn, Kunstverein: Projekt Magnetbahn 1991 Stuttgart, Württembergischer Kunstverein: Das goldene Zeitalter 1990 Munich, Lenbachhaus: Bild für Bild 1989 Belgrade, Museum für zeitgenössische Kunst: Neue deutsche Kunst 1989 Bonn, Kunstverein: Die Gegenwart der vergangenen Zeit 1989 Antwerp, Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst: Beyond the Everyday Object 1988 Frankfurt am Main, Kunstverein: Die große Oper 1988 Hamburg, Kunsthaus and Kunstverein: Arbeit in Geschichte. Geschichte in Arbeit 1987 Kassel, Fridericianum: Documenta 8 1987 Glasgow, Third Eye Centre (solo exhibition) 1987 Bonn, Kunstverein: Wechselströme 1987 Essen, Museum Folkwang: Kunst im öffentlichen Raum 1987 Graz, Neue Galerie: steirischer herbst / trigon 1987 Bonn, Kunstverein: Die große Oper 1986 Florence, Salone Villa Romana (solo exhibition) 1986 Munich, Kunstraum: Rote Sonnen (solo exhibition) 1986 Hamburg, Kunstverein: Raum für Raum 1985 Bern, Kunsthalle: Alles und noch viel mehr 1985 Berlin, Nationalgalerie: Deutsche Kunst 1945–1985 1984 Bonn, Kunstverein: Das Spielzimmer (solo exhibition) 1984 Berlin, NGBK / Künstlerhaus Bethanien: Wer überlebt, winkt 1984 Cologne, Kunstverein: Kunstlandschaft Bundesrepublik 1982 Münster, Westfälischer Kunstverein: Das Gottesreich fliegt: der Kunstverein tanzt (solo exhibition) 1983 Munich, Lenbachhaus: Aktuell 83 1983 Bonn, Kunstverein: Aspekte kritischer Kunst 1981 Munich, Lenbachhaus: Fliegen & Ratten (solo exhibition) 1980 Munich, Kunstforum: Das Mehl (solo exhibition) 1980 New York, P.S.1, Institute for Art and Urban Resources Further reading Exhibition Catalogues and Similar Publications (chronological) Stephan Huber, Das Gottesreich fliegt – der Kunstverein tanzt, exhib. cat. Westfälischer Kunstverein Münster 1982, with text by Thomas Deecke Stephan Huber, Lager im Kopf, 1983, Verlag Hubert Kretschmer, Munich Stephan Huber, exhib. cat. Bonner Kunstverein, 1984, with texts by Margarethe Jochimsen, Helmut Friedel, Stephan Huber, Michael Schwarz, Thomas Deecke, Hermann Pitz Das Engadinprojekt, 1987, Künstlerhaus Bethanien, Berlin, with an interview between Stephan Huber and Uwe M. Schneede Stephan Huber, 1989, Künstler, Kritisches Lexikon der Gegenwartskunst, text by Stephan Schmidt-Wulffen Stephan Huber, Raimund Kummer, 1991, exhib. cat. Hamburger Kunsthalle, with texts by Monika Steinhausen, Uwe M. Schneede, Armin Zweite, Thomas Deecke, Margarethe Jochimsen, Helmut Friedel et al. Stephan Huber, Nordwand Südkreuz, 1993, exhib. cat. Von der Heydt-Museum Wuppertal, with texts by Ludger Derenthal and Stephan Huber Stephan Huber, Raimund Kummer, Hauptbahnhof Nord, 1994, Hamburg Culture Office, with texts by Uwe M. Schneede, Achim Könneke, Ludger Derenthal Stephan Huber, Bauplatz, 1994, exhib. cat. Kunsthalle Mannheim, with an interview between Jochen Kronjäger and Stephan Huber Vier Texte zu Stephan Huber, 2001, exhib. cat. Kunstverein Hannover, Museum der bildenden Künste in Leipzig, Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus in Munich, four volumes in slipcase ...auf einer unsichtbaren strasse auf der höhe ihrer fenster...., 2006, catalogue for the Art Project Petuelpark, Prestel Verlag, Munich / New York, with texts by Uwe M. Schneede and Stephan Huber Montags bei Petula Park. 12 performative evenings in Café Petuelpark, 2008, edited by Stephan Huber and the Lenbachhaus in Munich Hans-Jürgen Hafner: Stephan Huber. Leibniz, Larifari und der Teufel, 2008, Kunstforum 191 Evelyn Schels: Vor den Bergen: Der Bildhauer Stephan Huber, film documentation, first broadcast on 21 November 2010, Bayerisches Fernsehen References External links Website Stephan Huber Website of Stephan Huber's class at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich Pathos, Poesie & Subversion: Der Bildhauer Stephan Huber. radio portrait by Judith Schnaubelt, Zündfunk, 14 November 2010 mp3 podcast Explanatory statements by juries upon awarding the Kunstpreis München 2008 and the Rolandpreis Bremen 2006 to Stephan Huber 1952 births People from Lindenberg im Allgäu Living people German sculptors German male sculptors

<mask> (born 1952 in Lindenberg im Allgäu) is a German sculptor and object artist. Life After his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (1971–1978), <mask> received a grant for the P.S.1 studio programme in New York (now MoMA PS1). He has since exhibited internationally, including Documenta VIII in 1987 and the Venice Biennale in 1999 as well as numerous one person shows (Kunstverein Hannover, Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig, Kunsthalle Mannheim, Von-der-Heydt-Museum, Wuppertal, Third Eye Centre, Glasgow, Villa Romana, Florence, Bonner Kunstverein, Westfälischer Kunstverein, Münster, Lenbachhaus, Munich and others). Since 2004, he has been a professor at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts and a member of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts. <mask> lives in Munich and in eastern Allgäu. Work <mask>'s oeuvre is characterized by a narrative language which distills the conceptional and experiential world of the artist into striking images with immediate emotional impact. <mask> often makes himself the protagonist of his works, thematizing his homeland and childhood as well as giving artistic expression to what he sees, reads, and remembers, and thus delineates the social, geographical, and intellectual horizon within which he moves.The autobiographical references—for example, models of radiantly white mountains, upper middle-class interiors, and his parental home—not only are to be understood as aesthetic psychograms of the artist, but also combine with fictional elements and art-historical, political, or literary references so as to give rise to personally colored but simultaneously universal, archetypal symbols of social or emotional states. One fundamental aspect of <mask>'s oeuvre is a deliberate play with disturbing estrangement. "In the tradition of Munich Dadaism", his sculptures and installations work with a transposition of the customary context of objects as well as with unusual perspectives, altered sizes, logical paradoxes, and unexpected occurrences. Reciprocally related individual works are often joined into spatial passages which are meant to be explored in succession, for example in the exhibition "8,5 Zi.-Whg. f. Künstler, 49 J." ("8½-Room Apt. for Artist, 49 Years Old") at the Lenbachhaus Gallery in Munich.The sometimes emotionally overwhelming aesthetic through which <mask> situates himself in the tradition of the Bavarian-Baroque world theater becomes broken and humanized through a humorous revelation of its mechanisms, an ironic distancing, or an unexpected turn of events. In addition to space-encompassing installations and works in public spaces, <mask>'s oeuvre also includes graphic works, films, plays for puppet theater, and performative projects. Jahrhundert, Main Tower, Frankfurt am Main 1998 Grünes Dach, HUK-Coburg-Versicherung, Coburg 1998 Dächer, Hamburg-Mannheimer Versicherung, Hamburg 1997 Gran Paradiso, New Munich Trade Fair Center 1994 Hauptbahnhof Nord, installation in the subway station Hauptbahnhof Nord, Hamburg (with Raimund Kummer) 1992 Die Alpen, fountain, Munich Airport 1989 Meinwärts (Else Lasker-Schüler memorial), Wuppertal 1987 Rote Sonnen, four mosaics, Kokerei Zollverein, Essen Exhibitions (Selection) 2011 Graz, Kunsthaus: Die Vermessung der Welt. Heterotopien und Wissensräume in der Kunst 2010 Ulm, Kunstverein: from the bergs 2 (solo exhibition) 2010 Århus, ARoS: I LOVE YOU 2010 Potsdam, Villa Schöningen: 1989 2010 Essen, Emscherkunst.2010 2009 Bonn, Kunstmuseum: Reloaded 2009 Vienna, Kunsthalle: 1989. Ende der Geschichte oder Beginn der Zukunft 2009 Hamburg, Kunsthalle: MAN SON 1969. Vom Schrecken der Situation 2008 Saragossa, Expo 2008: El mundo del hielo 2006 Karlsruhe, ZKM: Lichtkunst aus Kunstlicht 2006 Vienna, Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien (MUMOK): Why pictures now 2006 Bolzano, Messner Mountain Museum: In die Berge schreien 2006 Leipzig, Museum der bildenden Künste: Ballkünstler 2005 Munich, Kubus im Petuelpark: Kalte Kammer (solo exhibition) 2005 Metz, FRAC Lorraine: Quand les latitudes deviennent suisses 2005 Berlin, Palast der Republik: Fraktale 04 2003 Essen, Museum Folkwang: Klopfzeichen – Wahnzimmer 2003 Bremen, Städtische Galerie: NO CITY – NO ART 2003 Hanover, Kunstverein: Die Lust des Kartographen 2002 Munich, Lenbachhaus: 8,5 Zi.-Whg. f. Künstler, 49 J.(solo exhibition) 2002 Heidelberg, Kunstverein: Der Berg 2002 Bolzano, Museion: Stanze II 2001 Hanover, Kunstverein: 7,5 Zi.-Whg. f. Künstler, 49 J. (solo exhibition) 2001 Leipzig, Museum der bildenden Künste: 8-Zi.-Whg. f. Künstler, 49 J. cat. Westfälischer Kunstverein Münster 1982, with text by Thomas Deecke <mask>, Lager im Kopf, 1983, Verlag Hubert Kretschmer, Munich <mask>, exhib. cat.Bonner Kunstverein, 1984, with texts by Margarethe Jochimsen, Helmut Friedel, <mask>, Michael Schwarz, Thomas Deecke, Hermann Pitz Das Engadinprojekt, 1987, Künstlerhaus Bethanien, Berlin, with an interview between <mask> and Uwe M. Schneede <mask>, 1989, Künstler, Kritisches Lexikon der Gegenwartskunst, text by <mask>-Wulffen <mask>, Raimund Kummer, 1991, exhib. cat. Hamburger Kunsthalle, with texts by Monika Steinhausen, Uwe M. Schneede, Armin Zweite, Thomas Deecke, Margarethe Jochimsen, Helmut Friedel et al. <mask>, Nordwand Südkreuz, 1993, exhib. cat. Von der Heydt-Museum Wuppertal, with texts by Ludger Derenthal and <mask> <mask>, Raimund Kummer, Hauptbahnhof Nord, 1994, Hamburg Culture Office, with texts by Uwe M. Schneede, Achim Könneke, Ludger Derenthal <mask>, Bauplatz, 1994, exhib. cat.Kunsthalle Mannheim, with an interview between Jochen Kronjäger and <mask> Vier Texte zu <mask> Huber, 2001, exhib. cat. Kunstverein Hannover, Museum der bildenden Künste in Leipzig, Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus in Munich, four volumes in slipcase ...auf einer unsichtbaren strasse auf der höhe ihrer fenster...., 2006, catalogue for the Art Project Petuelpark, Prestel Verlag, Munich / New York, with texts by Uwe M. Schneede and <mask> Montags bei Petula Park. 12 performative evenings in Café Petuelpark, 2008, edited by <mask> and the Lenbachhaus in Munich Hans-Jürgen Hafner: <mask>ber. Leibniz, Larifari und der Teufel, 2008, Kunstforum 191 Evelyn Schels: Vor den Bergen: Der Bildhauer <mask>ber, film documentation, first broadcast on 21 November 2010, Bayerisches Fernsehen References External links Website <mask>ber Website of <mask>'s class at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich Pathos, Poesie & Subversion: Der Bildhauer <mask> Huber. radio portrait by Judith Schnaubelt, Zündfunk, 14 November 2010 mp3 podcast Explanatory statements by juries upon awarding the Kunstpreis München 2008 and the Rolandpreis Bremen 2006 to <mask> 1952 births People from Lindenberg im Allgäu Living people German sculptors German male sculptors

<mask> is a German sculptor and object artist. The P.S.1 studio programme in New York was funded by a grant from the Academy of Fine Arts. He has exhibited internationally, including Documenta VIII in 1987 and the Venice Biennale in 1999 as well as numerous one person shows. He is a professor at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts and a member of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts. He lives in eastern Allgu. <mask>'s oeuvre is characterized by a narrative language which distills the conceptional and experiential world of the artist into striking images with immediate emotional impact. He often makes himself the main character of his works, thematizing his homeland and childhood as well as giving artistic expression to what he sees, reads, and remembers, and thus illustrating the social, geographical, and intellectual horizon within which he moves.The autobiographical references, for example, models of white mountains, upper middle-class interiors, and his parental home, are to be understood as aesthetic psychograms of the artist, but also combine with fictional elements and art-historical, political, or literary references so as to. The play with disturbing estrangement is one of the fundamental aspects of <mask>'s work. His sculptures and installations work with a transposition of the customary context of objects as well as with unusual perspectives, altered sizes, logical paradoxes, and unexpected occurrences. Individual works are often joined into spatial passages which are meant to be explored in succession. F. Knstler, 49 J. There are 812 rooms in this building. There is a 49-year-old artist at the Lenbachhaus Gallery.Through a humorous revelation of its mechanisms, an ironic distance, or an unexpected turn of events, the sometimes emotionally overwhelming aesthetic through which <mask> situates himself in the tradition of the Bavarian-Baroque world theater becomes broken and humanized. In addition to space-encompassing installations and works in public spaces, <mask>'s oeuvre also includes graphic works, films, plays for puppet theater, and performative projects. The Main Tower was the site of the 1998 Grnes Dach. 2010 rhus, A RoS: I love you is from the bergs 2. Man Son 1969 ist das Beginn der Zukunft 2009. Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien (MUMOK): Why pictures now 2006 Bolzano. F. Knstler, 49 J.The exhibition was held in 2002 at Heidelberg, and in 2001 at the Museion: Stanze II. F. Knstler, 49 J. There is an exhibition at the Museum der bildenden Knste. F. Knstler, 49 J. A cat. The text by Thomas Deecke Stephan <mask> is in the Westflischer Kunstverein Mnster 1982. A cat.The Knstlerhaus Bethanien, Berlin, had an interview between <mask> and Uwe M. A cat. There are texts by Uwe M. Schneede, Thomas Deecke, Margarethe Jochimsen, and others. <mask>, exhib. A cat. The Von der Heydt-Museum Wuppertal has texts by <mask> and Achim Knneke. A cat.An interview between Jochen Kronjger and <mask> was published in 2001. A cat. There are four volumes in a slipcase for the art. Hans-Jrgen Hafner was the editor of the 12 performative evenings in Café Petuelpark. Evelyn Schels, film documentation, first broadcast on 21 November 2010, was from <mask>'s class. Explanatory statements by juries upon awarding the Kunstpreis Mnchen 2008 and theRolandpreis Bremen 2006 were made by Judith Schnaubelt.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl%20%C3%89douard%2C%20vicomte%20de%20Curi%C3%A8res%20de%20Castelnau

Noël Édouard, vicomte de Curières de Castelnau

Édouard de Castelnau, born on 24 December 1851 in Saint-Affrique (Aveyron) and died on 19 March 1944 in Montastruc-la-Conseillère (Haute-Garonne) at the Château de Lasserre, was a French army general, army group commander and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces during the First World War. Elected deputy in 1919, president of the Commission of the army during the legislature, he then took the head of a confessional political movement, the Fédération Nationale Catholique. During the Second World War, opposed to Marshal Pétain and the Vichy regime, he supported the French Resistance. For a long time controversial because of a Catholicism considered outrageous by his opponents, historians have moderated this portrait by emphasising his great loyalty to republican institutions, disputing in particular that he could have been reactionary or anti-semitic. Biography Before the Great War The son of Michel de Castelnau, mayor of Saint-Affrique, Noël Édouard Marie Joseph de Curières de Castelnau was born in Saint-Affrique, into an aristocratic family of the Rouergue. He is the third of five children. His elder brother, Léonce, was a politician of national importance, president of the parliamentary group of the Action Libérale in the National Assembly. His other brother, Clément, was director of the École des mines de Saint-Étienne. Ruined by the Revolution, his family had to share a house in Saint-Affrique with his mother's three uncles, the Abbés Barthe. They would have liked him to be a notary but he wanted to be a naval officer. For reasons of age, he had to reorient himself towards the Army and was part of the 54th promotion of Saint-Cyr, Promotion du Rhin (1869 - 1871), from which he graduated as second lieutenant on 14 August 1870. He was appointed to the 31st Infantry Regiment and took part in the Franco-German war of 1870 in the Loire Army. After this war, he served as a lieutenant and then captain in various regiments before joining the École de Guerre in 1879. Assigned to the Army Staff in Paris in 1893, he headed the 1er bureau in 1897. His career was delayed for the first time when the polemicist Urbain Gohier, in an article in L'Aurore, revealed that he was the descendant of an emigrant who had fought in the army of the Prince of Condé during the Revolution. In 1900, he was the target of the new Minister of War, General André, who wanted to dismiss him from the army because of his aristocratic origins and his Catholicism. According to André, Castelnau did not have the republican profile that he wanted to impose on the army. The Chief of Staff, General Delanne, opposed this decision. He appointed Castelnau to command the 37th Infantry Regiment in Nancy and then resigned, which led to the government being questioned in the Chamber and the Senate. The minister took his revenge by keeping Castelnau in this post for five years, twice the usual length of time in this type of command. He also ensured that he was not promoted to general despite his record of service, but the affair of the files would revive his career. General André was forced to resign and a few months later, on 25 March 1906, at the request of Paul Doumer, Castelnau was promoted to Brigadier. He successively commanded a Brigade at Sedan, then at Soissons. On the 21st December 1909, he became a Major General, which put him under the command of General Joffre for the first time. Joffre commanded the army corps on which the 13th Division of Chaumont depended, which Castelnau inherited. The two men got to know each other. So when Joffre was appointed head of the French Army on the 28th July 1911, he insisted on having Castelnau at his side. Castelnau took the title of First Deputy Chief of Staff. His main task was to devise a new plan for mobilising and concentrating the French armies in the event of war: the XVII plan. In 1912, he was confirmed in his position as Chief of Staff, replacing General Dubail. By decree of 30 October 1913, he was then appointed to the Conseil supérieur de la guerre, which meant that he would take command of II French Army in the event of conflict. During 1913, Castelnau found himself largely exposed to the violent debate that accompanied the Three Years' Law. Indeed, when the XVII plan was drawn up, it quickly became clear that military manpower had to be increased in peacetime. The only way to achieve this was to extend military service by an additional year, but almost two-thirds of the radical and socialist deputies were fiercely opposed to the prospect of a three-year service. Led by Jean Jaurès, opposition to this bill quickly took a passionate turn. Castelnau, considered to have inspired the text, became the bête noire of the opponents, especially as the text was finally voted on 19 July 1913. Resentment towards Castelnau on the part of the radical-socialist movement continued until the end of his life. Georges Clemenceau, although in favour of the three-year law, immortalised this antagonism by giving Castelnau nicknames such as the 'fighting friar' which have become legendary. The Great War At the declaration of war, he joined his army being mobilised in Nancy. On 15 August 1914, the five French armies went on the offensive against the Germans, who were in the process of making a large overrun through Belgium. Castelnau faced the army of Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, which was waiting for him on positions prepared in advance at Morhange. While the Grand Quartier Général (GQG) claimed that the Germans were in retreat and that there were only rearguards in front of him, Castelnau suddenly came up against considerable forces strongly supported by heavy artillery. II French army, composed in particular of XV, XVI and XX Corps and 2nd Reserve Division Group (2nd GDR commanded by General Léon Durand), suffered heavy losses and had to withdraw to Nancy. Fortunately, Castelnau succeeded in reforming his army, which he was then able to launch into a flanking manoeuvre that inflicted a heavy defeat on the pursuing Germans. This was Battle of the Trouée de Charmes (24-27 August). It prevented the French armies retreating towards Paris from being turned to the right and made the Battle of Marne possible. Just as the other armies won the victory of the Marne, Castelnau blocked a new German offensive aimed at Nancy: this was the battle of Grand-Couronné (4-13 September). This earned him the nickname ‘the saviour of Nancy’. On 18 September 1914, Édouard de Castelnau was promoted to Grand Officer de la Legion d'Honneur. Joffre then withdrew him from the Lorraine front and entrusted him with the mission of extending the left flank of the French armies to the north of the Oise, by trying to outflank the German right wing. This was the beginning of the race to the sea, which Castelnau initiated and led to Arras. This manoeuvre was then pursued until it reached the North Sea coast by the British Expeditionary Corps, the Belgian Army and several French army corps under the command of General Foch. In Picardy, Castelnau distinguished himself by resisting a German offensive commanded by General von Kluck in the Roye region. After the war, this earned him this appreciation from his former adversary: 'The French adversary towards whom our sympathies instinctively went, because of his great military talent and his chivalry, is General de Castelnau. And I would like him to know that.' From November 1914 onwards, the fighting in Belgium and France took the form of trench warfare. Implementing new tactical principles, notably by launching his Infantry under the protection of a rolling artillery barrage, Castelnau won a victory at Le Quesnoy-en Santerre. From the beginning of 1915, he advocated adopting a defensive attitude on the French front until he had enough heavy artillery to break through the German defences and, in the meantime, to launch a major offensive in the Balkans. His idea was supported by President Poincaré and Aristide Briand, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, but opposed by Joffre and the GQG. In June 1915, he was placed at the head of the Center Army Group (GAC) and led the Champagne offensive of 25 September 1915: in a few days he took 25,000 prisoners and 125 guns but, disrupted by continuous rain, this offensive did not lead to a strategic victory. Following this feat of arms, he was made a Grand Croix de la Legion d'Honneur on 8 October 1915 and, two months later, on 11 December 1915, he was appointed Chief of the General Staff of the French Armies, a position he held throughout 1916. In this position, he assisted Generalissimo Joffre. He made a decisive contribution to the Battle of Verdun. Contrary to the majority of officers in the GQG who did not believe in a German offensive there, he feared it. He therefore intervened to reinforce the town's defences and had XX army corps in Bar-le-Duc put on alert so that it could be used as reinforcements in the event of a German attack. The attack began on 21 February 1916. After three days of fighting, the French defences were in the process of giving way, and Castelnau went to Verdun and took the crucial decisions that would allow the resistance to take hold. He appointed General Pétain and reorganised the local command. Throughout the nine months of the battle, he intervened during the most critical episodes. After six weeks of fighting, he decided to appoint General Nivelle, with General Pétain taking command of the Central Army Group (GAC). In November 1916, against the advice of the officers around Joffre, he ordered the last offensive, turning this long battle into a French victory. In December 1916, Joffre was replaced as commander-in-chief of the armies. General Robert Nivelle was chosen to succeed him, with Joffre being elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France. The post of Chief of Staff of the Armies was abolished and Castelnau was appointed to command the Eastern Army Group. However, this sector of the front where his units operated was the least active. On 25 June 1917, he received the military medal. In the spring of 1918, taking advantage of the Russian withdrawal from the conflict after the Bolshevik revolution, the Germans brought all their forces back to France and Belgium and then launched a series of major offensives that were on the way to making them victorious. The armies under Castelnau's command did not play a leading role during this period. On the other hand, as the Franco-British troops, reinforced by the American contingent, regained the initiative during the summer, he was appointed to prepare a decisive manoeuvre in Lorraine. In this sector, the weakness of the German position suggested a major success that could hasten the end of the war. Castelnau did not experience a new victory until two days later. The armistice of 11 November suspended his attack, which would probably have taken him deep into Germany. Despite the additional losses this would have caused - 'I know only too well the bitterness of the tears shed on the graves,' he wrote to his family, thinking of his three sons, Gerald, Xavier and Hugues, who had been killed in the war - Castelnau believed that the Allies should not have signed the armistice prematurely. After the Great War He made a solemn entry into Colmar on 22 November 1918 during the celebrations for the liberation of the town. On this occasion, the press around the world announced his elevation to the dignity of a marshal but the government refused. However, public opinion demanded it, as shown by the ovation he received on 14 July 1919 when he marched on the Champs Élysées. As he passed, the crowd began to chant 'Maréchal! Maréchal!' demanding that he be elevated to the marshalate as Joffre, Foch and Pétain had been. Like the other great military leaders of the Great War, he was the object of many honours. In Lyon, the mayor of the city, Edouard Herriot, although very anti-clerical, welcomed him with a speech of rare emphasis; he stated: 'Your victory, your unique victory at the Grand Couronne will become classic like that of Thermopylae in the past. I compare you to that great leader, Turenne, whose figure shines in our History as one of the noblest, simplest and purest of our race and our time.' He entered Parliament in 1919 as a deputy for Aveyron with the Bleu Horizon wave, within the majority Republican party, Fédération Républicaine, which was classified on the right. He was elected president of the Army Committee. In this capacity, he left his mark on the legislature by having an eighteen-month military service adopted on 23 April 1923. It was undoubtedly his active participation in political life that prompted the government of Aristide Briand and the Minister of War, Louis Barthou, to remove him from the new list of Marshals announced on 19 February 1921. Indeed, in the eyes of many parliamentarians, including Léon Blum, Castelnau was becoming more and more of a national leader. This eviction triggered a questioning of the government in the Assembly. Despite a strong movement of public opinion, as shown by the poll carried out by the daily newspaper Le Journal in favour of his nomination, Castelnau was never made Marshal. Clemenceau himself was surprised: 'I would have been neither surprised nor upset to see the name of General de Castelnau among the six Marshals of France. It is regrettable that he has been forgotten and it is to us and not to him that this oversight does the greatest harm'. In the 1924 elections, which saw the victory of the Cartel des gauches, he was defeated by the mathematician Émile Borel. He then wanted to withdraw from public life. However, faced with the resurgence of an anti-clerical policy implemented by the new President of the Council, Edouard Herriot, he launched the idea of a vast national federation of various Catholic movements. The Fédération Nationale Catholique (FNC) was born. It had up to two million members. At its head, he forced the government to abandon its entire anti-clerical programme in the face of the large demonstrations that Castelnau organised throughout France. This earned him the detestation of part of the radical-socialist movement and made him be caricatured as a reactionary and royalist character. His detractors went so far as to accuse him of being anti-Dreyfus when he never spoke publicly or privately about Dreyfus. As for the accusation of anti-Semitism, it is all the more unfounded as Castelnau was one of the right-wing men most respected by the French Jewish community. As well, Castelnau never expressed any preference in terms of political regime. As a deputy, he didn't belong to a royalist party but to a Republican one. It was not until the dawn of XXI century that contemporary historians such as René Rémond corrected this image and described him as a moderate right-wing Republican with social ideas ahead of his time. During Second World War In June 1940, as soon as the Armistice was announced, he distanced himself from all those who rallied to the Vichy regime. He resigned from his position as president of the FNC and was very critical of the Catholic hierarchy, which in his opinion was too close to Pétain. We have all of his private correspondence from the period, which makes it possible to follow and date his thoughts with precision. He encouraged his two grandsons of fighting age, Urbain de la Croix and Gérald de Castelnau, to join the Free French. The former was killed on 31 March 1945 when crossing the Rhine, the latter was seriously wounded on 16 October 1944 during the French Campaign. Although very old, he actively supported the Resistance and did not hesitate to hide weapons for Colonel Pélissier's Secret Army (AS). He died at the Château de Lasserre in Montastruc-la-Conseillère on 18 March 1944 and was buried on 21 March in the family vault in Montastruc. During the burial ceremony, the Bishop of Toulouse, Mgr Saliège, although very handicapped, had himself carried into the church to honour the memory of Castelnau, to whom he was very close. These were his last words at the end of the ceremony: 'General de Castelnau was for us a support, a pride, a flag.' Judgements made on Castelnau Like all the great military leaders of the Great War, Castelnau has had his supporters and detractors. The judgement of current historians who describe him as one of the most brilliant and accomplished (if not the most accomplished) general officers of his generation is the same as that of many of his peers. General Pellé, Major General at the GQG, wrote in July 1915: 'General de Castelnau has seen a lot in his career and worked a lot; he knows war. He sees quickly and accurately. His battle preparations are admirable: they are thorough in their detail and leave as little as possible to chance.'The opinion of Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner, member of the War Cabinet, is interesting. Comparing Castelnau to the other great French and British military leaders, he had said: ' Marshal Haig saw nothing, prepared nothing, General Pétain was only concerned with preserving the situation, while General Foch is a sick man, an impulsive man who treats the Divisions like a football ball. The only general to emerge was General de Castelnau, who told me what the Germans were going to do, where they would attack, what parade to take, and all this three months before it happened and that it was happening point by point.' Marshal Haig was very admiring of Castelnau's victory at the Trouée de Charmes, which he described as an 'enormous victory'. In his memoirs, Major General Harbord of the American Expeditionary Force says: 'It was General de Castelnau, whom many considered the best French general, but a royalist and a Catholic, and therefore suspect. The Americans were very fond of Castelnau, partly because of his aversion to long speeches. Good old Castelnau limited his remarks to raising his glass and wishing that we could soon water our horses together in the Rhine.' Castelnau quotes Many of the quotes attributed to Castelnau are apocryphal. On the other hand, there are some that are attested to by irrefutable documents. For example, Castelnau was quoted as saying 'Forward, everywhere, all the way' on 25 August 1914 at the Battle of the Charmes. Colonel Charles Repington, a war correspondent, reported in The Times after his visit to Verdun the words of General de Castelnau: 'Rather than submit to German slavery, the whole French race will perish on the battlefield.In his tribute to the Army for the newspaper L'Echo de Paris on 14 July 1919, Castelnau wrote: 'The French infantry triumphed over this infernal outburst of fury and horror that surpassed anything the human imagination could ever conceive.' His opinion on Pétain and Vichy during the summer of 1940: 'More than ever, the armistice seems to me to be ignominious; I can only explain this act by the profound intellectual and moral failure of Pétain, Weygand and Co [? In him, senile pride when "he gives his person to France", defeatism, intellectual weakness compete with cowardice [...] The Marshal's government is awful in its mentality. The path it leads us down will be that of catastrophe.' In 1942, to a priest who had come to bring him a message from Cardinal Gerlier asking him to moderate his criticism of the Marshal, Castelnau replied: 'So your cardinal has a tongue? I thought he had worn it out licking Pétain's arse.' Military career 25/03/1906 : Brigadier 21/12/1909 : Major General 12/07/1912 : Lieutenant General 19/12/1916 : General 1921 General retained in activity without limit of time. Honours Légion d'honneur : chevalier (29/12/1891), officier (12/09/1899), commandeur (30/12/1911), grand-officier (18/09/1914), grand-croix (08/10/1915) ; Médaille militaire (25/06/17) ; Médaille commémorative de la guerre 1870-1871 ; Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 ; Médaille interalliée 1914-1918 ; Médaille commémorative de la Grande Guerre; Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB); Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) War Order of Virtuti Militari Pologne) ; Grand Cross Imperial Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky ( Russia) ; Great Cross of Order of the White Eagle ( Russia) ; Grand Cross of Order of Saint Stanislaus ( Russia) ; Grand Cross of Order of Saint Anna ( Russia) ; Croix de guerre (Belgium) ; Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army) Grand Cross Order of St. Gregory the Great Vatican) ; Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Remembrance Rue De Castelnau and De Castelnau metro station in Montreal are named after the general. School year n° 198 of the Ecole Speciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (2011-2014) called Castelnau's school year" honours the general Castelnau. References Further reading « Édouard de Castelnau », in Dictionnaire des parlementaires français (1889-1940), under the direction ofJean Jolly, PUF, 1960. Victor Giraud, Le Général de Castelnau, Éd. Spes, 1928. Yves Gras, Castelnau, ou l'art de commander : 1851-1944 , Paris, Denoël, 1990, 466 p. (ISBN 978-2-207-23673-4, OCLC 243447717). Corinne Bonafoux-Verrax, « Le général de Castelnau au service de la patrie et de la foi », dans Olivier Forcade (dir.), Militaires en république, 1870-1962, les officiers, le pouvoir et la vie publique en France : actes du colloque international tenu au Palais du Luxembourg et à la Sorbonne les 4, 5 et 6 avril 1996, Paris, Publ. de la Sorbonne, coll. « Histoire de la France aux XIXe et XXe siècles », 1999, 734 p. (ISBN 978-2-859-44362-7, OCLC 890165236, lire en ligne [archive]). Corinne Bonafoux-Verrax, À la droite de Dieu : la Fédération nationale catholique, 1924-1944, Paris, Fayard, coll. « Nouvelles études contemporaines », 2004, 658 p. (ISBN 978-2-213-61888-3, OCLC 255403274). François Cochet (dir.) et Rémy Porte (dir.), Dictionnaire de la Grande Guerre 1914-1918, Paris, Robert Laffont, coll. « Inedit ; Bouquins », 2008, 1120 p. (ISBN 978-2-221-10722-5, OCLC 265644254), « Castelnau, général Noël, Joseph, Édouard de Curières de (1851-1944) ». Corinne Bonafoux-Verrax, « Un conservatisme modéré ? Le cas de la Fédération nationale catholique », dans Jacques Prévotat (dir.) et Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers (dir.) et al., Villeneuve d'Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, coll. « Histoire et civilisations », 2013, 485 p. (ISBN 978-2-757-40445-4, OCLC 955345140). Jean-Paul Huet, Édouard de Castelnau, 1851-1944 : l'artisan de la victoire, Turquant, Anovi, 2013, 118 p. (ISBN 978-2-914818-63-6, OCLC 869875280). Patrick de Gmeline, Le Général de Castelnau (1851-1944). L'homme, le soldat, le chrétien, Janzé, Charles Hérissey Éditions, 2013, 244 p.(ISBN 978-2-914417-48-8, OCLC 881255614). Benoît Chenu, Castelnau : « le quatrième maréchal » 1914-1948, Paris, Bernard Giovanangeli éditeur, 2017, 446 p. (ISBN 978-2-7587-0204-7, OCLC 1022926635). Léon Zeller, Louis Zeller et Claude Franc (préf. Jean-Louis Georgelin), Souvenirs du maréchal Joffre et du général de Castelnau, Paris, Economica, 2020, 272 p. (ISBN 978-2-7178-7102-9). Benoît Chenu, La bataille des cinq empires, Paris, éditions L’Artilleur, 2021, 528 p. ( (ISBN 978-2810010240) , OCLC 2810010242). External links Extract from the military record book of General de Castelnau Channel dedicated to General de Castelnau on Youtube [archive] 1851 births 1944 deaths People from Aveyron Politicians from Occitania (administrative region) French Roman Catholics Republican Federation politicians Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the Ligue des Patriotes Anti-Masonry French generals École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War French military personnel of World War I Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur

<mask>, born on 24 December 1851 in Saint-Affrique (Aveyron) and died on 19 March 1944 in Montastruc-la-Conseillère (Haute-Garonne) at the Château de Lasserre, was a French army general, army group commander and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces during the First World War. Elected deputy in 1919, president of the Commission of the army during the legislature, he then took the head of a confessional political movement, the Fédération Nationale Catholique. During the Second World War, opposed to Marshal Pétain and the Vichy regime, he supported the French Resistance. For a long time controversial because of a Catholicism considered outrageous by his opponents, historians have moderated this portrait by emphasising his great loyalty to republican institutions, disputing in particular that he could have been reactionary or anti-semitic. Biography Before the Great War The son of <mask>u, mayor of Saint-Affrique, <mask> was born in Saint-Affrique, into an aristocratic family of the Rouergue. He is the third of five children. His elder brother, Léonce, was a politician of national importance, president of the parliamentary group of the Action Libérale in the National Assembly.His other brother, Clément, was director of the École des mines de Saint-Étienne. Ruined by the Revolution, his family had to share a house in Saint-Affrique with his mother's three uncles, the Abbés Barthe. They would have liked him to be a notary but he wanted to be a naval officer. For reasons of age, he had to reorient himself towards the Army and was part of the 54th promotion of Saint-Cyr, Promotion du Rhin (1869 - 1871), from which he graduated as second lieutenant on 14 August 1870. He was appointed to the 31st Infantry Regiment and took part in the Franco-German war of 1870 in the Loire Army. After this war, he served as a lieutenant and then captain in various regiments before joining the École de Guerre in 1879. Assigned to the Army Staff in Paris in 1893, he headed the 1er bureau in 1897.His career was delayed for the first time when the polemicist Urbain Gohier, in an article in L'Aurore, revealed that he was the descendant of an emigrant who had fought in the army of the Prince of Condé during the Revolution. In 1900, he was the target of the new Minister of War, General André, who wanted to dismiss him from the army because of his aristocratic origins and his Catholicism. According to André, Castelnau did not have the republican profile that he wanted to impose on the army. The Chief of Staff, General Delanne, opposed this decision. He appointed Castelnau to command the 37th Infantry Regiment in Nancy and then resigned, which led to the government being questioned in the Chamber and the Senate. The minister took his revenge by keeping Castelnau in this post for five years, twice the usual length of time in this type of command. He also ensured that he was not promoted to general despite his record of service, but the affair of the files would revive his career.General André was forced to resign and a few months later, on 25 March 1906, at the request of Paul Doumer, Castelnau was promoted to Brigadier. He successively commanded a Brigade at Sedan, then at Soissons. On the 21st December 1909, he became a Major General, which put him under the command of General Joffre for the first time. Joffre commanded the army corps on which the 13th Division of Chaumont depended, which Castelnau inherited. The two men got to know each other. So when Joffre was appointed head of the French Army on the 28th July 1911, he insisted on having Castelnau at his side. Castelnau took the title of First Deputy Chief of Staff.His main task was to devise a new plan for mobilising and concentrating the French armies in the event of war: the XVII plan. In 1912, he was confirmed in his position as Chief of Staff, replacing General Dubail. By decree of 30 October 1913, he was then appointed to the Conseil supérieur de la guerre, which meant that he would take command of II French Army in the event of conflict. During 1913, Castelnau found himself largely exposed to the violent debate that accompanied the Three Years' Law. Indeed, when the XVII plan was drawn up, it quickly became clear that military manpower had to be increased in peacetime. The only way to achieve this was to extend military service by an additional year, but almost two-thirds of the radical and socialist deputies were fiercely opposed to the prospect of a three-year service. Led by Jean Jaurès, opposition to this bill quickly took a passionate turn.Castelnau, considered to have inspired the text, became the bête noire of the opponents, especially as the text was finally voted on 19 July 1913. Resentment towards Castelnau on the part of the radical-socialist movement continued until the end of his life. Georges Clemenceau, although in favour of the three-year law, immortalised this antagonism by giving Castelnau nicknames such as the 'fighting friar' which have become legendary. The Great War At the declaration of war, he joined his army being mobilised in Nancy. On 15 August 1914, the five French armies went on the offensive against the Germans, who were in the process of making a large overrun through Belgium. Castelnau faced the army of Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, which was waiting for him on positions prepared in advance at Morhange. While the Grand Quartier Général (GQG) claimed that the Germans were in retreat and that there were only rearguards in front of him, Castelnau suddenly came up against considerable forces strongly supported by heavy artillery.II French army, composed in particular of XV, XVI and XX Corps and 2nd Reserve Division Group (2nd GDR commanded by General Léon Durand), suffered heavy losses and had to withdraw to Nancy. Fortunately, Castelnau succeeded in reforming his army, which he was then able to launch into a flanking manoeuvre that inflicted a heavy defeat on the pursuing Germans. This was Battle of the Trouée de Charmes (24-27 August). It prevented the French armies retreating towards Paris from being turned to the right and made the Battle of Marne possible. Just as the other armies won the victory of the Marne, Castelnau blocked a new German offensive aimed at Nancy: this was the battle of Grand-Couronné (4-13 September). This earned him the nickname ‘the saviour of Nancy’. On 18 September 1914, Édouard <mask> was promoted to Grand Officer de la Legion d'Honneur.Joffre then withdrew him from the Lorraine front and entrusted him with the mission of extending the left flank of the French armies to the north of the Oise, by trying to outflank the German right wing. This was the beginning of the race to the sea, which Castelnau initiated and led to Arras. This manoeuvre was then pursued until it reached the North Sea coast by the British Expeditionary Corps, the Belgian Army and several French army corps under the command of General Foch. In Picardy, Castelnau distinguished himself by resisting a German offensive commanded by General von Kluck in the Roye region. After the war, this earned him this appreciation from his former adversary: 'The French adversary towards whom our sympathies instinctively went, because of his great military talent and his chivalry, is General <mask>u. And I would like him to know that.' From November 1914 onwards, the fighting in Belgium and France took the form of trench warfare.Implementing new tactical principles, notably by launching his Infantry under the protection of a rolling artillery barrage, Castelnau won a victory at Le Quesnoy-en Santerre. From the beginning of 1915, he advocated adopting a defensive attitude on the French front until he had enough heavy artillery to break through the German defences and, in the meantime, to launch a major offensive in the Balkans. His idea was supported by President Poincaré and <mask> Briand, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, but opposed by Joffre and the GQG. In June 1915, he was placed at the head of the Center Army Group (GAC) and led the Champagne offensive of 25 September 1915: in a few days he took 25,000 prisoners and 125 guns but, disrupted by continuous rain, this offensive did not lead to a strategic victory. Following this feat of arms, he was made a Grand Croix de la Legion d'Honneur on 8 October 1915 and, two months later, on 11 December 1915, he was appointed Chief of the General Staff of the French Armies, a position he held throughout 1916. In this position, he assisted Generalissimo Joffre. He made a decisive contribution to the Battle of Verdun.Contrary to the majority of officers in the GQG who did not believe in a German offensive there, he feared it. He therefore intervened to reinforce the town's defences and had XX army corps in Bar-le-Duc put on alert so that it could be used as reinforcements in the event of a German attack. The attack began on 21 February 1916. After three days of fighting, the French defences were in the process of giving way, and Castelnau went to Verdun and took the crucial decisions that would allow the resistance to take hold. He appointed General Pétain and reorganised the local command. Throughout the nine months of the battle, he intervened during the most critical episodes. After six weeks of fighting, he decided to appoint General Nivelle, with General Pétain taking command of the Central Army Group (GAC).In November 1916, against the advice of the officers around Joffre, he ordered the last offensive, turning this long battle into a French victory. In December 1916, Joffre was replaced as commander-in-chief of the armies. General Robert Nivelle was chosen to succeed him, with Joffre being elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France. The post of Chief of Staff of the Armies was abolished and <mask> was appointed to command the Eastern Army Group. However, this sector of the front where his units operated was the least active. On 25 June 1917, he received the military medal. In the spring of 1918, taking advantage of the Russian withdrawal from the conflict after the Bolshevik revolution, the Germans brought all their forces back to France and Belgium and then launched a series of major offensives that were on the way to making them victorious.The armies under Castelnau's command did not play a leading role during this period. On the other hand, as the Franco-British troops, reinforced by the American contingent, regained the initiative during the summer, he was appointed to prepare a decisive manoeuvre in Lorraine. In this sector, the weakness of the German position suggested a major success that could hasten the end of the war. Castelnau did not experience a new victory until two days later. The armistice of 11 November suspended his attack, which would probably have taken him deep into Germany. Despite the additional losses this would have caused - 'I know only too well the bitterness of the tears shed on the graves,' he wrote to his family, thinking of his three sons, Gerald, Xavier and Hugues, who had been killed in the war - Castelnau believed that the Allies should not have signed the armistice prematurely. After the Great War He made a solemn entry into Colmar on 22 November 1918 during the celebrations for the liberation of the town.On this occasion, the press around the world announced his elevation to the dignity of a marshal but the government refused. However, public opinion demanded it, as shown by the ovation he received on 14 July 1919 when he marched on the Champs Élysées. As he passed, the crowd began to chant 'Maréchal! Maréchal!' demanding that he be elevated to the marshalate as Joffre, Foch and Pétain had been. Like the other great military leaders of the Great War, he was the object of many honours. In Lyon, the mayor of the city, Edouard Herriot, although very anti-clerical, welcomed him with a speech of rare emphasis; he stated: 'Your victory, your unique victory at the Grand Couronne will become classic like that of Thermopylae in the past.I compare you to that great leader, Turenne, whose figure shines in our History as one of the noblest, simplest and purest of our race and our time.' He entered Parliament in 1919 as a deputy for Aveyron with the Bleu Horizon wave, within the majority Republican party, Fédération Républicaine, which was classified on the right. He was elected president of the Army Committee. In this capacity, he left his mark on the legislature by having an eighteen-month military service adopted on 23 April 1923. It was undoubtedly his active participation in political life that prompted the government of <mask> Briand and the Minister of War, Louis Barthou, to remove him from the new list of Marshals announced on 19 February 1921. Indeed, in the eyes of many parliamentarians, including Léon Blum, Castelnau was becoming more and more of a national leader. This eviction triggered a questioning of the government in the Assembly.Despite a strong movement of public opinion, as shown by the poll carried out by the daily newspaper Le Journal in favour of his nomination, Castelnau was never made Marshal. Clemenceau himself was surprised: 'I would have been neither surprised nor upset to see the name of General <mask>u among the six Marshals of France. It is regrettable that he has been forgotten and it is to us and not to him that this oversight does the greatest harm'. In the 1924 elections, which saw the victory of the Cartel des gauches, he was defeated by the mathematician Émile Borel. He then wanted to withdraw from public life. However, faced with the resurgence of an anti-clerical policy implemented by the new President of the Council, Edouard Herriot, he launched the idea of a vast national federation of various Catholic movements. The Fédération Nationale Catholique (FNC) was born.It had up to two million members. At its head, he forced the government to abandon its entire anti-clerical programme in the face of the large demonstrations that Castelnau organised throughout France. This earned him the detestation of part of the radical-socialist movement and made him be caricatured as a reactionary and royalist character. His detractors went so far as to accuse him of being anti-Dreyfus when he never spoke publicly or privately about Dreyfus. As for the accusation of anti-Semitism, it is all the more unfounded as Castelnau was one of the right-wing men most respected by the French Jewish community. As well, Castelnau never expressed any preference in terms of political regime. As a deputy, he didn't belong to a royalist party but to a Republican one.It was not until the dawn of XXI century that contemporary historians such as René Rémond corrected this image and described him as a moderate right-wing Republican with social ideas ahead of his time. During Second World War In June 1940, as soon as the Armistice was announced, he distanced himself from all those who rallied to the Vichy regime. He resigned from his position as president of the FNC and was very critical of the Catholic hierarchy, which in his opinion was too close to Pétain. We have all of his private correspondence from the period, which makes it possible to follow and date his thoughts with precision. He encouraged his two grandsons of fighting age, Urbain <mask> Croix and Gérald <mask>, to join the Free French. The former was killed on 31 March 1945 when crossing the Rhine, the latter was seriously wounded on 16 October 1944 during the French Campaign. Although very old, he actively supported the Resistance and did not hesitate to hide weapons for Colonel Pélissier's Secret Army (AS).He died at the Château de Lasserre in Montastruc-la-Conseillère on 18 March 1944 and was buried on 21 March in the family vault in Montastruc. During the burial ceremony, the Bishop of Toulouse, Mgr Saliège, although very handicapped, had himself carried into the church to honour the memory of Castelnau, to whom he was very close. These were his last words at the end of the ceremony: 'General <mask>nau was for us a support, a pride, a flag.' Judgements made on Castelnau Like all the great military leaders of the Great War, Castelnau has had his supporters and detractors. The judgement of current historians who describe him as one of the most brilliant and accomplished (if not the most accomplished) general officers of his generation is the same as that of many of his peers. General Pellé, Major General at the GQG, wrote in July 1915: 'General <mask>u has seen a lot in his career and worked a lot; he knows war. He sees quickly and accurately.His battle preparations are admirable: they are thorough in their detail and leave as little as possible to chance. 'The opinion of Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner, member of the War Cabinet, is interesting. Comparing Castelnau to the other great French and British military leaders, he had said: ' Marshal Haig saw nothing, prepared nothing, General Pétain was only concerned with preserving the situation, while General Foch is a sick man, an impulsive man who treats the Divisions like a football ball. The only general to emerge was General <mask>, who told me what the Germans were going to do, where they would attack, what parade to take, and all this three months before it happened and that it was happening point by point.' Marshal Haig was very admiring of Castelnau's victory at the Trouée de Charmes, which he described as an 'enormous victory'. In his memoirs, Major General Harbord of the American Expeditionary Force says: 'It was General <mask>u, whom many considered the best French general, but a royalist and a Catholic, and therefore suspect. The Americans were very fond of Castelnau, partly because of his aversion to long speeches.Good old Castelnau limited his remarks to raising his glass and wishing that we could soon water our horses together in the Rhine.' Castelnau quotes Many of the quotes attributed to Castelnau are apocryphal. On the other hand, there are some that are attested to by irrefutable documents. For example, Castelnau was quoted as saying 'Forward, everywhere, all the way' on 25 August 1914 at the Battle of the Charmes. Colonel Charles Repington, a war correspondent, reported in The Times after his visit to Verdun the words of General <mask>u: 'Rather than submit to German slavery, the whole French race will perish on the battlefield.In his tribute to the Army for the newspaper L'Echo de Paris on 14 July 1919, Castelnau wrote: 'The French infantry triumphed over this infernal outburst of fury and horror that surpassed anything the human imagination could ever conceive.' His opinion on Pétain and Vichy during the summer of 1940: 'More than ever, the armistice seems to me to be ignominious; I can only explain this act by the profound intellectual and moral failure of Pétain, Weygand and Co [? In him, senile pride when "he gives his person to France", defeatism, intellectual weakness compete with cowardice [...] The Marshal's government is awful in its mentality.The path it leads us down will be that of catastrophe.' In 1942, to a priest who had come to bring him a message from Cardinal Gerlier asking him to moderate his criticism of the Marshal, Castelnau replied: 'So your cardinal has a tongue? I thought he had worn it out licking Pétain's arse.' Military career 25/03/1906 : Brigadier 21/12/1909 : Major General 12/07/1912 : Lieutenant General 19/12/1916 : General 1921 General retained in activity without limit of time. School year n° 198 of the Ecole Speciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (2011-2014) called Castelnau's school year" honours the general Castelnau. References Further reading « Édouard <mask> Jolly, PUF, 1960. Victor Giraud, Le Général de Castelnau, Éd.Spes, 1928. Yves Gras, Castelnau, ou l'art de commander : 1851-1944 , Paris, Denoël, 1990, 466 p. (ISBN 978-2-207-23673-4, OCLC 243447717). Corinne Bonafoux-Verrax, « Le général de Castelnau au service de la patrie et de la foi », dans Olivier Forcade (dir. ), Militaires en république, 1870-1962, les officiers, le pouvoir et la vie publique en France : actes du colloque international tenu au Palais du Luxembourg et à la Sorbonne les 4, 5 et 6 avril 1996, Paris, Publ. de la Sorbonne, coll. « Histoire de la France aux XIXe et XXe siècles », 1999, 734 p. (ISBN 978-2-859-44362-7, OCLC 890165236, lire en ligne [archive]). Corinne Bonafoux-Verrax, À la droite de Dieu : la Fédération nationale catholique, 1924-1944, Paris, Fayard, coll.« Nouvelles études contemporaines », 2004, 658 p. (ISBN 978-2-213-61888-3, OCLC 255403274). François Cochet (dir.) et Rémy Porte (dir. ), Dictionnaire de la Grande Guerre 1914-1918, Paris, Robert Laffont, coll. « Inedit ; Bouquins », 2008, 1120 p. (ISBN 978-2-221-10722-5, OCLC 265644254), « Castelnau, général Noël, Joseph, Édouard <mask>urières de (1851-1944) ». Corinne Bonafoux-Verrax, « Un conservatisme modéré ? Le cas de la Fédération nationale catholique », dans Jacques Prévotat (dir.)et Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers (dir.) et al., Villeneuve d'Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, coll. « Histoire et civilisations », 2013, 485 p. (ISBN 978-2-757-40445-4, OCLC 955345140). Jean-Paul Huet, Édouard <mask>elnau, 1851-1944 : l'artisan de la victoire, Turquant, Anovi, 2013, 118 p. (ISBN 978-2-914818-63-6, OCLC 869875280). <mask> Gmeline, Le Général de Castelnau (1851-1944). L'homme, le soldat, le chrétien, Janzé, Charles Hérissey Éditions, 2013, 244 p.(ISBN 978-2-914417-48-8, OCLC 881255614). Benoît Chenu, Castelnau : « le quatrième maréchal » 1914-1948, Paris, Bernard Giovanangeli éditeur, 2017, 446 p. (ISBN 978-2-7587-0204-7, OCLC 1022926635).Léon Zeller, Louis Zeller et <mask> (préf. Jean-Louis Georgelin), Souvenirs du maréchal Joffre et du général de Castelnau, Paris, Economica, 2020, 272 p. (ISBN 978-2-7178-7102-9). Benoît Chenu, La bataille des cinq empires, Paris, éditions L’Artilleur, 2021, 528 p. ( (ISBN 978-2810010240) , OCLC 2810010242). External links Extract from the military record book of General <mask> Castelnau Channel dedicated to General <mask>u on Youtube [archive] 1851 births 1944 deaths People from Aveyron Politicians from Occitania (administrative region) French Roman Catholics Republican Federation politicians Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the Ligue des Patriotes Anti-Masonry French generals École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War French military personnel of World War I Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur

He was born on December 24, 1851 in Saint-Affrique and died on March 19, 1944 in Montastruc-la-Conseillre. He was elected deputy in 1919 and then president of the Commission of the army during the legislature. He supported the French Resistance during the Second World War. Historians have moderated this portrait by emphasizing his loyalty to republican institutions and the fact that he could have been reactionary or anti-semitic. The son of the mayor of Saint-Affrique was born into an aristocracy. He is one of five children. The president of the parliamentary group of the Action Libérale in the National Assembly was his brother.Clément was the director of the cole des mines de Saint-tienne. The family had to share a house in Saint-Affrique because of the Revolution. He wanted to be a naval officer, but they didn't want him to be a notary. He was part of the 54th promotion of Saint-Cyr, Promotion du Rhin (1869 - 1871) from which he graduated as second lieutenant on August 14, 1870. He was in the Loire Army during the Franco-German war of 1870. He joined the cole de Guerre in 1879 after serving as a lieutenant and captain. He was assigned to the Army Staff in Paris in 1893 and headed the 1er bureau in 1897.His career was delayed for the first time when it was revealed that he was the descendant of an emigrant who fought in the army of the Prince of Condé. He was the target of a new Minister of War who wanted to dismiss him from the army because of his Catholicism. He didn't have a republican profile that he wanted to impose on the army. General Delanne was the Chief of Staff. The government was questioned in the Senate and the Chamber after the resignation of the 37th Infantry Regiment's commander. The minister decided to take revenge by keeping him in this post for five years, twice the usual length of time in this type of command. The affair of the files would revive his career because he was not promoted to general despite his record of service.General André was forced to resign and a few months later, at the request of Paul Doumer, he was promoted to brigadier. He commanded a brigade at Sedan and Soissons. He was put under the command of General Joffre for the first time after becoming a Major General in 1909. The 13th Division of Chaumont depended on the army corps commanded by Joffre. They got to know each other. When Joffre was appointed head of the French Army on July 28, 1911, he insisted on having Castelnau at his side. The title of first deputy chief of staff was taken by Castelnau.He was tasked with creating a new plan for mobilising and concentrating the French armies in the event of war. He was confirmed as the Chief of Staff in 1912. He was appointed to the Conseil supérieur de la guerre by decree of 30 October 1913, which meant that he would take command of the II French Army in the event of conflict. The violent debate that accompanied the Three Years' Law was something that Castelnau was exposed to. The military had to be increased in peacetime when the plan was drawn up. The only way to achieve this was to extend military service by an additional year, but almost two-thirds of the radical and socialist deputies were against the idea. Jean Jaurs led the opposition to the bill.As the text was finally voted on on 19 July 1913, it became the bte noire of the opponents. The part of the radical-socialist movement that resented him continued until the end of his life. The 'fighting friar' which has become legendary is a nickname given to the antagonism by Georges Clemenceau, who was in favor of the three-year law. He joined his army in Nancy during the Great War. The five French armies went on the offensive against the Germans on August 15, 1914, as the Germans were about to overrun Belgium. There was an army waiting for him at Morhange, which was prepared in advance. The Grand Quartier Général (GQG) claimed that the Germans were in retreat and that there were only rearguards in front of him, but that was not the case.The 2nd GDR commanded by General Léon Durand suffered heavy losses and had to withdraw to Nancy. Fortunately, the reform of his army resulted in a heavy defeat for the Germans. The Battle of the Trouée de Charmes took place in August. The Battle of Marne was possible because it prevented the French armies from being turned to the right. The battle of Grand-Couronné was the battle of the Marne and was won by the other armies. This earned him a nickname. The Grand Officer de la Legion d'Honneur was promoted on September 18, 1914.Joffre put him in charge of extending the left flank of the French armies to the north of the Oise in order to outflak the German right wing. The start of the race to the sea was here. The British Expeditionary Corps, the Belgian Army, and several French army corps under the command of General Foch pursued the maneuver until it reached the North Sea coast. General von Kluck commanded a German offensive in the Roye region. After the war, he was appreciated by his former adversary because of his military talent and chivalry. I would like him to know that. The fighting in France and Belgium took the form of trench warfare.The victory was achieved by launching his Infantry under the protection of a rolling bombardment. He advocated for a defensive attitude on the French side until he could break through the German defences and launch a major offensive in the Balkans. His idea was opposed by Joffre and the GQG, but supported by President Poincaré and <mask> Briand. In a few days he took 25,000 prisoners and 125 guns but, disrupted by continuous rain, this offensive did not lead to a strategic victory. He was appointed Chief of the General Staff of the French Armies on December 11, 1915, two months after he was made a Grand Croix de la Legion d'Honneur. He assisted Generalissimo Joffre. He was involved in the Battle of Verdun.The majority of officers in the GQG did not believe in a German offensive there. He had the army corps in Bar-le-Duc put on alert so that they could be used as reinforcements in the event of a German attack. The attack began in February 1916. After three days of fighting, the French defences were in the process of giving way, which allowed the resistance to take hold. He reorganised the local command. He was involved in the most critical episodes throughout the nine months of the battle. After six weeks of fighting, he decided to appoint General Nivelle, with General Pétain taking command of the Central Army Group.In November 1916, against the advice of the officers around Joffre, he ordered the last offensive, turning the battle into a French victory. Joffre was replaced as commander-in-chief in December 1916. Joffre was elevated to the dignity of the marshal of France after General Robert Nivelle succeeded him. The post of Chief of Staff of the Armies was abolished and replaced with the position of Eastern Army Group commander. The least active sector of the front was where his units operated. He received a military medal in June of 1917. After the fall of Russia in the spring of 1918, the Germans brought their forces back to France and Belgium and launched a series of major offensives that made them victorious.The armies were not involved in a leading role during this period. As the Franco-British troops regained the initiative during the summer, he was appointed to prepare a decisive maneuver. The weakness of the German position suggested a major success that could end the war. A new victory was not experienced until two days later. His attack was stopped by the armistice of 11 November. Despite the additional losses this would have caused, he wrote to his family, thinking of his three sons who had been killed in the war. He entered Colmar during the celebrations for the liberation of the town on November 22, 1918.The press announced his elevation to the dignity of a marshal but the government refused. On July 14, 1919, he received an applause when he walked on the Champs lysées. The crowd began to chant 'Maréchal!' as he passed. Maréchal! Joffre, Foch and Pétain had been elevated to the marshalate. He was one of the great military leaders of the Great War. In Lyon, the mayor of the city, who is very anti-clerical, welcomed him with a speech of rare emphasis; he stated: "Your victory, your unique victory at the Grand Couronne will become classic like that of Thermopylae in the past."Turenne's figure shines in our History as one of the noblest, simplest and purest of our race and our time. He entered Parliament in 1919 as a deputy for Aveyron, within the majority Republican party, Fédération Républicaine, which was classified on the right. He was elected president of the committee. He left his mark on the legislature by having an eighteen-month military service. He was removed from the new list of marshals due to his active participation in political life. In the eyes of many parliamentarians, including Léon Blum, Castelnau was becoming more and more of a national leader. The government was questioned in the Assembly after this eviction.Despite a strong movement of public opinion in favor of him, he was never made marshal. I would not have been surprised or upset to see the name of General <mask>u among the six marshals of France. It is regrettable that he has been forgotten and not to him that this oversight harms. He was defeated in the 1924 elections by the mathematician mile Borel. He wanted to leave public life. However, faced with the resurgence of an anti-clerical policy implemented by the new President of the Council, he launched the idea of a vast national federation of various Catholic movements. The Fédération Nationale Catholique was born.It had more than one million members. He forced the government to abandon its anti-clerical programme in the face of large demonstrations. He was caricatured as a reactionary and royalist character because of this. His detractors accused him of being anti-Dreyfus when he never spoke about it. One of the right-wing men most respected by the French Jewish community is the one who was accused of anti-Semitism. The man never expressed any preference for the political regime. He belonged to a Republican party as a deputy.It wasn't until the dawn of the 20th century that historians began to see him as a moderate right-wing Republican with social ideas ahead of his time. He distanced himself from those who supported the Vichy regime after the Second World War ended. He was very critical of the Catholic hierarchy and resigned from his position as president of the FNC. It is possible to follow and date his thoughts with precision because we have all of his private correspondence from the period. He encouraged his two grandsons to join the Free French. On 31 March 1945 the former was killed crossing the Rhine and on 16 October 1944 the latter was seriously wounded during the French Campaign. He hid weapons for Colonel Pélissier's Secret Army despite being very old.He died at the Chteau de Lasserre in Montastruc-la-Conseillre on 18 March 1944 and was buried on 21 March in the family vault. The Bishop of Toulouse, who is very handicapped, carried himself into the church during the burial ceremony to honor the memory of a close friend. At the end of the ceremony, he said 'General <mask>u was for us a support, a pride, a flag.' All the great military leaders of the Great War have had their supporters and detractors. The judgement of current historians who describe him as one of the most brilliant and accomplished general officers of his generation is the same as that of many of his peers. In July 1915, the Major General at the GQG wrote, "General <mask>u has seen a lot in his career and worked a lot; he knows war." He is able to see quickly and accurately.His preparation is thorough and he leaves as little as possible to chance. Alfred Milner is a member of the War Cabinet. He said that the other great French and British military leaders were only concerned with preserving the situation, while General Foch was an impulsive man who treated the Divisions like a football ball. The only general that came to my attention was the one who told me what the Germans were going to do, where they would attack, and what parade to take. He described the victory at the Trouée de Charmes as an 'enormous victory'. According to Major General Harbord of the American Expeditionary Force, the best French general, but a royalist and a Catholic, was General <mask>. The Americans liked him because he didn't like long speeches.Castelnau wanted to wish that we could soon water our horses in the Rhine. Many of the quotes attributed to Castelnau are apocryphal. There are some that are irrefutable. On August 25, 1914, at the Battle of the Charmes, he was quoted as saying "Forward, everywhere, all the way". Colonel Charles Repington, a war correspondent, reported in The Times after his visit to Verdun that the whole French race will die on the battlefield. More than ever, the armistice seems to me to be ignominious; I can only explain this act by the profound intellectual and moral failure of Pétain, Weygand and Co. The marshal's government is awful in its mentality because of senile pride when he gives his person to France.The path it leads us down will be a disaster. In 1942, to a priest who had come to bring him a message from Cardinal Gerlier asking him to moderate his criticism of the marshal, Castelnau replied: 'So your cardinal has a tongue?' I thought he had worn it out. Major General 12/07/1912, Lieutenant General 19/12/1916, and General 1921 were retained in activity without limit of time. The school year of the Ecole Speciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr is called the Castelnau's school year. In Dictionnaire des parlementaires franais, there is a further reading of douard de Castelnau. Le Général de Castelnau was written by Victor Giraud.Spes was born in 1928. Yves Gras, Castelnau, ou l'art de commander was published in 1990. The service de la patrie et de la foi was provided by Le général de Castelnau. Les officiers, le pouvoir et la vie publique en France, actes du colloque international. The coll is de la Sorbonne. Histoire de la France aux XIXe et XXe Sicles was published in 1999. : la Fédération nationale catholique, 1924-1944, Paris, Fayard, coll.Nouvelles études contemporaines was published in 2004. Franois Cochet is a director. It was called et Rémy Porte. Dictionnaire de la Grande Guerre was located in Paris. Inedit, a book by Joseph douard <mask> <mask> (1851-1944), was published in 2008. Un conservatisme modéré? Jacques Prévotat is the Director of the Fédération nationale catholique.Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers is a film. Villeneuve d'Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, coll. Histoire et civilisations is a book. The artisan de la victoire, Turquant, Anovi, was written by Jean-Paul Huet. Le Général de Castelnau was founded by <mask> Gmeline. L'homme, le soldat, le chrétien, Janzé, Charles Hérissey ditions is a book. Benot Chenu wrote le quatrime maréchal 1914-1948 in Paris.They are: <mask>, Louis Zeller, and Léon Zeller. Souvenirs du maréchal Joffre et du général de Castelnau, Paris, Economica, 2020, is a book by Jean-Louis Georgelin. Benot Chenu, La bataille des cinq empires, Paris, is a book. There are people from Aveyron who are members of the French Roman Catholics Republican Federation.

36840799

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20Sachithanandan

T. Sachithanandan

Dato' Sachithanandan Thambinathan (born 2 August 1931), better known as T. Sachithanandan, was a Malaysian anaesthesiologist. Background Born in Kuala Lumpur to parents of Sri Lankan Tamil ancestry, he attended Victoria Institution and graduated from the University of Calcutta (MBBS 1957) where he was the Founder President of the International Students Association. During his postgraduate specialist training in anaesthesia in the United Kingdom (1961–64), Sachithanandan trained with post-war British anaesthesiologists that included John Alfred Lee (Southend-on-Sea Hospital), John Francis Nunn (Royal College of Surgeons of England research unit) and Professor Thomas Cecil Gray (Liverpool). He was conferred the F.F.A.R.C.S.I. a Fellowship in Anaesthesia by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (Dublin 1963) in addition to the D.A (Royal College of Surgeons, England). In 1964, Sachithanandan and JF Nunn et al. were the first investigators to demonstrate age-dependent airway closure in humans whilst breathing at residual volume. They observed the resulting desaturation was due to perfusion of unventilated alveoli. Their research findings still remains a highly cited British Journal of Anaesthesia publication with important implications for mechanical ventilatory support of the critically ill patient to correct the resulting hypoxaemia and atelectasis from the reduced lung volumes. Upon returning to Malaysia, Sachithanandan was appointed consultant anaesthesiologist to the Johor Baru General Hospital (since renamed Hospital Sultanah Aminah) where he practised for two periods (1964–71 and 1977–81). His most notable contribution as Johore State Anaesthetist was to establish the first public sector intensive care unit (ICU) in Malaysia in 1968 at the Johor Baru General Hospital (JBGH). This ICU inspired the establishment of similar units in several other state general hospitals nationwide over the next decade. In 2010, Malaysia reported availability of over four hundred operational critical care ICU beds across 36 different government hospitals with a 90% bed occupancy rate. Sachithanandan and two colleagues (pioneer physician Dr Lim Kee Jin and paediatrician Dr Samuel C.E. Abraham) also established Malaysia’s first postgraduate medical centre at JBGH in 1969. In 1972, Sachithanandan was elected President of the Malaysian Medical Association (the 14th MMA President), the first anaesthetist to hold such office. He served as Chief of Anaesthesiology in Ipoh General Hospital (1972–77) establishing the state’s first postgraduate medical centre in 1976. As the Vice Dean of the inaugural Faculty board (1975–77) and subsequently as Dean of the Faculty of Anaesthesiologists, College of Surgeons of Malaysia (1977–79), he was highly influential in developing local specialist training and accreditation criteria which helped lay the foundation for a future local Masters certification in anaesthesia. Over 450 Malaysian doctors have since successfully completed a masters-certified local postgraduate training programme in anaesthesiology (up till 2008). Training aside, T.Sachithanandan also pioneered and popularised the technique of regional anaesthesia nerve blockade here in Malaysia. Sachithanandan was one of Malaysia's five pioneer consultant anaesthetists (with FR Bhupalan, AS Manavalan, Law Gim Teik and MC Poopathy) who founded the Malaysian Society of Anaesthesiologists (MSA) in 1963 and subsequently became a distinguished past President of the MSA (1968–69). He was one of the early Members of the Academy of Medicine, Malaysia (1969). In 1980, as one of the original group of eight pioneer doctor-business partners, Sachithanandan was highly instrumental in the clinical design of the Johor Specialist Hospital (JSH), the first private hospital in the state of Johor and the country’s first Kumpulan Perubatan Johor (KPJ) hospital. He never commenced practice at the JSH which opened in early May 1981. From the humble origins of this first hospital, KPJ has emerged to become Malaysia’s leading premier private healthcare provider with an annual turnover in excess of a billion ringgit from a network of 21 private hospitals employing over 800 medical specialists and is listed on the main board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. Sachithanandan was awarded a state knighthood, the highly coveted Dato Paduka Mahkota Johor (DPMJ) (Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Johor) by HRH Sultan Ismail of Johor in 1980 for services to medicine and anaesthesia in particular. He died unexpectedly on 28 May 1981, aged forty-nine following a coronary artery bypass operation at London’s Harley Street Clinic. T.Sachithanandan’s legacy extends far beyond setting up that first ICU. He was an exceptionally competent anaesthesiologist who actively trained and inspired innumerous young specialists and was responsible for much of the early development of clinical anaesthesia and intensive care services nationally and particularly in the two large Malaysian states of Johor and Perak.His leadership in elevating the role and status of the anaesthesiologist in the care of the patients in the early days of anaesthesiology as an evolving discipline was a very significant contribution indeed. In 2018 the inaugural T.Sachithanandan Best Oral Presentation Award was presented by the Malaysian Society of Intensive Care (MSIC) in recognition of his pioneering work. The award will be presented henceforth at the annual ASMIC scientific meeting. T.Sachithanandan served as President of the Johor Cricket Council (1969–71), Vice President of the Malaysian Cricket Association (1969–70) and President of the Johor Baru Junior Chamber International (JCI-Jaycees) in 1969/70. He was actively involved with the Johor Red Crescent Society (as Chief Medical Officer), Area Surgeon of St. Johns Ambulance Brigade of Johor (1965–71) and Chairman of the Johor Blood Bank & Transfusion Service (1966–71). Sachithanandan married Punithavathy Sinnathuray (sister of Singapore Supreme Court judge T. S. Sinnathuray and renowned Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology T. A. Sinnathuray) in 1965. He is survived by her and their two children both Dublin-trained physicians; an interventional gastroenterologist (daughter Sharmila) and a cardiothoracic surgeon (son Anand). References 1931 births Malaysian anaesthetists Malaysian people of Tamil descent Malaysian people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent People from Johor Malaysian cricket administrators Malaysian people of Indian descent Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor Living people

Dato<mask> (born 2 August 1931), better known as T<mask>, was a Malaysian anaesthesiologist. Background Born in Kuala Lumpur to parents of Sri Lankan Tamil ancestry, he attended Victoria Institution and graduated from the University of Calcutta (MBBS 1957) where he was the Founder President of the International Students Association. During his postgraduate specialist training in anaesthesia in the United Kingdom (1961–64), Sachithanandan trained with post-war British anaesthesiologists that included John Alfred Lee (Southend-on-Sea Hospital), John Francis Nunn (Royal College of Surgeons of England research unit) and Professor <mask> (Liverpool). He was conferred the F.F.A.R.C.S.I. a Fellowship in Anaesthesia by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (Dublin 1963) in addition to the D.A (Royal College of Surgeons, England). In 1964, <mask> and JF Nunn et al. were the first investigators to demonstrate age-dependent airway closure in humans whilst breathing at residual volume.They observed the resulting desaturation was due to perfusion of unventilated alveoli. Their research findings still remains a highly cited British Journal of Anaesthesia publication with important implications for mechanical ventilatory support of the critically ill patient to correct the resulting hypoxaemia and atelectasis from the reduced lung volumes. Upon returning to Malaysia, <mask> was appointed consultant anaesthesiologist to the Johor Baru General Hospital (since renamed Hospital Sultanah Aminah) where he practised for two periods (1964–71 and 1977–81). His most notable contribution as Johore State Anaesthetist was to establish the first public sector intensive care unit (ICU) in Malaysia in 1968 at the Johor Baru General Hospital (JBGH). This ICU inspired the establishment of similar units in several other state general hospitals nationwide over the next decade. In 2010, Malaysia reported availability of over four hundred operational critical care ICU beds across 36 different government hospitals with a 90% bed occupancy rate. Sachithanandan and two colleagues (pioneer physician Dr Lim Kee Jin and paediatrician Dr Samuel C.E.Abraham) also established Malaysia’s first postgraduate medical centre at JBGH in 1969. In 1972, Sachithanandan was elected President of the Malaysian Medical Association (the 14th MMA President), the first anaesthetist to hold such office. He served as Chief of Anaesthesiology in Ipoh General Hospital (1972–77) establishing the state’s first postgraduate medical centre in 1976. As the Vice Dean of the inaugural Faculty board (1975–77) and subsequently as Dean of the Faculty of Anaesthesiologists, College of Surgeons of Malaysia (1977–79), he was highly influential in developing local specialist training and accreditation criteria which helped lay the foundation for a future local Masters certification in anaesthesia. Over 450 Malaysian doctors have since successfully completed a masters-certified local postgraduate training programme in anaesthesiology (up till 2008). Training aside, T.Sachithanandan also pioneered and popularised the technique of regional anaesthesia nerve blockade here in Malaysia. <mask> was one of Malaysia's five pioneer consultant anaesthetists (with FR Bhupalan, AS Manavalan, Law Gim <mask>ik and MC Poopathy) who founded the Malaysian Society of Anaesthesiologists (MSA) in 1963 and subsequently became a distinguished past President of the MSA (1968–69).He was one of the early Members of the Academy of Medicine, Malaysia (1969). In 1980, as one of the original group of eight pioneer doctor-business partners, Sachithanandan was highly instrumental in the clinical design of the Johor Specialist Hospital (JSH), the first private hospital in the state of Johor and the country’s first Kumpulan Perubatan Johor (KPJ) hospital. He never commenced practice at the JSH which opened in early May 1981. From the humble origins of this first hospital, KPJ has emerged to become Malaysia’s leading premier private healthcare provider with an annual turnover in excess of a billion ringgit from a network of 21 private hospitals employing over 800 medical specialists and is listed on the main board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. Sachithanandan was awarded a state knighthood, the highly coveted Dato Paduka Mahkota Johor (DPMJ) (Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Johor) by HRH Sultan Ismail of Johor in 1980 for services to medicine and anaesthesia in particular. He died unexpectedly on 28 May 1981, aged forty-nine following a coronary artery bypass operation at London’s Harley Street Clinic. T.<mask>’s legacy extends far beyond setting up that first ICU.He was an exceptionally competent anaesthesiologist who actively trained and inspired innumerous young specialists and was responsible for much of the early development of clinical anaesthesia and intensive care services nationally and particularly in the two large Malaysian states of Johor and Perak.His leadership in elevating the role and status of the anaesthesiologist in the care of the patients in the early days of anaesthesiology as an evolving discipline was a very significant contribution indeed. In 2018 the inaugural T.Sachithanandan Best Oral Presentation Award was presented by the Malaysian Society of Intensive Care (MSIC) in recognition of his pioneering work. The award will be presented henceforth at the annual ASMIC scientific meeting. T.<mask> served as President of the Johor Cricket Council (1969–71), Vice President of the Malaysian Cricket Association (1969–70) and President of the Johor Baru Junior Chamber International (JCI-Jaycees) in 1969/70. He was actively involved with the Johor Red Crescent Society (as Chief Medical Officer), Area Surgeon of St. Johns Ambulance Brigade of Johor (1965–71) and Chairman of the Johor Blood Bank & Transfusion Service (1966–71). Sachithanandan married Punithavathy Sinnathuray (sister of Singapore Supreme Court judge T. S. Sinnathuray and renowned Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology T. A. Sinnathuray) in 1965. He is survived by her and their two children both Dublin-trained physicians; an interventional gastroenterologist (daughter Sharmila) and a cardiothoracic surgeon (son Anand).References 1931 births Malaysian anaesthetists Malaysian people of Tamil descent Malaysian people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent People from Johor Malaysian cricket administrators Malaysian people of Indian descent Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor Living people

The Malaysian anaesthesiologist, better known as T<mask>, was born on August 2, 1931. He was the founder president of the International Students Association after graduating from the University of Calcutta in 1957. Post-war British anaesthesiologists included John Alfred Lee (Southend-on-Sea Hospital) and John Francis Nunn (Royal College of Surgeons of England research unit). He received the F.F.A.R.C.S.I. In addition to the D.A, there is a fellowship in Anaesthesia by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. In 1964, there were two people, JF Nunn and Sachithanandan. They were the first to demonstrate age dependent airway closure in humans.The desaturation was due to the unventilated alveoli. The British Journal of Anaesthesia publication has important implications for mechanical ventilatory support of the critically ill patient to correct hypoxaemia and atelectasis from the reduced lung volumes. After returning to Malaysia, he was appointed consultant anaesthesiologist to the Johor Baru General Hospital. The first public sector intensive care unit in Malaysia was established at the Johor Baru General Hospital in 1968. Over the next decade, several other state general hospitals will have similar units. In 2010, Malaysia reported availability of over four hundred operational critical care ICU beds across 36 different government hospitals. There are two doctors and a paediatrician.The first postgraduate medical centre in Malaysia was established by Abraham. The first anaesthetist to hold such an office was elected President of the Malaysian Medical Association in 1972. He established the state's first postgraduate medical centre in 1976. He was the Vice Dean of the inaugural Faculty board and later the Dean of the Faculty of Anaesthesiologists at the College of Surgeons of Malaysia. Over 450 Malaysian doctors have successfully completed a masters-certified local postgraduate training programme in anaesthesiology. T.<mask> pioneered and popularised the technique of regional anaesthesia nerve blockade here in Malaysia. The Malaysian Society of Anaesthesiologists (MSA) was founded in 1963, by one of Malaysia's five pioneer consultant anaesthetists, who later became a distinguished past President.He was a member of the Academy of Medicine in Malaysia. The Johor Specialist Hospital (JSH), the first private hospital in the state of Johor and the country's first Kumpulan Perubatan Johor were all designed by Sachithanandan as one of the original group of eight pioneer doctor-business partners. He never practiced at the JSH. KPJ has become Malaysia's leading private healthcare provider with an annual turnover in excess of a billion ringgit from a network of 21 private hospitals employing over 800 medical specialists and is listed on the main board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. The award of a state knighthood, the highly coveted Dato Paduka Mahkota Johor (DPMJ) (Knight Commander of the Most Honorable Order of the Crown of Johor), was given by the Sultan of Johor in 1980. He died suddenly at the Harley Street Clinic in London on May 28, 1981 at the age of forty-nine. T.Sachithanandan has much more than setting up the first intensive care unit.He was responsible for the early development of clinical anaesthesia and intensive care services in the two large Malaysian states of Johor and Perak. The Malaysian Society of Intensive Care presented the inaugural T.Sachithanandan Best Oral Presentation Award. The annual ASMIC scientific meeting will be the place where the award will be presented. T.<mask> was the President of the Johor Cricket Council, the Vice President of the Malaysian Cricket Association and the President of the Johor Baru Junior Chamber International. He was the Chief Medical Officer of the Johor Red Crescent Society. Punithavathy Sinnathuray is the sister of Singapore Supreme Court judge T. S. Sinnathuray. He is survived by her and their two children, both Dublin-trained physicians.The Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor Living people are Malaysians of Tamil descent.

2976791

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Carson

Harry Carson

Harry Donald Carson (born November 26, 1953) is a former American football inside linebacker who played his entire professional career for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). Carson was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2002 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006. Early life Born in Florence, South Carolina, Carson played at Wilson High School and later at McClenaghan High School, from which he graduated. College career Attended and graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Education in 1976 from South Carolina State University. Before his NFL career, Carson played college football for Willie Jeffries at South Carolina State University from 1972–1975, not missing a single game in four years. He became the first Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference player to win consecutive defensive player of the year honors, and assisted the Bulldogs to consecutive conference championships. In 1975, he was a first-team selection on the AFCA College-Division All-America team and set school records with 117 tackles and 17 sacks. With Carson as their captain, the Bulldogs defense recorded six shutouts in 1975, and held their opponents to just 29 points, an NCAA record for a ten-game season. Carson's Bulldog teammates included future Pittsburgh Steelers and College Football Hall of Fame safety Donnie Shell and future Kansas City Royals first baseman Willie Mays Aikens. In 2002, Carson was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame, and he was inducted into the Black College Football Hall of Fame in 2012. Professional Football career After his college career, Carson was drafted in the fourth round of the 1976 NFL Draft by the Giants. He spent all of his 13 seasons with them, leading the team in tackles for five seasons, and more impressively, served as their captain for ten. Carson was a member of the Crunch Bunch, a team of fierce linebackers composed of Carson, Brad Van Pelt, Brian Kelley, and Lawrence Taylor. The group is widely considered one of the best defensive combos in NFL history. He was a member of the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense and also made nine Pro Bowl appearances (1978–1979, 1981–1987) in his career. In the 1980s he was joined by Lawrence Taylor, another Pro Football Hall of Fame linebacker. In his 13 seasons, Carson intercepted 11 passes and returned them for a total of 212 yards. He also recovered 14 fumbles, returning them for 36 yards and one touchdown. Officially, he recorded eight quarterback sacks (sacks did not become an official NFL statistic until 1982) but his total is 19 sacks when the 1976–81 seasons are included. He retired at the end of the 1988 season, two years after helping the team win Super Bowl XXI, the Giants' first, and Carson had seven tackles for the victors. Carson was one of the first practitioners of the "Gatorade shower" which is when the coach of the winning team is doused with a cooler of Gatorade by some of the players following a win. The practice was started by his teammate Jim Burt in 1985 as Carson recounted in his 1987 book Point of Attack: The Defense Strikes Back. When Bill Parcells had Carson as a player with the Giants, he would have him at his side during the singing of the national anthem for good luck. Bill Belichick, an assistant coach for the Giants for 12 years, who as head coach, led the New England Patriots to six 21st century Super Bowl victories, considered Carson the best all-around linebacker he ever coached. Professional Football Hall of Fame Carson was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006. His selection came after years of outspoken criticism of the Hall of Fame selection process, where his principal criticism was that the vote is done by the media, not players and coaches. In 2004, Carson asked to have his name taken off the ballot. Despite previously stating that due to his frustration at not being elected he wanted his name removed from the ballot, when elected to the Hall of Fame in 2006 Carson appeared and gave an induction speech. Carson later commented on the selection, saying he was humbled by the selection but noting: The Hall of Fame will never validate me. I know my name will be in there, but I take greater pride in the fact that my teammates looked at me as someone they could count on. I still remember, and I will remember this for the rest of my life, the Super Bowl against Denver. We had three captains—me, Phil Simms and George Martin. But when it came time for the coin toss before the game, I started to go out and looked around for those guys. Bill Parcells said to me: 'No. You go. Just you.' And that was about the coolest feeling I've ever had in the world—going out to midfield for the Super Bowl, as the lone captain. There were nine Denver Broncos out there, and me. Just me. An awesome responsibility. The greatest respect. During his Hall of Fame speech in 2006 Harry Carson does not directly mention CTE, but he does mention that he does not think the NFL is doing the best job they can to help out ex-NFL players. When he states "I would hope that the leaders of the NFL, the future commissioner, and the player association do a much better job of looking out for those individuals. You got to look out for 'em. If we made the league what it is, you have to take better care of your own" (Carson). Carson takes an aggressive stand when it comes to CTE and how the NFL handles their own ex-players that are struggling with head trauma later in their lives. Although Harry Carson was an excellent football player he does suggest that kids not start playing football because of the consequences that could come to them later in life. The NFL reached a concussion settlement of 765 million dollars for the former NFL players that sustained head injuries on the field. When Carson was asked about the settlement in a Frontline interview he says, "And so I think everyone now has a better sense of what damage you can get from playing football. And I think the NFL has given everybody 765 million reasons why you don't want to play football" (Carson). Harry Carson thinks the huge settlement is good for the former players, but it also scares people away from playing football because of the chances of head trauma players could experience later in life. After football Carson remains in close involvement with the Giants. He has also had a successful career in sports broadcasting and has his own company, Harry Carson Inc., which deals mainly in sports consulting and promotions. Carson was also part-owner of the Arena Football League's New Jersey Red Dogs, alongside ex-Giants Carl Banks and Joe Morris. He currently co-hosts Giants 1st & 10 on Madison Square Garden Network with Bob Papa, Carl Banks and Howard Cross. On May 17, 2015, Harry Carson served as the commencement speaker for New York University School of Professional Studies. Two days later Carson served as the commencement speaker and was presented with an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from Fairleigh Dickinson University at MetLife Stadium in New Jersey. The honor was bestowed upon Carson for his advocacy not only for his football brethren but for anyone who lives with the effects of a traumatic brain injury. Carson simply says "I have to speak up for all people who really don't have a voice". Carson is a long-time resident of Franklin Lakes, New Jersey. Health Issues Since his retirement, Carson has lived with various physical maladies brought on by injuries incurred during his playing days. He was diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome in 1990, and estimates that he had 15 concussions during his long high school, college and professional football career. In 1992, he stated: "I don't think as clearly as I used to. Nor is my speech, diction, selection of vocabulary is as good as it used to be, and I don't know why." In 2001 while he was a broadcaster with the MSG Network he said, "I would mispronounce words and lose my train of thought. Things would happen, and at times I'd think I was going crazy." Harry Carson authored his second book "Captain for Life" published by St. Martin's Press in 2011. In his book he documents his experiences with Post Concussion Syndrome. He was one of the first former professional athletes to share his own personal first hand experiences years before the long-term effects of concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), long before the subject became a "hot button" topic. While Carson has acknowledged he has "managed" the long term effects of concussions he does not know if he has been affected by chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). When asked, Carson is increasingly critical of the NFL and questions whether football should be played, as he believes the hazards of concussions and subconcussive hits are not an understood risk such as physical ailments are. He is quoted in this interview as saying of the NFL's $765 million settlement with former players that "the NFL has given everybody 765 million reasons why you don't want to play football." In March 2018, Carson joined with former NFL stars Nick Buoniconti and Phil Villapiano to support a parent initiative called Flag Football Under 14, which recommends no tackle football below that age out of a concern for the brain health of the young players. He said, "I did not play tackle football until high school, I will not allow my grandson to play until 14, as I believe it is not an appropriate sport for young children." Politics In 2012, Carson was said to be strongly considering a run for Congress against Republican Scott Garrett in the newly redrawn 5th congressional district of New Jersey. His campaign never came to pass. References External links Macmillan Speakers Bureau Profile 1953 births Living people African-American players of American football American football defensive ends American football linebackers Arena Football League executives College Football Hall of Fame inductees National Conference Pro Bowl players New York Giants players People from Franklin Lakes, New Jersey Players of American football from South Carolina Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees South Carolina State Bulldogs football players Sportspeople from Florence, South Carolina 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American sportspeople

<mask> (born November 26, 1953) is a former American football inside linebacker who played his entire professional career for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). <mask> was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2002 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006. Early life Born in Florence, South Carolina, <mask> played at Wilson High School and later at McClenaghan High School, from which he graduated. College career Attended and graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Education in 1976 from South Carolina State University. Before his NFL career, <mask> played college football for Willie Jeffries at South Carolina State University from 1972–1975, not missing a single game in four years. He became the first Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference player to win consecutive defensive player of the year honors, and assisted the Bulldogs to consecutive conference championships. In 1975, he was a first-team selection on the AFCA College-Division All-America team and set school records with 117 tackles and 17 sacks.With <mask> as their captain, the Bulldogs defense recorded six shutouts in 1975, and held their opponents to just 29 points, an NCAA record for a ten-game season. <mask>'s Bulldog teammates included future Pittsburgh Steelers and College Football Hall of Fame safety Donnie Shell and future Kansas City Royals first baseman Willie Mays Aikens. In 2002, <mask> was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame, and he was inducted into the Black College Football Hall of Fame in 2012. Professional Football career After his college career, <mask> was drafted in the fourth round of the 1976 NFL Draft by the Giants. He spent all of his 13 seasons with them, leading the team in tackles for five seasons, and more impressively, served as their captain for ten. <mask> was a member of the Crunch Bunch, a team of fierce linebackers composed of <mask>, Brad Van Pelt, Brian Kelley, and Lawrence Taylor. The group is widely considered one of the best defensive combos in NFL history.He was a member of the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense and also made nine Pro Bowl appearances (1978–1979, 1981–1987) in his career. In the 1980s he was joined by Lawrence Taylor, another Pro Football Hall of Fame linebacker. In his 13 seasons, <mask> intercepted 11 passes and returned them for a total of 212 yards. He also recovered 14 fumbles, returning them for 36 yards and one touchdown. Officially, he recorded eight quarterback sacks (sacks did not become an official NFL statistic until 1982) but his total is 19 sacks when the 1976–81 seasons are included. He retired at the end of the 1988 season, two years after helping the team win Super Bowl XXI, the Giants' first, and <mask> had seven tackles for the victors. <mask> was one of the first practitioners of the "Gatorade shower" which is when the coach of the winning team is doused with a cooler of Gatorade by some of the players following a win.The practice was started by his teammate Jim Burt in 1985 as <mask> recounted in his 1987 book Point of Attack: The Defense Strikes Back. When Bill Parcells had <mask> as a player with the Giants, he would have him at his side during the singing of the national anthem for good luck. Bill Belichick, an assistant coach for the Giants for 12 years, who as head coach, led the New England Patriots to six 21st century Super Bowl victories, considered <mask> the best all-around linebacker he ever coached. Professional Football Hall of Fame <mask> was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006. His selection came after years of outspoken criticism of the Hall of Fame selection process, where his principal criticism was that the vote is done by the media, not players and coaches. In 2004, <mask> asked to have his name taken off the ballot. Despite previously stating that due to his frustration at not being elected he wanted his name removed from the ballot, when elected to the Hall of Fame in 2006 <mask> appeared and gave an induction speech.<mask> later commented on the selection, saying he was humbled by the selection but noting: The Hall of Fame will never validate me. I know my name will be in there, but I take greater pride in the fact that my teammates looked at me as someone they could count on. I still remember, and I will remember this for the rest of my life, the Super Bowl against Denver. We had three captains—me, Phil Simms and George Martin. But when it came time for the coin toss before the game, I started to go out and looked around for those guys. Bill Parcells said to me: 'No. You go.Just you.' And that was about the coolest feeling I've ever had in the world—going out to midfield for the Super Bowl, as the lone captain. There were nine Denver Broncos out there, and me. Just me. An awesome responsibility. The greatest respect. During his Hall of Fame speech in 2006 <mask> does not directly mention CTE, but he does mention that he does not think the NFL is doing the best job they can to help out ex-NFL players.When he states "I would hope that the leaders of the NFL, the future commissioner, and the player association do a much better job of looking out for those individuals. You got to look out for 'em. If we made the league what it is, you have to take better care of your own" (<mask>). <mask> takes an aggressive stand when it comes to CTE and how the NFL handles their own ex-players that are struggling with head trauma later in their lives. Although <mask> was an excellent football player he does suggest that kids not start playing football because of the consequences that could come to them later in life. The NFL reached a concussion settlement of 765 million dollars for the former NFL players that sustained head injuries on the field. When <mask> was asked about the settlement in a Frontline interview he says, "And so I think everyone now has a better sense of what damage you can get from playing football.And I think the NFL has given everybody 765 million reasons why you don't want to play football" (<mask>). <mask> thinks the huge settlement is good for the former players, but it also scares people away from playing football because of the chances of head trauma players could experience later in life. After football <mask> remains in close involvement with the Giants. He has also had a successful career in sports broadcasting and has his own company, Harry Carson Inc., which deals mainly in sports consulting and promotions. <mask> was also part-owner of the Arena Football League's New Jersey Red Dogs, alongside ex-Giants Carl Banks and Joe Morris. He currently co-hosts Giants 1st & 10 on Madison Square Garden Network with Bob Papa, Carl Banks and Howard Cross. On May 17, 2015, <mask> served as the commencement speaker for New York University School of Professional Studies.Two days later <mask> served as the commencement speaker and was presented with an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from Fairleigh Dickinson University at MetLife Stadium in New Jersey. The honor was bestowed upon <mask> for his advocacy not only for his football brethren but for anyone who lives with the effects of a traumatic brain injury. <mask> simply says "I have to speak up for all people who really don't have a voice". <mask> is a long-time resident of Franklin Lakes, New Jersey. Health Issues Since his retirement, <mask> has lived with various physical maladies brought on by injuries incurred during his playing days. He was diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome in 1990, and estimates that he had 15 concussions during his long high school, college and professional football career. In 1992, he stated: "I don't think as clearly as I used to.Nor is my speech, diction, selection of vocabulary is as good as it used to be, and I don't know why." In 2001 while he was a broadcaster with the MSG Network he said, "I would mispronounce words and lose my train of thought. Things would happen, and at times I'd think I was going crazy." <mask> authored his second book "Captain for Life" published by St. Martin's Press in 2011. In his book he documents his experiences with Post Concussion Syndrome. He was one of the first former professional athletes to share his own personal first hand experiences years before the long-term effects of concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), long before the subject became a "hot button" topic. While <mask> has acknowledged he has "managed" the long term effects of concussions he does not know if he has been affected by chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).When asked, <mask> is increasingly critical of the NFL and questions whether football should be played, as he believes the hazards of concussions and subconcussive hits are not an understood risk such as physical ailments are. He is quoted in this interview as saying of the NFL's $765 million settlement with former players that "the NFL has given everybody 765 million reasons why you don't want to play football." In March 2018, <mask> joined with former NFL stars Nick Buoniconti and Phil Villapiano to support a parent initiative called Flag Football Under 14, which recommends no tackle football below that age out of a concern for the brain health of the young players. He said, "I did not play tackle football until high school, I will not allow my grandson to play until 14, as I believe it is not an appropriate sport for young children." Politics In 2012, <mask> was said to be strongly considering a run for Congress against Republican Scott Garrett in the newly redrawn 5th congressional district of New Jersey. His campaign never came to pass. References External links Macmillan Speakers Bureau Profile 1953 births Living people African-American players of American football American football defensive ends American football linebackers Arena Football League executives College Football Hall of Fame inductees National Conference Pro Bowl players New York Giants players People from Franklin Lakes, New Jersey Players of American football from South Carolina Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees South Carolina State Bulldogs football players Sportspeople from Florence, South Carolina 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American sportspeople

A former American football inside linebacker who played his entire professional career for the New York Giants, <mask> was born on November 26, 1953. He was a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. After graduating from Wilson High School in Florence, South Carolina, he played at McClenaghan High School. Attended and graduated from South Carolina State University with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Education. He played college football for Willie Jeffries at South Carolina State University and did not miss a game in four years. He was the first Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference player to win two defensive player of the year awards in a row. He was a first-team selection on the All-America team in 1975, and set school records for tackles and sacks.In 1975, the defense recorded six whitewashes and held their opponents to 29 points, setting an NCAA record for a ten game season. Donnie Shell, a future College Football Hall of Fame safety, and Willie Mays Aikens, a future Kansas City Royals first baseman, were teammates of <mask>'s. In 2002, he was in the College Football Hall of Fame, and in 2012 he was in the Black College Football Hall of Fame. He was drafted by the Giants in the fourth round of the 1976 NFL Draft. He was the leader of the team in tackles for five seasons and served as their captain for ten. The Crunch Bunch consisted of Brian Kelley, Lawrence Taylor, and Brad Van Pelt. The group is considered to be one of the best defensive combinations.He made nine Pro Bowl appearances in his career and was a member of the Big Blue Wrecking Crew. He and Lawrence Taylor were both Pro Football Hall of Fame linebackers. He returned 11 passes for a total of over 200 yards. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He recorded eight quarterback sacks, but his total is 19 when the 1976– 81 seasons are included. He retired at the end of the 1988 season, two years after helping the team win Super Bowl XXI, the Giants' first, and he had seven tackles for the victors. The "Gatorade shower" is when the coach of the winning team is doused with a cooler of water by his players after a win.According to his 1987 book Point of Attack: The Defense Strikes Back, the practice was started by his teammate Jim Burt. During the singing of the national anthem, when Bill Parcells was a player with the Giants, he would have him at his side. Bill Belichick was an assistant coach for the Giants for 12 years and was the head coach of the New England Pats for six Super Bowl victories. The Pro Football Hall of Fame has a Professional Football Hall of Fame. His selection came after years of criticism of the Hall of Fame selection process, where his main criticism was that the vote is done by the media, not players and coaches. In 2004, he asked to have his name taken off the ballot. When he was elected to the Hall of Fame in 2006 he wanted his name removed from the ballot because of his frustration at not being elected.He commented on the selection and said that the Hall of Fame will never recognize him. I take pride in the fact that my teammates looked at me as someone they could count on, even though I know my name will be in there. I will remember the Super Bowl for the rest of my life. We had three captains. After the coin toss, I went out and looked for those guys. Bill Parcells said no. You go.Just you. It was cool to be the lone captain for the Super Bowl. Nine Denver Broncos were with me. Just me. It was an awesome responsibility. The highest level of respect. In his 2006 speech to the Hall of Fame, <mask> mentioned that he didn't think the NFL was doing a good job of helping ex-NFL players.I would hope that the leaders of the NFL, the future commissioner, and the player association look out for those individuals. You have to watch out for them. If we made the league what it is, you have to take care of yourself. The National Football League's handling of their ex-players that are struggling with head trauma later in their lives is something that <mask> takes an aggressive stand on. Kids shouldn't start playing football because of the consequences that could come to them later in life according to <mask>, an excellent football player. A concussion settlement of 765 million dollars was reached by the National Football League. In an interview with Frontline, he said that everyone now has a better idea of what damage playing football can do.The NFL has given people 765 million reasons why they don't want to play football. The huge settlement is good for the former players, but it also scares people away from playing football because of the chance of head trauma players could experience later in life. He is still involved with the Giants after football. He has a successful career in sports broadcasting, as well as his own company, which deals in sports consulting and promotions. The New Jersey Red Dogs were part of the Arena Football League. He co-hosted Giants 1st and 10 on the Madison Square Garden Network. The speaker at the New York University School of Professional Studies was <mask>.On the same day that he spoke at the graduation, <mask> was presented with a Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from Fairleigh Dickinson University. For his advocacy for his football brethren and anyone who lives with the effects of a traumatic brain injury, the honor was bestowed upon him. "I have to speak up for people who don't have a voice", says <mask>. He is a long time resident of Franklin Lakes, New Jersey. Health issues have arisen from injuries incurred during his playing days. He had 15 concussions during his high school, college and professional football career, and was diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome in 1990. He stated in 1992 that he didn't think as clearly as he used to.It's not as good as it used to be, and I don't know why. He said he would lose his train of thought when he mispronounced words. At times, I thought I was going crazy. "Captain for Life" was published by St. Martin's Press in 2011. He wrote a book about his experiences with concussions. He was one of the first former athletes to share his experiences with concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, long before the subject became a "hot button" topic. While he has managed the long term effects of concussions, he doesn't know if he has been affected by chronic traumatic encephalopathy.As he believes the risks of concussions and subconcussive hits are not understood, he is questioning whether football should be played. He said in the interview that the NFL has given everyone 765 million reasons why they don't want to play football. The Flag Football Under 14 initiative was launched in March of last year, and was supported by former NFL stars Nick Buoniconti and Phil Villapiano. He said that he didn't play tackle football until he was in high school and that he wouldn't allow his grandson to play until he was 14. The 5th congressional district of New Jersey was redrawn in 2012 and it was said that <mask> was considering a run for Congress. His campaign never came to fruition. The biographies of people who played American football include African-American players, defensive ends, and linebackers, as well as executives of the Arena Football League and the College Football Hall of Fame.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joep%20Franssens

Joep Franssens

Joep Franssens (born 13 January 1955) is a Dutch composer. Work Joep Franssens studied piano in Groningen and composition in the Hague and Rotterdam with composer Louis Andriessen and Klaas de Vries respectively. Franssens is a representative of the post-serial generation of Dutch composers who use tonal means and an accessible idiom without neo-Romantic features, even if the pathos-laden, highly emotional nature of his music appears to contradict this endeavour. In his works, which consist of chamber music, choral and orchestral works, Franssens aims at a synthesis of monumentality and euphony and is initially guided by J.S. Bach and the work of György Ligeti such as Lontano and Atmosphères. Later a trend towards radical austerity become apparent under the influence of American minimalist music, East European mysticism (e.g. Pärt) and the symphonic pop music of the 1970s such as Yes and Genesis, culminating in the static diatonicism of the ensemble work ‘Dwaallicht’ (1989) and the serene counterpoint of ‘Sanctus’ for orchestra (1996, rev. 1999). The instrumentation increasingly shows a preference for warm, luxuriant colours. Although Franssens' multifaceted musical style does not make it easy to classify him, he is often regarded as a representative of the so-called New Spirituality in the Netherlands. NTR (Dutch public Television) made the documentary 'The Third Ear' on this international movement, with composers such as Arvo Pärt and Giya Kancheli. In his music Franssens aims to express the Universal; his sources of inspiration are to be found amongst writers and philosophers like Fernando Pessoa and Baruch de Spinoza. In a rich tonal language his music evokes strong emotions by the public, both unacquainted with contemporary classical music as well as experienced listeners. Franssens' choral work Harmony of the Spheres has been performed globally. He worked with choirs such as the Swedish Radio Choir, BBC Singers, Latvian National State Choir, Finnish Radio Chamber Choir and Netherlands Chamber Choir. The latter took Franssens’ music on tour through Europe and the USA in 2000 and 2001, led by the Estonian conductor Tõnu Kaljuste. Multi-laureate pianist Ralph van Raat has his music on his repertoire since 2000. His orchestral music is performed by many Dutch orchestras. Well-known conductors like Yakov Kreizberg, Tõnu Kaljuste, Lucas Foss, Gerd Albrecht, Vasily Petrenko, and Daniel Raiskin performed his works with the Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, The Hague Philharmonic Orchestra, Lodz Philharmonic Orchestra, Latvian National State Orchestra, Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra and Tallinn Chamber Orchestra. Franssens received commissions from, amongst others, Rotterdam Art Foundation, Eduard van Beinum Foundation, De Doelen, NTR ZaterdagMatinee, Fund for the Creation of the Arts, SNS Reaal Fund and Netherlands Symphony Orchestra. The latter performed the world premiere of Bridge of Dawn (Second Movement) in Spring 2013. On the occasion of the 80th birthday of Arvo Pärt in November 2015, the first performance of his Piano Concerto took place with soloist Ralph Van Raat accompanied by the Noord Nederlands Orkest conducted by Tõnu Kaljuste. Just prior to the premiere, Franssens was awarded ‘Het Gouden Viooltje’ (The Golden Violin). An award earmarked for outstanding musical talent, born in the northern Dutch provinces, with an international career. Compositions Between the Beats (1979) for two pianos August Moon (1979) for piano Turn (1980) for 2 oboes and cello Solo for Flute (1980) Ellipsis (1983) for harpsichord Echo's (1983) for 4 flutes, 3 oboes, 3 trumpets, vibraphone, marimba and strings (7.7.7.4.2) Consort Music (1984) for 2 flutes, oboe (English horn), bass clarinet, French horn, bassoon, violin, viola, cello, double bass and piano Phasing (1985) for women's choir and orchestra: text (Portuguese) by Fernando Pessoa Low Budget Music (1986) for flute, oboe (English horn), clarinet (bass clarinet), French horn, bassoon, piano, violin, viola, cello and double bass Old Songs, New Songs (1988) for 2 pianos Dwaallicht (1989) for 2 sopranos and ensemble: text (Latin) by Spinoza Floating (1989) for 2 vibraphones and 3 marimbas Taking the Waters (1990) for solo soprano and orchestra The straight Line (1991) for saxophone quartet Primary Colours (1992) for saxophone orchestra The Gift of Song (1994) for 2 pianos New Departure (1995) for cello and piano After the Queen's Speech (1995) for brass ensemble Sanctus (1996) for orchestra Winter Child (1996) for piano Sarum Chant (1997) for vocal quartet and gamelan Roaring Rotterdam (1997) for orchestra Entrata (1997) for cello and 2 pianos Magnificat (1999) for soprano, choir and orchestra: text (Portuguese) by Fernando Pessoa Harmony of the Spheres (1994-2001); cycle in five movements for mixed chorus and string orchestra Intimation of Spring (2001-2004) for piano Tales of Wonder (2003); seven pieces for piano (2-4 hands) Bridge of Dawn, movement 1 (2004-2006) for orchestra Harmony of the Spheres, movement 5 (2005); version for flute orchestra Song of Release (2005) for piano Blue Encounter (2006) for viola Grace (2008) for orchestra Bridge of Dawn, movement 2 (2005-2011) for soprano, mixed choir and orchestra Harmony of the Spheres, first movement (2012) version for string orchestra Harmony of the Spheres, fifth movement (2013) version for string orchestra Symmetry (2014), a dance-opera film Piano Concerto (2015) Piano Concerto (2016) version for chamber orchestra Taking the Waters (2016) version for 4 pianos Entrata (2016) version for 4 pianos Publisher Franssens' music was published by Donemus in Amsterdam. Since 2008 his music is published by Deuss Music (managed by Albersen Verhuur) in The Hague. Compact discs Echo's, Phasing, Sanctus. Performed by the Netherlands Ballet Orchestra, conductor Thierry Fischer. Label: Composers’ Voice (CV 65) Dwaallicht, Taking the Waters and Winter Child. Performed by Gerrie de Vries, Reina Boelens, Delta Ensemble, Netherlands Radio Philhar- monic Orch. Lukas Foss, Ivo Janssen. Label: Composers’ Voice (CV 84) Harmony of the Spheres, complete cycle Performed by The Chamber Choir of the Netherlands with Tallinn Chamber Orchestra conducted by Tõnu Kaljuste. Label: Composers Voice (CV 133) Harmony of the Spheres, complete cycle version 2010. Performed by VU Chamber Choir and Ensemble Waterloo, conductor Boudewijn Jansen, published bij Franssens 2011, The Straight Line. Performed by the Amstel Saxophone Quartet. Label: Erasmus Music & Media WVH 269 Roaring Rotterdam, Harmony of the Spheres (first movement) and Magnificat. Performed by the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra, Netherlands Radio Choir and Netherlands Chamber Choir. Label: Etcetera (ktc 1321) Entrata, Old Songs New Songs, Between The Beats. Minimal Piano Collection, Vol. XI-XX Performed by pianist Jeroen van Veen and others. Label: Brilliant Classics (9171) Piano Works: The Gift of Song, Winter Child. Ralph van Raat (piano) Label: :nl:Etcetera Records, KTC 1533 References 1997 Sound, Johan Kolsteeg PhD, 'Key Notes' XXXI/I-1997, p 20-23; 1999 Affirmation and restraint: Relationships between concepts of spirituality and music in the works of Joep Franssens and Daan Manneke, Prof.dr. R. de Groot ( University Amsterdam) in BRIEF(Privacies), ASCA Yearbook 1999 (2000), p. 107-129. 2009 The Third Ear, documentary on Joep Franssens, a.o. Produced by Viewpoint Productions and NPO (Dutch Public Television); 2010 Joep Franssens Harmony of the Spheres, A Conductor's Analysis, Dr. David Andrew Hobson, Louisiana State University, USA December 2010; 2015 Musical Religiosity, (Tilburg University), 'Temenos'(Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion) , Vol. 51, no 1, 2015, p.123 - 136; 2015 Piano Concerto by Ralph van Raat, interview - mini- documentary on with English subtitle YouTube; 2015 Gouden Viooltje voor componist Joep Franssens, Dagblad van het Noorden, Groningen 30 October 2015; 2016 Joep Franssens, catalogue, DEUSS Music (managed by Albersen Verhuur), The Hague, July 2016; External links Website Joep Franssens This website shows under 'media' a complete list of all sources/references/books and published interviews. Dutch composers 1955 births People from Groningen (city) Living people

<mask> (born 13 January 1955) is a Dutch composer. Work <mask>s studied piano in Groningen and composition in the Hague and Rotterdam with composer Louis Andriessen and Klaas de Vries respectively. Franssens is a representative of the post-serial generation of Dutch composers who use tonal means and an accessible idiom without neo-Romantic features, even if the pathos-laden, highly emotional nature of his music appears to contradict this endeavour. In his works, which consist of chamber music, choral and orchestral works, Franssens aims at a synthesis of monumentality and euphony and is initially guided by J.S. Bach and the work of György Ligeti such as Lontano and Atmosphères. Later a trend towards radical austerity become apparent under the influence of American minimalist music, East European mysticism (e.g. Pärt) and the symphonic pop music of the 1970s such as Yes and Genesis, culminating in the static diatonicism of the ensemble work ‘Dwaallicht’ (1989) and the serene counterpoint of ‘Sanctus’ for orchestra (1996, rev.1999). The instrumentation increasingly shows a preference for warm, luxuriant colours. Although Franssens' multifaceted musical style does not make it easy to classify him, he is often regarded as a representative of the so-called New Spirituality in the Netherlands. NTR (Dutch public Television) made the documentary 'The Third Ear' on this international movement, with composers such as Arvo Pärt and Giya Kancheli. In his music Franssens aims to express the Universal; his sources of inspiration are to be found amongst writers and philosophers like Fernando Pessoa and Baruch de Spinoza. In a rich tonal language his music evokes strong emotions by the public, both unacquainted with contemporary classical music as well as experienced listeners. Franssens' choral work Harmony of the Spheres has been performed globally.He worked with choirs such as the Swedish Radio Choir, BBC Singers, Latvian National State Choir, Finnish Radio Chamber Choir and Netherlands Chamber Choir. The latter took Franssens’ music on tour through Europe and the USA in 2000 and 2001, led by the Estonian conductor Tõnu Kaljuste. Multi-laureate pianist Ralph van Raat has his music on his repertoire since 2000. His orchestral music is performed by many Dutch orchestras. Well-known conductors like Yakov Kreizberg, Tõnu Kaljuste, Lucas Foss, Gerd Albrecht, Vasily Petrenko, and Daniel Raiskin performed his works with the Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, The Hague Philharmonic Orchestra, Lodz Philharmonic Orchestra, Latvian National State Orchestra, Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra and Tallinn Chamber Orchestra. Franssens received commissions from, amongst others, Rotterdam Art Foundation, Eduard van Beinum Foundation, De Doelen, NTR ZaterdagMatinee, Fund for the Creation of the Arts, SNS Reaal Fund and Netherlands Symphony Orchestra. The latter performed the world premiere of Bridge of Dawn (Second Movement) in Spring 2013.On the occasion of the 80th birthday of Arvo Pärt in November 2015, the first performance of his Piano Concerto took place with soloist Ralph Van Raat accompanied by the Noord Nederlands Orkest conducted by Tõnu Kaljuste. Just prior to the premiere, Franssens was awarded ‘Het Gouden Viooltje’ (The Golden Violin). An award earmarked for outstanding musical talent, born in the northern Dutch provinces, with an international career. Since 2008 his music is published by Deuss Music (managed by Albersen Verhuur) in The Hague. Compact discs Echo's, Phasing, Sanctus. Performed by the Netherlands Ballet Orchestra, conductor Thierry Fischer. Label: Composers’ Voice (CV 65) Dwaallicht, Taking the Waters and Winter Child.Performed by Gerrie de Vries, Reina Boelens, Delta Ensemble, Netherlands Radio Philhar- monic Orch. Lukas Foss, Ivo Janssen. Label: Composers’ Voice (CV 84) Harmony of the Spheres, complete cycle Performed by The Chamber Choir of the Netherlands with Tallinn Chamber Orchestra conducted by Tõnu Kaljuste. Label: Composers Voice (CV 133) Harmony of the Spheres, complete cycle version 2010. Performed by VU Chamber Choir and Ensemble Waterloo, conductor Boudewijn Jansen, published bij Franssens 2011, The Straight Line. Performed by the Amstel Saxophone Quartet. Label: Erasmus Music & Media WVH 269 Roaring Rotterdam, Harmony of the Spheres (first movement) and Magnificat.Performed by the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra, Netherlands Radio Choir and Netherlands Chamber Choir. Label: Etcetera (ktc 1321) Entrata, Old Songs New Songs, Between The Beats. Minimal Piano Collection, Vol. XI-XX Performed by pianist Jeroen van Veen and others. Label: Brilliant Classics (9171) Piano Works: The Gift of Song, Winter Child. Ralph van Raat (piano) Label: :nl:Etcetera Records, KTC 1533 References 1997 Sound, Johan Kolsteeg PhD, 'Key Notes' XXXI/I-1997, p 20-23; 1999 Affirmation and restraint: Relationships between concepts of spirituality and music in the works of <mask> Franssens and Daan Manneke, Prof.dr. R. de Groot ( University Amsterdam) in BRIEF(Privacies), ASCA Yearbook 1999 (2000), p. 107-129.2009 The Third Ear, documentary on <mask> <mask>, a.o. Produced by Viewpoint Productions and NPO (Dutch Public Television); 2010 <mask> Franssens Harmony of the Spheres, A Conductor's Analysis, Dr. David Andrew Hobson, Louisiana State University, USA December 2010; 2015 Musical Religiosity, (Tilburg University), 'Temenos'(Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion) , Vol. 51, no 1, 2015, p.123 - 136; 2015 Piano Concerto by Ralph van Raat, interview - mini- documentary on with English subtitle YouTube; 2015 Gouden Viooltje voor componist <mask> <mask>, Dagblad van het Noorden, Groningen 30 October 2015; 2016 <mask> <mask>, catalogue, DEUSS Music (managed by Albersen Verhuur), The Hague, July 2016; External links Website <mask> Franssens This website shows under 'media' a complete list of all sources/references/books and published interviews. Dutch composers 1955 births People from Groningen (city) Living people

<mask> was born in January 1955. <mask>s studied piano in Groningen and composition in the Netherlands. Even if the pathos-laden, highly emotional nature of his music appears to contradict this endeavor, Franssens is a representative of the post-serial generation of Dutch composers who use tonal means and an accessible idiom without neo-Romantic features. Franssens aims at a synthesis of monumentality and euphony and is initially guided by J.S. in his works, which consist of chamber music, choral and orchestral works. The work of Ligeti, such as Lontano and Atmosphres. Under the influence of American minimalist music, a trend towards radical austerity becomes apparent. The static diatonicism of the ensemble work 'Dwaallicht' (1989) and the serene counterpoint of 'Sanctus' for orchestra are examples of the pop music of the 1970s.The year 1999. The instruments show a preference for warm, luxuriant colors. Franssens' musical style does not make it easy to classify him, but he is often seen as a representative of the so-called New Spirituality in the Netherlands. The documentary 'The Third Ear' was made on this international movement by NTR. Fernando Pessoa and Baruch de Spinoza are two philosophers who inspire Franssens in his music. His music evokes strong emotions in the public, both unacquainted with contemporary classical music as well as experienced listeners. Franssens' choral work has been performed around the world.He worked with choirs such as the Swedish Radio Choir. The music of Franssens was taken on tour through Europe and the USA in 2000 and 2001 by Tnu Kaljuste. Since 2000, multi-laureate pianist Ralph van Raat has played his music. Many Dutch orchestras perform his orchestral music. The Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, Tnu Kaljuste, and Daniel Raiskin were conductors. The Rotterdam Art Foundation, Fund for the Creation of the Arts, De Doelen, NTR ZaterdagMatinee, and the Netherlands Symphony Orchestra were all involved in the commission of Franssens. The world premiere of Bridge of Dawn was performed by the latter.The first performance of Arvo Prt's Piano Concerto took place on the occasion of his 80th birthday in November 2015, and was conducted by Tnu Kaljuste. Franssens was awarded the Golden Violin just prior to the premiere. The award is for outstanding musical talent, born in the northern Dutch provinces, with an international career. Albersen Verhuur is the manager of Deuss Music, the publisher of his music. There are compact discs. The Netherlands Ballet Orchestra has a conductor. The Composers' Voice is called Taking the Waters and Winter Child.Gerrie de Vries, Reina Boelens, Delta Ensemble, and Netherlands Radio Philhar- monic Orch performed. Lukas and Ivo are related. The Chamber Choir of the Netherlands and the Tallinn Chamber Orchestra performed the complete cycle. The complete cycle version of Composers Voice is called Harmony of the Spheres. The Straight Line was performed by the VU Chamber Choir. The saxophone quartet performed. The first movement of Magnificat is on the label.The Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra, Netherlands Radio Choir and Netherlands Chamber Choir performed. There are old songs new songs between the beats on the label. There is a piano collection. Pianist Jeroen van Veen and others performed XI-XX. Piano Works: The Gift of Song, Winter Child is a label by Brilliant Classics. 'Key Notes' XXXI/I-1997, p 20-23, Affirmation and restraint: Relationships between concepts. R. de Groot is from University Amsterdam.The Third Ear is a documentary about <mask> <mask>. <mask> Franssens Harmony of the Spheres, A Conductor's Analysis, and Musical Religiosity were produced by Viewpoint productions. The interview with <mask> Franssens is a mini-documentary on with an English subtitle. People from the city.

3736313

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Chu

Julie Chu

Julie Wu Chu (born March 13, 1982) is an American Olympic ice hockey player who plays the position of forward on the United States women's ice hockey team and the position of defense on Les Canadiennes. She won the Patty Kazmaier Award in 2007 for best female collegiate hockey player while at Harvard University. She finished her collegiate career as the all-time assists leader and points scorer in NCAA history with 284 points until the record was snapped in 2011. She is tied as the second-most decorated U.S. female in Olympic Winter Games history. She was selected by fellow Team USA members to be the flag bearer at the Closing Ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Chu was an assistant coach for University of Minnesota Duluth and helped the Bulldogs women's ice hockey team win their fourth NCAA Division I national championship in 2008 and served as coach at Union College in 2010–2013. Early life Julie Wu Chu was born in Fairfield, Connecticut in 1982. Her father Wah was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Wah and his mother moved to Hong Kong when he was one year old. In 1967, when Wah was 16, they emigrated to New York City. Shortly after arriving, he met his future wife, Miriam, at a youth group meeting at a neighborhood church. Chu has a sister, Christina, and a brother, Richard. Miriam's father is Chinese and her mother is Puerto Rican. Chu grew up with her family in Fairfield, Connecticut. As a child, Chu participated in soccer and figure skating before transitioning into youth hockey. She attended Choate Rosemary Hall but graduated from Northwood School (Lake Placid, New York) in 2001. She deferred her acceptance into Harvard University until after the 2002 Winter Olympics. She graduated in 2007 with a concentration in psychology. Playing career Chu is the first Asian American woman to play for the U.S. Olympic ice hockey team; she competed in the 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014 Winter Olympics. She is tied as the second-most decorated U.S. female in Olympic Winter Games history. The four-time Olympian was chosen through a vote of each winter sport's team captain to carry the American flag during the Closing Ceremony of the 2014 Sochi Olympics. Chu is the second ice hockey player to serve as flag bearer for Team USA. During her time at Harvard, Chu became the all-time leading scorer in NCAA history and was elected as team captain. In her four years at Harvard University, she was the all-time assists leader and obtained 284 points, the most in NCAA history. She won the Patty Kazmaier Award in 2007 for best female collegiate hockey player in the United States. International hockey As a key member and assistant captain of Team USA, Chu won silver medals at the Olympic Games in 2002, 2010, and 2014, and a bronze in 2006. She has recorded 40 goals and 83 assists in 150 games with Team USA. 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, & 2013 World Champion 2001, 2004, 2007, 2012 Silver Medalist Chu was the leading scorer at the 2009 Women's World Ice Hockey Championships tournament with ten points (five goals, five assists). As of May 8, 2015, Chu had not decided on whether or not she will return to international competition. Professional hockey From 2007 to 2010, Chu played forward for the professional hockey Minnesota Whitecaps of the WWHL and won the 2010 Clarkson Cup. In 2010–11, she joined the Montreal Stars in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) and claimed her second consecutive Clarkson Cup title, becoming the first player to win the Clarkson Cup with two different teams. In 2010–11 season, Chu was one of the top-5 leading scorers, racking up 35 points, 5 goals and 30 assists in only 19 games. Chu has also participated in both the inaugural (2014) and second (2015–16) annual CWHL All-Star Games. Chu and forward Natalie Spooner, from the Toronto Furies, were voted captains by the public for the second annual CWHL All-Star Game, taking place January 23, 2016 at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario. More than 33,000 votes were cast during the public voting period, with Chu leading the polls, receiving 34% of the votes and Spooner coming in second with 23% in the public poll, which ran Dec. 15-Jan. 15 at www.CWHL.ca. The event makes Chu the first non-Canadian CWHL All-Star Captain and the first visible-minority player to be named captain at an All-Star Game. Chu's Team Black went on to defeat Spooner's Team White by a score of 5–1. Coaching career In 2007–08 Chu was an assistant coach for the University of Minnesota-Duluth and helped the Bulldogs women's ice hockey team win their fourth NCAA Division I national championship. In the 2010–2011 hockey season, she joined the Union College women's hockey coaching staff, serving as assistant coach. She stepped down after the 2012–2013 season to focus full-time for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. Chu currently coaches the Concordia Stingers' women's ice hockey team. Personal life Chu is married to Canadian hockey player and Olympic gold medalist Caroline Ouellette. Chu and Ouellette were both teammates for Les Canadiennes de Montréal and served together as assistant coaches of the University of Minnesota-Duluth and the Concordia Stingers. They previously captained their respective national women's hockey teams which have a huge rivalry, and skated against each other in three Olympic gold medal finals (2002, 2010, 2014) and over half a dozen world championships. They have two daughters, Liv (born November 2017) and Tessa (born May 2021). Chu became a permanent resident of Canada. Accomplishments and notes 2016-17 RSEQ COACH OF THE YEAR: Julie Chu: Concordia Stingers 2014 US Olympic Team Flag Bearer – Closing Ceremonies 2014 Competed in her 4th Olympic Games for the United States (2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014) 2011 Clarkson Cup 2010 Clarkson Cup Tournament Most Valuable Player 2007–08 Assistant coach of the University of Minnesota-Duluth women's ice hockey team, which won its fourth NCAA national championship that season. At the end of the 2007–08 season, Chu stepped down to prepare for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. 2007 Patty Kazmaier Award winner (equivalent to the Hobey Baker for NCAA women's ice hockey) 2007 Bob Allen Women's Player of the Year Award – Awarded by USA Hockey 2005 USCHO.com Defensive Forward of the Year Four-time All American at Harvard Four-time finalist for Patty Kazmaier Award All-time NCAA scoring leader (284 points in four seasons) All-time NCAA assist leader (197 points in four seasons) Three-time All American Three-time NCAA Frozen Four finalist Four-time USA Hockey Girls national champion (Connecticut Polar Bears) Media/national publicity biography Off The Podium.com Torino 2006 Screensaver February 13, 2006 -People Magazine February 2006 -Glamour Magazine US Anti-Doping Agency 2006 Campaign ESPN Magazine Body Issue, October 2011 edition Endorsement campaigns Procter & Gamble / Bounty – 2014 BP – 2014 Ralph Lauren – 2014 Citi – 2014 Highmark Insurance / Blue Cross Blue Shield – 2014 Easton Hockey – 2009 to present Upper Deck Trading Cards – 2010 and 2014 Panini Trading Cards – 2014 Procter & Gamble / Crest – 2010 Nike – 2010 Sega / Mario & Sonic at the Winter Olympic Games – 2010 Career statistics References External links NBCOlympics.com profile Julie Chu blogs from 09 Worlds Minnesota Whitecaps bio Montreal Stars bio Julie Chu Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America 1982 births Living people American expatriate ice hockey players in Canada American people of Puerto Rican descent American sportspeople of Chinese descent American women's ice hockey forwards Les Canadiennes de Montreal players Choate Rosemary Hall alumni Clarkson Cup champions Harvard Crimson women's ice hockey players Harvard College alumni Ice hockey players from Connecticut Ice hockey players from New York (state) Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics LGBT ice hockey players LGBT sportspeople from the United States LGBT people from Connecticut LGBT American people of Asian descent Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics Minnesota Whitecaps players Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in ice hockey Olympic silver medalists for the United States in ice hockey Patty Kazmaier Award winners Sportspeople from Fairfield, Connecticut

<mask> (born March 13, 1982) is an American Olympic ice hockey player who plays the position of forward on the United States women's ice hockey team and the position of defense on Les Canadiennes. She won the Patty Kazmaier Award in 2007 for best female collegiate hockey player while at Harvard University. She finished her collegiate career as the all-time assists leader and points scorer in NCAA history with 284 points until the record was snapped in 2011. She is tied as the second-most decorated U.S. female in Olympic Winter Games history. She was selected by fellow Team USA members to be the flag bearer at the Closing Ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. <mask> was an assistant coach for University of Minnesota Duluth and helped the Bulldogs women's ice hockey team win their fourth NCAA Division I national championship in 2008 and served as coach at Union College in 2010–2013. Early life <mask> was born in Fairfield, Connecticut in 1982.Her father Wah was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Wah and his mother moved to Hong Kong when he was one year old. In 1967, when Wah was 16, they emigrated to New York City. Shortly after arriving, he met his future wife, Miriam, at a youth group meeting at a neighborhood church. <mask> has a sister, Christina, and a brother, Richard. Miriam's father is Chinese and her mother is Puerto Rican. <mask> grew up with her family in Fairfield, Connecticut.As a child, <mask> participated in soccer and figure skating before transitioning into youth hockey. She attended Choate Rosemary Hall but graduated from Northwood School (Lake Placid, New York) in 2001. She deferred her acceptance into Harvard University until after the 2002 Winter Olympics. She graduated in 2007 with a concentration in psychology. Playing career <mask> is the first Asian American woman to play for the U.S. Olympic ice hockey team; she competed in the 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014 Winter Olympics. She is tied as the second-most decorated U.S. female in Olympic Winter Games history. The four-time Olympian was chosen through a vote of each winter sport's team captain to carry the American flag during the Closing Ceremony of the 2014 Sochi Olympics.<mask> is the second ice hockey player to serve as flag bearer for Team USA. During her time at Harvard, <mask> became the all-time leading scorer in NCAA history and was elected as team captain. In her four years at Harvard University, she was the all-time assists leader and obtained 284 points, the most in NCAA history. She won the Patty Kazmaier Award in 2007 for best female collegiate hockey player in the United States. International hockey As a key member and assistant captain of Team USA, <mask> won silver medals at the Olympic Games in 2002, 2010, and 2014, and a bronze in 2006. She has recorded 40 goals and 83 assists in 150 games with Team USA. 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, & 2013 World Champion 2001, 2004, 2007, 2012 Silver Medalist <mask> was the leading scorer at the 2009 Women's World Ice Hockey Championships tournament with ten points (five goals, five assists).As of May 8, 2015, <mask> had not decided on whether or not she will return to international competition. Professional hockey From 2007 to 2010, <mask> played forward for the professional hockey Minnesota Whitecaps of the WWHL and won the 2010 Clarkson Cup. In 2010–11, she joined the Montreal Stars in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) and claimed her second consecutive Clarkson Cup title, becoming the first player to win the Clarkson Cup with two different teams. In 2010–11 season, <mask> was one of the top-5 leading scorers, racking up 35 points, 5 goals and 30 assists in only 19 games. <mask> has also participated in both the inaugural (2014) and second (2015–16) annual CWHL All-Star Games. <mask> and forward Natalie Spooner, from the Toronto Furies, were voted captains by the public for the second annual CWHL All-Star Game, taking place January 23, 2016 at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario. More than 33,000 votes were cast during the public voting period, with <mask> leading the polls, receiving 34% of the votes and Spooner coming in second with 23% in the public poll, which ran Dec. 15-Jan. 15 at www.CWHL.ca.The event makes <mask> the first non-Canadian CWHL All-Star Captain and the first visible-minority player to be named captain at an All-Star Game. <mask>'s Team Black went on to defeat Spooner's Team White by a score of 5–1. Coaching career In 2007–08 <mask> was an assistant coach for the University of Minnesota-Duluth and helped the Bulldogs women's ice hockey team win their fourth NCAA Division I national championship. In the 2010–2011 hockey season, she joined the Union College women's hockey coaching staff, serving as assistant coach. She stepped down after the 2012–2013 season to focus full-time for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. <mask> currently coaches the Concordia Stingers' women's ice hockey team. Personal life <mask> is married to Canadian hockey player and Olympic gold medalist Caroline Ouellette.<mask> and Ouellette were both teammates for Les Canadiennes de Montréal and served together as assistant coaches of the University of Minnesota-Duluth and the Concordia Stingers. They previously captained their respective national women's hockey teams which have a huge rivalry, and skated against each other in three Olympic gold medal finals (2002, 2010, 2014) and over half a dozen world championships. They have two daughters, Liv (born November 2017) and Tessa (born May 2021). <mask> became a permanent resident of Canada. Accomplishments and notes 2016-17 RSEQ COACH OF THE YEAR: <mask>: Concordia Stingers 2014 US Olympic Team Flag Bearer – Closing Ceremonies 2014 Competed in her 4th Olympic Games for the United States (2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014) 2011 Clarkson Cup 2010 Clarkson Cup Tournament Most Valuable Player 2007–08 Assistant coach of the University of Minnesota-Duluth women's ice hockey team, which won its fourth NCAA national championship that season. At the end of the 2007–08 season, <mask> stepped down to prepare for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

<mask> is an American Olympic ice hockey player who plays the position of forward on the United States women's ice hockey team and the position of defense on Les Canadiennes. She won the best female collegiate hockey player award at Harvard University. She was the all-time assists leader and points scorer in NCAA history until the record was broken in 2011. She is the second most decorated female in Olympic Winter Games history. She was selected by fellow Team USA members to be the flag bearer at the closing ceremony of the Winter Olympics. The University of Minnesota Duluth women's ice hockey team won their fourth NCAA Division I national championship in 2008 and <mask> was an assistant coach. <mask> was born in 1982.Her father was born in China. When he was a year old, he and his mother moved to Hong Kong. In 1967, they moved to New York City. He met his future wife at a youth group meeting. Christina is a sister of <mask> and Richard is a brother. Her mother is Puerto Rican and her father is Chinese. <mask>'s family lived in Connecticut.<mask> was involved in soccer and figure skating as a child. She graduated from a New York school in 2001. After the 2002 Winter Olympics, she deferred her acceptance to Harvard University. She had a concentration in psychology. <mask> is the first Asian American woman to play for the U.S. Olympic ice hockey team. She is the second most decorated female in Olympic Winter Games history. The four-time Olympian was chosen through a vote of each winter sport's team captain to carry the American flag during the closing ceremony.The first ice hockey player to carry the flag for Team USA was <mask>. During her time at Harvard, <mask> became the all-time leading scorer in NCAA history and was elected as team captain. She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 She was the best female collegiate hockey player in the United States in 2007. A key member and assistant captain of Team USA, <mask> won three silver medals and a bronze at the Olympic Games. In 150 games with Team USA, she has recorded 40 goals and 83 assists. At the Women's World Ice Hockey Championships in 2009, <mask> was the leading scorer with ten points (five goals, five assists).On May 8, 2015, <mask> had not decided if she will return to international competition. <mask> played for the Minnesota Whitecaps of the WWHL and won the 2010 Clarkson Cup. She became the first player to win the Clarkson Cup with two different teams when she joined the Montreal Stars in the Canadian Women's Hockey League. In the 2010–11 season, <mask> was one of the top-5 leading scorers with 35 points, 5 goals and 30 assists. The first and second annual CWHL All-Star Games were participated in by <mask>. The second annual CWHL All-Star Game will take place on January 23, 2016 at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario, and <mask> and Natalie Spooner, from the Toronto Furies, were voted captains by the public. More than 33,000 votes were cast during the public voting period, with <mask> leading the polls with 34% of the votes, and Spooner coming in second with 23% of the votes.<mask> is the first non-Canadian CWHL All-Star Captain and the first visible-minority player to be named captain at an All-Star Game. Team Black defeated Team White by a score of 5–1. <mask> was an assistant coach for the University of Minnesota-Duluth and helped the women's ice hockey team win their fourth NCAA Division I national championship. She joined the Union College women's hockey coaching staff as an assistant coach. She stepped down to focus on the Winter Olympics in Russia. The women's ice hockey team is coached by <mask>. <mask> is married to a Canadian hockey player.Both <mask> and Ouellette were assistant coaches at the University of Minnesota-Duluth. They captained their respective national women's hockey teams which had a huge rivalry, and competed against each other in three Olympic gold medal finals. They have two daughters. <mask> was a permanent resident of Canada. The coach of the year is <mask>, who Competed in her 4th Olympic Games for the United States. <mask> took a break at the end of the 2008 season to prepare for the 2010 Winter Olympics.

47151068

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sully

John Sully

Sir John Sully (born c.1283 - died c.1388), KG, of Ruxford and Iddesleigh in Devonshire, was an English knight. He was one of the many deponents who gave evidence in Scrope v Grosvenor (decided in 1389), one of the earliest heraldic law cases brought in England, at which time he stated his age as 105. In about 1362, he was appointed by King Edward III as the 39th Knight of the Garter. Origins According to Nicolas (1832), he descended from a younger branch of the family of Sully, lords of the manor of Iddesleigh in Devonshire, and appears to have succeeded to that property as heir male. According to Pole, he possessed Iddesleigh in 1356. According to Nicholas: "Nothing can with certainty be said of his parents, nor is it positively known whether he left descendants". He may have been a descendant of Reymode de Sully, the son of Walter de Sully, who in 1291 held a fifth moiety of the feudal barony of Great Torrington in Devon, on which he paid feudal relief of £20 to the king, presumably having just then inherited it from his father. The moiety had been first acquired by his ancestor de Sully who had married one of the five sisters and co-heiresses of Matthew de Torrington, feudal baron of Great Torrington. On failure of the male line, this de Sully moiety passed to the de Brian family, by the marriage during the reign of King Henry III (1216-1272) of Guy de Brian to the heiress Sibil de Sully (sister of Raymond de Sully and daughter of Walter de Sully). The eventual co-heir to Guy de Brian was Sir John Cary (d.1395) of Cockington, Devon. He may also have been descended from the 11th century knight Sir Reginald (or Raymond) de Sully, one of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan, the legendary followers of Robert FitzHamon (d.1107), the Norman conqueror of Glamorgan. He was given as his share of the conquered lands the lordship of Sully, where he built his castle. Risdon apparently confused him with "John de Sudeley", who in 1301 sealed the Barons' Letter to the Pope with a seal inscribed S(igillum) Johannis de Suleye ("seal of John de Suleye") and bearing arms of two bendlets, and who in the document is called Joh(ann)es D(omi)n(u)s de Sullee ("John, lord of Sullee"), which place Lord Howard de Walden (1903) identified as Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire. Armorials His Garter stall plate does not survive but was recorded by the antiquarian Ashmole (d.1692) as showing arms of Ermine, four barrulets gules with crest Two bull's horns. His family's arms are however given differently by the Devon historian Sir William Pole (d.1635) as Ermine, three chevrons gules Career It appears that he passed the greater part of his life in the field, and that he was the "hero of a hundred battles." He was at the Battle of Halidon Hill in Scotland, and at the taking of Berwick in July 1333. On 12 July 1338, he was in France, in the retinue of the Earl of Salisbury and was present at the Battle of Crécy in August 1346. On 29 August 1350, he was at the naval battle under King Edward III in person, when a complete victory was gained over the Spanish fleet, thence called the Battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer (modern: Battle of Winchelsea). Sully was in Gascony with the Black Prince in 1355 and 1356, and a payment was made to him at Bordeaux on 1 October 1355 by the hands of Richard Baker his esquire.' On 17 September 1356, he shared in the honours of the Battle of Poitiers and letters of protection were granted to him in 1359, when he was in the army in Gascony. In 1361, he obtained the following singular grant from the King: "That he might once in every year during his life, in any of the royal forests, parks, or chases in the realm, have one shot with his bow, one course with his hounds, and one chase for his dog called Bercelette". The merits of Sir John Sully were about this time rewarded in the most striking manner. On the feast of St. George 1362 he was elected into the Order of the Garter, in the ninth stall on the Prince's side, in lieu of Sir Reginald Cobham; and the Garter stall plate of his arms was still remaining in the reign of Charles II. In 1362, he was a mainpernor for John de Saint Low the son, and Matthew de Goumay, then prisoners in the Tower of London. Sully again accompanied the Black Prince to Gascony in 1365, and in April 1367 was at the Battle of Nájera. Three years afterwards, in 1370, he again received letters of protection, being about to serve in Acquitaine and as he was then nearly ninety years old, it is not surprising that his name does not afterwards occur in public records until his appearance as a witness in favour of Sir Richard Scrope. He seems to have then retired from public life, attended by Richard Baker his faithful esquire, who, having partaken of his master's toils and dangers, became the companion of his latter years. Crusader The following anecdote of a Sir John Sully is related by Pole: "Sir John Sully, renowned for his exploits in the Holy Land against the Saracens, in which he was weakened by many wounds, returned home after many years' discontinuance, whereupon his officers bringing in the accounts of his rent, which amounted to a great mass of money, he caused his cloak, being of cloth of gold, to be spread on the ground, and commanding the money to be put therein, cast himself thereinto, that it might be said for once he tumbled in gold and silver; whereof he afterwards gave one part to his wife, a second to his officers and tenants, a third part to the poor". His action was deemed by the Duchess of Cleveland (1889) "a childish excursion into Tom Tidler's Ground." Deponent at Scrope v Grosvenor Due to his very old age of 105, and his inability to travel to the court of the Earl Marshal, an officer of the court was sent to his house at Iddesleigh to record his deposition, which he gave in favour of Sir Richard Scrope in the famous case of Scrope v Grosvenor, decided in 1389, in which he stated he saw Scrope bear the arms which formed the subject of the case. Sir John Sully, of the age of one hundred and five year, and armed eighty years, deposed that he had seen and known the arms of Sir Richard Scrope, borne by Sir Henry Scrope, at the battle of Halidon Hill, blazoned: "the field azure, a bend or, with a label argent". He afterwards saw the said Sir Henry armed in the same arms at the Siege of Berwick; Sir William Scrope at the battle of Cressy so armed with a difference; the said Sir Richard armed in the same arms at the Battle of Espagnols-sur-mere; and afterwards saw the said Sir William Scrope armed in the same arms with the Black Prince at the battle of Poictiers, and the said Sir Richard so armed at the battle of Spain, [Najara.] Sully said he had also seen and known others of the name and lineage armed in the same arms in journeys and expeditions, with differences; and in his time he had always heard that the said arms belonged to Sir Richard Scrope by descent, who, with others of his lineage, had peaceably enjoyed them from beyond the time of memory. As to Sir Robert Grosvenor, he never saw or heard of him or of his ancestors, until the time of his examination. Landholdings Ruxford. Sir John Sully's chief residence appears to have been Ruxford, in the parish of Sandford, about 1/2 mile north-west of Crediton in Devon, which he held from the de Raleigh family of Raleigh, Pilton in North Devon, ancestor of the Chichester baronets. Effigies of Sir John Sully and his wife Isobel exist in Crediton Parish Church. Sully was said by the Devon historian Westcote (d.circa 1637) to have had his seat at "Rookesford, lately the land of Chichester and alienated to Davye". He held Rokysforde from John de Raleigh as overlord as is evidenced in the latter's deed of 1362 now held in the North Devon Record Office. Iddesleigh. Presumably Sully also resided at the manor house of Iddesleigh, his family's ancient principal seat. He is said by the Duchess of Cleveland (1889) to have given Iddesleigh to his cousin Lord Martyn, whose family were feudal barons of Barnstaple in North Devon. Death and succession Sully probably died in about 1388 as he is not mentioned in the records of the Order of the Garter after that year, at above the age of 105. The Devon historian Risdon (d.1640) states that he was buried in Crediton Church, a large and important collegiate church near his seat of Ruxford, having "died of the wounds received in the Holy War", which wounds however apparently allowed him to live on to a great age. Regarding any progeny, Nicholas (1832) stated: "Nothing can with certainty be said of his parents, nor is it positively known whether he left descendants". The Westcountry historian Polwhele (d.1838) states however that the last male of the de Sully family left an only daughter who married Vowel, a Somersetshire knight, from whom the Smith family inherited a moiety of the manor of Iddesleigh. Chantry A chantry in Crediton Church was established by nine men resident near Crediton which provided an endowment to the Canons of Crediton to find a priest to sing daily mass for Sully’s soul. One of these contributors was recorded in 1408 as Richard Dowrich of Dowrich, near Ruxford. Monuments Two effigies believed to represent Sir John Sully survive in Devon. One in the parish church of Iddesleigh in the form of a crossed-legged knight, traditionally the appropriate form for a crusader, situated in a low arched recess in the north chancel chapel. The other, next to the effigy of his wife, is in Crediton Parish Church on a chest tomb , in the east chapel of the south aisle. Sources Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris The Controversy between Sir Richard Scrope and Sir Robert Grosvenor in the Court of Chivalry AD MCCCLXXXV - MCCCXC, Volume 2, London, 1832, pp. 240–3, biography of Sir John Sully Cleveland, Duchess of ((Catherine Lucy) Wilhelmina Powlett), The Battle Abbey Roll with some Account of the Norman Lineages, 3 vols., London, 1889, vol.3, Sauley References People from Crediton 1388 deaths Knights of the Garter Year of birth uncertain Military personnel from Devon 1283 births

Sir <mask> (born c.1283 - died c.1388), KG, of Ruxford and Iddesleigh in Devonshire, was an English knight. He was one of the many deponents who gave evidence in Scrope v Grosvenor (decided in 1389), one of the earliest heraldic law cases brought in England, at which time he stated his age as 105. In about 1362, he was appointed by King Edward III as the 39th Knight of the Garter. Origins According to Nicolas (1832), he descended from a younger branch of the family of <mask>, lords of the manor of Iddesleigh in Devonshire, and appears to have succeeded to that property as heir male. According to Pole, he possessed Iddesleigh in 1356. According to Nicholas: "Nothing can with certainty be said of his parents, nor is it positively known whether he left descendants". He may have been a descendant of Reymode <mask>, the son of <mask>, who in 1291 held a fifth moiety of the feudal barony of Great Torrington in Devon, on which he paid feudal relief of £20 to the king, presumably having just then inherited it from his father.The moiety had been first acquired by his ancestor <mask> who had married one of the five sisters and co-heiresses of Matthew de Torrington, feudal baron of Great Torrington. On failure of the male line, this <mask> moiety passed to the de Brian family, by the marriage during the reign of King Henry III (1216-1272) of Guy de Brian to the heiress Sibil <mask> (sister of Raymond de <mask> and daughter of Walter de <mask>). The eventual co-heir to Guy de Brian was Sir <mask> (d.1395) of Cockington, Devon. He may also have been descended from the 11th century knight Sir Reginald (or Raymond) <mask>, one of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan, the legendary followers of Robert FitzHamon (d.1107), the Norman conqueror of Glamorgan. He was given as his share of the conquered lands the lordship of Sully, where he built his castle. Risdon apparently confused him with "<mask> Sudeley", who in 1301 sealed the Barons' Letter to the Pope with a seal inscribed S(igillum) Johannis de Suleye ("seal of <mask> Suleye") and bearing arms of two bendlets, and who in the document is called Joh(ann)es D(omi)n(u)s de Sullee ("<mask>, lord of Sullee"), which place Lord Howard de Walden (1903) identified as Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire. Armorials His Garter stall plate does not survive but was recorded by the antiquarian Ashmole (d.1692) as showing arms of Ermine, four barrulets gules with crest Two bull's horns.His family's arms are however given differently by the Devon historian Sir William Pole (d.1635) as Ermine, three chevrons gules Career It appears that he passed the greater part of his life in the field, and that he was the "hero of a hundred battles." He was at the Battle of Halidon Hill in Scotland, and at the taking of Berwick in July 1333. On 12 July 1338, he was in France, in the retinue of the Earl of Salisbury and was present at the Battle of Crécy in August 1346. On 29 August 1350, he was at the naval battle under King Edward III in person, when a complete victory was gained over the Spanish fleet, thence called the Battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer (modern: Battle of Winchelsea). <mask> was in Gascony with the Black Prince in 1355 and 1356, and a payment was made to him at Bordeaux on 1 October 1355 by the hands of Richard Baker his esquire.' On 17 September 1356, he shared in the honours of the Battle of Poitiers and letters of protection were granted to him in 1359, when he was in the army in Gascony. In 1361, he obtained the following singular grant from the King: "That he might once in every year during his life, in any of the royal forests, parks, or chases in the realm, have one shot with his bow, one course with his hounds, and one chase for his dog called Bercelette".The merits of Sir <mask> were about this time rewarded in the most striking manner. On the feast of St. George 1362 he was elected into the Order of the Garter, in the ninth stall on the Prince's side, in lieu of Sir Reginald Cobham; and the Garter stall plate of his arms was still remaining in the reign of Charles II. In 1362, he was a mainpernor for <mask> Saint Low the son, and Matthew de Goumay, then prisoners in the Tower of London. Sully again accompanied the Black Prince to Gascony in 1365, and in April 1367 was at the Battle of Nájera. Three years afterwards, in 1370, he again received letters of protection, being about to serve in Acquitaine and as he was then nearly ninety years old, it is not surprising that his name does not afterwards occur in public records until his appearance as a witness in favour of Sir Richard Scrope. He seems to have then retired from public life, attended by Richard Baker his faithful esquire, who, having partaken of his master's toils and dangers, became the companion of his latter years. Crusader The following anecdote of a Sir <mask> is related by Pole: "Sir <mask>, renowned for his exploits in the Holy Land against the Saracens, in which he was weakened by many wounds, returned home after many years' discontinuance, whereupon his officers bringing in the accounts of his rent, which amounted to a great mass of money, he caused his cloak, being of cloth of gold, to be spread on the ground, and commanding the money to be put therein, cast himself thereinto, that it might be said for once he tumbled in gold and silver; whereof he afterwards gave one part to his wife, a second to his officers and tenants, a third part to the poor".His action was deemed by the Duchess of Cleveland (1889) "a childish excursion into Tom Tidler's Ground." Deponent at Scrope v Grosvenor Due to his very old age of 105, and his inability to travel to the court of the Earl Marshal, an officer of the court was sent to his house at Iddesleigh to record his deposition, which he gave in favour of Sir Richard Scrope in the famous case of Scrope v Grosvenor, decided in 1389, in which he stated he saw Scrope bear the arms which formed the subject of the case. Sir <mask>, of the age of one hundred and five year, and armed eighty years, deposed that he had seen and known the arms of Sir Richard Scrope, borne by Sir Henry Scrope, at the battle of Halidon Hill, blazoned: "the field azure, a bend or, with a label argent". He afterwards saw the said Sir Henry armed in the same arms at the Siege of Berwick; Sir William Scrope at the battle of Cressy so armed with a difference; the said Sir Richard armed in the same arms at the Battle of Espagnols-sur-mere; and afterwards saw the said Sir William Scrope armed in the same arms with the Black Prince at the battle of Poictiers, and the said Sir Richard so armed at the battle of Spain, [Najara.] Sully said he had also seen and known others of the name and lineage armed in the same arms in journeys and expeditions, with differences; and in his time he had always heard that the said arms belonged to Sir Richard Scrope by descent, who, with others of his lineage, had peaceably enjoyed them from beyond the time of memory. As to Sir Robert Grosvenor, he never saw or heard of him or of his ancestors, until the time of his examination. Landholdings Ruxford.Sir <mask>'s chief residence appears to have been Ruxford, in the parish of Sandford, about 1/2 mile north-west of Crediton in Devon, which he held from the de Raleigh family of Raleigh, Pilton in North Devon, ancestor of the Chichester baronets. Effigies of Sir <mask> and his wife Isobel exist in Crediton Parish Church. <mask> was said by the Devon historian Westcote (d.circa 1637) to have had his seat at "Rookesford, lately the land of Chichester and alienated to Davye". He held Rokysforde from <mask> Raleigh as overlord as is evidenced in the latter's deed of 1362 now held in the North Devon Record Office. Iddesleigh. Presumably <mask> also resided at the manor house of Iddesleigh, his family's ancient principal seat. He is said by the Duchess of Cleveland (1889) to have given Iddesleigh to his cousin Lord Martyn, whose family were feudal barons of Barnstaple in North Devon.Death and succession <mask> probably died in about 1388 as he is not mentioned in the records of the Order of the Garter after that year, at above the age of 105. The Devon historian Risdon (d.1640) states that he was buried in Crediton Church, a large and important collegiate church near his seat of Ruxford, having "died of the wounds received in the Holy War", which wounds however apparently allowed him to live on to a great age. Regarding any progeny, Nicholas (1832) stated: "Nothing can with certainty be said of his parents, nor is it positively known whether he left descendants". The Westcountry historian Polwhele (d.1838) states however that the last male of the <mask> family left an only daughter who married Vowel, a Somersetshire knight, from whom the Smith family inherited a moiety of the manor of Iddesleigh. Chantry A chantry in Crediton Church was established by nine men resident near Crediton which provided an endowment to the Canons of Crediton to find a priest to sing daily mass for Sully’s soul. One of these contributors was recorded in 1408 as Richard Dowrich of Dowrich, near Ruxford. Monuments Two effigies believed to represent Sir <mask> survive in Devon.One in the parish church of Iddesleigh in the form of a crossed-legged knight, traditionally the appropriate form for a crusader, situated in a low arched recess in the north chancel chapel. The other, next to the effigy of his wife, is in Crediton Parish Church on a chest tomb , in the east chapel of the south aisle. Sources Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris The Controversy between Sir Richard Scrope and Sir Robert Grosvenor in the Court of Chivalry AD MCCCLXXXV - MCCCXC, Volume 2, London, 1832, pp. 240–3, biography of Sir <mask> Cleveland, Duchess of ((Catherine Lucy) Wilhelmina Powlett), The Battle Abbey Roll with some Account of the Norman Lineages, 3 vols., London, 1889, vol.3, Sauley References People from Crediton 1388 deaths Knights of the Garter Year of birth uncertain Military personnel from Devon 1283 births

Sir <mask> was an English knight who lived in Ruxford and Iddesleigh. He stated his age as 105 when he gave evidence in Scrope v Grosvenor, one of the earliest heraldic law cases brought in England. King Edward III appointed him as the 39th Knight of the Garter. Nicolas says that he descended from a younger branch of the family of the lords of the manor of Iddesleigh in Devonshire, and that he succeeded to that property as heir male. Pole claims that he possessed Iddesleigh in 1356. Nicholas said that "nothing can be said of his parents, nor is it known if he left descendants". He may have been a descendant of Reymode <mask>, the son of <mask>, who in 1291) held a fifth moiety of the feudal barony of Great Torrington in Devon, which he paid feudal relief of £20 to the king.The moiety was first acquired by his ancestors who had married one of the five sisters and co-heiresses of Matthew de Torrington. The <mask> moiety was passed to the de Brian family by the marriage of Guy de Brian to Sibil <mask>, the sister of Raymond de <mask>. Sir <mask> was the co-heir to Guy de Brian. He is thought to have been descended from the legendary followers of Robert FitzHamon, the Norman conqueror of Glamorgan. He was given a share of the conquered lands, where he built his castle. In 1301, the Barons' Letter to the Pope was sealed with a seal bearing arms of two bendlets, and it was written by "<mask> Sudeley". The antiquarian Ashmole recorded arms of Ermine, four barrulets and two bull's horns on the Garter stall plate.He was the "hero of a hundred battles" according to the historian Sir William Pole, who gave his family's arms differently. He was at the Battle of Halidon Hill in Scotland. He was in France on 12 July 1338 and at the Battle of Crécy in August 1346. He was at the naval battle under King Edward III in person when a complete victory was gained over the Spanish fleet. The Black Prince paid Sully at Bordeaux on October 1st, 1355, after he had been in Gascony with him in 1355 and 1356. He received letters of protection when he was in the army in Gascony, after he shared in the honours of the Battle of Poitiers. He received a grant from the King in 1361 that allowed him to have one shot with his bow, one course with his hounds, and one chase in the realm.This time, the merits of Sir <mask> were rewarded in a striking manner. On the feast of St. George 1362 he was elected into the Order of the Garter, in the ninth stall on the Prince's side, but the Garter stall plate of his arms remained in the reign of Charles II. Matthew de Goumay and <mask> Saint Low were both prisoners in the Tower of London. The Black Prince went to Gascony in 1365 and then to the Battle of Njera. He was about to serve in Acquitaine in 1370 and received letters of protection three years later, but his name doesn't appear in public records until he testifies in favor of Sir Richard Sc. He seems to have retired from public life, attended by Richard Baker his faithful esquire, who, having partaken of his master's toils and dangers, became the companion of his final years. Sir <mask>, renowned for his exploits in the Holy Land against the Saracens, who was weakened by many wounds, returned home after many years' discontinuance, and his officers brought in the accounts.His actions were deemed a "childish excursion into Tom Tidler's Ground" by the Duke of Cleveland. An officer of the court was sent to Iddesleigh to record the deposition of a 105-year-old man because he couldn't travel to the court of the Earl Marshall. At the age of one hundred and five years, and armed for eighty years, Sir <mask>ly deposed that he had seen and known the arms of Sir Richard Scrope. At the Battle of Espagnols-sur-mere, he saw Sir Henry, Sir William Scrope, and Sir Richard all armed with the same weapons. In his time, he had heard that Sir Richard Scrope's arms were from his family, but he had never seen them in action. Until the time of his examination, he had never heard of Sir Robert Grosvenor or his ancestors. Ruxford is a landholding.Ruxford, in the parish of Sandford, about 1/2 mile north-west of Crediton, is believed to have been Sir <mask>'s main residence. There are depictions of Sir <mask> and his wife in the church. According to the historian Westcote, Sully had his seat at "Rookesford, lately the land of Chichester and alienated to Davye". <mask> Raleigh's deed of 1362 shows that he held Rokysforde as an overlord. Iddesleigh. The manor house of Iddesleigh is the family's ancient principal seat. The Duke of Cleveland is said to have given Iddesleigh to Lord Martyn, a cousin of the feudal barons of Barnstaple.The Order of the Garter's records don't show his death until after he was 105 years old. According to the historian Risdon, he died of wounds received in the Holy War and was buried in Crediton Church, a large and important collegiate church near his seat of Ruxford. Nicholas stated that nothing can be said of his parents or his descendants. According to the Westcountry historian, the last male of the <mask> family left an only daughter who married a knight from the manor of Iddesleigh to the Smith family. Chantry A chantry in Crediton Church was established by nine men near Crediton which provided an endowment to the Canons of Crediton to find a priest to sing daily mass for Sully's soul. Richard Dowrich was one of the contributors. The effigies are believed to be of Sir <mask>.There is a cross-legged knight in the north chancel chapel of the parish church of Iddesleigh. The east chapel of the south aisle of Crediton Parish Church has a chest tomb next to the effigy of his wife. The Controversy between Sir Richard Scrope and Sir Robert Grosvenor in the Court of Chivalry AD was written by Sir Nicholas Harris. The Battle Abbey Roll with some Account of the Norman Lineages, 3 vols., London, 1889, vol. 3, Sauley References People from Crediton 1388 deaths of the Knights of Columbus.

4772852

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominick%20Guinn

Dominick Guinn

Dominick Alexander Guinn (born April 20, 1975) is an American professional boxer. He is self-managed and he is trained by Ronnie Shields and Alexander Gutierrez. He stands at 6'3" tall. Known as the "Southern Disaster", he currently resides in Houston, Texas. Amateur career Born in Hot Springs, Arkansas, Guinn began boxing at age nine and lost in the quarterfinals in the Michigan Junior Olympic Tournament at 139 pounds. Fighting in the 147-pound class at 15 years of age, Guinn lost in the finals. Guinn won the 19-and-under Junior World title in 1993. Guinn had an amateur career record of 290-26, twice winning the National Golden Gloves Super Heavyweight Championship in 1997 and 1999 but losing in the Olympic qualification to Calvin Brock. In 1998, Guinn won the U.S. National Championships and won a Bronze Medal at the Goodwill Games in New York City. Professional career He began his career winning his first 24 fights, including a seventh-round knockout win over Michael Grant and a victory over Duncan Dokiwari. In 2004 he lost his first fight, a lackluster, but controversial decision to Monte Barrett. He knocked out veteran Phil Jackson but then lost his second fight to Sergei Liakhovich, who went on to win the WBO heavyweight title. In 2005 he drew with Friday Ahunanya and lost to James Toney. In 2006, he defeated once-beaten British southpaw and Olympic Gold medalist Audley Harrison at the Agua Caliente casino, but lost his next fight against another southpaw Tony Thompson. In 2007 he continued his slide with losses against unbeaten Eddie Chambers in May and Robert Hawkins in December. In October 2008, Guinn knocked out heavyweight prospect Jean François Bergeron in the second round. In 2009, Guinn knocked out unbeaten Johnnie White (21-0) in a first-round knockout to move back into contendership status and recently defeated Charles Davis by decision. He has never been beaten inside the distance in his professional career. Professional boxing record |- | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes |- align=center |Loss |35-12-1 |align=left| Artur Szpilka |UD |10 | |align=left| | |- align=center |Loss |35-11-1 |align=left| Hughie Fury |PTS |10 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |35-10-1 |align=left| Donnie Davis |KO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss |34-10-1 |align=left| Tomasz Adamek |UD |10 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |34-9-1 |align=left| Stacy Frazier |KO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss |33-9-1 |align=left| Denis Boytsov |UD |10 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss |33-8-1 |align=left| Amir Mansour |UD |10 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss |33-7-1 |align=left| Kubrat Pulev |UD |8 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |33-6-1 |align=left| Terrell Nelson |RTD |7 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |32-6-1 |align=left| Charles Davis |UD |6 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |31-6-1 |align=left| Johnnie White |TKO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |30-6-1 |align=left| Gabe Brown |UD |8 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |29-6-1 |align=left| Jean François Bergeron |KO |2 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss |28-6-1 |align=left| Robert Hawkins |UD |10 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss |28-5-1 |align=left| Eddie Chambers |UD |10 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |28-4-1 |align=left| Zuri Lawrence |TKO |2 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |27-4-1 |align=left| Zack Page |SD |8 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss |26-4-1 |align=left| Tony Thompson |UD |12 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |26-3-1 |align=left| Audley Harrison |UD |10 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss |25-3-1 |align=left| James Toney |UD |12 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw |25-2-1 |align=left| Friday Ahunanya |PTS |10 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss |25–2 |align=left| Siarhei Liakhovich |UD |10 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |25–1 |align=left| Phil Jackson |KO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Loss |24–1 |align=left| Monte Barrett |SD |10 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |24–0 |align=left| Derrick Banks |UD |10 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |23–0 |align=left| Duncan Dokiwari |UD |10 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |22–0 |align=left| Michael Grant |TKO |7 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |21–0 |align=left| Charles Hatcher |TKO |9 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |20–0 |align=left| Otis Tisdale |UD |8 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |19–0 |align=left| Garing Lane |SD |8 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |18–0 |align=left| Terry McGroom |TKO |7 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |17–0 |align=left| Wade Lewis |KO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |16–0 |align=left| Drexie James |TKO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |15–0 |align=left| Derek Berry |TKO |2 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |14–0 |align=left| Tony LaRosa |TKO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |13–0 |align=left| Antonio Colbert |UD |6 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |12–0 |align=left| Todd Diggs |KO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |11–0 |align=left| Maurice Wheeler |KO |2 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |10–0 |align=left| Marvin Hill |KO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |9–0 |align=left| Ronnie Smith |UD |6 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |8–0 |align=left| Marvin Hunt |TKO |4 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |7–0 |align=left| Anthony Moore |UD |4 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |6–0 |align=left| James Lester |TKO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |5–0 |align=left| Rodney Phillips |TKO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |4–0 |align=left| John Lewis |TKO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |3–0 |align=left| Michael Rothberger |TKO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |2–0 |align=left| Leonard Childs |TKO |2 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center |Win |1–0 |align=left| Leroy Hollis |TKO |1 | |align=left| |align=left| |-align=center References External links 1975 births Living people Boxers from Arkansas Heavyweight boxers National Golden Gloves champions Sportspeople from Hot Springs, Arkansas Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers American male boxers Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games

<mask> (born April 20, 1975) is an American professional boxer. He is self-managed and he is trained by Ronnie Shields and Alexander Gutierrez. He stands at 6'3" tall. Known as the "Southern Disaster", he currently resides in Houston, Texas. Amateur career Born in Hot Springs, Arkansas, Guinn began boxing at age nine and lost in the quarterfinals in the Michigan Junior Olympic Tournament at 139 pounds. Fighting in the 147-pound class at 15 years of age, Guinn lost in the finals. Guinn won the 19-and-under Junior World title in 1993.Guinn had an amateur career record of 290-26, twice winning the National Golden Gloves Super Heavyweight Championship in 1997 and 1999 but losing in the Olympic qualification to Calvin Brock. In 1998, Guinn won the U.S. National Championships and won a Bronze Medal at the Goodwill Games in New York City. Professional career He began his career winning his first 24 fights, including a seventh-round knockout win over Michael Grant and a victory over Duncan Dokiwari. In 2004 he lost his first fight, a lackluster, but controversial decision to Monte Barrett. He knocked out veteran Phil Jackson but then lost his second fight to Sergei Liakhovich, who went on to win the WBO heavyweight title. In 2005 he drew with Friday Ahunanya and lost to James Toney. In 2006, he defeated once-beaten British southpaw and Olympic Gold medalist Audley Harrison at the Agua Caliente casino, but lost his next fight against another southpaw Tony Thompson.In 2007 he continued his slide with losses against unbeaten Eddie Chambers in May and Robert Hawkins in December. In October 2008, Guinn knocked out heavyweight prospect Jean François Bergeron in the second round. In 2009, Guinn knocked out unbeaten Johnnie White (21-0) in a first-round knockout to move back into contendership status and recently defeated Charles Davis by decision. He has never been beaten inside the distance in his professional career.

<mask> is an American professional boxer. He is managed by himself and trained by two people. He is 6'3" tall. He lives in Houston, Texas and is known as the "Southern Disaster". At the age of nine, Guinn began boxing and lost in the quarterfinals of the Michigan Junior Olympic Tournament. At 15 years of age, Guinn lost in the finals of the 147-pound class. The 19-and-under Junior World title was won by Guinn.In 1997 and 1999 he won the National Golden Gloves Super-Heavyweight Championship but lost in the Olympic qualification to Calvin Brock. At the Goodwill Games in New York City, Guinn won a bronze medal. He won his first 24 fights, including a seventh-round knockout win over Michael Grant and a victory over Duncan Dokiwari. He lost his first fight to Monte Barrett. After knocking out Phil Jackson, he lost his second fight to Sergei Liakhovich, who went on to win the title. He drew with Friday Ahunanya and lost to James Toney. He defeated Audley Harrison at the Agua Caliente casino, but lost his next fight against Tony Thompson.He lost to Eddie Chambers in May and Robert Hawkins in December. In the second round, Guinn knocked out Jean Franois Bergeron. In 2009, Guinn knocked out Johnnie White in a first-round knockout to move back into contendership status and recently defeated Charles Davis by decision. He has never been defeated in his career.

52074993

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikashi%20Toyoshima

Chikashi Toyoshima

is a Japanese biophysicist. His research interest only focus on two proteins: the Ca2+-ATPase of muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the Na+, K+-ATPase expressed in all animal cells. He is a professor of University of Tokyo and the Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. His research about the Ca2+-ATPase started in 1989. In the next few years, he and his colleagues obtained a series of images of Ca2+-ATPase at the revolution of Atomic-level in the world for the first time. By the x-ray crystallography, cryo-EM and other methods, he has determined the crystal structures of ten intermediates of Ca2+-ATPase. On September 10, 2015, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded him and Poul Nissen the Gregori Aminoff Prize of 2016 for their fundamental contributions to understanding the structural basis for ATP-driven translocation of ions across membrane. Early life and education Toyoshima was born in a small town of Honjo, in the prefecture of Akita, Japan. The elementary-school education in Honjo is enthusiastic in developing children's ability in science, writing, sports, and arts. He and his old brother worked on science experiments with his mother, a high school economic home teacher. They did quite well in science research contests throughout Akita. He also showed an early flair for crafty innovation. He spent his free time on constructing plastic and wooden models of planes and ships. And when he was older, toy electronics became his pastime. The experience and success in science during his youth help him a lot when he stepped into a highly technical field, he recalled after a few decades. But the immediate effect at that time was that he considered being a doctor when he first feared the career decision. At last, he quit. Since his old brother had pursued medicine in college, he thought it was not necessary to have two medical doctors in the family. So he decided to choose another branch of science instead of literature even though he performed well in modern Japanese that his high school teacher suggested he study literature and writing in college. He finally chose Physics, a fashionable choice at that time and an easier choice than literature for him. In 1973, he was admitted by University of Tokyo on his first trial. He soon considered diligently the possibility to survive in that rigorous environment. In the first two-year, he studied standard physics but also took classes in the biochemistry and botany departments. In the middle of the third year, a visit to Setsuro Ebashi's laboratory appealed him by the description of the Electron microscope work. He decided to carry out a small project in Ebashi's laboratory, where he continued to work on microscopy of muscle thin filaments and myosin heads for his master's and doctoral research when finished his undergraduate degree in 1978. He completed his PhD in 1983. Career In 1984, Toyoshima became a research associate in University of Tokyo after he got PhD degree. Two years later, he took a postdoctoral position at the Laboratory of biophysicist Nigel Unwin in Stanford University. In Unwin's group, Toyoshima worked to develop mathematical methods for disentangling the superimposed information from a projection image, or electron micrograph, of the tubular structure. In 1988, he followed Unwin went to the Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, where he met another biophysicist David Stokes, who was studying Ca2+-ATPase. He also worked with Stokes. After moving back to Japan in 1989, he joined in the Frontier Research Program at RIKEN as a research scientist. One year later, he moved to the Tokyo Institute of Technology as an associate professor in 1990. In 1994, Toyoshima was offered a faculty position at University of Tokyo, where he is currently professor of Center for Structural Biology of Challenging Proteins, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences. Research During the early research life of Toyoshima, he worked on "3D image analysis of muscle thin filaments decorated by myosin heads" as an electron microscopist in the Department of Physics, University of Tokyo. Then he turned to the acetylcholine receptor research after he went to Unwin's laboratory to study the cryo-EM in 1986. By developing a new mathematics algorithm to untangle the superimposed images obtained from the cryo-EM, he managed to reconstruct the 3D structure of ion channel at 17 Å resolution. This is the first one 3D structure of the ion channel. It was greeted with great excitement. Soon afterwards, the same way was applied to reconstruct the 3D structure of Ca2+-ATPase with the cooperation from David Stokes. They published their analysis of the structure of this protein in Nature in 1993. After backing to Japan, Toyoshima's later research continued to focus on the structure of Ca2+-ATPase. Through combining the x-ray crystallography and the crystallization method for EM, Toyoshima obtained large enough crystals of Ca2+-ATPase in the first state, the E1·2Ca2+. Then he published it in 2000, which caused a lot of excitement at that time because it was world-first for the crystal structure of P-type ATPases at such a high revolution(2.6 Å). Over the years that followed, he published a series of crystal structure of Ca2+-ATPase in succession. Until now, he has determined crystal structures of this ATPase in ten different states by x-ray crystallography, covering roughly the entire reaction cycle. He also extended his research to Na+, K+-ATPase and developed a methodology for electron crystallography of ultrathin 3D protein crystals. Nowadays, he still aims at the calcium ion pump just as the direction of the footprints which he stepped on this road of adventure in the past 27 years. Award Asahi Prize, Asahi Shimbun (2009) Yamazaki-Teiichi Prize (2011) Medal with Purple Ribbon (2015) Uehara Prize，The Uehara Memorial Foundation (2015) Gregori Aminoff Prize, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2016) References External links Toyoshima Lab research map of Prof Toyoshima 1954 births Living people Japanese biophysicists University of Tokyo alumni University of Tokyo faculty People from Akita Prefecture Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

is a Japanese biophysicist. His research interest only focus on two proteins: the Ca2+-ATPase of muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the Na+, K+-ATPase expressed in all animal cells. He is a professor of University of Tokyo and the Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. His research about the Ca2+-ATPase started in 1989. In the next few years, he and his colleagues obtained a series of images of Ca2+-ATPase at the revolution of Atomic-level in the world for the first time. By the x-ray crystallography, cryo-EM and other methods, he has determined the crystal structures of ten intermediates of Ca2+-ATPase. On September 10, 2015, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded him and Poul Nissen the Gregori Aminoff Prize of 2016 for their fundamental contributions to understanding the structural basis for ATP-driven translocation of ions across membrane.Early life and education <mask> was born in a small town of Honjo, in the prefecture of Akita, Japan. The elementary-school education in Honjo is enthusiastic in developing children's ability in science, writing, sports, and arts. He and his old brother worked on science experiments with his mother, a high school economic home teacher. They did quite well in science research contests throughout Akita. He also showed an early flair for crafty innovation. He spent his free time on constructing plastic and wooden models of planes and ships. And when he was older, toy electronics became his pastime.The experience and success in science during his youth help him a lot when he stepped into a highly technical field, he recalled after a few decades. But the immediate effect at that time was that he considered being a doctor when he first feared the career decision. At last, he quit. Since his old brother had pursued medicine in college, he thought it was not necessary to have two medical doctors in the family. So he decided to choose another branch of science instead of literature even though he performed well in modern Japanese that his high school teacher suggested he study literature and writing in college. He finally chose Physics, a fashionable choice at that time and an easier choice than literature for him. In 1973, he was admitted by University of Tokyo on his first trial.He soon considered diligently the possibility to survive in that rigorous environment. In the first two-year, he studied standard physics but also took classes in the biochemistry and botany departments. In the middle of the third year, a visit to Setsuro Ebashi's laboratory appealed him by the description of the Electron microscope work. He decided to carry out a small project in Ebashi's laboratory, where he continued to work on microscopy of muscle thin filaments and myosin heads for his master's and doctoral research when finished his undergraduate degree in 1978. He completed his PhD in 1983. Career In 1984, <mask> became a research associate in University of Tokyo after he got PhD degree. Two years later, he took a postdoctoral position at the Laboratory of biophysicist Nigel Unwin in Stanford University.In Unwin's group, <mask> worked to develop mathematical methods for disentangling the superimposed information from a projection image, or electron micrograph, of the tubular structure. In 1988, he followed Unwin went to the Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, where he met another biophysicist David Stokes, who was studying Ca2+-ATPase. He also worked with Stokes. After moving back to Japan in 1989, he joined in the Frontier Research Program at RIKEN as a research scientist. One year later, he moved to the Tokyo Institute of Technology as an associate professor in 1990. In 1994, <mask> was offered a faculty position at University of Tokyo, where he is currently professor of Center for Structural Biology of Challenging Proteins, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences. Research During the early research life of Toyoshima, he worked on "3D image analysis of muscle thin filaments decorated by myosin heads" as an electron microscopist in the Department of Physics, University of Tokyo.Then he turned to the acetylcholine receptor research after he went to Unwin's laboratory to study the cryo-EM in 1986. By developing a new mathematics algorithm to untangle the superimposed images obtained from the cryo-EM, he managed to reconstruct the 3D structure of ion channel at 17 Å resolution. This is the first one 3D structure of the ion channel. It was greeted with great excitement. Soon afterwards, the same way was applied to reconstruct the 3D structure of Ca2+-ATPase with the cooperation from David Stokes. They published their analysis of the structure of this protein in Nature in 1993. After backing to Japan, <mask>'s later research continued to focus on the structure of Ca2+-ATPase.Through combining the x-ray crystallography and the crystallization method for EM, Toyoshima obtained large enough crystals of Ca2+-ATPase in the first state, the E1·2Ca2+. Then he published it in 2000, which caused a lot of excitement at that time because it was world-first for the crystal structure of P-type ATPases at such a high revolution(2.6 Å). Over the years that followed, he published a series of crystal structure of Ca2+-ATPase in succession. Until now, he has determined crystal structures of this ATPase in ten different states by x-ray crystallography, covering roughly the entire reaction cycle. He also extended his research to Na+, K+-ATPase and developed a methodology for electron crystallography of ultrathin 3D protein crystals. Nowadays, he still aims at the calcium ion pump just as the direction of the footprints which he stepped on this road of adventure in the past 27 years. Award Asahi Prize, Asahi Shimbun (2009) Yamazaki-Teiichi Prize (2011) Medal with Purple Ribbon (2015) Uehara Prize，The Uehara Memorial Foundation (2015) Gregori Aminoff Prize, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2016) References External links Toyoshima Lab research map of Prof Toyoshima 1954 births Living people Japanese biophysicists University of Tokyo alumni University of Tokyo faculty People from Akita Prefecture Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

He is a Japanese biophysicist. His research focuses on the Ca2+-ATPase of muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum and the Na+, K+-ATPase expressed in all animal cells. The Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences is a professor at the University of Tokyo. His research began in 1989. In the next few years, he and his colleagues obtained a series of images of Ca2+-ATPase at the revolution of Atomic-level in the world. He has determined the crystal structures of ten intermediates by using x-ray crystallography, cryo-EM, and other methods. On September 10, 2015, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded him and Poul Nissen the Gregori Aminoff Prize of 2016 for their fundamental contributions to understanding the structural basis.Honjo is a small town in the prefecture of Akita, Japan, where Toyoshima was born. Honjo's elementary-school education is enthusiastic in developing children's ability in science, writing, sports, and arts. He and his brother worked on science experiments with their mother. They did well in science research contests. He had an early flair for innovation. He built plastic and wooden models of planes and ships. He became enamored with toy electronics when he was older.After a few decades, he said that the experience and success in science during his youth helped him when he entered a highly technical field. He thought about becoming a doctor when he first thought about his career choice. He quit. He didn't think it was necessary to have two medical doctors in the family. His high school teacher suggested he study literature and writing in college because he performed well in modern Japanese, but he chose another branch of science. He chose physics because it was an easier choice than literature. He was admitted to the University of Tokyo in 1973.He was considering the possibility to survive in that environment. He studied physics in the first two years but also took classes in the other departments. The description of the electron microscope work appealed to him in the middle of the third year. He decided to carry out a small project in Ebashi's laboratory, where he continued to work on myosin heads for his master's and doctorate research when he finished his undergraduate degree in 1978. He finished his PhD in 1983. After getting a PhD degree, <mask> became a research associate in University of Tokyo. After two years at the Laboratory of biophysicist, he became a professor.In Unwin's group, <mask> worked to develop mathematical methods for disentangling the superimposed information from a projection image. After Unwin went to the Medical Research Council, he met another biophysicist who was studying Ca2+-ATPase. He worked with other people. He joined the Frontier Research Program at RIKEN in 1989 after moving back to Japan. He was an associate professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. In 1994, <mask> was offered a faculty position at the University of Tokyo, where he is currently a professor. As an electron microscopist at the University of Tokyo, he worked on 3D image analysis of muscle thin filaments decorated by myosin heads.He went to Unwin's laboratory in 1986 to study the cryo-EM. He was able to reconstruct the 3D structure of the ion channel at 17 resolution by using a new mathematics method. This is the first 3D structure of the ion channel. It was very excited. The 3D structure of Ca2+-ATPase was reconstructed with the help of David Stokes. In 1993 they published their analysis of the structure. After backing to Japan, <mask>'s research continued to focus on the structure of Ca2+-ATPase.The E12Ca2+ was obtained through combining the x-ray crystallography and the crystallization method for EM. He published it in 2000 and it caused a lot of excitement because it was the first crystal structure of P-type ATPases at such a high revolution. He published a series of crystal structure over the years. He has used x-ray crystallography to determine the crystal structures of this ATPase in ten different states. He developed a methodology for electron crystallography of ultrathin 3D protein crystals. He continues to aim at the calcium ion pump just as he did 27 years ago. The Uehara Memorial Foundation received the Uehara Prize in 2015.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia%20Koplowitz%2C%207th%20Marchioness%20of%20Bellavista

Alicia Koplowitz, 7th Marchioness of Bellavista

Alicia Koplowitz y Romero de Juseu, 7th Marchioness of Bellavista, GE (born 12 September 1954) is a Spanish business magnate and noblewoman. When her father died, she and her sister inherited Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas, S.A. (CYCSA), a company founded by her father. She then sold her part of the company to her sister and created one of the largest family offices in Europe, called Omega Capital. Early life and education Koplowitz was born in Madrid in 1954, the second and youngest daughter (after Esther, born in 1953) of Ernesto Koplowitz Sternberg, a Jewish businessman from Upper Silesia who settled down in Spain to escape the increasing German Nazi persecution in the early-1930s, and Esther Romero de Juseu y Armenteros, a Spanish aristocrat. (Alicia and Esther inherited their titles from their mother. Alicia is Marquesa de Bellavista and Marquesa del Real Socorro while Esther was Marquesa de Casa Peñalver, a title now inherited by one of her daughters.) Her parents married in 1950 in a Catholic ceremony. Her father first worked for the German electronics company AEG and then in 1952, borrowing funds from a German friend, purchased the construction company Construcciones y Reparaciones S.A. which he renamed Construcciones y Contratas S.A. (CYCSA). When Spain experienced a construction boom in the early 1960s, the company flourished. Koplowitz attended the Lycée Français and University Complutense of Madrid. Career In 1962, her father died in a horse-riding accident and her mother enlisted Ramón Areces, a close friend of her father and the president of El Corte Inglés S.A., the largest department store chain in Europe, to run CYCSA for her and her daughters' benefit. In 1968, Alicia's mother died of cancer. In 1969, Koplowitz's sister Esther married Alberto Alcocer and six months later, Koplowitz married Alberto Alcocer's cousin Alberto Cortina, the son of Pedro Cortina Mauri, foreign minister during the Franco period. The sisters gave up their board seats to their husbands and the "Albertos", as they were known, made the firm grow spectacularly from 1973 onwards and diversified acquiring real estate, Banco Zaragozano, and 47 percent of Catalonia construction firm Fomento de Obras y Construcciones SA (FOCSA). In 1990, Koplowitz divorced Alberto Cortina after he was photographed by paparazzi in 1989 with another woman (Marta Chávarri, then wife of Fernando Falcó, marqués de Cubas, who Esther would later marry in 2003). At the same time, Esther also found that her husband was having an affair and divorced six months later. In 1990, the sisters returned to the board of CYCSA, filling the seats vacated by their husbands. Their husbands received ownership of the Banco Zaragozano as part of the divorce settlement. In 1992, CYCSA merged with 'Fomento de Obras y Construcciones, S.A. (FOCSA) forming the largest construction company in Spain. The company was renamed Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas S.A. (FCC). In 1998, Koplowitz sold her 28.26% stake in FCC to her sister Esther for 871 million euro. When Alicia left FCC in 1998, FCC was the largest construction and services company in Spain with nearly the sales of the next largest. In 2012, FCC had dropped to fifth largest in Spain while its competitor Grupo ACS (with the sisters' ex-husbands Alberto Cortina & Alberto Alcocer among its largest shareholders) is now the largest construction and services company in the world. Since then, Kolpowitz has diversified her investments, mainly through Private Equity, blue chip companies in the stock exchange, oil and real estate (such as the Ritz in Madrid, the Park Hyatt in Milan and commercial and office buildings all over the United States), advised by Oscar Fanjul (a former ex-chairman of Repsol). She has an estimated fortune of 3,000 million euro. In 1998, Koplowitz created Omega Capital, a venture capital firm specializing in growth. Omega Capital is an investment company 100% owned by her. The first investment in funds of hedge funds was made in 1999. Philanthropy and awards She has created two foundations: Fundación Vida y Esperanza (in 1994), that helps children, adolescents and young adults with social, family and financial problems with housing, education and work. The foundation now has approximately 100 people receiving full-time aid in Spain. Through a different branch of Vida y Esperanza she also gives housing and support to the elderly, helps people with special needs and works with other foundations. Through her charitable foundation Fundación Alicia Koplowitz she sends Spanish fellows to research in child psychiatry in England and the U.S. at places like King's College, Columbia University's Medical Center or Stanford University. These fellowships cover the full research, housing and salary for 2 to 4 years and then help the fellow seek employment at a top institution when they return to Spain. The Foundation also organizes every year the largest convention for psychiatry in Spain where top scientist from all over the world come during one week to give lectures and make round tables and debates. In 2009 she was named an honorary member of the Spanish Society of Psychiatrists for her efforts to promote the study and development of child and adolescent psychiatry. Thanks to her efforts, the Spanish State recognized child and adolescent psychiatry as different specialization within general psychiatry in Spain. Koplowitz also promoted, built and donated to Spain the largest hospital in Europe specialized in multiple sclerosis in 2004 (Alicia Koplowitz Multiple Sclerosis Hospital). Among her distinctions and awards, she was awarded the Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil (May 2003), Chevalier de La Légion d'honneur of France (Knight of the Legion of Honour, of France), the prize for the recognition of her career from the State of Madrid in 2007 (Premio Persona Singular de la Comunidad de Madrid), the Gold Medal from the Spanish State in 2009 and the Gold Medal from the Red Cross in 2013. She is a member of several organizations, universities and foundations such as Member of the Board of the following organizations: L’Union Centrale des Arts Décoratifs "UCAD" de France, Christie's Auction House, The Shimon Peres Center for Peace, Guggenheim Museum, Prado Museum and The Prince of Asturias Foundation and Prize. She is also a member of the Board of trustees of University Charles III of Spain. She is known by people who have met her to have one of the most important art collections in Europe and the largest one in Spain; her favourite pieces are by Goya, Picasso, Modigliani, Van Gogh, Rotko and de Kooning among others. Personal life Koplowitz has three sons with Alberto Cortina: Alberto Cortina (born 1971). Alberto studied law in Madrid and started his career at Banco Zaragozano. He has worked at Omega Capital. He holds the title Marquess de Real Socorro which his mother relinquished to him in 2000. He is married to Inés Balmaseda, the daughter of the Count of Cumbres Altas. Pedro Cortina (b. 1972). Pedro started his career working at NH Hoteles. He is married to Bárbara Chapártegui, an interior decorator, with whom he has three children. Pedro then founded and runs the hotel company Hospes with hotels in France and Spain. Pelayo Cortina (b. 1985). He holds the title Count of San Fernando de Peñalver, gained in court to Fernando Fernández-Cavada y París, Count of La Vega del Pozo. Pelayo studied Industrial Engineering and Management at Northwestern University. After having worked for Lehman Brothers Private Equity, Arcelor Mittal Strategy and Societe Generale Natural Resources, he has worked in Ecofin Global L/S Fund. He is on the board of directors of several companies such as Northern Gold Mining and Engel & Volkers, among others. He is married to Jane Coppée Vaxelaire, a Belgian Sotheby's art expert and granddaughter of the Baron Raymond de Vaxelaire, member of one of Belgium's most important industrial families. Koplowitz is known to have a very low-key way of life and an extremely discreet social life. It is rare to see her at any social event besides the ones organized by her foundation and she always uses commercial airlines when traveling. Between 2004 and 2006 Koplowitz was in a relationship with a Spanish aristocrat Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 19th Duke of Alba. Since 2012 she has been in a relationship with a Portuguese businessman and aristocrat Miguel Pais do Amaral, Count of Alferrarede. Klopowitz was brought up Catholic by her mother and was for some years associated with the Legionnaires of Christ. Her Cuban-born mother, Esther Romero de Juseu y Armenteros (died 1968), started a legal battle to obtain the Marquessate of El Real Socorro, which ended in 1971 with Koplowitz gaining the nobiliary title; her sister Esther obtained in court in 1988 the County of Peñalver. In March 2017, the court ruled that a distant relative, María Elena de Cárdenas y González (born in 1919), has better rights to the title of Marchioness of Bellavista than Koplowitz. However, until all legal options are exhausted, the decision is not yet final. The Spanish Ministry of Justice has not yet issued the Royal Letter of Succession for the Marquessate of Bellavista in favor of de Cárdenas or the corresponding revocation of the title, therefore, the title remains legally in Koplowitz's possession. The same month de Cárdenas also won in the Spanish courts the Marquessate of Almendares from another Cuban man, meanwhile in the previous month (February 2017), she gained the Marquessate of Campo Florido from Koplowitz's niece, Alicia Alcocer-Koplowitz. References External links Periodista Digital Clarin El Mundo Fundación Alicia Koplowitz Omega Gestión, la gestora española que más apuesta por la inversión libre Cerrado Fund, un éxito de la gestión española en hedge funds Northern Gold 1952 births Living people Female billionaires Spanish billionaires Spanish people of German-Jewish descent Spanish people of Cuban descent Spanish Roman Catholics Spanish women in business 20th-century Spanish businesspeople 21st-century Spanish businesspeople 20th-century businesswomen 21st-century businesswomen 20th-century Spanish women

<mask>, 7th Marchioness of Bellavista, GE (born 12 September 1954) is a Spanish business magnate and noblewoman. When her father died, she and her sister inherited Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas, S.A. (CYCSA), a company founded by her father. She then sold her part of the company to her sister and created one of the largest family offices in Europe, called Omega Capital. Early life and education Koplowitz was born in Madrid in 1954, the second and youngest daughter (after Esther, born in 1953) of Ernesto Koplowitz Sternberg, a Jewish businessman from Upper Silesia who settled down in Spain to escape the increasing German Nazi persecution in the early-1930s, and Esther Romero de Juseu y Armenteros, a Spanish aristocrat. (<mask> and Esther inherited their titles from their mother. <mask> is Marquesa de Bellavista and Marquesa del Real Socorro while Esther was Marquesa de Casa Peñalver, a title now inherited by one of her daughters.) Her parents married in 1950 in a Catholic ceremony.Her father first worked for the German electronics company AEG and then in 1952, borrowing funds from a German friend, purchased the construction company Construcciones y Reparaciones S.A. which he renamed Construcciones y Contratas S.A. (CYCSA). When Spain experienced a construction boom in the early 1960s, the company flourished. Koplowitz attended the Lycée Français and University Complutense of Madrid. Career In 1962, her father died in a horse-riding accident and her mother enlisted Ramón Areces, a close friend of her father and the president of El Corte Inglés S.A., the largest department store chain in Europe, to run CYCSA for her and her daughters' benefit. In 1968, <mask>'s mother died of cancer. In 1969, Koplowitz's sister Esther married Alberto Alcocer and six months later, Koplowitz married Alberto Alcocer's cousin Alberto Cortina, the son of Pedro Cortina Mauri, foreign minister during the Franco period. The sisters gave up their board seats to their husbands and the "Albertos", as they were known, made the firm grow spectacularly from 1973 onwards and diversified acquiring real estate, Banco Zaragozano, and 47 percent of Catalonia construction firm Fomento de Obras y Construcciones SA (FOCSA).In 1990, Koplowitz divorced Alberto Cortina after he was photographed by paparazzi in 1989 with another woman (Marta Chávarri, then wife of Fernando Falcó, marqués de Cubas, who Esther would later marry in 2003). At the same time, Esther also found that her husband was having an affair and divorced six months later. In 1990, the sisters returned to the board of CYCSA, filling the seats vacated by their husbands. Their husbands received ownership of the Banco Zaragozano as part of the divorce settlement. In 1992, CYCSA merged with 'Fomento de Obras y Construcciones, S.A. (FOCSA) forming the largest construction company in Spain. The company was renamed Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas S.A. (FCC). In 1998, Koplowitz sold her 28.26% stake in FCC to her sister Esther for 871 million euro.When <mask> left FCC in 1998, FCC was the largest construction and services company in Spain with nearly the sales of the next largest. In 2012, FCC had dropped to fifth largest in Spain while its competitor Grupo ACS (with the sisters' ex-husbands Alberto Cortina & Alberto Alcocer among its largest shareholders) is now the largest construction and services company in the world. Since then, Kolpowitz has diversified her investments, mainly through Private Equity, blue chip companies in the stock exchange, oil and real estate (such as the Ritz in Madrid, the Park Hyatt in Milan and commercial and office buildings all over the United States), advised by Oscar Fanjul (a former ex-chairman of Repsol). She has an estimated fortune of 3,000 million euro. In 1998, Koplowitz created Omega Capital, a venture capital firm specializing in growth. Omega Capital is an investment company 100% owned by her. The first investment in funds of hedge funds was made in 1999.Philanthropy and awards She has created two foundations: Fundación Vida y Esperanza (in 1994), that helps children, adolescents and young adults with social, family and financial problems with housing, education and work. The foundation now has approximately 100 people receiving full-time aid in Spain. Through a different branch of Vida y Esperanza she also gives housing and support to the elderly, helps people with special needs and works with other foundations. Through her charitable foundation Fundación Alicia Koplowitz she sends Spanish fellows to research in child psychiatry in England and the U.S. at places like King's College, Columbia University's Medical Center or Stanford University. These fellowships cover the full research, housing and salary for 2 to 4 years and then help the fellow seek employment at a top institution when they return to Spain. The Foundation also organizes every year the largest convention for psychiatry in Spain where top scientist from all over the world come during one week to give lectures and make round tables and debates. In 2009 she was named an honorary member of the Spanish Society of Psychiatrists for her efforts to promote the study and development of child and adolescent psychiatry.Thanks to her efforts, the Spanish State recognized child and adolescent psychiatry as different specialization within general psychiatry in Spain. Koplowitz also promoted, built and donated to Spain the largest hospital in Europe specialized in multiple sclerosis in 2004 (Alicia Koplowitz Multiple Sclerosis Hospital). Among her distinctions and awards, she was awarded the Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil (May 2003), Chevalier de La Légion d'honneur of France (Knight of the Legion of Honour, of France), the prize for the recognition of her career from the State of Madrid in 2007 (Premio Persona Singular de la Comunidad de Madrid), the Gold Medal from the Spanish State in 2009 and the Gold Medal from the Red Cross in 2013. She is a member of several organizations, universities and foundations such as Member of the Board of the following organizations: L’Union Centrale des Arts Décoratifs "UCAD" de France, Christie's Auction House, The Shimon Peres Center for Peace, Guggenheim Museum, Prado Museum and The Prince of Asturias Foundation and Prize. She is also a member of the Board of trustees of University Charles III of Spain. She is known by people who have met her to have one of the most important art collections in Europe and the largest one in Spain; her favourite pieces are by Goya, Picasso, Modigliani, Van Gogh, Rotko and de Kooning among others. Personal life Koplowitz has three sons with Alberto Cortina: Alberto Cortina (born 1971).Alberto studied law in Madrid and started his career at Banco Zaragozano. He has worked at Omega Capital. He holds the title Marquess de Real Socorro which his mother relinquished to him in 2000. He is married to Inés Balmaseda, the daughter of the Count of Cumbres Altas. Pedro Cortina (b. 1972). Pedro started his career working at NH Hoteles.He is married to Bárbara Chapártegui, an interior decorator, with whom he has three children. Pedro then founded and runs the hotel company Hospes with hotels in France and Spain. Pelayo Cortina (b. 1985). He holds the title Count of San Fernando de Peñalver, gained in court to Fernando Fernández-Cavada y París, Count of La Vega del Pozo. Pelayo studied Industrial Engineering and Management at Northwestern University. After having worked for Lehman Brothers Private Equity, Arcelor Mittal Strategy and Societe Generale Natural Resources, he has worked in Ecofin Global L/S Fund.He is on the board of directors of several companies such as Northern Gold Mining and Engel & Volkers, among others. He is married to Jane Coppée Vaxelaire, a Belgian Sotheby's art expert and granddaughter of the Baron Raymond de Vaxelaire, member of one of Belgium's most important industrial families. Koplowitz is known to have a very low-key way of life and an extremely discreet social life. It is rare to see her at any social event besides the ones organized by her foundation and she always uses commercial airlines when traveling. Between 2004 and 2006 Koplowitz was in a relationship with a Spanish aristocrat Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 19th Duke of Alba. Since 2012 she has been in a relationship with a Portuguese businessman and aristocrat Miguel Pais do Amaral, Count of Alferrarede. Klopowitz was brought up Catholic by her mother and was for some years associated with the Legionnaires of Christ.Her Cuban-born mother, Esther Romero de Juseu y Armenteros (died 1968), started a legal battle to obtain the Marquessate of El Real Socorro, which ended in 1971 with Koplowitz gaining the nobiliary title; her sister Esther obtained in court in 1988 the County of Peñalver. In March 2017, the court ruled that a distant relative, María Elena de Cárdenas y González (born in 1919), has better rights to the title of Marchioness of Bellavista than Koplowitz. However, until all legal options are exhausted, the decision is not yet final. The Spanish Ministry of Justice has not yet issued the Royal Letter of Succession for the Marquessate of Bellavista in favor of de Cárdenas or the corresponding revocation of the title, therefore, the title remains legally in Koplowitz's possession. The same month de Cárdenas also won in the Spanish courts the Marquessate of Almendares from another Cuban man, meanwhile in the previous month (February 2017), she gained the Marquessate of Campo Florido from Koplowitz's niece, <mask>-Koplowitz. References External links Periodista Digital Clarin El Mundo Fundación <mask>itz Omega Gestión, la gestora española que más apuesta por la inversión libre Cerrado Fund, un éxito de la gestión española en hedge funds Northern Gold 1952 births Living people Female billionaires Spanish billionaires Spanish people of German-Jewish descent Spanish people of Cuban descent Spanish Roman Catholics Spanish women in business 20th-century Spanish businesspeople 21st-century Spanish businesspeople 20th-century businesswomen 21st-century businesswomen 20th-century Spanish women

The Spanish business magnate and noblewoman was born on the 7th of March. She and her sister took over the company founded by her father. One of the largest family offices in Europe, called Omega Capital, was created by her sister after she sold her part of the company. The second and youngest daughter (after Esther, born in 1953) of a Jewish businessman from Upper Silesia, who settled down in Spain to escape the increasing German Nazi persecution in the early-1930s, was born in Madrid in 1954. Their mother gave their titles to them. Esther was the Marquesa de Casa Pealver, a title now held by one of her daughters. Her parents were married in 1950.The construction company Construcciones y Reparaciones S.A. was purchased by her father in 1952 after borrowing funds from a German friend. The company flourished when Spain experienced a construction boom. The University Complutense of Madrid was attended by Koplowitz. In 1962, her father died in a horse-riding accident and her mother enlisted Ramn Areces, a close friend of her father and the president of El Corte Inglés S.A., the largest department store chain in Europe, to run CYCSA for her and her daughters <mask>'s mother died of cancer in 1968. In 1969 Esther married the cousin of the son of a foreign minister during the Franco period. The sisters gave up their board seats to their husbands and the "Albertos", as they were known, made the firm grow spectacularly from 1973 onwards and diversified acquiring real estate.Esther would marry Fernando Falc in 2003 after she was married toMarta Chvarri, who was photographed with another woman. Esther found out that her husband was having an affair six months later. The sisters filled the seats their husbands left on the board in 1990. The divorce settlement gave their husbands ownership of the bank. The largest construction company in Spain was formed in 1992. Fomento de Construcciones yContratas S.A. is now known as FCC. Esther sold her sister's stake in FCC for 871 million euro in 1998.FCC was the largest construction and services company in Spain whenAlicia left in 1998. FCC was the fifth largest company in Spain in 2012 and its competitor was the largest construction and services company in the world. Private Equity, blue chip companies in the stock exchange, oil and real estate, as well as commercial and office buildings all over the United States, have been advised by Oscar Fanjul. She has a lot of money. Omega Capital is a venture capital firm specializing in growth. Omega Capital is 100% owned by her. The first investment in hedge funds was made in 1999.She created two foundations that help children, adolescents and young adults with social, family and financial problems with housing, education and work. 100 people in Spain are receiving full-time aid from the foundation. She gives housing and support to the elderly, helps people with special needs, and works with other foundations. King's College is one of the places where she sends Spanish fellows to research in child psychiatry. The fellowship covers the full research, housing and salary for 2 to 4 years and helps the fellow find a job when they return to Spain. Every year the Foundation organizes the largest convention for Psychiatry in Spain where top scientist from all over the world come to give lectures and make round tables and debates. She was a member of the Spanish Society of Psychiatrists for her efforts to promote the study and development of child and adolescent psychiatry.The Spanish State recognized child and adolescent psychiatry as a different specialty. In 2004, Koplowitz built and donated to Spain the largest hospital in Europe specialized in multiplesclerosis. She was awarded the Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil, the prize for the recognition of her career from the State of France. She is a member of several organizations, universities and foundations such as Member of the Board of the following organizations. She is a member of the University Charles III of Spain's Board of Trustees. She has one of the most important art collections in Europe and the largest one in Spain and her favourite pieces are by Goya, Picasso, Modigliani, Van Gogh and de Kooning. The personal life of Koplowitz has three sons.He started his career at a bank. He worked at Omega Capital. His mother gave the title of Marquess de Real Socorro to him in 2000. The Count of Cumbres Altas' daughter is married to him. Pedro Cortina was a boy. 1972 Pedro worked at NH Hoteles.He has a wife and three children. The hotel company Hospes was founded by Pedro and has hotels in France and Spain. The son of Pelayo Cortina. The year 1985. He was given the title Count of San Fernando de Pealver by Fernando Fernndez-Cavada y Pars. At the University, Pelayo studied Industrial Engineering and Management. He worked for Lehman Brothers Private Equity, Arcelor Mittal Strategy, and Societe Generale Natural Resources.He is on the board of directors of several companies. The Baron Raymond de Vaxelaire is a member of one of Belgium's most important industrial families. Koplowitz has a very low-key way of life and a very discreet social life. It is rare to see her at a social event other than the ones organized by her foundation and she always uses commercial airlines. Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 19th Duke of Alba, was in a relationship with Koplowitz between 2004 and 2006 She has been in a relationship with a Count of Alferrarede. Klopowitz was associated with the Legionnaires of Christ for a long time.Esther's mother started a legal battle to get the Marquessate of El Real Socorro, which ended in 1971 with her sister getting the title. The court ruled that a distant relative, Mara Elena de Crdenas y Gonzlez (born in 1919), has better rights to the title of Marchioness. The decision is not final until all legal options are exhausted. The title is still legal because the Spanish Ministry of Justice hasn't yet issued the Royal Letter of Succession in favor of de Crdenas or the revocation of the title. The same month de Crdenas won in the Spanish courts the Marquessate of Almendares from another Cuban man, she also gained the same title in the previous month. Periodista Digital Clarin El Mundo Fundacin, la gestora espaola, ms apuesta por la inversin libre Cerrado Fund.

57264408

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Paltchik

Peter Paltchik

Peter Paltchik (, ; born 4 January 1992) is a Ukrainian-born Israeli judoka, competing in the under 100 kg weight category, of which he is the current number 1 ranked Judoka in the world. In September 2019 he won the Israeli championship in the 100+ Kg category. Paltchik won the gold medal at the 2020 European Judo Championships in Prague on November 21, 2020, beating Russian judoka Arman Adamian in the final, Adding to his bronze medal from the 2018 European Judo Championships in Tel Aviv. Paltchik also won a bronze medal in the mixed team judo competition in the 2021 Olympics. Early and personal life Paltchik was born in 1992 in Yalta, Crimea (Ukraine). As a 9 months old baby, he immigrated to Israel with his mother Larisa and resided in the city of Rishon LeZion. About a year later, his maternal grandparents immigrated to Israel as well. By the time he was seven years old, Paltchik's mother had lived in the United States for work purposes, and Paltchik grew up in Israel with his grandparents. He attended the Yigal Alon High School. He served as a logistic soldier at the Tzrifin base of the Israeli Air Force. He was born at a high weight of with crooked bones and various health problems, and the doctor recommended his family let Peter practice sports. His grandfather sent him to practice Judo when he was four years old at the “Samurai Club” in Rishon Letzion under the guidance of Pavel Musin. At the age of 16, he joined the Israeli Judo Cadet Team. At the age of 17, he won the Israel cadet championship, Junior championship, and the U23 championship that season. At the age of 18 he joined the national senior judo team under the Israel national coach Oren Samadja. Paltchik married his Israeli girlfriend Daniel Youlzary in April 2016. Career 2011-2014 In September 2011, Paltchik competed in the European Championship U20 in Lumel, Belgium, and  won a silver medal in the -90 kg weight category. In June 2012, Paltchik underwent a complicated surgery in the right knee following a rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament during routine training. Because of the surgery and the rehabilitation, the shift to the senior level was interrupted until 2014. In January 2014, Peter returned to practice as part of the senior Israeli judo team. In February 2014 he won a bronze medal in the European Open in Oberwart. In September, he again won a bronze medal at the European Open in Tallinn. He competed in the U100 kg category in the Israeli championship that year, and won the gold medal. 2015-2017 In 2015, Paltchik decided, together with the national team coach, to raise the weight category U100 kg in order to improve his performance on the mat. In June 2015, he participated in the European Games held in Baku, and was eliminated in the second round. In November 2015, in the midst of the race to the Olympic games in Rio de Janeiro, Peter took part in the Qingdao Grand Prix in China, and ripped the ligaments in his shoulder during a fight against the Mongolian Olympic champion, Naidan. He had to undergo a long rehabilitation of 9 months. In February 2017, he won a bronze medal at the European Cup competition in Rome. In March, he participated in the Baku Grand Slam and reached fifth place. At the 2017 European Championship held in Warsaw in April, Paltchik reached seventh place. On June, a competition was held at the European Tour in Bucharest, Romania, where Paltchik won a bronze medal. Later that month, he won a gold medal in the Cancún Grand Prix, after winning in the semifinals the Brazilian former world champion, Luciano Correra, and beating Irish Benjamin Fletcher in the waza-ari. In the 2017 World Championships held in September in Budapest, Paltchik lost in the round-of-16 to Michael Korrel from Netherlands,World Championships who was ranked first in the world. In October, Paltchik won a bronze medal at the Abu Dhabi Grand Slam, after defeating Miklós Cirjenics from Hungary. 2018-present In April 2018, Paltchik won the gold medal in the Tbilisi Grand Prix in Georgia, when he defeated Merab Margiev of Russia in the final, after two minutes and a half. In the 2018 European Championship held in April in Tel Aviv, Paltchik won a bronze medal in the category U100 kg. In the first round, he met Latvias Jevgenijs Borodavko. Two minutes from the start of the fight, Peter won a wazari, that eventually make him pass the first round. In the top-16, he met the Serbian Bojan Dosen, and after four minutes without scoring, the battle went into a golden score, in which the Serbian took the third penalty and Paltchik went up to the quarterfinal. At that stage, Paltchik overcame Zelym Kotsoiev from Azerbaijan, when a minute and 13 seconds to the end of the fight, he managed to get a wazari. In the semifinal, Paltchik competed against French Cyrille Maret. After 2 minutes and 16 seconds from the start of the fight, Maret entered a choking exercise, and Peter fainted. Afterwards, Paltchik competed for the bronze medal, facing the Russian Niiaz Bilalov, and won the fight after 39 seconds, after scoring an ippon. In August 2018, Paltchik competed in the Budapest Grand Prix and won a bronze medal, after defeating Martin Pacek of Sweden with an Ippon. In October 2018, he won the gold medal in the Abu Dhabi Grand Slam, after defeating German Karl-Richard Frey in the semifinal, and the Olympic silver medalist Elmar Gasimov in the final. That time in Abu Dhabi was the first time that Israelis were allowed to wear formal Israeli judo suits, and the Israeli national anthem, 'HaTikva', was played while Paltchik was standing on the podium. In November, he won the gold medal in The Hague Grand Prix when he defeated the Belarussian Mikita Sviryd in the final after the fight entered the golden score time. In February 2019, he won a bronze medal at the prestigious Paris Grand Slam. He reached the semifinals in which he faced Aaron Wolf from Japan. Ten seconds after the opening of the match, Paltchik scored a wazari, but lost in ippon a minute and 9 seconds before the end of the fight, after the Japanese managed to win. Paltchik went down to fight for the bronze medal, which he won by beating Croatia's Zlatko Kumeric by ippon. On March 17, he took part in the Ekaterinburg Grand Slam, and began the second round where he met Mikhail Minchin from Armenia, and won by ippon, obtained 58 seconds from the opening and went up to the quarterfinals. In the next stage, he defeated Jevgenijs Borodavko from Latvia. In the semifinals he lost by ippon to Arman Admanin of Russia. In the fight for the bronze medal, Paltchik defeated Dutchman Michael Korrel with a wazari in the golden score, and won the medal. In July 2019 Paltchik won the bronze medal in Zagreb Grand Prix by defeating Miklós Cirjenics (Hungary). In January 2020 Paltchik won the gold medal in Tel Aviv Grand Prix by defeating the Brazilian Goncalves Leonardo. In February 2020 Paltchik won the gold medal in Paris Grand Slam by defeating the Georgian Varlam Liparteliani. During the 2020 European Judo Championships in November 2020, Paltchik became the European Champion, taking the Gold medal by defeating the Russian Arman Adamian in the final. In 2021, he won one of the bronze medals in his event at the 2021 Judo World Masters held in Doha, Qatar. Paltchik represents Israel at the 2020 Summer Olympics, competing at the men's 100 kg weight category.In his first match, Paltchik beat the 2019 Asian-Pacific champion, Mongolian Lkhagvasürengiin Otgonbaatar, to qualify for the quarter finals. There he met the 2017 world champion, Japanese Aaron Wolf, to whom he lost and turned to face Canadian two-time Pan American Champion Shady El Nahas in the repechage. Wolf went on to win the gold medal, while Paltchik , losing to El Nahas, ended the individual competition in 7th place. He won one of the bronze medals in his event at the 2022 Judo Grand Slam Tel Aviv held in Tel Aviv, Israel. Medals Source: Israeli Championships Partial list: +100 kg Category (2019) References External links Peter Paltchik at the European Judo Union A podcast with Peter Paltchik by Wharton University of Pennsylvania Peter Paltchik: From night security guard to European judo champion on Olympics.com 1992 births Living people People from Yalta Israeli male judoka European Games competitors for Israel Judoka at the 2015 European Games Ukrainian emigrants to Israel Israeli sportspeople Judoka at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic judoka of Israel Israeli people of Soviet descent Israeli people of Ukrainian descent Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic medalists in judo Olympic bronze medalists for Israel

<mask> (, ; born 4 January 1992) is a Ukrainian-born Israeli judoka, competing in the under 100 kg weight category, of which he is the current number 1 ranked Judoka in the world. In September 2019 he won the Israeli championship in the 100+ Kg category. Paltchik won the gold medal at the 2020 European Judo Championships in Prague on November 21, 2020, beating Russian judoka Arman Adamian in the final, Adding to his bronze medal from the 2018 European Judo Championships in Tel Aviv. <mask> also won a bronze medal in the mixed team judo competition in the 2021 Olympics. Early and personal life <mask> was born in 1992 in Yalta, Crimea (Ukraine). As a 9 months old baby, he immigrated to Israel with his mother Larisa and resided in the city of Rishon LeZion. About a year later, his maternal grandparents immigrated to Israel as well.By the time he was seven years old, <mask>'s mother had lived in the United States for work purposes, and <mask> grew up in Israel with his grandparents. He attended the Yigal Alon High School. He served as a logistic soldier at the Tzrifin base of the Israeli Air Force. He was born at a high weight of with crooked bones and various health problems, and the doctor recommended his family let <mask> practice sports. His grandfather sent him to practice Judo when he was four years old at the “Samurai Club” in Rishon Letzion under the guidance of Pavel Musin. At the age of 16, he joined the Israeli Judo Cadet Team. At the age of 17, he won the Israel cadet championship, Junior championship, and the U23 championship that season.At the age of 18 he joined the national senior judo team under the Israel national coach Oren Samadja. Paltchik married his Israeli girlfriend Daniel Youlzary in April 2016. Career 2011-2014 In September 2011, Paltchik competed in the European Championship U20 in Lumel, Belgium, and  won a silver medal in the -90 kg weight category. In June 2012, Paltchik underwent a complicated surgery in the right knee following a rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament during routine training. Because of the surgery and the rehabilitation, the shift to the senior level was interrupted until 2014. In January 2014, <mask> returned to practice as part of the senior Israeli judo team. In February 2014 he won a bronze medal in the European Open in Oberwart.In September, he again won a bronze medal at the European Open in Tallinn. He competed in the U100 kg category in the Israeli championship that year, and won the gold medal. 2015-2017 In 2015, Paltchik decided, together with the national team coach, to raise the weight category U100 kg in order to improve his performance on the mat. In June 2015, he participated in the European Games held in Baku, and was eliminated in the second round. In November 2015, in the midst of the race to the Olympic games in Rio de Janeiro, <mask> took part in the Qingdao Grand Prix in China, and ripped the ligaments in his shoulder during a fight against the Mongolian Olympic champion, Naidan. He had to undergo a long rehabilitation of 9 months. In February 2017, he won a bronze medal at the European Cup competition in Rome.In March, he participated in the Baku Grand Slam and reached fifth place. At the 2017 European Championship held in Warsaw in April, Paltchik reached seventh place. On June, a competition was held at the European Tour in Bucharest, Romania, where Paltchik won a bronze medal. Later that month, he won a gold medal in the Cancún Grand Prix, after winning in the semifinals the Brazilian former world champion, Luciano Correra, and beating Irish Benjamin Fletcher in the waza-ari. In the 2017 World Championships held in September in Budapest, Paltchik lost in the round-of-16 to Michael Korrel from Netherlands,World Championships who was ranked first in the world. In October, Paltchik won a bronze medal at the Abu Dhabi Grand Slam, after defeating Miklós Cirjenics from Hungary. 2018-present In April 2018, Paltchik won the gold medal in the Tbilisi Grand Prix in Georgia, when he defeated Merab Margiev of Russia in the final, after two minutes and a half.In the 2018 European Championship held in April in Tel Aviv, Paltchik won a bronze medal in the category U100 kg. In the first round, he met Latvias Jevgenijs Borodavko. Two minutes from the start of the fight, <mask> won a wazari, that eventually make him pass the first round. In the top-16, he met the Serbian Bojan Dosen, and after four minutes without scoring, the battle went into a golden score, in which the Serbian took the third penalty and Paltchik went up to the quarterfinal. At that stage, <mask> overcame Zelym Kotsoiev from Azerbaijan, when a minute and 13 seconds to the end of the fight, he managed to get a wazari. In the semifinal, Paltchik competed against French Cyrille Maret. After 2 minutes and 16 seconds from the start of the fight, Maret entered a choking exercise, and <mask> fainted.Afterwards, <mask> competed for the bronze medal, facing the Russian Niiaz Bilalov, and won the fight after 39 seconds, after scoring an ippon. In August 2018, <mask> competed in the Budapest Grand Prix and won a bronze medal, after defeating Martin Pacek of Sweden with an Ippon. In October 2018, he won the gold medal in the Abu Dhabi Grand Slam, after defeating German Karl-Richard Frey in the semifinal, and the Olympic silver medalist Elmar Gasimov in the final. That time in Abu Dhabi was the first time that Israelis were allowed to wear formal Israeli judo suits, and the Israeli national anthem, 'HaTikva', was played while <mask> was standing on the podium. In November, he won the gold medal in The Hague Grand Prix when he defeated the Belarussian Mikita Sviryd in the final after the fight entered the golden score time. In February 2019, he won a bronze medal at the prestigious Paris Grand Slam. He reached the semifinals in which he faced Aaron Wolf from Japan.Ten seconds after the opening of the match, <mask> scored a wazari, but lost in ippon a minute and 9 seconds before the end of the fight, after the Japanese managed to win. <mask> went down to fight for the bronze medal, which he won by beating Croatia's Zlatko Kumeric by ippon. On March 17, he took part in the Ekaterinburg Grand Slam, and began the second round where he met Mikhail Minchin from Armenia, and won by ippon, obtained 58 seconds from the opening and went up to the quarterfinals. In the next stage, he defeated Jevgenijs Borodavko from Latvia. In the semifinals he lost by ippon to Arman Admanin of Russia. In the fight for the bronze medal, Paltchik defeated Dutchman Michael Korrel with a wazari in the golden score, and won the medal. In July 2019 <mask> won the bronze medal in Zagreb Grand Prix by defeating Miklós Cirjenics (Hungary).In January 2020 <mask> won the gold medal in Tel Aviv Grand Prix by defeating the Brazilian Goncalves Leonardo. In February 2020 <mask> won the gold medal in Paris Grand Slam by defeating the Georgian Varlam Liparteliani. During the 2020 European Judo Championships in November 2020, Paltchik became the European Champion, taking the Gold medal by defeating the Russian Arman Adamian in the final. In 2021, he won one of the bronze medals in his event at the 2021 Judo World Masters held in Doha, Qatar. <mask> represents Israel at the 2020 Summer Olympics, competing at the men's 100 kg weight category.In his first match, Paltchik beat the 2019 Asian-Pacific champion, Mongolian Lkhagvasürengiin Otgonbaatar, to qualify for the quarter finals. There he met the 2017 world champion, Japanese Aaron Wolf, to whom he lost and turned to face Canadian two-time Pan American Champion Shady El Nahas in the repechage. Wolf went on to win the gold medal, while <mask> , losing to El Nahas, ended the individual competition in 7th place.He won one of the bronze medals in his event at the 2022 Judo Grand Slam Tel Aviv held in Tel Aviv, Israel. Medals Source: Israeli Championships Partial list: +100 kg Category (2019) References External links <mask> at the European Judo Union A podcast with <mask> by Wharton University of Pennsylvania <mask>k: From night security guard to European judo champion on Olympics.com 1992 births Living people People from Yalta Israeli male judoka European Games competitors for Israel Judoka at the 2015 European Games Ukrainian emigrants to Israel Israeli sportspeople Judoka at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic judoka of Israel Israeli people of Soviet descent Israeli people of Ukrainian descent Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic medalists in judo Olympic bronze medalists for Israel

The current number 1 ranked Judoka in the world is a Ukrainian-born Israeli named <mask>, who is competing in the under 100 kilo weight category. He won the Israeli championship in September. He won the gold medal at the European Judo Championships in Czech Republic on November 21, 2020, beating Arman Adamian in the final, and he also won a bronze medal at the European Judo Championships in Tel Aviv. There was a bronze medal for the mixed team in the Olympics. In 1992 <mask> was born in Yalta, Crimea. He moved to Israel with his mother as a baby and lived in the city of Rishon LeZion. His maternal grandparents moved to Israel a year later.By the time he was seven years old, his mother lived in the U.S. for work and he lived in Israel with his grandparents. He was a student at the Yigal Alon High School. He was a soldier at the Tzrifin base. The doctor recommended that <mask>'s family allow him to practice sports because of his crooked bones and health problems. His grandfather sent him to practice martial arts when he was four years old. He joined the Israeli Judo Cadet Team at the age of 16. He won the Israel cadet championship, Junior championship, and U23 championship when he was 17 years old.He joined the national senior team at the age of 18. In April 2016 he married Daniel Youlzary. The European Championship U20 took place in Lumel, Belgium in September of 2011. In June of 2012 Paltchik had a complicated surgery on his right knee after he injured it during training. The shift to the senior level was stopped because of the surgery. <mask> was part of the senior Israeli team in January. He won a bronze medal in the European Open.He won a bronze medal at the European Open. He won the gold medal at the Israeli championship in the U 100 kilogram category. The weight category was raised in order to improve his performance on the mat. He was eliminated in the second round of the European Games in June of 2015. In November 2015, in the midst of the race to the Olympic games in Rio de Janeiro, <mask> ripped the ligaments in his shoulder during a fight against the Mongolian Olympic champion, Naidan. He had to rehabilitate for 9 months. He won a bronze medal at the European Cup in Rome.He reached fifth place in the Grand Slam in March. The European Championship was held in Warsaw in April. The European Tour held a bronze medal competition in June. He won a gold medal in the Cancn Grand Prix, after defeating Luciano Correra, the former world champion from Brazil. In the World Championships held in September in Hungary, Michael Korrel from the Netherlands was ranked first in the world. In October, he won a bronze medal at the Abu Dhabi Grand Slam. The gold medal in the Tbilisi Grand Prix was won by <mask> after two minutes and a half.In the European Championship held in Tel Aviv in April, <mask> won a bronze medal. They met in the first round. <mask> passed the first round after winning a wazari two minutes from the start of the fight. In the top-16, he met the Serbian Bojan Dosen, and after four minutes without scoring, the battle went into a golden score, in which the Serbian took the third penalty and <mask> went up to the quarterfinals. A minute and 13 seconds to the end of the fight, he managed to get a wazari. The semifinal was between French Cyrille Maret and <mask>. <mask> fainted after 2 minutes and 16 seconds from the start of the fight.The Russian Niiaz Bilalov was the opponent for the bronze medal fight, and he was defeated after 39 seconds. In August of last year, <mask> won a bronze medal in the Budapest Grand Prix after defeating Martin Pacek of Sweden with an Ippon. He won the gold medal in the Abu Dhabi Grand Slam after defeating Elmar Gasimov in the final. The first time that Israelis were allowed to wear formal Israeli judo suits was in Abu Dhabi, where the Israeli national anthem, 'HaTikva', was played. After the fight entered the golden score time, he won the gold medal in The Hague Grand Prix. He won a bronze medal at the Paris Grand Slam. He faced Wolf from Japan in the semifinals.After scoring a wazari ten seconds into the match, <mask> lost in a minute and 9 seconds before the end of the fight. He won the bronze medal by beating Croatia's Zlatko Kumeric. He went up to the quarterfinals in the second round of the Grand Slam after defeating Mikhail Minchin from Armenia by a score of 58 seconds. He defeated Jevgenijs Borodavko in the next stage. He lost to Arman Admanin of Russia in the semifinals. In the fight for the bronze medal, <mask> defeated Michael Korrel with a wazari in the golden score. The bronze medal in the Zagreb Grand Prix was won by Paltchik.The gold medal in the Tel Aviv Grand Prix was won by <mask>. The Georgian Varlam Liparteliani was defeated in the Paris Grand Slam. The gold medal was won by the Russian Arman Adamian in the final of the European Judo Championships. He won one of the bronze medals in his event at the World Masters. In his first match, he beat the Asian-Pacific champion, Lkhagvasrengiin Otgonbaatar, to qualify for the quarter finals. He met the Japanese world champion, who he lost to, and then faced the Canadian two-time Pan American champion, Shady El Nahas, in the repechage. Wolf won the gold medal, while the individual competition ended in 7th place.He won a bronze medal at the grand slam in Tel Aviv. The Israeli Championships partial list includes the + 100 kilogram category.

7605198

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20of%20Tyrol

Anna of Tyrol

Anna of Tyrol (4 October 1585 – 14 December 1618), was by birth Archduchess of Austria and member of the Tyrolean branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Queen of Hungary. The first crowned Holy Roman Empress since the mid-15th century, she was responsible for the moving of the Imperial court from Prague to Vienna, which became one of the centers of European culture. A proponent of the Counter-Reformation, she held a great influence over her husband Matthias, with whom she founded the Imperial Crypt, which later became the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty. Biography Early years Anna was born in Innsbruck on 4 October 1585 as the third and last daughter of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria, and Count of Tyrol, and his second wife, Anna Caterina Gonzaga. She had two older sisters, Archduchesses Anna Eleonore (26 June 1583 – 15 January 1584) and Maria (16 June 1584 – 2 March 1649), later a nun. All them suffered from poor health from birth. Her baptism was conducted with special solemnity, being organized by her uncles Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria, and Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria. The godfather of the princess was Emperor Maximilian II (another uncle), for whom his son Archduke Ernest of Austria stood as proxy, while the rite was celebrated by the Bishop of Brixen. Anna spent her childhood at the Innsbruck court, which thanks to her parents became in the center of Renaissance culture. She lived in Ambras Castle, Hofburg and Ruelyust Palaces. In order to protect the health of her daughter, after 1590 Archduchess-Countess Anna Caterina had a personal cookbook. In January 1595, the princess lost her father. Her widowed mother made every effort to give her daughters a good education. Anna then discovered an unusual musical talent, she was given a clavichord (a rare and expensive instrument), and a teacher was hired. The love for music remained in the princess throughout her life. Anna was raised in a strict Catholic environment. Even as Holy Roman Empress, when she believed that she had committed a sin, she engaged in self-flagellation to torment the flesh. Anna Caterina made frequent pilgrimages, but didn't take her daughters with her due to their poor health. In 1606, she decided to found a convent there in Innsbruck for the Servants of Mary, Religious Sisters of the Servite Third Order, of which she was a member, and after arranging the marriage of her youngest daughter, she took her monastic vows, taking a new name – Anna Juliana. Maria, Anna's older sister, followed their mother's example and also took the veil in the same convent under their mother's former name. Marriage and coronation Upon reaching adulthood, Anna began to receive offers of marriage. The first proposal was made in 1603 by King Sigismund III of Poland (then a widower), but Emperor Rudolf II didn't give his consent. Then the Emperor expressed his intention to marry the princess and sent his court painter to Innsbruck, to make a portrait of his intended bride. Once the Emperor showed his interest in Anna, her mother stopped taking other marriage proposals for her, but soon Rudolf II retracted his proposal. The Emperor's younger brother Archduke Matthias also began to woo her, and some time later, Rudolf II allowed the marriage of his brother to his former fiancée. Anna and Matthias (at that point already King of Hungary and Bohemia) married on 4 December 1611 in Vienna at the Augustinian Church; bride and groom were first cousins –Matthias' father Emperor Maximilian II was an elder brother of Anna's father, Archduke Ferdinand II. Matthias, although he was already in his fifties, hoped to sire an heir with his 26-year-old wife. Four years later, when Anna became slightly stout, rumors began at the imperial court that she had finally become pregnant. But soon courtiers began to joke that her corpulence was not related to a pregnancy but because she had a very good appetite. Ultimately, the union was childless. On 21 May 1612 Matthias was elected King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor. Anna was crowned Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Germany in Frankfurt on 15 June 1612, two days after her husband, re-assuming the tradition of the coronation of emperors' wives. She was the first crowned Empress since Eleanor of Portugal. Anna was also crowned Queen of Hungary on 25 March 1613 in Pressburg and Queen of Bohemia on 10 January 1616 in Prague. Called the "Good-natured and loving Empress", she had a great influence over her husband, jointly with Matthias' mistress Susana Wachter. Contemporaries called both spouses the "Working Couple" (de: Arbeitspaar). Upon his wife's request Matthias transferred the Imperial court from Prague to Vienna, and soon, thanks to their joint efforts, the new court was one of the centers of European culture. The Empress was also noted for the special protection she provided to her Tyroleans subjects, arranging different positions for them at court. As a devout Catholic, she refused to talk to or interact with Protestant courtiers. Like her mother, Anna collected relics, especially from the holy ascetics. She also patronized the Capuchins, and later played an important role in the Austrian Counter-Reformation. For her devotion to the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Paul V awarded the Empress with the Golden Rose. Last years and death In 1617 Anna and her husband founded the Capuchin Church, Vienna. On 10 November 1618 construction began on their tomb. Anna died a month after construction started, on 14 December 1618 aged 33; her husband died only three months later, on 20 March 1619. Both spouses were temporarily buried in the royal Poor Clare monastery in Vienna. Only after the completion of construction of the built, which was continued by their cousin and successor, Emperor Ferdinand II, in 1633 the coffins with the remains of Matthians and Anna were transferred into the tomb, known as the Imperial Crypt. Their coffins were placed side by side. It was only during the reign of Emperor Ferdinand III that the Imperial crypt finally became the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty. Ancestors Notes References Bibliography , pp. 152–4248 p. online |- |- Holy Roman Empresses Italian queens consort 17th-century House of Habsburg German queens consort Hungarian queens consort Bohemian queens consort Austrian princesses Austrian royal consorts 1585 births 1618 deaths People from Innsbruck 17th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire 17th-century people of the Holy Roman Empire Burials at the Imperial Crypt

<mask> of Tyrol (4 October 1585 – 14 December 1618), was by birth Archduchess of Austria and member of the Tyrolean branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Queen of Hungary. The first crowned Holy Roman Empress since the mid-15th century, she was responsible for the moving of the Imperial court from Prague to Vienna, which became one of the centers of European culture. A proponent of the Counter-Reformation, she held a great influence over her husband Matthias, with whom she founded the Imperial Crypt, which later became the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty. Biography Early years <mask> was born in Innsbruck on 4 October 1585 as the third and last daughter of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria, and Count of Tyrol, and his second wife, <mask>. She had two older sisters, Archduchesses <mask> (26 June 1583 – 15 January 1584) and Maria (16 June 1584 – 2 March 1649), later a nun. All them suffered from poor health from birth. Her baptism was conducted with special solemnity, being organized by her uncles Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria, and Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria.The godfather of the princess was Emperor Maximilian II (another uncle), for whom his son Archduke Ernest of Austria stood as proxy, while the rite was celebrated by the Bishop of Brixen. <mask> spent her childhood at the Innsbruck court, which thanks to her parents became in the center of Renaissance culture. She lived in Ambras Castle, Hofburg and Ruelyust Palaces. In order to protect the health of her daughter, after 1590 Archduchess-Countess <mask> had a personal cookbook. In January 1595, the princess lost her father. Her widowed mother made every effort to give her daughters a good education. <mask> then discovered an unusual musical talent, she was given a clavichord (a rare and expensive instrument), and a teacher was hired.The love for music remained in the princess throughout her life. <mask> was raised in a strict Catholic environment. Even as Holy Roman Empress, when she believed that she had committed a sin, she engaged in self-flagellation to torment the flesh. <mask> made frequent pilgrimages, but didn't take her daughters with her due to their poor health. In 1606, she decided to found a convent there in Innsbruck for the Servants of Mary, Religious Sisters of the Servite Third Order, of which she was a member, and after arranging the marriage of her youngest daughter, she took her monastic vows, taking a new name – <mask>. Maria, <mask>'s older sister, followed their mother's example and also took the veil in the same convent under their mother's former name. Marriage and coronation Upon reaching adulthood, <mask> began to receive offers of marriage.The first proposal was made in 1603 by King Sigismund III of Poland (then a widower), but Emperor Rudolf II didn't give his consent. Then the Emperor expressed his intention to marry the princess and sent his court painter to Innsbruck, to make a portrait of his intended bride. Once the Emperor showed his interest in <mask>, her mother stopped taking other marriage proposals for her, but soon Rudolf II retracted his proposal. The Emperor's younger brother Archduke Matthias also began to woo her, and some time later, Rudolf II allowed the marriage of his brother to his former fiancée. <mask> and Matthias (at that point already King of Hungary and Bohemia) married on 4 December 1611 in Vienna at the Augustinian Church; bride and groom were first cousins –Matthias' father Emperor Maximilian II was an elder brother of <mask>'s father, Archduke Ferdinand II. Matthias, although he was already in his fifties, hoped to sire an heir with his 26-year-old wife. Four years later, when <mask> became slightly stout, rumors began at the imperial court that she had finally become pregnant.But soon courtiers began to joke that her corpulence was not related to a pregnancy but because she had a very good appetite. Ultimately, the union was childless. On 21 May 1612 Matthias was elected King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor. <mask> was crowned Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Germany in Frankfurt on 15 June 1612, two days after her husband, re-assuming the tradition of the coronation of emperors' wives. She was the first crowned Empress since Eleanor of Portugal. <mask> was also crowned Queen of Hungary on 25 March 1613 in Pressburg and Queen of Bohemia on 10 January 1616 in Prague. Called the "Good-natured and loving Empress", she had a great influence over her husband, jointly with Matthias' mistress Susana Wachter.Contemporaries called both spouses the "Working Couple" (de: Arbeitspaar). Upon his wife's request Matthias transferred the Imperial court from Prague to Vienna, and soon, thanks to their joint efforts, the new court was one of the centers of European culture. The Empress was also noted for the special protection she provided to her Tyroleans subjects, arranging different positions for them at court. As a devout Catholic, she refused to talk to or interact with Protestant courtiers. Like her mother, <mask> collected relics, especially from the holy ascetics. She also patronized the Capuchins, and later played an important role in the Austrian Counter-Reformation. For her devotion to the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Paul V awarded the Empress with the Golden Rose.Last years and death In 1617 <mask> and her husband founded the Capuchin Church, Vienna. On 10 November 1618 construction began on their tomb. <mask> died a month after construction started, on 14 December 1618 aged 33; her husband died only three months later, on 20 March 1619. Both spouses were temporarily buried in the royal Poor Clare monastery in Vienna. Only after the completion of construction of the built, which was continued by their cousin and successor, Emperor Ferdinand II, in 1633 the coffins with the remains of Matthians and <mask> were transferred into the tomb, known as the Imperial Crypt. Their coffins were placed side by side. It was only during the reign of Emperor Ferdinand III that the Imperial crypt finally became the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty.Ancestors Notes References Bibliography , pp. 152–4248 p. online |- |- Holy Roman Empresses Italian queens consort 17th-century House of Habsburg German queens consort Hungarian queens consort Bohemian queens consort Austrian princesses Austrian royal consorts 1585 births 1618 deaths People from Innsbruck 17th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire 17th-century people of the Holy Roman Empire Burials at the Imperial Crypt

The Archduchess of Austria and member of the Tyrolean branch of the House of Habsburg married <mask> of Tyrol on December 14, 1618. The first crowned Holy Roman Emperor since the mid-15th century, she was responsible for moving the Imperial court from Prague to Vienna, which became one of the centers of European culture. The Imperial Crypt, the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty, was founded by her husband, who was a supporter of the Counter-Reformation. <mask> was the third and last daughter of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria, and Count of Tyrol, and his second wife, and she was born in Innsbruck on October 4, 1585. She had two older sisters, Archduchesses <mask> and Maria. Poor health from birth is what they suffered from. Her uncle, the Archduke of Austria, arranged for her to be christened with special solemnity.Archduke Ernest of Austria was the proxy for Emperor Maximilian II who was the god of the princess. Thanks to her parents, <mask>'s childhood was in the center of Renaissance culture. She resided in Ambras Castle, Hofburg and Ruelyust Palaces. <mask> had a personal cookbook in order to protect her daughter's health. The princess lost her father. Her mother did everything she could to give her daughters a good education. <mask> was given a clavichord, a rare and expensive instrument, and a teacher was hired after she discovered an unusual musical talent.The princess loved to play music. <mask> was raised in a Catholic home. She engaged in self-flagellation when she believed that she had committed a sin. <mask> didn't take her daughters with her on pilgrimages due to their poor health. In 1606, she found a convent in Innsbruck for the Servants of Mary, Religious Sisters of the Servite Third Order, of which she was a member, and after arranging the marriage of her youngest daughter, she took her monastic vows. Maria followed in her mother's footsteps and wore a veil in the convent under their mother's name. <mask> received offers of marriage after reaching adulthood.The first proposal was made in 1603 by King Sigismund III of Poland who was a widower. The Emperor sent his court painter to Innsbruck to make a portrait of his bride after he expressed his intention to marry her. After the Emperor showed his interest in <mask>, her mother stopped taking other marriage proposals for her. Rudolf II allowed the marriage of his brother to his former fiancée after Archduke Matthias began to woo her. <mask>'s father, Archduke Ferdinand II, was an elder brother of Emperor Maximilian II, who was the father of the bride and groom. He wanted to have an heir with his wife. Rumors began at the imperial court that <mask> had become pregnant after four years.Courtiers began to joke that her corpulence was not related to a pregnancy but because she had a good appetite. The union was not childless. The King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor was elected in May of 1612 Two days after her husband was crowned Emperor of Germany, <mask> was crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Queen of Germany. Eleanor of Portugal was the first crowned empress. <mask> was crowned Queen of Hungary on 25 March 1613. She had a great influence on her husband and Susana Wachter.Both spouses were called the "working couple". After his wife requested that the Imperial court be transferred to Vienna, the new court became one of the centers of European culture. Special protection was provided to her subjects by the empress, who arranged different positions for them at court. She refused to interact with Protestant courtiers because she was a Catholic. <mask> had the same collection of relics as her mother. She played an important role in the Austrian Counter-Reformation after patronizing the Capuchins. Pope Paul V awarded the Empress with the Golden Rose for her devotion to the Roman Catholic Church.<mask> and her husband founded the Capuchin Church in Vienna. Construction began on their tomb on November 10, 1618. <mask> died a month after construction started and her husband died three months later. The spouses were temporarily buried in Vienna. The coffins with the remains of Matthians and <mask> were transferred into the Imperial Crypt after the completion of construction of the built. The coffins were placed side by side. The Imperial crypt became the Habsburg dynasty's final resting place during the reign of Emperor Ferdinand III.The Ancestors Notes References are in the appendix. The Holy Roman Empire had a House of Habsburg German queens consort Hungarian queens consort Austrian princesses.

63300219

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Fowles

Joseph Fowles

Joseph Fowles (24 December 1809 – 25 June 1878) was an Australian artist and educator, perhaps best remembered for his publication "Sydney in 1848", a series of etchings depicting Sydney’s streets and buildings in that year. Early life and arrival Voyage Fowles was an artist but not much is known of his early life apart from what can be gleaned from the journal of his voyage to New South Wales held in the Mitchell Library, Sydney. During the voyage he painted on deck and his illustrated journal includes islands and ports of call en route. He arrived in Sydney on 31 August 1838 via Hobart as an unassisted cabin passenger aboard the "Fortune" with his wife Sarah and partner Emily Collyer. Life in Sydney His journal states that leased a property at Hunters Hill owned by Mary Reiby known as Figtree Farm. Here on the farm he produced fruit and vegetables and obtained timber sold at market in Sydney. The Fowles family lived at Hunters Hill into the 1840s during which time his wife Sarah returned to England and Fowles took up with his companion Emily Lambrigg Collyer. They were to have seven children. Career as an artist Marine painter Fowles opened a studio in Harrington Street in Sydney’s Rocks in the 1840s and gained a reputation as a marine painter. At the first public exhibition of art in the colony in 1847 presented by the Society for the Promotion of Fine Arts in Australia he exhibited 7 works featuring maritime subjects: five were of ships and one “Kangaroos” his first documented animal painting. The Sydney Morning Herald described him as a marine painter successful in capturing the likeness of ships in his work. Fowles exhibited three further maritime paintings in the same exhibition in 1849. Etchings and drawings of Sydney Sydney in 1848 The major artistic work of Joseph Fowles career was a series of etchings depicting the town of Sydney in 1848. Sydney had been transformed in the years following Fowles arrival and he set himself the task of conveying the bustling new city in a series of streetscape etchings identifying administrative, commercial, religious and residential buildings of the city. “Sydney in 1848” appeared in 20 fortnightly parts between 1848 and 1850. The collection of etchings proved popular, being published in full in 1878 and subsequently in 1882, 1962 and 1973. Fowles believed Sydney’s stature as a city had not been recognised in Britain. The purpose of this project was to change any such perceptions to the contrary as he outlined in the serial installments appearing in the press and in the print publication: “The principal object of this Work is to remove the erroneous and discreditable notions current in England concerning this City, in common with everything else connected with the Colony. We shall endeavour to represent Sydney as it really is – to exhibit its spacious Gas-lit Streets, crowded by an active thriving Population – its Public Edifices, and its sumptuous Shops, which boldly claim a comparison with those of London itself” The work remains an important source for Sydney’s early history. Sydney Views “Sydney in 1848” marked a move away from marine subjects toward landscapes, in particular views of Sydney. These included scenes of Sydney around Millers Point, Sydney residences including Bungarrabee (Eastern Creek) and Emu Hall (Penrith). Street scenes included a portrait of publican Stephen Butts on a white horse, outside his fashionable terrace house in Macquarie Street. The latter work signalled Fowles’ other artistic phase as an animal portraitist, especially horses. Equine and Animal subjects Fowles penchant for painting horses was related to his love of horse racing. He painted commissioned works as well as contributing to exhibitions in the 1850s and 1860s. He established a successful business selling portraits of champion racehorses. He established stables near Randwick racecourse, named The Newmarket training stables. The Sydney Morning Herald reported these stables built by ‘Mr Fowles the well-known animal painter of Sydney’ to be ‘the most complete establishment of the kind in the colony’ Despite a financial setback in which the stables sent him into insolvency he remained well connected in the racing industry affiliated with Homebush Jockey Club and the Tattersall’s Club. Career as a teacher The success of Fowles major artistic work: “Sydney in 1848” acted as a springboard for a career as a drawing teacher that was to last for the rest of his life. From his first appointment at a private boarding school in Liverpool Street, Sydney, in 1851–1852 to a succession of city public schools in the late 1870s he had a long and distinguished career in education. His major appointments included Sydney Mechanics School of Art (1854–1861), Sydney Grammar School (1867–74) and Kings School (1871–73) He became drawing master for the Board of National Education forerunner of the New South Wales Department of Education. Fowles published instructional manuals for drawing for students and teachers such as the “Sydney Drawing Book” that underpinned the curriculum in NSW government schools into the 1880s. It was said that through Fowles efforts drawing was being taught at every government school in New South Wales at the comparatively early date of 1869. Later life Joseph Fowles suffered seizures later in life and his obituary records that a third recorded instance was to prove fatal on the evening of 25 June 1878. The notice in the Sydney Morning Herald remembers him for his artistic talent, referring to him as “father of drawing in the city.” A reference is made to “Sydney in 1848” and as a painter of animals in which “Mr Fowles especially excelled”. His service to education is acknowledged and his many years as drawing master to the National Board of Education. Gallery See also Australian art References Further reading 1809 births 1878 deaths 19th-century Australian artists 19th-century Australian painters 19th-century male artists English emigrants to Australia Australian male painters

<mask> (24 December 1809 – 25 June 1878) was an Australian artist and educator, perhaps best remembered for his publication "Sydney in 1848", a series of etchings depicting Sydney’s streets and buildings in that year. Early life and arrival Voyage <mask> was an artist but not much is known of his early life apart from what can be gleaned from the journal of his voyage to New South Wales held in the Mitchell Library, Sydney. During the voyage he painted on deck and his illustrated journal includes islands and ports of call en route. He arrived in Sydney on 31 August 1838 via Hobart as an unassisted cabin passenger aboard the "Fortune" with his wife Sarah and partner Emily Collyer. Life in Sydney His journal states that leased a property at Hunters Hill owned by Mary Reiby known as Figtree Farm. Here on the farm he produced fruit and vegetables and obtained timber sold at market in Sydney. The <mask> family lived at Hunters Hill into the 1840s during which time his wife Sarah returned to England and <mask> took up with his companion Emily Lambrigg Collyer.They were to have seven children. Career as an artist Marine painter <mask> opened a studio in Harrington Street in Sydney’s Rocks in the 1840s and gained a reputation as a marine painter. At the first public exhibition of art in the colony in 1847 presented by the Society for the Promotion of Fine Arts in Australia he exhibited 7 works featuring maritime subjects: five were of ships and one “Kangaroos” his first documented animal painting. The Sydney Morning Herald described him as a marine painter successful in capturing the likeness of ships in his work. <mask> exhibited three further maritime paintings in the same exhibition in 1849. Etchings and drawings of Sydney Sydney in 1848 The major artistic work of <mask>les career was a series of etchings depicting the town of Sydney in 1848. Sydney had been transformed in the years following Fowles arrival and he set himself the task of conveying the bustling new city in a series of streetscape etchings identifying administrative, commercial, religious and residential buildings of the city.“Sydney in 1848” appeared in 20 fortnightly parts between 1848 and 1850. The collection of etchings proved popular, being published in full in 1878 and subsequently in 1882, 1962 and 1973. <mask> believed Sydney’s stature as a city had not been recognised in Britain. The purpose of this project was to change any such perceptions to the contrary as he outlined in the serial installments appearing in the press and in the print publication: “The principal object of this Work is to remove the erroneous and discreditable notions current in England concerning this City, in common with everything else connected with the Colony. We shall endeavour to represent Sydney as it really is – to exhibit its spacious Gas-lit Streets, crowded by an active thriving Population – its Public Edifices, and its sumptuous Shops, which boldly claim a comparison with those of London itself” The work remains an important source for Sydney’s early history. Sydney Views “Sydney in 1848” marked a move away from marine subjects toward landscapes, in particular views of Sydney. These included scenes of Sydney around Millers Point, Sydney residences including Bungarrabee (Eastern Creek) and Emu Hall (Penrith).Street scenes included a portrait of publican Stephen Butts on a white horse, outside his fashionable terrace house in Macquarie Street. The latter work signalled Fowles’ other artistic phase as an animal portraitist, especially horses. Equine and Animal subjects Fowles penchant for painting horses was related to his love of horse racing. He painted commissioned works as well as contributing to exhibitions in the 1850s and 1860s. He established a successful business selling portraits of champion racehorses. He established stables near Randwick racecourse, named The Newmarket training stables. The Sydney Morning Herald reported these stables built by ‘Mr <mask> the well-known animal painter of Sydney’ to be ‘the most complete establishment of the kind in the colony’ Despite a financial setback in which the stables sent him into insolvency he remained well connected in the racing industry affiliated with Homebush Jockey Club and the Tattersall’s Club.Career as a teacher The success of Fowles major artistic work: “Sydney in 1848” acted as a springboard for a career as a drawing teacher that was to last for the rest of his life. From his first appointment at a private boarding school in Liverpool Street, Sydney, in 1851–1852 to a succession of city public schools in the late 1870s he had a long and distinguished career in education. His major appointments included Sydney Mechanics School of Art (1854–1861), Sydney Grammar School (1867–74) and Kings School (1871–73) He became drawing master for the Board of National Education forerunner of the New South Wales Department of Education. Fowles published instructional manuals for drawing for students and teachers such as the “Sydney Drawing Book” that underpinned the curriculum in NSW government schools into the 1880s. It was said that through Fowles efforts drawing was being taught at every government school in New South Wales at the comparatively early date of 1869. Later life <mask> suffered seizures later in life and his obituary records that a third recorded instance was to prove fatal on the evening of 25 June 1878. The notice in the Sydney Morning Herald remembers him for his artistic talent, referring to him as “father of drawing in the city.” A reference is made to “Sydney in 1848” and as a painter of animals in which “Mr Fowles especially excelled”.His service to education is acknowledged and his many years as drawing master to the National Board of Education. Gallery See also Australian art References Further reading 1809 births 1878 deaths 19th-century Australian artists 19th-century Australian painters 19th-century male artists English emigrants to Australia Australian male painters

"Sydney in 1848", a series of etchings depicting the streets and buildings of the city in that year, was published by <mask>. The journal of the voyage to New South Wales held in the Mitchell Library can provide insight into the early life of the artist. He illustrated his journal with islands and ports of call along the way. He disembarked from the "Fortune" in Hobart as an unassisted cabin passenger with his wife Sarah and partner Emily. According to his journal, he leased a property at Hunters Hill owned by Mary Reiby. He used to produce fruit and vegetables on the farm. The <mask> family lived at Hunters Hill until the 1840s, when Sarah returned to England and he married Emily Lambrigg Collyer.They were going to have seven children. A marine painter by the name of <mask> opened a studio in Harrington Street in the Rocks in the 1840s. The Society for the Promotion of Fine Arts in Australia presented the first public exhibition of art in the colony in 1847 and he exhibited 7 works featuring maritime subjects. He was described as a marine painter by the Morning Herald. In 1849, <mask> exhibited three more maritime paintings. The major artistic work of <mask> was a series of etchings depicting the town of Sydney. In order to convey the bustling new city in a series of etchings, he set himself the task of identifying administrative, commercial, religious and residential buildings of the city.Between 1848 and 1850, there were 20 fortnightly parts called "Sydney in 1848". The collection of etchings was popular and was published in full in 1878. It was believed that the stature of the city had not been appreciated in Britain. The purpose of this project was to change any such perceptions to the contrary as he outlined in the serial installments appearing in the press and in the print publication. We will try to represent Sydney as it really is, with its spacious Gas-lit Streets, crowded by an active thriving Population, its Public Edifices, and its sumptuous Shops, which claim a comparison with those of London itself. The move away from marine subjects to landscapes was marked by the views of Sydney. There were scenes of Sydney around Millers Point and residences in Eastern Creek and Penrith.There was a portrait of Stephen Butts on a white horse outside his terrace house. As an animal portraitist, <mask> did the latter work. His passion for painting horses was related to his love of horse racing. He contributed to exhibitions in the 1850s and 1860s. He established a successful business. He established stables near a race track. The stables built by Mr <mask> were reported to be the most complete establishment of the kind in the colony by the Morning Herald.The success of his major artistic work, "Sydney in 1848", led to a career as a drawing teacher for the rest of his life. He had a long and distinguished career in education, from his first appointment at a private boarding school in 1854 to a succession of city public schools in the late 1870s. He was the drawing master for the New South Wales Department of Education. The instructional manuals for drawing for students and teachers were published by Fowles. In 1869, it was said that drawing was being taught at every government school in New South Wales. According to his obituary, a third seizure was to be fatal on the evening of June 25, 1878. He is remembered as the father of drawing in the city and as a painter of animals in which he excelled, in a notice in the Morning Herald.He drew master to the National Board of Education for his service to education. There were births and deaths of 19th-century Australian artists and 19th-century Australian male painters.

9486415

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Br%C3%B6del

Max Brödel

Max Brödel (June 8, 1870 – October 26, 1941) was a medical illustrator. Born in Leipzig, Germany, he began his artistic career after graduating from the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts, working for Dr. Carl Ludwig. Under Ludwig's instruction, Brödel gained a basic knowledge of medicine and became recognized for his detailed medical illustrations. In the late 1890s, he was brought to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore to illustrate for Harvey Cushing, William Halsted, Howard Kelly, and other notable clinicians. In addition to being a prolific medical illustrator, he developed new artistic techniques such as the carbon dust technique that helped the advancement of the quality and accuracy of medical illustrations for physicians. In 1911, he presided over the creation of the first Department of Art as Applied to Medicine; located at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, it continues to train medical illustrators to this day. His graduates spread out across the world, and have founded a number of other academic programs. Biography Early life and education Max Brödel was born on June 8, 1870 in Leipzig, Germany, to Louis Brödel and Henrietta Frenzel Brödel. From the early age of 6, he took piano lessons and by 12, he was playing Beethoven. Not only was he musically inclined, he was also artistically inclined. At age 15, Brödel began to develop his artistic abilities at the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts in a program for painting and drawing, where he learned artistic techniques reflecting the 19th-century arts education with an emphasis on the development of fine, precise drawings This meticulous attention to detail and accuracy was one of the skills that Brödel was later praised for in his medical illustrations. Over the summers, he put his artistic skills to use with part-time jobs drawing landscapes and figures. When Brödel was 18, Carl Ludwig, a famous physiologist of the 19th century, hired Brödel to draw a 150x magnified cortex of the brain. This was his first experience with medical illustrations, which he would make his lifelong career. Personal life Marriage and family Brödel was introduced to fellow artist, medical illustrator, and future wife, Ruth Huntington, by Dr. Howard Kelly. A graduate of zoology and botany from Smith College, Ruth also received Franklin P. Malls' invitation and had begun illustrating for Dr. Charles Bardeen as part of the Hopkins Anatomy Department in 1900. The pair realized their similar musical and artistic interests and married shortly afterwards on December 31, 1902. They had four children together: Elizabeth (born October 9, 1903), Ruth (born April 23, 1905), Carl (born June 7, 1908), and Elsa (born February 8, 1911). Ruth suffered from scarlet fever as a child and died on June 1, 1908. Elizabeth later followed her father's footsteps and became a medical illustrator for New York Hospital, and Carl became a geology professor at Johns Hopkins University. Known for his jovial, fun-loving personality, Brödel became close friends with H. L. Mencken, an American journalist and satirist. In 1913, he was invited to join the Saturday Night Club, a group of musicians and intellectuals that played music together, to share drinks. In his free time, he enjoyed hunting trips in the forests of Canada, fishing, and playing the piano. Outside of his profession, he also occasionally made drawings from nature. Early career Despite his minimal scientific background and lack of medical knowledge, Brödel and his artistic potential were well received by esteemed German physician and physiologist, Carl Ludwig. Under Ludwig's mentorship and guidance at the Anatomical Institute at the Institute of Physiology at the University of Leipzig, Brödel was employed with drawing detailed gross anatomical and histological diagrams. Honing his observational skills with detailed notes of the numerous surgeries and autopsies he observed, Brödel's work was credited for topographical accuracy, tissue realism, and attention to the cross-sectional anatomy. Another noticeable feature of his illustrations was the aerial perspective that showed the anatomy as seen through a surgeon's eyes. Some of his early illustrations were also for physicians Spalteholz, His and Braune. His network of medical professionals increased when he met Dr. Franklin P. Mall of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1888. Brödel's artistic career was briefly suspended when he was drafted to serve two years on November 8, 1890. Through the auspices of Geheimrat Carl Ludwig, Prince George of Saxony, Brödel served his first year with arms, and the second year with artistic pursuits for the regiment. Upon return to Leipzig after his service, Brödel continued his work as a free-lance artist, specializing in anatomical and scientific illustrations. During this time, Brödel accepted Mall's invitation to illustrate at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Career at Johns Hopkins University Brödel arrived at Johns Hopkins in the winter of January 18, 1894. From here, Brödel had received internal acclaim through his employment by Howard Kelly as the illustrator for Operative Genecology. Highly sought after by anatomist Franklin P. Mall and other physicians for his meticulous attention to detail and realism in his medical illustrations, Brödel's skills were a valuable asset to the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Shortly after his employment, Brödel was joined by fellow medical illustrators, Hermann Becker and August Horn, both of whom had also attended the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts. Working in conjunction with these two artists, Brödel created an extensive catalog of gross and histological diagrams for the medical staff, including Dr. Howard A. Kelly, Dr. William S. Halstead, and Dr. Thomas S. Cullen, who had proposed Brödel's training of students in medical illustration. Work with Dr. Howard Kelly The majority of Brödel's illustrations were for Dr. Howard A. Kelly, the Chief of Gynecology, during his employment at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Brödel illustrated for Kelly's two-volume textbook, Operative Gynecology, which was published in 1898. Its release garnered widespread praise and recognition, cemented Kelly's preeminent status in the field of gynecology, and established Brödel's role as a pioneering medical illustrator. Brödel then went on to work on other books authored or co-authored by Kelly, including those on diseases of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, as well as Kelly's journal articles and monographs. Throughout the illustrative process, Brödel worked closely with Kelly, conferring with each other before the first sketch was drawn. After debriefing, with Kelly, Brödel painstakingly conducted independent medical research and experimented to find the best method to communicate information about complex structures to medical professionals. For example, when Kelly asked for some anatomical data about the blood supply of the kidney, Brödel went to the Pathological Laboratories, got a kidney from the autopsies and washed it out by attaching it by a tube to the tap. Then, he filled the arteries with red paint, the veins with blue, and the ureter with yellow. Using the digesting method he had observed Frank Mall use in Carl Ludwig's laboratory in Germany, he could see various sections of the kidney that resembled a tree branch with small apples lining them, which were the glomeruli of the kidney. Brödel also noticed an avascular area and suggested cutting along this line when looking for kidney stones. He developed what is referred today as Brödel's suture, which can be used to repair a prolapsed kidney. Brödel's underlying artistic philosophy is best described in his own words: “The artist must first fully comprehend the subject matter from every standpoint: anatomical, topographical, histological, pathological, medical, and surgical. From this accumulated knowledge grows a mental picture from which again crystallizes the plan for the future drawing. A clear and vivid mental picture must always precede the actual picture on paper. The planning of the picture, therefore, is the all important thing, not the execution.” He developed a technique where he examined every medical sample under a microscope at low, medium, and high (magnification of x40, 100, 400) power to form a complete picture of it in his mind. Just two months prior to his death, he wrote in a journal article that “the artist must know his subject so thoroughly that he can even shut his eyes and coax into existence a mental picture of great clarity.” His emphasis on anatomically accurate visualization prior to artistic actualization was manifested in his incredibly lifelike renderings. The seamless translation of medical knowledge into his illustrations is credited with his strong investigative drive. Brödel understood the essential role medical illustrations played in teaching medical students the complexities and functions of anatomical structures, and was therefore keen on educating himself by poring over medical texts, attending lectures, and dissecting cadavers. In a bulletin to Johns Hopkins, Brödel wrote "No drawing was made by me without original study through injection, dissection, frozen section, or reconstruction. Other medical fields he worked extensively in are Otolaryngology, Urology, and Neurosurgery. Setbacks On March 24, 1899, Brödel was diagnosed with a streptococcus infection on his hand and arm, caused by improper practice of handling anatomical dissections without gloves. He required several operations on his left arm, including one to separate nerve fibers from the scar tissue. These operations were performed by Dr. William S. Halsted, Chief of Surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Capitalizing on this experience, Brödel illustrated and detailed his medical condition and the resulting numbness of his nondominant left hand. Despite encouragement by Halsted, these drawings remained unpublished. In December 1904, Brödel sustained severe injuries to the middle finger of his right hand. Another Johns Hopkins physician, Dr. John Miller Turpin Finney, was able to help recover normal functioning, allowing Brödel to continue his artistic and musical pursuits. War years With the onset of World War I, Brödel experienced alienation and disillusion living amongst anti-German sentiment in the United States along with his mother's declining health back in Germany. Henriette Brödel would end up dying November 2, 1915 and Max would become more introverted as the years went on, realizing he had overestimated the amount of importance and growth his medical illustration training program was to receive, expecting it to grow in stature in ways it never did. Brödel's program was to be plagued by low student enrollment during the war years and the persistent troubles of meager compensation in the profession of medical illustration, with two of his pupils turning down offers to work with Brödel's former colleague Harvey Cushing, now at Harvard Medical School, over the issue of salary. Death Brödel died on October 26, 1941 of pancreatic cancer in Baltimore, Maryland. Approximately two months before he died, he had published a paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association titled "Medical Illustration." This provided a first-hand account and insight into his long illustrative career. A few months after his death, an intensive study of the human ear was published, in which two of the series of three drawings had been completed by Brödel and the third, being preliminary sketches at the time of his death, was later completed by P. D. Malone. Legacy Carbon dust technique Brödel is credited with the development of the carbon dust technique for medical and scientific illustrations. He had been looking for an acceptable medium able to show the vividness and detail characteristic of living tissue, and made the breakthrough using clay-surfaced lithographic transfer paper. Using a wide variety of media, realistic multi-dimensional representations of complex anatomical structures are able to be constructed. The dust is made by shaving carbon pencils against abrasive surfaces, and then applying this fine dust onto textured, calcium-coated paper with dry brushes. Increasing the depth and dimension of the image, the carbon dust technique was able to add highlights, shadows, and texture to Brödel's work. Due to the limitations of the black and white printing era, the relative ease of reprinting artwork created with carbon dust made this a highly suitable technique for a wide variety of scientific illustrations. Popularized in the 1900s, this method is applied with various different materials and techniques, but the same principles are still used today. This is because of its ability to capture a remarkable amount of fine visual detail, as well as a bridge allowing for close collaboration with physicians. Department of Art as Applied to Medicine In 1910, Brödel received an inviting offer for a position at the Mayo Clinic. Gynecologist and close friend of Brödel, Dr. Thomas S. Cullen, began raising funds for a department where Brödel could remain content at Johns Hopkins and train the next generation of medical illustrators with the necessary skills and background. Henry Walters, a Baltimore financier, philanthropist and art collector, agreed to fund the creation of this endeavor. In 1911, Brödel became the inaugural director for the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine at Johns Hopkins. His goal was to train medical illustrators to work in conjunction with physicians to increase understanding of how the body works. The program was the first medical illustration program, and attracted both medical and art students from all around the world. In an article published in the September 1911 edition of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Brödel laid out his case for the creation of the department. “Its purpose,” he wrote, “is to bridge over the gap existing between art and medicine, and to train a new generation of artists to illustrate medical journals and books in the future and to spare them the years of trial and disappointment of their self-taught predecessors.” The Department of Art as Applied to Medicine is still recognized for their excellence in visual communication in science and medicine. Many former students at the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine would later make up a large percentage of the founding members of the Association of Medical Illustrators, which began in 1945. Several notable artists who were heavily influenced by Brödel include the following: Annette Smith Burgess – Taught by Brödel at the Maryland Institute College of Art, she became the first medical illustrator at the Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins. Elizabeth Brödel - She was one of Max Brödel's daughters who worked at the Woman's Clinic in the New York Hospital and later became the first elected Treasurer for the Association of Medical Illustrators. James F. Didusch - He was the first student under Max Brödel from 1911-1913 and worked as the illustrator for the Carnegie Institute of Embryology at Johns Hopkins University until his death in 1955. Dorcas Hager Padget - She was a self-taught artist who received training from Max Brödel before working for neurosurgeon Walter Dandy and eventually became a scientific researcher at the Department of Embryology at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and later at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. Muriel McLatchie - She was another student of Max Brödel at Johns Hopkins University. In the early 1930s she went to Boston and later established a department of Medical Art at the Massachusetts General Hospital. McLatchie was also one of the founding members of the Association of Medical Illustrators. Leon Schlossberg - After graduating from City College and studying Max Brödel's work at the Maryland Institute College of Art, he sought out mentorship from Max Brödel. From 1942 to 1946, he worked at the Bethesda Naval Hospital and then became a professor at the Johns Hopkins University teaching anatomical sketching for more than fifty years until his death in 1999. Institutions that have been influenced by Brödel's work in medical illustrations include the Wilmer, Brady, Mayo and Lahey clinics, the American Museum of Natural History, and Yale, Minnesota, Rochester, Toronto and Tulane Universities. Notable textbooks Operative Gynecology (Vols. I&II), (New York: D. Appleton and company, 1898), Howard A. Kelly Gynecology, (New York, London: D. Appleton and Company, 1928), Howard A. Kelly Medical Gynecology, (New York: Appleton, 1908), Howard A. Kelly "The Vermiform Appendix and Its Diseases" The Indian Medical Gazette 41, no. 2 (February 1906): 70–71. Kelly, and Elizabeth Herndon. Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery (Vols. I&II) (Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders company, 1907), Howard A. Kelly and Charles P. Noble Myomata of the Uterus, (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1909), Howard A. Kelly and Thomas Stephen Cullen Diseases of the Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder (Vols. I&II), Howard A. Kelly and Charles Burnham Johns Hopkins Hospital In 1938, a portrait of Brödel by artist Thomas C. Corner, was presented and displayed in the halls of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine alongside portraits of medical pioneers, William Osler, Wiliam Stewart Halsted, Howard Atwood Kelly, and William H. Welch. This display of recognition was initiated by the vice president of the W.B. Saunders medical publishing company, Mr. R.W. Greene. Brödel Archives The majority of Brödel's illustrations and his uncompleted manuscript are housed in the Brödel archives located at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Visitors and researchers are allowed to reproduce a selection of his works with special permission. All of Brödel's work for Dr. Kelly and Thomas S. Cullen are numbered from 1 to 989. See also Medical Illustration Association of Medical Illustrators Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Hospital References Further reading External links Department of Art as Applied to Medicine Association of Medical Illustrators Medical illustrators German illustrators 1870 births 1941 deaths

<mask> (June 8, 1870 – October 26, 1941) was a medical illustrator. Born in Leipzig, Germany, he began his artistic career after graduating from the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts, working for Dr. Carl Ludwig. Under Ludwig's instruction, Brödel gained a basic knowledge of medicine and became recognized for his detailed medical illustrations. In the late 1890s, he was brought to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore to illustrate for Harvey Cushing, William Halsted, Howard Kelly, and other notable clinicians. In addition to being a prolific medical illustrator, he developed new artistic techniques such as the carbon dust technique that helped the advancement of the quality and accuracy of medical illustrations for physicians. In 1911, he presided over the creation of the first Department of Art as Applied to Medicine; located at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, it continues to train medical illustrators to this day. His graduates spread out across the world, and have founded a number of other academic programs.Biography Early life and education <mask> was born on June 8, 1870 in Leipzig, Germany, to Louis Brödel and Henrietta Frenzel Brödel. From the early age of 6, he took piano lessons and by 12, he was playing Beethoven. Not only was he musically inclined, he was also artistically inclined. At age 15, Brödel began to develop his artistic abilities at the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts in a program for painting and drawing, where he learned artistic techniques reflecting the 19th-century arts education with an emphasis on the development of fine, precise drawings This meticulous attention to detail and accuracy was one of the skills that Brödel was later praised for in his medical illustrations. Over the summers, he put his artistic skills to use with part-time jobs drawing landscapes and figures. When Brödel was 18, Carl Ludwig, a famous physiologist of the 19th century, hired Brödel to draw a 150x magnified cortex of the brain. This was his first experience with medical illustrations, which he would make his lifelong career.Personal life Marriage and family Brödel was introduced to fellow artist, medical illustrator, and future wife, Ruth Huntington, by Dr. Howard Kelly. A graduate of zoology and botany from Smith College, Ruth also received Franklin P. Malls' invitation and had begun illustrating for Dr. Charles Bardeen as part of the Hopkins Anatomy Department in 1900. The pair realized their similar musical and artistic interests and married shortly afterwards on December 31, 1902. They had four children together: Elizabeth (born October 9, 1903), Ruth (born April 23, 1905), Carl (born June 7, 1908), and Elsa (born February 8, 1911). Ruth suffered from scarlet fever as a child and died on June 1, 1908. Elizabeth later followed her father's footsteps and became a medical illustrator for New York Hospital, and Carl became a geology professor at Johns Hopkins University. Known for his jovial, fun-loving personality, Brödel became close friends with H. L. Mencken, an American journalist and satirist.In 1913, he was invited to join the Saturday Night Club, a group of musicians and intellectuals that played music together, to share drinks. In his free time, he enjoyed hunting trips in the forests of Canada, fishing, and playing the piano. Outside of his profession, he also occasionally made drawings from nature. Early career Despite his minimal scientific background and lack of medical knowledge, <mask> and his artistic potential were well received by esteemed German physician and physiologist, Carl Ludwig. Under Ludwig's mentorship and guidance at the Anatomical Institute at the Institute of Physiology at the University of Leipzig, Brödel was employed with drawing detailed gross anatomical and histological diagrams. Honing his observational skills with detailed notes of the numerous surgeries and autopsies he observed, Brödel's work was credited for topographical accuracy, tissue realism, and attention to the cross-sectional anatomy. Another noticeable feature of his illustrations was the aerial perspective that showed the anatomy as seen through a surgeon's eyes.Some of his early illustrations were also for physicians Spalteholz, His and Braune. His network of medical professionals increased when he met Dr. Franklin P. Mall of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1888. <mask>'s artistic career was briefly suspended when he was drafted to serve two years on November 8, 1890. Through the auspices of Geheimrat Carl Ludwig, Prince George of Saxony, Brödel served his first year with arms, and the second year with artistic pursuits for the regiment. Upon return to Leipzig after his service, Brödel continued his work as a free-lance artist, specializing in anatomical and scientific illustrations. During this time, Brödel accepted Mall's invitation to illustrate at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Career at Johns Hopkins University Brödel arrived at Johns Hopkins in the winter of January 18, 1894.From here, Brödel had received internal acclaim through his employment by Howard Kelly as the illustrator for Operative Genecology. Highly sought after by anatomist Franklin P. Mall and other physicians for his meticulous attention to detail and realism in his medical illustrations, Brödel's skills were a valuable asset to the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Shortly after his employment, Brödel was joined by fellow medical illustrators, Hermann Becker and August Horn, both of whom had also attended the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts. Working in conjunction with these two artists, Brödel created an extensive catalog of gross and histological diagrams for the medical staff, including Dr. Howard A. Kelly, Dr. William S. Halstead, and Dr. Thomas S. Cullen, who had proposed Brödel's training of students in medical illustration. Work with Dr. Howard Kelly The majority of Brödel's illustrations were for Dr. Howard A. Kelly, the Chief of Gynecology, during his employment at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Brödel illustrated for Kelly's two-volume textbook, Operative Gynecology, which was published in 1898. Its release garnered widespread praise and recognition, cemented Kelly's preeminent status in the field of gynecology, and established Brödel's role as a pioneering medical illustrator.Brödel then went on to work on other books authored or co-authored by Kelly, including those on diseases of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, as well as Kelly's journal articles and monographs. Throughout the illustrative process, Brödel worked closely with Kelly, conferring with each other before the first sketch was drawn. After debriefing, with Kelly, Brödel painstakingly conducted independent medical research and experimented to find the best method to communicate information about complex structures to medical professionals. For example, when Kelly asked for some anatomical data about the blood supply of the kidney, Brödel went to the Pathological Laboratories, got a kidney from the autopsies and washed it out by attaching it by a tube to the tap. Then, he filled the arteries with red paint, the veins with blue, and the ureter with yellow. Using the digesting method he had observed Frank Mall use in Carl Ludwig's laboratory in Germany, he could see various sections of the kidney that resembled a tree branch with small apples lining them, which were the glomeruli of the kidney. Brödel also noticed an avascular area and suggested cutting along this line when looking for kidney stones.He developed what is referred today as Brödel's suture, which can be used to repair a prolapsed kidney. <mask>'s underlying artistic philosophy is best described in his own words: “The artist must first fully comprehend the subject matter from every standpoint: anatomical, topographical, histological, pathological, medical, and surgical. From this accumulated knowledge grows a mental picture from which again crystallizes the plan for the future drawing. A clear and vivid mental picture must always precede the actual picture on paper. The planning of the picture, therefore, is the all important thing, not the execution.” He developed a technique where he examined every medical sample under a microscope at low, medium, and high (magnification of x40, 100, 400) power to form a complete picture of it in his mind. Just two months prior to his death, he wrote in a journal article that “the artist must know his subject so thoroughly that he can even shut his eyes and coax into existence a mental picture of great clarity.” His emphasis on anatomically accurate visualization prior to artistic actualization was manifested in his incredibly lifelike renderings. The seamless translation of medical knowledge into his illustrations is credited with his strong investigative drive.Brödel understood the essential role medical illustrations played in teaching medical students the complexities and functions of anatomical structures, and was therefore keen on educating himself by poring over medical texts, attending lectures, and dissecting cadavers. In a bulletin to Johns Hopkins, Brödel wrote "No drawing was made by me without original study through injection, dissection, frozen section, or reconstruction. Other medical fields he worked extensively in are Otolaryngology, Urology, and Neurosurgery. Setbacks On March 24, 1899, Brödel was diagnosed with a streptococcus infection on his hand and arm, caused by improper practice of handling anatomical dissections without gloves. He required several operations on his left arm, including one to separate nerve fibers from the scar tissue. These operations were performed by Dr. William S. Halsted, Chief of Surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Capitalizing on this experience, Brödel illustrated and detailed his medical condition and the resulting numbness of his nondominant left hand.Despite encouragement by Halsted, these drawings remained unpublished. In December 1904, <mask> sustained severe injuries to the middle finger of his right hand. Another Johns Hopkins physician, Dr. John Miller Turpin Finney, was able to help recover normal functioning, allowing Brödel to continue his artistic and musical pursuits. War years With the onset of World War I, Brödel experienced alienation and disillusion living amongst anti-German sentiment in the United States along with his mother's declining health back in Germany. Henriette <mask> would end up dying November 2, 1915 and <mask> would become more introverted as the years went on, realizing he had overestimated the amount of importance and growth his medical illustration training program was to receive, expecting it to grow in stature in ways it never did. Brödel's program was to be plagued by low student enrollment during the war years and the persistent troubles of meager compensation in the profession of medical illustration, with two of his pupils turning down offers to work with Brödel's former colleague Harvey Cushing, now at Harvard Medical School, over the issue of salary. Death Brödel died on October 26, 1941 of pancreatic cancer in Baltimore, Maryland.Approximately two months before he died, he had published a paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association titled "Medical Illustration." This provided a first-hand account and insight into his long illustrative career. A few months after his death, an intensive study of the human ear was published, in which two of the series of three drawings had been completed by <mask> and the third, being preliminary sketches at the time of his death, was later completed by P. D. Malone. Legacy Carbon dust technique <mask> is credited with the development of the carbon dust technique for medical and scientific illustrations. He had been looking for an acceptable medium able to show the vividness and detail characteristic of living tissue, and made the breakthrough using clay-surfaced lithographic transfer paper. Using a wide variety of media, realistic multi-dimensional representations of complex anatomical structures are able to be constructed. The dust is made by shaving carbon pencils against abrasive surfaces, and then applying this fine dust onto textured, calcium-coated paper with dry brushes.Increasing the depth and dimension of the image, the carbon dust technique was able to add highlights, shadows, and texture to <mask>'s work. Due to the limitations of the black and white printing era, the relative ease of reprinting artwork created with carbon dust made this a highly suitable technique for a wide variety of scientific illustrations. Popularized in the 1900s, this method is applied with various different materials and techniques, but the same principles are still used today. This is because of its ability to capture a remarkable amount of fine visual detail, as well as a bridge allowing for close collaboration with physicians. Department of Art as Applied to Medicine In 1910, Brödel received an inviting offer for a position at the Mayo Clinic. Gynecologist and close friend of Brödel, Dr. Thomas S. Cullen, began raising funds for a department where Brödel could remain content at Johns Hopkins and train the next generation of medical illustrators with the necessary skills and background. Henry Walters, a Baltimore financier, philanthropist and art collector, agreed to fund the creation of this endeavor.In 1911, <mask> became the inaugural director for the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine at Johns Hopkins. His goal was to train medical illustrators to work in conjunction with physicians to increase understanding of how the body works. The program was the first medical illustration program, and attracted both medical and art students from all around the world. In an article published in the September 1911 edition of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Brödel laid out his case for the creation of the department. “Its purpose,” he wrote, “is to bridge over the gap existing between art and medicine, and to train a new generation of artists to illustrate medical journals and books in the future and to spare them the years of trial and disappointment of their self-taught predecessors.” The Department of Art as Applied to Medicine is still recognized for their excellence in visual communication in science and medicine. Many former students at the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine would later make up a large percentage of the founding members of the Association of Medical Illustrators, which began in 1945. Several notable artists who were heavily influenced by Brödel include the following: Annette Smith Burgess – Taught by Brödel at the Maryland Institute College of Art, she became the first medical illustrator at the Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins.<mask> - She was one of <mask>'s daughters who worked at the Woman's Clinic in the New York Hospital and later became the first elected Treasurer for the Association of Medical Illustrators. James F. Didusch - He was the first student under <mask> from 1911-1913 and worked as the illustrator for the Carnegie Institute of Embryology at Johns Hopkins University until his death in 1955. Dorcas Hager Padget - She was a self-taught artist who received training from <mask> before working for neurosurgeon Walter Dandy and eventually became a scientific researcher at the Department of Embryology at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and later at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. Muriel McLatchie - She was another student of <mask>del at Johns Hopkins University. In the early 1930s she went to Boston and later established a department of Medical Art at the Massachusetts General Hospital. McLatchie was also one of the founding members of the Association of Medical Illustrators. Leon Schlossberg - After graduating from City College and studying <mask>'s work at the Maryland Institute College of Art, he sought out mentorship from <mask>.From 1942 to 1946, he worked at the Bethesda Naval Hospital and then became a professor at the Johns Hopkins University teaching anatomical sketching for more than fifty years until his death in 1999. Institutions that have been influenced by Brödel's work in medical illustrations include the Wilmer, Brady, Mayo and Lahey clinics, the American Museum of Natural History, and Yale, Minnesota, Rochester, Toronto and Tulane Universities. Notable textbooks Operative Gynecology (Vols. I&II), (New York: D. Appleton and company, 1898), Howard A. Kelly Gynecology, (New York, London: D. Appleton and Company, 1928), Howard A. Kelly Medical Gynecology, (New York: Appleton, 1908), Howard A. Kelly "The Vermiform Appendix and Its Diseases" The Indian Medical Gazette 41, no. 2 (February 1906): 70–71. Kelly, and Elizabeth Herndon. Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery (Vols.I&II) (Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders company, 1907), Howard A. Kelly and Charles P. Noble Myomata of the Uterus, (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1909), Howard A. Kelly and Thomas Stephen Cullen Diseases of the Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder (Vols. I&II), Howard A. Kelly and Charles Burnham Johns Hopkins Hospital In 1938, a portrait of Brödel by artist Thomas C. Corner, was presented and displayed in the halls of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine alongside portraits of medical pioneers, William Osler, Wiliam Stewart Halsted, Howard Atwood Kelly, and William H. Welch. This display of recognition was initiated by the vice president of the W.B. Saunders medical publishing company, Mr. R.W. Greene. Brödel Archives The majority of Brödel's illustrations and his uncompleted manuscript are housed in the Brödel archives located at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Visitors and researchers are allowed to reproduce a selection of his works with special permission.All of <mask>'s work for Dr. Kelly and Thomas S. Cullen are numbered from 1 to 989. See also Medical Illustration Association of Medical Illustrators Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Hospital References Further reading External links Department of Art as Applied to Medicine Association of Medical Illustrators Medical illustrators German illustrators 1870 births 1941 deaths

<mask> was a medical illustrator. He began his artistic career after graduating from the academy where he worked for Dr. Carl Ludwig. Brdel was recognized for his detailed medical illustrations after gaining a basic knowledge of medicine under Ludwig's instruction. He was brought to the School of Medicine in Baltimore in the late 1890s to illustrate for clinicians. He developed new artistic techniques such as the carbon dust technique that helped the advancement of the quality and accuracy of medical illustrations for physicians. He oversaw the creation of the first Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, which still trains medical illustrators today. A number of other academic programs have been founded by his graduates.<mask> was born on June 8, 1870 in Germany to Louis and Henrietta Frenzel. He took piano lessons when he was 6 years old. He was both musically and artistically inclined. At the age of 15, Brdel began to develop his artistic abilities at the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts, where he learned artistic techniques reflecting the 19th-century arts education with an emphasis on the development of fine, precise drawings. He used his artistic skills to draw landscapes and figures for part-time jobs. Carl Ludwig hired Brdel to draw a 150x magnified cortex of the brain when he was 18. He would make a career out of his first experience with medical illustrations.Ruth Huntington was introduced to fellow artist, medical illustrator, and future wife, Brdel, by Dr. Howard Kelly. Ruth received an invitation from Franklin P. Malls and began illustrating for Dr. Charles Bardeen in 1900. They were married on December 31, 1902, after realizing their musical and artistic interests. They had four children together: Elizabeth, Ruth, Carl and Elsa. On June 1, 1908, Ruth died of scarlet fever. After her father's death, Elizabeth followed in his footsteps and became a medical illustrator for New York Hospital. He became friends with H. L. Mencken, an American journalist and satirist.He was invited to join the Saturday Night Club in 1913, a group of musicians and intellectuals that played music together. He enjoyed hunting, fishing, and playing the piano in his free time. Outside of his profession, he made drawings from nature. His artistic potential was well received by Carl Ludwig, a German physician and physiologist, despite his minimal scientific background and lack of medical knowledge. Under Ludwig's mentorship and guidance at the Anatomical Institute at the Institute of Physiology at the University of Leipzig, Brdel was employed with drawing detailed gross anatomical and histological diagrams. Honing his observational skills with detailed notes of the numerous surgeries and autopsies he observed, Brdel's work was credited for topographical accuracy, tissue realism, and attention to the cross-sectional anatomy. The aerial perspective of his illustrations showed the anatomy as seen through a surgeon's eyes.Spalteholz, His and Braune were some of his early illustrations. His network of medical professionals grew when he met a doctor. When he was drafted to serve two years, Brdel's artistic career was temporarily halted. Prince George of Saxony, through the auspices of Geheimrat Carl Ludwig, served his first year with arms and the second with artistic endeavors. After his service, Brdel continued to work as a free-lance artist. Mall invited Brdel to illustrate at the hospital. In the winter of 1894, a career at the university began.Howard Kelly employed Brdel as the illustrator for Operative Genecology. Highly sought after by anatomist Franklin P. Mall and other physicians for his careful attention to detail and realism in his medical illustrations, Brdel's skills were a valuable asset to the hospital. Shortly after his employment, Brdel was joined by two other medical illustrators, August Horn and Hermann Becker, both of whom had attended the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts. Working in conjunction with these two artists, Brdel created an extensive catalog of gross and histological diagrams for the medical staff. The majority of Brdel's illustrations were for Dr. Howard Kelly. Kelly published a two-volume textbook in 1898. The release earned widespread praise and recognition, cementing Kelly's status in the field of gynecology, and establishing Brdel's role as a pioneer medical illustrator.Kelly co-authored a number of books, including those on diseases of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, as well as Kelly's journal articles and monographs. Before the first sketch was drawn, Brdel and Kelly worked closely together. After being with Kelly, Brdel conducted independent medical research and tried to find the best way to communicate information about complex structures to medical professionals. When Kelly asked for information about the blood supply of the kidneys, Brdel washed it out by attaching it to a tube and going to the Pathological Laboratories. He filled the arteries with red paint, the veins with blue and the ureter with yellow. He was able to see the parts of the kidneys that resembled a tree branch with small apples lining them, using the method he had observed Frank Mall use in Carl Ludwig's laboratory. The avascular area was noticed by Brdel and he suggested cutting along this line when looking for stones.He developed a tool that can be used to repair a damaged organ. The artist must first fully comprehend the subject matter from every standpoint, according to the underlying artistic philosophy. The plan for the future drawing is solidified by a mental picture from accumulated knowledge. A clear and vivid mental picture must precede the actual picture on paper. He developed a technique where he examined every medical sample under a microscope at low, medium, and high magnification to form a complete picture of it. He wrote in a journal article two months before his death that the artist must know his subject so thoroughly that he can even shut his eyes and create a mental picture of great clarity. His strong investigative drive is credited with the seamless translation of medical knowledge into his illustrations.He wanted to educate himself by poring over medical texts, attending lectures, and dissections, because he understood the essential role medical illustrations played in teaching medical students. No drawing was made by me without original study through injection, dissection, frozen section, or reconstruction. He worked in a number of medical fields. On March 24, 1899, Brdel was diagnosed with a streptococcus infection on his hand and arm, caused by improper practice of handling dissections without gloves. One of the operations he had on his left arm was to separate nerve fibers from the scar tissue. The operations were performed by Dr. Halsted. Taking advantage of his experience, Brdel illustrated and described his medical condition and the effects it had on his left hand.These drawings were not published despite encouragement by Halsted. In December 1904, Brdel had an injury to his right hand. Dr. John Miller Turpin Finney was able to help recover normal functioning and allow Brdel to continue his artistic and musical activities. With the start of World War I, Brdel was living in the United States with anti-German sentiment and his mother's declining health back in Germany. <mask> realized he had underestimated the amount of importance and growth his medical illustration training program was to receive, expecting it to grow in stature in ways it never did. During the war years and with meager compensation in the profession of medical illustration, two of his pupils turned down offers to work with him. Death Brdel died of Pancreatic Cancer in Baltimore, Maryland on October 26, 1941.He published a paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association about two months before he died. This gave a first-hand account of his career. A few months after his death, an intensive study of the human ear was published, in which two of the three drawings had been completed by Brdel and the third was preliminary sketches at the time of his death. The carbon dust technique for medical and scientific illustrations was developed by Legacy Carbon dust technique. He was looking for a medium that could show the vividness and detail of living tissue and made the breakthrough using clay-surfaced lithographic transfer paper. Multi-dimensional representations of complex structures can be constructed using a wide variety of media. The fine dust is applied to textured, calcium-coated paper with dry brushes after shaving carbon pencils against abrasive surfaces.Adding highlights, shadows, and texture to the image was possible thanks to the carbon dust technique. Due to the limitations of the black and white printing era, this technique is highly suitable for a wide variety of scientific illustrations. The same principles are still used today, even though this method was popular in the 1900s. It has a bridge that allows for close collaboration with physicians and it has a remarkable amount of fine visual detail. The Department of Art as Applied to Medicine was founded in 1910. Dr. Thomas S. Cullen began raising funds for a department where the next generation of medical illustrators could be trained. The creation of this endeavor was funded by Henry Walters, a Baltimore financier, philanthropist and art collector.The first director of the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine was Brdel. He wanted to increase understanding of how the body works by training medical illustrators. The first medical illustration program attracted both medical and art students from all over the world. In the September 1911 edition of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Brdel wrote about his case for the creation of the department. The purpose of the Department of Art is to bridge the gap between art and medicine and to train a new generation of artists to illustrate medical journals and books in the future. A large percentage of the founding members of the Association of Medical Illustrators are former students of the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine. Annette Smith Burgess became the first medical illustrator at the Wilmer Eye Institute when she was taught by Brdel at the Maryland Institute College of Art.One of <mask>'s daughters worked at the Woman's Clinic in the New York Hospital and later became the first elected treasurer for the Association of Medical Illustrators. James F. Didusch worked as an illustrator for the Carnegie Institute of Embryology until his death in 1955. After receiving training from <mask>, Dorcas became a self-taught artist and later became a scientific researcher at the Department of Embryology at the Carnegie Institute of Washington and the University of Maryland School of Medicine. She was a student at the university. She established a department of Medical Art at the Massachusetts General Hospital in the early 1930s. The Association of Medical Illustrators was founded by McLatchie. After graduating from City College, Leon sought out mentorship from <mask>.After working at the Bethesda Naval Hospital from 1942 to 1946, he became a professor at the University of Baltimore and taught for more than fifty years. The American Museum of Natural History is one of the institutions that have been influenced by Brdel's work. Notable books about Operative Gynecology. New York, London: D. Appleton and Company, 1928, Howard A. Kelly Medical Gynecology. February 1906: 70–1. They are Kelly and Elizabeth Herndon. There are two volumes of Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery.The diseases of the kidneys, Ureters was written by Howard A. Kelly and Charles P. Noble. The portraits of William Osler, Wiliam Stewart Hal, and Howard A. Kelly were displayed in the halls of the University School of Medicine. The vice president of the W.B initiated the display of recognition. Mr. R.W. is a medical publishing company. There is a person named Greene. The majority of Brdel's illustrations and incomplete manuscript can be found in the archives. Visitors and researchers can reproduce a selection of his works.The work for Dr. Kelly and Thomas S. Cullen is numbered from 1 to 989. There are links to the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine Association of Medical Illustrators.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Lewis

Jerry Lewis

Jerry Lewis (born Joseph Levitch; March 16, 1926 – August 20, 2017) was an American comedian, director, actor, screenwriter, singer, humanitarian and producer. Nicknamed "The King of Comedy", Lewis is regarded as one of the most significant American cultural figures of the 20th century, was widely known for his "kid" and "idiot" persona and his contributions to comedy and charity, along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in pop culture over an eight-decade career. He professionally debuted in 1946 as part of the famous Martin and Lewis with singer Dean Martin and performed together until 1956. That same year, his solo career started after the split. By becoming a solo star and innovative filmmaker, he helped to develop and popularize "video assist", the closed-circuit apparatus enabling film directors to see what had been shot without waiting for developed film footage. Lewis appeared and starred in 60 films with 13 directed by him. He was also national chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) and host of The Jerry Lewis Telethon each Labor Day weekend for many years. Early life Lewis was born Joseph Levitch on March 16, 1926, in Newark, New Jersey, to a Jewish family. His parents were Daniel "Danny" Levitch (1902–1980), a master of ceremonies and vaudevillian who performed under the stage name Danny Lewis, whose parents immigrated to the United States from the Russian Empire to New York, and Rachael "Rae" Levitch (née Brodsky; 1903–1983), a WOR radio pianist and Danny's music director, from Warsaw. Reports as to his birth name are conflicting; in Lewis's 1982 autobiography, he claimed his birth name was Joseph, after his maternal grandfather, but his birth certificate, the 1930 U. S. Census, and the 1940 U. S. Census all named him as Jerome. Lewis said that he ceased using the names Joseph and Joey as an adult to avoid being confused with Joe E. Lewis and Joe Louis. Reports as to the hospital in which he was born conflict as well, with biographer Shawn Levy claiming he was born at Clinton Private Hospital and others claiming Newark Beth Israel Hospital. Other claims of his early life also conflict with accounts made by family members, burial records, and vital records. He was a "character" even in his teenage years, pulling pranks in his neighborhood including sneaking into kitchens to steal fried chicken and pies. He dropped out of Irvington High School in the tenth grade. Early career By age 15, he had developed his "Record Act" miming lyrics to songs while a phonograph played offstage. He landed a gig at a burlesque house in Buffalo, but his performance fell flat and was unable to book any more shows. To make ends meet, Lewis worked as a soda jerk and a theater usher for Suzanne Pleshette's father Gene at the Paramount Theatre as well as at Loew's Capitol Theatre, both in New York City,. A veteran burlesque comedian, Max Coleman, who had worked with Lewis's father years before, persuaded him to try again. Irving Kaye, a Borscht Belt comedian, saw Lewis's mime act at Brown's Hotel in Loch Sheldrake, New York, the following summer, and the audience was so enthusiastic that Kaye became Lewis's manager and guardian for Borscht Belt appearances. During World War II, he was rejected for military service because of a heart murmur. Career Teaming with Dean Martin In 1945, Lewis was 19 when he met 27-year-old singer Dean Martin at the Glass Hat Club in New York City, where the two performed until they debuted at Atlantic City's 500 Club as Martin and Lewis on July 25, 1946. The duo gained attention as a double act with Martin serving as the straight man to Lewis's zany antics. Along with being physically attractive, they played to each other and had ad-libbed improvisational segments within their planned routines, which added a unique quality to their act and separated them from previous comedy duos. Martin and Lewis quickly rose to national prominence, first with their popular nightclub act, then as stars of their radio program The Martin and Lewis Show. The two made their television debut on CBS' Toast of the Town (later renamed as The Ed Sullivan Show) June 20, 1948. This was followed by an appearance on Welcome Aboard on October 3, 1948, and by a guest stint on Texaco Star Theater in 1949. In 1950, the boys signed with NBC to be one of a series of weekly rotating hosts of The Colgate Comedy Hour, a live Sunday evening broadcast. Lewis, writer for the team's nightclub act, hired Norman Lear and Ed Simmons as regular writers for their Comedy Hour material. Their Comedy Hour shows consisted of stand-up dialogue, song and dance from their nightclub act and movies, backed by Dick Stabile's big band, slapstick and satirical sketch comedy, Martin's solo songs, and Lewis's solo pantomimes or physical numbers. They often broke character, ad-libbing and breaking the fourth wall. While not completely capturing the orchestrated mayhem of their nightclub act, the Comedy Hour displayed charismatic energy between the team and established their popularity nationwide. By 1951, with an appearance at the Paramount Theatre in New York, they were a cultural phenomenon. The duo began their film careers at Paramount Pictures as ensemble players, in My Friend Irma (1949) and its sequel My Friend Irma Goes West (1950). They then starred in their own series of 14 new films, At War with the Army (1950), That's My Boy (1951), Sailor Beware (1952), Jumping Jacks (1952), The Stooge (1952), Scared Stiff (1953), The Caddy (1953), Money from Home (1953), Living It Up (1954), 3 Ring Circus (1954), You're Never Too Young (1955), Artists and Models (1955), Pardners (1956) and Hollywood or Bust (1956), all produced by Hal B. Wallis and appeared on Bing Crosby and Bob Hope's Olympic Fund Telethon. Martin and Lewis cameoed in their film Road to Bali (1952), then Hope and Crosby would do the same in Scared Stiff a year later. Attesting to the duo's popularity, DC Comics published The Adventures of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis from 1952 to 1957. The team appeared on What's My Line? in 1954, the 27th annual Academy Awards in 1955, The Steve Allen Show and The Today Show in 1956. Their films were popular with audiences, and were financial successes for Paramount. In later years, both Lewis and Martin admitted frustration with Wallis for his formulaic and trite film choices, restricting them to narrow, repetitive roles. As Martin's roles in their films became less important over time and Lewis received the majority of critical acclaim, the partnership came under strain. Martin's participation became an embarrassment in 1954 when Look magazine published a publicity photo of the team for the magazine cover but cropped Martin out. After their partnership ended with their final nightclub act on July 24, 1956, both Lewis and Martin went on to have successful solo careers and neither would comment on the split nor consider a reunion. They were occasionally seen at the same public events, though never together. On two occasions, in 1958 and 1961, Martin invited Lewis on stage, but the split was too serious for them to reconcile. Twenty years after their breakup Sinatra surprised Lewis by bringing Martin on live stage during the Jerry Lewis Telethon in September 1976. In 1989, Lewis returned the gesture, attending Martin's 72nd birthday. Solo period After ending his partnership with Martin in 1956, Lewis and his wife Patty took a vacation in Las Vegas to consider the direction of his career. He felt his life was in a crisis state: "I was unable to put one foot in front of the other with any confidence. I was completely unnerved to be alone". While there, he received an urgent request from his friend Sid Luft, who was Judy Garland's husband and manager, saying that she couldn't perform that night in Las Vegas because of strep throat, and asking Lewis to fill in. Lewis had not sung alone on stage since he was five years old, twenty-five years before, but he appeared before the audience of a thousand, nonetheless, delivering jokes and clowning with the audience, while Garland sat off-stage, watching. He then sang a rendition of a song he'd learned as a child, "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" along with "Come Rain or Come Shine". Lewis recalled, "When I was done, the place exploded. I walked off the stage knowing I could make it on my own". At his wife's pleading, Lewis used his own money to record the songs on a single. Decca Records heard it, liked it and insisted he record an album for them. The single of Rock-a-Bye Your Baby went to No. 10 and the album Jerry Lewis Just Sings went to No. 3 on the Billboard charts, staying near the top for four months and selling a million and a half copies. With the success of that album, he recorded the additional albums More Jerry Lewis (an EP of songs from this release was released as Somebody Loves Me), and Jerry Lewis Sings Big Songs for Little People (later reissued with fewer tracks as Jerry Lewis Sings for Children). Non-album singles were released, and It All Depends On You hit the charts in April and May 1957, but peaked at only No. 68. Further singles were recorded and released by Lewis into the mid-1960s. But these were not Lewis's first forays into recording, nor his first appearance on the hit charts. During his partnership with Martin, they made several recordings together, charting at No. 22 in 1948 with the 1920s chestnut That Certain Party and later mostly re-recording songs highlighted in their films. Also during the time of their partnership, but without Martin, he recorded numerous novelty-comedy numbers for adults as well as records specifically intended for the children's market. Having proven he could sing and do live shows, he began performing regularly at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, beginning in late 1956, which marked a turning point in his life and career. The Sands signed him for five years, to perform six weeks each year and paid him the same amount they had paid Martin and Lewis as a team. The critics gave him positive reviews: "Jerry was wonderful. He has proved that he can be a success by himself," wrote one. He continued with club performances in Miami, New York, Chicago and Washington. Such live performances became a staple of his career and over the years he performed at casinos, theaters and state fairs coast-to-coast. In February 1957, he followed Garland at the Palace Theater in New York and Martin called on the phone during this period to wish him the best of luck. "I've never been happier," said Lewis. "I have peace of mind for the first time." Lewis established himself as a solo act on TV starting with the first of six appearances on What's My Line? from 1956 to 1966 and then guest starred on The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show. He appeared on both Tonight Starring Jack Paar and The Ed Sullivan Show and beginning in January 1957, in a number of solo TV specials for NBC. He starred in his adaptation of "The Jazz Singer" for Startime. Lewis hosted the Academy Awards three times, in 1956, 1957 and the 31st Academy Awards in 1959, which ran twenty minutes short, forcing Lewis to improvise to fill time. DC Comics, switching from Martin and Lewis, published a new comic book series titled The Adventures of Jerry Lewis, running from 1957 to 1971. Lewis remained at Paramount and started off with his first solo effort The Delicate Delinquent (1957) then starred in his next film The Sad Sack (1957). Frank Tashlin, whose background as a Looney Tunes cartoon director suited Lewis's brand of humor, came on board. Lewis did new films with him, first with Rock-A-Bye Baby (1958) and then The Geisha Boy (1958). Billy Wilder asked Lewis to play the lead role of an uptight jazz musician named Jerry, who winds up on the run from the mob, in Some Like It Hot but turned it down. He then appeared in Don't Give Up The Ship (1959) and cameoed in Li'l Abner (1959). After his contract with Wallis ended, Lewis had several movies under his belt, eagering to flex his creative muscle and was free to deepen his comedy with pathos, believing, "Funny without pathos is a pie in the face. And a pie in the face is funny, but I wanted more." In 1959, a contract between Paramount and Jerry Lewis Productions was signed specifying a payment of $10 million plus 60% of the profits for 14 films over seven years. This contract made Lewis the highest paid individual Hollywood talent to date and was unprecedented in that he had unlimited creative control, including final cut and the return of film rights after 30 years. Lewis's clout and box office were so strong (his films had already earned Paramount $100 million in rentals) that Barney Balaban, head of production at Paramount at that time, told the press, "If Jerry wants to burn down the studio I'll give him the match!" He had finished his film contract with Wallis with Visit to a Small Planet (1960) and wrapped up production on his own film Cinderfella (1960), directed by Tashlin and was postponed for a Christmas 1960 release. Paramount Pictures, needing a quickie movie for its summer 1960 schedule, held Lewis to his contract to produce one. As a result, he made his debut as film director of The Bellboy (1960), which he also starred in. Using the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami as his setting — on a small budget, with a very tight shooting schedule — Lewis shot the film during the day and performed at the hotel in the evenings. Bill Richmond collaborated with him on many of the sight gags. Lewis later revealed that Paramount was not happy about financing a "silent movie" and withdrew backing. Lewis used his own funds to cover the movie's $950,000 budget. Meanwhile, he directed an unsold pilot for Permanent Waves. Lewis continued to direct more films that he had co-written with Richmond, including The Ladies Man (1961), where Lewis constructed a three-story dollhouse-like set spanning two sound stages, with the set equipped with state of the art lighting and sound, eliminating the need for boom mics in each room and his next movie The Errand Boy (1961), was one of the earliest films about movie-making, using all of the Paramount backlot and offices. Lewis appeared in The Wacky World of Jerry Lewis, Celebrity Golf, The Garry Moore Show and Tashlin's It's Only Money (1962), then guest hosted The Tonight Show during the transition from Jack Paar to Johnny Carson in 1962 and his appearance on the show scored the highest ratings thus far in late night, surpassing other guest hosts and Paar. The three major networks began a bidding war, wooing Lewis for his own talk show, which debuted the following year. Lewis then directed, co-wrote and starred in the smash hit The Nutty Professor (1963). A parody of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, it featured him as Professor Kelp, a socially inept scientist who invents a serum that turns him into a handsome but obnoxious ladies man. It is often considered to be Lewis's best film. It was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2004. The film inspired a franchise, which has included a 1996 remake starring Eddie Murphy in the title role and a stage musical adaptation. He then appeared in a cameo role in It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), then in Tashlin's Who's Minding the Store? (1963) and hosted The Jerry Lewis Show, a lavish 13-week, big-budget show which aired on ABC from September to December in 1963, but suffered in the ratings and was beleaguered by technical and other difficulties, including the assassination of then U.S. president John F. Kennedy, which left the country in a somber mood. Lewis next starred in The Patsy (1964), his satire about the Hollywood star-making industry, The Disorderly Orderly (1964), his final collaboration with Tashlin, appeared in a cameo on The Joey Bishop Show and The Family Jewels (1965) about a young heiress who must choose among six uncles, one of whom is up to no good and out to harm the girl's beloved bodyguard who practically raised her. All six uncles and the bodyguard were played by Lewis. In 1965, Lewis was interviewed on The David Susskind Show, then starred in Boeing Boeing (1965), his last film for Paramount, based on the French stage play, in which he received a Golden Globe nomination; an episode of Ben Casey, an early dramatic role; The Andy Williams Show; and Hullabaloo with his son Gary Lewis. In 1966, after 17 years, and with no explanation, Lewis left Paramount and signed with Columbia Pictures where he tried to reinvent himself with more serious roles. He went on to star in Three on a Couch (1966), The Merv Griffin Show, Way...Way Out (1966), The Sammy Davis Jr. Show, Batman, Laugh In, Password, a pilot for Sheriff Who, a new version of The Jerry Lewis Show, this time as a one-hour variety show for NBC, which ran from 1967 to 1969, The Big Mouth (1967), Run for Your Life and The Danny Thomas Hour. Lewis appeared in Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River (1968), Playboy After Dark (surprising friend Sammy Davis Jr.), Hook, Line & Sinker (1969), Jimmy Durante's The Lennon Sisters Hour, The Red Skelton Show and The Jack Benny Birthday Special and contributed to some scripts for Filmation's animated series Will the Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down, appeared on The Mike Douglas Show and directed an episode of The Bold Ones. Lewis guested on The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, The Hollywood Palace, The Engelbert Humperdinck Show, The Irv Kupcinet Show, The Linkletter Show, The Real Tom Kennedy Show and A Christmas Night with the Stars, directed One More Time (1970), in which he played his first (and only) off-screen voice as a bandleader, starred in Which Way to the Front? (1970) and appeared on The Carol Burnett Show, The Rolf Harris Show and The Kraft Music Hall. Lewis directed and appeared in the partly unreleased The Day the Clown Cried (1972), a drama set in a Nazi concentration camp. The film was rarely discussed by Lewis, but he said that litigation over post-production finances and copyright prevented its completion and theatrical release. During his book tour for Dean and Me, he also said a factor for the film's burial was that he was not proud of the effort. Lewis explained his reason for choosing the project and the emotional difficulty of the subject matter in an interview with an Australian documentary film crew. A 31-minute version was shown on the German television station ARD, in the documentary Der Clown. It was later put on DVD and shown at Deutsches Filminstitute. The film was the earliest attempt by an American film director to address the subject of The Holocaust. Significant speculation continues to surround the film. Following this, Lewis took a break from the movie business for several years. Lewis appeared as guest on Good Morning America, The Dick Cavett Show, NBC Follies, Celebrity Sportsman, Cher, Dinah! and Tony Orlando and Dawn. Lewis surprised Sinatra and Martin after walking onto the Aladdin stage in Las Vegas during their show and exchanged jokes for several minutes. He then starred in a revival of Hellzapoppin with Lynn Redgrave, but closed on the road before reaching Broadway. In 1979, he guest hosted as ringmaster of Circus of the Stars. Lewis guest starred on Pink Lady in 1980, then made a comeback to the big screen in Hardly Working (1981), after an 11-year absence from film. Despite being panned by critics, it eventually earned $50 million. In 1982 and 1983, Lewis appeared on Late Night with David Letterman and in The King of Comedy, as a late-night TV host, plagued by two obsessive fans, in which he received wide critical acclaim and a BAFTA nomination for this serious dramatic role. Lewis then starred in Saturday Night Live, Star Search, Cracking Up (1983), Slapstick (Of Another Kind) (1984), To Catch a Cop (1984) and How Did You Get In? We Didn't See You Leave (1984), the latter two films from France which had their distribution under Lewis's control and stated that they would never be released in American movie theaters and on home media. He then was a guest on an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. He then hosted a new syndicated version of The Jerry Lewis Show, this time as a talk show for Metromedia, which was not continued beyond the scheduled five shows. In 1985, Lewis directed an episode of Brothers, appeared at the first Comic Relief in 1986, where he was the only performer to receive a standing ovation, was interviewed on Classic Treasures and starred in the ABC television movie Fight for Life (1987). In 1987, Lewis performed a second double act with Davis Jr. at Bally's in Las Vegas, then after learning of the death of Martin's son Dean Paul Martin, he attended his funeral, which led to a more substantial reconciliation with Martin. In 1988, Lewis hosted America's All-Time Favorite Movies, then was interviewed by Howard Cosell on Speaking of Everything. He then starred in five episodes of Wiseguy. The filming schedule of the show forced Lewis to miss the Museum of the Moving Image's opening with a retrospective of his work. In 1989, Lewis joined Martin on stage, for what would be Martin's final live performance, at Bally's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. Lewis wheeled out a cake on Martin's 72nd birthday, sang "Happy Birthday" to him and joked, "Why we broke up, I'll never know". Again, their appearance together made headlines. He next appeared in Cookie (1989). Lewis handled two years directing episodes of Super Force and Good Grief in 1990 and 1991, then star in Mr. Saturday Night (1992), The Arsenio Hall Show, The Whoopi Goldberg Show and Inside The Comedy Mind. A three-part retrospective Martin & Lewis: Their Golden Age of Comedy, aired on The Disney Channel in 1992, using previously unseen kinescopes from Lewis' personal archive, highlighted his years as part of a team with Martin and as a soloist. After guest spots on Mad About You and Larry King Live and film appearances in Arizona Dream (1993) and Funny Bones (1995), Lewis made his Broadway debut, as a replacement cast member playing the devil, in a revival of Damn Yankees and was reportedly paid the highest sum in Broadway history at the time for performing in both the national and London runs of the musical. He missed only three shows in more than four years, one of those occasions being the funeral of Martin, his comedy partner of ten years. Lewis appeared on Inside the Actors Studio in 1996, the 12th annual American Comedy Awards in 1998 and in the 2000s, The Martin Short Show, Russell Gilbert Live, Your World with Neil Cavuto, The Simpsons, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Live with Kelly, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, the song "Time After Time" with Deana Martin on her album Memories Are Made of This and Curious George 2 (2009). He made his last few appearances for the 81st Academy Awards, 50 Years of Movies & Music (a Michel Legrand special), Till Luck Do Us Part 2 (2013), The Talk, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, The World Over with Raymond Arroyo, The Trust (2016), his final film Max Rose (2016), WTF with Marc Maron and Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee. Video assist and film class During the 1960 production of The Bellboy, Lewis pioneered the technique of using video cameras and multiple closed circuit monitors, which allowed him to review his performance instantly. This was necessary since he was acting as well as directing. His techniques and methods of filmmaking, documented in his book and his USC class, enabled him to complete most of his films on time and under budget since reshoots could take place immediately instead of waiting for the dailies. Man in Motion, a featurette for Three on a Couch, features the video system, named "Jerry's Noisy Toy" and shows Lewis receiving the Golden Light Technical Achievement award for its development. Lewis stated he worked with the head of Sony to produce the prototype. While he initiated its practice and use, and was instrumental in its development, he did not hold a patent. This practice is now commonplace in filmmaking. Starting in 1967, Lewis taught a film directing class at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles for a number of years. His students included George Lucas, whose friend Steven Spielberg sometimes sat in on classes. Lewis screened Spielberg's early film Amblin' and told his students, "That's what filmmaking is all about." The class covered all topics related to filmmaking, including pre and post production, marketing and distribution and filming comedy with rhythm and timing. His 1971 book The Total Film Maker, was based on 480 hours of his class lectures. Also, Lewis traveled to medical schools for seminars on laughter and healing with Dr. Clifford Kuhn and also did corporate and college lectures, motivational speaking and promoted the pain-treatment company Medtronic. Acclaim and exposure in France While Lewis was popular in France for his duo films with Dean Martin and his solo comedy films, his reputation and stature increased after the Paramount contract, when he began to exert total control over all aspects of his films. His involvement in directing, writing, editing and art direction coincided with the rise of auteur theory in French intellectual film criticism and the French New Wave movement. He earned consistent praise from French critics in the influential magazines Cahiers du Cinéma and Positif, where he was hailed as an ingenious auteur. His singular mise-en-scène, and skill behind the camera, were aligned with Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock and Satyajit Ray. Appreciated too, was the complexity of his also being in front of the camera. The new French criticism viewed cinema as an art form unto itself, and comedy as part of this art. Lewis is then fitted into a historical context and seen as not only worthy of critique, but as an innovator and satirist of his time. Jean-Pierre Coursodon states in a 1975 Film Comment article, "The merit of the French critics, auteurist excesses notwithstanding, was their willingness to look at what Lewis was doing as a filmmaker for what it was, rather than with some preconception of what film comedy should be." Not yet curricula at universities or art schools, film studies and film theory were avant-garde in early 1960s America. Mainstream movie reviewers such as Pauline Kael, were dismissive of auteur theory, and others, seeing only absurdist comedy, criticized Lewis for his ambition and "castigated him for his self-indulgence" and egotism. Despite this criticism often being held by American film critics, admiration for Lewis and his comedy continued to grow in France. Appreciation of Lewis became a misunderstood stereotype about "the French", and it was often the object of jokes in American pop culture. "That Americans can't see Jerry Lewis' genius is bewildering," says N. T. Binh, a French film magazine critic. Such bewilderment was the basis of the book Why the French Love Jerry Lewis. In response to the lingering perception that French audiences adored him, Lewis stated in interviews he was more popular in Germany, Japan and Australia. Muscular dystrophy cause and criticism As a humanitarian, philanthropist and "number one volunteer", Lewis supported fundraising for research into muscular dystrophy. In 1951, he and Martin made their first appeal for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (simply known as MDA and formerly as the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America and MDAA) in early December on the finale of The Colgate Comedy Hour. In 1952, after another appeal, Lewis hosted New York area telethons until 1959 and in 1954, fought Rocky Marciano in a boxing bout for MDA's fund drive. After being named national chairman in 1956, Lewis began hosting and emceeing The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon in 1966 and aired every Labor Day weekend for six decades. Ed McMahon, announcer of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and host of Star Search, began his involvement in the telethon in 1968, before co-anchoring with Lewis from 1973 to 2008. The show originated from different locations including New York, Las Vegas and Hollywood, becoming the most successful fundraising event in the history of television. It was the first to: raise over $1 million, in 1966; be shown entirely in color, in 1967; become a networked telethon, in 1968; go coast-to-coast, in 1970; be seen outside the continental U.S., in 1972. It: raised the largest sum ever in a single event for humanitarian purposes, in 1974; had the greatest amount ever pledged to a televised charitable event, in 1980 (from the Guinness Book of World Records); was the first to be seen by 100 million people, in 1985; celebrated its 25th anniversary, in 1990; saw its highest pledge in history, in 1992; and was the first seen worldwide via internet simulcast, in 1998. By 1990, pop culture had shifted its view of disabled individuals and the telethon format. Lewis and the telethon's methods were criticized by disabled-rights activists who believed the show was "designed to evoke pity rather than empower the disabled". The activists said the telethon perpetuated prejudices and stereotypes, that Lewis treated those he claimed to be helping with little respect, and that he used offensive language when describing them. The songs "Smile" (by Charlie Chaplin), "What the World Needs Now Is Love" (by Jackie DeShannon) and "You'll Never Walk Alone" (by Rodgers and Hammerstein) have been long associated with the telethon. In December 1996, Lewis and MDA were recognized by the American Medical Association with Lifetime Achievement Awards for significant and lasting contributions to the health and welfare of humanity. His motto summed up the philosophy behind his years of devotion to MDA: "I shall pass through this world but once. Any good, therefore, that I can do or any kindness that I can show to any human being, let me do it now. Let me not defer nor neglect it, for I shall not pass this way again". Lewis rebutted the criticism and defended his methods saying, "If you don't tug at their heartstrings, then you're on the air for nothing." The activist protests represented a very small minority of countless MDA patients and clients who had directly benefitted from Lewis's MDA fundraising. He received a Nobel Peace Prize nomination in 1977, a Governors Award in 2005 and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 2009, in recognition of his fight and efforts with the Muscular Dystrophy Association. On August 3, 2011, it was announced that Lewis would no longer host the MDA telethons and that he was no longer associated with the Muscular Dystrophy Association. A tribute to Lewis was held during the 2011 telethon (which originally was to be his final show bearing his name with MDA). On May 1, 2015, it was announced that in view of "the new realities of television viewing and philanthropic giving", the telethon was being discontinued. In early 2016, at MDA's brand re-launch event at Carnegie Hall in New York City, Lewis broke a five-year silence during a special taped message for the organization on its website, marking his first (and as it turned out, his final) appearance in support of MDA since his final telethon in 2010 and the end of his tenure as national chairman in 2011. Lewis raised an estimated $2.6 billion in donations for the cause. MDA's website states, "Jerry's love, passion and brilliance are woven throughout this organization, which he helped build from the ground up, courted sponsors for MDA, appeared at openings of MDA care and research centers, addressed meetings of civic organizations, volunteers and the MDA Board of Directors, successfully lobbied Congress for federal neuromuscular disease research funds, made countless phone calls and visits to families served by MDA. During Lewis's lifetime, MDA-funded scientists discovered the causes of most of the diseases in the Muscular Dystrophy Association's program, developing treatments, therapies and standards of care that have allowed many people living with these diseases to live longer and grow stronger. Over 200 research and treatment facilities were built with donations raised by the Jerry Lewis Telethons. Non-career activities Lewis opened a camera shop in 1950. In 1969 he agreed to lend his name to "Jerry Lewis Cinemas", offered by National Cinema Corporation as a franchise business opportunity for those interested in theatrical movie exhibition. Jerry Lewis Cinemas stated that their theaters could be operated by a staff of as few as two with the aid of automation and support provided by the franchiser in booking film and other aspects of film exhibition. A forerunner of the smaller rooms typical of later multi-screen complexes, a Jerry Lewis Cinema was billed in franchising ads as a "mini-theatre" with a seating capacity of between 200 and 350. In addition to Lewis's name, each Jerry Lewis Cinemas bore a sign with a cartoon logo of Lewis in profile. Initially 158 territories were franchised, with a buy-in fee of $10,000 or $15,000 depending on the territory, for what was called an "individual exhibitor". For $50,000, Jerry Lewis Cinemas offered an opportunity known as an "area directorship", in which investors controlled franchising opportunities in a territory as well as their own cinemas. The success of the chain was hampered by a policy of only booking second-run, family-friendly films.Eventually the policy was changed, and the Jerry Lewis Cinemas were allowed to show more competitive movies. But after a decade the chain failed and both Lewis and National Cinema Corporation declared bankruptcy in 1980. In 1973, Lewis appeared on the 1st annual 20-hour Highway Safety Foundation telethon, hosted by Davis Jr. and Monty Hall. In 1990, Lewis wrote and directed a short film for UNICEF's How Are The Children? anthology exploring the rights of children worldwide. The eight-minute segment, titled Boy, was about a young white child in a black world and being subjected to quiet, insidious racism, and outright racist bullying. In 2010, Lewis met with seven-year-old Lochie Graham, who shared his idea for "Jerry's House", a place for vulnerable and traumatized children. Lewis and Graham entered into a joint partnership for an Australian and a U.S.-based charity and began raising funds to build the facility in Melbourne. On September 12, 2016, Lewis lent his name and star power to Criss Angel's HELP (Heal Every Life Possible) charity event. Political views Lewis kept a low political profile for many years, having taken advice reportedly given to him by President John F. Kennedy, who told him, "Don't get into anything political. Don't do that because they will usurp your energy." Nevertheless, he campaigned and performed on behalf of both JFK and Robert F. Kennedy. Lewis was a supporter of the Civil Rights Movement. For his 1957 NBC special, Lewis held his ground when southern affiliates objected to his stated friendship with Sammy Davis Jr. In a 1971 Movie Mirror magazine article, Lewis spoke out against the Vietnam War when his son Gary returned from service traumatized. He vowed to leave the country rather than send another of his sons. Lewis once stated political speeches should not be at the Oscars. He stated, "I think we are the most dedicated industry in the world. And I think that we have to present ourselves that night as hard-working, caring and important people to the industry. We need to get more self-respect as an industry". In a 2004 interview with The Guardian, Lewis was asked what he was least proud of, to which he answered, "Politics". Not his politics, but the world's politics – the madness, the destruction, the general lack of respect. He lamented citizens' lack of pride in their country, stating, "President Bush is my president. I will not say anything negative about the president of the United States. I don't do that. And I don't allow my children to do that. Likewise when I come to England don't you do any jokes about 'Mum' to me. That is the Queen of England, you moron. Do you know how tough a job it is to be the Queen of England?" In a December 2015 interview on EWTN's World Over with Raymond Arroyo, Lewis expressed opposition to the United States letting in Syrian refugees, saying, "No one has worked harder for the human condition than I have, but they're not part of the human condition if 11 guys in that group of 10,000 are ISIS. How can I take that chance?" In the same interview, he criticized President Barack Obama for not being prepared for ISIS, while expressing support for Donald Trump, saying he would make a good president because he was a good "showman". He also added that he admired Ronald Reagan's presidency. Controversies In 1998, at the Aspen U.S. Comedy Arts Festival, when asked which women comics he admired, Lewis answered, "I don't like any female comedians. A woman doing comedy doesn't offend me but sets me back a bit. I, as a viewer, have trouble with it. I think of her as a producing machine that brings babies in the world." He later clarified his statements saying, "Seeing a woman project the kind of aggression that you have to project as a comic just rubs me wrong. I cannot sit and watch a lady diminish her qualities to the lowest common denominator." Lewis explained his attitude as that of an older generation and said women are funny, but not when performing "broad" or "crude" humor. He went on to praise Lucille Ball as "brilliant" and said Carol Burnett is "the greatest female entrepreneur of comedy". On other occasions Lewis expressed admiration for female comedians Totie Fields, Phyllis Diller, Kathleen Freeman, Elayne Boosler, Whoopi Goldberg and Tina Fey. During the 2007 MDA Telethon, Lewis used the word "fag" in a joke, for which he apologized. Lewis used the same word the following year on Australian television. Personal life Relationships and children Lewis wed Patti Palmer (later Lewis, née Esther Grace Calonico; 1921–2021), an Italian American singer with Ted Fio Rito, on October 3, 1944, and the two had six children together—five biological: Gary Levitch (later Lewis) (born 1945); Scott (born 1956); Christopher (born 1957); Anthony (born 1959); and Joseph (1964–2009) – and one adopted, Ronald (born 1949). It was an interfaith marriage; Lewis was Jewish and Palmer was Catholic. While married to Palmer, Lewis openly pursued relationships with other women and gave unapologetic interviews about his infidelity, revealing his affairs with Marilyn Monroe and Marlene Dietrich to People in 2011. Palmer filed for divorce from Lewis in 1980, after 35 years of marriage, citing Lewis's extravagant spending and infidelity on his part, and it was finalized in 1983. All of Lewis's children and grandchildren from his marriage to Palmer were excluded from inheriting any part of his estate. His eldest son, Gary, publicly called his father a "mean and evil person" and said that Lewis never showed him or his siblings any love or care. Lewis's second wife was Sandra "SanDee" Pitnick, a UNCSA professionally trained ballerina and stewardess, who met Lewis after winning a bit part in a dancing scene on his film Hardly Working. They were wed on February 13, 1983, in Key Biscayne, Florida, and had one child together, an adopted daughter named Danielle (born 1992). They were married for 34 years until his death. Patti Lewis died on January 15, 2021, at age 99. Stalking incident In February 1994, a man named Gary Benson was revealed to have been stalking Lewis and his family. Benson subsequently served four years in prison. Sexual assault allegations In February 2022, Vanity Fair published a special issue detailing several women who accused Lewis of various acts ranging from sexual harassment, sexual assault and rape. The claims come from seven actresses who worked with him in the 1960s. These actresses were identified as Karen Sharpe, Renée Taylor, Hope Holiday, Jill St. John, Connie Stevens, Anna Maria Alberghetti, and Lainie Kazan. Illness and death Lewis suffered from a number of chronic health problems, illnesses and addictions related both to aging and a back injury sustained in a comedic pratfall. The fall has been stated as being either from a piano while performing at the Sands Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip on March 20, 1965, or during an appearance on The Andy Williams Show. In its aftermath, Lewis became addicted to the painkiller Percodan for thirteen years. He said he had been off the drug since 1978. In April 2002, Lewis had a Medtronic "Synergy" neurostimulator implanted in his back, which helped reduce the discomfort. He was one of the company's leading spokesmen. Lewis suffered numerous heart problems throughout his life; he revealed in the 2011 documentary Method to the Madness of Jerry Lewis that he suffered his first heart attack at age 34 while filming Cinderfella in 1960. In December 1982, he had another heart attack. Two months later, in February 1983, Lewis underwent open-heart double-bypass surgery. En route to San Diego from New York City on a cross-country commercial airline flight on June 11, 2006, Lewis suffered his third heart attack. It was discovered that he had pneumonia, as well as a severely damaged heart. He underwent a cardiac catheterization days after the heart attack, and two stents were inserted into one of his coronary arteries, which was 90 percent blocked. The surgery resulted in increased blood flow to his heart and allowed him to continue his rebound from earlier lung problems. Having the cardiac catheterization required him to cancel several major events from his schedule, but Lewis fully recuperated in a matter of weeks. In 1999, Lewis's Australian tour was cut short when he had to be hospitalized in Darwin with viral meningitis. He was ill for more than five months. It was reported in the Australian press that he had failed to pay his medical bills. However, Lewis maintained that the payment confusion was the fault of his health insurer. The resulting negative publicity caused him to sue his insurer for US$100 million. In addition to his decades-long heart problems, Lewis had prostate cancer, type 1 diabetes, and pulmonary fibrosis. In the late 1990s, Lewis was treated with prednisone for pulmonary fibrosis, which caused considerable weight gain and a startling change in his appearance. In September 2001, Lewis was unable to perform at a planned London charity event at the London Palladium. He was the headlining act, and was introduced, but did not appear onstage. He had suddenly become unwell, apparently with cardiac problems. He was subsequently taken to hospital. Some months thereafter, Lewis began an arduous, months-long therapy that weaned him off prednisone, and he lost much of the weight gained while on the drug. The treatment enabled him to return to work. On June 12, 2012, he was treated and released from a hospital after collapsing from hypoglycemia at a New York Friars Club event. This forced him to cancel a show in Sydney. In an October 2016 interview with Inside Edition, Lewis acknowledged that he might not star in any more films, given his advanced age, while admitting, through tears, that he was afraid of dying, as it would leave his wife and daughter alone. In June 2017, Lewis was hospitalized at a Las Vegas hospital for a urinary tract infection. Lewis died at his home in Las Vegas, Nevada, on August 20, 2017, at the age of 91. The cause was end-stage cardiac disease and peripheral artery disease. Lewis was cremated. In his will, Lewis left his estate to his second wife of 34 years, SanDee Pitnick, and their daughter, and explicitly disinherited his children from his first marriage and their children. Comedic style Lewis "single-handedly created a style of humor that was half anarchy, half excruciation. Even comics who never took a pratfall in their careers owe something to the self-deprecation Jerry introduced into American show business." His self-deprecating style can be found in comics such as Larry David and David Letterman. Lewis's comedy style was physically uninhibited, expressive, and potentially volatile. He was known especially for his distinctive voice, facial expressions, pratfalls, and physical stunts. His improvisations and ad-libbing, especially in nightclubs and early television were revolutionary among performers. It was "marked by a raw, edgy energy that would distinguish him within the comedy landscape". Will Sloan, of Flavorwire wrote, "In the late '40s and early '50s, nobody had ever seen a comedian as wild as Jerry Lewis." Placed in the context of the conservative era, his antics were radical and liberating, paving the way for future comedians Steve Martin, Richard Pryor, Andy Kaufman, Paul Reubens, and Jim Carrey. Carrey wrote: "Through his comedy, Jerry would stretch the boundaries of reality so far that it was an act of anarchy ... I learned from Jerry", and "I am because he was". Acting the bumbling 'everyman', Lewis used tightly choreographed, sophisticated sight gags, physical routines, verbal double-talk and malapropisms. "You cannot help but notice Lewis' incredible sense of control in regards to performing—they may have looked at times like the ravings of a madman but his best work had a genuine grace and finesse behind it that would put most comedic performers of any era to shame." They are "choreographed as exactly as any ballet, each movement and gesture coming on natural beats and conforming to the overall rhythmic form which is headed to a spectacular finale: absolute catastrophe." Drawing from his childhood traumas, Lewis crafted a complex comedic persona that involved four social aspects: sexuality, gender, race/ethnicity, and disability. Through these social aspects, he challenged norms, was misrepresented, and was heavily criticized. During his Martin and Lewis years, he challenged what it meant to be a heterosexual male. Not afraid to display sensitivity and a childlike innocence, he pushed aside heterosexual normality and embraced distorted conventions. This did not sit well with some critics who thought his actions were appalling and what were then considered effeminate. Lewis's feminine movement suggested a common gay stereotype of the era, though the intention was to represent the girl-crazy sexual panic of an inexperienced young man. In the Martin and Lewis duo, Lewis's comedic persona was viewed as effeminate, weak, and inexperienced, which in turn made the Martin persona look masculine, strong, and worldly. The Lewis character was unconventional, in regards to gender, and that challenged what masculinity was. There are a few Martin and Lewis films that present the Lewis character in gender-swapped roles, but it was Lewis's solo films that posed questions about gender and gender roles. Apart from Cinderfella (1960) that cast him in the Cinderella role, films such as Rock-A-Bye Baby (1958) and The Geisha Boy (1958) showed his interactions with children that put him less in the authoritative father role and placed him more in the nurturing mother role. In the 1965 film The Family Jewels, Lewis takes on the dual role as protector, the father role, and nurturer, the mother role. Through his comedic persona and films, he showed that a man can take on what are considered feminine traits without that being a threat to his masculinity. Although Lewis made it no secret that he was Jewish, he was criticized for hiding his Jewish heritage. In several of his films — both with Martin and solo — Lewis' Jewish identity is hinted at in passing, and was never made a defining characteristic of his onscreen persona. Aside from the 1959 television movie The Jazz Singer and the unreleased 1972 film The Day the Clown Cried, Lewis never appeared in a film or film role that had any ties to his Jewish heritage. When asked about this lack of Jewish portrayal in a 1984 interview, Lewis stated, "I never hid it, but I wouldn't announce it and I wouldn't exploit it. Plus the fact it had no room in the visual direction I was taking in my work." Lewis' physical movements in films received some criticism because he was perceived as imitating or mocking those with a physical disability. Through the years, the disability that has been attached to his comedic persona has not been physical, but mental. Neuroticism and schizophrenia have been a part of Lewis's persona since his partnership with Dean Martin; however, it was in his solo career that these disabilities became important to the plots of his films and the characters. In films such as The Ladies Man (1961), The Disorderly Orderly (1964), The Patsy (1964) and Cracking Up (1983), there is either neuroticism, schizophrenia, or both that drive the plot. Lewis was able to explore and dissect the psychological side of his persona, which provided a depth to the character and the films that was not present in his previous efforts. Tributes and legacy From the late 1940s to the mid-1960s, "Lewis was a major force in American popular culture." Widely acknowledged as a comic genius, Lewis influenced successive generations of comedians, comedy writers, performers and filmmakers. As Lewis was often referred to as the bridge from Vaudeville to modern comedy, Carl Reiner wrote after Lewis's death, "All comedians watch other comedians, and every generation of comedians going back to those who watched Jerry on the Colgate Comedy Hour were influenced by Jerry. They say that mankind goes back to the first guy ... which everyone tries to copy. In comedy that guy was Jerry Lewis." Lewis's films, especially his self-directed films, have warranted steady reappraisal. Richard Brody in The New Yorker said, Lewis was "one of the most original, inventive, ... profound directors of the time". and "one of the most skilled and original comic performers, verbal and physical, ever to appear on screen". Film critic and film curator for the Museum of Modern Art, Dave Kehr, wrote in The New York Times of Lewis' "fierce creativity", "the extreme formal sophistication of his direction" and, Lewis was "one of the great American filmmakers". "Lewis was an explosive experimenter with a dazzling skill, and an audacious, innovatory flair for the technique of the cinema. He knew how to frame and present his own adrenaline-fuelled, instinctive physical comedy for the camera." Lewis was at the forefront in the transition to independent filmmaking, which came to be known as New Hollywood in the late 1960s. Writing for the Los Angeles Times in 2005, screenwriter David Weddle lauded Lewis's audacity in 1959 "daring to declare his independence from the studio system". Lewis came along to a studio system in which the industry was regularly stratified between players and coaches. The studios tightly controlled the process and they wanted their people directing. Yet Lewis regularly led, often flouting the power structure to do so. Steven Zeitchik of the LA Times wrote of Lewis, "Control over material was smart business, and it was also good art. Neither the entrepreneur nor the auteur were common types among actors in mid-20th century Hollywood. But there Lewis was, at a time of strict studio control, doing both." No other comedic star, with the exceptions of Chaplin and Keaton in the silent era, dared to direct himself. "Not only would Lewis' efforts as a director pave the way for the likes of Mel Brooks and Woody Allen, but it would reveal him to be uncommonly skilled in that area as well." "Most screen comedies until that time were not especially cinematic—they tended to plop down the camera where it could best capture the action and that was it. Lewis, on the other hand, was interested in exploring the possibilities of the medium by utilizing the tools he had at his disposal in formally innovative and oftentimes hilarious ways." "In Lewis' work the way the scene is photographed is an integral part of the joke. His purposeful selection of lenses, for example, expands and contracts space to generate laughs that aren't necessarily inherent in the material, and he often achieves his biggest effects via what he leaves off screen, not just visually but structurally." As a director, Lewis advanced the genre of film comedy with innovations in the areas of fragmented narrative, experimental use of music and sound technology, and near surrealist use of color and art direction. This prompted his peer, filmmaker Jean Luc Godard to proclaim, "Jerry Lewis ... is the only one in Hollywood doing something different, the only one who isn't falling in with the established categories, the norms, the principles. ... Lewis is the only one today who's making courageous films. He's been able to do it because of his personal genius". Jim Hemphill for American Cinematheque wrote, "They are films of ambitious visual and narrative experimentation, provocative and sometimes conflicted commentaries on masculinity in post-war America, and unsettling self-critiques and analyses of the performer's neuroses." Intensely personal and original, Lewis's films were groundbreaking in their use of dark humor for psychological exploration. Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times said, "The idea of comedians getting under the skin and tapping into their deepest, darkest selves is no longer especially novel, but it was far from a universally accepted notion when Lewis first took the spotlight. Few comedians before him had so brazenly turned arrested development into art, or held up such a warped fun house mirror to American identity in its loudest, ugliest, vulgarest excesses. Fewer still had advanced the still-radical notion that comedy doesn't always have to be funny, just fearless, in order to strike a nerve". Before 1960, Hollywood comedies were screwball or farce. Lewis, from his earliest 'home movies, such as How to Smuggle a Hernia Across the Border, made in his playhouse in the early 1950s, was one of the first to introduce satire as a full-length film. This "sharp-eyed" satire continued in his mature work, commenting on the cult of celebrity, the machinery of 'fame', and "the dilemma of being true to oneself while also fitting into polite society". Stephen Dalton in The Hollywood Reporter wrote, Lewis had "an agreeably bitter streak, offering self-lacerating insights into celebrity culture which now look strikingly modern. Even post-modern in places." Speaking of The King of Comedy, "More contemporary satirists like Garry Shandling, Steve Coogan and Ricky Gervais owe at least some of their self-deconstructing chops to Lewis' generously unappetizing turn in Scorsese's cult classic." Lewis was an early master of deconstruction to enhance comedy. From the first Comedy Hours he exposed the artifice of on-stage performance by acknowledging the lens, sets, malfunctioning props, failed jokes, and tricks of production. As Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote: Lewis had "the impulse to deconstruct and even demolish the fictional "givens" of any particular sketch, including those that he might have dreamed up himself, a kind of perpetual auto-destruction that becomes an essential part of his filmmaking as he steadily gains more control over the writing and direction of his features." His self directed films abound in behind-the-scene reveals, demystifying movie-making. Daniel Fairfax writes in Deconstructing Jerry: Lewis as a Director, "Lewis deconstructs the very functioning of the joke itself". ... quoting Chris Fujiwara, "The Patsy is a film so radical that it makes comedy out of the situation of a comedian who isn't funny." The final scene of The Patsy is famous for revealing to the audience the movie as a movie, and Lewis as actor/director. Lewis wrote in The Total Filmmaker, his belief in breaking the fourth wall, actors looking directly into the camera, despite industry norms. More contemporary comedies such as The Larry Sanders Show, Curb Your Enthusiasm, and The Office continue this method. Robert DeNiro and Sandra Bernhard, both of whom starred with Lewis in The King of Comedy, reflected on his death. Bernhard said: "It was one of the great experiences of my career, he was tough but one of a kind". De Niro said: "Jerry was a pioneer in comedy and film. And he was a friend. I was fortunate to have seen him a few times over the past couple of years. Even at 91, he didn't miss a beat ... or a punchline. You'll be missed." There was also a New York Friars Club roast in honor of Lewis with Sarah Silverman and Amy Schumer. Martin Scorsese recalls working with him on The King of Comedy, "It was like watching a virtuoso pianist at the keyboard". Lewis was the subject of a documentary Jerry Lewis: Method to the Madness. Peter Chelsom, director of Funny Bones wrote, "Working with him was a masterclass in comic acting – and in charm. From the outset he was generous." "There's a very thin line between a talent for being funny and being a great actor. Jerry Lewis epitomized that. Jerry embodied the term "funny bones": a way of differentiating between comedians who tell funny and those who are funny." Director Daniel Noah recalling his relationship with Lewis during production of Max Rose wrote, "He was kind and loving and patient and limitlessly generous with his genius. He was unbelievably complicated and shockingly self-aware." Actor and comedian Jeffrey Tambor wrote after Lewis's death, "You invented the whole thing. Thank you doesn't even get close." There have been numerous retrospectives of Lewis's films in the U.S. and abroad, most notably Jerry Lewis: A Film and Television Retrospective at Museum of the Moving Image, the 2013 Viennale, the 2016 Melbourne International Film Festival, The Innovator: Jerry Lewis at Paramount, at American Cinematheque in Los Angeles, and Happy Birthday Mr. Lewis: The Kid Turns 90, at MOMA. Lewis is one of the few performers to have touched every aspect of 20th Century American entertainment, appearing in vaudeville, burlesque, the 'borsht belt', nightclubs, radio, Classical Hollywood Cinema (The 'Golden Age'), Las Vegas, television: variety, drama, sit-coms and talk shows, Broadway and independent films. On August 21, 2017, multiple hotel marquees on the Las Vegas Strip honored Lewis with a coordinated video display of images of his career as a Las Vegas performer and resident. From 1949, as part of Martin and Lewis, and from 1956 as a solo, Lewis was a casino showroom headliner, playing numerous dates over the decades. Las Vegas was also the home of his annual Labor Day MDA telethon. Jerry Lewis was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. In popular culture Between 1952 and 1971, DC Comics published a 124-issue comic book series with Lewis as one (later, the only) main protagonist, titled The Adventures of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. In The Simpsons, the character of Professor Frink is based on Lewis's Julius Kelp from The Nutty Professor. Lewis himself would later voice the character's father in the episode "Treehouse of Horror XIV". In Family Guy, Peter recreates Lewis's 'chairman of the board' scene from The Errand Boy. Comedian, actor and friend of Lewis, Martin Short, satirized him on the series SCTV in the sketches "The Nutty Lab Assistant", "Martin Scorsese presents Jerry Lewis Live on the Champs Elysees!", "The Tender Fella", and "Scenes From an Idiots Marriage", as well as on Saturday Night Lives "Celebrity Jeopardy!". Also on SNL, the Martin and Lewis reunion on the 1976 MDA Telethon is reported by Chevy Chase on Weekend Update. Comedians Eddie Murphy and Joe Piscopo both parodied Lewis when he hosted SNL in 1983. Piscopo also channeled Jerry Lewis while performing as a 20th-century stand-up comedian in Star Trek: The Next Generation; in the second-season episode "The Outrageous Okona", Piscopo's Holodeck character, The Comic, tutors android Lieutenant Commander Data on humor and comedy. Comedian and actor Jim Carrey satirized Lewis on In Living Color in the sketch "Jheri's Kids Telethon". Carrey had an uncredited cameo playing Lewis in the series Buffalo Bill on the episode "Jerry Lewis Week". He also played Lewis, with impersonator Rich Little as Dean Martin, on stage. Actor Sean Hayes portrayed Lewis in the made-for-TV movie Martin and Lewis, with Jeremy Northam as Dean Martin. Actor Kevin Bacon plays the Lewis character in the 2005 film Where The Truth Lies, based on a fictionalized version of Martin and Lewis. In the satiric novel, Funny Men, about singer/wild comic double act, the character Sigmund "Ziggy" Blissman, is based on Lewis. John Saleeby, writer for National Lampoon has a humor piece "Ten Things You Should Know About Jerry Lewis". In the animated cartoon Popeye's 20th Anniversary, Martin and Lewis are portrayed on the dais. The animated series Animaniacs satirized Lewis in several episodes. The voice and boyish, naive cartoon character SpongeBob SquarePants is partially based on Lewis, with particular inspiration from his film The Bellboy. In 1998, The MTV animated show Celebrity Deathmatch had a clay-animated fight to the death between Dean Martin and Lewis. In a 1975 re-issue of MAD Magazine the contents of Lewis's wallet is satirized in their on-going feature "Celebrities' Wallets". Lewis, and Martin & Lewis, as himself or his films, have been referenced by directors and performers of differing genres spanning decades, including Andy Warhol's Soap Opera (1964), John Frankenheimer's I Walk the Line (1970), Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather (1972), Randal Kleiser's Grease (1978), Rainer Werner Fassbinder's In a Year of 13 Moons (1978), Robert Zemeckis's Back to the Future (1985), Quentin Tarantino's Four Rooms (1995), Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York (2002), Hitchcock (2012), Ben Stiller's The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2013), Jay Roach's Trumbo (2015), The Comedians (2015), Baskets (2016) and The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017, 2018). Similarly, varied musicians have mentioned Lewis in song lyrics including, Ice Cube, The Dead Milkmen, Queen Latifah, and Frank Zappa. The hip hop music band Beastie Boys have an unreleased single "The Jerry Lewis", which they mention, and danced to, on stage in Asheville, North Carolina in 2009. In their film Paul's Boutique — A Visual Companion, clips from The Nutty Professor play to "The Sounds of Science". In 1986, the comedy radio show Dr. Demento aired a parody of "Rock Me Amadeus", "Rock Me Jerry Lewis". Apple iOS 10 includes an auto-text emoji for 'professor' with a Lewis lookalike portrayal from The Nutty Professor. The word "flaaaven!", with its many variations and rhymes, is a Lewis-ism often used as a misspoken word or a person's mis-pronounced name. In a 2016 episode of the podcast West Wing Weekly, Joshua Malina is heard saying "flaven" when trying to remember a character's correct last name. Lewis's signature catchphrase "Hey, Laaady!" is ubiquitously used by comedians and laypersons alike. Sammy Petrillo bore a coincidental resemblance to Lewis, so much so that Lewis at first tried to catch and kill Petrillo's career by signing him to a talent contract and then not giving him any work. When that failed (as Petrillo was under 18 at the time), Lewis tried to blackball Petrillo by pressuring television outlets and then nightclubs, also threatening legal action after Petrillo used his Lewis impersonation in the film Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla. Awards, nominations, and other honors 1952 – Photoplay Award 1952 – Primetime Emmy Award Nomination for Best Comedian or Comedienne 1954 – Most Cooperative Actor, Golden Apple Award 1958 – Golden Laurel Nomination for Top Male Star 1959 – Golden Laurel Nomination for Top Male Star 1960 – Golden Laurel Nomination for Top Male Star 1960 – Two stars (one for film and one for television) on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 1961 – Golden Laurel Nomination for Top Male Comedy Performance for Cinderfella 1961 – Golden Laurel Nomination for Top Male Star 1962 – Golden Laurel Nomination for Top Male Star 1963 – Golden Laurel Nomination for Top Male Star 1963 – Cahiers du Cinema's Top 10 Film Award Nomination for Best Film for The Nutty Professor 1964 – Golden Laurel Nomination for Top Male Star 1965 – Golden Laurel, Special Award – Family Comedy King 1965 – Cahiers du Cinema's Top 10 Film Award Nomination for Best Film for The Family Jewels 1966 – Golden Laurel Nomination for Comedy Performance (Male) for Boeing Boeing 1966 – Golden Light Technical Achievement Award for his 'video assist' 1966 – Golden Globe Nomination for Best Actor in a Comedy or Musical 1966 – Fotogramas de Plata Best Foreign Performer 1967 – Cahiers du Cinema's Top 10 Film Award Nomination for Best Film for The Big Mouth 1970 – Jerry Lewis Award for Outstanding achievement in being a "Person" and "Performer" for Which Way to the Front 1970 – The Michael S. McLean Happy Birthday and Thank You Award for Which Way to the Front 1977 – Nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize, for his work on behalf of the Muscular Dystrophy Association 1978 – Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, a Jefferson Awards annual award. 1981 – Stinker Award Nomination for Worst Actor for Hardly Working 1981 – Stinker Award Nomination for Worst Sense of Direction for Hardly Working 1983 – British Academy Film Awards (BAFTA) nomination for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for The King of Comedy 1983 – Cahiers du Cinema's Top 10 Film Award Nomination for Best Film for Cracking Up 1984 – Chevalier, Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur, France 1985 – Razzie Award Nomination for Worst Actor for Slapstick (Of Another Kind) 1991 – Comic Life Achievement Award 1991 – Induction into the Broadcast Hall of Fame 1991 – Lifetime Achievement Award, The Greater Fort Lauderdale Film Festival 1992 – Induction into the International Humor Hall of Fame 1995 – Theatre World Award, for Outstanding Broadway Debut for Damn Yankees 1997 – American Comedy Awards Lifetime Achievement Award 1999 – Golden Lion Honorary Award 2002 – Rotary International Award of Honour 2004 – Los Angeles Film Critics Association's Career Achievement Award 2005 – Primetime Emmy Governor's Award 2005 – Goldene Kamera Honorary Award 2006 – Medal of the City of Paris, France 2006 – Satellite Award for Outstanding Guest Star on Law and Order SVU 2006 – Commandeur, Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur, France 2009 – Induction into the New Jersey Hall of Fame 2009 – Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award at the 81st Academy Awards 2009 – International Press Academy's Nikola Tesla Award in recognition of visionary achievements in filmmaking technology for his "video assist". 2010 – Chapman University Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters during the 2010 MDA Telethon 2011 – Ellis Island Medal of Honor 2013 – Homage from the Cannes Film Festival, with the screening of Lewis's latest film Max Rose 2013 – Honorary Member of the Order of Australia (AM), for service to the Muscular Dystrophy Foundation of Australia and those affected by the disorder 2014 – "Forecourt to the Stars" imprints at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood 2014 – New York Friars Club renames clubhouse building The Jerry Lewis Monastery 2014 – Publicists Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award 2015 – National Association of Broadcasters Distinguished Service Award 2015 – Casino Entertainment Legend Award Filmography Bibliography (ISBN is for the 2004 Mass Market Edition) Documentaries Annett Wolf (Director) (1972) The World of Jerry Lewis (unreleased) Robert Benayoun (Director) (1982) Bonjour Monsieur Lewis (Hello Mr. Lewis) Burt Kearns (Director) (1989) Telethon (Released in US, 2014) Carole Langer (Director) (1996) Jerry Lewis: The Last American Clown Eckhart Schmidt (Director) (2006) König der Komödianten (King of Comedy)* Gregg Barson (Director) (2011). Method to the Madness of Jerry Lewis Notes References Further reading Also, Film Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 12–26 University of California Press Vol.23 Issue 1 Lamarca, Manuel (2017). Jerry Lewis. El día en el que el cómico filmó. Barcelona, Spain. Ediciones Carena. Film criticism links Bright Lights Film Online Journal Film School Rejects la furia umana (Multilingual Film Quarterly) ‘jerrython’ at MUBI Museum of the Moving Image An American Original: The RogerEbert.com Staff Remembers Jerry Lewis Senses of Cinema External links Jerry Lewis Interview video at Directors Guild of America Lewis interview video with Peter Bogdanovich Museum of the Moving Image Pinewood Dialogues Jerry Lewis Interview Podcast WTF with Marc Maron Drum Solo Battle (1955) with Buddy Rich at 1926 births 2017 deaths 20th-century American comedians 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American singers 21st-century American comedians 21st-century American male actors American film producers American humanitarians American male comedians American male comedy actors American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male non-fiction writers American male screenwriters American male singer-songwriters American male stage actors American male television actors American memoirists American people of Russian-Jewish descent American philanthropists American television directors Comedians from New Jersey Comedy film directors Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur Decca Records artists Film directors from New Jersey Film producers from New Jersey Honorary Members of the Order of Australia Irvington High School (New Jersey) alumni Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award winners Jewish American male actors Jewish American male comedians Jewish American musicians Jewish American writers Jewish activists Jewish singers Las Vegas shows Liberty Records artists Male actors from New Jersey Male actors from Newark, New Jersey Musicians from Newark, New Jersey New Jersey Hall of Fame inductees Nightclub performers Paramount Pictures contract players People from Irvington, New Jersey People with type 1 diabetes Screenwriters from New Jersey Singer-songwriters from New Jersey Television producers from New Jersey Traditional pop music singers Vaudeville performers Writers from Newark, New Jersey Singer-songwriters from New York (state)

<mask> (born Joseph Levitch; March 16, 1926 – August 20, 2017) was an American comedian, director, actor, screenwriter, singer, humanitarian and producer. Nicknamed "The King of Comedy", <mask> is regarded as one of the most significant American cultural figures of the 20th century, was widely known for his "kid" and "idiot" persona and his contributions to comedy and charity, along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in pop culture over an eight-decade career. He professionally debuted in 1946 as part of the famous Martin and <mask> with singer Dean Martin and performed together until 1956. That same year, his solo career started after the split. By becoming a solo star and innovative filmmaker, he helped to develop and popularize "video assist", the closed-circuit apparatus enabling film directors to see what had been shot without waiting for developed film footage. <mask> appeared and starred in 60 films with 13 directed by him. He was also national chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) and host of The Jerry Lewis Telethon each Labor Day weekend for many years.Early life <mask> was born Joseph Levitch on March 16, 1926, in Newark, New Jersey, to a Jewish family. His parents were Daniel "Danny" Levitch (1902–1980), a master of ceremonies and vaudevillian who performed under the stage name <mask>, whose parents immigrated to the United States from the Russian Empire to New York, and Rachael "Rae" Levitch (née Brodsky; 1903–1983), a WOR radio pianist and Danny's music director, from Warsaw. Reports as to his birth name are conflicting; in <mask>'s 1982 autobiography, he claimed his birth name was Joseph, after his maternal grandfather, but his birth certificate, the 1930 U. S. Census, and the 1940 U. S. Census all named him as Jerome. <mask> said that he ceased using the names Joseph and Joey as an adult to avoid being confused with Joe E. <mask> and Joe Louis. Reports as to the hospital in which he was born conflict as well, with biographer Shawn Levy claiming he was born at Clinton Private Hospital and others claiming Newark Beth Israel Hospital. Other claims of his early life also conflict with accounts made by family members, burial records, and vital records. He was a "character" even in his teenage years, pulling pranks in his neighborhood including sneaking into kitchens to steal fried chicken and pies.He dropped out of Irvington High School in the tenth grade. Early career By age 15, he had developed his "Record Act" miming lyrics to songs while a phonograph played offstage. He landed a gig at a burlesque house in Buffalo, but his performance fell flat and was unable to book any more shows. To make ends meet, <mask> worked as a soda jerk and a theater usher for Suzanne Pleshette's father Gene at the Paramount Theatre as well as at Loew's Capitol Theatre, both in New York City,. A veteran burlesque comedian, Max Coleman, who had worked with <mask>'s father years before, persuaded him to try again. Irving Kaye, a Borscht Belt comedian, saw <mask>'s mime act at Brown's Hotel in Loch Sheldrake, New York, the following summer, and the audience was so enthusiastic that Kaye became <mask>'s manager and guardian for Borscht Belt appearances. During World War II, he was rejected for military service because of a heart murmur.Career Teaming with Dean Martin In 1945, <mask> was 19 when he met 27-year-old singer Dean Martin at the Glass Hat Club in New York City, where the two performed until they debuted at Atlantic City's 500 Club as Martin and <mask> on July 25, 1946. The duo gained attention as a double act with Martin serving as the straight man to <mask>'s zany antics. Along with being physically attractive, they played to each other and had ad-libbed improvisational segments within their planned routines, which added a unique quality to their act and separated them from previous comedy duos. Martin and <mask> quickly rose to national prominence, first with their popular nightclub act, then as stars of their radio program The Martin and Lewis Show. The two made their television debut on CBS' Toast of the Town (later renamed as The Ed Sullivan Show) June 20, 1948. This was followed by an appearance on Welcome Aboard on October 3, 1948, and by a guest stint on Texaco Star Theater in 1949. In 1950, the boys signed with NBC to be one of a series of weekly rotating hosts of The Colgate Comedy Hour, a live Sunday evening broadcast.<mask>, writer for the team's nightclub act, hired Norman Lear and Ed Simmons as regular writers for their Comedy Hour material. Their Comedy Hour shows consisted of stand-up dialogue, song and dance from their nightclub act and movies, backed by Dick Stabile's big band, slapstick and satirical sketch comedy, Martin's solo songs, and <mask>'s solo pantomimes or physical numbers. They often broke character, ad-libbing and breaking the fourth wall. While not completely capturing the orchestrated mayhem of their nightclub act, the Comedy Hour displayed charismatic energy between the team and established their popularity nationwide. By 1951, with an appearance at the Paramount Theatre in New York, they were a cultural phenomenon. The duo began their film careers at Paramount Pictures as ensemble players, in My Friend Irma (1949) and its sequel My Friend Irma Goes West (1950). They then starred in their own series of 14 new films, At War with the Army (1950), That's My Boy (1951), Sailor Beware (1952), Jumping Jacks (1952), The Stooge (1952), Scared Stiff (1953), The Caddy (1953), Money from Home (1953), Living It Up (1954), 3 Ring Circus (1954), You're Never Too Young (1955), Artists and Models (1955), Pardners (1956) and Hollywood or Bust (1956), all produced by Hal B. Wallis and appeared on Bing Crosby and Bob Hope's Olympic Fund Telethon.Martin and <mask> cameoed in their film Road to Bali (1952), then Hope and Crosby would do the same in Scared Stiff a year later. Attesting to the duo's popularity, DC Comics published The Adventures of Dean Martin and <mask> from 1952 to 1957. The team appeared on What's My Line? in 1954, the 27th annual Academy Awards in 1955, The Steve Allen Show and The Today Show in 1956. Their films were popular with audiences, and were financial successes for Paramount. In later years, both <mask> and Martin admitted frustration with Wallis for his formulaic and trite film choices, restricting them to narrow, repetitive roles. As Martin's roles in their films became less important over time and <mask> received the majority of critical acclaim, the partnership came under strain.Martin's participation became an embarrassment in 1954 when Look magazine published a publicity photo of the team for the magazine cover but cropped Martin out. After their partnership ended with their final nightclub act on July 24, 1956, both <mask> and Martin went on to have successful solo careers and neither would comment on the split nor consider a reunion. They were occasionally seen at the same public events, though never together. On two occasions, in 1958 and 1961, Martin invited <mask> on stage, but the split was too serious for them to reconcile. Twenty years after their breakup Sinatra surprised <mask> by bringing Martin on live stage during the Jerry Lewis Telethon in September 1976. In 1989, <mask> returned the gesture, attending Martin's 72nd birthday. Solo period After ending his partnership with Martin in 1956, <mask> and his wife Patty took a vacation in Las Vegas to consider the direction of his career.He felt his life was in a crisis state: "I was unable to put one foot in front of the other with any confidence. I was completely unnerved to be alone". While there, he received an urgent request from his friend Sid Luft, who was Judy Garland's husband and manager, saying that she couldn't perform that night in Las Vegas because of strep throat, and asking <mask> to fill in. <mask> had not sung alone on stage since he was five years old, twenty-five years before, but he appeared before the audience of a thousand, nonetheless, delivering jokes and clowning with the audience, while Garland sat off-stage, watching. He then sang a rendition of a song he'd learned as a child, "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" along with "Come Rain or Come Shine". <mask> recalled, "When I was done, the place exploded. I walked off the stage knowing I could make it on my own".At his wife's pleading, <mask> used his own money to record the songs on a single. Decca Records heard it, liked it and insisted he record an album for them. The single of Rock-a-Bye Your Baby went to No. 10 and the album <mask> Just Sings went to No. 3 on the Billboard charts, staying near the top for four months and selling a million and a half copies. With the success of that album, he recorded the additional albums More <mask> (an EP of songs from this release was released as Somebody Loves Me), and <mask> Sings Big Songs for Little People (later reissued with fewer tracks as <mask> Sings for Children). Non-album singles were released, and It All Depends On You hit the charts in April and May 1957, but peaked at only No.68. Further singles were recorded and released by <mask> into the mid-1960s. But these were not <mask>'s first forays into recording, nor his first appearance on the hit charts. During his partnership with Martin, they made several recordings together, charting at No. 22 in 1948 with the 1920s chestnut That Certain Party and later mostly re-recording songs highlighted in their films. Also during the time of their partnership, but without Martin, he recorded numerous novelty-comedy numbers for adults as well as records specifically intended for the children's market. Having proven he could sing and do live shows, he began performing regularly at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, beginning in late 1956, which marked a turning point in his life and career.The Sands signed him for five years, to perform six weeks each year and paid him the same amount they had paid Martin and <mask> as a team. The critics gave him positive reviews: "<mask> was wonderful. He has proved that he can be a success by himself," wrote one. He continued with club performances in Miami, New York, Chicago and Washington. Such live performances became a staple of his career and over the years he performed at casinos, theaters and state fairs coast-to-coast. In February 1957, he followed Garland at the Palace Theater in New York and Martin called on the phone during this period to wish him the best of luck. "I've never been happier," said <mask>."I have peace of mind for the first time." <mask> established himself as a solo act on TV starting with the first of six appearances on What's My Line? from 1956 to 1966 and then guest starred on The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show. He appeared on both Tonight Starring Jack Paar and The Ed Sullivan Show and beginning in January 1957, in a number of solo TV specials for NBC. He starred in his adaptation of "The Jazz Singer" for Startime. <mask> hosted the Academy Awards three times, in 1956, 1957 and the 31st Academy Awards in 1959, which ran twenty minutes short, forcing <mask> to improvise to fill time. DC Comics, switching from Martin and Lewis, published a new comic book series titled The Adventures of <mask> Lewis, running from 1957 to 1971.<mask> remained at Paramount and started off with his first solo effort The Delicate Delinquent (1957) then starred in his next film The Sad Sack (1957). Frank Tashlin, whose background as a Looney Tunes cartoon director suited <mask>'s brand of humor, came on board. <mask> did new films with him, first with Rock-A-Bye Baby (1958) and then The Geisha Boy (1958). Billy Wilder asked <mask> to play the lead role of an uptight jazz musician named <mask>, who winds up on the run from the mob, in Some Like It Hot but turned it down. He then appeared in Don't Give Up The Ship (1959) and cameoed in Li'l Abner (1959). After his contract with Wallis ended, <mask> had several movies under his belt, eagering to flex his creative muscle and was free to deepen his comedy with pathos, believing, "Funny without pathos is a pie in the face. And a pie in the face is funny, but I wanted more."In 1959, a contract between Paramount and Jerry Lewis Productions was signed specifying a payment of $10 million plus 60% of the profits for 14 films over seven years. This contract made <mask> the highest paid individual Hollywood talent to date and was unprecedented in that he had unlimited creative control, including final cut and the return of film rights after 30 years. <mask>'s clout and box office were so strong (his films had already earned Paramount $100 million in rentals) that Barney Balaban, head of production at Paramount at that time, told the press, "If <mask> wants to burn down the studio I'll give him the match!" He had finished his film contract with Wallis with Visit to a Small Planet (1960) and wrapped up production on his own film Cinderfella (1960), directed by Tashlin and was postponed for a Christmas 1960 release. Paramount Pictures, needing a quickie movie for its summer 1960 schedule, held <mask> to his contract to produce one. As a result, he made his debut as film director of The Bellboy (1960), which he also starred in. Using the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami as his setting — on a small budget, with a very tight shooting schedule — <mask> shot the film during the day and performed at the hotel in the evenings.Bill Richmond collaborated with him on many of the sight gags. <mask> later revealed that Paramount was not happy about financing a "silent movie" and withdrew backing. <mask> used his own funds to cover the movie's $950,000 budget. Meanwhile, he directed an unsold pilot for Permanent Waves. <mask> continued to direct more films that he had co-written with Richmond, including The Ladies Man (1961), where <mask> constructed a three-story dollhouse-like set spanning two sound stages, with the set equipped with state of the art lighting and sound, eliminating the need for boom mics in each room and his next movie The Errand Boy (1961), was one of the earliest films about movie-making, using all of the Paramount backlot and offices. <mask> appeared in The Wacky World of Jerry Lewis, Celebrity Golf, The Garry Moore Show and Tashlin's It's Only Money (1962), then guest hosted The Tonight Show during the transition from Jack Paar to Johnny Carson in 1962 and his appearance on the show scored the highest ratings thus far in late night, surpassing other guest hosts and Paar. The three major networks began a bidding war, wooing <mask> for his own talk show, which debuted the following year.<mask> then directed, co-wrote and starred in the smash hit The Nutty Professor (1963). A parody of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, it featured him as Professor Kelp, a socially inept scientist who invents a serum that turns him into a handsome but obnoxious ladies man. It is often considered to be <mask>'s best film. It was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2004. The film inspired a franchise, which has included a 1996 remake starring Eddie Murphy in the title role and a stage musical adaptation. He then appeared in a cameo role in It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), then in Tashlin's Who's Minding the Store? (1963) and hosted The Jerry <mask> Show, a lavish 13-week, big-budget show which aired on ABC from September to December in 1963, but suffered in the ratings and was beleaguered by technical and other difficulties, including the assassination of then U.S. president John F. Kennedy, which left the country in a somber mood.<mask> next starred in The Patsy (1964), his satire about the Hollywood star-making industry, The Disorderly Orderly (1964), his final collaboration with Tashlin, appeared in a cameo on The Joey Bishop Show and The Family Jewels (1965) about a young heiress who must choose among six uncles, one of whom is up to no good and out to harm the girl's beloved bodyguard who practically raised her. All six uncles and the bodyguard were played by <mask>. In 1965, <mask> was interviewed on The David Susskind Show, then starred in Boeing Boeing (1965), his last film for Paramount, based on the French stage play, in which he received a Golden Globe nomination; an episode of Ben Casey, an early dramatic role; The Andy Williams Show; and Hullabaloo with his son <mask>. In 1966, after 17 years, and with no explanation, <mask> Griffin Show, Way...Way Out (1966), The Sammy Davis Jr. Show, Batman, Laugh In, Password, a pilot for Sheriff Who, a new version of The Jerry <mask> Show, this time as a one-hour variety show for NBC, which ran from 1967 to 1969, The Big Mouth (1967), Run for Your Life and The Danny Thomas Hour. <mask> appeared in Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River (1968), Playboy After Dark (surprising friend Sammy Davis Jr.), Hook, Line & Sinker (1969), Jimmy Durante's The Lennon Sisters Hour, The Red Skelton Show and The Jack Benny Birthday Special and contributed to some scripts for Filmation's animated series Will the Real <mask> Lewis Please Sit Down, appeared on The Mike Douglas Show and directed an episode of The Bold Ones. Lewis guested on The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, The Hollywood Palace, The Engelbert Humperdinck Show, The Irv Kupcinet Show, The Linkletter Show, The Real Tom Kennedy Show and A Christmas Night with the Stars, directed One More Time (1970), in which he played his first (and only) off-screen voice as a bandleader, starred in Which Way to the Front?(1970) and appeared on The Carol Burnett Show, The Rolf Harris Show and The Kraft Music Hall. <mask> directed and appeared in the partly unreleased The Day the Clown Cried (1972), a drama set in a Nazi concentration camp. The film was rarely discussed by <mask>, but he said that litigation over post-production finances and copyright prevented its completion and theatrical release. During his book tour for Dean and Me, he also said a factor for the film's burial was that he was not proud of the effort. <mask> explained his reason for choosing the project and the emotional difficulty of the subject matter in an interview with an Australian documentary film crew. A 31-minute version was shown on the German television station ARD, in the documentary Der Clown. It was later put on DVD and shown at Deutsches Filminstitute.The film was the earliest attempt by an American film director to address the subject of The Holocaust. Significant speculation continues to surround the film. Following this, <mask> took a break from the movie business for several years. <mask> appeared as guest on Good Morning America, The Dick Cavett Show, NBC Follies, Celebrity Sportsman, Cher, Dinah! and Tony Orlando and Dawn. <mask> surprised Sinatra and Martin after walking onto the Aladdin stage in Las Vegas during their show and exchanged jokes for several minutes. He then starred in a revival of Hellzapoppin with Lynn Redgrave, but closed on the road before reaching Broadway.In 1979, he guest hosted as ringmaster of Circus of the Stars. <mask> guest starred on Pink Lady in 1980, then made a comeback to the big screen in Hardly Working (1981), after an 11-year absence from film. Despite being panned by critics, it eventually earned $50 million. In 1982 and 1983, <mask> appeared on Late Night with David Letterman and in The King of Comedy, as a late-night TV host, plagued by two obsessive fans, in which he received wide critical acclaim and a BAFTA nomination for this serious dramatic role. <mask> then starred in Saturday Night Live, Star Search, Cracking Up (1983), Slapstick (Of Another Kind) (1984), To Catch a Cop (1984) and How Did You Get In? We Didn't See You Leave (1984), the latter two films from France which had their distribution under <mask>'s control and stated that they would never be released in American movie theaters and on home media. He then was a guest on an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.He then hosted a new syndicated version of The Jerry <mask> Show, this time as a talk show for Metromedia, which was not continued beyond the scheduled five shows. In 1985, <mask> directed an episode of Brothers, appeared at the first Comic Relief in 1986, where he was the only performer to receive a standing ovation, was interviewed on Classic Treasures and starred in the ABC television movie Fight for Life (1987). In 1987, <mask> performed a second double act with Davis Jr. at Bally's in Las Vegas, then after learning of the death of Martin's son Dean Paul Martin, he attended his funeral, which led to a more substantial reconciliation with Martin. In 1988, <mask> hosted America's All-Time Favorite Movies, then was interviewed by Howard Cosell on Speaking of Everything. He then starred in five episodes of Wiseguy. The filming schedule of the show forced <mask> to miss the Museum of the Moving Image's opening with a retrospective of his work. In 1989, <mask> joined Martin on stage, for what would be Martin's final live performance, at Bally's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.<mask> wheeled out a cake on Martin's 72nd birthday, sang "Happy Birthday" to him and joked, "Why we broke up, I'll never know". Again, their appearance together made headlines. He next appeared in Cookie (1989). <mask> handled two years directing episodes of Super Force and Good Grief in 1990 and 1991, then star in Mr. Saturday Night (1992), The Arsenio Hall Show, The Whoopi Goldberg Show and Inside The Comedy Mind. A three-part retrospective Martin & Lewis: Their Golden Age of Comedy, aired on The Disney Channel in 1992, using previously unseen kinescopes from <mask>' personal archive, highlighted his years as part of a team with Martin and as a soloist. After guest spots on Mad About You and Larry King Live and film appearances in Arizona Dream (1993) and Funny Bones (1995), <mask> made his Broadway debut, as a replacement cast member playing the devil, in a revival of Damn Yankees and was reportedly paid the highest sum in Broadway history at the time for performing in both the national and London runs of the musical. He missed only three shows in more than four years, one of those occasions being the funeral of Martin, his comedy partner of ten years.<mask> appeared on Inside the Actors Studio in 1996, the 12th annual American Comedy Awards in 1998 and in the 2000s, The Martin Short Show, Russell Gilbert Live, Your World with Neil Cavuto, The Simpsons, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Live with Kelly, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, the song "Time After Time" with Deana Martin on her album Memories Are Made of This and Curious George 2 (2009). He made his last few appearances for the 81st Academy Awards, 50 Years of Movies & Music (a Michel Legrand special), Till Luck Do Us Part 2 (2013), The Talk, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, The World Over with Raymond Arroyo, The Trust (2016), his final film Max Rose (2016), WTF with Marc Maron and Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee. Video assist and film class During the 1960 production of The Bellboy, <mask> pioneered the technique of using video cameras and multiple closed circuit monitors, which allowed him to review his performance instantly. This was necessary since he was acting as well as directing. His techniques and methods of filmmaking, documented in his book and his USC class, enabled him to complete most of his films on time and under budget since reshoots could take place immediately instead of waiting for the dailies. Man in Motion, a featurette for Three on a Couch, features the video system, named "Jerry's Noisy Toy" and shows <mask> receiving the Golden Light Technical Achievement award for its development. <mask> stated he worked with the head of Sony to produce the prototype.While he initiated its practice and use, and was instrumental in its development, he did not hold a patent. This practice is now commonplace in filmmaking. Starting in 1967, <mask> taught a film directing class at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles for a number of years. His students included George Lucas, whose friend Steven Spielberg sometimes sat in on classes. <mask> screened Spielberg's early film Amblin' and told his students, "That's what filmmaking is all about." The class covered all topics related to filmmaking, including pre and post production, marketing and distribution and filming comedy with rhythm and timing. His 1971 book The Total Film Maker, was based on 480 hours of his class lectures.Also, <mask> traveled to medical schools for seminars on laughter and healing with Dr. Clifford Kuhn and also did corporate and college lectures, motivational speaking and promoted the pain-treatment company Medtronic. Acclaim and exposure in France While <mask> was popular in France for his duo films with Dean Martin and his solo comedy films, his reputation and stature increased after the Paramount contract, when he began to exert total control over all aspects of his films. His involvement in directing, writing, editing and art direction coincided with the rise of auteur theory in French intellectual film criticism and the French New Wave movement. He earned consistent praise from French critics in the influential magazines Cahiers du Cinéma and Positif, where he was hailed as an ingenious auteur. His singular mise-en-scène, and skill behind the camera, were aligned with Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock and Satyajit Ray. Appreciated too, was the complexity of his also being in front of the camera. The new French criticism viewed cinema as an art form unto itself, and comedy as part of this art.<mask> is then fitted into a historical context and seen as not only worthy of critique, but as an innovator and satirist of his time. Jean-Pierre Coursodon states in a 1975 Film Comment article, "The merit of the French critics, auteurist excesses notwithstanding, was their willingness to look at what <mask> was doing as a filmmaker for what it was, rather than with some preconception of what film comedy should be." Not yet curricula at universities or art schools, film studies and film theory were avant-garde in early 1960s America. Mainstream movie reviewers such as Pauline Kael, were dismissive of auteur theory, and others, seeing only absurdist comedy, criticized <mask> for his ambition and "castigated him for his self-indulgence" and egotism. Despite this criticism often being held by American film critics, admiration for <mask> and his comedy continued to grow in France. Appreciation of <mask> became a misunderstood stereotype about "the French", and it was often the object of jokes in American pop culture. "That Americans can't see <mask>' genius is bewildering," says N. T. Binh, a French film magazine critic.Such bewilderment was the basis of the book Why the French Love Jerry Lewis. In response to the lingering perception that French audiences adored him, <mask> stated in interviews he was more popular in Germany, Japan and Australia. Muscular dystrophy cause and criticism As a humanitarian, philanthropist and "number one volunteer", <mask> supported fundraising for research into muscular dystrophy. In 1951, he and Martin made their first appeal for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (simply known as MDA and formerly as the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America and MDAA) in early December on the finale of The Colgate Comedy Hour. In 1952, after another appeal, <mask> hosted New York area telethons until 1959 and in 1954, fought Rocky Marciano in a boxing bout for MDA's fund drive. After being named national chairman in 1956, <mask> began hosting and emceeing The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon in 1966 and aired every Labor Day weekend for six decades. Ed McMahon, announcer of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and host of Star Search, began his involvement in the telethon in 1968, before co-anchoring with <mask> from 1973 to 2008.The show originated from different locations including New York, Las Vegas and Hollywood, becoming the most successful fundraising event in the history of television. It was the first to: raise over $1 million, in 1966; be shown entirely in color, in 1967; become a networked telethon, in 1968; go coast-to-coast, in 1970; be seen outside the continental U.S., in 1972. It: raised the largest sum ever in a single event for humanitarian purposes, in 1974; had the greatest amount ever pledged to a televised charitable event, in 1980 (from the Guinness Book of World Records); was the first to be seen by 100 million people, in 1985; celebrated its 25th anniversary, in 1990; saw its highest pledge in history, in 1992; and was the first seen worldwide via internet simulcast, in 1998. By 1990, pop culture had shifted its view of disabled individuals and the telethon format. <mask> and the telethon's methods were criticized by disabled-rights activists who believed the show was "designed to evoke pity rather than empower the disabled". The activists said the telethon perpetuated prejudices and stereotypes, that <mask> treated those he claimed to be helping with little respect, and that he used offensive language when describing them. The songs "Smile" (by Charlie Chaplin), "What the World Needs Now Is Love" (by Jackie DeShannon) and "You'll Never Walk Alone" (by Rodgers and Hammerstein) have been long associated with the telethon.In December 1996, <mask> and MDA were recognized by the American Medical Association with Lifetime Achievement Awards for significant and lasting contributions to the health and welfare of humanity. His motto summed up the philosophy behind his years of devotion to MDA: "I shall pass through this world but once. Any good, therefore, that I can do or any kindness that I can show to any human being, let me do it now. Let me not defer nor neglect it, for I shall not pass this way again". <mask> rebutted the criticism and defended his methods saying, "If you don't tug at their heartstrings, then you're on the air for nothing." The activist protests represented a very small minority of countless MDA patients and clients who had directly benefitted from <mask>'s MDA fundraising. He received a Nobel Peace Prize nomination in 1977, a Governors Award in 2005 and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 2009, in recognition of his fight and efforts with the Muscular Dystrophy Association.On August 3, 2011, it was announced that <mask> would no longer host the MDA telethons and that he was no longer associated with the Muscular Dystrophy Association. A tribute to <mask> was held during the 2011 telethon (which originally was to be his final show bearing his name with MDA). On May 1, 2015, it was announced that in view of "the new realities of television viewing and philanthropic giving", the telethon was being discontinued. In early 2016, at MDA's brand re-launch event at Carnegie Hall in New York City, <mask> broke a five-year silence during a special taped message for the organization on its website, marking his first (and as it turned out, his final) appearance in support of MDA since his final telethon in 2010 and the end of his tenure as national chairman in 2011. <mask> raised an estimated $2.6 billion in donations for the cause. MDA's website states, "<mask>'s love, passion and brilliance are woven throughout this organization, which he helped build from the ground up, courted sponsors for MDA, appeared at openings of MDA care and research centers, addressed meetings of civic organizations, volunteers and the MDA Board of Directors, successfully lobbied Congress for federal neuromuscular disease research funds, made countless phone calls and visits to families served by MDA. During <mask>'s lifetime, MDA-funded scientists discovered the causes of most of the diseases in the Muscular Dystrophy Association's program, developing treatments, therapies and standards of care that have allowed many people living with these diseases to live longer and grow stronger.Over 200 research and treatment facilities were built with donations raised by the Jerry Lewis Telethons. Non-career activities <mask> opened a camera shop in 1950. In 1969 he agreed to lend his name to "Jerry Lewis Cinemas", offered by National Cinema Corporation as a franchise business opportunity for those interested in theatrical movie exhibition. Jerry Lewis Cinemas stated that their theaters could be operated by a staff of as few as two with the aid of automation and support provided by the franchiser in booking film and other aspects of film exhibition. A forerunner of the smaller rooms typical of later multi-screen complexes, a Jerry Lewis Cinema was billed in franchising ads as a "mini-theatre" with a seating capacity of between 200 and 350. In addition to <mask>'s name, each Jerry Lewis Cinemas bore a sign with a cartoon logo of <mask> in profile. Initially 158 territories were franchised, with a buy-in fee of $10,000 or $15,000 depending on the territory, for what was called an "individual exhibitor".For $50,000, Jerry Lewis Cinemas offered an opportunity known as an "area directorship", in which investors controlled franchising opportunities in a territory as well as their own cinemas. The success of the chain was hampered by a policy of only booking second-run, family-friendly films.Eventually the policy was changed, and the Jerry Lewis Cinemas were allowed to show more competitive movies. But after a decade the chain failed and both Lewis and National Cinema Corporation declared bankruptcy in 1980. In 1973, <mask> appeared on the 1st annual 20-hour Highway Safety Foundation telethon, hosted by Davis Jr. and Monty Hall. In 1990, <mask> wrote and directed a short film for UNICEF's How Are The Children? anthology exploring the rights of children worldwide. The eight-minute segment, titled Boy, was about a young white child in a black world and being subjected to quiet, insidious racism, and outright racist bullying.In 2010, <mask> met with seven-year-old Lochie Graham, who shared his idea for "Jerry's House", a place for vulnerable and traumatized children. <mask> and Graham entered into a joint partnership for an Australian and a U.S.-based charity and began raising funds to build the facility in Melbourne. On September 12, 2016, <mask> lent his name and star power to Criss Angel's HELP (Heal Every Life Possible) charity event. Political views <mask> kept a low political profile for many years, having taken advice reportedly given to him by President John F. Kennedy, who told him, "Don't get into anything political. Don't do that because they will usurp your energy." Nevertheless, he campaigned and performed on behalf of both JFK and Robert F. Kennedy. <mask> was a supporter of the Civil Rights Movement.For his 1957 NBC special, <mask> held his ground when southern affiliates objected to his stated friendship with Sammy Davis Jr. In a 1971 Movie Mirror magazine article, <mask> spoke out against the Vietnam War when his son Gary returned from service traumatized. He vowed to leave the country rather than send another of his sons. <mask> once stated political speeches should not be at the Oscars. He stated, "I think we are the most dedicated industry in the world. And I think that we have to present ourselves that night as hard-working, caring and important people to the industry. We need to get more self-respect as an industry".In a 2004 interview with The Guardian, <mask> was asked what he was least proud of, to which he answered, "Politics". Not his politics, but the world's politics – the madness, the destruction, the general lack of respect. He lamented citizens' lack of pride in their country, stating, "President Bush is my president. I will not say anything negative about the president of the United States. I don't do that. And I don't allow my children to do that. Likewise when I come to England don't you do any jokes about 'Mum' to me.That is the Queen of England, you moron. Do you know how tough a job it is to be the Queen of England?" In a December 2015 interview on EWTN's World Over with Raymond Arroyo, <mask> expressed opposition to the United States letting in Syrian refugees, saying, "No one has worked harder for the human condition than I have, but they're not part of the human condition if 11 guys in that group of 10,000 are ISIS. How can I take that chance?" In the same interview, he criticized President Barack Obama for not being prepared for ISIS, while expressing support for Donald Trump, saying he would make a good president because he was a good "showman". He also added that he admired Ronald Reagan's presidency. Controversies In 1998, at the Aspen U.S.Comedy Arts Festival, when asked which women comics he admired, <mask> answered, "I don't like any female comedians. A woman doing comedy doesn't offend me but sets me back a bit. I, as a viewer, have trouble with it. I think of her as a producing machine that brings babies in the world." He later clarified his statements saying, "Seeing a woman project the kind of aggression that you have to project as a comic just rubs me wrong. I cannot sit and watch a lady diminish her qualities to the lowest common denominator." <mask> explained his attitude as that of an older generation and said women are funny, but not when performing "broad" or "crude" humor.He went on to praise Lucille Ball as "brilliant" and said Carol Burnett is "the greatest female entrepreneur of comedy". On other occasions <mask> expressed admiration for female comedians Totie Fields, Phyllis Diller, Kathleen Freeman, Elayne Boosler, Whoopi Goldberg and Tina Fey. During the 2007 MDA Telethon, <mask> used the word "fag" in a joke, for which he apologized. <mask> used the same word the following year on Australian television. Personal life Relationships and children <mask> wed Patti Palmer (later <mask>, née Esther Grace Calonico; 1921–2021), an Italian American singer with Ted Fio Rito, on October 3, 1944, and the two had six children together—five biological: Gary Levitch (later <mask>) (born 1945); Scott (born 1956); Christopher (born 1957); Anthony (born 1959); and Joseph (1964–2009) – and one adopted, Ronald (born 1949). It was an interfaith marriage; <mask> was Jewish and Palmer was Catholic. While married to Palmer, <mask> openly pursued relationships with other women and gave unapologetic interviews about his infidelity, revealing his affairs with Marilyn Monroe and Marlene Dietrich to People in 2011.Palmer filed for divorce from <mask> in 1980, after 35 years of marriage, citing <mask>'s extravagant spending and infidelity on his part, and it was finalized in 1983. All of <mask>'s children and grandchildren from his marriage to Palmer were excluded from inheriting any part of his estate. His eldest son, Gary, publicly called his father a "mean and evil person" and said that <mask> never showed him or his siblings any love or care. <mask>'s second wife was Sandra "SanDee" Pitnick, a UNCSA professionally trained ballerina and stewardess, who met <mask> after winning a bit part in a dancing scene on his film Hardly Working. They were wed on February 13, 1983, in Key Biscayne, Florida, and had one child together, an adopted daughter named Danielle (born 1992). They were married for 34 years until his death. <mask> died on January 15, 2021, at age 99.Stalking incident In February 1994, a man named Gary Benson was revealed to have been stalking <mask> and his family. Benson subsequently served four years in prison. Sexual assault allegations In February 2022, Vanity Fair published a special issue detailing several women who accused <mask> of various acts ranging from sexual harassment, sexual assault and rape. The claims come from seven actresses who worked with him in the 1960s. These actresses were identified as Karen Sharpe, Renée Taylor, Hope Holiday, Jill St. John, Connie Stevens, Anna Maria Alberghetti, and Lainie Kazan. Illness and death <mask> suffered from a number of chronic health problems, illnesses and addictions related both to aging and a back injury sustained in a comedic pratfall. The fall has been stated as being either from a piano while performing at the Sands Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip on March 20, 1965, or during an appearance on The Andy Williams Show.In its aftermath, <mask> became addicted to the painkiller Percodan for thirteen years. He said he had been off the drug since 1978. In April 2002, <mask> had a Medtronic "Synergy" neurostimulator implanted in his back, which helped reduce the discomfort. He was one of the company's leading spokesmen. <mask> suffered numerous heart problems throughout his life; he revealed in the 2011 documentary Method to the Madness of <mask> that he suffered his first heart attack at age 34 while filming Cinderfella in 1960. In December 1982, he had another heart attack. Two months later, in February 1983, <mask> underwent open-heart double-bypass surgery.En route to San Diego from New York City on a cross-country commercial airline flight on June 11, 2006, <mask> suffered his third heart attack. It was discovered that he had pneumonia, as well as a severely damaged heart. He underwent a cardiac catheterization days after the heart attack, and two stents were inserted into one of his coronary arteries, which was 90 percent blocked. The surgery resulted in increased blood flow to his heart and allowed him to continue his rebound from earlier lung problems. Having the cardiac catheterization required him to cancel several major events from his schedule, but <mask> fully recuperated in a matter of weeks. In 1999, <mask>'s Australian tour was cut short when he had to be hospitalized in Darwin with viral meningitis. He was ill for more than five months.It was reported in the Australian press that he had failed to pay his medical bills. However, <mask> maintained that the payment confusion was the fault of his health insurer. The resulting negative publicity caused him to sue his insurer for US$100 million. In addition to his decades-long heart problems, <mask> had prostate cancer, type 1 diabetes, and pulmonary fibrosis. In the late 1990s, <mask> was treated with prednisone for pulmonary fibrosis, which caused considerable weight gain and a startling change in his appearance. In September 2001, <mask> was unable to perform at a planned London charity event at the London Palladium. He was the headlining act, and was introduced, but did not appear onstage.He had suddenly become unwell, apparently with cardiac problems. He was subsequently taken to hospital. Some months thereafter, <mask> began an arduous, months-long therapy that weaned him off prednisone, and he lost much of the weight gained while on the drug. The treatment enabled him to return to work. On June 12, 2012, he was treated and released from a hospital after collapsing from hypoglycemia at a New York Friars Club event. This forced him to cancel a show in Sydney. In an October 2016 interview with Inside Edition, <mask> acknowledged that he might not star in any more films, given his advanced age, while admitting, through tears, that he was afraid of dying, as it would leave his wife and daughter alone.In June 2017, <mask> was hospitalized at a Las Vegas hospital for a urinary tract infection. <mask> died at his home in Las Vegas, Nevada, on August 20, 2017, at the age of 91. The cause was end-stage cardiac disease and peripheral artery disease. <mask> was cremated. In his will, <mask> left his estate to his second wife of 34 years, SanDee Pitnick, and their daughter, and explicitly disinherited his children from his first marriage and their children. Comedic style <mask> "single-handedly created a style of humor that was half anarchy, half excruciation. Even comics who never took a pratfall in their careers owe something to the self-deprecation <mask> introduced into American show business."His self-deprecating style can be found in comics such as Larry David and David Letterman. <mask>'s comedy style was physically uninhibited, expressive, and potentially volatile. He was known especially for his distinctive voice, facial expressions, pratfalls, and physical stunts. His improvisations and ad-libbing, especially in nightclubs and early television were revolutionary among performers. It was "marked by a raw, edgy energy that would distinguish him within the comedy landscape". Will Sloan, of Flavorwire wrote, "In the late '40s and early '50s, nobody had ever seen a comedian as wild as <mask>." Placed in the context of the conservative era, his antics were radical and liberating, paving the way for future comedians Steve Martin, Richard Pryor, Andy Kaufman, Paul Reubens, and Jim Carrey.Carrey wrote: "Through his comedy, <mask> would stretch the boundaries of reality so far that it was an act of anarchy ... I learned from <mask>", and "I am because he was". Acting the bumbling 'everyman', <mask> used tightly choreographed, sophisticated sight gags, physical routines, verbal double-talk and malapropisms. "You cannot help but notice <mask>' incredible sense of control in regards to performing—they may have looked at times like the ravings of a madman but his best work had a genuine grace and finesse behind it that would put most comedic performers of any era to shame." They are "choreographed as exactly as any ballet, each movement and gesture coming on natural beats and conforming to the overall rhythmic form which is headed to a spectacular finale: absolute catastrophe." Drawing from his childhood traumas, <mask> crafted a complex comedic persona that involved four social aspects: sexuality, gender, race/ethnicity, and disability. Through these social aspects, he challenged norms, was misrepresented, and was heavily criticized.During his Martin and <mask> years, he challenged what it meant to be a heterosexual male. Not afraid to display sensitivity and a childlike innocence, he pushed aside heterosexual normality and embraced distorted conventions. This did not sit well with some critics who thought his actions were appalling and what were then considered effeminate. <mask>'s feminine movement suggested a common gay stereotype of the era, though the intention was to represent the girl-crazy sexual panic of an inexperienced young man. In the Martin and <mask> duo, <mask>'s comedic persona was viewed as effeminate, weak, and inexperienced, which in turn made the Martin persona look masculine, strong, and worldly. The <mask> character was unconventional, in regards to gender, and that challenged what masculinity was. There are a few Martin and <mask> films that present the <mask> character in gender-swapped roles, but it was <mask>'s solo films that posed questions about gender and gender roles.Apart from Cinderfella (1960) that cast him in the Cinderella role, films such as Rock-A-Bye Baby (1958) and The Geisha Boy (1958) showed his interactions with children that put him less in the authoritative father role and placed him more in the nurturing mother role. In the 1965 film The Family Jewels, <mask> takes on the dual role as protector, the father role, and nurturer, the mother role. Through his comedic persona and films, he showed that a man can take on what are considered feminine traits without that being a threat to his masculinity. Although <mask> made it no secret that he was Jewish, he was criticized for hiding his Jewish heritage. In several of his films — both with Martin and solo — <mask>' Jewish identity is hinted at in passing, and was never made a defining characteristic of his onscreen persona. Aside from the 1959 television movie The Jazz Singer and the unreleased 1972 film The Day the Clown Cried, <mask> never appeared in a film or film role that had any ties to his Jewish heritage. When asked about this lack of Jewish portrayal in a 1984 interview, <mask> stated, "I never hid it, but I wouldn't announce it and I wouldn't exploit it.Plus the fact it had no room in the visual direction I was taking in my work." <mask>' physical movements in films received some criticism because he was perceived as imitating or mocking those with a physical disability. Through the years, the disability that has been attached to his comedic persona has not been physical, but mental. Neuroticism and schizophrenia have been a part of <mask>'s persona since his partnership with Dean Martin; however, it was in his solo career that these disabilities became important to the plots of his films and the characters. In films such as The Ladies Man (1961), The Disorderly Orderly (1964), The Patsy (1964) and Cracking Up (1983), there is either neuroticism, schizophrenia, or both that drive the plot. <mask> was able to explore and dissect the psychological side of his persona, which provided a depth to the character and the films that was not present in his previous efforts. Tributes and legacy From the late 1940s to the mid-1960s, "<mask> was a major force in American popular culture."Widely acknowledged as a comic genius, <mask> influenced successive generations of comedians, comedy writers, performers and filmmakers. As <mask> was often referred to as the bridge from Vaudeville to modern comedy, Carl Reiner wrote after <mask>'s death, "All comedians watch other comedians, and every generation of comedians going back to those who watched <mask> on the Colgate Comedy Hour were influenced by <mask>. They say that mankind goes back to the first guy ... which everyone tries to copy. In comedy that guy was <mask>." <mask>'s films, especially his self-directed films, have warranted steady reappraisal. Richard Brody in The New Yorker said, <mask> was "one of the most original, inventive, ... profound directors of the time". and "one of the most skilled and original comic performers, verbal and physical, ever to appear on screen".Film critic and film curator for the Museum of Modern Art, Dave Kehr, wrote in The New York Times of <mask>' "fierce creativity", "the extreme formal sophistication of his direction" and, <mask> was "one of the great American filmmakers". "<mask> was an explosive experimenter with a dazzling skill, and an audacious, innovatory flair for the technique of the cinema. He knew how to frame and present his own adrenaline-fuelled, instinctive physical comedy for the camera." <mask> was at the forefront in the transition to independent filmmaking, which came to be known as New Hollywood in the late 1960s. Writing for the Los Angeles Times in 2005, screenwriter David Weddle lauded <mask>'s audacity in 1959 "daring to declare his independence from the studio system". <mask> came along to a studio system in which the industry was regularly stratified between players and coaches. The studios tightly controlled the process and they wanted their people directing.Yet <mask> regularly led, often flouting the power structure to do so. Steven Zeitchik of the LA Times wrote of <mask>, "Control over material was smart business, and it was also good art. Neither the entrepreneur nor the auteur were common types among actors in mid-20th century Hollywood. But there <mask> was, at a time of strict studio control, doing both." No other comedic star, with the exceptions of Chaplin and Keaton in the silent era, dared to direct himself. "Not only would <mask>' efforts as a director pave the way for the likes of Mel Brooks and Woody Allen, but it would reveal him to be uncommonly skilled in that area as well." "Most screen comedies until that time were not especially cinematic—they tended to plop down the camera where it could best capture the action and that was it.<mask>, on the other hand, was interested in exploring the possibilities of the medium by utilizing the tools he had at his disposal in formally innovative and oftentimes hilarious ways." "In <mask>' work the way the scene is photographed is an integral part of the joke. His purposeful selection of lenses, for example, expands and contracts space to generate laughs that aren't necessarily inherent in the material, and he often achieves his biggest effects via what he leaves off screen, not just visually but structurally." As a director, <mask> advanced the genre of film comedy with innovations in the areas of fragmented narrative, experimental use of music and sound technology, and near surrealist use of color and art direction. This prompted his peer, filmmaker Jean Luc Godard to proclaim, "<mask> ... is the only one in Hollywood doing something different, the only one who isn't falling in with the established categories, the norms, the principles. ... <mask> is the only one today who's making courageous films. He's been able to do it because of his personal genius".Jim Hemphill for American Cinematheque wrote, "They are films of ambitious visual and narrative experimentation, provocative and sometimes conflicted commentaries on masculinity in post-war America, and unsettling self-critiques and analyses of the performer's neuroses." Intensely personal and original, <mask>'s films were groundbreaking in their use of dark humor for psychological exploration. Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times said, "The idea of comedians getting under the skin and tapping into their deepest, darkest selves is no longer especially novel, but it was far from a universally accepted notion when <mask> first took the spotlight. Few comedians before him had so brazenly turned arrested development into art, or held up such a warped fun house mirror to American identity in its loudest, ugliest, vulgarest excesses. Fewer still had advanced the still-radical notion that comedy doesn't always have to be funny, just fearless, in order to strike a nerve". Before 1960, Hollywood comedies were screwball or farce. <mask>, from his earliest 'home movies, such as How to Smuggle a Hernia Across the Border, made in his playhouse in the early 1950s, was one of the first to introduce satire as a full-length film.This "sharp-eyed" satire continued in his mature work, commenting on the cult of celebrity, the machinery of 'fame', and "the dilemma of being true to oneself while also fitting into polite society". Stephen Dalton in The Hollywood Reporter wrote, <mask> had "an agreeably bitter streak, offering self-lacerating insights into celebrity culture which now look strikingly modern. Even post-modern in places." Speaking of The King of Comedy, "More contemporary satirists like Garry Shandling, Steve Coogan and Ricky Gervais owe at least some of their self-deconstructing chops to <mask>' generously unappetizing turn in Scorsese's cult classic." <mask> was an early master of deconstruction to enhance comedy. From the first Comedy Hours he exposed the artifice of on-stage performance by acknowledging the lens, sets, malfunctioning props, failed jokes, and tricks of production. As Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote: <mask> had "the impulse to deconstruct and even demolish the fictional "givens" of any particular sketch, including those that he might have dreamed up himself, a kind of perpetual auto-destruction that becomes an essential part of his filmmaking as he steadily gains more control over the writing and direction of his features."His self directed films abound in behind-the-scene reveals, demystifying movie-making. Daniel Fairfax writes in Deconstructing Jerry: <mask> as a Director, "<mask> deconstructs the very functioning of the joke itself". ... quoting Chris Fujiwara, "The Patsy is a film so radical that it makes comedy out of the situation of a comedian who isn't funny." The final scene of The Patsy is famous for revealing to the audience the movie as a movie, and <mask> as actor/director. <mask> wrote in The Total Filmmaker, his belief in breaking the fourth wall, actors looking directly into the camera, despite industry norms. More contemporary comedies such as The Larry Sanders Show, Curb Your Enthusiasm, and The Office continue this method. Robert DeNiro and Sandra Bernhard, both of whom starred with <mask> in The King of Comedy, reflected on his death.Bernhard said: "It was one of the great experiences of my career, he was tough but one of a kind". De Niro said: "<mask> was a pioneer in comedy and film. And he was a friend. I was fortunate to have seen him a few times over the past couple of years. Even at 91, he didn't miss a beat ... or a punchline. You'll be missed." There was also a New York Friars Club roast in honor of <mask> with Sarah Silverman and Amy Schumer.Martin Scorsese recalls working with him on The King of Comedy, "It was like watching a virtuoso pianist at the keyboard". <mask> was the subject of a documentary <mask>: Method to the Madness. Peter Chelsom, director of Funny Bones wrote, "Working with him was a masterclass in comic acting – and in charm. From the outset he was generous." "There's a very thin line between a talent for being funny and being a great actor. <mask> epitomized that. <mask> embodied the term "funny bones": a way of differentiating between comedians who tell funny and those who are funny."Director Daniel Noah recalling his relationship with <mask> during production of Max Rose wrote, "He was kind and loving and patient and limitlessly generous with his genius. He was unbelievably complicated and shockingly self-aware." Actor and comedian Jeffrey Tambor wrote after <mask>'s death, "You invented the whole thing. Thank you doesn't even get close." There have been numerous retrospectives of <mask>'s films in the U.S. and abroad, most notably <mask>: A Film and Television Retrospective at Museum of the Moving Image, the 2013 Viennale, the 2016 Melbourne International Film Festival, The Innovator: <mask> at Paramount, at American Cinematheque in Los Angeles, and Happy Birthday Mr. Lewis: The Kid Turns 90, at MOMA. <mask> is one of the few performers to have touched every aspect of 20th Century American entertainment, appearing in vaudeville, burlesque, the 'borsht belt', nightclubs, radio, Classical Hollywood Cinema (The 'Golden Age'), Las Vegas, television: variety, drama, sit-coms and talk shows, Broadway and independent films. On August 21, 2017, multiple hotel marquees on the Las Vegas Strip honored <mask> with a coordinated video display of images of his career as a Las Vegas performer and resident.From 1949, as part of Martin and <mask>, and from 1956 as a solo, <mask> was a casino showroom headliner, playing numerous dates over the decades. Las Vegas was also the home of his annual Labor Day MDA telethon. <mask> was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. In popular culture Between 1952 and 1971, DC Comics published a 124-issue comic book series with <mask> as one (later, the only) main protagonist, titled The Adventures of Dean Martin and <mask>. In The Simpsons, the character of Professor Frink is based on <mask>'s Julius Kelp from The Nutty Professor. <mask> himself would later voice the character's father in the episode "Treehouse of Horror XIV". In Family Guy, Peter recreates <mask>'s 'chairman of the board' scene from The Errand Boy.Comedian, actor and friend of <mask>, Martin Short, satirized him on the series SCTV in the sketches "The Nutty Lab Assistant", "Martin Scorsese presents <mask> Lewis Live on the Champs Elysees! ", "The Tender Fella", and "Scenes From an Idiots Marriage", as well as on Saturday Night Lives "Celebrity Jeopardy!". Also on SNL, the Martin and <mask> reunion on the 1976 MDA Telethon is reported by Chevy Chase on Weekend Update. Comedians Eddie Murphy and Joe Piscopo both parodied <mask> when he hosted SNL in 1983. Piscopo also channeled <mask> while performing as a 20th-century stand-up comedian in Star Trek: The Next Generation; in the second-season episode "The Outrageous Okona", Piscopo's Holodeck character, The Comic, tutors android Lieutenant Commander Data on humor and comedy. Comedian and actor Jim Carrey satirized <mask> on In Living Color in the sketch "Jheri's Kids Telethon". Carrey had an uncredited cameo playing <mask> in the series Buffalo Bill on the episode "Jerry Lewis Week".He also played <mask>, with impersonator Rich Little as Dean Martin, on stage. Actor Sean Hayes portrayed <mask> in the made-for-TV movie Martin and Lewis, with Jeremy Northam as Dean Martin. Actor Kevin Bacon plays the <mask> character in the 2005 film Where The Truth Lies, based on a fictionalized version of Martin and <mask>. In the satiric novel, Funny Men, about singer/wild comic double act, the character Sigmund "Ziggy" Blissman, is based on <mask>. John Saleeby, writer for National Lampoon has a humor piece "Ten Things You Should Know About <mask>". In the animated cartoon Popeye's 20th Anniversary, Martin and <mask> are portrayed on the dais. The animated series Animaniacs satirized <mask> in several episodes.The voice and boyish, naive cartoon character SpongeBob SquarePants is partially based on <mask>, with particular inspiration from his film The Bellboy. In 1998, The MTV animated show Celebrity Deathmatch had a clay-animated fight to the death between Dean Martin and <mask>. In a 1975 re-issue of MAD Magazine the contents of <mask>'s wallet is satirized in their on-going feature "Celebrities' Wallets". <mask>, and Martin & Lewis, as himself or his films, have been referenced by directors and performers of differing genres spanning decades, including Andy Warhol's Soap Opera (1964), John Frankenheimer's I Walk the Line (1970), Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather (1972), Randal Kleiser's Grease (1978), Rainer Werner Fassbinder's In a Year of 13 Moons (1978), Robert Zemeckis's Back to the Future (1985), Quentin Tarantino's Four Rooms (1995), Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York (2002), Hitchcock (2012), Ben Stiller's The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2013), Jay Roach's Trumbo (2015), The Comedians (2015), Baskets (2016) and The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017, 2018). Similarly, varied musicians have mentioned <mask> in song lyrics including, Ice Cube, The Dead Milkmen, Queen Latifah, and Frank Zappa. The hip hop music band Beastie Boys have an unreleased single "The Jerry Lewis", which they mention, and danced to, on stage in Asheville, North Carolina in 2009. In their film Paul's Boutique — A Visual Companion, clips from The Nutty Professor play to "The Sounds of Science".In 1986, the comedy radio show Dr. Demento aired a parody of "Rock Me Amadeus", "Rock Me Jerry Lewis". Apple iOS 10 includes an auto-text emoji for 'professor' with a <mask> lookalike portrayal from The Nutty Professor. The word "flaaaven! ", with its many variations and rhymes, is a Lewis-ism often used as a misspoken word or a person's mis-pronounced name. In a 2016 episode of the podcast West Wing Weekly, Joshua Malina is heard saying "flaven" when trying to remember a character's correct last name. <mask>'s signature catchphrase "Hey, Laaady!" is ubiquitously used by comedians and laypersons alike.Sammy Petrillo bore a coincidental resemblance to <mask>, so much so that <mask> at first tried to catch and kill Petrillo's career by signing him to a talent contract and then not giving him any work. When that failed (as Petrillo was under 18 at the time), <mask> tried to blackball Petrillo by pressuring television outlets and then nightclubs, also threatening legal action after Petrillo used his <mask> impersonation in the film Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla. 2010 – Chapman University Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters during the 2010 MDA Telethon 2011 – Ellis Island Medal of Honor 2013 – Homage from the Cannes Film Festival, with the screening of <mask>'s latest film Max Rose 2013 – Honorary Member of the Order of Australia (AM), for service to the Muscular Dystrophy Foundation of Australia and those affected by the disorder 2014 – "Forecourt to the Stars" imprints at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood 2014 – New York Friars Club renames clubhouse building The Jerry Lewis Monastery 2014 – Publicists Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award 2015 – National Association of Broadcasters Distinguished Service Award 2015 – Casino Entertainment Legend Award Filmography Bibliography (ISBN is for the 2004 Mass Market Edition) Documentaries Annett Wolf (Director) (1972) The World of Jerry Lewis (unreleased) Robert Benayoun (Director) (1982) Bonjour Monsieur Lewis (Hello Mr. Lewis) Burt Kearns (Director) (1989) Telethon (Released in US, 2014) Carole Langer (Director) (1996) <mask>: The Last American Clown Eckhart Schmidt (Director) (2006) König der Komödianten (King of Comedy)* Gregg Barson (Director) (2011). Method to the Madness of <mask> Notes References Further reading Also, Film Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 12–26 University of California Press Vol.23 Issue 1 Lamarca, Manuel (2017).<mask>. El día en el que el cómico filmó. Barcelona, Spain. Ediciones Carena.

<mask> was an American comedian, director, actor, screenwriter, singer, humanitarian and producer. One of the most significant American cultural figures of the 20th century, <mask> was widely known for his "idiot" persona, his contributions to comedy and charity, and his publicized personal life made him a global figure. He was a member of the famous Martin and Lewis with singer Dean Martin. His solo career began after the split. By becoming a solo star and innovative filmmaker, he helped to develop and popularize "video assist", a closed-circuit apparatus enabling film directors to see what had been shot without waiting for developed film footage. 13 of the 60 films <mask> starred in were directed by him. He was the host of The Jerry Lewis Telethon for many years.<mask> was born to a Jewish family in New Jersey. His parents were Daniel "Danny" Levitch, a master of ceremonies and vaudevillian who performed under the stage name <mask>, whose parents came to the United States from the Russian Empire. <mask> claimed in his autobiography that he was named Joseph after his maternal grandfather, but the 1930 U.S. Census and 1940 U.S. Census all named him Jerome. Joseph and Joey were no longer used by <mask> to avoid being confused with Joe E<mask> and Joe Louis. According to reports, he was born at Clinton Private Hospital, but biographer Shawn Levy claims he was born at Newark Beth Israel Hospital. There are conflicting accounts of his early life made by family members and vital records. He was a character in his teenage years, pulling prank on his neighborhood, including sneaking into kitchens to steal fried chicken and pies.He dropped out of high school. He developed his "Record Act" at the age of 15. He was unable to book any more shows after his performance at the Buffalo Burlesque house fell flat. In order to make ends meet, <mask> worked as a soda jerk at the Paramount Theatre as well as at the Capitol Theatre in New York City. <mask>'s father had worked with Max Coleman before and he persuaded him to try again. Kaye became <mask>'s manager and guardian for Borscht Belt appearances after seeing <mask>'s mime act at Brown's Hotel in Loch Sheldrake, New York. He was rejected for military service because of a heart murmur.In 1945, <mask> and Dean Martin met at the Glass Hat Club in New York City, where they performed for the first time as Martin and <mask>. The duo gained attention as a double act, with Martin serving as the straight man to <mask>'s crazy antics. They played to each other and had ad-libbed improvisational segments within their planned routines which added a unique quality to their act and separated them from previous comedy duos. Martin and <mask> quickly rose to national prominence, first with their popular nightclub act, then as stars of their radio program The Martin and Lewis Show. On June 20, 1948, the two made their television debut on The Ed Sullivan Show. This was followed by an appearance on Welcome Aboard on October 3, 1948, and a guest stint on Texaco Star Theater in 1949. The Colgate Comedy Hour, a live Sunday evening broadcast, was hosted by the boys in 1950.Norman Lear and Ed Simmons were hired by <mask> as regular writers for their Comedy Hour material. Their Comedy Hour shows consisted of stand-up dialogue, song and dance from their nightclub act and movies, backed by Dick Stabile's big band, slapstick and satirical sketch comedy, Martin's solo songs, and <mask>'s physical numbers. They broke character, ad-libbing and breaking the fourth wall. The Comedy Hour established their popularity nationwide by displaying charismatic energy between the team and not completely capturing the orchestrated chaos of their nightclub act. They appeared at the Paramount Theatre in New York in 1951. The duo began their film careers at Paramount Pictures as ensemble players. They starred in 14 new films, including At War with the Army, That's My Boy, and Sailor Beware.Hope and Crosby appeared in Scared Stiff a year after Martin and <mask> did in Road toBali. The adventures of Dean Martin and <mask> were published by DC Comics. The team appeared on a show. In 1955, The Steve Allen Show and The Today Show aired. Their films were financial successes for Paramount. Both <mask> and Martin admitted that they were frustrated with the film choices of Wallis, who restricted them to narrow, repetitive roles. As Martin's roles in their films became less important, the partnership came under strain.When Look magazine published a publicity photo of the team for the magazine cover, Martin's participation became an embarrassment. Both <mask> and Martin went on to have successful solo careers after their partnership ended and neither would comment on the split. They were sometimes seen at the same public events, but never together. Martin invited <mask> on stage twice, but the split was too serious for them to reconcile. Sinatra surprised <mask> by bringing Martin on stage during the Jerry Lewis Telethon in 1976, twenty years after their break up. <mask> attended Martin's 72nd birthday in 1989. After ending his partnership with Martin, <mask> and his wife took a vacation in Las Vegas to consider the direction of their career.He couldn't put one foot in front of the other with confidence and felt his life was in a crisis state. I was terrified to be alone. While there, he received an urgent request from his friend Sid Luft, who was Judy Garland's husband and manager, saying that she couldn't perform that night in Las Vegas because of strep throat, and asking <mask> to fill in. <mask> had not sung alone on stage since he was five years old, twenty-five years before, but he appeared before the audience of a thousand, nonetheless, delivering jokes and clowning with the audience, while Garland sat off-stage. He sang a song he'd learned as a child, "Rock-a- Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody", along with another song, "Come Rain or Come Shine". The place exploded when <mask> was done. I knew I could make it on my own.<mask> used his own money to record the songs. He was asked to record an album for Decca Records. Rock-a-bye Your Baby went to the top of the charts. The album <mask> Just Sings went to No. 10. 3 stayed near the top for four months and sold a million and a half copies. The additional albums More <mask> and <mask> Sings Big Songs for Little People were recorded after the success of that album. It All Depends On You hit the charts in April and May 1957, but peaked at only No.There is a limit to the number of words that can be used in this article. <mask> released more singles into the mid-1960s. <mask> had previously recorded and appeared on the hit charts. He and Martin made several recordings together. The 1920s chestnut That Certain Party and later re-recording songs were featured in their films. During their partnership, but without Martin, he recorded many novelty-comedy numbers for adults as well as records for the children's market. A turning point in his life and career was when he began performing regularly at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.He was signed by the Sands for five years and was paid the same amount as Martin and <mask>. <mask> was praised by the critics. One wrote that he has proved that he can be a success on his own. He performed in Miami, New York, Chicago and Washington. He performed live at casinos, theaters and state fairs coast-to-coast over the years. In February 1957, he followed Garland at the Palace Theater in New York and Martin called on the phone to wish him the best of luck. <mask> said he had never been happier.For the first time, I have peace of mind. <mask> appeared on What's My Line? for the first time and established himself as a solo act. From 1956 to 1966 he guest starred on The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show. He appeared on both Tonight Starring Jack Paar and The Ed Sullivan Show, as well as a number of solo TV specials for NBC. He starred in "The Jazz Singer" for Startime. The 31st Academy Awards ran twenty minutes short, forcing <mask> to fill time, and he hosted the Academy Awards three times. DC Comics published a new comic book series called The Adventures of <mask> Lewis from 1957 to 1971.After working at Paramount, <mask> starred in his next film The Sad Sack. Frank Tashlin's background as a cartoon director suited <mask>'s brand of humor. <mask> did two new films with him, The Geisha Boy and Rock-A- Bye Baby. <mask> was asked to play the lead role of an uptight jazz musician named <mask>, who ends up on the run from the mob, in Some Like It Hot, but turned it down. He appeared in Don't Give Up The Ship and Li'l Abner. After his contract with Wallis ended, <mask> had several movies under his belt, eager to flex his creative muscle and was free to deepen his comedy with pathos. The pie in the face is funny, but I wanted more.In 1959 a contract was signed between Paramount and <mask> that stated a payment of $10 million plus 60% of the profits for 14 films over seven years. This contract made <mask> the highest paid individual Hollywood talent to date and was unprecedented in that he had unlimited creative control, including final cut and the return of film rights after 30 years. The head of production at Paramount told the press that if <mask> wanted to burn down the studio, he would give him the match. He had wrapped up production on his own film Cinderfella and was going to release it on Christmas 1960. Paramount Pictures needed a quickie movie for its summer 1960 schedule and held <mask> to his contract to produce one. He made his directorial debut with The Bellboy, which he also starred in. <mask> shot the film at the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami, on a small budget, with a very tight shooting schedule, and performed at the hotel in the evenings.They collaborated on many of the sight gags. <mask> said that Paramount was not happy about financing a silent movie. The movie's budget was $950,000. He directed an unsold pilot. In The Ladies Man, <mask> built a three-story dollhouse-like set with state of the art lighting and sound, eliminating the need for boom mics in each room. <mask> hosted The Tonight Show during the transition from Jack Paar to Johnny Carson in 1962 and his appearance on the show scored the highest ratings. The three major networks were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217The Nutty Professor was a smash hit and <mask> starred in it. A parody of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde featured him as Professor Kelp, a scientist who invents a serum that turns him into a handsome but obnoxious ladies man. It's considered to be <mask>'s best film. It was selected for preservation in 2004. Eddie Murphy played the title role in the 1996 remake of the film that inspired a franchise. He played a minor role in It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World and Who's Minding the Store? The Jerry <mask> Show, a 13-week, big-budget show which aired on ABC from September to December in 1963, but suffered in the ratings and was plagued by technical and other difficulties, including the assassination of then U.S. president John F. Kennedy, left.<mask> starred in The Disorderly Orderly, a satire about the Hollywood star-making industry, and had a small part in The Family Jewels and The Joey Bishop Show. The bodyguard was played by <mask>. In 1965, <mask> starred in Boeing Boeing, his last film for Paramount, based on the French stage play, which he received a Golden Globe nomination, as well as an episode of The Andy Williams Show. After 17 years with no explanation, <mask> left Paramount and signed with Columbia Pictures. He starred in Three on a Couch, Way...Way Out, The Sammy Davis Jr. Show, Batman, and a pilot for Sheriff Who. <mask> Kupcinet Show, The Linkletter Show, The Real Tom Kennedy Show, and A Christmas Night with the Stars.He appeared on The Carol Burnett Show and The Rolf Harris Show. The Day the Clown Cried was a drama set in a Nazi concentration camp and was directed by <mask>. <mask> said that litigation over post-production finances and copyright prevented the completion and theatrical release of the film. He said during his book tour for Dean and Me that he was not proud of the film's effort. <mask> explained his reasons for choosing the project in an interview with an Australian documentary film crew. There is a documentary on the German television station ARD. It was shown at the film institute on a DVD.The film was the first attempt to address the subject of The Holocaust. There is a lot of speculation surrounding the film. <mask> took a break from the movie business. <mask> was a guest on Good Morning America. Tony and Dawn were with them. After walking onto the Aladdin stage in Las Vegas, <mask> exchanged jokes with Sinatra and Martin. He starred in a Broadway revival of Hellzapoppin with Lynn Redgrave.He was the ringmaster of Circus of the Stars. After an 11-year absence from film, <mask> returned to the big screen in Hardly Working (1981), after guest starring on Pink Lady in 1980. It earned $50 million despite being panned by critics. In 1982 and 1983, <mask> appeared on Late Night with David Letterman and in The King of Comedy, as a late-night TV host, plagued by two obsessive fans, in which he received wide critical acclaim and a BAFTA nomination for this serious dramatic role. <mask> appeared in Saturday Night Live, Star Search, Cracking Up, Slapstick (Of Another Kind) and How Did You Get In? We Didn't See You Leave was one of the two films from France which had their distribution under <mask>'s control and stated that they would never be released in American movie theaters and on home media. He was a guest on The Tonight Show.He hosted a new syndicated version of The Jerry <mask> Show, but it was not continued beyond five shows. In 1985, <mask> directed an episode of Brothers, appeared at the first Comic Relief in 1986, where he was the only performer to receive a standing ovation, was interviewed on Classic Treasures, and starred in the ABC television movie Fight for Life. <mask> performed a second double act with Davis Jr. at Bally's in Las Vegas after learning of the death of Martin's son, which led to a reconciliation with Martin. <mask> hosted America's All-Time Favorite Movies and was interviewed by Howard Cosell. He was in five episodes of Wiseguy. <mask> was forced to miss the opening of the Museum of the Moving Image because of the filming schedule of the show. Martin's final live performance was at Bally's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, where <mask> joined him on stage.On Martin's 72nd birthday, <mask> wheeled out a cake, sang "Happy Birthday" to him and joked, "Why we broke up, I'll never know". Their appearance made headlines again. Cookie was his next appearance. In 1990 and 1991, <mask> directed episodes of Super Force and Good Grief. A three-part retrospective Martin & Lewis: Their Golden Age of Comedy, aired on The Disney Channel in 1992, highlighted his years as part of a team with Martin and as a soloist. <mask> made his Broadway debut as a replacement cast member in a revival of Damn Yankees, which was paid the highest sum in Broadway history, after guest spots on Mad About You and Larry King Live. He missed only three shows in four years, one of which was the funeral of his comedy partner.<mask> appeared on Inside the Actors Studio in 1996, the 12th annual American Comedy Awards in 1998 and in the 2000s. His last appearances were for the 81st Academy Awards, 50 Years of Movies & Music, The Talk, The World Over with Raymond Arroyo, and his final film Max. <mask> pioneered the technique of using video cameras and multiple closed circuit monitors, which allowed him to review his performance instantly. He was acting and directing at the same time. His techniques and methods of filmmaking, documented in his book and his USC class, enabled him to complete most of his films on time and under budget. The video system named "Jerry's Noisy Toy", which was developed by <mask>, was shown in Man in Motion. The prototype was produced by <mask> and the head of Sony.He did not hold a patent because he was instrumental in its development. This practice is common in the film industry. <mask> taught a film directing class at the University of Southern California for many years. George Lucas had a friend named Steven Spielberg in his classes. <mask> told his students that Spielberg's early film is what filmmaking is all about. Pre and post production, marketing and distribution, and filming comedy with rhythm and timing were covered in the class. His 1971 book, The Total Film Maker, was based on 480 hours of class lectures.<mask> traveled to medical schools for seminars on laughter and healing and did motivational speaking. While <mask> was popular in France for his duo films with Dean Martin and his solo comedy films, his reputation and stature increased after the Paramount contract, when he began to exert total control over all aspects of his films. The rise of auteur theory in French intellectual film criticism coincides with his involvement in directing, writing, editing and art direction. He was praised as an ingenious auteur by French critics in magazines. His singular mise-en-scne and skill behind the camera were aligned with others. The complexity of his being in front of the camera was appreciated. Cinema and comedy were seen as part of the art by the new French criticism.<mask> is seen as an innovator and satirist of his time as he is fitted into a historical context. The merit of the French critics, auteurist excesses notwithstanding, was their willingness to look at what <mask> was doing as a filmmaker for what it was, rather than with some preconception of what film comedy should be. Film studies and film theory were not yet part of the curriculum at universities or art schools. <mask> was criticized for his self-indulgence and egotism by mainstream movie reviewers who saw only absurdist comedy. Despite this criticism being held by American film critics, admiration for <mask> and his comedy continued to grow in France. It was often the object of jokes in American pop culture when people thought of appreciation of <mask>. N. T. Binh says that Americans can't see <mask>' genius.The book Why the French Love <mask> Lewis was based on this. <mask> stated in interviews that he was more popular in Germany, Japan and Australia than in France. As a humanitarian, philanthropist and "number one volunteer", <mask> supported raising money for research into muscular dystrophy. In December 1951, he and Martin made their first appeal for the Muscular Dystrophy Association on the finale of The Colgate Comedy Hour. After another appeal, <mask> hosted the New York area telethons until 1959 and in 1954. After being named national chairman in 1956, <mask> began hosting and emceeing The Jerry LewisMDA Labor Day Telethon in 1966 and aired every Labor Day weekend for six decades. Ed McMahon began his involvement in the telethon in 1968, before co-anchoring with <mask> from 1973 to 2008.The show began in New York, Las Vegas and Hollywood and became the most successful event in the history of television. In 1966 it was the first to raise over $1 million, be shown entirely in color in 1967, go coast-to-coast in 1970 and be seen outside the continental U.S. in 1972. It: raised the largest sum ever in a single event for humanitarian purposes, in 1974; had the greatest amount ever pledged to a televised charitable event, in 1980; was the first to be seen by 100 million people, in 1985; and celebrated its 25th anniversary. By 1990, pop culture had changed its view of disabled people. <mask> and the telethon's methods were criticized by disabled-rights activists who believed the show was designed to evoke pity rather than empower the disabled. The activists said that <mask> treated those he claimed to be helping with little respect, and that he used offensive language when describing them. The songs "Smile", "What the World Needs Now Is Love" and "You'll Never Walk Alone" have been associated with the telethon.<mask> and the Muscular Dystrophy Association received Lifetime Achievement Awards from the American Medical Association in 1996. "I shall pass through this world but once," he said. Let me do whatever I can to show kindness to any human being. I will not pass this way again if I defer or neglect it. <mask> defended his methods saying, "If you don't tug at their heartstrings, then you're on the air for nothing." Many patients and clients of <mask>'s Muscular Dystrophy Association benefited from the activist protests. He received three awards for his work with the Muscular Dystrophy Association, including a Governors Award in 2005 and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 2009.On August 3, 2011, it was announced that <mask> was no longer associated with the Muscular Dystrophy Association. A tribute to <mask> was held during the telethon, which was to be his final show. On May 1, 2015, it was announced that the telethon was being discontinued due to the new realities of television viewing and philanthropic giving. <mask> broke a five-year silence at the re-launch of the Muscular Dystrophy Association's brand in New York City in early 2016 and made his final appearance in support of the organization. Donations for the cause were raised by <mask>. "<mask>'s love, passion and brilliance are woven throughout this organization, which he helped build from the ground up, courted sponsors for MDA, appeared at openings of MDA care and research centers, addressed meetings of civic organizations, volunteers and the MDA Board of Directors." Muscular Dystrophy Association scientists discovered the causes of most of the diseases and developed treatments and standards of care that have allowed many people living with these diseases to live longer and grow stronger.The Jerry Lewis Telethons raised money for research and treatment facilities. <mask> opened a camera shop. In 1969 he agreed to lend his name to "Jerry Lewis Cinemas", offered by National Cinema Corporation as a franchise business opportunity for those interested in theatrical movie exhibition. Jerry Lewis Cinemas stated that their theaters could be operated by a staff of as few as two with the aid of automation and support provided by the franchiser in booking film and other aspects of film exhibition. The Jerry Lewis Cinema was advertised as a "mini-theatre" with a seating capacity of between 200 and 350. Each Jerry Lewis Cinemas sign had a cartoon logo of <mask> in it's profile. Initially 158 territories were franchised, with a buy-in fee of $10,000 or $15,000 depending on the territory.For $50,000, Jerry Lewis Cinemas offered an opportunity known as an "area directorship", in which investors controlled franchising opportunities in a territory as well as their own cinemas. The Jerry Lewis Cinemas were allowed to show more competitive movies after the policy of only booking second-run, family-friendly films was changed. Lewis and National Cinema Corporation declared bankruptcy after a decade. The first annual 20-hour Highway Safety Foundation telethon was hosted by Davis Jr. and Monty Hall. The short film How Are The Children? was written and directed by <mask>. The rights of children worldwide are explored in the anthology. The eight-minute segment, titled Boy, was about a young white child in a black world and being subjected to racism.Lochie Graham, a seven-year-old, shared his idea for "Jerry's House" with <mask>. <mask> and Graham formed a partnership with an Australian charity and began raising funds to build a facility in Melbourne. <mask> lent his name and star power to a charity event. <mask> took advice from President John F. Kennedy, who told him not to get into politics. Don't do that because they will take your energy. He performed for both JFK and Robert F. Kennedy. <mask> supported the Civil Rights movement.When southern affiliates objected to his friendship with Sammy Davis Jr., <mask> held his ground. <mask> spoke out against the Vietnam War when his son Gary returned from service. He was going to leave the country rather than send another son. <mask> once said political speeches shouldn't be at the Oscars. He believes that the industry is the most dedicated in the world. We need to present ourselves as hard-working, caring and important people to the industry. As an industry, we need to get more self-respect.<mask> answered "Politics" when asked what he was proudest of in a 2004 interview with The Guardian. The world's politics are the madness, the destruction, and the general lack of respect. He said that President Bush is his president. I won't criticize the president of the United States. I don't do that. I don't allow my children to do that. I come to England and you don't make any jokes about my mom.You moron, that is the Queen of England. Do you know how hard it is to be the Queen of England? "No one has worked harder for the human condition than I have, but they're not part of the human condition if 11 guys in that", <mask> said in a December 2015 interview. How can I take that chance? He said in the interview that Donald Trump would make a good president because he was a good showman. He said he liked Ronald Reagan's presidency. In 1998, at the Aspen U.S.<mask> told the Comedy Arts Festival that he didn't like female comedians. A woman doing comedy sets me back a bit. I have trouble watching it. She is a machine that brings babies in the world. "Seeing a woman project the kind of aggression that you have to project as a comic just rubs me wrong," he said. I can't watch a lady diminish her qualities to the lowest common denominator. <mask> said that women are funny, but not when performing "broad" or "crude" humor.He said that Carol Burnett is the greatest female comedian of all time. <mask> was fond of Totie Fields and other female comedians. <mask> apologized for using the word "fag" in a joke. The same word was used by <mask> on Australian television. <mask> wed Patti Palmer, an Italian American singer with Ted Fio Rito, on October 3, 1944, and the two had six children together. <mask> was Jewish and Palmer was Catholic. <mask>, who was married to Palmer 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266After 35 years of marriage, Palmer filed for divorce from <mask> in 1980, citing <mask>'s extravagant spending and infidelity, and it was finalized in 1983. All of <mask>'s children and grandchildren were not allowed to inherit any part of his estate. Gary called his father a mean and evil person and said that <mask> never showed him or his siblings any love or care. <mask>'s second wife was a UNCSA trained ballerina and stewardess named SanDee Pitnick, who met <mask> after winning a bit part in a dancing scene on his film Hardly Working. They were married on February 13, 1983, in Key Biscayne, Florida, and had one child together, an adopted daughter named Danielle. They were married for 34 years. The death of <mask> occurred on January 15, 2021, at the age of 99.<mask> and his family were the subject of a stalking incident in 1994. The man served four years in prison. Several women accused <mask> of various acts, including sexual harassment, sexual assault and rape, in a special issue of Vanity Fair. The actresses worked with him in the 1960s. These actresses were identified as Karen Sharpe, Renée Taylor, Hope Holiday, and Anna Maria Alberghetti. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 It has been said that the fall was either from a piano while performing at the Sands Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip on March 20, 1965, or during an appearance on The Andy Williams Show.<mask> was addicted to Percodan for thirteen years. He said he had stopped using the drug in 1978. <mask> had a stimulator implanted in his back in April 2002. He was one of the company's spokesmen. According to the documentary Method to the Madness of Jerry Lewis, <mask> suffered his first heart attack at the age of 34 while filming Cinderfella. He had a heart attack in 1982. <mask> had open-heart double-bypass surgery two months later.<mask> had a third heart attack on the way to San Diego from New York City. He was found to have a severely damaged heart. A few days after his heart attack, he underwent a cardiac catheterization, which revealed that one of his coronary arteries was 90 percent blocked. Increased blood flow to his heart was the result of the surgery. <mask> recuperated in a matter of weeks after having the cardiac catheterization, but he had to cancel several major events from his schedule. <mask>'s Australian tour was cut short in 1999 when he was hospitalized in Darwin with viral meningitis. He was ill for a long time.According to the Australian press, he failed to pay his medical bills. <mask> said that his health insurer was to blame for the payment confusion. He sued his insurer for US$100 million because of the negative publicity. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Lewis was unable to perform at a charity event in 2001. He was introduced but did not perform.He became unwell with cardiac problems. He was taken to the hospital. <mask> lost a lot of the weight he gained while on the drug after he began therapy. He was able to return to work. He was released from the hospital on June 12th after collapsing at the New York Friars Club event. He had to cancel a show in Australia. In an October 2016 interview with Inside Edition, <mask> admitted that he might not star in any more films because he was afraid of dying and leaving his wife and daughter alone.<mask> was hospitalized in Las Vegas in June of last year. <mask> passed away at his home in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the age of 91. The cause was end-stage cardiac disease. <mask> was no longer with us. <mask> disinherited his children from his first marriage and left his estate to his second wife, SanDee Pitnick, and their daughter. <mask> created a style of humor that was half anarchy and half excruciation. The self-deprecation <mask> introduced into American show business owes something to comics who never took a bad tumble in their careers.His self-deprecating style can be seen in Larry David and David Letterman. <mask> had a potentially volatile comedy style. He had a distinctive voice, facial expressions, and physical stunts. In nightclubs and early television, his ad-libbing was revolutionary. He would distinguish himself within the comedy landscape by his raw, energetic energy. In the late '40s and early '50s, nobody had ever seen a comedian like <mask>. His antics were radical and liberating, paving the way for future comedians such as Steve Martin, Richard Pryor, Andy Kaufman, and Jim Carrey.Carrey wrote that <mask>'s comedy was an act of anarchy. I learned from <mask>. <mask> used carefully choreographed, sophisticated sight gags, physical routines, verbal double-talk and malapropisms. "You can't help but notice <mask>' incredible sense of control in regards to performing, they may have looked at times like the ravings of a madman but his best work had a genuine grace and finesse behind it that would put most comedic performers of any era to shame." They arechoreographed as exactly as any ballet, each movement and gesture coming on natural beats and conforming to the overall rhythmic form which is headed to a spectacular finale: absolute catastrophe. <mask> created a complex comedy persona that involved four social aspects: sexuality, gender, race/ethnicity, and disability. He challenged norms, was misrepresented, and was heavily criticized through these social aspects.He challenged what it meant to be a heterosexual male. He pushed aside heterosexual normality and embraced distorted conventions to show his sensitivity and innocence. Critics thought his actions were appalling and that he was effeminate. <mask>'s feminine movement suggested a common gay stereotype of the era, though the intention was to represent the girl- crazy sexual panic of an inexperienced young man. In the Martin and <mask> duo, <mask>'s comical persona was seen as effeminate, weak, and inexperienced, which made the Martin persona look masculine, strong, and worldly. The <mask> character challenged what masculinity was. It was <mask>'s solo films that posed questions about gender and gender roles, but there are a few Martin and <mask> films that present the <mask> character in gender- swapped roles.His interactions with children in films such as Rock-A-bye Baby and The Geisha Boy made him less of a father and more of a mother. <mask> played the roles of father and nurturer in the film The Family Jewels. He showed that a man can take on feminine characteristics without being a threat to his manhood. <mask> was criticized for hiding his Jewish heritage. <mask>' Jewish identity is implied in several of his films, but he was never made a defining characteristic of his onscreen persona. <mask> did not appear in a film or film role that had any connection to his Jewish heritage. <mask> stated in a 1984 interview that he wouldn't exploit the lack of Jewish portrayal.It had no room in the visual direction I was taking in my work. <mask>' physical movements in films were seen as mocking those with a physical disability. The mental disability that has been attached to his comedy persona has not been physical. In his solo career, <mask>'s disabilities became important to the plots of his films and the characters. In films such as The Ladies Man, The Disorderly Orderly, The Patsy, and Cracking Up, there is either neuroticism, or both that drive the plot. <mask> was able to explore the psychological side of his persona, which gave him a deeper understanding of the character and the films that were not present in his previous efforts. <mask> was a major force in American popular culture from the late 1940s to the mid-1960s.<mask> influenced generations of comedians, comedy writers, performers and filmmakers. As <mask> was often referred to as the bridge from Vaudeville to modern comedy, Carl Reiner wrote after <mask>'s death, "All comedians watch other comedians, and every generation of comedians going back to those who watched <mask> on the Colgate Comedy Hour were influenced by <mask>." Everyone tries to copy the first guy. <mask> was in comedy. <mask>'s films have been re-examined frequently. <mask> was said to be one of the most original, inventive, and profound directors of the time. One of the most skilled and original comic performers, verbal and physical, ever to appear on screen.Dave Kehr, film critic and film curator for the Museum of Modern Art, wrote in The New York Times that <mask> was one of the great American filmmakers. <mask> was an experimenter with a dazzling skill, and an audacious, innovatory flair for the technique of the cinema. He knew how to make his own physical comedy for the camera. New Hollywood came to be known as <mask> was at the forefront of the transition to independent films. <mask>daring to declare his independence from the studio system was praised by David Weddle in a 2005 Los Angeles Times article. There was a studio system in which players and coaches were often at odds. The studios wanted their people to direct the process.<mask> often disobeyed the power structure to lead. <mask> was praised for his control over material as well as his art. In mid-20th century Hollywood, the entrepreneurs and the auteur were not common types. At a time of strict studio control, <mask> was doing both. None of the other comedy stars dared to direct themselves. "Not only would <mask>' efforts as a director pave the way for the likes of Mel Brooks and Woody Allen, but it would reveal him to be uncommonly skilled in that area as well." Until that time, most screen comedies were not particularly cinematic because they usually used the camera to best capture the action.<mask> was interested in exploring the possibilities of the medium by utilizing the tools he had at his disposal in formally innovative and hilarious ways. The way the scene is photographed is an important part of the joke. His selection of lenses, for example, expands and contracts space to generate laughs that aren't necessarily inherent in the material, and he often achieve his biggest effects via what he leaves off screen, not just visually but structural. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 "<mask> is the only one in Hollywood doing something different, the only one who isn't falling in with the established categories, the norms, the principles," said Jean Luc Godard. Lewis is the only one making films that are brave. He has been able to do it because of his genius.They are films of ambitious visual and narrative experimentation, provocative and sometimes conflicted commentaries on masculinity in post-war America, and unsettling self-critiques and analyses of the performer's neuroses. <mask>'s films were the first to use dark humor for psychological exploration. The idea of comedians getting under the skin and tapping into their deepest, darkest selves is no longer novel, but it was far from a universally accepted notion when <mask> first took the spotlight. Few comedians before him had turned arrested development into art, or held up a warped fun house mirror to American identity. The idea that comedy doesn't have to be funny in order to be funny is still radical. screwball or farce were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 How to Smuggle a Hernia Across the Border, made in his playhouse in the early 1950s, was one of the first satires to be a full-length film.This "sharp-eyed" satire continued in his mature work, commenting on the cult of celebrity, the machinery of 'fame', and the dilemma of being true to oneself while also fitting into polite society. <mask> had an agreeably bitter streak, offering self-lacerating insights into celebrity culture which now look strikingly modern. Even post-modern in places. More contemporary satirists like Garry Shandling, Steve Coogan and Ricky Gervais owe at least some of their self-deconstructing chops to <mask>' generously unappetizing turn in Scorsese's cult classic. <mask> was an early master of comedy deconstruction. He exposed the fakeness of on-stage performance by acknowledging the lens, sets, malfunctioning props, failed jokes, and tricks of production. <mask> had an impulse to deconstruct and even demolish the fictional "givens" of any particular sketch, including those that he might have dreamed up himself, as he steadily gains more control over the film.His films are behind-the-scenes, demystifying movie-making. <mask> deconstructs the very functioning of the joke in Deconstructing <mask>: <mask> as a Director. Chris Fujiwara said that the film made comedy out of the situation of a comedian who isn't funny. The final scene of The Patsy is known for revealing to the audience the movie as a movie and <mask> as an actor/director. In The Total Filmmaker, <mask> wrote about breaking the fourth wall and actors looking directly into the camera. The Office and Curb Your Enthusiasm are comedies that continue this method. Robert DeNiro, who starred with <mask> in The King of Comedy, reflected on his death.He was tough but one of a kind and one of the great experiences of my career. <mask> was a pioneer in comedy and film. He was a friend. I have seen him a few times over the past couple of years. He didn't miss a beat or a joke. You will be missed. <mask> was roasted by the New York Friars Club.It was like watching a virtuoso pianist at the keyboard while working on The King of Comedy. The documentary <mask> Lewis: Method to the Madness 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 Working with him was a perfect example of comic acting and charm. He was generous from the beginning. There is a line between being funny and being a great actor. <mask> was that person. The term "funny bones" was embodied by <mask>, a way of differentiating between comedians who tell funny and those who are funny.Daniel Noah wrote that <mask> was kind and loving and patient and generous with his genius. He was complex and self- aware. Jeffrey Tambor wrote after <mask>'s death, "You invented the whole thing." You don't even get close. There are many retrospectives of <mask>'s films in the U.S. and abroad, most notably <mask>: A Film and Television Retrospective at Museum of the Moving Image. <mask> is one of the few performers to have touched every aspect of 20th Century American entertainment. On August 21, 2017, multiple hotel marquees on the Las Vegas Strip honored <mask> with a coordinated video display of images of his career as a Las Vegas performer and resident.<mask> played as part of Martin and <mask> and as a solo artist over the course of several decades. His annual Labor Day telethon was held in Las Vegas. The material of hundreds of artists was destroyed in the Universal fire. Between 1952 and 1971, DC Comics published a comic book series with <mask> as one of the main characters. Professor Frink is a character from The Nutty Professor by <mask>. <mask> voiced the character's father in the episode "Treehouse of Horror XIV". <mask>'s 'chairman of the board' scene from The Errand Boy is recreated in Family Guy by Peter.Comedian, actor and friend of <mask>, Martin Short, satirized him in the sketches "The Nutty Lab Assistant" and "Martin Scorsese presents Jerry Lewis Live on the Champs Elysees!" ", "The Tender Fella", and "Scenes From an Idiots Marriage" were also on Saturday Night Lives. Chevy Chase reported on the Martin and <mask> reunion on SNL. Eddie Murphy and Joe Piscopo parodied <mask> when he hosted SNL. In the second-season episode "The Outrageous Okona", Piscopo's character, The Comic, tutord Lieutenant Commander Data. Jim Carrey satirized <mask> in a sketch. Carrey played <mask> in the episode "Jerry Lewis Week" of Buffalo Bill.He played both <mask> and Dean Martin. The made-for-TV movie Martin and <mask> had an actor portraying <mask> and an actor portraying Dean Martin. There is a fictionalized version of Martin and <mask> in the 2005 film Where The Truth lies. Sigmund "Ziggy" Blissman, the character in the novel, is based on <mask>. John Saleeby is a writer for National Lampoon. Martin and <mask> are depicted on the dais in Popeye's 20th anniversary cartoon. <mask> was skewered in several episodes of the series.SpongeBob SquarePants is partially based on <mask>' film The Bellboy. The MTV show Celebrity Deathmatch had a fight between Dean Martin and <mask>. The contents of <mask>'s wallet were satirized in a 1975 re-issue of MAD Magazine. <mask>, and Martin & Lewis, as himself or his films, have been referenced by directors and performers of different genres. <mask> has been mentioned in song lyrics by a variety of musicians. In 2009, the hip hop music band Beastie Boys danced to a song called "The Jerry Lewis" on stage in North Carolina. The Nutty Professor plays in the film Paul's Boutique - AVisual Companion.A parody of "Rock Me Jerry Lewis" was aired on Dr. Demento's radio show in 1986. There is an auto-text for 'professor' with a resemblance to <mask> from The Nutty Professor. "flaaaven!" is the word. Lewis-ism, with its many variations and rhymes, is often used as a misspoken word or a mis- pronounced name. In a 2016 episode of the West Wing Weekly, Joshua Malina is heard saying "flaven" when trying to remember a character's correct last name. "Hey, Laaady!" is <mask>'s signature phrase. It is used by comedians and laypersons alike.<mask> tried to kill Sammy Petrillo's career by signing him to a talent contract and then not giving him any work, because he bore a resemblance to <mask>. <mask> tried to blackball Petrillo by pressuring television outlets and nightclubs, as well as threatening legal action, after Petrillo used his <mask> imitation in a film. The Ellis Island Medal of Honor and the screening of <mask>'s latest film Max Rose were both given by the Order of Australia. Method to the Madness of <mask> Lewis is further reading. 48, No. There is a pp. 1 (Autumn, 1994). The University of California Press Vol.23 Issue 1 was written by Lamarca.The man is <mask>. El da en el film. Barcelona, Spain. Ediciones Carena.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20Makarenko

Herman Makarenko

Herman Makarenko (born 29 June 1961, Ukraine) is the conductor of the National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre of Ukraine named after Taras Shevchenko, the chief conductor and artistic director of the Kyiv Classic Orchestra, People's Artist of Ukraine, PhD, Doctor of Arts, Professor, Ambassador of the Ukrainian culture, became the first Ukrainian musician to be awarded the title of UNESCO Artist for Peace, author and initiator of international projects, including those under the auspices of the UN and UNESCO, Head of the Viennese Balls Organizing Committee in Ukraine. The author of the annual exclusive projects – «Concert Premiere», «New Year Strauss Concert», «Declaration of Love», concerts dedicated to the 60th, 65th, 70th anniversaries of the UN, «Ukraine to China», an international project that brought together UNESCO Artists for Peace «Art Against a Pandemic», «Message of peace», and many others. He has toured all over the world - United States, Canada, France, Italy, Iran, Russia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Croatia, Slovakia, Macedonia, Norway, Belgium, Serbia, China, Egypt, Kuwait, and others. Performed in prestigious concert halls of the world: UNESCO Headquarters Hall, the Madeleine Church Hall in Paris, Bedřich Smetana Hall in Prague, Cercle Royal Gaulois in Brussels, Cairo Opera House, Abdul Hussain Abdul Ridha Salmiya Theater, Guangzhou Opera House, Xiamen Opera House, etc. Has recorded more than 15 CDs with works of Western European, Russian, Ukrainian composers (including full music for Tchaikovsky's ballets Swan Lake, Nutcracker , V. Gubarenko opera «Tenderness», and others). Author of monographs – Music and Philosophy: Schopenhauer, Wagner, Nietzsche, The Conductor's Creative Work: the Dimensions of Aesthetics and Art History and a manual for students in higher education. Biography Herman Makarenko was born on 29 June 1961 in the city of Lviv in the family of opera soloists - mother was a ballet soloist and father was an opera soloist (tenor). «I was born behind the scenes of the opera, even the name was given to me in honor of the hero of "The Queen of Spades", my father’s favorite opera», says Herman Makarenko. Makarenko studied at the Kiev music specialized school named after Mykola Lysenko, and graduated from the piano faculty and later - opera and symphony conducting of the National Music Academy of Ukraine of P.I. Tchaikovsky Kiev State Conservatory. Upon completion, he was already a prize-winner of competitions for young performers. Since 1982, he began his career as a conductor, although he considers his work more a mission than a profession. Among the mentors who had a great influence on the formation and fate of a young musician were People's artists of Ukraine Roman Kofman and Oleg Ryabov, and principal conductor of the National Opera of Ukraine - Stephen Turchak. It was he who in 1987 invited, then a young intern at the Opera House, where Herman, as well as all new conductors, went through all the stages of formation - from assistant-trainee to the lead conductor. He has toured with various symphony orchestras and opera theaters around the world, including United States, Canada, France, Italy, Belgium, Serbia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovakia, Iran, Cyprus, Russia, Egypt, Norway, Kuwait and others. Herman Makarenko is an adherent of charitable projects, he is convinced that music can heal human soul: “If you feel good, you need to share your happiness with those who need it,” he says. Therefore, he and the Kyiv Classic Orchestra take part in charity Viennese balls around the world, organizes interactive concerts for children for the New Year and St. Nicholas Day. The orchestra under his direction can be seen not only on opera stages, but also in social centers, children's hospitals and even in art projects in the subway. His son and daughter, twins, who study at school, attend all of his concerts, learn to play the violin and even perform on international tours with his father. “I would really like them to love something as much as I love and adore conducting”, says the conductor. History of the Kyiv Classic Orchestra creation is also unusual: the project, which Herman Makarenko devoted to many years of his life since 2004, was born in Paris. One of the first concerts musicians performed at the La Madeleine Cathedral in Paris, and the next was at the prestigious UNESCO Hall. Ukrainian musicians “passed this exam successfully” and have been touring around the world for many years. The orchestra widely spreads European and Ukrainian classics around the world. Headed by Herman Makarenko Kyiv Classic Symphony Orchestra has been widely recognized in Ukraine as well as abroad. High professional status of the collective in many aspects supported by his exclusive music projects, including "Concert Premiere", "New Year’s Strauss Concert", "Declaration of love", Viennese balls in Ukraine, Cyprus, Norway, as well as exclusive projects: "Polish-Lithuanian-Ukrainian" dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the European Constitution, the "Millennium of Ukrainian violin", performed on the instruments of the string master Florian Yuriev. Maestro collaborates with UNESCO Artists, as well as with well-known composers, musicians and sculptors all over the world - from New York to Cairo, from Paris to Beijing as part of the Global Harmony Art Foundation mission. Awards Honored Artist of Ukraine (23 Мау 2002) - for a significant personal contribution to the socio-economic and cultural development of the capital of Ukraine Order of Merit of the Third Degree (28 November 2006) - for significant personal contribution to the socio-economic and cultural development of Ukraine Ambassador of Ukrainian Culture (22 December 2006) The People's Artist of Ukraine (27 June 2015) - for a significant personal contribution to state construction, socio-economic, scientific, technical, cultural and educational development of Ukraine, significant labor achievements and high professionalism UNESCO Artist for Peace (29 November 2016) - in recognition of the commitment to promote music as a vehicle for dialogue and mutual understanding among people References External links Herman Makarenko biography at Kyiv Classic Orchestra official site 100 World-famous Ukrainians (in Ukrainian) Article on Herman Makarenko (in Russian) Ukrainian orchestra in Qatar Charity Viennese Ball at the Kyiv City Hall (in Russian) Ukrainian "Shchedryk" was performed in French, Arabic and English (in Ukrainian) 1961 births Living people Ukrainian conductors (music) Male conductors (music) 21st-century conductors (music) 21st-century male musicians

<mask> (born 29 June 1961, Ukraine) is the conductor of the National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre of Ukraine named after Taras Shevchenko, the chief conductor and artistic director of the Kyiv Classic Orchestra, People's Artist of Ukraine, PhD, Doctor of Arts, Professor, Ambassador of the Ukrainian culture, became the first Ukrainian musician to be awarded the title of UNESCO Artist for Peace, author and initiator of international projects, including those under the auspices of the UN and UNESCO, Head of the Viennese Balls Organizing Committee in Ukraine. The author of the annual exclusive projects – «Concert Premiere», «New Year Strauss Concert», «Declaration of Love», concerts dedicated to the 60th, 65th, 70th anniversaries of the UN, «Ukraine to China», an international project that brought together UNESCO Artists for Peace «Art Against a Pandemic», «Message of peace», and many others. He has toured all over the world - United States, Canada, France, Italy, Iran, Russia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Croatia, Slovakia, Macedonia, Norway, Belgium, Serbia, China, Egypt, Kuwait, and others. Performed in prestigious concert halls of the world: UNESCO Headquarters Hall, the Madeleine Church Hall in Paris, Bedřich Smetana Hall in Prague, Cercle Royal Gaulois in Brussels, Cairo Opera House, Abdul Hussain Abdul Ridha Salmiya Theater, Guangzhou Opera House, Xiamen Opera House, etc. Has recorded more than 15 CDs with works of Western European, Russian, Ukrainian composers (including full music for Tchaikovsky's ballets Swan Lake, Nutcracker , V. Gubarenko opera «Tenderness», and others). Author of monographs – Music and Philosophy: Schopenhauer, Wagner, Nietzsche, The Conductor's Creative Work: the Dimensions of Aesthetics and Art History and a manual for students in higher education. Biography <mask> Makarenko was born on 29 June 1961 in the city of Lviv in the family of opera soloists - mother was a ballet soloist and father was an opera soloist (tenor).«I was born behind the scenes of the opera, even the name was given to me in honor of the hero of "The Queen of Spades", my father’s favorite opera», says <mask>. <mask> studied at the Kiev music specialized school named after Mykola Lysenko, and graduated from the piano faculty and later - opera and symphony conducting of the National Music Academy of Ukraine of P.I. Tchaikovsky Kiev State Conservatory. Upon completion, he was already a prize-winner of competitions for young performers. Since 1982, he began his career as a conductor, although he considers his work more a mission than a profession. Among the mentors who had a great influence on the formation and fate of a young musician were People's artists of Ukraine Roman Kofman and Oleg Ryabov, and principal conductor of the National Opera of Ukraine - Stephen Turchak. It was he who in 1987 invited, then a young intern at the Opera House, where <mask>, as well as all new conductors, went through all the stages of formation - from assistant-trainee to the lead conductor.He has toured with various symphony orchestras and opera theaters around the world, including United States, Canada, France, Italy, Belgium, Serbia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovakia, Iran, Cyprus, Russia, Egypt, Norway, Kuwait and others. <mask> is an adherent of charitable projects, he is convinced that music can heal human soul: “If you feel good, you need to share your happiness with those who need it,” he says. Therefore, he and the Kyiv Classic Orchestra take part in charity Viennese balls around the world, organizes interactive concerts for children for the New Year and St. Nicholas Day. The orchestra under his direction can be seen not only on opera stages, but also in social centers, children's hospitals and even in art projects in the subway. His son and daughter, twins, who study at school, attend all of his concerts, learn to play the violin and even perform on international tours with his father. “I would really like them to love something as much as I love and adore conducting”, says the conductor. History of the Kyiv Classic Orchestra creation is also unusual: the project, which <mask> devoted to many years of his life since 2004, was born in Paris.One of the first concerts musicians performed at the La Madeleine Cathedral in Paris, and the next was at the prestigious UNESCO Hall. Ukrainian musicians “passed this exam successfully” and have been touring around the world for many years. The orchestra widely spreads European and Ukrainian classics around the world. Headed by <mask> Kyiv Classic Symphony Orchestra has been widely recognized in Ukraine as well as abroad. High professional status of the collective in many aspects supported by his exclusive music projects, including "Concert Premiere", "New Year’s Strauss Concert", "Declaration of love", Viennese balls in Ukraine, Cyprus, Norway, as well as exclusive projects: "Polish-Lithuanian-Ukrainian" dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the European Constitution, the "Millennium of Ukrainian violin", performed on the instruments of the string master Florian Yuriev. Maestro collaborates with UNESCO Artists, as well as with well-known composers, musicians and sculptors all over the world - from New York to Cairo, from Paris to Beijing as part of the Global Harmony Art Foundation mission. Awards Honored Artist of Ukraine (23 Мау 2002) - for a significant personal contribution to the socio-economic and cultural development of the capital of Ukraine Order of Merit of the Third Degree (28 November 2006) - for significant personal contribution to the socio-economic and cultural development of Ukraine Ambassador of Ukrainian Culture (22 December 2006) The People's Artist of Ukraine (27 June 2015) - for a significant personal contribution to state construction, socio-economic, scientific, technical, cultural and educational development of Ukraine, significant labor achievements and high professionalism UNESCO Artist for Peace (29 November 2016) - in recognition of the commitment to promote music as a vehicle for dialogue and mutual understanding among people References External links <mask> biography at Kyiv Classic Orchestra official site 100 World-famous Ukrainians (in Ukrainian) Article on <mask> Makarenko (in Russian) Ukrainian orchestra in Qatar Charity Viennese Ball at the Kyiv City Hall (in Russian) Ukrainian "Shchedryk" was performed in French, Arabic and English (in Ukrainian) 1961 births Living people Ukrainian conductors (music) Male conductors (music) 21st-century conductors (music) 21st-century male musicians

The National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre of Ukraine is named after Taras Shevchenko, the chief conductor and artistic director of the Kyiv Classic Orchestra. The international project that brought about the 60th, 65th, 70th anniversaries of the UN is the author of the annual exclusive projects. He has traveled all over the world, including the United States, Canada, France, Italy, Iran, Russia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Croatia, Slovakia, Macedonia, Norway, Belgium, Serbia, China, Egypt, Kuwait, and others. The Madeleine Church Hall in Paris is one of the prestigious concert halls in the world. More than 15 CDs have been recorded with works of Western European, Russian, Ukrainian composers. The conductor's creative work: the dimensions of Aesthetics and Art History is a manual for students in higher education. In the family of opera soloist, <mask>'s mother was a ballet soloist and his father was an opera soloist.I was born behind the scenes of the opera, even the name was given to me in honor of the hero of "The Queen of Spades", my father's favorite opera. He graduated from the piano faculty at the National Music Academy of Ukraine and later conducted the opera and symphony there. There is a State Conservatory. He won a prize in a competition for young performers. He began his career as a conductor in 1982. Stephen Turchak was the principal conductor of the National Opera of Ukraine and Roman Kofman was a People's artist of Ukraine. <mask>, as well as all new conductors, went through all the stages of formation when he was an intern at the Opera House.He has toured with various symphony orchestras and opera theaters around the world, including the United States, Canada, France, Italy, Belgium, Serbia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovakia, Iran, Cyprus, Russia, Egypt, Norway, Kuwait and others. If you feel good, you need to share your happiness with those who need it, says <mask>, an adherent of charitable projects. He organizes interactive concerts for children for the New Year and St. Nicholas Day, as well as taking part in charity Viennese balls around the world. The orchestra under his direction can be seen not only on opera stages, but also in social centers, children's hospitals and art projects in the subway. His son and daughter, who study at school, attend all of his concerts, learn to play the violin, and even perform on international tours with their father. The conductor wants them to love conducting as much as he does. The creation of the Kyiv Classic Orchestra was born in Paris, which is unusual.One of the first concerts in Paris was at the La Madeleine Cathedral, and the next was at the UNESCO Hall. Ukrainian musicians have toured around the world for many years after passing this exam. European and Ukrainian classics are spread around the world by the orchestra. <mask> is the head of the Kyiv Classic Symphony Orchestra. High professional status of the collective in many aspects supported by his exclusive music projects, including "Concert premiere", "New Year's Strauss Concert", "Declaration of love", Viennese balls in Ukraine, Cyprus, Norway, as well as exclusive projects: "Polish-Lithuanian UNESCO Artists, as well as with well-known composers, musicians and sculptors all over the world - from New York to Cairo, from Paris to Beijing as part of the Global Harmony Art Foundation mission. Awards for a significant personal contribution to the socio-economic and cultural development of the capital of Ukraine Order of Merit of the Third Degree were presented to the Ambassador of Ukrainian.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20Gervais

Ricky Gervais

Ricky Dene Gervais ( ; born 25 June 1961) is an English comedian, actor, director and writer. He is best known for co-creating, co-writing and acting in the British television mockumentary sitcom The Office (2001–2003). He has won seven BAFTA Awards, five British Comedy Awards, two Emmy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and the Rose d'Or twice (2006 and 2019), and has been nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award. In 2007, he was placed at No. 11 on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups, and at No. 3 in their 2010 list. In 2010, he was named in the Time 100 list of World's Most Influential People. Gervais initially worked in the music industry. He attempted a career as a pop star in the 1980s as the singer of the new-wave act Seona Dancing, and managed the then-unknown band Suede before turning to comedy. He appeared on The 11 O'Clock Show on Channel 4 between 1998 and 2000, garnering a reputation as an outspoken and sharp-witted social provocateur. In 2000, he was given a Channel 4 spoof talk show, Meet Ricky Gervais. He achieved greater mainstream fame the following year with his BBC television mock documentary series The Office, followed by Extras in 2005, both of which he co-wrote and co-directed with Stephen Merchant, and in which he played the lead roles of David Brent (The Office) and Andy Millman (Extras). He starred in the 2016 comedy film David Brent: Life on the Road, which he also wrote and directed. Gervais began his stand-up career in the late 1990s. He has performed five multi-national stand-up comedy tours, and he wrote the Flanimals book series. Gervais, Merchant, and Karl Pilkington created the podcast The Ricky Gervais Show, which has spawned various spin-offs starring Pilkington and produced by Gervais and Merchant. Gervais has also starred in the Hollywood films Ghost Town, the Night at the Museum trilogy, For Your Consideration, and Muppets Most Wanted. He wrote, directed, and starred in The Invention of Lying and the Netflix-released Special Correspondents. He hosted the Golden Globe Awards in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, and again in 2020. Gervais also appeared on the game show Child Support. He is also the creator, executive producer, director, and writer of the Netflix comedy series After Life, where he plays the lead role of Tony Johnson. Family background Ricky's father, Lawrence Raymond "Jerry" Gervais (1919–2002) a Franco-Ontarian of French Canadian and Iroquois descent from Pain Court, Ontario, emigrated to the UK whilst on foreign duty during the Second World War. He worked as a labourer and hod carrier before he met Gervais' English mother, Eva Sophia (née House; 1925–2000). They met during a blackout and settled in Whitley in Reading, having four children over a sixteen-year period. Eva died at age 74 of lung cancer. Gervais, the youngest child, has three older siblings – schoolteacher Larry (1945–2019), Marsha, a pedagogue for special needs children (1948–), and painter-decorator Bob (1950–). Gervais has spoken of his appreciation and love for Bob in particular, to whom he credits his dry and controversial sense of humour. Their shared comedic tastes were both influenced by their mother, Eva Gervais. Ricky has made an example of this by reminiscing in various interviews about when, as an 11-year-old, he asked why his siblings were so much older than he was, she bluntly told him he was a mistake. Early life Gervais was born on 25 June 1961 at Battle Hospital in Reading, Berkshire. He was brought up in the Whitley suburb of Reading, with a sister, Marsha, and brothers Larry and Robert. Prompted by Robert, Gervais began to question the existence of God from about age 8. Gervais attended Whitley Park Infants and Junior Schools and received his secondary education at Ashmead Comprehensive School. After a gap year which he spent working as a gardener at the University of Reading, he attended University College London (UCL) in 1980. He intended to study biology but changed to philosophy after two weeks, and was awarded an upper second-class honours degree in the subject from University of London in 1983. During his time there, he met Jane Fallon, with whom he has been in a relationship since 1982. Career Music In 1983, during his final year as a student at University College London, Gervais and his best friend Bill Macrae formed the new wave pop duo Seona Dancing. They were signed by London Records, which released two of their singles—"More to Lose" and "Bitter Heart". The songs failed to make the UK Singles Chart. Despite not being successful in the UK, Seona Dancing did manage to score a hit in the Philippines with "More to Lose". Gervais also worked as the manager for Suede before they became successful in the 1990s. In 2013, Gervais performed a live tour as David Brent along with his band Foregone Conclusion, Brent's fictional band in The Office. He and the band performed songs written under the Brent character, including "Equality Street" and "Free Love Freeway". Gervais also produced a series of YouTube videos, 'Learn Guitar with David Brent', featuring acoustic guitar versions of nine songs. In 2016, as part of the Life on the Road film promotion, Gervais published the David Brent Songbook of 15 songs, which he also recorded for the album Life on the Road as David Brent and Foregone Conclusion. Radio Gervais worked as an assistant events manager for the University of London Union (ULU), then was head of speech at the alternative radio station Xfm. Needing an assistant, he interviewed the first person whose curriculum vitae he read: Stephen Merchant. In 1998 Gervais' position was made redundant when the station was taken over by the Capital Radio group. Around this time he was also a regular contributor to Mary Anne Hobbs's Radio 1 show, performing vox pop interviews in unlikely locations. After the first series of The Office, Gervais and Merchant returned to Xfm in November 2001 for a Saturday radio show, where they began working with Karl Pilkington, who produced the shows and later collaborated with them on their series of podcasts. In October 2017, Gervais began hosting the weekly radio show Ricky Gervais Is Deadly Sirius on Sirius XM. Podcast On 5 December 2005, Guardian Unlimited began offering free weekly podcasts, including The Ricky Gervais Show featuring Gervais, Merchant, and Karl Pilkington. Throughout January and February 2006 the podcast was consistently ranked the #1 podcast in the world. It appeared in the 2007 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's most-downloaded podcast, with an average 261,670 downloads per episode during its first month. Two more series, each with six podcasts, were released between February and September 2006. In late 2006, three more free podcasts were released. Together called "The Podfather Trilogy", they debuted individually at Halloween, Thanksgiving and Christmas. These three were known by Gervais and Merchant as "The Fourth Season". In October 2007 another free full-length podcast was released through iTunes, after being originally given out for free during a performance of Gervais's Fame stand-up tour in London. On 25 November 2007 Gervais, Merchant and Pilkington released another free podcast of just over one hour. In August 2008, Gervais, Merchant and Pilkington recorded their fifth series of audiobooks, totalling four chapters, which were released on 16 September 2008, and described as the 'Guide To...' series. As of May 2011, there are 12 'Guides' to Medicine, Natural History, Arts, Philosophy, The English, Society, Law & Order, The Future, The Human Body, The Earth, The World Cup 2010, and Comic Relief. The conversations typically begin on topic and go out on tangents about other subjects. In 2021, Gervais launched a paid-for audio series, Absolutely Mental, of his conversations with philosopher Sam Harris. There have been two series so far. Television Early television appearances Gervais has contributed to the BAFTA-winning The Sketch Show (ITV), penning several sketches. His mainstream-TV on-screen debut came in September 1998 as part of Channel 4's Comedy Lab series of pilots. His one-off show Golden Years focused on a David Bowie-obsessed character called Clive Meadows. Gervais then came to much wider national attention with an obnoxious, cutting persona featured in a topical slot that replaced Ali G's segments on the satirical Channel 4 comedy programme The 11 O'Clock Show in early 1999, in which his character used as many expletives as was possible and produced an inordinate number of politically incorrect statements. Among the other regular featured comedians on the show was Mackenzie Crook, later a co-star of The Office. Two years later, Gervais went on to present his own comedy chat show for Channel 4 called Meet Ricky Gervais. It was poorly received and has since been mocked by Gervais himself. Throughout this time, Gervais also wrote for the BBC sketch show Bruiser and The Jim Tavare Show. The Office The Office started when Stephen Merchant had to make his own short film while on a BBC production course. In August 1999 he made a docu-soap parody, set in an office, with help from Ash Atalla who was shown a 7-minute video called 'The Seedy Boss'. Thus the character of David Brent was created. Merchant passed this tape on to the BBC's Head of Entertainment Paul Jackson at the Edinburgh Fringe, who then passed it on to Head of Comedy Jon Plowman, who eventually commissioned a full-pilot script from Merchant and Gervais. The first six-episode series of The Office aired in the UK in July and August 2001 to little fanfare or attention. Word-of-mouth, repeats, and DVDs helped spread the word, building up momentum and anticipation for the second series, also comprising six episodes. Following the success of The Office second series, Gervais was named the most powerful person in TV comedy by Radio Times. In 2004, The Office won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy as well as Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy for Gervais, who said in a 2015 BBC interview that the award was the gateway to America for him. The Office brand has since been remade for audiences in Sweden, France, Germany, Quebec, Brazil, Chile, The Czech Republic, Finland, India, Israel, Poland and the United States. Gervais and Merchant are producers of the American version, and they also co-wrote the episode "The Convict" for the show's third season. Gervais has said that the episode "Training" is his favourite, where Brent plays his guitar and sings. In 2021, on the show's 20th anniversary, he suggested the show would not have been produced in 2021 due to cancel culture: "I mean, now it would be cancelled. I'm looking forward to when they pick out one thing and try to cancel it. Someone said they might try to cancel it one day, and I say, 'Good let them cancel it—I've been paid!'" Extras Extras had its debut on the BBC on 21 July 2005; directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, the sitcom ran for twelve episodes and starred Gervais as Andy Millman, a background artist. Millman is more self-aware and intentionally humorous than Gervais's The Office character David Brent. Guest stars on the first series of Extras include Ross Kemp, Les Dennis, Patrick Stewart, Vinnie Jones, Samuel L. Jackson, Ben Stiller, Kate Winslet and Francesca Martinez. A second series began on 14 September 2006 in the UK and featured appearances by Daniel Radcliffe, Dame Diana Rigg, Orlando Bloom, Sir Ian McKellen, Chris Martin, Keith Chegwin, Robert Lindsay, Warwick Davis, Ronnie Corbett, Stephen Fry, Richard Briers, Patricia Potter, Sophia Myles, Moira Stuart, David Bowie, Robert De Niro and Jonathan Ross. A Christmas special of Extras aired on 27 December 2007 in the UK and on 16 December 2007 in the US, featuring guest appearances by George Michael, Clive Owen, Gordon Ramsay, Jonathan Ross, and David Tennant. A Rolling Stone article remarks that in making Extras, Gervais was influenced by Larry David's Curb Your Enthusiasm, particularly in the format of celebrities making fools of themselves or subverting their public personas. In 2007, Gervais won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for his portrayal of Andy Millman in the second series of Extras. As Gervais was not present at the awards ceremony, the trophy was accepted on his behalf by Steve Carell, the actor who starred as regional manager Michael Scott—the counterpart to Gervais's David Brent—on the American adaptation of The Office. The Guardians Chris Tryhorn explained the "few gripes" he had with Extras, "particularly in the second series". "You can forgive Gervais a certain arrogance after the success of The Office, but...." He remarks on the confused tone of the series, taking in the clash between the broad comedy of characters Barry (Shaun Williamson) and Darren (Stephen Merchant), and the apparent parody of this style with When The Whistle Blows, and "given their total indulgence of Gervais, the BBC is portrayed as interfering, its comedy department run by a rather crudely stereotyped gay couple". The Ricky Gervais Show The Ricky Gervais Show is an animated TV show that debuted on US cable network HBO on 19 February 2010. In the UK, the first series began airing on 23 April 2010 on Channel 4. The show was developed using original podcast recordings from The Ricky Gervais Show starring Gervais, Stephen Merchant, and Karl Pilkington. After receiving an enthusiastic following in the US, HBO recommissioned the show for a second series, which aired in 2011, and a third series which started airing in April 2012. Life's Too Short Life's Too Short began airing on BBC Two on 10 November 2011. Gervais and Stephen Merchant wrote this sitcom from an idea by Warwick Davis. It is described by Gervais as being about "the life of a showbiz dwarf" and as "a cross between Extras and The Office". The show stars actor Davis playing a fictionalised version of himself, as well as Gervais and Merchant. Premium cable channel HBO, which co-produced the series with the BBC, had the US rights and began airing the series on 19 February 2012. An Idiot Abroad An Idiot Abroad is a travel documentary produced by Gervais and Stephen Merchant where a reluctant Karl Pilkington travels around the world, with his reactions to people and places recorded. Occasionally, Gervais and Merchant call to surprise him with a new place to visit or task to do. Pilkington reports back mostly complaining about the situation. Gervais says there is no planning; a camera crew follows his friend around filming for many hours, which Gervais edits down to an hour each episode. Two series and a Christmas special have aired; series one involves Pilkington visiting the Seven Wonders of the World. In the second show he chooses to complete tasks from a bucket list provided by Gervais and in the special Warwick Davis joins Pilkington on a journey following Marco Polo's route from Italy to China. Derek In November 2011, Gervais filmed in London a 35-minute pilot episode for a potential comedy-drama series called Derek, which aired on Channel 4 on 12 April 2012. The pilot is solely written and directed by Gervais and features him in the title role of Derek Noakes, a 49-year-old retirement home worker, who "loves animals, Rolf Harris, Jesus, Deal or No Deal, Million Pound Drop, and Britain's Got Talent." The character first appeared in a 2001 Edinburgh Festival Fringe sketch as an aspiring comedian who loves animals and still lives with his mother. Gervais's co-host Karl Pilkington makes his acting debut as Derek's friend and facilities-caretaker Dougie who also works in the retirement home. British comedian Kerry Godliman plays Derek's best friend Hannah and David Earl plays Kev. Gervais said that the series is about "kindness [being] more important than anything else". He added "It's about the forgotten—everyone's forgotten. It's all these arbitrary people who didn't know each other, and they're in there now because they're in the last years of their life. And it's about the people who help them, who themselves are losers and have their own problems. It's about a bunch of people with nothing, but making the most of it, and they're together." He chose to set the sitcom in a retirement home after he watched Secret Millionaire—"It was always these people with huge problems who were helping other people. I thought about having Derek help old people because no one cares about old people in this country ... I think it's perfect for now." Channel 4 commissioned a full series of Derek that aired in early 2013. Derek was recommissioned for a second series which premiered on 23 April 2014. Derek ended with a one-off final special, broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK on 22 December 2014. After Life On 9 May 2018, it was announced that Netflix had given a production order for the first season of the comedy-drama After Life. It was created and directed by Gervais, who also starred in it and executive-produced it with Charlie Hanson. On 14 January 2019, it was announced that the series would premiere on 8 March 2019, that Duncan Hayes would be an additional executive producer, and that Hanson would actually serve as a producer. On 3 April 2019, Netflix renewed the series for a second season. In May 2020 it was announced that Gervais had signed a new deal with Netflix, including a third season of After Life. Before the announcement Gervais said, "For the first time ever, I would do a series three, because the world’s so rich. I love the characters, I love all the actors in it, I love my character, I love the town, I love the themes… I love the dog!" Stand-up comedy Gervais began his stand-up career in the late 1990s. His first successful show was at the Cafe Royal as part of the 2001 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Titled Rubbernecker, it also featured Jimmy Carr, Robin Ince and Stephen Merchant. Gervais toured the UK in 2003 with his stand-up show Animals. The Politics tour followed a year later. Both shows were recorded for release on DVD and television broadcast. The third part of the themed live trilogy, Fame, took place in 2007. It started in Glasgow in January and ended in Sheffield in April. Blackpool reported selling out of tickets within 45 minutes of them going on sale. Newsnight Review's panel saw Animals during its Bloomsbury run and covered it in January 2003. They were not favourable, with Private Eye editor Ian Hislop saying it was "cobbled together ... banal ... a bit flat". After this, Gervais closed each show by calling Hislop an "ugly little pug-faced cunt". Fame was the subject of some controversy in January 2007 when Gervais included a routine, ostensibly about how people will do anything to become famous, referring to the murder of prostitutes in Ipswich. Gervais's fourth show was entitled Science, and commenced with an eleven-date tour in August 2009 at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in Glasgow. The DVD was released on 15 November 2010. In November 2009, he headlined the sixth annual New York Comedy Festival at Carnegie Hall. In 2013, Gervais announced that his next stand-up show would be called Humanity. In December 2014, he said he was too busy to do the tour due to producing two films. In May 2016, Gervais performed stand-up in London, starting with some low key warm-ups with cast members from Derek. He said, "Finally, I'm going to do some stand-up. The first in about six years if you don't count hosting the Golden Globes". He continued his Humanity show throughout 2017 and into 2018. He appeared at SF Sketchfest as part of the tour, which devoted a night in honour of him, alongside comedic legend and mentor Christopher Guest. His next tour and Netflix special SuperNature was announced in late 2018, where Gervais warned people not to travel to see "work in progress" as it would be a "shambles". SuperNature shows continued through 2019 and 2020. Following significant cancellations and postponements as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the SuperNature tours resumed in August 2021. Animation One of the first animations Gervais voiced was the character of Penguin in Robbie the Reindeer's Legend of the Lost Tribe. He had a starring role in Disney's Valiant, with Ewan McGregor, John Cleese and Jim Broadbent, as pigeon Bugsy. Gervais guest-starred in an episode of The Simpsons entitled "Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife". He is the only British comic to write and star in a Simpsons episode. The episode was the highest rated in Sky One's history; it revolved around the angle that Gervais was the episode's sole writer (and the first guest star on the show to also receive a writing credit for the episode of his appearance). Gervais clarified the extent of his input in a joint interview (with Christopher Guest) for Dazed and Confused magazine (January 2006): "No, all I did was put down a load of observations on an email and they made it look like a Simpsons script. I'm going to get the credit, but I think everyone in the industry knows it was a joint effort". Asked in a separate interview about how his idea for the episode (in which Homer swaps Marge on a game show) came about, Gervais replied: "I've always been fascinated with reality game shows but I think it was my girlfriend's idea. We watch Celebrity Big Brother at the moment, we watch I'm a Celebrity, Get Me out of Here... we watch all those reality TV shows—The Office came out of those docu-soaps". Gervais, a longstanding Simpsons fan, presented a segment to mark the show's 20th anniversary on BBC Two's The Culture Show on 16 June 2007. In 2012, Gervais made a guest appearance on Family Guy in the episode titled "Be Careful What You Fish For". In the episode, Gervais plays a dolphin named Billy Finn who gives Peter Griffin a Mercedes-Benz hood ornament, and Peter half-heartedly promises a favour to him. Soon, Billy moves to Quahog but outstays his welcome at Peter's. Peter tries to reunite Billy with his ex-wife in hopes that he will return to the ocean. The episode also featured Lucy Davis, with whom Gervais starred in The Office. Guest star on television series Gervais had a cameo role in Simon Pegg's and Jessica Hynes's sitcom Spaced as Dave, an estate agent who mistakenly places the advertisement for a property for a couple that turns out to be the premise of the show. Gervais has also guest-starred on Alias (in the third-season episode "Façade") as Daniel Ryan, a former Royal Navy bomb-disposal specialist turned rogue Irish Republican Army bomb-maker. He has also made guest appearances on Sesame Street. Louis C.K. had Gervais play Dr. Ben, his doctor, on two episodes of his series Louie. Gervais broke into his trademark hysterical laugh every time his character made Louie the butt of a joke. In early 2015, Gervais guest-starred in Galavant, a four-week comedy mini-series, as Xanax the magician. It aired on ABC and Gervais got to show off his singing skills. Entertainment Gervais made a cameo appearance on Saturday Night Live in a Digital Short during which he joked that The Office was adapted from a Japanese programme of the same name (with Steve Carell reprising his role as Michael Scott). The sketch re-creates scenes from the American and British pilot episode with Japanese elements (although in an exaggerated way). "It's funny", Gervais laughs at the end, "because it's racist". Gervais hosted the 67th, 68th, 69th, 73rd and 77th Golden Globe Awards. His appearance in 2010 made him the first master of ceremonies since 1995. He stated: "I have resisted many other offers like this, but there are just some things you don't turn down." His performance as host received a mixed response with positive reviews from the New York Daily News and the Associated Press, but also some negative comments from The Hollywood Reporter. His 2011 hosting of the awards was controversial for his jokes that were at the expense of many of the nominees, similar to the New York Friars Club roast-style jokes. His jibes were described as setting "a corrosive tone" by one critic, though some celebrities were seen crying from laughter, leaving the overall reaction to be 'mixed'. Gervais responded, "They are my friends, but I had to play the outsider." His 2020 hosting performance, particularly the opening monologue, garnered both praise and criticism from the public and press. He later responded to the negative media coverage by tweeting, "I always knew that there were morons in the world that took jokes seriously, but I'm surprised that some journalists do." He also stated several times during the opening monologue that it would be his final appearance as host, though he made a similar declaration during his first hosting performance in 2010. Gervais was a guest judge on Jerry Seinfeld's NBC show The Marriage Ref alongside Larry David and Madonna. He has also been a regular guest on Seinfeld's Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee. Talking Funny, which first aired on 28 April 2011, starred Gervais and fellow standup comedians Louis C.K., Chris Rock and Jerry Seinfeld having an informal round-table discussion on stand-up comedy. This one off HBO special was well received by critics & audience alike. In 2013, Gervais guest starred in David Blaine: Real or Magic, a television special where Blaine proceeded to run a large needle through his forearm in front of Gervais. Talk shows In January 2006, Gervais interviewed Larry David in a one-off special, Ricky Gervais Meets... Larry David. On 25 and 26 December 2006 he interviewed Christopher Guest and Garry Shandling which aired on Channel 4. There are no plans for further episodes of Meets..., although editions with Monty Python co-founder John Cleese and The Simpsons creator Matt Groening were recorded in 2006 for broadcast in 2007. A source claimed, "The Shandling experience put him off for good". In January 2009, Gervais was a guest on BravoTV Inside the Actors Studio season 15 with James Lipton, where at one point of the interview he answered Lipton's question as David Brent, his character from The Office. Brent obliged the audience by singing his song "Freelove Freeway" with a guitar supplied to him by Lipton. Gervais has been on The Late Show with David Letterman 26 times. In 2008, he helped Letterman read out the Late Show Top Ten List, Top Ten Stupid Things Americans Say To Brits. In mid-2014, upon hearing that Letterman was up for retirement, Gervais jokingly tried to discourage him by suggesting they go on a road trip where they would spend all their money. Gervais has appeared on the BBC's The Graham Norton Show many times over the years. He has been on Graham Norton's couch with Stephen Merchant, co-creator and co-writer of The Office, to promote Cemetery Junction. Another appearance saw him talk about his series Life's Too Short and Johnny Depp who was there to promote his own film was also present. Video games Gervais is one of two featured comedians (the other being Katt Williams) in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV who performs at the Split Sides comedy club on the virtual stand-up stage and as an interviewee on the in game radio station We Know The Truth. For the stand-up bit a special 3-minute act was written, recorded and fully motion-captured. Books Flanimals Gervais released a children's book in 2004, Flanimals (illustrated by Rob Steen), which depicted nonsense animals. After the success of this book, he released its sequel More Flanimals in 2005, with Flanimals of the Deep coming the next year. A new Flanimals book, Flanimals: The Day of the Bletchling, was released in October 2007. Flanimals: Pop Up was also published in 2009. There is a wide range of Flanimals merchandise available, including dolls and gift cards. Published television scripts The Office scripts have been released in book form, with Series 1 issued in 2002, and the remaining episodes following in 2003. Extras: The Illustrated Scripts: Series 1 & 2 has been released, as well. Other books The World of Karl Pilkington was presented by Gervais and Merchant. These were essentially transcripts of Xfm shows podcasts and featured illustrations by Pilkington. Film Gervais's film career has included small roles as the voice of a pigeon, Bugsy, in 2005's Valiant, as a studio executive in 2006's For Your Consideration, as museum director Dr. McPhee in 2006's Night at the Museum and its sequels Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, and as "Ferdy the Fence" in the 2007 film Stardust. Gervais starred in Ghost Town (2008) as a dentist who sees spirits, and was in Lowell, Massachusetts during May 2008 filming his next project, The Invention of Lying (2009), in which he starred alongside Jennifer Garner, Rob Lowe and Louis C.K.. The social comedy, was co-written and co-directed by Gervais and Matt Robinson. Gervais and collaborator Stephen Merchant made a film called Cemetery Junction, set in 1970s Britain, about class, love and fulfilment. The film was released in April 2010. Gervais starred in Muppets Most Wanted (2014) as Dominic Badguy, the partner of the movie's villain, Constantine. Gervais directed and starred in, Special Correspondents, which began filming in May 2015. The comedy stars Eric Bana as a journalist and Gervais as his assistant. They pretend to report news from a war torn country but in actuality they are safe in New York. The film was released on Netflix. Gervais directed and starred in the 2016 film David Brent: Life on the Road, a mockumentary following David Brent, a character first seen in The Office series, as he lives his dream of being a rockstar. On 5 November 2015 Gervais signed up to play Ika Chu, a villainous cat, in an animated film Blazing Samurai. The movie is about a dog (Hank) played by Michael Cera, who wants to be a warrior and fights with Ika Chu for the town of Kakamucho. Other appearances On 2 July 2005, Gervais appeared at the Live 8 event held in London's Hyde Park, where he performed his famous dance from The Office. Concert for Diana and Live Earth On 1 July 2007, Gervais performed at the Concert for Diana in Wembley Stadium, a music event celebrating the life of Princess Diana 10 years after her death. Towards the end of the event—after a pre-recorded introduction from Ben Stiller—Gervais appeared along with fellow Office star Mackenzie Crook. They performed "Free Love Freeway", a song previously heard in the fourth episode of series one of The Office. Due to a technical problem, Gervais then had to fill time until he was able to re-introduce Elton John to close the show, so he did the David Brent dance again, as well as singing the "Little Fat Man" song as performed by David Bowie in episode two of the second series of Extras. In July 2007, following Gervais's appearance at the memorial concert for the Princess of Wales, The Guardian ran a column by Daily Mirror television critic Jim Shelley entitled "Call Me Crazy... But Has Ricky Gervais Lost It?", where he described Gervais as a "tiresome embarrassment". The following week, The Guardian noted that Gervais had responded with "an exhilaratingly foul-mouthed tirade" on his website, concluding with the sentence "yes I am resting on my fucking laurels you cunt!" In this video, Gervais mocked Jim Shelley typing the words "resting on his laurels" as Gervais jokingly lashed out by stating that he was resting on his laurels and that he was not going to make another show for television, quipping: "What's the point? What is there to beat?" Personal life Gervais has homes in Hampstead, London, and Marlow, Buckinghamshire. He also has an apartment in the Barbizon 63 building in New York City. He has been in a relationship with producer and author Jane Fallon since 1982, and says they chose not to marry because "there's no point in us having an actual ceremony before the eyes of God because there is no God" or have children because they "didn't fancy dedicating 16 years of [their] lives ... and there are too many children, of course". He is a vegan, an atheist and a humanist, and states that he abandoned religion at the age of eight. In December 2010, he wrote an op-ed for The Wall Street Journal defending his atheism. He is an honorary associate of the UK's National Secular Society and a patron of Humanists UK, a British charity that promotes the humanist worldview and campaigns for a secular state and on human rights issues. On 3 September 2019, he received the 2019 Richard Dawkins Award, which recognises people who proclaim "the values of secularism and rationalism, upholding scientific truths wherever it may lead." Gervais received the award during a Centre for Inquiry-sponsored ceremony at London's Troxy Theatre. Dawkins praised Gervais as a "witty hero of atheism and reason." Gervais is a fan of the UFC and Reading F.C. He is a music fan and has stated that his hero is David Bowie, with his favourite song being "Letter to Hermione". He has also stated that his first experience of a live music gig was watching Iggy Pop. In 2013, he wrote that Lou Reed was "one of the greatest artists of our time" following Reed's death. Gervais is one of the 100 contributors to the book, Dear NHS: 100 Stories to Say Thank You, of which all proceeds go to NHS Charities Together and The Lullaby Trust. Political activism Gervais is a fervent supporter of gay rights and has praised the introduction of same-sex marriage in England and Wales as "a victory for all of us", saying "anything that promotes equality, promotes progress ... You can't take equality 'too far'." In June 2017, Gervais endorsed Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn in the 2017 general election. He tweeted, "OK. I'm not telling you how to vote, but this is a fact. The only vote that will keep Theresa May out is a vote for Jeremy Corbyn. Cheers." Social media Gervais joined Twitter in December 2009 when he first hosted the 66th Golden Globes. After a two-year hiatus, he returned in September 2011. In 2012, Gervais won a Shorty Award for Lifetime Achievement for his popular presence on social media. As of January 2021 he was followed by 14.5 million fans whom he calls 'Twonks'. Gervais uses social media to promote his work to his fans. After ten years he brought back his character Brent on his YouTube channel in a web series Learn Guitar with David Brent. He uses many ways to promote his new series, for example for Derek, he posts contests or questions for his fans. Gervais uses social media to raise awareness of animal welfare. He tweets links to petitions to rescue animals from captivity, he highlights the plight of animals being used for testing, and he encourages people to adopt dogs instead of buying them from breeders. He won the Genesis Award from the Humane Society in March 2015 for his contribution to raising awareness for animal welfare on social media. In 2014, he was named most influential London Twitter user. Influences Gervais has cited Laurel & Hardy, Groucho Marx, Peter Cook, and Christopher Guest as significant influences. The decision of John Cleese to stop making his acclaimed 1970s comedy sitcom Fawlty Towers after 12 episodes—when it was at its creative height—inspired Gervais in keeping his own sitcoms (The Office, Extras and Derek) to 12 episodes each. Charity work Boxing In 2002, Gervais took part in a charity boxing match against Grant Bovey, for the UK charity telethon Comic Relief. He was trained for the three-round contest by boxing trainer brothers Frank and Eugene Maloney, at their Fight Factory gymnasium. It was the second televised charity boxing match, the first being Bob Mortimer against Les Dennis. The fight was televised by the BBC, and Gervais came out on top by a split decision verdict. He donated his £5,000 prize money to the training of a Macmillan nurse who specialised in cancer support. Animal rights Gervais is a supporter of animal rights and has stated that he will leave his fortune to animal charities. Gervais named an Asian black bear, also known as a moonbear, Derek after the protagonist from his series Derek. In December 2013, Gervais bought a $1000 cake shaped like a moonbear to raise funds for Animal Asia. Gervais is active in the prevention of illegal wildlife trade; he supported the handing over of ivory trinkets to the Metropolitan police in London. In 2015, Gervais donated a signed acoustic guitar to help raise funds for Story Book Farm Primate Sanctuary in Ontario, Canada, with a special call-out to Pockets Warhol. The guitar which was signed by Gervais was purchased by Danny Young from the United Kingdom who has since had the guitar signed by several celebrities in order to raise further funds for the Story Book Farm Primate Sanctuary. Celebrities who signed the guitar include: Brian May, Will Ferrell, Bryan Cranston, Dhani Harrison, Peter Frampton, Ricky Warwick, and Steve Cutts. In 2017, Gervais was awarded the Lord Houghton Award for Service to Animal Welfare from Animal Defenders International. Gervais was also awarded the Humane Society International Cecil Award in 2018 for his frequent social media efforts to end trophy hunting. Filmography Films Television Video games Stand-up specials Recurring collaborators Awards and nominations Over his career, Gervais has won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on The Office and Extras. He has also received seven BAFTA Awards, five British Comedy Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards. Bibliography References Further reading Interviews Time Magazine (2008). Renaissance Man: Ricky Gervais by Joel Stein The Independent, et al. (2005). Ricky Gervais: My life as a pure superstar The Guardian Newspaper, et al. (2005). "Second Coming" by Tim Adams Gervais' video interview on Big Think Video interview & acceptance speech of Ricky Gervais winning Sir Peter Ustinov Award for Comedy @2010 Banff World TV Festival External links 1961 births Living people 20th-century atheists 20th-century British writers 20th-century English comedians 20th-century English male actors 21st-century atheists 21st-century British writers 21st-century English comedians 21st-century English male actors Alumni of the University of London Alumni of University College London Anti-natalists Audiobook narrators Best Comedy Performance BAFTA Award (television) winners Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (television) winners British atheism activists British male comedy actors British male television writers British men podcasters British people of Canadian descent British people of French-Canadian descent British secularists Childfree Comedy film directors Critics of creationism Critics of religions Cultural critics English atheists English comedy writers English film directors English former Christians English humanists English humorists English male comedians English male film actors English male screenwriters English male television actors English male voice actors English new wave musicians English people of French-Canadian descent English podcasters English radio DJs English satirists English screenwriters English social commentators English stand-up comedians English television directors English television producers English television writers Male actors from Berkshire Male new wave singers Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Reading, Berkshire Primetime Emmy Award winners Secular humanists Showrunners Social critics Writers Guild of America Award winners

<mask> ( ; born 25 June 1961) is an English comedian, actor, director and writer. He is best known for co-creating, co-writing and acting in the British television mockumentary sitcom The Office (2001–2003). He has won seven BAFTA Awards, five British Comedy Awards, two Emmy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and the Rose d'Or twice (2006 and 2019), and has been nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award. In 2007, he was placed at No. 11 on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups, and at No. 3 in their 2010 list. In 2010, he was named in the Time 100 list of World's Most Influential People.<mask> initially worked in the music industry. He attempted a career as a pop star in the 1980s as the singer of the new-wave act Seona Dancing, and managed the then-unknown band Suede before turning to comedy. He appeared on The 11 O'Clock Show on Channel 4 between 1998 and 2000, garnering a reputation as an outspoken and sharp-witted social provocateur. In 2000, he was given a Channel 4 spoof talk show, Meet <mask>. He achieved greater mainstream fame the following year with his BBC television mock documentary series The Office, followed by Extras in 2005, both of which he co-wrote and co-directed with Stephen Merchant, and in which he played the lead roles of David Brent (The Office) and Andy Millman (Extras). He starred in the 2016 comedy film David Brent: Life on the Road, which he also wrote and directed. <mask> began his stand-up career in the late 1990s.He has performed five multi-national stand-up comedy tours, and he wrote the Flanimals book series. <mask>, Merchant, and Karl Pilkington created the podcast The <mask> Show, which has spawned various spin-offs starring Pilkington and produced by Gervais and Merchant. <mask> has also starred in the Hollywood films Ghost Town, the Night at the Museum trilogy, For Your Consideration, and Muppets Most Wanted. He wrote, directed, and starred in The Invention of Lying and the Netflix-released Special Correspondents. He hosted the Golden Globe Awards in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, and again in 2020. <mask> also appeared on the game show Child Support. He is also the creator, executive producer, director, and writer of the Netflix comedy series After Life, where he plays the lead role of Tony Johnson.Family background <mask>'s father, Lawrence Raymond "Jerry" <mask> (1919–2002) a Franco-Ontarian of French Canadian and Iroquois descent from Pain Court, Ontario, emigrated to the UK whilst on foreign duty during the Second World War. He worked as a labourer and hod carrier before he met Gervais' English mother, Eva Sophia (née House; 1925–2000). They met during a blackout and settled in Whitley in Reading, having four children over a sixteen-year period. Eva died at age 74 of lung cancer. <mask>, the youngest child, has three older siblings – schoolteacher Larry (1945–2019), Marsha, a pedagogue for special needs children (1948–), and painter-decorator Bob (1950–). Gervais has spoken of his appreciation and love for Bob in particular, to whom he credits his dry and controversial sense of humour. Their shared comedic tastes were both influenced by their mother, <mask>.<mask> has made an example of this by reminiscing in various interviews about when, as an 11-year-old, he asked why his siblings were so much older than he was, she bluntly told him he was a mistake. Early life <mask> was born on 25 June 1961 at Battle Hospital in Reading, Berkshire. He was brought up in the Whitley suburb of Reading, with a sister, Marsha, and brothers Larry and Robert. Prompted by Robert, Gervais began to question the existence of God from about age 8. <mask> attended Whitley Park Infants and Junior Schools and received his secondary education at Ashmead Comprehensive School. After a gap year which he spent working as a gardener at the University of Reading, he attended University College London (UCL) in 1980. He intended to study biology but changed to philosophy after two weeks, and was awarded an upper second-class honours degree in the subject from University of London in 1983.During his time there, he met Jane Fallon, with whom he has been in a relationship since 1982. Career Music In 1983, during his final year as a student at University College London, <mask> and his best friend Bill Macrae formed the new wave pop duo Seona Dancing. They were signed by London Records, which released two of their singles—"More to Lose" and "Bitter Heart". The songs failed to make the UK Singles Chart. Despite not being successful in the UK, Seona Dancing did manage to score a hit in the Philippines with "More to Lose". <mask> also worked as the manager for Suede before they became successful in the 1990s. In 2013, <mask> performed a live tour as David Brent along with his band Foregone Conclusion, Brent's fictional band in The Office.He and the band performed songs written under the Brent character, including "Equality Street" and "Free Love Freeway". <mask> also produced a series of YouTube videos, 'Learn Guitar with David Brent', featuring acoustic guitar versions of nine songs. In 2016, as part of the Life on the Road film promotion, <mask> published the David Brent Songbook of 15 songs, which he also recorded for the album Life on the Road as David Brent and Foregone Conclusion. Radio Gervais worked as an assistant events manager for the University of London Union (ULU), then was head of speech at the alternative radio station Xfm. Needing an assistant, he interviewed the first person whose curriculum vitae he read: Stephen Merchant. In 1998 <mask>' position was made redundant when the station was taken over by the Capital Radio group. Around this time he was also a regular contributor to Mary Anne Hobbs's Radio 1 show, performing vox pop interviews in unlikely locations.After the first series of The Office, Gervais and Merchant returned to Xfm in November 2001 for a Saturday radio show, where they began working with Karl Pilkington, who produced the shows and later collaborated with them on their series of podcasts. In October 2017, <mask> began hosting the weekly radio show <mask>is Is Deadly Sirius on Sirius XM. Podcast On 5 December 2005, Guardian Unlimited began offering free weekly podcasts, including The <mask> Show featuring <mask>, Merchant, and Karl Pilkington. Throughout January and February 2006 the podcast was consistently ranked the #1 podcast in the world. It appeared in the 2007 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's most-downloaded podcast, with an average 261,670 downloads per episode during its first month. Two more series, each with six podcasts, were released between February and September 2006. In late 2006, three more free podcasts were released.Together called "The Podfather Trilogy", they debuted individually at Halloween, Thanksgiving and Christmas. These three were known by Gervais and Merchant as "The Fourth Season". In October 2007 another free full-length podcast was released through iTunes, after being originally given out for free during a performance of Gervais's Fame stand-up tour in London. On 25 November 2007 Gervais, Merchant and Pilkington released another free podcast of just over one hour. In August 2008, Gervais, Merchant and Pilkington recorded their fifth series of audiobooks, totalling four chapters, which were released on 16 September 2008, and described as the 'Guide To...' series. As of May 2011, there are 12 'Guides' to Medicine, Natural History, Arts, Philosophy, The English, Society, Law & Order, The Future, The Human Body, The Earth, The World Cup 2010, and Comic Relief. The conversations typically begin on topic and go out on tangents about other subjects.In 2021, <mask> launched a paid-for audio series, Absolutely Mental, of his conversations with philosopher Sam Harris. There have been two series so far. Television Early television appearances <mask> has contributed to the BAFTA-winning The Sketch Show (ITV), penning several sketches. His mainstream-TV on-screen debut came in September 1998 as part of Channel 4's Comedy Lab series of pilots. His one-off show Golden Years focused on a David Bowie-obsessed character called Clive Meadows. <mask> then came to much wider national attention with an obnoxious, cutting persona featured in a topical slot that replaced Ali G's segments on the satirical Channel 4 comedy programme The 11 O'Clock Show in early 1999, in which his character used as many expletives as was possible and produced an inordinate number of politically incorrect statements. Among the other regular featured comedians on the show was Mackenzie Crook, later a co-star of The Office.Two years later, <mask> went on to present his own comedy chat show for Channel 4 called Meet Ricky Gervais. It was poorly received and has since been mocked by <mask> himself. Throughout this time, <mask> also wrote for the BBC sketch show Bruiser and The Jim Tavare Show. The Office The Office started when Stephen Merchant had to make his own short film while on a BBC production course. In August 1999 he made a docu-soap parody, set in an office, with help from Ash Atalla who was shown a 7-minute video called 'The Seedy Boss'. Thus the character of David Brent was created. Merchant passed this tape on to the BBC's Head of Entertainment Paul Jackson at the Edinburgh Fringe, who then passed it on to Head of Comedy Jon Plowman, who eventually commissioned a full-pilot script from Merchant and Gervais.The first six-episode series of The Office aired in the UK in July and August 2001 to little fanfare or attention. Word-of-mouth, repeats, and DVDs helped spread the word, building up momentum and anticipation for the second series, also comprising six episodes. Following the success of The Office second series, <mask> was named the most powerful person in TV comedy by Radio Times. In 2004, The Office won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy as well as Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy for Gervais, who said in a 2015 BBC interview that the award was the gateway to America for him. The Office brand has since been remade for audiences in Sweden, France, Germany, Quebec, Brazil, Chile, The Czech Republic, Finland, India, Israel, Poland and the United States. <mask> and Merchant are producers of the American version, and they also co-wrote the episode "The Convict" for the show's third season. <mask> has said that the episode "Training" is his favourite, where Brent plays his guitar and sings.In 2021, on the show's 20th anniversary, he suggested the show would not have been produced in 2021 due to cancel culture: "I mean, now it would be cancelled. I'm looking forward to when they pick out one thing and try to cancel it. Someone said they might try to cancel it one day, and I say, 'Good let them cancel it—I've been paid!'" Extras Extras had its debut on the BBC on 21 July 2005; directed by <mask> and Stephen Merchant, the sitcom ran for twelve episodes and starred <mask> as Andy Millman, a background artist. Millman is more self-aware and intentionally humorous than <mask>'s The Office character David Brent. Guest stars on the first series of Extras include Ross Kemp, Les Dennis, Patrick Stewart, Vinnie Jones, Samuel L. Jackson, Ben Stiller, Kate Winslet and Francesca Martinez. A second series began on 14 September 2006 in the UK and featured appearances by Daniel Radcliffe, Dame Diana Rigg, Orlando Bloom, Sir Ian McKellen, Chris Martin, Keith Chegwin, Robert Lindsay, Warwick Davis, Ronnie Corbett, Stephen Fry, Richard Briers, Patricia Potter, Sophia Myles, Moira Stuart, David Bowie, Robert De Niro and Jonathan Ross.A Christmas special of Extras aired on 27 December 2007 in the UK and on 16 December 2007 in the US, featuring guest appearances by George Michael, Clive Owen, Gordon Ramsay, Jonathan Ross, and David Tennant. A Rolling Stone article remarks that in making Extras, Gervais was influenced by Larry David's Curb Your Enthusiasm, particularly in the format of celebrities making fools of themselves or subverting their public personas. In 2007, <mask> won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for his portrayal of Andy Millman in the second series of Extras. As Gervais was not present at the awards ceremony, the trophy was accepted on his behalf by Steve Carell, the actor who starred as regional manager Michael Scott—the counterpart to Gervais's David Brent—on the American adaptation of The Office. The Guardians Chris Tryhorn explained the "few gripes" he had with Extras, "particularly in the second series". "You can forgive Gervais a certain arrogance after the success of The Office, but...." He remarks on the confused tone of the series, taking in the clash between the broad comedy of characters Barry (Shaun Williamson) and Darren (Stephen Merchant), and the apparent parody of this style with When The Whistle Blows, and "given their total indulgence of Gervais, the BBC is portrayed as interfering, its comedy department run by a rather crudely stereotyped gay couple". The <mask> Show The <mask> Show is an animated TV show that debuted on US cable network HBO on 19 February 2010.In the UK, the first series began airing on 23 April 2010 on Channel 4. The show was developed using original podcast recordings from The Ricky Gervais Show starring <mask>, Stephen Merchant, and Karl Pilkington. After receiving an enthusiastic following in the US, HBO recommissioned the show for a second series, which aired in 2011, and a third series which started airing in April 2012. Life's Too Short Life's Too Short began airing on BBC Two on 10 November 2011. <mask> and Stephen Merchant wrote this sitcom from an idea by Warwick Davis. It is described by <mask> as being about "the life of a showbiz dwarf" and as "a cross between Extras and The Office". The show stars actor Davis playing a fictionalised version of himself, as well as <mask> and Merchant.Premium cable channel HBO, which co-produced the series with the BBC, had the US rights and began airing the series on 19 February 2012. An Idiot Abroad An Idiot Abroad is a travel documentary produced by Gervais and Stephen Merchant where a reluctant Karl Pilkington travels around the world, with his reactions to people and places recorded. Occasionally, Gervais and Merchant call to surprise him with a new place to visit or task to do. Pilkington reports back mostly complaining about the situation. Gervais says there is no planning; a camera crew follows his friend around filming for many hours, which Gervais edits down to an hour each episode. Two series and a Christmas special have aired; series one involves Pilkington visiting the Seven Wonders of the World. In the second show he chooses to complete tasks from a bucket list provided by Gervais and in the special Warwick Davis joins Pilkington on a journey following Marco Polo's route from Italy to China.Derek In November 2011, <mask> filmed in London a 35-minute pilot episode for a potential comedy-drama series called Derek, which aired on Channel 4 on 12 April 2012. The pilot is solely written and directed by Gervais and features him in the title role of Derek Noakes, a 49-year-old retirement home worker, who "loves animals, Rolf Harris, Jesus, Deal or No Deal, Million Pound Drop, and Britain's Got Talent." The character first appeared in a 2001 Edinburgh Festival Fringe sketch as an aspiring comedian who loves animals and still lives with his mother. <mask>'s co-host Karl Pilkington makes his acting debut as Derek's friend and facilities-caretaker Dougie who also works in the retirement home. British comedian Kerry Godliman plays Derek's best friend Hannah and David Earl plays Kev. <mask> said that the series is about "kindness [being] more important than anything else". He added "It's about the forgotten—everyone's forgotten.It's all these arbitrary people who didn't know each other, and they're in there now because they're in the last years of their life. And it's about the people who help them, who themselves are losers and have their own problems. It's about a bunch of people with nothing, but making the most of it, and they're together." He chose to set the sitcom in a retirement home after he watched Secret Millionaire—"It was always these people with huge problems who were helping other people. I thought about having Derek help old people because no one cares about old people in this country ... I think it's perfect for now." Channel 4 commissioned a full series of Derek that aired in early 2013.Derek was recommissioned for a second series which premiered on 23 April 2014. Derek ended with a one-off final special, broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK on 22 December 2014. After Life On 9 May 2018, it was announced that Netflix had given a production order for the first season of the comedy-drama After Life. It was created and directed by <mask>, who also starred in it and executive-produced it with Charlie Hanson. On 14 January 2019, it was announced that the series would premiere on 8 March 2019, that Duncan Hayes would be an additional executive producer, and that Hanson would actually serve as a producer. On 3 April 2019, Netflix renewed the series for a second season. In May 2020 it was announced that <mask> had signed a new deal with Netflix, including a third season of After Life.Before the announcement <mask> said, "For the first time ever, I would do a series three, because the world’s so rich. I love the characters, I love all the actors in it, I love my character, I love the town, I love the themes… I love the dog!" Stand-up comedy <mask> began his stand-up career in the late 1990s. His first successful show was at the Cafe Royal as part of the 2001 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Titled Rubbernecker, it also featured Jimmy Carr, Robin Ince and Stephen Merchant. <mask> toured the UK in 2003 with his stand-up show Animals. The Politics tour followed a year later.Both shows were recorded for release on DVD and television broadcast. The third part of the themed live trilogy, Fame, took place in 2007. It started in Glasgow in January and ended in Sheffield in April. Blackpool reported selling out of tickets within 45 minutes of them going on sale. Newsnight Review's panel saw Animals during its Bloomsbury run and covered it in January 2003. They were not favourable, with Private Eye editor Ian Hislop saying it was "cobbled together ... banal ... a bit flat". After this, <mask> closed each show by calling Hislop an "ugly little pug-faced cunt".Fame was the subject of some controversy in January 2007 when <mask> included a routine, ostensibly about how people will do anything to become famous, referring to the murder of prostitutes in Ipswich. <mask>'s fourth show was entitled Science, and commenced with an eleven-date tour in August 2009 at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in Glasgow. The DVD was released on 15 November 2010. In November 2009, he headlined the sixth annual New York Comedy Festival at Carnegie Hall. In 2013, <mask> announced that his next stand-up show would be called Humanity. In December 2014, he said he was too busy to do the tour due to producing two films. In May 2016, <mask> performed stand-up in London, starting with some low key warm-ups with cast members from Derek.He said, "Finally, I'm going to do some stand-up. The first in about six years if you don't count hosting the Golden Globes". He continued his Humanity show throughout 2017 and into 2018. He appeared at SF Sketchfest as part of the tour, which devoted a night in honour of him, alongside comedic legend and mentor Christopher Guest. His next tour and Netflix special SuperNature was announced in late 2018, where Gervais warned people not to travel to see "work in progress" as it would be a "shambles". SuperNature shows continued through 2019 and 2020. Following significant cancellations and postponements as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the SuperNature tours resumed in August 2021.Animation One of the first animations <mask> voiced was the character of Penguin in Robbie the Reindeer's Legend of the Lost Tribe. He had a starring role in Disney's Valiant, with Ewan McGregor, John Cleese and Jim Broadbent, as pigeon Bugsy. <mask> guest-starred in an episode of The Simpsons entitled "Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife". He is the only British comic to write and star in a Simpsons episode. The episode was the highest rated in Sky One's history; it revolved around the angle that <mask> was the episode's sole writer (and the first guest star on the show to also receive a writing credit for the episode of his appearance). <mask> clarified the extent of his input in a joint interview (with Christopher Guest) for Dazed and Confused magazine (January 2006): "No, all I did was put down a load of observations on an email and they made it look like a Simpsons script. I'm going to get the credit, but I think everyone in the industry knows it was a joint effort".Asked in a separate interview about how his idea for the episode (in which Homer swaps Marge on a game show) came about, <mask> replied: "I've always been fascinated with reality game shows but I think it was my girlfriend's idea. We watch Celebrity Big Brother at the moment, we watch I'm a Celebrity, Get Me out of Here... we watch all those reality TV shows—The Office came out of those docu-soaps". <mask>, a longstanding Simpsons fan, presented a segment to mark the show's 20th anniversary on BBC Two's The Culture Show on 16 June 2007. In 2012, <mask> made a guest appearance on Family Guy in the episode titled "Be Careful What You Fish For". In the episode, <mask> plays a dolphin named Billy Finn who gives Peter Griffin a Mercedes-Benz hood ornament, and Peter half-heartedly promises a favour to him. Soon, Billy moves to Quahog but outstays his welcome at Peter's. Peter tries to reunite Billy with his ex-wife in hopes that he will return to the ocean.The episode also featured Lucy Davis, with whom <mask> starred in The Office. Guest star on television series <mask> had a cameo role in Simon Pegg's and Jessica Hynes's sitcom Spaced as Dave, an estate agent who mistakenly places the advertisement for a property for a couple that turns out to be the premise of the show. <mask> has also guest-starred on Alias (in the third-season episode "Façade") as Daniel Ryan, a former Royal Navy bomb-disposal specialist turned rogue Irish Republican Army bomb-maker. He has also made guest appearances on Sesame Street. Louis C.K. had <mask> play Dr. Ben, his doctor, on two episodes of his series Louie. <mask> broke into his trademark hysterical laugh every time his character made Louie the butt of a joke.In early 2015, <mask> guest-starred in Galavant, a four-week comedy mini-series, as Xanax the magician. It aired on ABC and <mask> got to show off his singing skills. <mask> made a cameo appearance on Saturday Night Live in a Digital Short during which he joked that The Office was adapted from a Japanese programme of the same name (with Steve Carell reprising his role as Michael Scott). The sketch re-creates scenes from the American and British pilot episode with Japanese elements (although in an exaggerated way). "It's funny", Gervais laughs at the end, "because it's racist". <mask> hosted the 67th, 68th, 69th, 73rd and 77th Golden Globe Awards. His appearance in 2010 made him the first master of ceremonies since 1995.He stated: "I have resisted many other offers like this, but there are just some things you don't turn down." His performance as host received a mixed response with positive reviews from the New York Daily News and the Associated Press, but also some negative comments from The Hollywood Reporter. His 2011 hosting of the awards was controversial for his jokes that were at the expense of many of the nominees, similar to the New York Friars Club roast-style jokes. His jibes were described as setting "a corrosive tone" by one critic, though some celebrities were seen crying from laughter, leaving the overall reaction to be 'mixed'. <mask> responded, "They are my friends, but I had to play the outsider." His 2020 hosting performance, particularly the opening monologue, garnered both praise and criticism from the public and press. He later responded to the negative media coverage by tweeting, "I always knew that there were morons in the world that took jokes seriously, but I'm surprised that some journalists do."He also stated several times during the opening monologue that it would be his final appearance as host, though he made a similar declaration during his first hosting performance in 2010. <mask> was a guest judge on Jerry Seinfeld's NBC show The Marriage Ref alongside Larry David and Madonna. He has also been a regular guest on Seinfeld's Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee. Talking Funny, which first aired on 28 April 2011, starred <mask> and fellow standup comedians Louis C.K., Chris Rock and Jerry Seinfeld having an informal round-table discussion on stand-up comedy. This one off HBO special was well received by critics & audience alike. In 2013, <mask> guest starred in David Blaine: Real or Magic, a television special where Blaine proceeded to run a large needle through his forearm in front of Gervais. Talk shows In January 2006, Gervais interviewed Larry David in a one-off special, <mask> Meets... Larry David.On 25 and 26 December 2006 he interviewed Christopher Guest and Garry Shandling which aired on Channel 4. There are no plans for further episodes of Meets..., although editions with Monty Python co-founder John Cleese and The Simpsons creator Matt Groening were recorded in 2006 for broadcast in 2007. A source claimed, "The Shandling experience put him off for good". In January 2009, <mask> was a guest on BravoTV Inside the Actors Studio season 15 with James Lipton, where at one point of the interview he answered Lipton's question as David Brent, his character from The Office. Brent obliged the audience by singing his song "Freelove Freeway" with a guitar supplied to him by Lipton. <mask> has been on The Late Show with David Letterman 26 times. In 2008, he helped Letterman read out the Late Show Top Ten List, Top Ten Stupid Things Americans Say To Brits.In mid-2014, upon hearing that Letterman was up for retirement, Gervais jokingly tried to discourage him by suggesting they go on a road trip where they would spend all their money. <mask> has appeared on the BBC's The Graham Norton Show many times over the years. He has been on Graham Norton's couch with Stephen Merchant, co-creator and co-writer of The Office, to promote Cemetery Junction. Another appearance saw him talk about his series Life's Too Short and Johnny Depp who was there to promote his own film was also present. Video games <mask> is one of two featured comedians (the other being Katt Williams) in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV who performs at the Split Sides comedy club on the virtual stand-up stage and as an interviewee on the in game radio station We Know The Truth. For the stand-up bit a special 3-minute act was written, recorded and fully motion-captured. Books Flanimals Gervais released a children's book in 2004, Flanimals (illustrated by Rob Steen), which depicted nonsense animals.After the success of this book, he released its sequel More Flanimals in 2005, with Flanimals of the Deep coming the next year. A new Flanimals book, Flanimals: The Day of the Bletchling, was released in October 2007. Flanimals: Pop Up was also published in 2009. There is a wide range of Flanimals merchandise available, including dolls and gift cards. Published television scripts The Office scripts have been released in book form, with Series 1 issued in 2002, and the remaining episodes following in 2003. Extras: The Illustrated Scripts: Series 1 & 2 has been released, as well. Other books The World of Karl Pilkington was presented by Gervais and Merchant.These were essentially transcripts of Xfm shows podcasts and featured illustrations by Pilkington. <mask>'s film career has included small roles as the voice of a pigeon, Bugsy, in 2005's Valiant, as a studio executive in 2006's For Your Consideration, as museum director Dr. McPhee in 2006's Night at the Museum and its sequels Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, and as "Ferdy the Fence" in the 2007 film Stardust. <mask> starred in Ghost Town (2008) as a dentist who sees spirits, and was in Lowell, Massachusetts during May 2008 filming his next project, The Invention of Lying (2009), in which he starred alongside Jennifer Garner, Rob Lowe and Louis C.K.. The social comedy, was co-written and co-directed by <mask> and Matt Robinson. <mask> and collaborator Stephen Merchant made a film called Cemetery Junction, set in 1970s Britain, about class, love and fulfilment. The film was released in April 2010. <mask> starred in Muppets Most Wanted (2014) as Dominic Badguy, the partner of the movie's villain, Constantine.<mask> directed and starred in, Special Correspondents, which began filming in May 2015. The comedy stars Eric Bana as a journalist and Gervais as his assistant. They pretend to report news from a war torn country but in actuality they are safe in New York. The film was released on Netflix. <mask> directed and starred in the 2016 film David Brent: Life on the Road, a mockumentary following David Brent, a character first seen in The Office series, as he lives his dream of being a rockstar. On 5 November 2015 <mask> signed up to play Ika Chu, a villainous cat, in an animated film Blazing Samurai. The movie is about a dog (Hank) played by Michael Cera, who wants to be a warrior and fights with Ika Chu for the town of Kakamucho.Other appearances On 2 July 2005, <mask> appeared at the Live 8 event held in London's Hyde Park, where he performed his famous dance from The Office. Concert for Diana and Live Earth On 1 July 2007, <mask> performed at the Concert for Diana in Wembley Stadium, a music event celebrating the life of Princess Diana 10 years after her death. Towards the end of the event—after a pre-recorded introduction from Ben Stiller—<mask> appeared along with fellow Office star Mackenzie Crook. They performed "Free Love Freeway", a song previously heard in the fourth episode of series one of The Office. Due to a technical problem, <mask> then had to fill time until he was able to re-introduce Elton John to close the show, so he did the David Brent dance again, as well as singing the "Little Fat Man" song as performed by David Bowie in episode two of the second series of Extras. In July 2007, following <mask>'s appearance at the memorial concert for the Princess of Wales, The Guardian ran a column by Daily Mirror television critic Jim Shelley entitled "Call Me Crazy... But Has <mask>is Lost It?", where he described <mask> as a "tiresome embarrassment". The following week, The Guardian noted that <mask> had responded with "an exhilaratingly foul-mouthed tirade" on his website, concluding with the sentence "yes I am resting on my fucking laurels you cunt!" In this video, <mask> mocked Jim Shelley typing the words "resting on his laurels" as <mask> jokingly lashed out by stating that he was resting on his laurels and that he was not going to make another show for television, quipping: "What's the point? What is there to beat?" Personal life <mask> has homes in Hampstead, London, and Marlow, Buckinghamshire. He also has an apartment in the Barbizon 63 building in New York City. He has been in a relationship with producer and author Jane Fallon since 1982, and says they chose not to marry because "there's no point in us having an actual ceremony before the eyes of God because there is no God" or have children because they "didn't fancy dedicating 16 years of [their] lives ... and there are too many children, of course".He is a vegan, an atheist and a humanist, and states that he abandoned religion at the age of eight. In December 2010, he wrote an op-ed for The Wall Street Journal defending his atheism. He is an honorary associate of the UK's National Secular Society and a patron of Humanists UK, a British charity that promotes the humanist worldview and campaigns for a secular state and on human rights issues. On 3 September 2019, he received the 2019 Richard Dawkins Award, which recognises people who proclaim "the values of secularism and rationalism, upholding scientific truths wherever it may lead." <mask> received the award during a Centre for Inquiry-sponsored ceremony at London's Troxy Theatre. Dawkins praised Gervais as a "witty hero of atheism and reason." <mask> is a fan of the UFC and Reading F.C.He is a music fan and has stated that his hero is David Bowie, with his favourite song being "Letter to Hermione". He has also stated that his first experience of a live music gig was watching Iggy Pop. In 2013, he wrote that Lou Reed was "one of the greatest artists of our time" following Reed's death. <mask> is one of the 100 contributors to the book, Dear NHS: 100 Stories to Say Thank You, of which all proceeds go to NHS Charities Together and The Lullaby Trust. Political activism Gervais is a fervent supporter of gay rights and has praised the introduction of same-sex marriage in England and Wales as "a victory for all of us", saying "anything that promotes equality, promotes progress ... You can't take equality 'too far'." In June 2017, Gervais endorsed Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn in the 2017 general election. He tweeted, "OK.I'm not telling you how to vote, but this is a fact. The only vote that will keep Theresa May out is a vote for Jeremy Corbyn. Cheers." Social media <mask> joined Twitter in December 2009 when he first hosted the 66th Golden Globes. After a two-year hiatus, he returned in September 2011. In 2012, <mask> won a Shorty Award for Lifetime Achievement for his popular presence on social media. As of January 2021 he was followed by 14.5 million fans whom he calls 'Twonks'.<mask> uses social media to promote his work to his fans. After ten years he brought back his character Brent on his YouTube channel in a web series Learn Guitar with David Brent. He uses many ways to promote his new series, for example for Derek, he posts contests or questions for his fans. <mask> uses social media to raise awareness of animal welfare. He tweets links to petitions to rescue animals from captivity, he highlights the plight of animals being used for testing, and he encourages people to adopt dogs instead of buying them from breeders. He won the Genesis Award from the Humane Society in March 2015 for his contribution to raising awareness for animal welfare on social media. In 2014, he was named most influential London Twitter user.Influences <mask> has cited Laurel & Hardy, Groucho Marx, Peter Cook, and Christopher Guest as significant influences. The decision of John Cleese to stop making his acclaimed 1970s comedy sitcom Fawlty Towers after 12 episodes—when it was at its creative height—inspired Gervais in keeping his own sitcoms (The Office, Extras and Derek) to 12 episodes each. Charity work Boxing In 2002, <mask> took part in a charity boxing match against Grant Bovey, for the UK charity telethon Comic Relief. He was trained for the three-round contest by boxing trainer brothers Frank and Eugene Maloney, at their Fight Factory gymnasium. It was the second televised charity boxing match, the first being Bob Mortimer against Les Dennis. The fight was televised by the BBC, and <mask> came out on top by a split decision verdict. He donated his £5,000 prize money to the training of a Macmillan nurse who specialised in cancer support.Animal rights <mask> is a supporter of animal rights and has stated that he will leave his fortune to animal charities. <mask> named an Asian black bear, also known as a moonbear, Derek after the protagonist from his series Derek. In December 2013, Gervais bought a $1000 cake shaped like a moonbear to raise funds for Animal Asia. <mask> is active in the prevention of illegal wildlife trade; he supported the handing over of ivory trinkets to the Metropolitan police in London. In 2015, <mask> donated a signed acoustic guitar to help raise funds for Story Book Farm Primate Sanctuary in Ontario, Canada, with a special call-out to Pockets Warhol. The guitar which was signed by Gervais was purchased by Danny Young from the United Kingdom who has since had the guitar signed by several celebrities in order to raise further funds for the Story Book Farm Primate Sanctuary. Celebrities who signed the guitar include: Brian May, Will Ferrell, Bryan Cranston, Dhani Harrison, Peter Frampton, <mask>, and Steve Cutts.In 2017, <mask> was awarded the Lord Houghton Award for Service to Animal Welfare from Animal Defenders International. <mask> was also awarded the Humane Society International Cecil Award in 2018 for his frequent social media efforts to end trophy hunting. Filmography Films Television Video games Stand-up specials Recurring collaborators Awards and nominations Over his career, <mask> has won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on The Office and Extras. He has also received seven BAFTA Awards, five British Comedy Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards. Bibliography References Further reading Interviews Time Magazine (2008). Renaissance Man: <mask>is by Joel Stein The Independent, et al. (2005).<mask>: My life as a pure superstar The Guardian Newspaper, et al. (2005).

<mask> is an English comedian, actor, director and writer. He is best known for co-creating, co-writing and acting in The Office. He won seven BAFTA Awards, five British Comedy Awards, two Emmy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and the Rose d'Or twice, and has been nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award. He was placed at the top in 2007. 11 is on Channel 4's 100 greatest stand-ups. They had 3 in their 2010 list. He was named in the Time 100 list of the world's most influential people.<mask> used to work in the music industry. He tried to become a pop star in the 1980s as the singer of the new-wave act Seona Dancing, before turning to comedy. He appeared on The 11 O'Clock Show on Channel 4 between 1998 and 2000 and gained a reputation as an outspoken and sharp-witted social provocateur. Meet <mask> was a Channel 4 show. The Office and Extras were both co-written and directed by him, and he played the lead roles of David and Andy in the show. He wrote and directed a comedy film called David Brent: Life on the Road. In the late 1990s, <mask> began his stand-up career.He has written several books, including the Flanimals book series. The <mask> Show was created by Gervais and Merchant and spawned various spin-offs. Ghost Town, the Night at the Museum trilogy, and For Your Consideration are some of the films <mask> has starred in. He wrote, directed, and starred in two films. He hosted the Golden Globe Awards five times. The game show Child Support had <mask> on it. He is the creator, executive producer, director, and writer of After Life, where he plays the lead role of Tony Johnson.During the Second World War, <mask>'s father, Lawrence Raymond "Jerry<mask>, a Franco-Ontarian from Pain Court, Ontario, migrated to the UK. He was a labourer and hod carrier before he met Eva Sophia. They had four children over a sixteen-year period and met during a blackout. Eva died of lung cancer. <mask> has three older siblings, including a pedagogue for special needs children and a painter-decorator. Gervais credits his dry and controversial sense of humor for his appreciation and love for Bob. <mask> influenced their comedy tastes.She bluntly told <mask> that he was a mistake when he asked why his siblings were older than him. <mask> was born on June 25, 1961. He was brought up with his siblings in the suburb of Reading. <mask> began to question the existence of God when he was 8 years old. He received his secondary education at Ashmead Comprehensive School. He attended University College London in 1980 after spending a year working as a gardener at the University of Reading. He received an upper second-class honours degree in philosophy from the University of London after changing his mind about studying biology.He has been in a relationship with Jane since 1982. The new wave pop duo Seona Dancing was formed during <mask>' final year as a student at University College London. They were signed by London Records, which released two of their singles. The songs did not make the chart. Seona Dancing scored a hit in the Philippines with " More to Lose" despite not being successful in the UK. <mask> was the manager of Suede before they became successful. <mask> was in a band called Foregone Conclusion that played in The Office.The band performed songs written by the character, including "Equality Street" and "Free Love Freeway". There are acoustic guitar versions of nine songs in a series of videos produced by Gervais. The album Life on the Road as David Brent and Foregone Conclusion was recorded by Gervais as part of the Life on the Road film promotion. Radio Gervais worked as an assistant events manager for the University of London Union. Needing an assistant, he interviewed Stephen Merchant. The station was taken over by the Capital Radio group in 1998. He was a regular contributor to Mary Anne Hobbs's Radio 1 show, performing vox pop interviews in unlikely locations.After the first series of The Office, <mask> and Merchant returned to Xfm in November 2001 for a Saturday radio show, where they began working with Karl Pilkington, who produced the shows and later collaborated with them on their series of podcasts. In October of last year, <mask> began hosting a weekly radio show. The <mask> Show featuring <mask>, Merchant, and Karl Pilkington is one of the free weekly podcasts offered by Guardian Unlimited. In January and February of 2006 the podcast was the top ranked in the world. It appeared in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's most-downloaded podcast, with an average of over one hundred thousand downloads per episode in its first month. Between February and September 2006 there were two more series. In late 2006 there were three more free podcasts.At Halloween, Thanksgiving and Christmas, they were called "The Podfather Trilogy". "The Fourth Season" was a nickname given to these three by Gervais and Merchant. After being given out for free during a performance of Gervais's Fame stand-up tour in London, another free full-length podcast was released through iTunes in October 2007. On November 25th, 2007, Gervais, Merchant and Pilkington released another free show. The fourth chapter of the 'Guide To...' series was released on 16 September 2008 and was recorded in August 2008. There are 12 'Guides' to Medicine, Natural History, Arts, Philosophy, The English, Society, Law & Order, The Future, The Human Body, The Earth, The World Cup 2010, and Comic Relief as of May 2011. The conversations usually start on a topic and go on about other topics.Absolutely Mental is a paid-for audio series of <mask> conversations with Sam Harris. There have been two series so far. <mask> has written several sketches for The Sketch Show. He made his mainstream-TV debut in September 1998 as part of Channel 4's Comedy Lab series of pilots. Golden Years was a show about a character called Clive Meadows. The 11 O'Clock Show replaced Ali G's segments on the satirical Channel 4 comedy programme in 1999 and <mask>' character used as many expletives as was possible. A co-star of The Office was one of the regular featured comedians on the show.<mask> presented his own comedy chat show for Channel 4 called Meet <mask>is. It was poorly received and has since been ridiculed by <mask>. <mask> wrote for both The Jim Tavare Show and Bruiser. Stephen Merchant was on a production course and had to make a short film. In August 1999 he made a docu-soap parody with help from Ash Atalla who was shown a 7-minute video called "The Seedy Boss". The character was created. The Head of Comedy Jon Plowman commissioned a full-pilot script from Merchant and <mask> after Merchant passed it on to him.The first six episodes of The Office were aired in the UK in 2001. Word-of-mouth, repeats, and DVDs helped spread the word and build anticipation for the second series, which consists of six episodes. Radio Times named <mask> the most powerful person in comedy after The Office second series. In 2004, The Office won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series - Musical or Comedy as well as Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy for Gervais, who said in a 2015 interview that the award was the gateway to America for him. The Office brand has been reinvented for audiences in Sweden, France, Germany, Quebec, Brazil, Chile, The Czech Republic, Finland, India, Israel, Poland and the United States. The show's third season was co-written by Gervais and Merchant, and they are producers of the American version. "Training" is one of Gervais' favourite episodes, where Brent plays his guitar and sings.On the show's 20th anniversary, he suggested that the show wouldn't be produced in 2021, due to the cancellation of culture. When they try to cancel it, I'm looking forward to it. I said, "Good, let them cancel it, I've been paid!" The sitcom Extras Extras was directed by <mask> and Stephen Merchant and ran for twelve episodes. Millman is funnier than <mask>'s The Office character. The first series of Extras features guest stars such as Ross Kemp, Les Dennis, Patrick Stewart, Vinnie Jones and Samuel L. Jackson. The second series began in the UK on September 14th, 2006 and featured appearances by Daniel Radcliffe, Dame Diana Rigg, and others.The Christmas special of Extras aired in the UK and the US on December 27 and December 16. According to a Rolling Stone article, <mask> was influenced by Larry David's Curb Your Enthusiasm, particularly in the format of celebrities making fools of themselves or subverting their public persona. In 2007, <mask> won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for his portrayal of Andy Millman in the second series of Extras. Steve Carell, who starred as regional manager Michael Scott in The Office, accepted the trophy on <mask>'s behalf. Chris Tryhorn had a few gripes with Extras in the second series. He remarked on the confused tone of the series, taking in the clash between the broad comedy of characters Barry and Darren, and the apparent parody of this style with When. The <mask> Show is an animated TV show that aired on the US cable network HBO.The first series aired on Channel 4 in the UK. The <mask> Show recordings were used to develop the show. In the US, the show received a second series and a third series, which aired in 2011. The first episode of Life's Too Short Life's Too Short was aired on November 10, 2011. The sitcom was written by Gervais and Merchant. It is described by Gervais as a cross between Extras and The Office. The show features actor Davis playing a fictionalized version of himself, as well as Gervais and Merchant.The series began airing on the premium cable channel on February 19th. An Idiot Abroad An Idiot Abroad is a travel documentary produced by <mask> and Stephen Merchant where a reluctant Karl Pilkington travels around the world, with his reactions to people and places recorded. Sometimes Gervais and Merchant call to surprise him with a new place to go. Pilkington complains about the situation. Gervais says that a camera crew follows his friend around for many hours, which he edits down to an hour each episode. A Christmas special and a series about visiting the Seven Wonders of the World have aired. In the second show he chooses to complete tasks from a bucket list provided by Gervais and in the special he goes on a journey following Marco Polo's route from Italy to China.<mask> filmed a 35-minute pilot episode for a potential comedy-drama series called "Derek" in London in November 2011. The pilot is written and directed by <mask> and features him in the title role as a retirement home worker who loves animals, Jesus, Deal or No Deal, and Britain's Got Talent. The character first appeared in a 2001 Edinburgh Festival fringe sketch as an aspiring comedian who loves animals and still lives with his mother. Karl Pilkington is making his acting debut as a facilities-caretaker in the retirement home. David Earl and Kerry Godliman are both British comedians. The series is about kindness being more important than anything else. Everyone's forgotten, that's what it's about.They're in there because they're in the last years of their lives, and they didn't know each other. It's about the people who help them and the people who have their own problems. It's about a bunch of people with nothing, but making the most of it. He decided to make a sitcom in a retirement home after watching Secret Millionaire. No one cares about old people in this country, so I thought about having Derek help them. It's perfect for now. A full series ofDerek was commissioned by Channel 4.It was recommissioned for a second series. There was a one-off final special on Channel 4 in the UK. The production order for the first season of After Life was announced on 9 May. It was created and directed by <mask>, who also starred in it. On January 14th, it was announced that the series would premiere on March 8th and that Hanson would serve as a producer. The series was renewed for a second season. In May 2020 it was announced that <mask> had signed a new deal with the streaming service."For the first time ever, I would do a series three, because the world's so rich," <mask> said before the announcement. I love the characters, I love the actors, I love the town, and I love the dog. <mask> began his stand-up career in the late 1990s. His first successful show was at the Cafe Royal. Jimmy Carr, Robin Ince, and Stephen Merchant were also in the film. <mask> toured the UK in 2003 with his show. The Politics tour ended a year later.The shows were recorded for broadcast. Fame took place in 2007. It began in Glasgow in January and ended inSheffield in April. Within 45 minutes of the tickets going on sale, they sold out. Animals was covered in January 2003 by Newsnight Review's panel. Ian Hislop, editor of Private Eye, said it was a bit flat. <mask> called Hislop an "ugly little pug-faced cunt" after this.Fame was the subject of controversy in January 2007, when <mask> included a routine about how people will do anything to become famous, in reference to the murder of prostitutes. The tour for <mask>'s fourth show, entitled Science, began in August of 2009, at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in Glasgow. The DVD was released in November. He was the keynote speaker at the sixth annual New York Comedy Festival. <mask> said his next show would be called Humanity. He said in December that he was too busy to do the tour. <mask> performed stand-up in London in May of 2016 with some low key warm-ups.I'm going to do some stand-up. If you don't count hosting the Golden Globes, this is the first in about six years. Throughout the year, he continued his show. He appeared at SF Sketchfest as part of the tour and was joined by Christopher Guest. Gervais warned people not to travel to see work in progress as it would be a shame. The shows continued through 2020. The SuperNature tours resumed in August 2021.One of the first animations <mask> voiced was the character of Penguin inRobbie the Reindeer's Legend of the Lost Tribe. He had a starring role in Disney's Valiant as a pigeon named Bugsy. "Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife" is an episode of The Simpsons. He wrote and starred in a Simpsons episode. The episode was the highest rated in Sky One's history; it centered around the angle that <mask> was the episode's sole writer, and the first guest star on the show to also receive a writing credit for the episode of his appearance. In a joint interview with Christopher Guest for the January 2006 issue of Dazed and Confused, <mask> explained the extent of his input: "All I did was put down a load of observations on an email and they made it look like a Simpsons script." I'm going to get the credit, but I think everyone in the industry knows it was a joint effort."I've always been fascinated with reality game shows but I think it was my girlfriend's idea," <mask> replied when asked about how his idea for the episode came about. The Office came out of those docu-soaps and we watch all those reality TV shows. On June 16, 2007, <mask> presented a segment to mark the 20th anniversary of The Simpsons on The Culture Show. <mask> made a guest appearance on Family Guy in 2012 in the episode "Be Careful What You Fish For". In the episode, <mask> plays a dolphin named Billy Finn who gives Peter a Mercedes-Benz hood ornament and Peter promises a favour to him. Billy ends up staying at Peter's when he moves to Quahog. Peter tried to get Billy to come back to the ocean.The Office star Lucy Davis was featured in the episode. <mask> guest starred in the sitcom Spaced as Dave, an estate agent who mistakenly places an advertisement for a property for a couple that turns out to be the show's premise. In the third-season episode "Faade", <mask> guest-stars as Daniel Ryan, a former Royal Navy bomb-disposal specialist turned rogue Irish Republican Army bomb-maker. He made appearances on the show. Louis C.K. On two episodes of his show, <mask> played Dr. Ben. Every time his character made Louie the butt of a joke, <mask> broke into a hysterical laugh.In early 2015, <mask> guest-stars in Galavant, a four-week comedy mini-series. <mask> was able to show off his singing skills. <mask> made a brief appearance on Saturday Night Live in a Digital Short in which he joked that The Office was adapted from a Japanese programme of the same name, with Steve Carell reprising his role as Michael Scott. The sketch re-creates scenes from the American and British pilot episode with Japanese elements. "It's funny, because it's racist", Gervais says at the end. The Golden Globe Awards have 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 He was the first master of ceremonies since 1995."I have resisted many other offers like this, but there are some things you don't turn down," he said. His performance as host received positive reviews from the New York Daily News and the Associated Press, but also some negative comments from The Hollywood Reporter. His jokes that were at the expense of many of the nominees, similar to the New York Friars Club roast-style jokes, was controversial for his hosting of the awards in 2011. His jibes were described as setting a corrosive tone by one critic, though some celebrities were seen crying from laughter, leaving the overall reaction to be mixed. They are my friends, but I had to play the outsider. The opening monologue of his 2020 hosting performance received both praise and criticism. He responded to the negative media coverage by saying that he was surprised that some journalists took jokes seriously.During his first hosting performance in 2010, he stated several times that it would be his final appearance as host. <mask> was a guest judge on The Marriage Ref with Larry David and Madonna. He was a regular guest on the show. <mask> and other standup comedians had an informal round-table discussion on stand-up comedy in Talking Funny, which first aired on April 28, 2011. The one off special was well received by both critics and audience. <mask> guest starred in David Blaine: Real or Magic, a television special where the magician ran a large needle through his arm in front of Gervais. <mask> interviewed Larry David on a talk show.Christopher Guest and Garry Shandling were interviewed on Channel 4. There are no plans for more episodes of the show, even though editions with Monty Python's John Cleese and The Simpsons creator Matt Groening were recorded in 2006 for broadcast. The Shandling experience put him off, according to a source. <mask> was a guest on Inside the Actors Studio in January 2009, where he answered James Lipton's question as David Brent from The Office. Brent obliged the audience by singing his song "Freelove Freeway" with a guitar supplied to him by Lipton. <mask> has appeared on The Late Show with David Letterman 26 times. The Late Show Top Ten List, Top Ten Stupid Things Americans Say To Brits was read out by Letterman.Gervais tried to discourage Letterman by suggesting they go on a road trip where they would spend all their money. Over the years, <mask>on Show. Stephen Merchant, co- creator and co-writer of The Office, was on GrahamNorton's couch to promote Cemetery Junction. He talked about his series Life's Too Short and Johnny Depp was there to promote his film. One of the comedians featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV is <mask>, who performs at the Split Sides comedy club on the virtual stand-up stage and is an interview on the game radio station We Know The Truth. The act for the stand-up bit was recorded and fully motion-captured. The children's book "Flanimals" was published in 2004, and depicted nonsense animals.After the success of this book, he released a sequel in 2005, with a third one coming the next year. In October 2007, a new book was released called "Flanimals: The Day of the Bletchling". In 2009, Flanimals: Pop Up was also published. There are dolls and gift cards for sale. Series 1 of The Office was released in 2002 and the rest of the episodes followed in 2003 in book form. Series 1 and 2 have also been released. The World of Karl Pilkington was one of the books presented by Gervais and Merchant.These were basically transcripts of Xfm shows and illustrations by Pilkington. As a studio executive in 2006's For Your Consideration and as a museum director in 2006's Night at the Museum, Film Gervais's film career has included small roles as the voice of a pigeon. In Ghost Town, <mask> starred as a dentist who sees spirits and in The Invention of Lying, he starred alongside Rob Lowe and Louis C.K. The social comedy was written and directed by Gervais and Robinson. Cemetery Junction is a film about class, love and fulfilment made by Gervais and Merchant. The film was released in April 2010. In the movie, <mask> played Dominic Badguy, the partner of Constantine.Special Correspondents began filming in May 2015. The comedy is about a journalist and his assistant. They are safe in New York despite pretending to be from a war torn country. The film was available on the internet. David Brent: Life on the Road was directed and starred by <mask> and was a mockumentary about a man who lives his dream of being a rock star. On November 5, 2015, <mask> signed up to play a villainous cat in an animated film. Michael Cera playsHank, a dog who wants to be a warrior and fights with Ika Chu in the movie.The Live 8 event held in London's Hyde Park saw <mask> perform his famous dance from The Office. On 1 July 2007, <mask> performed at the Concert for Diana in Wembley Stadium, a music event celebrating the life of Princess Diana 10 years after her death. After a pre-recorded introduction from Ben Stiller, <mask> appeared along with another Office star. They performed a song from the fourth episode of The Office. Due to a technical problem, <mask> had to fill time until he was able to re-introduce John to close the show, as well as singing the "Little Fat Man" song. In July 2007, following <mask>'s appearance at the memorial concert for the Princess of Wales, The Guardian ran a column by JimShelley. But has <mask> lost it?He described <mask> as a "tiresome embarrassment". The following week, The Guardian reported that <mask> had responded with an "explodingly foul-mouthed rant" on his website. In this video, <mask> joked that Jim was resting on his laurels and that he was not going to make another show for television, quipping: "What's the point?" What can we do to win? <mask> has homes in London and Hampstead. In New York City, he has an apartment in the Barbizon 63 building. He and Jane decided not to marry or have children because they didn't want to dedicate 16 years of their lives to God.He states that he abandoned religion at the age of eight. In December of 2010, he wrote an article for The Wall Street Journal. He is a patron of Humanists UK, a British charity that campaigns for a secular state and on human rights issues. On September 3, he received the Richard Dawkins Award, which is given to people who proclaim the values of secularism and rationalism. The Centre for Inquiry sponsored the ceremony where <mask> received the award. <mask> was praised by Dawkins as a "witty hero of atheism and reason". Reading F.C. is a fan of the UFC.He is a music fan and has stated that his hero is David Bowie, with his favourite song being "Letter to Hermione". He stated that his first experience of live music was watching Iggy Pop. Following Reed's death, he wrote that he was one of the greatest artists of our time. All of the proceeds from the book, Dear NHS: 100 Stories to Say Thank You, will go to charity. The introduction of same-sex marriage in England and Wales was praised by Gervais as a victory for all of us. The Labour Party leader was endorsed by Gervais in June of last year. He said, "OK."This is a fact and I'm not telling you how to vote. There is only one vote that will keep Theresa May out. Cheers. When he hosted the 66th Golden Globes, <mask> joined social media. He came back in September 2011. <mask> won a lifetime achievement award for his popularity on social media. He was followed by more than 14 million fans.<mask> uses social media to promote his work. He brought back his character after ten years in a web series. He uses many ways to promote his new series, for example he posts contests or questions for his fans. <mask> uses social media to raise awareness. He encourages people to adopt dogs instead of buying them from breeders, he links to petitions to rescue animals from captivity, and he highlights the plight of animals being used for testing. He won the Genesis Award from the Humane Society in March of 2015, for his contribution to raising awareness for animal welfare on social media. He was named most influential in London.Peter Cook, Groucho Marx, and Christopher Guest are some of the significant influences cited by <mask>. The decision of John Cleese to stop making his acclaimed 1970s comedy sitcom after 12 episodes inspired <mask> to keep his own sitcoms to 12 episodes each. <mask> took part in a charity boxing match in 2002 for Comic Relief. The Fight Factory gymnasium was where he was trained for the contest. The first televised charity boxing match was between Bob Mortimer and Les Dennis. <mask> won the fight by a split decision. He gave his prize money to a nurse who specialized in cancer support.<mask> has stated that he will leave his fortune to animal charities. An Asian black bear, also known as a moonbear, was named after the main character in the show. <mask> raised money for Animal Asia by buying a cake shaped like a moonbear. The handing over of ivory trinkets to the Metropolitan police in London was supported by Gervais. In 2015, <mask> donated a signed acoustic guitar to help raise funds for the Story Book Farm Primate Sanctuary in Ontario, Canada. Danny Young from the United Kingdom bought a guitar which was signed by <mask> in order to raise funds for the Story Book Farm Primate Sanctuary. Some of the celebrities who signed the guitar are: Brian May, Will Ferrell, Bryan Cranston, Dhani Harrison, Peter Frampton, <mask>, and Steve Cutts.The Lord Houghton Award for Service to Animal Welfare was given to <mask>. The Humane Society International Cecil Award was given to <mask> for his frequent social media efforts to end trophy hunting. <mask> won two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on The Office and Extras. He has received many awards, including seven BAFTA Awards, five British Comedy Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards. References further reading Time Interviews Magazine. <mask> is the author of Renaissance Man: <mask>. The year 2005.<mask> is a star in The Guardian Newspaper. The year 2005.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demas%20T.%20Craw

Demas T. Craw

Demas Thurlow "Nick" Craw (April 9, 1900 – November 8, 1942) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II. Craw and Maj. Pierpont M. Hamilton were the first Army Air Forces recipients of the Medal in the European-Mediterranean theater of World War II and the only AAF members to be awarded that decoration for valor not involving air combat. Biography Craw was born in Long Lake Township, Michigan (near Traverse City), to Mark Craw, a game warden, and his wife Clara. He was twin brother to Theron Craw, who died in a hunting accident in 1927. A younger sister, Jane, became a registered nurse and served in the Army Nurse Corps during World War II. The twins attended Traverse City public schools, but dropped out of Traverse City High School during World War I to enlist in the United States Army on April 18, 1918, at Columbus Barracks, Ohio. Craw was sent to Camp Stanley, Texas, for training with the 12th Cavalry, then transferred to Columbus, New Mexico, on the border with Mexico. He was promoted to private first class in November 1918 and sent to Machine Gun School at Camp Hancock, Georgia. There he applied for and was selected to attend the Central Officer's Training School at Camp Gordon, Georgia. In the demobilization of the Army following the Armistice, Craw was discharged on February 15, 1919, but re-enlisted three months later in the infantry at Grand Rapids, Michigan. Assigned as a recruiter, he was promoted to corporal, but continued to pursue a commission. At Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky, where he was attached to the 2nd Field Artillery Regiment, Craw undertook a two-month preparatory course in February 1920 for entry into the United States Military Academy. Returning to Grand Rapids afterward, Craw was discharged on May 14 and entered West Point on July 1, 1920. While attending the Military Academy he received his lifelong nickname of "Nick", shortened from "Nicodemus" (a word play on his given name), and developed an ambition to fly. However an eye injury incurred while playing polo nearly ended his aviation career. Craw graduated on June 12, 1924, ranked 371 in general order of merit in his class of 405 members, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant, Coast Artillery Corps. Air Corps service After his eye injury healed, he applied for pilot training with the Air Service on March 13, 1926. In August, he began Primary and Basic flight training at Brooks Field, Texas, went on to Advanced at Kelly Field on February 28, 1927, where he received a rating of Airplane Pilot on August 12, 1927. Craw joined the 1st Pursuit Group at Selfridge Field, Michigan, transferred his commission to the Air Corps on March 21, 1928, and was promoted to first lieutenant on January 3, 1930. Craw returned to the Air Corps Training Center at San Antonio, Texas, as an instructor of Basic Flight training at Duncan Field, and was reassigned in January 1929, to instruct Advanced Flight Training. In June 1930, Craw was briefly assigned to Mitchel Field, New York, to await a four-year tour with the 19th Pursuit Squadron at Wheeler Field, Territory of Hawaii. There he met Mary Victoria ("Vicki") Wesson, daughter of the president of the Smith & Wesson Firearms Company. They married in 1931, and had one son, Nicholas. Craw commanded the 19th PS from August 4, 1932, to the end of his tour and returned to Mitchel Field on September 15, 1934. He was promoted to captain on April 20, 1935. In September 1937, Craw was assigned as a student to the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama, graduating June 20, 1938. His next billet was as Inspector General and Assistant Intelligence Officer, General Headquarters Air Force, at Langley Field, Virginia. On March 11, 1940, Craw was promoted to major. His tour at Langley included temporary duty as an air observer for the War Department in the Netherlands East Indies, China, Romania, and India. In October 1940, Craw traveled to Cairo, Egypt, as an observer to the Royal Air Force. During combat against Italy in Libya, he was slightly wounded, and with the onset of the Greco-Italian War, went to Athens as assistant military attaché. He reportedly came under fire 136 times and participated in twenty-one RAF bombing sorties during the assignments. When the German army invaded Greece in April 1941, Craw was captured and interned for six weeks, until exchanged at Sofia, Bulgaria, and was awarded the Order of George I (Officer class) by the King of Greece. He returned to Egypt and observed the campaign against the Afrika Korps in June 1941, then was assigned as deputy executive officer of the II Bomber Command at Fort George Wright, Washington. On November 15, 1941, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and on March 1, 1942, after the United States entered the war, to colonel. In October, Craw was named air officer for Maj. General Lucian K. Truscott, commanding one of the sub-task forces, Force Goalpost, of Operation Torch, an amphibious invasion of North Africa. He sailed with the invasion force from Virginia and while en route, volunteered to assist another Army Air Forces officer, Maj. Pierpont M. Hamilton, Truscott's intelligence officer, in delivering a message to the local French commander near Port Lyautey, French Morocco, to broker a cease fire, should French forces resist. Medal of Honor action On November 8, 1942, French forces resisted Allied landing operations and Craw undertook the mission with Hamilton. The officers intended to land at a jetty on the Sebou River near French headquarters, but the alerted French defenders began shelling the landing force, and they instead came ashore with the first wave of Goalpost landing craft carrying troops of the 2nd Battalion, 60th Regimental Combat Team. After disembarking on Green Beach before dawn, and still under hostile fire from shore batteries, the officers commandeered a small truck. They were strafed by French aircraft when it became stuck in a muddy marsh. After the truck was extricated by a detachment of combat engineers, they attempted to continue their mission but were forced to return to the beach when caught in the exchanges of French artillery and naval gunfire from Task Group 34.8 of the United States Navy. When Truscott expressed misgivings about the mission, Craw convinced him to allow them to continue. They located a jeep and enlisted its driver, Pfc. Orris V. Correy, to cross through the French lines. Craw carried unfurled American and French flags, and Hamilton a white flag, in an attempt to safeguard their passage. At dawn the officers reached the jetty that was to have been their original starting point. After several contacts with French troops to obtain directions, and requesting a guide (which was refused), the jeep proceeded cautiously approximately six miles into Port Lyautey. As they came over a rise on the outskirts near the French headquarters, a hidden machine gun position took them under sustained fire and killed Craw instantly with a burst to the chest. Hamilton and Correy were both captured, but Hamilton eventually completed the mission and arranged the surrender of French forces. Craw was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later, on March 4, 1943, for his part in the mission. Hamilton was also awarded the Medal of Honor in January, 1943. Legacy The military airfield at Port Lyautey was named Craw Field in 1943. Other entities named in commemoration were: Col. Demas T. Craw, U.S. Army Auxiliary Aircraft Repair Ship FS-207 (January 1945); Demas T. Craw Army Reserve Center, Traverse City, Michigan; Demas T. Craw Squadron, Arnold Air Society, University of Virginia. Demas T Craw Marker Mehdia Beach Morocco 1952 / Current location or existence unknown. This is the only photo believed to exist of the marker. Awards and decorations   Senior pilot   World War II Victory Medal   Royal Order of George I (Greece)   Observer Badge Citation Colonel Craw's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action above and beyond the call of duty. On November 8, 1942, near Port Lyautey, French Morocco, Col. Craw volunteered to accompany the leading wave of assault boats to the shore and pass through the enemy lines to locate the French commander with a view to suspending hostilities. This request was first refused as being too dangerous but upon the officer's insistence that he was qualified to undertake and accomplish the mission he was allowed to go. Encountering heavy fire while in the landing boat and unable to dock in the river because of shell fire from shore batteries, Col. Craw, accompanied by 1 officer and 1 soldier, succeeded in landing on the beach at Mehdia Plage under constant low-level strafing from 3 enemy planes. Riding in a bantam truck toward French headquarters, progress of the party was hindered by fire from our own naval guns. Nearing Port Lyautey, Col. Craw was instantly killed by a sustained burst of machinegun fire at pointblank range from a concealed position near the road. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References External links 1900 births 1942 deaths Air Corps Tactical School alumni United States Army personnel of World War I Gold crosses of the Order of George I People from Traverse City, Michigan United States Army Air Forces colonels United States Army Air Forces personnel killed in World War II United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II United States Army Air Forces Medal of Honor recipients United States Military Academy alumni World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor Deaths by firearm in Morocco Military personnel from Michigan

<mask> "Nick<mask> (April 9, 1900 – November 8, 1942) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II. <mask> and Maj. Pierpont M. Hamilton were the first Army Air Forces recipients of the Medal in the European-Mediterranean theater of World War II and the only AAF members to be awarded that decoration for valor not involving air combat. Biography <mask> was born in Long Lake Township, Michigan (near Traverse City), to <mask>, a game warden, and his wife Clara. He was twin brother to <mask>, who died in a hunting accident in 1927. A younger sister, Jane, became a registered nurse and served in the Army Nurse Corps during World War II. The twins attended Traverse City public schools, but dropped out of Traverse City High School during World War I to enlist in the United States Army on April 18, 1918, at Columbus Barracks, Ohio. <mask> was sent to Camp Stanley, Texas, for training with the 12th Cavalry, then transferred to Columbus, New Mexico, on the border with Mexico.He was promoted to private first class in November 1918 and sent to Machine Gun School at Camp Hancock, Georgia. There he applied for and was selected to attend the Central Officer's Training School at Camp Gordon, Georgia. In the demobilization of the Army following the Armistice, <mask> was discharged on February 15, 1919, but re-enlisted three months later in the infantry at Grand Rapids, Michigan. Assigned as a recruiter, he was promoted to corporal, but continued to pursue a commission. At Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky, where he was attached to the 2nd Field Artillery Regiment, <mask> undertook a two-month preparatory course in February 1920 for entry into the United States Military Academy. Returning to Grand Rapids afterward, <mask> was discharged on May 14 and entered West Point on July 1, 1920. While attending the Military Academy he received his lifelong nickname of "Nick", shortened from "Nicodemus" (a word play on his given name), and developed an ambition to fly.However an eye injury incurred while playing polo nearly ended his aviation career. <mask> graduated on June 12, 1924, ranked 371 in general order of merit in his class of 405 members, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant, Coast Artillery Corps. Air Corps service After his eye injury healed, he applied for pilot training with the Air Service on March 13, 1926. In August, he began Primary and Basic flight training at Brooks Field, Texas, went on to Advanced at Kelly Field on February 28, 1927, where he received a rating of Airplane Pilot on August 12, 1927. <mask> joined the 1st Pursuit Group at Selfridge Field, Michigan, transferred his commission to the Air Corps on March 21, 1928, and was promoted to first lieutenant on January 3, 1930. <mask> returned to the Air Corps Training Center at San Antonio, Texas, as an instructor of Basic Flight training at Duncan Field, and was reassigned in January 1929, to instruct Advanced Flight Training. In June 1930, <mask> was briefly assigned to Mitchel Field, New York, to await a four-year tour with the 19th Pursuit Squadron at Wheeler Field, Territory of Hawaii.There he met Mary Victoria ("Vicki") Wesson, daughter of the president of the Smith & Wesson Firearms Company. They married in 1931, and had one son, Nicholas. <mask> commanded the 19th PS from August 4, 1932, to the end of his tour and returned to Mitchel Field on September 15, 1934. He was promoted to captain on April 20, 1935. In September 1937, <mask> was assigned as a student to the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama, graduating June 20, 1938. His next billet was as Inspector General and Assistant Intelligence Officer, General Headquarters Air Force, at Langley Field, Virginia. On March 11, 1940, <mask> was promoted to major.His tour at Langley included temporary duty as an air observer for the War Department in the Netherlands East Indies, China, Romania, and India. In October 1940, <mask> traveled to Cairo, Egypt, as an observer to the Royal Air Force. During combat against Italy in Libya, he was slightly wounded, and with the onset of the Greco-Italian War, went to Athens as assistant military attaché. He reportedly came under fire 136 times and participated in twenty-one RAF bombing sorties during the assignments. When the German army invaded Greece in April 1941, <mask> was captured and interned for six weeks, until exchanged at Sofia, Bulgaria, and was awarded the Order of George I (Officer class) by the King of Greece. He returned to Egypt and observed the campaign against the Afrika Korps in June 1941, then was assigned as deputy executive officer of the II Bomber Command at Fort George Wright, Washington. On November 15, 1941, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and on March 1, 1942, after the United States entered the war, to colonel.In October, <mask> was named air officer for Maj. General Lucian K<mask>, commanding one of the sub-task forces, Force Goalpost, of Operation Torch, an amphibious invasion of North Africa. He sailed with the invasion force from Virginia and while en route, volunteered to assist another Army Air Forces officer, Maj. Pierpont M. Hamilton, Truscott's intelligence officer, in delivering a message to the local French commander near Port Lyautey, French Morocco, to broker a cease fire, should French forces resist. Medal of Honor action On November 8, 1942, French forces resisted Allied landing operations and <mask> undertook the mission with Hamilton. The officers intended to land at a jetty on the Sebou River near French headquarters, but the alerted French defenders began shelling the landing force, and they instead came ashore with the first wave of Goalpost landing craft carrying troops of the 2nd Battalion, 60th Regimental Combat Team. After disembarking on Green Beach before dawn, and still under hostile fire from shore batteries, the officers commandeered a small truck. They were strafed by French aircraft when it became stuck in a muddy marsh. After the truck was extricated by a detachment of combat engineers, they attempted to continue their mission but were forced to return to the beach when caught in the exchanges of French artillery and naval gunfire from Task Group 34.8 of the United States Navy.When <mask> expressed misgivings about the mission, <mask> convinced him to allow them to continue. They located a jeep and enlisted its driver, Pfc. Orris V. Correy, to cross through the French lines. <mask> carried unfurled American and French flags, and Hamilton a white flag, in an attempt to safeguard their passage. At dawn the officers reached the jetty that was to have been their original starting point. After several contacts with French troops to obtain directions, and requesting a guide (which was refused), the jeep proceeded cautiously approximately six miles into Port Lyautey. As they came over a rise on the outskirts near the French headquarters, a hidden machine gun position took them under sustained fire and killed <mask> instantly with a burst to the chest.Hamilton and Correy were both captured, but Hamilton eventually completed the mission and arranged the surrender of French forces. <mask> was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later, on March 4, 1943, for his part in the mission. Hamilton was also awarded the Medal of Honor in January, 1943. Legacy The military airfield at Port Lyautey was named Craw Field in 1943. Other entities named in commemoration were: Col. <mask> T. <mask>, U.S. Army Auxiliary Aircraft Repair Ship FS-207 (January 1945); Demas T. Craw Army Reserve Center, Traverse City, Michigan; Demas T. Craw Squadron, Arnold Air Society, University of Virginia. Demas T Craw Marker Mehdia Beach Morocco 1952 / Current location or existence unknown. This is the only photo believed to exist of the marker.Awards and decorations   Senior pilot   World War II Victory Medal   Royal Order of George I (Greece)   Observer Badge Citation Colonel <mask>'s official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action above and beyond the call of duty. On November 8, 1942, near Port Lyautey, French Morocco, Col. <mask> volunteered to accompany the leading wave of assault boats to the shore and pass through the enemy lines to locate the French commander with a view to suspending hostilities. This request was first refused as being too dangerous but upon the officer's insistence that he was qualified to undertake and accomplish the mission he was allowed to go. Encountering heavy fire while in the landing boat and unable to dock in the river because of shell fire from shore batteries, Col. <mask>, accompanied by 1 officer and 1 soldier, succeeded in landing on the beach at Mehdia Plage under constant low-level strafing from 3 enemy planes. Riding in a bantam truck toward French headquarters, progress of the party was hindered by fire from our own naval guns. Nearing Port Lyautey, Col. <mask> was instantly killed by a sustained burst of machinegun fire at pointblank range from a concealed position near the road. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References External links 1900 births 1942 deaths Air Corps Tactical School alumni United States Army personnel of World War I Gold crosses of the Order of George I People from Traverse City, Michigan United States Army Air Forces colonels United States Army Air Forces personnel killed in World War II United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II United States Army Air Forces Medal of Honor recipients United States Military Academy alumni World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor Deaths by firearm in Morocco Military personnel from Michigan

The United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, was awarded to <mask> "Nick<mask> for his actions in World War II. <mask> and Pierpont M. Hamilton were the first Army Air Forces recipients of the medal in the European-Mediterranean theater of World War II and the only AAF members to be awarded that decoration not involving air combat. <mask> and his wife Clara were born in Long Lake Township, Michigan. <mask> died in a hunting accident in 1927. During World War II, Jane joined the Army Nurse Corps and became a registered nurse. The twins enlisted in the United States Army on April 18, 1918, after dropping out of the high school they attended. <mask> was sent to Camp Stanley, Texas, for training and then to Columbus, New Mexico, on the border with Mexico.He was sent to the Machine Gun School after being promoted to private first class. He was selected to attend the Central Officer's Training School after applying. <mask> was discharged from the Army on February 15, 1919, but re-enlisted three months later in the infantry at Grand Rapids, Michigan. He continued to pursue a commission despite being promoted to corporal. <mask> took a two-month course in February of 1920 to enter the United States Military Academy. <mask> entered West Point on July 1, 1920, after returning to Grand Rapids. While attending the Military Academy, he received his lifelong nickname of "Nick", shortened from "Nicodemus" (a word play on his given name), and developed an ambition to fly.He almost ended his aviation career because of an eye injury. <mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps after he graduated from college in 1924. He applied for pilot training with the Air Service after his eye injury. He received a rating of Airplane Pilot on August 12, 1927, after going to Advanced at Kelly Field on February 28, 1927. <mask> joined the 1st Pursuit Group at Selfridge Field, Michigan, transferred his commission to the Air Corps on March 21, 1928, and was promoted to first lieutenant on January 3, 1930. <mask> returned to the Air Corps Training Center at San Antonio, Texas, in January 1929 to teach Advanced Flight Training. In June 1930, <mask> was assigned to Mitchel Field, New York, to await a four-year tour with the 19th Pursuit Squadron at Wheeler Field, Territory of Hawaii.Vicki is the daughter of the president of the Smith & Wesson Firearms Company. They had a son, Nicholas. <mask> commanded the 19th PS from August 4, 1932 to the end of his tour on September 15, 1934. He was promoted to captain in 1935. <mask> graduated from the Air Corps Tactical School in Alabama in June of 1938. He was the Inspector General and Assistant Intelligence Officer of the General Headquarters Air Force at Langley Field, Virginia. <mask> was promoted to major on March 11, 1940.During his time at Langley, he was an air observer for the War Department in the Netherlands East Indies, China, Romania, and India. <mask> was an observer to the Royal Air Force. He went to Athens as an assistant military attache after being wounded in combat against Italy in Libya. He was involved in twenty-one bombing sorties and came under fire 136 times. <mask> was awarded the Order of George I by the King of Greece after he was captured by the German army in Greece in 1941. He was assigned as deputy executive officer of the II Bomber Command at Fort George Wright, Washington, after observing the campaign against the Afrika Korps in Egypt. He was promoted to colonel on March 1, 1942, after the United States entered the war.<mask> was named air officer for Maj. General <mask>, who commanded one of the sub-task forces, Force Goalpost, during the amphibious invasion of North Africa. He sailed with the invasion force from Virginia and volunteered to assist another Army Air Force officer. On November 8, 1942, French forces resisted Allied landing operations and <mask> undertook the mission with Hamilton. The officers intended to land at a jetty on the Sebou River near French headquarters, but the French began shelling the landing force, and they instead landed with the first wave of Goalpost landing craft. The officers took a small truck after disembarking from Green Beach, which 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 When it became stuck in the marsh, they were strafed by French aircraft. After the truck was extricated, they attempted to continue their mission but were forced to return to the beach because of the gunfire from Task Group 34.8 of the United States Navy.<mask> convinced <mask> to allow them to continue. They enlisted the driver of the jeep. Orris V. Correy was going to cross the French lines. <mask> and Hamilton carried flags with flags in an attempt to protect their passage. The jetty was the original starting point for the officers. The jeep proceeded cautiously after several contacts with French troops to get directions and a guide. As they came over a rise on the outskirts near the French headquarters, a hidden machine gun position took them under sustained fire and killed <mask> with a burst to the chest.Hamilton arranged the surrender of French forces after he and Correy were captured. On March 4, 1943, <mask> was awarded the Medal of Honor for his part in the mission. The Medal of Honor was awarded to Hamilton in 1943. The airfield was named Craw Field in 1943. Other entities were named in commemoration. Current location or existence unknown. This is believed to be the only photo of the marker.Colonel <mask> was awarded the Royal Order of George I (Greece) Observer Badge and the World War II Victory medal. On November 8, 1942, Col. <mask> volunteered to accompany the leading wave of assault boats to the shore and pass through the enemy lines to locate the French commander with a view to suspending hostilities. Upon the officer's insistence that he was qualified to undertake and accomplish the mission he was allowed to go, this request was first refused as being too dangerous. Col. <mask>, accompanied by 1 officer and 1 soldier, succeeded in landing on the beach at Mehdia Plage under constant low-level strafing from 3 enemy. The progress of the party was hampered by fire from our own naval guns. Col. <mask> was killed by a burst of machinegun fire from a concealed position near the road. There are 1900 births, 1942 deaths, Air Corps Tactical School alumni, United States Army personnel of World War I, and Gold crosses of the Order of George I.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Richardson

Bill Richardson

William Blaine Richardson III (born November 15, 1947) is an American politician, author, and diplomat who served as the 30th governor of New Mexico from 2003 to 2011. He was also the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Energy Secretary in the Clinton administration, a U.S. Congressman, chairman of the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association. In December 2008, he was nominated for the cabinet-level position of Secretary of Commerce in the first Obama administration but withdrew a month later as he was being investigated for possible improper business dealings in New Mexico. Although the investigation was later dropped, it was seen to have damaged Richardson's career as his second and final term as New Mexico governor concluded. Richardson has occasionally provided advice on diplomatic issues pertaining to North Korea and has visited the nation on several occasions. He has also completed a number of private humanitarian missions, one of which secured the release of U.S. journalist Danny Fenster from a Myanmar prison in November 2021. Early life and education Richardson was born in Pasadena, California. He grew up in the borough of Coyoacán in Mexico City. His father, William Blaine Richardson, Jr. (1891–1972), who was of Anglo-American and Mexican descent, was an American bank executive from Boston who worked in Mexico for what is now Citibank. His mother, María Luisa López-Collada Márquez (1914–2011), had been his father's secretary — she was the Mexican-born daughter of a Mexican mother and a Spanish father from Villaviciosa, Asturias. Richardson's father was born on a ship heading towards Nicaragua. Just before Bill Richardson was born, his father sent his mother to California to give birth because, as Richardson explained, "My father had a complex about not having been born in the United States." Richardson, a United States citizen by birth, spent his childhood in a lavish hacienda in Coyoacán's barrio of San Francisco where he was raised as a Roman Catholic. When Richardson was 13, his parents sent him to the U.S. to attend Middlesex School, a preparatory school in Concord, Massachusetts, where he played baseball as a pitcher. He entered Tufts University in 1966, where he continued to play baseball. In 1967, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League, pitching for the Cotuit Kettleers; he returned to the league in 1968 with the Harwich Mariners. A Kettleers program included the words "Drafted by K.C." Richardson said: Richardson's original biographies stated he had been drafted by the Kansas City Athletics and the Chicago Cubs to play professional baseball, but a 2005 Albuquerque Journal investigation discovered he never was on any official draft. Richardson acknowledged the error, which he claimed was unintentional, saying he had been scouted by several teams and told that he "would or could" be drafted, but he was mistaken in saying that he actually had been drafted. He earned a Bachelor's degree at Tufts University in 1970, majoring in French and political science, and was a member and president of Delta Tau Delta fraternity. He earned a master's degree in international affairs from the Tufts University Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1971. He had met his future wife Barbara (née Flavin) when they were in high school in Concord, Massachusetts, and they married in 1972 following her graduation from Wheaton College. Richardson is a descendant of William Brewster, a passenger on the Mayflower. Early political career After college, Richardson worked for Republican Congressman F. Bradford Morse from Massachusetts. He was later a staff member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Richardson worked on congressional relations for the Henry Kissinger State Department during the Nixon administration. U.S. Representative In 1978, Richardson moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico and ran for the House of Representatives in 1980 as a Democrat, losing narrowly to longtime 1st District representative and future United States Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan (R). Two years later, Richardson was elected to New Mexico's newly created third district, taking in most of the northern part of the state. Richardson spent 14 years in Congress, representing the country's most diverse district and holding 2,000 town meetings. Richardson served as Chairman of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus in the 98th Congress (1983–1985) and as Chairman of the House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Native American Affairs in the 103rd Congress (1993–1994). Richardson sponsored a number of bills, including the American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendments, the Indian Dams Safety Act, the Tribal Self-Governance Act, and the Jicarilla Apache Tribe Water Rights Settlement Act. He became a member of the Democratic leadership as a deputy majority whip, where he became friends with Bill Clinton after they worked closely on several issues, including when he served as the ranking House Democrat in favor of NAFTA's passage in 1993. For his work as a back channel to Carlos Salinas de Gortari, Mexico's president at the time of the negotiations, he was awarded the Aztec Eagle Award, Mexico's highest award for a foreigner. Clinton in turn sent Richardson on various foreign policy missions, including a trip in 1996 in which Richardson traveled to Baghdad with Peter Bourne and engaged in lengthy one-on-one negotiations with Saddam Hussein to secure the release of two American aerospace workers who had been captured by the Iraqis after wandering over the Kuwaiti border. Richardson also visited Nicaragua, Guatemala, Cuba, Peru, India, North Korea, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and Sudan to represent U.S. interests and met with Slobodan Milošević. In 1996, he played a major role in securing the release of American Evan Hunziker from North Korean custody and for securing a pardon for Eliadah McCord, an American convicted and imprisoned in Bangladesh. Due to these missions, Richardson was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize three times. Ambassador to the United Nations As U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations between 1997 and 1998, Richardson flew to Afghanistan to meet with the Taliban and Abdul Rachid Dostum, an Uzbek warlord. The ceasefire he believed he had negotiated with the help of Bruce Riedel of the National Security Council failed to hold. U.S. Secretary of Energy The Senate confirmed Richardson to be Clinton's Secretary of Energy on July 31, 1998. His tenure at the Department of Energy was marred by the Wen Ho Lee nuclear controversy. As told by The New York Times in a special report, a scientist later named as Lee at the Los Alamos National Laboratory was reported as a suspect who might have given nuclear secrets to the Chinese government. The article mentioned Richardson several times, although he denied in sworn testimony that he was the source or that he made improper disclosures. After being fired and spending nine months in solitary confinement as an alleged security risk, Lee was later cleared of espionage charges and released with an apology from the judge. Eventually, Lee won a $1.6 million settlement against the federal government and several news outlets, including the Times and The Washington Post, for the accusation. Richardson was also criticized by the Senate for his handling of the espionage inquiry, which involved missing computer hard drives containing sensitive data, and for not testifying in front of Congress sooner. Richardson justified his response by saying that he was waiting to uncover more information before speaking to Congress. Republican Senators called for Richardson's resignation, while both parties criticized his role in the incident, and the scandal ended Richardson's hope of being named as Al Gore's running mate for the 2000 presidential election. Richardson tightened security following the scandal, leading to the creation of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA, not to be confused with the NSA and the NSC). This foreshadowed the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in reaction to the 9/11 attacks. Richardson also became the first Energy Secretary to implement a plan to dispose of nuclear waste. He created the Director for Native American Affairs position in the department in 1998, and in January 2000, oversaw the largest return of federal lands, 84,000 acres (340 km2), to an Indian Tribe (the Northern Ute Tribe of Utah) in more than 100 years. Richardson also directed the overhaul of the department's consultation policy with Native American tribes and established the Tribal Energy Program. Educational and corporate positions With the end of the Clinton administration in January 2001, Richardson took on a number of different positions. He was an adjunct professor at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government and a lecturer at the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West. In 2000, Richardson was awarded a United States Institute of Peace Senior Fellowship. He spent the next year researching and writing on the negotiations with North Korea and the energy dimensions of U.S. relations. In 2011, Richardson was named a senior fellow at the Baker Institute of Rice University. Richardson also joined Kissinger McLarty Associates, a "strategic advisory firm" headed by former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and former Clinton White House chief of staff Mack McLarty, as Senior Managing Director. From February 2001 to June 2002, he served on the board of directors of Peregrine Systems, Inc. He also served on the corporate boards of several energy companies, including Valero Energy Corporation and Diamond Offshore Drilling. He withdrew from these boards after being nominated by the Democratic Party for governor of New Mexico, but retained considerable stock holdings in Valero and Diamond Offshore. He would later sell these stocks during his campaign for president in 2007, saying he was "getting questions" about the propriety of these holdings, especially given his past as energy secretary, and that it had become a distraction. Richardson is on the board of directors of the National Institute for Civil Discourse (NICD), which was created after the 2011 Tucson shooting that left six dead and 13 wounded, including Congresswoman Gabby Giffords. Governor of New Mexico First term Richardson was elected governor of New Mexico in November 2002, having defeated the Republican nominee, John Sanchez, 56–39%. During the campaign, he set a Guinness World Record for most handshakes in eight hours by a politician, breaking Theodore Roosevelt's record. He succeeded a two-term Republican governor, Gary Johnson. He took office in January 2003 as the only Hispanic Governor in the United States. In his first year, Richardson proposed "tax cuts to promote growth and investment" and passed a broad personal income tax cut and won a statewide special election to transfer money from the state's Permanent Fund to meet current expenses and projects. In early 2005, Richardson helped make New Mexico the first state in the nation to provide $400,000 in life insurance coverage for New Mexico National Guard members who serve on active duty. Thirty-five states have since followed suit. Working with the legislature, he formed Richardson's Investment Partnership (GRIP) in 2003. The partnership has been used to fund large-scale public infrastructure projects throughout New Mexico, including the use of highway funds to construct a brand new commuter rail line (the Rail Runner) that runs between Belen, Albuquerque, and Bernalillo. He supported a variety of LGBT rights in his career as governor; he added sexual orientation and gender identity to New Mexico's list of civil rights categories. However, he was opposed to same-sex marriage, and faced criticism for his use of the anti-gay slur "maricón" on the Don Imus Show. During the summer of 2003, he met with a delegation from North Korea at its request to discuss concerns over that country's nuclear weapons. At the request of the White House, he also flew to North Korea in 2005 and met with another North Korean delegation in 2006. On December 7, 2006, Richardson was named as the Special Envoy for Hemispheric Affairs for the Secretary General of the Organization of American States with the mandate to "promote dialogue on issues of importance to the region, such as immigration and free trade". In 2003, Richardson backed and signed legislation creating a permit system for New Mexicans to carry concealed handguns. He applied for and received a concealed weapons permit, though by his own admission he seldom carries a gun. As Richardson discussed frequently during his 2008 run for president, he supported a controversial New Mexico law allowing undocumented immigrants to obtain driver's licenses for reasons of public safety. He said that because of the program, traffic fatalities had gone down, and the percentage of uninsured drivers decreased from 33% to 11%. He was named Chairman of the Democratic Governors Association in 2004 and announced a desire to increase the role of Democratic governors in deciding the future of their party. In December 2005, Richardson announced the intention of New Mexico to collaborate with billionaire Richard Branson to bring space tourism to the proposed Spaceport America located near Las Cruces, New Mexico. In 2006, Forbes credited Richardson's reforms in naming Albuquerque, New Mexico, the best city in the United States for business and careers. The Cato Institute, meanwhile, has consistently rated Richardson as one of the most fiscally responsible Democratic governors in the nation. In March 2006, Richardson vetoed legislation that would ban the use of eminent domain to transfer property to private developers, as allowed by the Supreme Court's 2005 decision in Kelo v. City of New London. He promised to work with the legislature to draft new legislation addressing the issue in the 2007 legislative session. On September 7, 2006, Richardson flew to Sudan to meet Sudanese President Omar Al-Bashir and successfully negotiated the release of imprisoned journalist Paul Salopek. The Sudanese had charged Salopek with espionage on August 26, 2006, while on a National Geographic assignment. In January 2007, at the request of the Save Darfur Coalition, he brokered a 60-day cease-fire between al-Bashir and leaders of several rebel factions in Darfur, the western Sudanese region. The cease-fire never became effective, however, with allegations of breaches on all sides. Second term Richardson won his second term as Governor of New Mexico on November 7, 2006, 68–32% against former New Mexico Republican Party Chairman John Dendahl. Richardson received the highest percentage of votes in any gubernatorial election in the state's history. In December 2006, Richardson announced that he would support a ban on cockfighting in New Mexico. On March 12, 2007, Richardson signed into law a bill that banned cockfighting in New Mexico. Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands are now the only parts of the United States where cockfighting is legal. During New Mexico's 2007 legislative session, Richardson signed a bill into law that made New Mexico the 12th state to legalize cannabis for medical reasons. When asked if this would hurt him in a Presidential election, he stated that it did not matter, as it was "the right thing to do". During 2008 and 2009, Richardson faced "possible legal issues" while a federal grand jury investigated pay-to-play allegations in the awarding of a lucrative state contract to a company that gave campaign contributions to Richardson's political action committee, Moving America Forward. The company in question, CDR, was alleged to have funneled more than $100,000 in donations to Richardson's PAC in exchange for state construction projects. Richardson said when he withdrew his Commerce Secretary nomination that he was innocent; his popularity then slipped below 50% in his home state. In August 2009, federal prosecutors dropped the pending investigation against the governor, and there was speculation in the media about Richardson's career after his second term as New Mexico governor concluded. On March 18, 2009, he signed a bill repealing the death penalty, making New Mexico the second U.S. state, after New Jersey, to repeal the death penalty by legislative means since the 1960s. Richardson was subsequently honored with the 2009 Human Rights Award by Death Penalty Focus. In its April 2010 report, ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Richardson one of the 11 worst governors in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Richardson's term as governor. The group accused Richardson of allowing political allies to benefit from firms connected to state investments, rewarding close associates with state positions or benefits (including providing a longtime friend and political supporter with a costly state contract), and allowing pay-to-play activity in his administration. They also opined that he fell short on efforts to make state government more transparent. In December 2010, while still serving as governor, Richardson returned to North Korea in an unofficial capacity at the invitation of the North's chief nuclear negotiator Kim Kye Gwan. Upon arriving in Pyongyang on December 16, Richardson told reporters that his "objective is to see if we can reduce the tension on the Korean peninsula, that is my objective. I am going to have a whole series of talks with North Korean officials here and I look forward to my discussions", he said. On December 19, Richardson said his talks with North Korean officials made "some progress" in trying to resolve what he calls a "very tense" situation. Speaking from Pyongyang, Richardson told U.S. television network CNN that a North Korean general he met was receptive to his proposal for setting up a hotline between North and South Korean forces, and also was open to his idea for a military commission to monitor disputes in and around the Yellow Sea. After his return from North Korea, Richardson dealt with the issue of a pardon for William H. Bonney, aka Billy the Kid, for killing Sheriff William J. Brady of Lincoln County, New Mexico, some 130 years before. Following up on the promise of a pardon at the time by then-territorial governor Lew Wallace, Richardson said he could not pardon Bonney posthumously because he did not want to second-guess his predecessor's decision. "It was a very close call", Richardson said. "The romanticism appealed to me to issue a pardon, but the facts and the evidence did not support it." Richardson's second term in office ended in 2011 and he was term-limited from further terms as governor. 2008 presidential campaign Richardson was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the 2008 presidential election but dropped out on January 10, 2008, after lackluster showings in the first primary and caucus contests. Despite his long history and friendship with the Clinton family, Richardson endorsed Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination on March 21, 2008, instead of Hillary Clinton. Commentator and Clinton ally James Carville compared Richardson to Judas Iscariot for the move. Richardson responded in a Washington Post article, feeling "compelled to defend [himself] against character assassination and baseless allegations." Richardson was a rumored Vice Presidential candidate for Senator and Democratic presumptive nominee Barack Obama, and was fully vetted by the Obama campaign, before Obama chose Joe Biden on August 23, 2008. Secretary of Commerce nomination Following Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election, Richardson's name was frequently mentioned as a possible Cabinet appointment in the incoming Obama administration. Most of this speculation surrounded the position of Secretary of State, given Richardson's background as a diplomat. Richardson did not publicly comment on the speculation. Hillary Clinton was Obama's nominee for Secretary of State. Richardson was also being considered for the position of Commerce Secretary. On December 3, 2008, Obama tapped Richardson for the post. On January 4, 2009, Richardson withdrew his name as Commerce Secretary nominee because of the federal grand jury investigation into pay-to-play allegations. The New York Times had reported in late December that the grand jury investigation issue would be raised at Richardson's confirmation hearings. Later, in August 2009, Justice Department officials decided not to seek indictments. Allegations of corruption According to his autobiography, then-United Nations Ambassador Bill Richardson was asked by the White House in 1997 to interview Monica Lewinsky for a job on his staff at the United Nations. Richardson did so, and later offered her a position which she declined. The American Spectator alleged that Richardson knew more about the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal than he declared to the grand jury. In 2011, Richardson was under investigation for his role in alleged campaign finance violations. A former member of Richardson's campaign claimed that during Richardson's 2008 presidential campaign, Richardson and members of his campaign paid an unknown woman $250,000 to keep her from exposing an alleged affair they had in 2004. During the 2012 trial United States of America v. Carollo, Goldberg and Grimm, the former CDR employee Doug Goldberg testified that he was involved in giving Bill Richardson campaign contributions amounting to $100,000 in exchange for his company CDR being hired to handle a $400 million swap deal for the New Mexico state government. During his testimony, Doug Goldberg stated that he had been given an envelope containing a check for $25,000 payable to Moving America Forward, Bill Richardson's political action committee, by his boss Stewart Wolmark and told to deliver it to Bill Richardson at a fund raiser. When Goldberg handed the envelope to Richardson, he allegedly told Goldberg to "Tell the big guy [Stewart Wolmark] I'm going to hire you guys". Goldberg went on to testify that CDR was hired but that he later learned that another firm was hired by Richardson to perform the actual work required and that Stewart Wolmark had given Richardson a further $75,000 in contributions. In 2019 it was revealed that Richardson was among those named in court documents from a civil suit between Virginia Roberts Giuffre and Jeffrey Epstein associate Ghislaine Maxwell. The documents were unsealed on August 9, 2019, a day before Epstein's suicide. Giuffre alleges that she was sexually trafficked by Epstein and Maxwell to several high-profile individuals, including Richardson, while she was underage in the early 2000s. A spokesperson for Richardson denied the claims, stating that he did not know Giuffre and had never seen Epstein in the presence of young or underage girls. Richardson released a statement in August 2019, saying he had offered his assistance in the investigation of Epstein to the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. Richardson's attorney, Jeff Brown of Dechert LLP, later said that he was informed by the Assistant US Attorney that Richardson is neither a target, subject, nor witness in the case and that there is no allegation against Richardson that the government is actively investigating. Post-gubernatorial career In 2011, Richardson joined the boards of APCO Worldwide company Global Political Strategies as chairman, the World Resources Institute, the National Council for Science and the Environment, and Abengoa (international advisory board). He was also appointed as a special envoy for the Organization of American States. In 2012, Richardson joined the advisory board of Grow Energy and Refugees International. He is also a member of Washington, D.C.-based Western Hemisphere think tank, the Inter-American Dialogue. In 2021, Richardson played a key role in securing the release of journalist Danny Fenster, who had been sentenced to 11 years in prison in Myanmar. North Korea Richardson has long had an interest in North Korea. He visited a number of times, and has been involved in negotiations with the leadership there since the early 1990s. In 1996, he accompanied U.S. State Department officials and successfully negotiated the release of Evan Hunziker, the first American civilian to be arrested by North Korea on espionage charges since the end of the Korean War. Richardson formed a foundation, the Richardson Center, to help negotiate the release of political prisoners globally. In January 2013, he led a delegation of business leaders, including Google chairman Eric Schmidt, shortly after the state had launched an orbital rocket. Richardson called the trip a "private, humanitarian" mission by U.S. citizens and told the Associated Press he would speak to North Korean officials about the detention of Kenneth Bae, a U.S. citizen accused of committing "hostile" acts against the state, and seek to visit the American. In March 2016, at the request of Ohio Governor John Kasich, Richardson attempted to negotiate for the release of Cincinnati college student Otto Warmbier, who had been detained on a visit to North Korea. Myanmar In November 2021 while on a private humanitarian mission in Myanmar, Richardson secured the release from an 11-year prison sentence of U.S. journalist Danny Fenster, saying he negotiated directly with Min Aung Hlaing, head of military junta. Fenster's family expressed special gratitude to Richardson for his role in the release. Electric vehicle charging stations In December 2012, Richardson became chairman of the Board of Directors of Car Charging Group, the largest independent owner and operator of public electric vehicle charging stations in the United States. In 2013 Richardson joined the Board of Advisors for the Fuel Freedom Foundation, a nonprofit campaign that advocates for the end of the oil monopoly. Publications Between Worlds: The Making of an American Life, an autobiography, published March 2005 by G.P. Putnam's Sons, written with Michael Ruby Leading by Example: How We Can Inspire an Energy and Security Revolution, released October 2007 How to Sweet-Talk a Shark: Strategies and Stories from a Master Negotiator, published October 15, 2013 by Rodale Books, written with Kevin Bleyer. Universal Transparency: A Goal for the U.S. at the 2012 Nuclear Security Summit, published January 2011, Arms Control Today; Bill Richardson with Gay Dillingham, Charles Streeper, and Arjun Makhijani Sweeping Up Dirty Bombs, published Fall 2011, Federation of American Scientists; Bill Richardson, Charles Streeper, and Margarita Sevcik See also Electoral history of Bill Richardson William Barloon List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States References External links Financial information (federal office) at OpenSecrets.org |- |- |- |- |- |- |- |- 1947 births 20th-century American politicians 21st-century American politicians American memoirists American people of Spanish descent American political writers American people of English descent American male non-fiction writers American politicians of Mexican descent American writers of Mexican descent American people of Nicaraguan descent Candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election Catholics from California Catholics from New Mexico Clinton administration cabinet members Cotuit Kettleers players Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Democratic Party state governors of the United States Governors of New Mexico Harwich Mariners players Hispanic and Latino American diplomats Hispanic and Latino American members of the Cabinet of the United States Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress Hispanic and Latino American state governors of the United States Jeffrey Epstein Harvard Kennedy School faculty Living people Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Members of the Inter-American Dialogue Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Mexico Middlesex School alumni New Mexico Democrats People from Pasadena, California Politicians from Santa Fe, New Mexico Permanent Representatives of the United States to the United Nations Rejected or withdrawn nominees to the United States Executive Cabinet Tufts Jumbos baseball players Tufts University alumni United States Secretaries of Energy

<mask> III (born November 15, 1947) is an American politician, author, and diplomat who served as the 30th governor of New Mexico from 2003 to 2011. He was also the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Energy Secretary in the Clinton administration, a U.S. Congressman, chairman of the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association. In December 2008, he was nominated for the cabinet-level position of Secretary of Commerce in the first Obama administration but withdrew a month later as he was being investigated for possible improper business dealings in New Mexico. Although the investigation was later dropped, it was seen to have damaged <mask>'s career as his second and final term as New Mexico governor concluded. <mask> has occasionally provided advice on diplomatic issues pertaining to North Korea and has visited the nation on several occasions.He has also completed a number of private humanitarian missions, one of which secured the release of U.S. journalist Danny Fenster from a Myanmar prison in November 2021. Early life and education <mask> was born in Pasadena, California. He grew up in the borough of Coyoacán in Mexico City. His father, William Blaine <mask>, Jr. (1891–1972), who was of Anglo-American and Mexican descent, was an American bank executive from Boston who worked in Mexico for what is now Citibank. His mother, María Luisa López-Collada Márquez (1914–2011), had been his father's secretary — she was the Mexican-born daughter of a Mexican mother and a Spanish father from Villaviciosa, Asturias. <mask>'s father was born on a ship heading towards Nicaragua. Just before <mask> was born, his father sent his mother to California to give birth because, as <mask> explained, "My father had a complex about not having been born in the United States."<mask>, a United States citizen by birth, spent his childhood in a lavish hacienda in Coyoacán's barrio of San Francisco where he was raised as a Roman Catholic. When <mask> was 13, his parents sent him to the U.S. to attend Middlesex School, a preparatory school in Concord, Massachusetts, where he played baseball as a pitcher. He entered Tufts University in 1966, where he continued to play baseball. In 1967, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League, pitching for the Cotuit Kettleers; he returned to the league in 1968 with the Harwich Mariners. A Kettleers program included the words "Drafted by K.C." <mask> said: <mask>'s original biographies stated he had been drafted by the Kansas City Athletics and the Chicago Cubs to play professional baseball, but a 2005 Albuquerque Journal investigation discovered he never was on any official draft. <mask> acknowledged the error, which he claimed was unintentional, saying he had been scouted by several teams and told that he "would or could" be drafted, but he was mistaken in saying that he actually had been drafted.He earned a Bachelor's degree at Tufts University in 1970, majoring in French and political science, and was a member and president of Delta Tau Delta fraternity. He earned a master's degree in international affairs from the Tufts University Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1971. He had met his future wife Barbara (née Flavin) when they were in high school in Concord, Massachusetts, and they married in 1972 following her graduation from Wheaton College. <mask> is a descendant of William Brewster, a passenger on the Mayflower. Early political career After college, <mask> worked for Republican Congressman F. Bradford Morse from Massachusetts. He was later a staff member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. <mask> worked on congressional relations for the Henry Kissinger State Department during the Nixon administration.U.S. Representative In 1978, <mask> moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico and ran for the House of Representatives in 1980 as a Democrat, losing narrowly to longtime 1st District representative and future United States Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan (R). Two years later, <mask> was elected to New Mexico's newly created third district, taking in most of the northern part of the state. <mask> spent 14 years in Congress, representing the country's most diverse district and holding 2,000 town meetings. <mask> served as Chairman of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus in the 98th Congress (1983–1985) and as Chairman of the House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Native American Affairs in the 103rd Congress (1993–1994). <mask> sponsored a number of bills, including the American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendments, the Indian Dams Safety Act, the Tribal Self-Governance Act, and the Jicarilla Apache Tribe Water Rights Settlement Act. He became a member of the Democratic leadership as a deputy majority whip, where he became friends with <mask> after they worked closely on several issues, including when he served as the ranking House Democrat in favor of NAFTA's passage in 1993. For his work as a back channel to Carlos Salinas de Gortari, Mexico's president at the time of the negotiations, he was awarded the Aztec Eagle Award, Mexico's highest award for a foreigner.Clinton in turn sent <mask> on various foreign policy missions, including a trip in 1996 in which <mask> traveled to Baghdad with Peter Bourne and engaged in lengthy one-on-one negotiations with Saddam Hussein to secure the release of two American aerospace workers who had been captured by the Iraqis after wandering over the Kuwaiti border. <mask> also visited Nicaragua, Guatemala, Cuba, Peru, India, North Korea, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and Sudan to represent U.S. interests and met with Slobodan Milošević. In 1996, he played a major role in securing the release of American Evan Hunziker from North Korean custody and for securing a pardon for Eliadah McCord, an American convicted and imprisoned in Bangladesh. Due to these missions, <mask> was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize three times. Ambassador to the United Nations As U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations between 1997 and 1998, <mask> flew to Afghanistan to meet with the Taliban and Abdul Rachid Dostum, an Uzbek warlord. The ceasefire he believed he had negotiated with the help of Bruce Riedel of the National Security Council failed to hold.U.S. Secretary of Energy The Senate confirmed <mask> to be Clinton's Secretary of Energy on July 31, 1998. His tenure at the Department of Energy was marred by the Wen Ho Lee nuclear controversy. As told by The New York Times in a special report, a scientist later named as Lee at the Los Alamos National Laboratory was reported as a suspect who might have given nuclear secrets to the Chinese government. The article mentioned <mask> several times, although he denied in sworn testimony that he was the source or that he made improper disclosures. After being fired and spending nine months in solitary confinement as an alleged security risk, Lee was later cleared of espionage charges and released with an apology from the judge. Eventually, Lee won a $1.6 million settlement against the federal government and several news outlets, including the Times and The Washington Post, for the accusation. <mask> was also criticized by the Senate for his handling of the espionage inquiry, which involved missing computer hard drives containing sensitive data, and for not testifying in front of Congress sooner.<mask> justified his response by saying that he was waiting to uncover more information before speaking to Congress. Republican Senators called for <mask>'s resignation, while both parties criticized his role in the incident, and the scandal ended <mask>'s hope of being named as Al Gore's running mate for the 2000 presidential election. <mask> tightened security following the scandal, leading to the creation of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA, not to be confused with the NSA and the NSC). This foreshadowed the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in reaction to the 9/11 attacks. <mask> also became the first Energy Secretary to implement a plan to dispose of nuclear waste. He created the Director for Native American Affairs position in the department in 1998, and in January 2000, oversaw the largest return of federal lands, 84,000 acres (340 km2), to an Indian Tribe (the Northern Ute Tribe of Utah) in more than 100 years. <mask> also directed the overhaul of the department's consultation policy with Native American tribes and established the Tribal Energy Program.Educational and corporate positions With the end of the Clinton administration in January 2001, <mask> took on a number of different positions. He was an adjunct professor at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government and a lecturer at the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West. In 2000, <mask> was awarded a United States Institute of Peace Senior Fellowship. He spent the next year researching and writing on the negotiations with North Korea and the energy dimensions of U.S. relations. In 2011, <mask> was named a senior fellow at the Baker Institute of Rice University. <mask> also joined Kissinger McLarty Associates, a "strategic advisory firm" headed by former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and former Clinton White House chief of staff Mack McLarty, as Senior Managing Director. From February 2001 to June 2002, he served on the board of directors of Peregrine Systems, Inc.He also served on the corporate boards of several energy companies, including Valero Energy Corporation and Diamond Offshore Drilling. He withdrew from these boards after being nominated by the Democratic Party for governor of New Mexico, but retained considerable stock holdings in Valero and Diamond Offshore. He would later sell these stocks during his campaign for president in 2007, saying he was "getting questions" about the propriety of these holdings, especially given his past as energy secretary, and that it had become a distraction. <mask> is on the board of directors of the National Institute for Civil Discourse (NICD), which was created after the 2011 Tucson shooting that left six dead and 13 wounded, including Congresswoman Gabby Giffords. Governor of New Mexico First term <mask> was elected governor of New Mexico in November 2002, having defeated the Republican nominee, John Sanchez, 56–39%. During the campaign, he set a Guinness World Record for most handshakes in eight hours by a politician, breaking Theodore Roosevelt's record. He succeeded a two-term Republican governor, Gary Johnson.He took office in January 2003 as the only Hispanic Governor in the United States. In his first year, <mask> proposed "tax cuts to promote growth and investment" and passed a broad personal income tax cut and won a statewide special election to transfer money from the state's Permanent Fund to meet current expenses and projects. In early 2005, <mask> helped make New Mexico the first state in the nation to provide $400,000 in life insurance coverage for New Mexico National Guard members who serve on active duty. Thirty-five states have since followed suit. Working with the legislature, he formed Richardson's Investment Partnership (GRIP) in 2003. The partnership has been used to fund large-scale public infrastructure projects throughout New Mexico, including the use of highway funds to construct a brand new commuter rail line (the Rail Runner) that runs between Belen, Albuquerque, and Bernalillo. He supported a variety of LGBT rights in his career as governor; he added sexual orientation and gender identity to New Mexico's list of civil rights categories.However, he was opposed to same-sex marriage, and faced criticism for his use of the anti-gay slur "maricón" on the Don Imus Show. During the summer of 2003, he met with a delegation from North Korea at its request to discuss concerns over that country's nuclear weapons. At the request of the White House, he also flew to North Korea in 2005 and met with another North Korean delegation in 2006. On December 7, 2006, <mask> was named as the Special Envoy for Hemispheric Affairs for the Secretary General of the Organization of American States with the mandate to "promote dialogue on issues of importance to the region, such as immigration and free trade". In 2003, <mask> backed and signed legislation creating a permit system for New Mexicans to carry concealed handguns. He applied for and received a concealed weapons permit, though by his own admission he seldom carries a gun. As <mask> discussed frequently during his 2008 run for president, he supported a controversial New Mexico law allowing undocumented immigrants to obtain driver's licenses for reasons of public safety.He said that because of the program, traffic fatalities had gone down, and the percentage of uninsured drivers decreased from 33% to 11%. He was named Chairman of the Democratic Governors Association in 2004 and announced a desire to increase the role of Democratic governors in deciding the future of their party. In December 2005, <mask> announced the intention of New Mexico to collaborate with billionaire Richard Branson to bring space tourism to the proposed Spaceport America located near Las Cruces, New Mexico. In 2006, Forbes credited <mask>'s reforms in naming Albuquerque, New Mexico, the best city in the United States for business and careers. The Cato Institute, meanwhile, has consistently rated <mask> as one of the most fiscally responsible Democratic governors in the nation. In March 2006, <mask> vetoed legislation that would ban the use of eminent domain to transfer property to private developers, as allowed by the Supreme Court's 2005 decision in Kelo v. City of New London. He promised to work with the legislature to draft new legislation addressing the issue in the 2007 legislative session.On September 7, 2006, <mask> flew to Sudan to meet Sudanese President Omar Al-Bashir and successfully negotiated the release of imprisoned journalist Paul Salopek. The Sudanese had charged Salopek with espionage on August 26, 2006, while on a National Geographic assignment. In January 2007, at the request of the Save Darfur Coalition, he brokered a 60-day cease-fire between al-Bashir and leaders of several rebel factions in Darfur, the western Sudanese region. The cease-fire never became effective, however, with allegations of breaches on all sides. Second term <mask> won his second term as Governor of New Mexico on November 7, 2006, 68–32% against former New Mexico Republican Party Chairman John Dendahl. <mask> received the highest percentage of votes in any gubernatorial election in the state's history. In December 2006, <mask> announced that he would support a ban on cockfighting in New Mexico.On March 12, 2007, <mask> signed into law a bill that banned cockfighting in New Mexico. Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands are now the only parts of the United States where cockfighting is legal. During New Mexico's 2007 legislative session, <mask> signed a bill into law that made New Mexico the 12th state to legalize cannabis for medical reasons. When asked if this would hurt him in a Presidential election, he stated that it did not matter, as it was "the right thing to do". During 2008 and 2009, <mask> faced "possible legal issues" while a federal grand jury investigated pay-to-play allegations in the awarding of a lucrative state contract to a company that gave campaign contributions to <mask>'s political action committee, Moving America Forward. The company in question, CDR, was alleged to have funneled more than $100,000 in donations to <mask>'s PAC in exchange for state construction projects. <mask> said when he withdrew his Commerce Secretary nomination that he was innocent; his popularity then slipped below 50% in his home state.In August 2009, federal prosecutors dropped the pending investigation against the governor, and there was speculation in the media about <mask>'s career after his second term as New Mexico governor concluded. On March 18, 2009, he signed a bill repealing the death penalty, making New Mexico the second U.S. state, after New Jersey, to repeal the death penalty by legislative means since the 1960s. <mask> was subsequently honored with the 2009 Human Rights Award by Death Penalty Focus. In its April 2010 report, ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named <mask> one of the 11 worst governors in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout <mask>'s term as governor. The group accused <mask> of allowing political allies to benefit from firms connected to state investments, rewarding close associates with state positions or benefits (including providing a longtime friend and political supporter with a costly state contract), and allowing pay-to-play activity in his administration. They also opined that he fell short on efforts to make state government more transparent. In December 2010, while still serving as governor, <mask> returned to North Korea in an unofficial capacity at the invitation of the North's chief nuclear negotiator Kim Kye Gwan.Upon arriving in Pyongyang on December 16, <mask> told reporters that his "objective is to see if we can reduce the tension on the Korean peninsula, that is my objective. I am going to have a whole series of talks with North Korean officials here and I look forward to my discussions", he said. On December 19, <mask> said his talks with North Korean officials made "some progress" in trying to resolve what he calls a "very tense" situation. Speaking from Pyongyang, <mask> told U.S. television network CNN that a North Korean general he met was receptive to his proposal for setting up a hotline between North and South Korean forces, and also was open to his idea for a military commission to monitor disputes in and around the Yellow Sea. After his return from North Korea, <mask> dealt with the issue of a pardon for William H. Bonney, aka <mask> Kid, for killing Sheriff William J. Brady of Lincoln County, New Mexico, some 130 years before. Following up on the promise of a pardon at the time by then-territorial governor Lew Wallace, <mask> said he could not pardon Bonney posthumously because he did not want to second-guess his predecessor's decision. "It was a very close call", <mask> said."The romanticism appealed to me to issue a pardon, but the facts and the evidence did not support it." <mask>'s second term in office ended in 2011 and he was term-limited from further terms as governor. 2008 presidential campaign <mask> was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the 2008 presidential election but dropped out on January 10, 2008, after lackluster showings in the first primary and caucus contests. Despite his long history and friendship with the Clinton family, <mask> endorsed Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination on March 21, 2008, instead of Hillary Clinton. Commentator and Clinton ally James Carville compared <mask> to Judas Iscariot for the move. <mask> responded in a Washington Post article, feeling "compelled to defend [himself] against character assassination and baseless allegations." <mask> was a rumored Vice Presidential candidate for Senator and Democratic presumptive nominee Barack Obama, and was fully vetted by the Obama campaign, before Obama chose Joe Biden on August 23, 2008.Secretary of Commerce nomination Following Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election, <mask>'s name was frequently mentioned as a possible Cabinet appointment in the incoming Obama administration. Most of this speculation surrounded the position of Secretary of State, given <mask>'s background as a diplomat. <mask> did not publicly comment on the speculation. Hillary Clinton was Obama's nominee for Secretary of State. <mask> was also being considered for the position of Commerce Secretary. On December 3, 2008, Obama tapped <mask> for the post. On January 4, 2009, <mask> withdrew his name as Commerce Secretary nominee because of the federal grand jury investigation into pay-to-play allegations.The New York Times had reported in late December that the grand jury investigation issue would be raised at <mask>'s confirmation hearings. Later, in August 2009, Justice Department officials decided not to seek indictments. Allegations of corruption According to his autobiography, then-United Nations Ambassador <mask> was asked by the White House in 1997 to interview Monica Lewinsky for a job on his staff at the United Nations. <mask> did so, and later offered her a position which she declined. The American Spectator alleged that <mask> knew more about the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal than he declared to the grand jury. In 2011, <mask> was under investigation for his role in alleged campaign finance violations. A former member of <mask>'s campaign claimed that during <mask>'s 2008 presidential campaign, <mask> and members of his campaign paid an unknown woman $250,000 to keep her from exposing an alleged affair they had in 2004.During the 2012 trial United States of America v. Carollo, Goldberg and Grimm, the former CDR employee Doug Goldberg testified that he was involved in giving <mask> campaign contributions amounting to $100,000 in exchange for his company CDR being hired to handle a $400 million swap deal for the New Mexico state government. During his testimony, Doug Goldberg stated that he had been given an envelope containing a check for $25,000 payable to Moving America Forward, <mask>'s political action committee, by his boss Stewart Wolmark and told to deliver it to <mask> at a fund raiser. When Goldberg handed the envelope to <mask>, he allegedly told Goldberg to "Tell the big guy [Stewart Wolmark] I'm going to hire you guys". Goldberg went on to testify that CDR was hired but that he later learned that another firm was hired by <mask> to perform the actual work required and that Stewart Wolmark had given <mask> a further $75,000 in contributions. In 2019 it was revealed that <mask> was among those named in court documents from a civil suit between Virginia Roberts Giuffre and Jeffrey Epstein associate Ghislaine Maxwell. The documents were unsealed on August 9, 2019, a day before Epstein's suicide. Giuffre alleges that she was sexually trafficked by Epstein and Maxwell to several high-profile individuals, including <mask>, while she was underage in the early 2000s.A spokesperson for <mask> denied the claims, stating that he did not know Giuffre and had never seen Epstein in the presence of young or underage girls. <mask> released a statement in August 2019, saying he had offered his assistance in the investigation of Epstein to the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. <mask>'s attorney, Jeff Brown of Dechert LLP, later said that he was informed by the Assistant US Attorney that <mask> is neither a target, subject, nor witness in the case and that there is no allegation against <mask> that the government is actively investigating. Post-gubernatorial career In 2011, <mask> joined the boards of APCO Worldwide company Global Political Strategies as chairman, the World Resources Institute, the National Council for Science and the Environment, and Abengoa (international advisory board). He was also appointed as a special envoy for the Organization of American States. In 2012, <mask> joined the advisory board of Grow Energy and Refugees International. He is also a member of Washington, D.C.-based Western Hemisphere think tank, the Inter-American Dialogue.In 2021, <mask> played a key role in securing the release of journalist Danny Fenster, who had been sentenced to 11 years in prison in Myanmar. North Korea <mask> has long had an interest in North Korea. He visited a number of times, and has been involved in negotiations with the leadership there since the early 1990s. In 1996, he accompanied U.S. State Department officials and successfully negotiated the release of Evan Hunziker, the first American civilian to be arrested by North Korea on espionage charges since the end of the Korean War. <mask> formed a foundation, the Richardson Center, to help negotiate the release of political prisoners globally. In January 2013, he led a delegation of business leaders, including Google chairman Eric Schmidt, shortly after the state had launched an orbital rocket. <mask> called the trip a "private, humanitarian" mission by U.S. citizens and told the Associated Press he would speak to North Korean officials about the detention of Kenneth Bae, a U.S. citizen accused of committing "hostile" acts against the state, and seek to visit the American.In March 2016, at the request of Ohio Governor John Kasich, <mask> attempted to negotiate for the release of Cincinnati college student Otto Warmbier, who had been detained on a visit to North Korea. Myanmar In November 2021 while on a private humanitarian mission in Myanmar, <mask> secured the release from an 11-year prison sentence of U.S. journalist Danny Fenster, saying he negotiated directly with Min Aung Hlaing, head of military junta. Fenster's family expressed special gratitude to <mask> for his role in the release. Electric vehicle charging stations In December 2012, <mask> became chairman of the Board of Directors of Car Charging Group, the largest independent owner and operator of public electric vehicle charging stations in the United States. In 2013 <mask> joined the Board of Advisors for the Fuel Freedom Foundation, a nonprofit campaign that advocates for the end of the oil monopoly. Publications Between Worlds: The Making of an American Life, an autobiography, published March 2005 by G.P. Putnam's Sons, written with Michael Ruby Leading by Example: How We Can Inspire an Energy and Security Revolution, released October 2007 How to Sweet-Talk a Shark: Strategies and Stories from a Master Negotiator, published October 15, 2013 by Rodale Books, written with Kevin Bleyer.

<mask> III was the 30th governor of New Mexico from 2003 to 2011. He was a US citizen. The Clinton administration had an ambassador to the UN and an energy secretary. Chairman of the Democratic National Convention and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association. He withdrew from consideration for the position of Secretary of Commerce in the first Obama administration after being investigated for possible improper business dealings in New Mexico. The investigation damaged <mask>'s career as he concluded his second and final term as New Mexico governor. <mask> has visited the nation several times and provided advice on diplomatic issues.Danny Fenster, a U.S. journalist, was released from a Myanmar prison in November 2021. <mask> was born in Pasadena, California, and was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He grew up in Mexico City. <mask>, Jr. was an American bank executive from Boston who worked in Mexico for Citibank. The Mexican-born daughter of a Mexican mother and a Spanish father was his mother's secretary. <mask>'s father was born on a ship. <mask> explained that his father had a complex about not having been born in the United States and that he sent his mother to California to give birth.<mask> was raised as a Roman Catholic in Coyoacn's barrio of San Francisco, where he spent his childhood in a lavish hacienda. <mask> was sent to the U.S. by his parents to attend a prep school where he played baseball. He continued to play baseball after entering the university. In 1967, he pitched for the Cotuit Kettleers in the Cape Cod Baseball League, and in 1968 he pitched for the Harwich Mariners in the Cape Cod Baseball League. The words "Drafted by K.C" were included in a Kettleers program. <mask>'s original biographies stated he had been drafted by the Kansas City Athletics and the Chicago Cubs, but a 2005 Albuquerque Journal investigation discovered he never was. <mask> said that he had been scouted by several teams and told that he would or could be drafted, but he was mistaken in saying that he actually had been drafted.He received a Bachelor's degree in French and political science from Tufts University in 1970. He received a master's degree in international affairs from the school. He met his future wife, Barbara, when they were in high school in Concord, Massachusetts, and they married in 1972. <mask> is related to a passenger on the Mayflower. <mask> had a political career after college. He worked on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. <mask> worked for the Henry Kissinger State Department.<mask> moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1978 and ran for the House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1980, but lost narrowly to a Republican. <mask> was elected to New Mexico's newly created third district, taking in most of the northern part of the state. In Congress, <mask> held 2,000 town meetings and represented the country's most diverse district. <mask> served as Chairman of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus in the 98th Congress and as Chairman of the House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Native American Affairs in the 103rd Congress. The American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendments, the Indian Dams Safety Act, the Tribal Self-Governance Act, and the Jicarilla Apache Tribe Water Rights Settlement Act were all sponsored by <mask>. He became friends with <mask> after they worked on several issues, including when he served as the ranking House Democrat in favor of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The Aztec Eagle Award, Mexico's highest award for a foreigner, was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780Clinton sent <mask> to various foreign policy missions, including a trip in 1996 in which <mask> traveled to Baghdad with Peter Bourne and engaged in lengthy one-on-one negotiations with Saddam Hussein to secure the release of two American workers who had been captured by the Iraqis. <mask> met with Slobodan Miloevi while he was in Cuba. In 1996, he played a major role in securing the release of American Evan Hunziker from North Korean custody and for securing a pardon for Eliadah McCord, an American convicted and imprisoned in Bangladesh. <mask> was nominated for the Peace Prize three times. Ambassador to the United Nations. <mask> flew to Afghanistan in 1997 to meet with the Taliban and Dostum. The ceasefire he believed he had negotiated with the National Security Council did not hold.The Senate confirmed <mask> as Clinton's Secretary of Energy on July 31, 1998. His time at the Department of Energy was marred by the nuclear controversy. The New York Times reported that a scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory was suspected of giving nuclear secrets to the Chinese government. <mask> denied in sworn testimony that he was the source or that he made improper disclosures, but the article mentioned him several times. After being fired and spending nine months in solitary confinement as an alleged security risk, Lee was later cleared of espionage charges and released with an apology from the judge. Lee won a $1.6 million settlement against the federal government and several news outlets, including the Times and The Washington Post. <mask> was criticized by the Senate for his handling of the espionage inquiry, which involved missing computer hard drives and not testifying in front of Congress sooner.<mask> said he was waiting to uncover more information before speaking to Congress. <mask>'s hopes of being named as Al Gore's running mate for the 2000 presidential election were ended by the scandal and Republican Senators called for his resignation. The National Nuclear Security Administration was created after <mask> tightened security following the scandal. The creation of the Department of Homeland Security was predicted by this. The first Energy Secretary to implement a plan to dispose of nuclear waste was <mask>. In January 2000 he created the Director for Native American Affairs position in the department and oversaw the largest return of federal lands to an Indian Tribe in more than 100 years. <mask> directed the creation of the Tribal Energy Program and overhauled the department's consultation policy with Native American tribes.<mask> took on a number of different positions after the Clinton administration ended. He taught at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government and the United World College of the American West. <mask> received a United States Institute of Peace senior fellowship in 2000. He researched and wrote about the negotiations with North Korea and the energy dimensions of U.S. relations. <mask> was named a senior fellow at the Baker Institute in 2011. Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and former Clinton White House chief of staff Mack McLarty are the co-owners of Kissinger McLarty. He was on the board of directors of the company from 2001 to 2002.He served on the boards of several energy companies. He was nominated by the Democratic Party for governor of New Mexico and withdrew from these boards. He sold these stocks during his campaign for president in 2007, saying he was getting questions about the propriety of his holdings and that it had become a distraction. <mask> is on the board of directors of the National Institute for Civil Discourse, which was created after the Tucson shooting that left six dead and 13 wounded, including Giffords. <mask> was elected governor of New Mexico in 2002 after defeating the Republican nominee. He set a Guinness World Record for most handshakes in eight hours by a politician. Gary Johnson was a two-term Republican governor.He was the first Hispanic Governor in the United States. In his first year, <mask> proposed tax cuts to promote growth and investment, passed a broad personal income tax cut, and won a statewide special election to transfer money from the state's Permanent Fund to meet current expenses and projects. <mask> helped make New Mexico the first state in the nation to provide $400,000 in life insurance coverage for New Mexico National Guard members who serve on active duty. Thirty-five states have followed suit. In 2003 he formed Richardson's Investment Partnership. The use of highway funds to construct a brand new commuter rail line between Belen, Albuquerque, and Bernalillo has been funded by the partnership. He added sexual orientation and gender identity to New Mexico's list of civil rights categories.He faced criticism for his use of the anti-gay slur "maricn" on the Don Imus Show. He met with a delegation from North Korea in the summer of 2003 to discuss concerns over the country's nuclear weapons. He flew to North Korea in 2005 and met with another North Korean delegation in 2006 at the request of the White House. <mask> was named the Special Envoy for Hemispheric Affairs for the Secretary General of the Organization of American States with the mandate to promote dialogue on issues of importance to the region, such as immigration and free trade. <mask> signed legislation in 2003 that created a permit system for New Mexicans to carry concealed handguns. He received a concealed weapons permit, though he rarely carries a gun. During his 2008 run for president, <mask> supported a New Mexico law that allowed illegal immigrants to get driver's licenses for public safety reasons.He said that the number of traffic deaths had gone down and the percentage of uninsured drivers had gone down. He was named Chairman of the Democratic Governors Association in 2004, and announced a desire to increase the role of Democratic governors in deciding the future of their party. In December 2005, <mask> announced the intention of New Mexico to collaborate with billionaire Richard Branson to bring space tourism to the proposed Spaceport America located near Las Cruces, New Mexico. Forbes named Albuquerque, New Mexico, the best city in the United States for business and careers in 2006 due to <mask>'s reforms. <mask> has been rated one of the most fiscally responsible Democratic governors in the nation by the Cato Institute. The Supreme Court's Kelo decision in 2005 allowed <mask> to veto legislation that would have banned the use ofEminent domain to transfer property to private developers. He promised to work with the legislature to draft new legislation.<mask> flew to Sudan in September of 2006 to negotiate the release of imprisoned journalist Paul Salopek. The Sudanese charged Salopek with espionage while he was on a National Geographic assignment. He brokered a 60-day cease-fire between al-Bashir and the leaders of several rebel groups in the western Sudanese region. The cease-fire never became effective because of alleged breeches on all sides. <mask> won his second term as Governor of New Mexico on November 7, 2006 against John Dendahl, the former New Mexico Republican Party Chairman. <mask> received the highest percentage of votes in the state's history. <mask> supports a ban on cockfighting in New Mexico.<mask> signed a bill banning cockfighting in New Mexico. Cockfighting is legal in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. <mask> signed a bill into law in New Mexico that legalized cannabis for medical reasons. He stated that it was the right thing to do and that it would not hurt him in the election. A federal grand jury investigated pay-to-play allegations in the awarding of a lucrative state contract to a company that gave campaign contributions to <mask>'s political action committee. CDR was accused of funneling more than $100,000 in donations to <mask>'s political action committee in exchange for state construction projects. <mask> said when he withdrew his Commerce Secretary nomination that he was innocent and his popularity plummeted in his home state.There was speculation in the media about <mask>'s career after his second term as New Mexico governor ended, after federal prosecutors dropped their investigation against the governor. On March 18, 2009, he signed a bill to repeal the death penalty in New Mexico. <mask> received the Human Rights Award from Death Penalty Focus. <mask> was named one of the 11 worst governors in the United States by the Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington. The group accused <mask> of allowing political allies to benefit from firms connected to state investments, rewarding close associates with state positions or benefits, and allowing pay-to-play activity in his administration. He fell short on making the state government more transparent. <mask> returned to North Korea in December of 2010 at the invitation of Kim Kye Gwan, the North's chief nuclear negotiator.<mask> told reporters that his objective was to see if we can reduce the tension on the Korean peninsula. He said that he was going to have a lot of talks with North Korean officials here. <mask> said on December 19 that his talks with North Korean officials made some progress in trying to resolve the situation. <mask> told CNN that a North Korean general was receptive to his proposal for setting up a hotline between North and South Korean forces, as well as his idea for a military commission to monitor disputes in and around the Yellow Sea. <mask> dealt with the issue of a pardon for <mask> Kid after he returned from North Korea. <mask> said he couldn't posthumously pardon Bonney because he didn't want to second-guess his predecessor's decision. <mask> said it was a very close call.The facts and evidence did not support the idea of a pardon. <mask>'s second term in office ended in 2011. <mask> dropped out of the 2008 presidential race on January 10, 2008, after lackluster showings in the first primary and caucus contests. On March 21, 2008, <mask> endorsed Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination instead of Hillary Clinton, despite his long history and friendship with the Clinton family. James Carville compared <mask> to Judas Iscariot. <mask> felt compelled to defend himself against character assassination and baseless allegations. <mask> was a rumored Vice Presidential candidate for Senator and Democratic presumptive nominee Barack Obama before he chose Joe Biden.Following Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election, <mask>'s name was frequently mentioned as a possible Cabinet appointment in the incoming Obama administration. Given <mask>'s background as a diplomat, most of the speculation centered on the position of Secretary of State. <mask> didn't comment on the speculation. Clinton was nominated by Obama for Secretary of State. <mask> was considered for the position of Commerce Secretary. <mask> was tapped by Obama for the post. <mask> withdrew his name as Commerce Secretary nominee because of the federal grand jury investigation.The grand jury investigation issue will be raised at <mask>'s confirmation hearings according to the New York Times. In August 2009, Justice Department officials decided not to seek indictments. <mask> was asked by the White House in 1997 to interview Monica Lewinsky for a job on his staff at the United Nations. <mask> offered her a position that she declined. The American Spectator claimed that <mask> knew more about the scandal than he told the grand jury. <mask> was under investigation in 2011. According to a former member of <mask>'s campaign, <mask> and members of his campaign paid an unknown woman $250,000 to keep her from exposing an alleged affair they had in 2004.The former CDR employee testified that he was involved in giving <mask> campaign contributions amounting to $100,000 in exchange for his company CDR being hired to handle a $400 million swap deal for the New Mexico state. Doug Goldberg testified that he was given an envelope containing a check for $25,000 and told to deliver it to <mask> at a fund raiser. Goldberg told <mask> to "tell the big guy" that he was going to hire them. Goldberg testified that CDR was hired but that he later learned that another firm was hired by <mask> to perform the actual work required and that Stewart Wolmark had given <mask> a further $75,000 in contributions. <mask> was named in court documents from a civil suit between Virginia Roberts Giuffre and a Jeffrey Epstein associate. On August 9, the documents were made public. Giuffre claims that she was lured into prostitution by several high-profile individuals, including <mask>.<mask>'s spokesman denied the claims, stating that he didn't know Giuffre and hadn't seen Epstein in the presence of young girls. <mask> said in August that he had offered his assistance to the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. <mask> is not a target, subject, or witness in the case, and there is no allegation against <mask> that the government is actively investigating, according to <mask>'s attorney, Jeff Brown. <mask> joined the boards of Global Political Strategies, the World Resources Institute, and the National Council for Science and the Environment in 2011. He was appointed as a special envoy for the Organization of American States. <mask> joined the advisory board of Grow Energy and Refugees International. The Inter-American Dialogue is a Washington, D.C.-based think tank.<mask> was involved in securing the release of Danny Fenster, who had been sentenced to 11 years in prison. <mask> has an interest in North Korea. He has been involved in negotiations with the leadership since the early 1990s. Evan Hunziker, the first American civilian to be arrested by North Korea on espionage charges since the end of the Korean War, was freed by the U.S. State Department in 1996. The Richardson Center was formed by <mask> to help negotiate the release of political prisoners. He led a group of business leaders shortly after the state launched a rocket. <mask> told the Associated Press that he would speak to North Korean officials about the case of Kenneth Bae, a U.S. citizen accused of committing "hostile" acts against the state.At the request of Ohio Governor John Kasich, <mask> tried to negotiate for the release of Cincinnati college student Otto Warmbier, who had been imprisoned on a visit to North Korea. <mask> secured the release from an 11-year prison sentence of a U.S. journalist in November of 2021. <mask> was thanked by Fenster's family for his role in the release. <mask> became chairman of the Board of Directors of Car Charging Group, the largest independent owner and operator of public electric vehicle charging stations in the United States. <mask> joined the Board of Advisors for the Fuel Freedom Foundation in order to advocate for the end of the oil monopoly. G.P. published Publications Between Worlds: The Making of an American Life in March 2005. Putnam's Sons was written with Michael Ruby and How to Sweet-Talk a Shark: Strategies and Stories from a Master Negotiator was written with Kevin Bleyer.

18768064

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Oskar%20Julius%20von%20G%C3%B6rschen

Robert Oskar Julius von Görschen

Robert Oskar Julius von Görschen (born 22 November 1829 in Aachen; died 10 January 1914 in Aachen) was one of the Aachen region’s most successful business lawyers, and an initiator of many social and cultural institutions. In the service of Aachen and Munich insurance company After his law studies, von Görschen planned to pursue a career as a judge. He was already an assistant lawyer in the regional court when he decided, in 1861 to enter in the Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance Company, a predecessor organization of today's Aachen Münchener Versicherungs-AG (a subsidiary company of the AMB Generali). First, he took over for two years as head of the Subdirektion Berlin before he finally (in 1863) was appointed as a legal officer in the Aachen headquarters. He held this post for seventeen years and was already a consultative member of the Board of directors. On 9 April 1881, he was appointed as a full member and from 1887 until his death he served as Chairman of the Board of Directors. He was the representative of the insurance company both internally and externally, and under his leadership, the company developed a towering reputation. During this time, Robert von Görschen (thanks to his extraordinary gift of giving speeches, and numerous contacts) was instrumental in instigating a spate of tremendous achievements in the German and international businesses, this insurance company acquired. He was playing a key role in building until 1900, with over 56 new foreign representatives of his company, but also in the planning and implementation of projects for funding of social and cultural institutions in the region. In these early years of the industrial age, he worked vigorously for the social component of support from the Insurance Company. He ensured that each half of the annual profit should be reserved for social and cultural purposes, as the founder of the company, David Hansemann (1790-1864), had decreed in 1824. Due to Robert von Görschen's co-operation with General Director Friedrich Adolph Brüggemann, it was also possible that the Friedrich-Wilhelm Foundation of the University of Aachen (today RWTH Aachen), could be founded (in 1866) and that a secure financial footing was guaranteed. The Friedrich-Wilhelm Foundation continues until the present day, awarding scholarships and prizes for research. In 1870, the university also received a guarantee fund in the amount of 1.3 million Mark (Prussian vereinsthaler) and a construction fund of a further one million Mark annually, and 10,000 Mark as earmarked grants. This enabled von Görschen and Friedrich Adolph Brüggemann (on 10 October 1870) to found the organization "Association for the advancement of capacity of work", a kind of labour office of that time. In addition, both also supported the fire insurance companies in many towns and cities throughout the Rhineland in 1870, in the acquisition of one free fire syringe engine for each (of the company Josef Beduwe, Feuerspritzen, Gelb- und Glockengießerei (fire engine, brass and bell foundry) from Aachen, which resulted in a sell of this equipment for over 5000 Marks. Robert von Gorschen and the subsequent directors of the insurance company, Richard Trostorff and Adolf Brüggemann, were significantly responsible for ensuring that the Aachen Einhard-Gymnasium (on 1 May 1886) and the Aachen David Hansemann Monument, together with the area surrounding the monument (on 29 August 1888) and the Aachen Bismarck Tower (on 22 August) could all be inaugurated. The services of the Eschweiler Coal Mining Company (EBV) Robert von Görschen, at the recommendation of his father (privy councillor Karl Heinrich von Görschen, (1784-1860)), became the chairman of the supervisory board of Eschweiler coal mining company (EBV), and he also became a member of the Executive Council of the EBV. On 26 October 1897 he was chosen to be a member of the Supervisory Board, and from 1907 to 1909 he became deputy chairman, and until his death in 1914 he filled the position of chairman of this body. At that time the various mines around Aachen and in neighbouring countries were individual companies and no longer competitive in the growing market. Due to Robert von Görschen, in 1907 a merger between the Associations for Mineral Coal Company (Vereinigungsgesellschaft für Steinkohlenbau im Wurmrevier), further individual mines and the Eschweiler Coal Mining Company (EBV) the EBV became one of the biggest mine companies of Western Germany. He was also honoured in 1903 by the City Würselen, by having the main shaft of the mine Gouley and according to Council Decision of 21 November 1953 an adjacent street named after him. Further activities and honours Robert von Görschen was, between 1884 and 1909 Municipal city councillor of Aachen. In addition, from 31 January 1864 he joined the Aachener Casino association and was (initially in 1886 and most recently from 1902 to 1909) its president. For his achievements, he was decorated as follows: Order of the Red Eagle 3rd class with swords Order of the Crown of Prussia, 2nd class Merit Order of the St Michael of Bavaria, 2nd class House Order of Henry the Lion of Brunswick, 2nd class House Order of Vigilance or the White Falcon, 2nd, class Family Robert Oskar Julius von Görschen was born to the old German noble family Von Görschen. He originated from the estate Gut Klau in Aachen, and was married to Elise Helene Friederike Brüggemann (1833-1917) and had with her four sons and two daughters. His son Robert Walter Richard Ernst von Görschen became Vice-President in Aachen and another son, Bruno Hans Otto Friedrich von Görschen (1865-1939) became a Judicial and Legal councillor of justice, in 1914 a legal advisor in the “Aachen and Munich Insurance Company”, and in 1924 chairman of the Supervisory Board of Aachen Reinsurance Company. Sources and literature Arens/Jansen: „Geschichte des Clubs Aachener Casino“ (History of the Club Casino of Aachen); Nr. 486, page 170; 2nd Edition 1964 Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance – Memorial about the 75-year-festivity of the corporate 1825-1900; Edition by Georgi, Aachen, 1900 Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance – Memorial about the 100-year-festivity of the corporate 1825-1925; Print corporate Aachen, 1925 Oskar Stegemann: “100 year coal mining company of Eschweiler and his prehistory”; Edition 1938, Eschweiler External links Meine Heimatstadt Alsdorf at www.alsdorf-online.de 1829 births 1914 deaths People from Aachen German untitled nobility Jurists from North Rhine-Westphalia

<mask> (born 22 November 1829 in Aachen; died 10 January 1914 in Aachen) was one of the Aachen region’s most successful business lawyers, and an initiator of many social and cultural institutions. In the service of Aachen and Munich insurance company After his law studies, <mask> planned to pursue a career as a judge. He was already an assistant lawyer in the regional court when he decided, in 1861 to enter in the Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance Company, a predecessor organization of today's Aachen Münchener Versicherungs-AG (a subsidiary company of the AMB Generali). First, he took over for two years as head of the Subdirektion Berlin before he finally (in 1863) was appointed as a legal officer in the Aachen headquarters. He held this post for seventeen years and was already a consultative member of the Board of directors. On 9 April 1881, he was appointed as a full member and from 1887 until his death he served as Chairman of the Board of Directors. He was the representative of the insurance company both internally and externally, and under his leadership, the company developed a towering reputation.During this time, <mask> <mask> (thanks to his extraordinary gift of giving speeches, and numerous contacts) was instrumental in instigating a spate of tremendous achievements in the German and international businesses, this insurance company acquired. He was playing a key role in building until 1900, with over 56 new foreign representatives of his company, but also in the planning and implementation of projects for funding of social and cultural institutions in the region. In these early years of the industrial age, he worked vigorously for the social component of support from the Insurance Company. He ensured that each half of the annual profit should be reserved for social and cultural purposes, as the founder of the company, David Hansemann (1790-1864), had decreed in 1824. Due to <mask> <mask>'s co-operation with General Director Friedrich Adolph Brüggemann, it was also possible that the Friedrich-Wilhelm Foundation of the University of Aachen (today RWTH Aachen), could be founded (in 1866) and that a secure financial footing was guaranteed. The Friedrich-Wilhelm Foundation continues until the present day, awarding scholarships and prizes for research. In 1870, the university also received a guarantee fund in the amount of 1.3 million Mark (Prussian vereinsthaler) and a construction fund of a further one million Mark annually, and 10,000 Mark as earmarked grants.This enabled <mask> and Friedrich Adolph Brüggemann (on 10 October 1870) to found the organization "Association for the advancement of capacity of work", a kind of labour office of that time. In addition, both also supported the fire insurance companies in many towns and cities throughout the Rhineland in 1870, in the acquisition of one free fire syringe engine for each (of the company Josef Beduwe, Feuerspritzen, Gelb- und Glockengießerei (fire engine, brass and bell foundry) from Aachen, which resulted in a sell of this equipment for over 5000 Marks. <mask> Gorschen and the subsequent directors of the insurance company, Richard Trostorff and Adolf Brüggemann, were significantly responsible for ensuring that the Aachen Einhard-Gymnasium (on 1 May 1886) and the Aachen David Hansemann Monument, together with the area surrounding the monument (on 29 August 1888) and the Aachen Bismarck Tower (on 22 August) could all be inaugurated. The services of the Eschweiler Coal Mining Company (EBV) <mask> Görschen, at the recommendation of his father (privy councillor Karl Heinrich <mask>, (1784-1860)), became the chairman of the supervisory board of Eschweiler coal mining company (EBV), and he also became a member of the Executive Council of the EBV. On 26 October 1897 he was chosen to be a member of the Supervisory Board, and from 1907 to 1909 he became deputy chairman, and until his death in 1914 he filled the position of chairman of this body. At that time the various mines around Aachen and in neighbouring countries were individual companies and no longer competitive in the growing market. Due to <mask> Görschen, in 1907 a merger between the Associations for Mineral Coal Company (Vereinigungsgesellschaft für Steinkohlenbau im Wurmrevier), further individual mines and the Eschweiler Coal Mining Company (EBV) the EBV became one of the biggest mine companies of Western Germany.He was also honoured in 1903 by the City Würselen, by having the main shaft of the mine Gouley and according to Council Decision of 21 November 1953 an adjacent street named after him. Further activities and honours <mask> <mask> was, between 1884 and 1909 Municipal city councillor of Aachen. In addition, from 31 January 1864 he joined the Aachener Casino association and was (initially in 1886 and most recently from 1902 to 1909) its president. For his achievements, he was decorated as follows: Order of the Red Eagle 3rd class with swords Order of the Crown of Prussia, 2nd class Merit Order of the St Michael of Bavaria, 2nd class House Order of Henry the Lion of Brunswick, 2nd class House Order of Vigilance or the White Falcon, 2nd, class Family <mask>skar <mask> Görschen was born to the old German noble family Von Görschen. He originated from the estate Gut Klau in Aachen, and was married to Elise Helene Friederike Brüggemann (1833-1917) and had with her four sons and two daughters. His son <mask> Richard Ernst <mask> became Vice-President in Aachen and another son, Bruno Hans Otto Friedrich <mask> (1865-1939) became a Judicial and Legal councillor of justice, in 1914 a legal advisor in the “Aachen and Munich Insurance Company”, and in 1924 chairman of the Supervisory Board of Aachen Reinsurance Company. Sources and literature Arens/Jansen: „Geschichte des Clubs Aachener Casino“ (History of the Club Casino of Aachen); Nr.486, page 170; 2nd Edition 1964 Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance – Memorial about the 75-year-festivity of the corporate 1825-1900; Edition by Georgi, Aachen, 1900 Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance – Memorial about the 100-year-festivity of the corporate 1825-1925; Print corporate Aachen, 1925 <mask> Stegemann: “100 year coal mining company of Eschweiler and his prehistory”; Edition 1938, Eschweiler External links Meine Heimatstadt Alsdorf at www.alsdorf-online.de 1829 births 1914 deaths People from Aachen German untitled nobility Jurists from North Rhine-Westphalia

<mask> was one of the most successful business lawyers in the region. After his law studies, <mask> wanted to become a judge. He was an assistant lawyer in the regional court when he decided to join the Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance Company, a predecessor organization of the AMB Generali. After taking over for two years as head of the Subdirektion Berlin, he was appointed as a legal officer in the Aachen headquarters. He was a member of the Board of directors and held this post for seventeen years. He served as Chairman of the Board of Directors until his death, after which he was appointed as a full member. Under his leadership, the company developed a towering reputation, and he was the representative of the insurance company both inside and outside.<mask> Grschen, thanks to his extraordinary gift of giving speeches, and numerous contacts, was instrumental in instigating a flurry of tremendous achievements in the German and international businesses. He was in charge of the planning and implementation of projects for funding of social and cultural institutions in the region until 1900. He worked hard for the social component of support from the Insurance Company. The founder of the company decided in 1824 that half of the annual profit should be used for social and cultural purposes. It was possible that the Friedrich-Wilhelm Foundation of the University of Aachen could be founded because of <mask> Grschen's co-operation. The Friedrich-Wilhelm Foundation awards scholarships and prizes for research. In 1870, the university received a guarantee fund of 1.3 million Mark, a construction fund of one million Mark annually, and 10,000 Mark as earmarked grants.The association for the advancement of capacity of work was founded on 10 October 1870 by <mask> and Friedrich Adolph Brggemann. In addition, both supported the fire insurance companies in many towns and cities throughout the Rhineland in 1870, in the acquisition of one free fire engine for each. The directors of the insurance company, Richard Trostorff and Adolf Brggemann, were responsible for ensuring that the Einhard Gymnasium and the David Hansemann Monument were preserved. <mask> Grschen became the chairman of the board of the Eschweiler coal mining company at the recommendation of his father. He was a member of the Supervisory Board from 1897 until his death in 1914, and from 1909 to 1907 he was the deputy chairman. The mines in the area were no longer competitive in the market at that time. There was a merger between the Associations for Mineral Coal Company and the Eschweiler Coal Mining Company in 1907.He was honoured by the City Wrselen in 1903 by having the main shaft of the mine Gouley and an adjacent street named after him. Between 1884 and 1909, <mask> Grschen was a city councilman. He was the president of the Aachener Casino association from 1909 to 1909. He was decorated with the following: Order of the Red Eagle 3rd class with swords of the Crown of Prussia, 2nd class Merit Order of the St Michael of Bavaria, and 2nd class House Order of Henry the Lion of Brunswick. He was married to a woman from the estate Gut Klau and had four sons and two daughters. Bruno Hans Otto Friedrich <mask>, the son of <mask> <mask> Grschen, became a Judicial and Legal councillor of justice in 1914. The history of the Club Casino of Aachen can be found in Arens/Jansen.The second edition of 1964 Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance is a memorial about the 75-year-festivity of the corporate.

558402

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Lloyd-Pack

Roger Lloyd-Pack

Roger Lloyd-Pack (8 February 1944 – 15 January 2014) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Trigger in Only Fools and Horses from 1981 to 2003, and Owen Newitt in The Vicar of Dibley from 1994 to 2007. He later starred as Tom in The Old Guys with Clive Swift. He is also well known for the role of Barty Crouch, Sr. in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and for his appearances in Doctor Who as John Lumic in the episodes "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel". He was sometimes credited without the hyphen in his surname. He died in 2014 from pancreatic cancer. Early life Lloyd-Pack was born in Islington, London, the son of actor Charles Lloyd-Pack (1902–1983) and Ulrike Elisabeth (née Pulay, 1921–2000), an Austrian Jewish refugee who worked as a travel agent. He attended Bedales School near Petersfield in Hampshire, where he achieved A Level passes in English, French and Latin. He subsequently trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), where he worked with actors including Kenneth Cranham and Richard Wilson. Career Roger Lloyd-Pack began his acting career at Northampton's Royal Theatre, which he revisited when he appeared in the tour of Blue/Orange. On British television, he was best known for portraying "Trigger" in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses. He was also known for his role in The Vicar of Dibley as Owen Newitt, and to international audiences his greatest fame was as Barty Crouch, Sr. in the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. In addition, he had a semi-regular role during the 1990s as the plumber Jake "The Klingon" Klinger, Ben Porter's arch-rival, in the sitcom 2 point 4 children. In 2005, he appeared in the second series of ITV's Doc Martin as a farmer who held a grudge against Doctor Ellingham for what he believed was the malpractice-related death of his wife. In 2006, he played John Lumic and provided the voice of the Cyber-Controller in two episodes of Doctor Who, "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel", opposite David Tennant, who had played his son in the same Harry Potter film. Lloyd-Pack's final TV appearance was in Law & Order: UK as Alex Greene. Personal life Lloyd-Pack was married twice: first to Sheila Ball, from whom he was divorced in 1972, and secondly to the poet and dramatist Jehane Markham (the daughter of David Markham), whom he married in 2000. He had a daughter, actress Emily Lloyd, and three sons. He latterly lived in Kentish Town, north London, but also had a home near Fakenham in Norfolk. Lloyd-Pack supported Tottenham Hotspur. He voiced the pre-match build-up montage video shown ahead of all Tottenham Hotspur's home matches which is still played today. In June 2008, he appeared as a guest on the BBC's The Politics Show, arguing the case for better-integrated public transport (specifically railways). He was an honorary patron of the London children's charity Scene & Heard. Lloyd-Pack supported the Labour Party and campaigned for Ken Livingstone in the 2012 London mayoral election. However, in 2013, he signed a letter in The Guardian stating he had withdrawn his support from the Labour Party, in favour of a new party of the left. In a 2008 interview, when asked what profession he would have chosen aside from acting, Lloyd-Pack said: "Psychiatrist or a psychoanalyst or something in the psycho world because I've always been interested in that... or I might have been a photographer... I also would have loved to have been a musician." In that same interview, he listed his favourite directors as Peter Gill, Harold Pinter, Richard Eyre, Thea Sharrock, and Tina Packer, and also listed actor Paul Scofield as both a favourite and influence. In January 2012, he and fellow actor Sarah Parish supported a campaign to raise £1million for The Bridge School in Islington. Death Lloyd-Pack died of pancreatic cancer at his home in Kentish Town aged 69 on 15 January 2014. His funeral was held at the church of St. Paul's, Covent Garden. It was attended by Sir David Jason, Nicholas Lyndhurst, John Challis and Sue Holderness. Nigel Havers, Stephen Rea, Miranda Richardson, Alison Steadman, Kathy Burke and Joely Richardson paid tribute to him. His body was buried at Highgate Cemetery East. In March that year, the Sport Relief special of Only Fools and Horses was dedicated to the memory of both Lloyd-Pack and John Sullivan. Similarly, the final episode of the lockdown edition of The Vicar of Dibley ended with a tribute just before the closing credits reading, "In loving memory of Liz, John, Emma and Roger", paying tribute to him and three other late Dibley cast members (Liz Smith, John Bluthal and Emma Chambers). Filmography Film Television Stage Wild Honey (1984) by Anton Chekhov, playing the part of Osip Kafka's Dick by Alan Bennett – He played Kafka Blue/Orange by Joe Penhall 'Art' Dick Whittington – a family pantomime by Mark Ravenhill at the Barbican Centre One for the Road Dealer's Choice by Patrick Marber – He played Ash, alongside Malcolm Sinclair and Stephen Wight. The Last Laugh – by Kōki Mitani (English version of Warai no Daigaku). He played The Censor, Japan, 2007. The Trojan Women (2012) - Caroline Bird's adaptation of the tragedy by Euripides at the Gate Theatre, Notting Hill, London – He played Poseidon. Richard III (2012) by William Shakespeare at the Globe Theatre, South Bank, London – He played Duke of Buckingham. Twelfth Night (2013) by William Shakespeare – He played Sir Andrew Aguecheek. References External links BBC biography BBC interview about appearing in Doctor Who Roger Lloyd Pack Archive at V&A 1944 births 2014 deaths 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Burials at Highgate Cemetery Deaths from pancreatic cancer English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English people of Austrian-Jewish descent Male actors from London People educated at Bedales School People from Islington (district) Deaths from cancer in England British male comedy actors

<mask>-Pack (8 February 1944 – 15 January 2014) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Trigger in Only Fools and Horses from 1981 to 2003, and Owen Newitt in The Vicar of Dibley from 1994 to 2007. He later starred as Tom in The Old Guys with Clive Swift. He is also well known for the role of Barty Crouch, Sr. in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and for his appearances in Doctor Who as John Lumic in the episodes "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel". He was sometimes credited without the hyphen in his surname. He died in 2014 from pancreatic cancer. Early life Lloyd-Pack was born in Islington, London, the son of actor Charles Lloyd-Pack (1902–1983) and Ulrike Elisabeth (née Pulay, 1921–2000), an Austrian Jewish refugee who worked as a travel agent.He attended Bedales School near Petersfield in Hampshire, where he achieved A Level passes in English, French and Latin. He subsequently trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), where he worked with actors including Kenneth Cranham and Richard Wilson. Career <mask>-Pack began his acting career at Northampton's Royal Theatre, which he revisited when he appeared in the tour of Blue/Orange. On British television, he was best known for portraying "Trigger" in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses. He was also known for his role in The Vicar of Dibley as Owen Newitt, and to international audiences his greatest fame was as Barty Crouch, Sr. in the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. In addition, he had a semi-regular role during the 1990s as the plumber Jake "The Klingon" Klinger, Ben Porter's arch-rival, in the sitcom 2 point 4 children. In 2005, he appeared in the second series of ITV's Doc Martin as a farmer who held a grudge against Doctor Ellingham for what he believed was the malpractice-related death of his wife.In 2006, he played John Lumic and provided the voice of the Cyber-Controller in two episodes of Doctor Who, "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel", opposite David Tennant, who had played his son in the same Harry Potter film. Lloyd-Pack's final TV appearance was in Law & Order: UK as Alex Greene. Personal life Lloyd-Pack was married twice: first to Sheila Ball, from whom he was divorced in 1972, and secondly to the poet and dramatist Jehane Markham (the daughter of David Markham), whom he married in 2000. He had a daughter, actress Emily Lloyd, and three sons. He latterly lived in Kentish Town, north London, but also had a home near Fakenham in Norfolk. Lloyd-Pack supported Tottenham Hotspur. He voiced the pre-match build-up montage video shown ahead of all Tottenham Hotspur's home matches which is still played today.In June 2008, he appeared as a guest on the BBC's The Politics Show, arguing the case for better-integrated public transport (specifically railways). He was an honorary patron of the London children's charity Scene & Heard. Lloyd-Pack supported the Labour Party and campaigned for Ken Livingstone in the 2012 London mayoral election. However, in 2013, he signed a letter in The Guardian stating he had withdrawn his support from the Labour Party, in favour of a new party of the left. In a 2008 interview, when asked what profession he would have chosen aside from acting, Lloyd-Pack said: "Psychiatrist or a psychoanalyst or something in the psycho world because I've always been interested in that... or I might have been a photographer... I also would have loved to have been a musician." In that same interview, he listed his favourite directors as Peter Gill, Harold Pinter, Richard Eyre, Thea Sharrock, and Tina Packer, and also listed actor Paul Scofield as both a favourite and influence.In January 2012, he and fellow actor Sarah Parish supported a campaign to raise £1million for The Bridge School in Islington. Death Lloyd-Pack died of pancreatic cancer at his home in Kentish Town aged 69 on 15 January 2014. His funeral was held at the church of St. Paul's, Covent Garden. It was attended by Sir David Jason, Nicholas Lyndhurst, John Challis and Sue Holderness. Nigel Havers, Stephen Rea, Miranda Richardson, Alison Steadman, Kathy Burke and Joely Richardson paid tribute to him. His body was buried at Highgate Cemetery East. In March that year, the Sport Relief special of Only Fools and Horses was dedicated to the memory of both Lloyd-Pack and John Sullivan.Similarly, the final episode of the lockdown edition of The Vicar of Dibley ended with a tribute just before the closing credits reading, "In loving memory of Liz, John, Emma and <mask>", paying tribute to him and three other late Dibley cast members (Liz Smith, John Bluthal and Emma Chambers). Filmography Film Television Stage Wild Honey (1984) by Anton Chekhov, playing the part of Osip Kafka's Dick by Alan Bennett – He played Kafka Blue/Orange by Joe Penhall 'Art' Dick Whittington – a family pantomime by Mark Ravenhill at the Barbican Centre One for the Road Dealer's Choice by Patrick Marber – He played Ash, alongside Malcolm Sinclair and Stephen Wight. The Last Laugh – by Kōki Mitani (English version of Warai no Daigaku). He played The Censor, Japan, 2007. The Trojan Women (2012) - Caroline Bird's adaptation of the tragedy by Euripides at the Gate Theatre, Notting Hill, London – He played Poseidon. Richard III (2012) by William Shakespeare at the Globe Theatre, South Bank, London – He played Duke of Buckingham. Twelfth Night (2013) by William Shakespeare – He played Sir Andrew Aguecheek.References External links BBC biography BBC interview about appearing in Doctor Who Roger Lloyd Pack Archive at V&A 1944 births 2014 deaths 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Burials at Highgate Cemetery Deaths from pancreatic cancer English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English people of Austrian-Jewish descent Male actors from London People educated at Bedales School People from Islington (district) Deaths from cancer in England British male comedy actors

<mask>-Pack was an English actor. He played Trigger in Only Fools and Horses from 1981 to 2003 and Owen Newitt in The Vicar of Dibley from 1994 to 2007. He played Tom in The Old Guys. He is well known for his roles in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Doctor Who as John Lumic. He was sometimes credited with a different name. He died from cancer. Lloyd-Pack was the son of actor Charles Lloyd-Pack and an Austrian Jewish refugee who worked as a travel agent.He achieved A Level passes in English, French and Latin at Bedales School. He trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where he worked with actors including Kenneth Cranham and Richard Wilson. <mask>-Pack began his acting career at the Royal Theatre in Northampton. He was best known for playing "Trigger" in the sitcom Only Fools and Horses. He was best known for his role in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and also for his role in The Vicar of Dibley. He played Jake Klinger, Ben Porter's arch-rival, in the sitcom 2 point 4 children. He appeared in the second series of Doc Martin as a farmer who held a grudge against Doctor Ellingham for the death of his wife.He provided the voice of the Cyber-Controller in two episodes of Doctor Who, "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel", opposite David Tennant, who had played his son in the same Harry Potter film. Lloyd-Pack's last TV appearance was in Law & Order: UK. Lloyd-Pack was married to two different people in his life: first to the poet and dramatist Jehane Markham, who he married in 2000, and then to the actress and singer Sheila Ball, from whom he was divorced in 1972. Emily Lloyd was his daughter and he had three sons. He lived in north London but also in Norfolk. Lloyd-Pack supported a team. He voiced a pre- match video which is still played today.He argued the case for better-integrated public transport on The Politics Show in June 2008. He was a patron of the charity. Ken Livingstone was endorsed by Lloyd-Pack in the 2012 London mayoral election. He withdrew his support from the Labour Party in favour of a new party of the left. Lloyd-Pack said in a 2008 interview that he might have been a photographer if he had not been an actor. I would have liked to be a musician. He listed his favourite directors as Peter Gill, Harold Pinter, Richard Eyre, Thea Sharrock, and Tina Packer, and also listed actor Paul Scofield as a favourite and influence.He and Sarah Parish supported a campaign to raise money for a school. Death Lloyd-Pack died of cancer at his home in Kentish Town at the age of 69. His funeral took place at the church of St. Paul's. It was attended by a number of people. Stephen Rea, Miranda Richardson, Kathy Burke, and Joely Richardson paid tribute to him. He was buried at Highgate Cemetery East. The Sport Relief special of Only Fools and Horses was dedicated to the memory of Lloyd-Pack and John Sullivan.In loving memory of Liz, John, Emma and <mask>, the final episode of the lockdown edition of The Vicar of Dibley read "In loving memory of Liz, John, Emma and <mask>". He played the part of Dick Whittington in a family pantomime at the Barbican Centre One for the Road Dealer. The English version of Warai no Daigaku is called The Last Laugh. He played in Japan in 2007. He played the character of Poseidon in the adaptation of the tragedy by Euripides at the Gate Theatre. He played the Duke of Buckingham at the Globe Theatre. Twelfth Night was written by William Shakespeare.The V&A has a biography of <mask> Pack, who appeared in Doctor Who.

21665361

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20W.%20Goodman

Joseph W. Goodman

Joseph W. Goodman is an engineer and physicist. He received an A.B. degree in Engineering and Applied Physics from Harvard University in 1958 and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1960 and 1963, respectively. He has held a number of positions in the field of optics, including the presidency of the Optical Society of America in 1992. Early career From 1958 through 1962, he was a Research Assistant in the Stanford Electronics Laboratories. During 1962 and 1963, he was a post-doctoral Fellow at the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, under the auspices of the Royal Norwegian Society for Scientific and Industrial Research. He returned to Stanford in 1963 as a Research Associate, a position he held until 1967. In 1967, he was appointed Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1969 and to Professor in 1972. In 1988, he was appointed Chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineering and named the William E. Ayer Professor of Electrical Engineering. In 1996, he stepped down as Chairman and assumed the position Senior Associate Dean for Faculty and Academic Affairs in the School of Engineering. For the duration of the Summer of 1999, he was the Acting Dean of Engineering. Prof. Goodman assumed Emeritus status on January 1, 2000. During the academic year 1973–1974, he was a Visiting Professor at the Institut d'Optique, Orsay, France. In the summer of 1984, he was the William Girling Watson Traveling Scholar at Sydney University, Sydney, Australia. Academic and professional positions Dr. Goodman has held several positions of responsibility in the optics community. For the Optical Society of America, he has served as a Traveling Lecturer, as Vice Chairman and Chairman of the Technical Group on Information Processing, as a member of the Technical Council, as a member and Chairman of the Fellows Committee, and as a member of the Ives Award Committee. He was elected a Director-at-Large of the OSA for the years 1972–1974; he also served on the Board of Directors ex officio while he was Chairman of the Publications Committee, and while he was Editor of the Journal of the Optical Society of America (1978–1983). He was elected Vice President of the OSA for 1990, served as President-Elect in 1991, President in 1992, and Past-President in 1993. For the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, he was elected to the Board of Governors for the years 1980–1982 and has served as a member and Chairman of the Awards Committee, as a member of the Nominating Committee, and as a member of the Technical Council. He also served a second term as a Governor of the society for the years 1988–1990. For the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, he chaired an ad hoc Committee on Optical and Electro-Optical Systems in 1969, has served on the Editorial Board of the Proceedings of the I.E.E.E. for the years 1979 and 1980, has been a member of the Education Medal Committee for 1987–1989, and a member of the Simon Ramo Medal Committee for the years 2003–2006. His international activities include membership on the program committees of several international optics meetings. He was a member of the U.S. delegations to the first and second U.S.-Japan Seminars on optical data processing and holography, and a member of the U.S. delegation to the first U.S.-U.S.S.R seminar on optical data processing. In 1979 he chaired the U.S delegation to the first U.S.-Argentina seminar on Fourier Optics. In 1984, he was elected to a three-year term as Vice President of the International Commission for Optics (ICO), a Commission affiliated with the International Union for Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). He served as President of the ICO for a term 1988–1990, and Past President for 1991–1993. Dr. Goodman is a Fellow of the OSA, the IEEE, and the SPIE. In 1971, he was chosen the recipient of the Frederick Emmons Terman Award of the American Society for Engineering Education. He received the 1983 Max Born Award of the Optical Society of America for his contributions to physical optics, and in particular to holography, synthetic aperture optics, image processing, and speckle theory. He received the 1987 IEEE Education Medal for his contributions to Electrical Engineering education, the 1987 Dennis Gabor Award of the International Optical Engineering Society (SPIE) for his contributions to holography, optical processing and optical computing, the 1995 Esther Hoffman Beller Medal of the OSA, and the 1990 Frederick Ives Medal, the highest award of the Optical Society of America. In 2018 he was elected one of 16 Honorary Members of the OSA. In 2007, he received the SPIE Gold Medal, the highest award of that society, and in 2009 he was named the winner of the Emmett Leith Medal of the OSA. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1987, and a Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996. Also in 1996, he received an honorary D.Sc. degree from the University of Alabama, and in 2012 he received an honorary D.Sc. degree from the St. Petersburg (Russia) the National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics. He is the author of approximately 220 technical publications, including the textbooks Introduction to Fourier Optics (1968, Second Edition 1996, Third Edition 2005, Fourth Edition 2017), Statistical Optics (1985, Second Edition 2015), Speckle Phenomena in Optics (2006, Second Edition 2020) and (with R.M. Gray) Fourier Transforms: An Introduction for Engineers (1995). His first full-length publication (Proc. I.E.E.E., Vol. 53, 1688 (1965)) was named a "Citation Classic" by the Institute for Scientific Information. Business roles He has served as a Director of several corporations, including Optivision, Inc. (of which he was a co-founder), ONI Systems (for which he was the founding Chairman of the Board), and E-TEK Dynamics. He served on the Board of Directors for Ondax, Inc. from its founding until December 2004, and as the Chairman of the Board of Nanoprecision Products, Inc., a company he co-founded, until September 2006. See also Optical Society of America#Past Presidents of the OSA References External links Articles Published by early OSA Presidents Journal of the Optical Society of America 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American physicists American electrical engineers Electrical engineering academics Harvard University alumni Living people Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Optical engineers Optical physicists Presidents of the Optical Society Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty Stanford University School of Engineering alumni Year of birth missing (living people)

<mask><mask> is an engineer and physicist. He received an A.B. degree in Engineering and Applied Physics from Harvard University in 1958 and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1960 and 1963, respectively. He has held a number of positions in the field of optics, including the presidency of the Optical Society of America in 1992. Early career From 1958 through 1962, he was a Research Assistant in the Stanford Electronics Laboratories. During 1962 and 1963, he was a post-doctoral Fellow at the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, under the auspices of the Royal Norwegian Society for Scientific and Industrial Research.He returned to Stanford in 1963 as a Research Associate, a position he held until 1967. In 1967, he was appointed Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1969 and to Professor in 1972. In 1988, he was appointed Chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineering and named the <mask>. Ayer Professor of Electrical Engineering. In 1996, he stepped down as Chairman and assumed the position Senior Associate Dean for Faculty and Academic Affairs in the School of Engineering. For the duration of the Summer of 1999, he was the Acting Dean of Engineering. Prof. <mask> assumed Emeritus status on January 1, 2000.During the academic year 1973–1974, he was a Visiting Professor at the Institut d'Optique, Orsay, France. In the summer of 1984, he was the <mask> <mask> Traveling Scholar at Sydney University, Sydney, Australia. Academic and professional positions Dr. <mask> has held several positions of responsibility in the optics community. For the Optical Society of America, he has served as a Traveling Lecturer, as Vice Chairman and Chairman of the Technical Group on Information Processing, as a member of the Technical Council, as a member and Chairman of the Fellows Committee, and as a member of the Ives Award Committee. He was elected a Director-at-Large of the OSA for the years 1972–1974; he also served on the Board of Directors ex officio while he was Chairman of the Publications Committee, and while he was Editor of the Journal of the Optical Society of America (1978–1983). He was elected Vice President of the OSA for 1990, served as President-Elect in 1991, President in 1992, and Past-President in 1993. For the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, he was elected to the Board of Governors for the years 1980–1982 and has served as a member and Chairman of the Awards Committee, as a member of the Nominating Committee, and as a member of the Technical Council.He also served a second term as a Governor of the society for the years 1988–1990. For the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, he chaired an ad hoc Committee on Optical and Electro-Optical Systems in 1969, has served on the Editorial Board of the Proceedings of the I.E.E.E. for the years 1979 and 1980, has been a member of the Education Medal Committee for 1987–1989, and a member of the Simon Ramo Medal Committee for the years 2003–2006. His international activities include membership on the program committees of several international optics meetings. He was a member of the U.S. delegations to the first and second U.S.-Japan Seminars on optical data processing and holography, and a member of the U.S. delegation to the first U.S.-U.S.S.R seminar on optical data processing. In 1979 he chaired the U.S delegation to the first U.S.-Argentina seminar on Fourier Optics. In 1984, he was elected to a three-year term as Vice President of the International Commission for Optics (ICO), a Commission affiliated with the International Union for Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP).He served as President of the ICO for a term 1988–1990, and Past President for 1991–1993. Dr. <mask> is a Fellow of the OSA, the IEEE, and the SPIE. In 1971, he was chosen the recipient of the Frederick Emmons Terman Award of the American Society for Engineering Education. He received the 1983 Max Born Award of the Optical Society of America for his contributions to physical optics, and in particular to holography, synthetic aperture optics, image processing, and speckle theory. He received the 1987 IEEE Education Medal for his contributions to Electrical Engineering education, the 1987 Dennis Gabor Award of the International Optical Engineering Society (SPIE) for his contributions to holography, optical processing and optical computing, the 1995 Esther Hoffman Beller Medal of the OSA, and the 1990 Frederick Ives Medal, the highest award of the Optical Society of America. In 2018 he was elected one of 16 Honorary Members of the OSA. In 2007, he received the SPIE Gold Medal, the highest award of that society, and in 2009 he was named the winner of the Emmett Leith Medal of the OSA.He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1987, and a Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996. Also in 1996, he received an honorary D.Sc. degree from the University of Alabama, and in 2012 he received an honorary D.Sc. degree from the St. Petersburg (Russia) the National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics. He is the author of approximately 220 technical publications, including the textbooks Introduction to Fourier Optics (1968, Second Edition 1996, Third Edition 2005, Fourth Edition 2017), Statistical Optics (1985, Second Edition 2015), Speckle Phenomena in Optics (2006, Second Edition 2020) and (with R.M. Gray) Fourier Transforms: An Introduction for Engineers (1995). His first full-length publication (Proc.I.E.E.E., Vol. 53, 1688 (1965)) was named a "Citation Classic" by the Institute for Scientific Information. Business roles He has served as a Director of several corporations, including Optivision, Inc. (of which he was a co-founder), ONI Systems (for which he was the founding Chairman of the Board), and E-TEK Dynamics. He served on the Board of Directors for Ondax, Inc. from its founding until December 2004, and as the Chairman of the Board of Nanoprecision Products, Inc., a company he co-founded, until September 2006. See also Optical Society of America#Past Presidents of the OSA References External links Articles Published by early OSA Presidents Journal of the Optical Society of America 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American physicists American electrical engineers Electrical engineering academics Harvard University alumni Living people Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Optical engineers Optical physicists Presidents of the Optical Society Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty Stanford University School of Engineering alumni Year of birth missing (living people)

He is an engineer and physicist. He got an A.B. The M.S. degree was obtained from Harvard University. In 1960 and 1963, they both received degrees in electrical engineering. He was the president of the Optical Society of America in 1992. He was a research assistant in the 1960's. He was a post-doctoral fellow at the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment from 1962 to 1963, under the auspices of the Royal Norwegian Society for Scientific and Industrial Research.He was a Research Associate at the school until 1967. He was an assistant professor at the time. In 1969 and 1972 he was promoted to Associate Professor. He was appointed Chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineering in 1988. He became the Senior Associate Dean for Faculty and Academic Affairs in the School of Engineering in 1996. He was the acting dean of engineering during the summer of 1999. On January 1, 2000, Prof. <mask> assumed the title of Emeritus.He was a Visiting Professor at theInstitut d'Optique, Orsay, France. He was a Traveling Scholar in the summer of 1984. Academic and professional positions have been held by Dr. <mask>. He has served as a Traveling Lecturer for the Optical Society of America, as Vice Chairman and Chairman of the Technical Group on Information Processing, as a member of the Technical Council, as a member of the Fellows Committee, and as a member of the Ives Award Committee. He served on the Board of Directors ex officio, as Chairman of the Publications Committee, and as Editor of the Journal of the Optical Society of America. He served as President in 1992, President in 1991, and Past- President in 1993. He was elected to the Board of Governors for the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers for the years 1980–1982 and has served as a member and Chairman of the Awards Committee, as well as a member of the Technical Council.He served two terms as a Governor of the society. In 1969 he chaired an ad hoc committee for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. For the years 1979 and 1980, has been a member of the Education Medal Committee, as well as a member of the Simon Ramo Medal Committee. He is a member of the program committees of several international meetings. He was a member of the U.S. delegation that went to the first U.S.-U.S.R seminar. In 1979 he chaired the U.S delegation to the first U.S.-Argentina seminar. In 1984 he was elected to a three-year term as Vice President of the International Commission for Optics (ICO), a Commission affiliated with the International Union for Pure and Applied Physics.He served as President for a term from 1988 to 1990 and as Past President from 1991 to 1993. Dr. <mask> is a member of several organizations. He received the Frederick Emmons Terman Award from the American Society for Engineering Education. The 1983 Max Born Award of the Optical Society of America was given to him. The Dennis Gabor Award of the International Optical Engineering Society was one of the awards he received. He was a member of the OSA. In 2007, he received the highest award of that society, the SPIE Gold medal, and in 2009, he was named the winner of the Emmett Leith medal.He was a member of both the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He received a degree in 1996. He received a degree from the University of Alabama. The National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics has a degree in information technologies. He is the author of about 220 technical publications, which include textbooks and other works. Fourier Transforms: An introduction for Engineers was written by Gray. His first full-length publication.I.E.E.E. The Institute for Scientific Information named 53, 1688 a "Citation Classic". He was the founding Chairman of the Board of ONI Systems and also served as a Director of several corporations. He was a member of the Board of Directors of Ondax, Inc. from its founding until December 2004, and the Chairman of the Board of Nanoprecision Products, Inc. from September 2006 to December 2004. Past Presidents of the Optical Society of America can be found in the Journal of the Optical Society of America.

787936

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Dalli

John Dalli

John Dalli (born 5 October 1948) is a former Maltese politician who served as Cabinet Minister in various Maltese governments between 1987 and 2010. He was European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy between 2010 and 2012. Maltese politics Dalli was first elected to the House of Representatives of Malta in 1987 on behalf of the Nationalist Party, and since then, he has been re-elected in five successive elections: in 1992, 1996, 1998, 2003, and 2008. He has served as Parliamentary Secretary for Industry (1987–1990), Minister of Economic Affairs (1990–92), Minister of Finance (1992–1996, 1998–2004), and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Investment Promotion (2004). During his tenure at the Ministry of Finance (the longest in Maltese political history), Dalli is best remembered for his modernization of the taxation system through the introduction of VAT in 1994 and again in 1998. He is credited with the creation of the financial services centre. In February 2004, Dalli contested the election for the leadership of the Nationalist Party but lost to Lawrence Gonzi, who was appointed prime minister. In the new cabinet, Dalli was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and Investment Promotion. However, he resigned after serving for three months from April to July 2004 following allegations of corruption in the awarding of contracts for medical equipment and airline ticketing. All allegations against him were proven false, by the auditor general and by the police. Dalli remained a backbench MP and was outspoken about what was going on within the party. In 2007 the Prime Minister appointed Dalli as a personal consultant. Dalli was re-elected to the House of Representatives in the March 2008 general election and returned to the cabinet as Minister for Social Policy. His portfolio included health, the elderly, employment and training, housing, and industrial relations. Joe Cassar and Mario Galea were appointed Parliamentary Secretaries for Health and for the Elderly and Community Care respectively to assist him. In this ministry, Dalli started a reform of the health sector which was interrupted when he resigned as minister and as Member of Parliament on 10 February 2010 on his appointment as European Commissioner. European Commissioner Dalli was appointed to the European Commission on 9 February 2010 as Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy. On 15 October 2012, the European Anti-fraud Office (OLAF) delivered its report to the Commission President on accusations an associate of Dalli had asked for €60 million from Swedish Match, the main producer of Swedish snus, in return for Dalli's help in changing European tobacco regulations. On 16 October 2012, Dalli was forced to resign by Commission President José Manuel Barroso. Dalli has maintained that he did not resign, but in an interview given on the morning of 17 October, 2012 with New Europe confirmed Barroso asked him for his resignation, and alleged that the Tobacco lobby was involved in the case. Dalli has subsequently denied any knowledge of the alleged bribery. The OLAF report claimed that the decision-making process of the commission services was not jeopardized, that no money changed hands, and that Dalli was not involved in the execution of this action. However, they put forward the conclusion that he knew what was going on. This was stated in the statement issued by the Commission to announce Dalli's dismissal. Dalli had insisted from the outset that the report by OLAF should be published, but the commission always refused. Finally, this report was leaked by Malta Today on 28 April 2013. Upon its publication, there was a chorus of criticism of this report, which was described by some as amateurish and biased. On 24 December 2012, Dalli instituted a case in the European Court of Justice against the Commission to annul the decision by Barroso to force his resignation (Case T-562/12). On 7 and 8 July 2014, the ECJ held a public session to hear witnesses in the case, Jose Manuel Barroso, President of the Commission, was called as a witness in the proceedings. On 12 May 2015, the action was dismissed, and Dalli was ordered to pay the costs. Dalli also instituted a case in the Belgian Criminal Court against Swedish Match for defamation on 13 December 2012. In December 2014, Dalli extended the case to include OLAF as he insists that OLAF abused its powers in the investigation. This case seems to be stalled as the police officer on the case has been changed by the Belgian Authorities. The OLAF announced on 26 September 2013, that it had begun a new investigation into Dalli. Back in Malta Peter Paul Zammit, the police commissioner, appointed on 13 April 2013, reinvestigated the case and Dalli was called again to be interviewed on 21 May 2013. On 8 June 2013, Zammit stated that there was no evidence to arraign Dalli, but that the investigations were continuing. This position was reiterated by Zammit on 27 September 2013. In the summer of 2016, Giovanni Kessler's European Anti-fraud Office (OLAF) delivered a report on Dalli to Maltese authorities. Former Malta Police Chief John Rizzo has said there was enough evidence against Dalli, and he cannot explain why criminal charges were not brought. In May 2017, the Maltese police said investigations into Dalli were ongoing. The New York Times has reported that Dalli defrauded investors in South Carolina out of at least $1.5 million. Supervisory Committee Opinion 2/2012 On 4 July 2014, the Supervisory Committee set up to supervise the actions of OLAF during its investigations published its report on the case involving Dalli. They sent the report to Corporate Europe Observatory in answer to a request that the latter NGO had made months before. CEO immediately published the report on its website. This report was sent to the Director General OLAF in December 2012. However, OLAF had been refusing to publish this report. After harsh insistence, the European Parliament was only given a censored copy of the report. Even after its publication, the Director General OLAF refused to publish the document on OLAF's website, as is the usual practice. The report can be read on http://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/2012-02-opinion-supervisory_committee.pdf. It can be seen that it is highly critical of the way that OLAF conducted this investigation and of the way that Kessler conducted himself. In the ECJ hearing referred to above, Dalli's lawyers claimed that this opinion shows that Dalli's human rights were breached by OLAF and asked for the document to be included in the proceedings. The Court accepted this request over the protests of the lawyers of the Commission. Kessler refuses to give evidence In the case that the Maltese Local authorities instituted against Mr. Silvio Zammit, the prosecution has called Kessler on different occasions to give evidence. Kessler has not presented himself to give witness. The same applies to employees of Swedish Match and ESTOC who are refusing calls by the Maltese courts to give evidence in the case. Secret Documents from Philip Morris On 7 October 2014, France 2, a French public television station, aired a two-hour report entitled "Tobacco Industry, the Grand Manipulation". In this report, the journalists uncovered documents they acquired from Philip Morris showing that the tobacco lobby had planned a strategy to target Dalli, the European commissioner who was steadfast in his drive to have a harsh tobacco products directive. References External links John Dalli Official media gallery |- |- 1948 births Living people Members of the House of Representatives of Malta Maltese European Commissioners Nationalist Party (Malta) politicians Government ministers of Malta Finance Ministers of Malta Foreign ministers of Malta 20th-century Maltese politicians 21st-century Maltese politicians People named in the Pandora Papers

<mask> (born 5 October 1948) is a former Maltese politician who served as Cabinet Minister in various Maltese governments between 1987 and 2010. He was European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy between 2010 and 2012. Maltese politics <mask> was first elected to the House of Representatives of Malta in 1987 on behalf of the Nationalist Party, and since then, he has been re-elected in five successive elections: in 1992, 1996, 1998, 2003, and 2008. He has served as Parliamentary Secretary for Industry (1987–1990), Minister of Economic Affairs (1990–92), Minister of Finance (1992–1996, 1998–2004), and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Investment Promotion (2004). During his tenure at the Ministry of Finance (the longest in Maltese political history), <mask> is best remembered for his modernization of the taxation system through the introduction of VAT in 1994 and again in 1998. He is credited with the creation of the financial services centre. In February 2004, <mask> contested the election for the leadership of the Nationalist Party but lost to Lawrence Gonzi, who was appointed prime minister.In the new cabinet, <mask> was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and Investment Promotion. However, he resigned after serving for three months from April to July 2004 following allegations of corruption in the awarding of contracts for medical equipment and airline ticketing. All allegations against him were proven false, by the auditor general and by the police. <mask> remained a backbench MP and was outspoken about what was going on within the party. In 2007 the Prime Minister appointed <mask> as a personal consultant. <mask> was re-elected to the House of Representatives in the March 2008 general election and returned to the cabinet as Minister for Social Policy. His portfolio included health, the elderly, employment and training, housing, and industrial relations.Joe Cassar and Mario Galea were appointed Parliamentary Secretaries for Health and for the Elderly and Community Care respectively to assist him. In this ministry, <mask> started a reform of the health sector which was interrupted when he resigned as minister and as Member of Parliament on 10 February 2010 on his appointment as European Commissioner. European Commissioner <mask> was appointed to the European Commission on 9 February 2010 as Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy. On 15 October 2012, the European Anti-fraud Office (OLAF) delivered its report to the Commission President on accusations an associate of <mask> had asked for €60 million from Swedish Match, the main producer of Swedish snus, in return for <mask>'s help in changing European tobacco regulations. On 16 October 2012, <mask> was forced to resign by Commission President José Manuel Barroso. <mask> has maintained that he did not resign, but in an interview given on the morning of 17 October, 2012 with New Europe confirmed Barroso asked him for his resignation, and alleged that the Tobacco lobby was involved in the case. <mask> has subsequently denied any knowledge of the alleged bribery.The OLAF report claimed that the decision-making process of the commission services was not jeopardized, that no money changed hands, and that <mask> was not involved in the execution of this action. However, they put forward the conclusion that he knew what was going on. This was stated in the statement issued by the Commission to announce <mask>'s dismissal. <mask> had insisted from the outset that the report by OLAF should be published, but the commission always refused. Finally, this report was leaked by Malta Today on 28 April 2013. Upon its publication, there was a chorus of criticism of this report, which was described by some as amateurish and biased. On 24 December 2012, <mask> instituted a case in the European Court of Justice against the Commission to annul the decision by Barroso to force his resignation (Case T-562/12).On 7 and 8 July 2014, the ECJ held a public session to hear witnesses in the case, Jose Manuel Barroso, President of the Commission, was called as a witness in the proceedings. On 12 May 2015, the action was dismissed, and <mask> was ordered to pay the costs. <mask> also instituted a case in the Belgian Criminal Court against Swedish Match for defamation on 13 December 2012. In December 2014, <mask> extended the case to include OLAF as he insists that OLAF abused its powers in the investigation. This case seems to be stalled as the police officer on the case has been changed by the Belgian Authorities. The OLAF announced on 26 September 2013, that it had begun a new investigation into <mask>. Back in Malta Peter Paul Zammit, the police commissioner, appointed on 13 April 2013, reinvestigated the case and <mask> was called again to be interviewed on 21 May 2013.On 8 June 2013, Zammit stated that there was no evidence to arraign Dalli, but that the investigations were continuing. This position was reiterated by Zammit on 27 September 2013. In the summer of 2016, Giovanni Kessler's European Anti-fraud Office (OLAF) delivered a report on Dalli to Maltese authorities. Former Malta Police Chief <mask> has said there was enough evidence against Dalli, and he cannot explain why criminal charges were not brought. In May 2017, the Maltese police said investigations into Dalli were ongoing. The New York Times has reported that Dalli defrauded investors in South Carolina out of at least $1.5 million. Supervisory Committee Opinion 2/2012 On 4 July 2014, the Supervisory Committee set up to supervise the actions of OLAF during its investigations published its report on the case involving Dalli.They sent the report to Corporate Europe Observatory in answer to a request that the latter NGO had made months before. CEO immediately published the report on its website. This report was sent to the Director General OLAF in December 2012. However, OLAF had been refusing to publish this report. After harsh insistence, the European Parliament was only given a censored copy of the report. Even after its publication, the Director General OLAF refused to publish the document on OLAF's website, as is the usual practice. The report can be read on http://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/2012-02-opinion-supervisory_committee.pdf.It can be seen that it is highly critical of the way that OLAF conducted this investigation and of the way that Kessler conducted himself. In the ECJ hearing referred to above, <mask>'s lawyers claimed that this opinion shows that <mask>'s human rights were breached by OLAF and asked for the document to be included in the proceedings. The Court accepted this request over the protests of the lawyers of the Commission. Kessler refuses to give evidence In the case that the Maltese Local authorities instituted against Mr. Silvio Zammit, the prosecution has called Kessler on different occasions to give evidence. Kessler has not presented himself to give witness. The same applies to employees of Swedish Match and ESTOC who are refusing calls by the Maltese courts to give evidence in the case. Secret Documents from Philip Morris On 7 October 2014, France 2, a French public television station, aired a two-hour report entitled "Tobacco Industry, the Grand Manipulation".In this report, the journalists uncovered documents they acquired from Philip Morris showing that the tobacco lobby had planned a strategy to target <mask>, the European commissioner who was steadfast in his drive to have a harsh tobacco products directive. References External links <mask> Official media gallery |- |- 1948 births Living people Members of the House of Representatives of Malta Maltese European Commissioners Nationalist Party (Malta) politicians Government ministers of Malta Finance Ministers of Malta Foreign ministers of Malta 20th-century Maltese politicians 21st-century Maltese politicians People named in the Pandora Papers

<mask> is a former Maltese politician who served as Cabinet Minister in various Maltese governments. He was the European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy. <mask> was first elected to the House of Representatives of Malta in 1987 on behalf of the Nationalist Party, and since then, he has been re-elected in five successive elections. He served as Parliamentary Secretary for Industry, Minister of Economic Affairs, Minister of Finance, and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Investment Promotion. The introduction of VAT in 1994 and 1998 was one of the highlights of <mask>'s tenure at the Ministry of Finance. The financial services centre was created by him. Lawrence Gonzi was appointed prime minister after <mask> lost the election for the leadership of the Nationalist Party.The Minister of Foreign Affairs and Investment Promotion was appointed by the new cabinet. There were allegations of corruption in the awarding of contracts for medical equipment and airline tickets and he resigned after three months. The allegations against him were found to be false by the police and auditor general. <mask> was outspoken about what was going on in the party. <mask> was appointed as a personal consultant by the Prime Minister. The Minister for Social Policy was re-elected to the House of Representatives in the March 2008 general election. His portfolio included health, the elderly, employment and training, housing, and industrial relations.The Parliamentary Secretaries for Health and Elderly and Community Care were appointed by him. The reform of the health sector was interrupted when <mask> resigned as minister and Member of Parliament on February 10, 2010 because of his appointment as European Commissioner. The European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy was appointed to the European Commission. On October 15, 2012 the European Anti-fraud Office delivered its report to the Commission President on accusations that an associate of <mask> had asked for 60 million from Swedish Match, the main producer of Swedish snus, in return for <mask>'s help in changing European. The Commission President, José Manuel Barroso, forced <mask> to resign. In an interview with New Europe on the morning of 17 October, 2012 it was confirmed that Barroso asked <mask> for his resignation, and that the Tobacco lobby was involved in the case. <mask> denied knowledge of the bribe.According to the OLAF report, the decision-making process of the commission services was not jeopardized, that no money changed hands, and that <mask> was not involved in the execution of this action. The conclusion was that he knew what was happening. This was stated in a statement issued by the Commission. The commission always refused to publish the OLAF report. The report was leaked by Malta Today. The report was described by some as amateurish and biased after it was published. The Commission's decision to force Barroso's resignation was the subject of a case in the European Court of Justice.On 7 and 8 July, the ECJ held a public session to hear witnesses in the case, and the President of the Commission was called as a witness. <mask> was ordered to pay the costs after the action was dismissed. The Belgian Criminal Court heard a defamation case against Swedish Match on December 13, 2012. In December of last year, <mask> extended the case to include OLAF as he claimed that it abused its powers in the investigation. The police officer on the case has been changed by the Belgian authorities. On September 26, the OLAF announced that it had begun a new investigation. Peter Paul Zammit, the police commissioner in Malta, re-examined the case after he was appointed in April.There was no evidence to arraign Dalli, but the investigations were continuing. The position was reiterated by Zammit. Giovanni Kessler's European Anti-fraud Office delivered a report on Dalli to Maltese authorities. There was enough evidence to bring criminal charges but they weren't brought. The Maltese police said in May that investigations were ongoing. According to the New York Times, Dalli cheated investors in South Carolina out of at least 1.5 million dollars. The report on the case involving Dalli was published by the committee that was set up to supervise OLAF's actions.The report was sent to Corporate Europe Observatory after they requested it. The report was published on the CEO website. The report was sent to the Director General. OLAF refused to publish this report. The European Parliament was only given a partial copy of the report. The document was not published on OLAF's website as usual because the Director General refused to publish it. The report can be found on the website.The way that OLAF conducted this investigation and the way that Kessler conducted himself are highly critical of each other. <mask>'s lawyers asked for the document to be included in the proceedings, as they claimed that the opinion shows that <mask>'s human rights were violated. The lawyers of the Commission protested and the court accepted their request. Kessler has refused to give evidence in the case of Mr. Zammit. Kessler hasn't presented himself to testify. The same applies to employees of Swedish Match who are not willing to testify in the case. France 2, a French public television station, aired a two-hour report entitled "Tobacco Industry, the Grand Manipulation".The journalists obtained documents from Philip Morris showing that the tobacco lobby had a plan to target the European commissioner who was against a harsh tobacco products directive. The official media gallery has links to the following: Living people Members of the House of Representatives of Malta Maltese European Commissioners Nationalist Party (Malta) politicians Government ministers of Malta Finance Ministers of Malta Foreign ministers of Malta

24546613

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Shalosky

Nick Shalosky

Nicholas Shalosky (born 1987) is a native South Carolina attorney and politician. While still in college, he won a seat as a write-in candidate for the Charleston County Constituent District No. 20 School Board using only campaigning on the Internet through Facebook; he did not spend any funds. He won with 22 votes. He represented the 20th District, downtown Charleston, for a four-year term, which ended in 2012. Shalosky is the first openly gay elected official in South Carolina history. When elected, Shalosky was the youngest openly gay elected official in the United States. He is an attorney in Charleston, SC. In October 2013 Shalosky was selected as a Diversity Fellow at the Charleston School of Law. Personal life and education Nick Shalosky grew up in Conway, South Carolina. He "came out" about his sexuality during his sophomore year of high school. His parents still live there. His mother is Vanessa Viles Shalosky. She spoke of her experiences raising a gay child at Charleston School of Law's "My Gay Child" forum. Nick Shalosky has been a public figure about his sexuality; he spoke at Myrtle Beach and South Carolina Pride gatherings; in 2009 he attended the National Equality March in Washington, D.C. He attended the College of Charleston where he was a political science major. In his undergraduate years, he was a member of the South Carolina Student Legislature, and the Charleston 40. He graduated in 2010 with a degree in Political Science and Geography. He went to Charleston School of Law, where he also served as a research assistant, and was a member of the Moot Court Board. He was a MUSC Presidential Scholar and served as the President of the Alliance for Equality. In March 2013 during his last semester of the Charleston School of Law, Shalosky traveled to Washington, DC to hear oral argument related to same-sex marriage cases at the US Supreme Court. California's Proposition 8 was assessed in terms of the constitutionality of marriage equality (or inequality) at the state level, while the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) case challenged federal law. He graduated in 2013 with a juris doctorate. Shalosky incorporated his experiences into a 2014 class offering at the Charleston School of Law, "Gender Issues and the Law," which he developed as a Diversity Fellow. Marriage and family He and his partner Naylor Brownell, a medical resident, became engaged New Year's Eve in 2012 but could not legally marry in the state of South Carolina until November 2014. Political career Shalosky was involved in politics in the late 2000s and became the secretary of the SC Stonewall Democrats chapter; he was also one of the founding board members of the group. He learned about the Stonewall Democrats through Tom Chorlton, a professor and former executive director of the National Gay & Lesbian Democratic Club, a forerunner organization of the Stonewall Democrats. Shalosky participated in the 2008 presidential campaigns volunteering for Joe Biden, Hillary Clinton, and the successful candidate Barack Obama. At local events he questioned Republican candidates on their positions on gay rights. He also ran his own campaign as a write-in candidate for the Charleston County School Board. This resulted from his findings during an independent research project at the College of Charleston on the impacts of new technology and the Internet on local elections. Learning of a school board seat that had not attracted candidates 2 weeks before the election, Shalosky he established a moderate online presence using the social networking site Facebook to promote his candidacy. "I thought it would be interesting to see how students could use social networking sites to get one of their own elected." He did not spend any money to campaign. At the time, Obama's campaign was being praised for its use of social media to engage younger voters. According to The Digitel, Shalosky said he was conducting a "social experiment" to see how use of Facebook could affect a local campaign. He wrote on Facebook: "I am doing sort of an experiment to see how Facebook can really effect {sic} a local campaign. Write in my name Nicholas Shalosky and see if we can get any attention. If you think I'm being too egotistical I wouldn't mind deciding on a name to vote for, but I think it would be interesting to see what happens on election day!" Preliminary election results showed different winners, who were sworn in and attended meetings, than were ultimately certified by the election board following the count of votes for write-in candidates. Shalosky won a seat on the 7-member school board based on the 22 votes cast for him. He had no opponent for the seat. He represented downtown Charleston's 20th District for a four-year term, starting in November 2008. He said, "Such rapid mobilization might not have been possible only two years ago. But with a Facebook page and a knowledge of online organizing, I secured my winning margin without spending a penny." He was the only school board member elected who was under 40 years old. His professor Bill Moore said Shalosky would start an "independent study of Internet use in politics as part of his curriculum." Post and Courier columnist Ken burger noted that while more traditional advertising of radio and television had also changed the way politicians get votes, those mediums were "top-to-bottom communication," but the Internet allowed "grass-roots groups to dictate outcomes." Burger believed that Shalosky's campaign was the beginning of what will likely be major change to local politics due to use of the Internet. During his term, in 2010 Shalosky was elected by the board members as vice-chairman of the District 20 Constituent Board. He later was elected by them as the board's chairperson, a rotating position. Honors In March 2009 the local Charleston City Paper critics' awards honored Shalosky in their "Best of Charleston" issue with "Best Display of Gumption by a 20-something." In June 2009 Shalosky and six other openly LGBT politicos were named in The Advocate's annual 'Forty people under 40 years old to watch' list along with "out U.S. Rep. Jared Polis, D-Colo.; Obama administration staffer Jamie Citron; New York City mayoral aide James Anderson; fundraiser Aisha C. Mills; and DNC member Jason Rae." Shalosky was selected as a Diversity Fellow starting January 2014 at the Charleston School of Law. References Gay politicians Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina School board members in South Carolina Living people LGBT politicians from the United States LGBT people from South Carolina Lawyers from Charleston, South Carolina 1987 births

<mask> (born 1987) is a native South Carolina attorney and politician. While still in college, he won a seat as a write-in candidate for the Charleston County Constituent District No. 20 School Board using only campaigning on the Internet through Facebook; he did not spend any funds. He won with 22 votes. He represented the 20th District, downtown Charleston, for a four-year term, which ended in 2012. Shalosky is the first openly gay elected official in South Carolina history. When elected, Shalosky was the youngest openly gay elected official in the United States.He is an attorney in Charleston, SC. In October 2013 <mask> was selected as a Diversity Fellow at the Charleston School of Law. Personal life and education <mask> grew up in Conway, South Carolina. He "came out" about his sexuality during his sophomore year of high school. His parents still live there. His mother is Vanessa Viles <mask>. She spoke of her experiences raising a gay child at Charleston School of Law's "My Gay Child" forum.<mask> has been a public figure about his sexuality; he spoke at Myrtle Beach and South Carolina Pride gatherings; in 2009 he attended the National Equality March in Washington, D.C. He attended the College of Charleston where he was a political science major. In his undergraduate years, he was a member of the South Carolina Student Legislature, and the Charleston 40. He graduated in 2010 with a degree in Political Science and Geography. He went to Charleston School of Law, where he also served as a research assistant, and was a member of the Moot Court Board. He was a MUSC Presidential Scholar and served as the President of the Alliance for Equality. In March 2013 during his last semester of the Charleston School of Law, <mask> traveled to Washington, DC to hear oral argument related to same-sex marriage cases at the US Supreme Court.California's Proposition 8 was assessed in terms of the constitutionality of marriage equality (or inequality) at the state level, while the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) case challenged federal law. He graduated in 2013 with a juris doctorate. Shalosky incorporated his experiences into a 2014 class offering at the Charleston School of Law, "Gender Issues and the Law," which he developed as a Diversity Fellow. Marriage and family He and his partner Naylor Brownell, a medical resident, became engaged New Year's Eve in 2012 but could not legally marry in the state of South Carolina until November 2014. Political career <mask> was involved in politics in the late 2000s and became the secretary of the SC Stonewall Democrats chapter; he was also one of the founding board members of the group. He learned about the Stonewall Democrats through Tom Chorlton, a professor and former executive director of the National Gay & Lesbian Democratic Club, a forerunner organization of the Stonewall Democrats. Shalosky participated in the 2008 presidential campaigns volunteering for Joe Biden, Hillary Clinton, and the successful candidate Barack Obama.At local events he questioned Republican candidates on their positions on gay rights. He also ran his own campaign as a write-in candidate for the Charleston County School Board. This resulted from his findings during an independent research project at the College of Charleston on the impacts of new technology and the Internet on local elections. Learning of a school board seat that had not attracted candidates 2 weeks before the election, Shalosky he established a moderate online presence using the social networking site Facebook to promote his candidacy. "I thought it would be interesting to see how students could use social networking sites to get one of their own elected." He did not spend any money to campaign. At the time, Obama's campaign was being praised for its use of social media to engage younger voters.According to The Digitel, <mask> said he was conducting a "social experiment" to see how use of Facebook could affect a local campaign. He wrote on Facebook: "I am doing sort of an experiment to see how Facebook can really effect {sic} a local campaign. Write in my name <mask> and see if we can get any attention. If you think I'm being too egotistical I wouldn't mind deciding on a name to vote for, but I think it would be interesting to see what happens on election day!" Preliminary election results showed different winners, who were sworn in and attended meetings, than were ultimately certified by the election board following the count of votes for write-in candidates. Shalosky won a seat on the 7-member school board based on the 22 votes cast for him. He had no opponent for the seat.He represented downtown Charleston's 20th District for a four-year term, starting in November 2008. He said, "Such rapid mobilization might not have been possible only two years ago. But with a Facebook page and a knowledge of online organizing, I secured my winning margin without spending a penny." He was the only school board member elected who was under 40 years old. His professor Bill Moore said Shalosky would start an "independent study of Internet use in politics as part of his curriculum." Post and Courier columnist Ken burger noted that while more traditional advertising of radio and television had also changed the way politicians get votes, those mediums were "top-to-bottom communication," but the Internet allowed "grass-roots groups to dictate outcomes." Burger believed that Shalosky's campaign was the beginning of what will likely be major change to local politics due to use of the Internet.During his term, in 2010 <mask> was elected by the board members as vice-chairman of the District 20 Constituent Board. He later was elected by them as the board's chairperson, a rotating position. Honors In March 2009 the local Charleston City Paper critics' awards honored Shalosky in their "Best of Charleston" issue with "Best Display of Gumption by a 20-something." In June 2009 Shalosky and six other openly LGBT politicos were named in The Advocate's annual 'Forty people under 40 years old to watch' list along with "out U.S. Rep. Jared Polis, D-Colo.; Obama administration staffer Jamie Citron; New York City mayoral aide James Anderson; fundraiser Aisha C. Mills; and DNC member Jason Rae." Shalosky was selected as a Diversity Fellow starting January 2014 at the Charleston School of Law. References Gay politicians Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina School board members in South Carolina Living people LGBT politicians from the United States LGBT people from South Carolina Lawyers from Charleston, South Carolina 1987 births

<mask> is a native of South Carolina. He won a seat in college as a write-in candidate. He didn't spend any funds because he only used the Internet to campaign. He got 22 votes. He was in the 20th District, downtown Charleston, for four years. Shalosky is the first openly gay elected official. <mask> was the youngest openly gay elected official in the United States.He is an attorney. <mask> was selected as a Diversity Fellow at the Charleston School of Law. <mask> grew up in South Carolina. He came out during his sophomore year of high school. His parents still live there. His mother is a woman. She spoke about raising a gay child at the "My Gay Child" forum.In 2009, <mask> attended the National Equality March in Washington, D.C., as a public figure about his sexuality. He majored in political science at the College of Charleston. He was a member of the South Carolina Student Legislature. He received a degree in political science and geography. He was a member of the Moot Court Board and worked as a research assistant at the Charleston School of Law. He was the President of the Alliance for Equality. During his last semester of the Charleston School of Law, Shalosky traveled to Washington, DC to hear oral argument related to same-sex marriage cases at the US Supreme Court.The constitutionality of marriage equality was assessed at the state level, while the Defense of Marriage Act case challenged federal law. He received a juris doctorate. "Gender Issues and the Law," a class offering at the Charleston School of Law, incorporated <mask>'s experiences into it. He and his partner, a medical resident, became engaged on New Year's Eve in 2012 but could not legally wed in South Carolina until November. <mask> was involved in politics in the late 2000s and was one of the founding board members of the group. The National Gay & Lesbian Democratic Club was a progenitor organization of the Stonewall Democrats. Shalosky was involved in the 2008 presidential campaigns for Hillary Clinton, Joe Biden, and Barack Obama.He questioned Republican candidates about their positions on gay rights. He was a write-in candidate for the Charleston County School Board. The findings of his independent research project at the College of Charleston on the impacts of new technology on local elections resulted in this. <mask> established a moderate online presence using the social networking site Facebook to promote his candidacy after learning of a school board seat that had not attracted candidates 2 weeks before the election. It would be interesting to see how students could use social networking sites to get elected. He didn't spend any money on the campaign. Obama's campaign was praised for its use of social media to engage younger voters.Shalosky said he was conducting a "social experiment" to see how use of Facebook could affect a local campaign. He wrote on Facebook that he was doing an experiment to see how Facebook could affect a local campaign. If we can get any attention, write in my name, <mask>. I think it would be interesting to see what happens on election day, if you think I'm being too egotistical. After the count of votes for write-in candidates, the election board certified the winners, who were sworn in and attended meetings. The 22 votes cast for Shalosky gave him a seat on the school board. He didn't have an opponent for the seat.He was in office for four years in the 20th District of Charleston. It might not have been possible two years ago. I secured my winning margin with a knowledge of online organizing and a Facebook page. He was the youngest member of the school board. Bill Moore said Shalosky would start an "independent study of Internet use in politics as part of his curriculum." While more traditional advertising of radio and television had changed the way politicians get votes, the internet allowed grass-roots groups to dictate outcomes. Burger believed that <mask>'s campaign was the beginning of a change in local politics due to the use of the internet.In 2010 <mask> was elected as the vice-chairman of the District 20 Constituent Board. He was elected as the board's chairperson on a rotating basis. <mask> was honored in the "Best of Charleston" issue of the Charleston City Paper. In June of 2009, Shalosky and six other openly LGBT politicians were named in The Advocate's annual '40 people under 40 years old to watch' list. The Charleston School of Law selected Shalosky as a Diversity Fellow. References Gay politicians from Charleston, South Carolina School board members in South Carolina Living people LGBT politicians from the United States

1072927

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Worth

Richard Worth

Richard Westwood Worth (born 3 July 1948) is a former New Zealand politician of the New Zealand National Party. He was the Member of Parliament for Epsom from 1999 to 2005 and a list MP from 2005 to 2009. Worth's prior career was as a lawyer and naval officer. He served as New Zealand's Minister of Internal Affairs for six months from 2008 to 2009, until he resigned while under police investigation. Since leaving Parliament he has been honorary consul to Monaco. Early life and career Born in Auckland, Worth obtained an LLB (Hons) and Master of Jurisprudence (First Class) from the University of Auckland and a Master of Business Administration (Distinction) from Massey University. He obtained a Ph.D. from Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) with a thesis entitled The Closer Economic Relationship Between Australia and New Zealand: choices other than quiescence or withdrawal in the face of conflict?, which he completed in 2004. Worth has had a career in law and management, including being the executive chairperson of Simpson Grierson, one of New Zealand's larger law firms, from 1986 to 1999. He was the consul for Colombia, and later, the honorary consul for Monaco. Worth joined the Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserves in 1968, rising to captain, and had the role of Chief of Naval Reserves from July 1990 to July 1994. Worth was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (military division) in the 1994 New Year Honours for his work in the Naval Volunteer Reserves. Worth has also been involved in the Order of St. John who, in 2008, made him a Knight of the Order of St John. , he is married and has one daughter. Member of Parliament Electoral history and roles Worth entered Parliament when he successfully stood as the National Party's candidate for the Auckland electorate of Epsom in the 1999 election, winning with a majority of 1,908. National did not win the election overall and so Worth became an Opposition MP. He was re-elected in the 2002 election with an increased majority of 5,619. In his first six years in Parliament, Worth served on the Regulations Review committee and Law and Order committee, and had appointments as the National Party spokesperson for defence, veterans' affairs and justice. Worth lost his electorate seat in the 2005 election to the ACT New Zealand leader Rodney Hide. Hide had put out a tactical voting message calling on National voters to support him in order to elect a coalition partner for National; without winning Epsom, ACT was unlikely to win another electorate seat or to get five percent of the party vote, so would not enter Parliament. National and Worth continued to fight for the seat, but Worth lost by more than 3,000 votes. Worth was however elected as a list MP, and National's party vote in Epsom was the highest of any electorate in the country in that election. When John Key became National Party leader in November 2006, Worth was reassigned to the economic development portfolio. At the 2008 election, Worth lost Epsom again, this time by nearly 13,000 votes, but was re-elected on the party list. National's highest party vote was again in Epsom. National also won the election overall. Worth became Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister for Land Information, Minister Responsible for Archives New Zealand, Minister Responsible for the National Library and Associate Minister of Justice. Worth was reportedly a contender for Speaker of the House, with the support of the previous speaker Jonathan Hunt, but Lockwood Smith was selected instead. Policies and actions Worth's maiden speech in February 2000 focused on trade, economics and Asia. In 2002 he faced questions from his part for sightseeing in Cairo instead of attending a Maori Battalion service during an official trip to Egypt. In 2005 he proposed the creation of a National Day to replace Waitangi Day. He proposed 24 May, the day that the New Zealand colony was granted a representative constitution by the British Parliament. Worth was a member of the Select Committee hearing submissions about the Civil Union Bill. He was a strong opponent of the bill, which allowed legal recognition of same-sex couples though a second class of relationships besides marriage. Worth was concerned that civil unions were in effect marriages, and he described the government as "anti-family" and said that "marriage is a valuable institution in civil society and it is important that its value is not degraded or diminished by Act of Parliament." Worth said that civil unions would discriminate against non-sexual relationships, and proposed an amendment to the bill which would allow any two people, including family members and friends, to register a civil relationship that established certain rights such as right to visit in hospital or make medical decisions. Worth reported that this amendment had about one-third of the votes in the Committee stage and was not included into the bill. Ultimately the bill was passed and became the Civil Union Act 2004. In 2007 Worth proposed a private members bill to address miscarriages of justice. However, the Ministry of Justice recommended to the Labour Government that they not adopt it. The Deputy Prime Minister of the time, Michael Cullen, wrote to Worth about his bill saying it was too broad and might have unwarranted constitutional and fiscal consequences, that the Government would not support it. As Minister for Land Information, Worth introduced the Reserves and Other Lands Disposal Bill in 2008. This bill sought to correct historic oversights, errors or omissions relating to land status. It consisted of a number of specific reclassifications of land. The bill was ultimately enacted in 2015, after Worth had left Parliament. In March 2009 he was reprimanded by his leader John Key for failing to mention that he was connected to a company that stood to gain from official visit to India. During the trip Worth both spoke on behalf of the Government and also arranged personal business deals. Worth did not consider there to be any conflict of interest. He later disengaged from his Indian business interests and stepped down as chair of the New Zealand India Trade Group. Resignation On 3 June 2009 Prime Minister John Key issued a press release announcing Richard Worth had resigned as a Minister. The press release stated that Worth had "advised me of some private matters in respect of which he felt it appropriate that he should resign as a Minister", and that Key would make no further comment about these matters. The same day, the New Zealand Police issued a statement saying an allegation had been made against a sitting MP and that they were beginning a preliminary investigation. Key confirmed that Worth was the subject of a police investigation. Key would not say if the matter reported to police was the reason for the resignation, saying instead that Worth's conduct "[did] not befit a minister and I will not have him in my Cabinet,'' and had Worth not resigned he would have been sacked. The woman who laid the police complaint was never identified, with it only being revealed that she was a Korean businesswoman. Key also stated that some weeks prior he had received a separate allegation that Richard Worth had "[made] a nuisance of himself towards women", which Key investigated and had received assurances that those allegations were not correct. This other accusation was presented to Key by then-leader of the Opposition, Phil Goff. The woman behind this allegation was revealed to be Neelam Choudary, an active member of the New Zealand Labour Party. According to Choudary, Worth first contacted her on 26 November 2008, and altogether, forty texts and sixty telephone calls ensued, continuing until 23 February 2009. Choudary, an ethnic Indian, alleged that she was offered a job as an ethnic affairs advisor or board member in return for romantic favours. She also alleged that inappropriate and vulgar telephone calls included asking her to buy transparent garments, and that his conduct was unacceptable and unwanted. Neelam Choudary herself faced scrutiny when it was later revealed that her husband, Kumar Akkineni Choudary, had been convicted the year before for his role in an immigration scam. Worth declared that he was innocent of any crime. Prime Minister Key reiterated that there was no future for Worth within his Cabinet, and warned that suspension or expulsion from the National caucus was still a prospect. Worth resigned from Parliament on 12 June 2009 (effective 16 June 2009), citing that his role as a Member of Parliament was compromised due to "the avalanche of rumour and innuendo," and he wished to seek a new direction in international trade. After Worth's parliamentary resignation, Cam Calder took his place as the next eligible person on the current New Zealand National Party list. In early July 2009 it was reported that the woman who made the original allegation to police had withdrawn her complaint and police dropped the matter. In November 2009, police announced that Worth would not face charges. As of July 2009, Choudary had made the text exchanges public, though she sent copies of 34 texts from Dr Worth, and her phone logs, to Key. Labour did not pursue the matter further. It was never publicly announced what caused Mr Key to lose confidence in Worth and require his resignation. Post-parliamentary career In October 2010, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade announced that Worth had been reappointed as honorary consul to Monaco, a role he had held before entering Parliament. Monaco had appointed him to the role at least a year prior, but Foreign Minister Murray McCully sought legal advice on whether he could refuse the application and held up the appointment until approving it in October 2010. As of April 2020, Worth still holds the role which has seen him attend the wedding of Prince Albert II to Charlene Wittstock. Notes References External links Navy Biography Official page on the New Zealand Parliament website The closer economic relationship between Australia and New Zealand: choices other than quiescence or withdrawal in the face of conflict 2004, Ph.D. thesis, Richard W. Worth.5 1948 births Living people Massey University alumni New Zealand National Party MPs New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire People from Auckland University of Auckland alumni Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand New Zealand list MPs New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives New Zealand sailors 21st-century New Zealand politicians

<mask> (born 3 July 1948) is a former New Zealand politician of the New Zealand National Party. He was the Member of Parliament for Epsom from 1999 to 2005 and a list MP from 2005 to 2009. <mask>'s prior career was as a lawyer and naval officer. He served as New Zealand's Minister of Internal Affairs for six months from 2008 to 2009, until he resigned while under police investigation. Since leaving Parliament he has been honorary consul to Monaco. Early life and career Born in Auckland, <mask> obtained an LLB (Hons) and Master of Jurisprudence (First Class) from the University of Auckland and a Master of Business Administration (Distinction) from Massey University. He obtained a Ph.D. from Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) with a thesis entitled The Closer Economic Relationship Between Australia and New Zealand: choices other than quiescence or withdrawal in the face of conflict?, which he completed in 2004.<mask> has had a career in law and management, including being the executive chairperson of Simpson Grierson, one of New Zealand's larger law firms, from 1986 to 1999. He was the consul for Colombia, and later, the honorary consul for Monaco. <mask> joined the Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserves in 1968, rising to captain, and had the role of Chief of Naval Reserves from July 1990 to July 1994. <mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (military division) in the 1994 New Year Honours for his work in the Naval Volunteer Reserves. <mask> has also been involved in the Order of St. John who, in 2008, made him a Knight of the Order of St John. , he is married and has one daughter. Member of Parliament Electoral history and roles <mask> entered Parliament when he successfully stood as the National Party's candidate for the Auckland electorate of Epsom in the 1999 election, winning with a majority of 1,908.National did not win the election overall and so <mask> became an Opposition MP. He was re-elected in the 2002 election with an increased majority of 5,619. In his first six years in Parliament, <mask> served on the Regulations Review committee and Law and Order committee, and had appointments as the National Party spokesperson for defence, veterans' affairs and justice. <mask> lost his electorate seat in the 2005 election to the ACT New Zealand leader Rodney Hide. Hide had put out a tactical voting message calling on National voters to support him in order to elect a coalition partner for National; without winning Epsom, ACT was unlikely to win another electorate seat or to get five percent of the party vote, so would not enter Parliament. National and <mask> continued to fight for the seat, but <mask> lost by more than 3,000 votes. <mask> was however elected as a list MP, and National's party vote in Epsom was the highest of any electorate in the country in that election.When John Key became National Party leader in November 2006, <mask> was reassigned to the economic development portfolio. At the 2008 election, <mask> lost Epsom again, this time by nearly 13,000 votes, but was re-elected on the party list. National's highest party vote was again in Epsom. National also won the election overall. <mask> became Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister for Land Information, Minister Responsible for Archives New Zealand, Minister Responsible for the National Library and Associate Minister of Justice. <mask> was reportedly a contender for Speaker of the House, with the support of the previous speaker Jonathan Hunt, but Lockwood Smith was selected instead. Policies and actions <mask>'s maiden speech in February 2000 focused on trade, economics and Asia.In 2002 he faced questions from his part for sightseeing in Cairo instead of attending a Maori Battalion service during an official trip to Egypt. In 2005 he proposed the creation of a National Day to replace Waitangi Day. He proposed 24 May, the day that the New Zealand colony was granted a representative constitution by the British Parliament. <mask> was a member of the Select Committee hearing submissions about the Civil Union Bill. He was a strong opponent of the bill, which allowed legal recognition of same-sex couples though a second class of relationships besides marriage. <mask> was concerned that civil unions were in effect marriages, and he described the government as "anti-family" and said that "marriage is a valuable institution in civil society and it is important that its value is not degraded or diminished by Act of Parliament." <mask> said that civil unions would discriminate against non-sexual relationships, and proposed an amendment to the bill which would allow any two people, including family members and friends, to register a civil relationship that established certain rights such as right to visit in hospital or make medical decisions.<mask> reported that this amendment had about one-third of the votes in the Committee stage and was not included into the bill. Ultimately the bill was passed and became the Civil Union Act 2004. In 2007 <mask> proposed a private members bill to address miscarriages of justice. However, the Ministry of Justice recommended to the Labour Government that they not adopt it. The Deputy Prime Minister of the time, Michael Cullen, wrote to <mask> about his bill saying it was too broad and might have unwarranted constitutional and fiscal consequences, that the Government would not support it. As Minister for Land Information, <mask> introduced the Reserves and Other Lands Disposal Bill in 2008. This bill sought to correct historic oversights, errors or omissions relating to land status.It consisted of a number of specific reclassifications of land. The bill was ultimately enacted in 2015, after <mask> had left Parliament. In March 2009 he was reprimanded by his leader John Key for failing to mention that he was connected to a company that stood to gain from official visit to India. During the trip <mask> both spoke on behalf of the Government and also arranged personal business deals. <mask> did not consider there to be any conflict of interest. He later disengaged from his Indian business interests and stepped down as chair of the New Zealand India Trade Group. Resignation On 3 June 2009 Prime Minister John Key issued a press release announcing <mask> had resigned as a Minister.The press release stated that <mask> had "advised me of some private matters in respect of which he felt it appropriate that he should resign as a Minister", and that Key would make no further comment about these matters. The same day, the New Zealand Police issued a statement saying an allegation had been made against a sitting MP and that they were beginning a preliminary investigation. Key confirmed that <mask> was the subject of a police investigation. Key would not say if the matter reported to police was the reason for the resignation, saying instead that <mask>'s conduct "[did] not befit a minister and I will not have him in my Cabinet,'' and had <mask> not resigned he would have been sacked. The woman who laid the police complaint was never identified, with it only being revealed that she was a Korean businesswoman. Key also stated that some weeks prior he had received a separate allegation that <mask> had "[made] a nuisance of himself towards women", which Key investigated and had received assurances that those allegations were not correct. This other accusation was presented to Key by then-leader of the Opposition, Phil Goff.The woman behind this allegation was revealed to be Neelam Choudary, an active member of the New Zealand Labour Party. According to Choudary, <mask> first contacted her on 26 November 2008, and altogether, forty texts and sixty telephone calls ensued, continuing until 23 February 2009. Choudary, an ethnic Indian, alleged that she was offered a job as an ethnic affairs advisor or board member in return for romantic favours. She also alleged that inappropriate and vulgar telephone calls included asking her to buy transparent garments, and that his conduct was unacceptable and unwanted. Neelam Choudary herself faced scrutiny when it was later revealed that her husband, Kumar Akkineni Choudary, had been convicted the year before for his role in an immigration scam. <mask> declared that he was innocent of any crime. Prime Minister Key reiterated that there was no future for <mask> within his Cabinet, and warned that suspension or expulsion from the National caucus was still a prospect.<mask> resigned from Parliament on 12 June 2009 (effective 16 June 2009), citing that his role as a Member of Parliament was compromised due to "the avalanche of rumour and innuendo," and he wished to seek a new direction in international trade. After <mask>'s parliamentary resignation, Cam Calder took his place as the next eligible person on the current New Zealand National Party list. In early July 2009 it was reported that the woman who made the original allegation to police had withdrawn her complaint and police dropped the matter. In November 2009, police announced that <mask> would not face charges. As of July 2009, Choudary had made the text exchanges public, though she sent copies of 34 texts from Dr <mask>, and her phone logs, to Key. Labour did not pursue the matter further. It was never publicly announced what caused Mr Key to lose confidence in <mask> and require his resignation.Post-parliamentary career In October 2010, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade announced that <mask> had been reappointed as honorary consul to Monaco, a role he had held before entering Parliament. Monaco had appointed him to the role at least a year prior, but Foreign Minister Murray McCully sought legal advice on whether he could refuse the application and held up the appointment until approving it in October 2010. As of April 2020, <mask> still holds the role which has seen him attend the wedding of Prince Albert II to Charlene Wittstock. Notes References External links Navy Biography Official page on the New Zealand Parliament website The closer economic relationship between Australia and New Zealand: choices other than quiescence or withdrawal in the face of conflict 2004, Ph.D. thesis, <mask>. <mask>.5 1948 births Living people Massey University alumni New Zealand National Party MPs New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire People from Auckland University of Auckland alumni Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand New Zealand list MPs New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives New Zealand sailors 21st-century New Zealand politicians

<mask> was a politician for the New Zealand National Party. From 1999 to 2005 he was the Member of Parliament for Epsom. <mask> was a naval officer and a lawyer. He was New Zealand's Minister of Internal Affairs for six months in 2008 before he resigned. He has been an ambassador to Monaco since leaving Parliament. <mask> graduated from the University of Auckland with a degree in Jurisprudence and a Master of Business Administration. The Closer Economic Relationship Between Australia and New Zealand: choices other than quiescence or withdrawal in the face of conflict was his thesis.From 1986 to 1999 <mask> was the executive chairperson of Simpson Grierson, one of New Zealand's larger law firms. He was the ambassador for Monaco. The role of Chief of Naval Reserves was held by <mask> from July 1990 to July 1994. <mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1994 for his work in the Naval Volunteer Reserves. <mask> was made a Knight of the Order of St John in 2008. He is married and has a daughter. <mask> became a Member of Parliament when he stood as the National Party's candidate in the 1999 election and won with a majority of 1,908.<mask> became an opposition MP because National did not win the election. He was re-elected in 2002 with a majority of 5,619. <mask> was a member of the Regulations Review committee and the Law and Order committee in his first six years in Parliament. <mask> lost his seat in the election to Hide. In order to get a coalition partner for National, Hide had put out a message asking National voters to support him in order to get another electorate seat or five percent of the party vote. <mask> lost the seat by more than 3000 votes. National's party vote in Epsom was the highest of any electorate in the country, and <mask> was elected as a list MP.<mask> was moved to the economic development portfolio when John Key became National Party leader. <mask> was re-elected on the party list despite losing his seat in the election. The highest party vote was once again in Epsom. National won the election. <mask> became Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister for Land Information, Minister Responsible for Archives New Zealand, Minister Responsible for the National Library and Associate Minister of Justice. According to reports, <mask> was a contender for Speaker of the House, with the support of the previous speaker, Jonathan Hunt. <mask>'s first speech focused on trade, economics and Asia.He faced questions about his decision to go sightseeing in Cairo instead of attending a service with the Maori battalion. He wanted to create a National Day to replace Waitangi Day. The British Parliament granted a representative constitution to the New Zealand colony on 24 May. The Civil Union Bill was heard by the Select Committee. He was a strong opponent of the bill that allowed legal recognition of same-sex couples. Marriage is a valuable institution in civil society and it is important that its value is not degraded or diminished by Act of Parliament because <mask> was concerned that civil unions were in effect marriages. An amendment was proposed to the bill which would allow any two people, including family members and friends, to register a civil relationship that established certain rights such as right to visit in hospital or make medical decisions.The amendment had a third of the votes in the Committee stage but was not included in the bill. The bill became the Civil Union Act 2004. In 2007, <mask> proposed a private members bill. The Labour Government was told not to adopt it by the Ministry of Justice. The Government would not support the bill because it was too broad, according to the deputy prime minister. The Reserves and Other Lands Disposal Bill was introduced by <mask> as Minister for Land Information. The bill sought to correct historic oversights.There were a number of reclassifications of land. The bill was enacted after <mask> left Parliament. John Key reprimanded him for failing to mention that he was connected to a company that stood to gain from an official visit to India. <mask> arranged personal business deals and spoke on behalf of the government. <mask> didn't think there was a conflict of interest. He stepped down as chair of the New Zealand India Trade Group. On June 3, 2009, Prime Minister John Key issued a press release announcing the resignation of <mask> as a Minister.According to the press release, <mask> advised Key that he should resign as a Minister because of some private matters. The New Zealand Police issued a statement saying that an allegation had been made against a sitting MP and that they were beginning a preliminary investigation. Key said that <mask> was the subject of a police investigation. Key wouldn't say if the matter reported to police was the reason for the resignation, but he did say that <mask>'s conduct "did not befit a minister and I will not have him in my Cabinet.'' The woman who laid the police complaint was a Korean businesswoman. Key investigated and received assurances that the allegations of <mask> making a nuisance of himself towards women were not true. The accusation was presented to Key by the leader of the opposition.The woman behind this allegation is a member of the New Zealand Labour Party. <mask> began calling and texting her on November 26, 2008, and continued until February 23, 2009, according to Choudary. She alleged that she was offered a job as an ethnic affairs advisor or board member in return for romantic favors. She said that his conduct was unacceptable and unwanted, and that he asked her to buy transparent garments. When it was revealed that her husband had been convicted for his role in an immigration scam, she faced scrutiny. <mask> said he was innocent of any crime. Prime Minister Key warned that suspension or expulsion from the National caucus was still a possibility, despite the fact that there was no future for <mask> within his Cabinet.On June 12th, 2009, <mask> resigned from Parliament due to the fact that his role as a Member of Parliament was compromised due to the rumour and innuendo. The New Zealand National Party had a new eligible person after <mask>'s resignation. In July of 2009, it was reported that the woman who made the original allegation to police had withdrawn her complaint. Police said in November that <mask> wouldn't face charges. As of July 2009, Choudary made the text exchanges public, though she sent copies of 34 texts from Dr <mask> and her phone logs to Key. The matter was not pursued further by Labour. What caused Mr Key to lose confidence in <mask> was never made public.In October 2010, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade announced that <mask> had been reappointed as an ambassador to Monaco. The Foreign Minister of Monaco had appointed him to the role at least a year prior, but he had to wait until October 2010 for legal advice on whether he could refuse the appointment. <mask> is still in attendance at the wedding of Prince Albert II to Charlene Wittstock. References External links Navy Biography Official page on the New Zealand Parliament website The closer economic relationship between Australia and New Zealand: choices other than quiescence or withdrawal in the face of conflict.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojze%20Grozde

Lojze Grozde

Lojze Grozde (27 May 1923 – 1 January 1943) was a Slovenian student who was murdered by Partisans during World War II. His death is recognised as martyrdom by the Catholic Church. He was beatified on 13 June 2010. Early life Grozde was born on 27 May 1923 in the village of Zgornje Vodale near Mokronog in Lower Carniola, Slovenia. He was an illegitimate child. When he was four years old, his mother married France Kovač. His stepfather chased Grozde away whenever he wanted to see his mother. Later, because Grozde was a good pupil, the stepfather became friendlier towards him, and so he remained at the house and his aunt took care of him. She saw to his schooling and sent him to a school in Ljubljana, where she was working as a servant. Some benefactors helped her support her nephew. He stayed at the Marijanišče boarding school and attended the Classical Secondary School (Klasična gimnazija) in Ljubljana. There he was a good student, and he also found time to write poetry and prose. He was a member of the Catholic Action religious movement and a member of the Marian Congregation. The end of his high school years coincided with the early years of World War II. Under these strained circumstances, Grozde became increasingly religious and oriented himself toward the study of theology. Death During his summer vacation of 1942 he did not go home because there was a lot of violence and it was not easy to travel. It was only for New Year 1943 that he decided to visit his relatives. He asked for a permit to travel home. First he visited a friend of his at the village of Struge. On January 1, 1943, the first Friday, he attended mass at the monastery at Stična, where he received the last communion of his life; then he travelled by train from Ivančna Gorica to Trebnje, where he found he could not travel further because the rails had been destroyed. He decided to continue towards Mirna on foot, and on the way he rode in a cart. By the time the cart had reached Mirna, it was pulled over by the Slovenian partisans and he was seized and interrogated. On him they found a devotional book, The Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis and a booklet on Our Lady of Fatima. He was taken to a nearby inn and interrogated, tortured, and killed in a forest near Mirna. Three hours earlier the seminarian Janez Hočevar, who wanted to visit his relatives in nearby Šentrupert, had been also shot. The communists suspected Lojze Grozde of being an informant. Soon, rumors spread about Grozde's grisly death. The Tone Tomšič Partisan Brigade, which had occupied Mirna, carried out the murder. However, others claimed that Grozde was not tortured. Partisan General Lado Kocijan stated that: "for the partisan tribunal, Grozde was a White Guard courier, and so he was condemned to death. It is not true that they tortured him, that they cut the skin from the soles of his feet, cut out his tongue and cut off his fingers. Because the Partisans buried his body in a shallow grave, these injuries were caused by the animals in the woods, which gnawed on the body. There was no torture ...", this veteran of the Gubec Brigade stated. Other sources state that he was tortured: During the Christmas holidays of 1942 Grozde was traveling in Lower Carniola to visit his mother and relatives, but did not come home. In the village of Mirna he was seized by the communists, fearfully tortured for two hours, and then killed. It is said that he patiently endured this torment. On February 23, 1943 the fate of Lojze Grozde was partly revealed, indicating that he had been tortured. Schoolchildren picking snowdrops found his corpse. Although there were traces of torture on his body, the corpse itself was uncorrupted. His body was taken to nearby Šentrupert, where a committee made a report. The body of Lojze Grozde was buried at the cemetery in Šentrupert because it was impossible to take it to his home parish of Tržišče under the difficult circumstances of those days. The news of the violent torture and death of this innocent student struck fear among people and shocked the students in Ljubljana. More than 60 years later, a document was found in the archives, written shortly after the death of Grozde by Dušan Majcen - Nedeljko, the politcommisar of the Tone Tomšič Partisan Brigade, stating that there was no proof of Grozde being an informant. Majcen regretted he had not been involved in the interrogation of Grozde as he would have otherwise prevented his killing. Beatification On the 50th anniversary of Grozde's death, the Archdiocese of Ljubljana started a process to recognize his martyrdom and also his beatification and canonization. When Pope John Paul II visited Slovenia for the first time in 1996, he mentioned Grozde twice. He said, "The servant of God Lojze Grozde is just one of innumerable innocent victims of Communism that raise the palm of martyrdom as an indelible memory and admonition. He was a disciple of Christ." On 27 March 2010 it was announced from Rome that Pope Benedict XVI had affirmed the martyrdom of Lojze Grozde. Beatification took place at the First Slovenian Eucharistic congress in Celje on 13 June 2010, celebrated by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone in the presence of about 40,000 pilgrims. Grozde's remains were translated in 2011 to the sanctuary at Zaplaz, where a special side altar was created on the right side of the church, decorated with a mosaic by Marko Ivan Rupnik. Relics of Lojze Grozde have been placed in the altar at St. Joseph's Church in Celje and in the Chapel of the Good Shepherd at Alojzij Šuštar Elementary School in Ljubljana. Legacy In his introduction to the biography of Lojze Grozde by Anton Strle, who is also a candidate for sainthood, Taras Kermauner wrote: "Grozde combines the ardour and apostolate of Friderik Baraga, the asceticism and suffering of Janez Frančišek Gnidovec, a gift for organization, and the Slovenian national consciousness of Blessed Anton Martin Slomšek ... He symbolizes the entire martyrdom suffered by Christians and Catholic Slovenians during World War II and afterwards for their affiliation to their faith ... His personality should be returned to the common Slovenian consciousness of heroes that have been praised and elevated to the first plane as the only models. Today a man like Grozde is needed as our model – a martyr, a saint. Not a man of aggressive military action thinking he will put forward God with arms and the blood of other or foreign people ... I do not fear to write that Grozde belongs among the greatest young Slovenians; that his attitude is fitting and most precious." Film and TV Srce se ne boji (My Heart is not Afraid) A documentary film about a boy whose life became a legend by Studio Siposh (2019), Slovenian with subtitles in English, Spanish and Italian, also available on a DVD. This documentary film presents the short but remarkable life of Lojze Grozde, from his childhood during the interwar period in the poor Slovenian countryside to his life as a student in Ljubljana and finally his tragic death. The film features interviews as well as dramatized reenactments that try to portray this young and fervent Catholic in a more personal way. The interviewees are experts, historians, and ordinary people who have come into contact with him or his story. The role of Alojzij Grozde is played by three young actors, who present him in different periods of his life: Lovro Berkopec (5 years old), Jaka Piščanc (10 years old), and Alex Centa (15–19 years old). The documentary was mostly filmed in the Lower Carniola region. It was produced by a team of more than 70, led by producer and director David Sipoš. Slovesna maša ob prenosu relikvij bl. Alojzija Grozdeta v Marijino cerkev na Zaplazu (Solemn Mass and Translation of Grozde's Relics to Zaplaz) Transmitted by RTV Slovenija (2011). Moj glas zliva se v prošnjo (My Voice Melts Together in Supplication – Slovenian) Documental Emission – Film on RTV Slovenia-1, Programm One with Archbishop and Metropolite from Belgrade Stanislav Hočevar, Jesuit Miha Žužek and others (2010). References Literature Duhovni koledarček 1944, Sestavil župnik Gregor Mali, Ljubljana, Knjižice Nr. 239/240 from December 1, 1943. Narte Velikonja, Malikovanje zločina, in: Wikivir. Anton Strle: Un martyr des temps modernes. Aloïs Grozdé, 1923–1943, Paris 1957 Anton Strle, Slovenski mučenec Lojze Grozde, Založba Knjižice, Ljubljana 1991, . Anton Pust, Zdravko Reven, Božidar Slapšak, Palme mučeništva: Ubiti in pomorjeni slovenski duhovniki, redovniki in bogoslovci in nekateri verni laiki, Celje 1995. 447 sites. – Papež Janez Pavel II. v Sloveniji, Bog blagoslovi predrago Slovenijo, Edition Družina, 160 pages, Ljubljana 1996, Miroslav Slana:Slovenski sij svetosti. Mladi mučenec Lojze Grozde, Maribor 2001 . Milanka Dragar Zvest Križanemu, Knjiga o Grozdetu, Ljubljana 2010, Založba Dragar, 518 pages, . Lojze Grozde Pesmi in proza, Luč sveta, Ljubljana 2011, Založba Družina, 280 pages, . Aloysius Hribšek Blessed Aloysius Grozde, A Teenage Witness for Christ the King, Ljubljana 2012, Založba Družina, 119 pages, . France M. Dolinar Lojze Grozde (1923-1943), Sveti na Slovenskem, Ljubljana 2018, Založba Družina, 40 pages, . External links Saints-SQPN-com: Blessed Lojze Grozde Novo Mesto Diocese Dnevnik, Internet, liberal daily newspaper Internet of Christian youth Moj glas zliva se v prošnjo – Documentary broadcast, RTV Slovenija 1943 – Lojze Grozde – beatified Slovenian Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon:Alois Grozde (German) See also Miroslav Bulešić István Sándor Szilárd Bogdánffy József Mindszenty János Scheffler Francesco Bonifacio List of saints The Black Book of Communism 1923 births 1943 deaths Slovenian Catholic poets 20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs Murdered students Slovenian beatified people Slovenian Roman Catholics Slovenian civilians killed in World War II 20th-century poets Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI People from the Municipality of Sevnica Slovenian murder victims Yugoslav Catholics People killed by Yugoslav Partisans

<mask> (27 May 1923 – 1 January 1943) was a Slovenian student who was murdered by Partisans during World War II. His death is recognised as martyrdom by the Catholic Church. He was beatified on 13 June 2010. Early life <mask> was born on 27 May 1923 in the village of Zgornje Vodale near Mokronog in Lower Carniola, Slovenia. He was an illegitimate child. When he was four years old, his mother married France Kovač. His stepfather chased Grozde away whenever he wanted to see his mother.Later, because Grozde was a good pupil, the stepfather became friendlier towards him, and so he remained at the house and his aunt took care of him. She saw to his schooling and sent him to a school in Ljubljana, where she was working as a servant. Some benefactors helped her support her nephew. He stayed at the Marijanišče boarding school and attended the Classical Secondary School (Klasična gimnazija) in Ljubljana. There he was a good student, and he also found time to write poetry and prose. He was a member of the Catholic Action religious movement and a member of the Marian Congregation. The end of his high school years coincided with the early years of World War II.Under these strained circumstances, Grozde became increasingly religious and oriented himself toward the study of theology. Death During his summer vacation of 1942 he did not go home because there was a lot of violence and it was not easy to travel. It was only for New Year 1943 that he decided to visit his relatives. He asked for a permit to travel home. First he visited a friend of his at the village of Struge. On January 1, 1943, the first Friday, he attended mass at the monastery at Stična, where he received the last communion of his life; then he travelled by train from Ivančna Gorica to Trebnje, where he found he could not travel further because the rails had been destroyed. He decided to continue towards Mirna on foot, and on the way he rode in a cart.By the time the cart had reached Mirna, it was pulled over by the Slovenian partisans and he was seized and interrogated. On him they found a devotional book, The Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis and a booklet on Our Lady of Fatima. He was taken to a nearby inn and interrogated, tortured, and killed in a forest near Mirna. Three hours earlier the seminarian Janez Hočevar, who wanted to visit his relatives in nearby Šentrupert, had been also shot. The communists suspected <mask> <mask> of being an informant. Soon, rumors spread about Grozde's grisly death. The Tone Tomšič Partisan Brigade, which had occupied Mirna, carried out the murder.However, others claimed that Grozde was not tortured. Partisan General Lado Kocijan stated that: "for the partisan tribunal, Grozde was a White Guard courier, and so he was condemned to death. It is not true that they tortured him, that they cut the skin from the soles of his feet, cut out his tongue and cut off his fingers. Because the Partisans buried his body in a shallow grave, these injuries were caused by the animals in the woods, which gnawed on the body. There was no torture ...", this veteran of the Gubec Brigade stated. Other sources state that he was tortured: During the Christmas holidays of 1942 Grozde was traveling in Lower Carniola to visit his mother and relatives, but did not come home. In the village of Mirna he was seized by the communists, fearfully tortured for two hours, and then killed.It is said that he patiently endured this torment. On February 23, 1943 the fate of <mask> <mask> was partly revealed, indicating that he had been tortured. Schoolchildren picking snowdrops found his corpse. Although there were traces of torture on his body, the corpse itself was uncorrupted. His body was taken to nearby Šentrupert, where a committee made a report. The body of <mask> <mask> was buried at the cemetery in Šentrupert because it was impossible to take it to his home parish of Tržišče under the difficult circumstances of those days. The news of the violent torture and death of this innocent student struck fear among people and shocked the students in Ljubljana.More than 60 years later, a document was found in the archives, written shortly after the death of Grozde by Dušan Majcen - Nedeljko, the politcommisar of the Tone Tomšič Partisan Brigade, stating that there was no proof of Grozde being an informant. Majcen regretted he had not been involved in the interrogation of <mask> as he would have otherwise prevented his killing. Beatification On the 50th anniversary of Grozde's death, the Archdiocese of Ljubljana started a process to recognize his martyrdom and also his beatification and canonization. When Pope John Paul II visited Slovenia for the first time in 1996, he mentioned Grozde twice. He said, "The servant of <mask> Grozde is just one of innumerable innocent victims of Communism that raise the palm of martyrdom as an indelible memory and admonition. He was a disciple of Christ." On 27 March 2010 it was announced from Rome that Pope Benedict XVI had affirmed the martyrdom of <mask> Grozde.Beatification took place at the First Slovenian Eucharistic congress in Celje on 13 June 2010, celebrated by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone in the presence of about 40,000 pilgrims. Grozde's remains were translated in 2011 to the sanctuary at Zaplaz, where a special side altar was created on the right side of the church, decorated with a mosaic by Marko Ivan Rupnik. Relics of <mask> Grozde have been placed in the altar at St. Joseph's Church in Celje and in the Chapel of the Good Shepherd at Alojzij Šuštar Elementary School in Ljubljana. Legacy In his introduction to the biography of <mask> Grozde by Anton Strle, who is also a candidate for sainthood, Taras Kermauner wrote: "Grozde combines the ardour and apostolate of Friderik Baraga, the asceticism and suffering of Janez Frančišek Gnidovec, a gift for organization, and the Slovenian national consciousness of Blessed Anton Martin Slomšek ... He symbolizes the entire martyrdom suffered by Christians and Catholic Slovenians during World War II and afterwards for their affiliation to their faith ... His personality should be returned to the common Slovenian consciousness of heroes that have been praised and elevated to the first plane as the only models. Today a man like <mask> is needed as our model – a martyr, a saint. Not a man of aggressive military action thinking he will put forward God with arms and the blood of other or foreign people ...I do not fear to write that <mask> belongs among the greatest young Slovenians; that his attitude is fitting and most precious." Film and TV Srce se ne boji (My Heart is not Afraid) A documentary film about a boy whose life became a legend by Studio Siposh (2019), Slovenian with subtitles in English, Spanish and Italian, also available on a DVD. This documentary film presents the short but remarkable life of <mask> <mask>, from his childhood during the interwar period in the poor Slovenian countryside to his life as a student in Ljubljana and finally his tragic death. The film features interviews as well as dramatized reenactments that try to portray this young and fervent Catholic in a more personal way. The interviewees are experts, historians, and ordinary people who have come into contact with him or his story. The role of Alojzij <mask> is played by three young actors, who present him in different periods of his life: Lovro Berkopec (5 years old), Jaka Piščanc (10 years old), and Alex Centa (15–19 years old). The documentary was mostly filmed in the Lower Carniola region.It was produced by a team of more than 70, led by producer and director David Sipoš. Slovesna maša ob prenosu relikvij bl. Alojzija Grozdeta v Marijino cerkev na Zaplazu (Solemn Mass and Translation of Grozde's Relics to Zaplaz) Transmitted by RTV Slovenija (2011). Moj glas zliva se v prošnjo (My Voice Melts Together in Supplication – Slovenian) Documental Emission – Film on RTV Slovenia-1, Programm One with Archbishop and Metropolite from Belgrade Stanislav Hočevar, Jesuit Miha Žužek and others (2010). References Literature Duhovni koledarček 1944, Sestavil župnik Gregor Mali, Ljubljana, Knjižice Nr. 239/240 from December 1, 1943. Narte Velikonja, Malikovanje zločina, in: Wikivir.Anton Strle: Un martyr des temps modernes. Aloïs Grozdé, 1923–1943, Paris 1957 Anton Strle, Slovenski mučenec Lojze Grozde, Založba Knjižice, Ljubljana 1991, . Anton Pust, Zdravko Reven, Božidar Slapšak, Palme mučeništva: Ubiti in pomorjeni slovenski duhovniki, redovniki in bogoslovci in nekateri verni laiki, Celje 1995. 447 sites. – Papež Janez Pavel II. v Sloveniji, Bog blagoslovi predrago Slovenijo, Edition Družina, 160 pages, Ljubljana 1996, Miroslav Slana:Slovenski sij svetosti. Mladi mučenec Lojze Grozde, Maribor 2001 .Milanka Dragar Zvest Križanemu, Knjiga o Grozdetu, Ljubljana 2010, Založba Dragar, 518 pages, . <mask> Grozde Pesmi in proza, Luč sveta, Ljubljana 2011, Založba Družina, 280 pages, . Aloysius Hribšek Blessed Aloysius Grozde, A Teenage Witness for Christ the King, Ljubljana 2012, Založba Družina, 119 pages, . France M. Dolinar <mask> Grozde (1923-1943), Sveti na Slovenskem, Ljubljana 2018, Založba Družina, 40 pages, . External links Saints-SQPN-com: Blessed Lojze Grozde Novo Mesto Diocese Dnevnik, Internet, liberal daily newspaper Internet of Christian youth Moj glas zliva se v prošnjo – Documentary broadcast, RTV Slovenija 1943 – <mask> Grozde – beatified Slovenian Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon:Alois <mask> (German) See also Miroslav Bulešić István Sándor Szilárd Bogdánffy József Mindszenty János Scheffler Francesco Bonifacio List of saints The Black Book of Communism 1923 births 1943 deaths Slovenian Catholic poets 20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs Murdered students Slovenian beatified people Slovenian Roman Catholics Slovenian civilians killed in World War II 20th-century poets Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI People from the Municipality of Sevnica Slovenian murder victims Yugoslav Catholics People killed by Yugoslav Partisans

<mask> was murdered by Partisans during World War II. His death is considered martyrdom by the Catholic Church. He was beatified in June of 2010. On May 27, 1923, <mask> was born in the village of Zgornje Vodale near Mokronog. He was not a legitimate child. His mother married France Kova when he was four years old. Grozde was chased away whenever he wanted to see his mother.Grozde's aunt took care of him after the stepfather became friendlier towards him. She sent him to a school where she worked as a servant. Her nephew was supported by some benefactors. He attended the Classical Secondary School in Ljubljana and stayed at the Marijanie boarding school. He was a good student and was able to write poetry and prose. He was a member of the Marian Congregation and a member of the Catholic Action religious movement. The early years of World War II coincide with the end of his high school years.Grozde became more religious as a result of these strained circumstances. He didn't go home during his summer vacation in 1942 because it was difficult to travel and there was a lot of violence. He decided to visit his relatives on New Year 1943. He requested a permit to travel home. He went to the village of Struge to visit a friend. He traveled by train from Ivanna Gorica to Trebnje after receiving the last communion of his life on the first Friday of January 1943. He rode in a cart on the way to Mirna.By the time the cart reached Mirna, it was pulled over and he was taken into custody. They found a booklet on Our Lady of Fatima and a devotional book on him. He was tortured and killed in a forest near Mirna after being taken to a nearby inn. The seminarian Janez Hoevar had been shot three hours before. Grozde was suspected of being an Informant by the communists. There were rumors about Grozde's death. The murder was carried out by the Tone Tomi Partisan brigade.Others said that Grozde was not tortured. According to General Lado Kocijan, Grozde was condemned to death for his role in the partisan tribunal. It is not true that they tortured him, that they cut out his tongue, and that they cut off his fingers. The Partisans buried his body in a shallow grave because the animals in the woods gnawed on it. The veteran of the Gubec brigade stated that there was no torture. According to other sources, Grozde was tortured during the Christmas holidays of 1942 when he didn't come home. He was killed in the village of Mirna after being seized by the communists.It is said that he was patient. On February 23, 1943, the fate of <mask> Grozde was partially revealed. The children found his corpse. The corpse was uncorrupted even though there were traces of torture on it. A committee made a report after his body was taken away. It was impossible to take the body of <mask> <mask> to his home parish of Trie in those days, so he was buried at the cemetery in entrupert. The news of the student's death and torture shocked the students in the city.The document was written shortly after the death of Grozde by Duan Majcen - Nedeljko, the politcommisar of the Tone Tomi Partisan brigade. Majcen regretted that he had not been involved in the interrogation of Grozde. On the 50th anniversary of Grozde's death, the Archdiocese of Ljubljana started a process to recognize his martyrdom and beatification. Pope John Paul II mentioned Grozde twice during his first visit to Slovenia in 1996. The servant of God lojze Grozde is one of many innocent victims of Communism that raise the palm of martyrdom as an admonition. He was a follower of Christ. The martyrdom of <mask> Grozde was affirmed by Pope Benedict XVI.Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone celebrated the beatification of about 40,000 pilgrims at the First Slovenian Eucharistic congress in Celje on June 13, 2010. A side altar was created on the right side of the church, decorated with a mosaic, after Grozde's remains were translated to Zaplaz. The Chapel of the Good Shepherd at Alojzij utar Elementary School in Ljubljana and the altar at St. Joseph's Church in Celje hold the relics of Lojze Grozde. Taras Kermauner wrote about the ardour and apostolate of Friderik Baraga in the introduction to the biography of <mask> Grozde. He symbolizes the martyrdom suffered by Christians and Catholics during World War II and afterwards for their affiliation to their faith. Grozde is a martyr and a saint. Not a man of aggressive military action thinking he will put forward God with arms and blood of other or foreign people.I don't fear to say that Grozde is one of the greatest young Slovenians. My Heart is not Afraid is a documentary film about a boy whose life became a legend and is available on a DVD. The documentary film shows the life of a young man who grew up in a poor area of the country and went on to become a student in the city. The film features interviews as well as dramatized reenactments that try to portray this young and fervent Catholic in a more personal way. Experts, historians, and ordinary people have come into contact with him or his story. The three young actors who play Alojzij Grozde are Lovro Berkopec, Jaka Pianc and Alex Centa. The Lower Carniola region is where the documentary was filmed.It was produced by a team of more than 70 people. Slovesna ob prenosu relikvij. The Solemn Mass and Translation of Grozde's Relics to Zaplaz was transmitted by RTV. The film "My Voice Melts Together in Supplication" is a documentary on RTV Slovenia-1. References Literature Duhovni koledarek 1944. December 1, 1943. Narte Velikonja is in: Wikivir.Strle is a martyr des temps modernes. Alos Grozdé was born in 1923 and died in 1943. Boidar Slapak, Zdravko Reven, and Palme muenitva: Ubiti in pomorjeni slovenski duhovniki. There are more than 400 sites. Pape Janez Pavel II. Edition Druina, 160 pages, was published in 1996. Mladi muenec lojze Grozde was born in 2001.Zaloba Dragar, 518 pages, was published in 2010. There is a book called Lu sveta, Lu Grozde Pesmi in proza. Aloysius Hribek Blessed Aloysius Grozde, A Teenage Witness for Christ the King is a book. France M. Dolinar lojze Grozde was born in 1923 and died in 1943. The liberal daily newspaper Internet of Christian youth Moj zliva se v pronjo is available on the internet.

1395394

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarcisio%20Burgnich

Tarcisio Burgnich

Tarcisio Burgnich (; 25 April 1939 – 26 May 2021) was an Italian football manager and player, who played as a defender. Throughout his career, Burgnich played for Udinese, Juventus, Palermo, Internazionale, and Napoli; although he won titles with both Juventus and Napoli, he is best known for his time with Inter Milan, where he was a member of manager Helenio Herrera's Grande Inter side. He partnered with fellow full-back Giacinto Facchetti in the squad's back-line and played a key role in the team's successes in Herrera's defensive catenaccio system, due to his pace, stamina, offensive capabilities, and defensive work-rate, winning four Serie A titles, two European Cups, and two Intercontinental Cups. At international level, Burgnich represented the Italy national football team at the 1960 Summer Olympics, where they finished in fourth place, and at three FIFA World Cups, winning a runners-up medal at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He was also a member of the national team that won Italy's first ever UEFA European Football Championship on home soil, in 1968. A versatile player, he was capable of playing in any defensive position, being adept as a right-back, as a centre-back, and also as a sweeper. Due to his imposing physique, as well as his tenacious style of play, Inter teammate Armando Picchi (who was the captain and sweeper of the side) gave him the nickname "La Roccia" (The Rock). Club career Burgnich began his career with local side Udinese, making his Serie A debut with the club on 2 June 1959, in a 7–0 away defeat to Milan. After short spells at the Friulian side, and subsequently Juventus (where he won the 1960–61 Serie A title), and Palermo, it was with Internazionale that he found his spiritual home in the 1960s, after being acquired in 1962. A strong, quick, energetic and versatile defender, he was effective both offensively and defensively, and formed a formidable full-back partnership with Giacinto Facchetti, both with Inter and with the Italian national side. He played 467 times for the Nerazzurri, scoring 6 goals, where his physical and tenacious playing style was ideally suited to the catenaccio system operated by Helenio Herrera throughout Inter's glory years, which relied on a strong defence and fast counter-attacks. With Inter, Burgnich enjoyed a highly successful period of domestic, European, and international dominance, winning five Italian championships, two European Cups and two Intercontinental Cups. He was notably part of the legendary Inter lineup of the 1960s still known today as the Grande Inter. Following his 12 seasons with Inter, he was controversially transferred to Napoli in 1974, as Inter's new president, Fraizzoli, was trying to rejuvenate the squad. Burgnich spent the final three seasons of his career with Napoli, operating as a sweeper in Luís Vinício's side, and finally won the Coppa Italia, as well as the Anglo-Italian League Cup, in 1976, before retiring in 1977. In total, he made 494 appearances in Serie A throughout his career. International career Burgnich was also a pillar of the Italian national team for more than a decade. He represented Italy at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, where they finished in fourth place. He made his senior debut on 10 November 1963, in a 1–1 home draw against the Soviet Union, and subsequently became a permanent fixture in the team's line-up, wearing the number 2 shirt, and later helping the national side win their first ever and currently only European Football Championship title in 1968, on home soil. He was also on Italy's roster for the 1966 World Cup, as well at the 1970 World Cup, where they reached the final, only to lose 4–1 to Brazil. In the memorable semi-final match against West Germany, often colloquially known as the "Game of the Century", Burgnich even managed to score a goal, helping his team to overcome the Germans 4–3 following extra time. He also took part in the 1974 FIFA World Cup with Italy. In total, he represented the Azzurri 66 times between 1963 and 1974, scoring twice. He may best be remembered for his quote about Brazilian star Pelé's headed goal against him, following Italy's 4–1 defeat to Brazil in the 1970 World Cup Final (Burgnich had been assigned to man-mark the Brazilian during the final, but was beaten by him in the air): After retirement After his retirement, Burgnich worked as a manager on and off for nearly twenty years, with little success. During this time he managed Catanzaro, Bologna, Como, Livorno, Foggia, Lucchese, Cremonese, Genoa, Ternana and Vicenza. Burgnich died on 26 May 2021 at the age of 82. He died at the San Camillo hospital in Forte dei Marmi, where he had been taken following a stroke. Style of play A strong, large, quick, and energetic player, Burgnich is regarded as one of the greatest Italian defenders of his time; his ability in the air, imposing physique, consistency, and his aggressive, efficient playing style earned him the nickname "La Roccia" (The Rock), despite not being particularly tall. A former offensive, central midfielder, he was a tactically versatile, intelligent, and hard-working footballer who was adept at aiding his team both offensively and defensively; he was capable of playing in several defensive positions, and throughout his career, he was deployed as a man-marking centre-back (or "stopper"), as a sweeper (in particular in his later career), and in particular as a right-sided full-back or wing-back, where he particularly excelled in Herrera's catenaccio system, due to his pace, stamina, physicality, and tenacity. He formed an important partnership with the more offensive minded left-back Facchetti during his career, which is regarded as one of the greatest full-back pairings in football history; although he was less adept at starting attacking plays from the back-line than Facchetti, and less likely to push forward, the more defensive minded Burgnich was an "old-fashioned defender", being an excellent man-marker and a hard tackler, who was difficult to beat in one on one situations. He was also known for his anticipation and reactions, as well as his concentration and discipline both on and off the pitch. However, he was also known for his experience and organisational abilities as a defender, as well as his ability to play the offside trap, and excelled as an offensive sweeper or central defender at Napoli during his later career in manager Luís Vinício's zonal marking system, where he was also tasked with advancing into midfield to start offensive plays, and to push forward and contribute to his team's attacks. Career statistics Club International goals Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Burgnich goal. Honours Club Inter Serie A: 1962–63, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1970–71 European Cup: 1964, 1965 Intercontinental Cup: 1964, 1965 Napoli Anglo-Italian Cup: 1976 Coppa Italia: 1975–76 Juventus Serie A: 1960–61 International Italy UEFA European Championship: 1968 FIFA World Cup Runner-up: 1970 References 1939 births 2021 deaths People from Ruda, Friuli Italian people of Austrian descent Italian footballers Italy international footballers Udinese Calcio players Juventus F.C. players Palermo F.C. players Inter Milan players S.S.C. Napoli players Serie A players L.R. Vicenza managers Genoa C.F.C. managers Serie A managers 1966 FIFA World Cup players 1970 FIFA World Cup players 1974 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 1960 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Italy UEFA Euro 1968 players UEFA European Championship-winning players Italian football managers Association football defenders Sportspeople from Friuli-Venezia Giulia UEFA Champions League winning players U.S. Catanzaro 1929 managers

<mask> (; 25 April 1939 – 26 May 2021) was an Italian football manager and player, who played as a defender. Throughout his career, Burgnich played for Udinese, Juventus, Palermo, Internazionale, and Napoli; although he won titles with both Juventus and Napoli, he is best known for his time with Inter Milan, where he was a member of manager Helenio Herrera's Grande Inter side. He partnered with fellow full-back Giacinto Facchetti in the squad's back-line and played a key role in the team's successes in Herrera's defensive catenaccio system, due to his pace, stamina, offensive capabilities, and defensive work-rate, winning four Serie A titles, two European Cups, and two Intercontinental Cups. At international level, <mask> represented the Italy national football team at the 1960 Summer Olympics, where they finished in fourth place, and at three FIFA World Cups, winning a runners-up medal at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He was also a member of the national team that won Italy's first ever UEFA European Football Championship on home soil, in 1968. A versatile player, he was capable of playing in any defensive position, being adept as a right-back, as a centre-back, and also as a sweeper. Due to his imposing physique, as well as his tenacious style of play, Inter teammate Armando Picchi (who was the captain and sweeper of the side) gave him the nickname "La Roccia" (The Rock).Club career Burgnich began his career with local side Udinese, making his Serie A debut with the club on 2 June 1959, in a 7–0 away defeat to Milan. After short spells at the Friulian side, and subsequently Juventus (where he won the 1960–61 Serie A title), and Palermo, it was with Internazionale that he found his spiritual home in the 1960s, after being acquired in 1962. A strong, quick, energetic and versatile defender, he was effective both offensively and defensively, and formed a formidable full-back partnership with Giacinto Facchetti, both with Inter and with the Italian national side. He played 467 times for the Nerazzurri, scoring 6 goals, where his physical and tenacious playing style was ideally suited to the catenaccio system operated by Helenio Herrera throughout Inter's glory years, which relied on a strong defence and fast counter-attacks. With Inter, Burgnich enjoyed a highly successful period of domestic, European, and international dominance, winning five Italian championships, two European Cups and two Intercontinental Cups. He was notably part of the legendary Inter lineup of the 1960s still known today as the Grande Inter. Following his 12 seasons with Inter, he was controversially transferred to Napoli in 1974, as Inter's new president, Fraizzoli, was trying to rejuvenate the squad.Burgnich spent the final three seasons of his career with Napoli, operating as a sweeper in Luís Vinício's side, and finally won the Coppa Italia, as well as the Anglo-Italian League Cup, in 1976, before retiring in 1977. In total, he made 494 appearances in Serie A throughout his career. International career <mask> was also a pillar of the Italian national team for more than a decade. He represented Italy at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, where they finished in fourth place. He made his senior debut on 10 November 1963, in a 1–1 home draw against the Soviet Union, and subsequently became a permanent fixture in the team's line-up, wearing the number 2 shirt, and later helping the national side win their first ever and currently only European Football Championship title in 1968, on home soil. He was also on Italy's roster for the 1966 World Cup, as well at the 1970 World Cup, where they reached the final, only to lose 4–1 to Brazil. In the memorable semi-final match against West Germany, often colloquially known as the "Game of the Century", Burgnich even managed to score a goal, helping his team to overcome the Germans 4–3 following extra time.He also took part in the 1974 FIFA World Cup with Italy. In total, he represented the Azzurri 66 times between 1963 and 1974, scoring twice. He may best be remembered for his quote about Brazilian star Pelé's headed goal against him, following Italy's 4–1 defeat to Brazil in the 1970 World Cup Final (Burgnich had been assigned to man-mark the Brazilian during the final, but was beaten by him in the air): After retirement After his retirement, Burgnich worked as a manager on and off for nearly twenty years, with little success. During this time he managed Catanzaro, Bologna, Como, Livorno, Foggia, Lucchese, Cremonese, Genoa, Ternana and Vicenza. Burgnich died on 26 May 2021 at the age of 82. He died at the San Camillo hospital in Forte dei Marmi, where he had been taken following a stroke. Style of play A strong, large, quick, and energetic player, Burgnich is regarded as one of the greatest Italian defenders of his time; his ability in the air, imposing physique, consistency, and his aggressive, efficient playing style earned him the nickname "La Roccia" (The Rock), despite not being particularly tall.A former offensive, central midfielder, he was a tactically versatile, intelligent, and hard-working footballer who was adept at aiding his team both offensively and defensively; he was capable of playing in several defensive positions, and throughout his career, he was deployed as a man-marking centre-back (or "stopper"), as a sweeper (in particular in his later career), and in particular as a right-sided full-back or wing-back, where he particularly excelled in Herrera's catenaccio system, due to his pace, stamina, physicality, and tenacity. He formed an important partnership with the more offensive minded left-back Facchetti during his career, which is regarded as one of the greatest full-back pairings in football history; although he was less adept at starting attacking plays from the back-line than Facchetti, and less likely to push forward, the more defensive minded Burgnich was an "old-fashioned defender", being an excellent man-marker and a hard tackler, who was difficult to beat in one on one situations. He was also known for his anticipation and reactions, as well as his concentration and discipline both on and off the pitch. However, he was also known for his experience and organisational abilities as a defender, as well as his ability to play the offside trap, and excelled as an offensive sweeper or central defender at Napoli during his later career in manager Luís Vinício's zonal marking system, where he was also tasked with advancing into midfield to start offensive plays, and to push forward and contribute to his team's attacks. Career statistics Club International goals Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Burgnich goal. Honours Club Inter Serie A: 1962–63, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1970–71 European Cup: 1964, 1965 Intercontinental Cup: 1964, 1965 Napoli Anglo-Italian Cup: 1976 Coppa Italia: 1975–76 Juventus Serie A: 1960–61 International Italy UEFA European Championship: 1968 FIFA World Cup Runner-up: 1970 References 1939 births 2021 deaths People from Ruda, Friuli Italian people of Austrian descent Italian footballers Italy international footballers Udinese Calcio players Juventus F.C. players Palermo F.C.players Inter Milan players S.S.C. Napoli players Serie A players L.R. Vicenza managers Genoa C.F.C. managers Serie A managers 1966 FIFA World Cup players 1970 FIFA World Cup players 1974 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 1960 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Italy UEFA Euro 1968 players UEFA European Championship-winning players Italian football managers Association football defenders Sportspeople from Friuli-Venezia Giulia UEFA Champions League winning players U.S. Catanzaro 1929 managers

<mask> was an Italian football manager and player who played as a defender. Burgnich played for many teams throughout his career, but he is best known for his time with Inter Milan, where he was a member of the Grande Inter. He played a key role in the team's success in the defensive catenaccio system due to his pace, stamina, offensive capabilities, and defensive work-rate. At the 1960 Summer Olympics, <mask> was a member of the Italy national football team that finished in fourth place and won a runners-up medal at the 1970 World Cup. He was a member of the national team that won the first ever European Football Championship on home soil in 1968. He was a versatile player who could play in any defensive position, as a right-back, as a centre-back, and also as a sweeper. The nickname "La Roccia" (The Rock) was given to him by his Inter teammate, who was the captain and sweeper of the side.<mask> made his Serie A debut with Udinese on June 2, 1959 in a 7–0 loss to Milan. After a short time at the Friulian side, he moved to Palermo, where he won the 1960–61 Serie A title, and then to Internazionale, where he spent the rest of his life. A strong, quick, energetic and versatile defender, he was effective both defensively and offensive, and formed a formidable full-back partnership with Giacinto Facchetti, both with Inter and with the Italian national side. He scored 6 goals for Inter, which was ideal for the catenaccio system that relied on a strong defence and fast counter-attacks. Burgnich enjoyed a period of domestic, European, and international dominance with Inter, winning five Italian Championships, two European Cups, and two Intercontinental Cups. He was a member of the legendary Inter lineup of the 1960s. Fraizzoli was the new president of Inter when he transferred him to Napoli in 1974.Burgnich spent the final three seasons of his career with Napoli, operating as a sweeper in Lus Vincio's side, and finally won the Coppa Italia, as well as the Anglo-Italian League Cup, in 1976, before retiring in 1977. He made over 500 appearances in the Italian league. Burgnich was a pillar of the Italian national team for more than a decade. Italy finished in fourth place at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. He made his senior debut on 10 November 1963, in a 1–1 home draw against the Soviet Union, and subsequently became a permanent fixture in the team's line-up, wearing the number 2 shirt, and later helping the national side win their first ever and currently only European Football Championship title He was on Italy's roster for the 1966 World Cup, as well as the 1970 World Cup, where they lost in the final to Brazil. Burgnich scored a goal in the semi-final match against West Germany, helping his team overcome the Germans 4–3 after extra time.He played in the 1974 World Cup with Italy. He played for the Azzurri 66 times between 1963 and 1974. After Italy's 4–1 defeat to Brazil in the 1970 World Cup Final, he made a comment about Pelé's headed goal against him. He managed Catanzaro, Bologna, Livorno, Foggia, Lucchese, Cremonese, Genoa, Ternana and Vicenza. Burgnich died on May 26, 2021. He died at the San Camillo hospital, where he had been taken after a stroke. A strong, large, quick, and energetic player, Burgnich is regarded as one of the greatest Italian defenders of his time; his ability in the air, imposing physique, consistency, and his aggressive, efficient playing style earned him the nickname "La Roccia"He was a tactically versatile, intelligent, and hard-working footballer who was capable of playing in several defensive positions, and throughout his career, he was deployed as a man-marking centre-back. He formed an important partnership with the more offensive minded left-back Facchetti during his career, which is regarded as one of the greatest full-back pairs in football history; although he was less proficient at starting attacking plays from the back-line than Facchetti, and less likely to push He was known for his concentration and discipline both on and off the pitch. He excelled as an offensive sweeper or central defender in manager Lus Vincio's zone marking system, and he was also known for his experience as a defender, as well as his ability to play the offside trap. Career statistics Club International goals Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Burgnich goal. The European Cup was held in 1964 and 1965, the Intercontinental Cup in 1966 and 1975, and the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1976. The players are from Palermo F.C.Inter Milan players are S.S.C. L.R. players are from Napoli. C.F.C. is Vicenza Genoa managers. Footballers at the 1960 Summer Olympics and football managers from Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

30875757

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Marion%20Patch

Edith Marion Patch

Edith Marion Patch (27 July 1876 – 28 September 1954) was an American entomologist and writer. Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, she received a degree from the University of Minnesota in 1901 and originally embarked on a career as an English teacher before receiving the opportunity to organize the entomology department at the University of Maine. She became the head of the entomology department in 1904, and, despite misgivings from several male colleagues about having a female department head, she remained in this post until her retirement in 1937. Edith Patch is recognized as the first truly successful professional woman entomologist in the United States. Patch earned her master's degree from the university of Maine in 1910 and a Ph.D. from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York in 1911. During her career, she was recognized as an expert on aphids and published Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphids in 1938. She was elected president of the American Nature Study Society and in 1930 became the first female president of the Entomological Society of America. Patch's residence in Old Town, Maine, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. Early life Edith Marion Patch was the youngest of six children of William Whipple Patch Jr. and Salome Jenks. After the American civil war, the family moved to New Vinton, Iowa but returned to Worcester in 1872. Her interest in natural history became evident at an early age and she used to ramble near her home, studying the animals, flowers and plants she saw there. The family moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1881, when she was eight and then out into the countryside again two years later, when she was able to resume her interests in natural history. She was sufficiently knowledgeable while still at school to write an essay on the monarch butterfly which won her a prize in a competition. She invested her $25 reward in a copy of John Henry Comstock's "Manual for the Study of Insects" with illustrations by Anna Botsford Comstock. After graduating from Minneapolis's South High School in 1896, Patch went to the University of Minnesota, graduating with a BSc in 1901. At first she was unable to find suitable employment as an entomologist and spent two years teaching English at a high school, but she got her chance when Dr. Charles D. Woods offered her an unpaid post. The job was at the University of Maine in the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station to start up an entomology department. Woods decision to appoint based on merit and not gender was vindicated when she was granted a full-time job the following year. Career Patch was always concerned with the practical applications of entomology and wrote bulletins about the pests of agricultural and horticultural crops of Maine and forest trees. Her specialism was the aphid family with their complex life histories, their capacity to transmit viruses and their alternating host plants. She may have been influenced in this choice by the fact that she had worked with Professor Oestlund, an expert on aphids, in Minnesota before going to University. She remained at the University of Maine throughout her career, obtaining her master's degree in 1911 and her doctorate from Cornell University a year later. While at Cornell, she became friends with the Comstock family. She published about eighty scientific papers on aphids, their identification, their biology and the role they played in the environment. She made the important discovery that the eggs of the melon aphid overwintered on a weed, (Sedum purpureum), and that removing this weed from the vicinity reduced infestation of crops the following year. In 1938, she published an important book, the "Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphids", which listed her discoveries on the host plants used by different species of aphids. She also published articles in the "Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin" and wrote others for the general public in horticultural magazines and the Atlantic Monthly Magazine, the Maine naturalist and the Scientific Monthly Magazine. She realised how useful beneficial insects could be in controlling pests and disapproved of the indiscriminate application of pesticides. In this, her ideas pre-dated Rachel Carson and her "Silent Spring" by forty years. Patch made an extensive collection of Aphididae which is maintained as part of the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa. It contained both winged and wingless forms of each species and has been widely used by researchers. She was considered a world authority on aphids and had two genera, five species and one sub-species named in her honor. She herself was the author of a number of newly described species. In 1924, Patch became the first woman to head the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. In 1926, she was named to the Committee of Nomenclature for the American Association of Economic Entomologists, later to become the Entomological Society of America. Patch was elected president of the American Nature Study Society in 1930. The same year, she also became the first female president of the Entomological Society of America at a time when this male-dominated society admitted few women. Toward the end of her career, the University of Maine awarded her an honorary doctorate in 1937, and in 1940 she was inducted into the honorary scientific fraternity Sigma Delta Epsilon. Writing career After acquiring her PhD, Patch embarked on writing books and magazine articles on natural history for children, designed to stimulate their interest and enthusiasm for the natural world. They were published at first by the Pine Cone Publishing Company in Orono, which seems to have been her own enterprise. In 1913, Patch published Dame Bug and her Babies, a collection of 18 stories about insect mothers and their young. This invoked a passion in Patch to continue to educate young minds about nature through her writings. An additional publishing, Little Gateways to Science, told the story of 12 birds and the unpropitious effects human activity can have on the natural world. Later, after her reputation as a natural history writer for children was established, she was taken on by the better known Macmillan Publishers. With them she produced the "Holiday Series", on the wildlife and plants found in various habitats, the "Neighbor Series", with information on wild animals in their natural settings, and the "Science Readers" for schools, covering scientific topics for children up to eighth grade. Patch House In 1913, Patch purchased an old farmhouse with fifty acres of land at Old Town, Maine and lived there for the rest of her life. She called the house "Braeside" but it later became known as "Patch House". Built in the 1840s, "Braeside" is a derivative of the Scottish word brae meaning bank, which refers to its location alongside the Stillwater River. The property consists of 50 acres of wild garden, home to bustling societies of insects where Patch spent most of her free time studying and writing about the natural world. It passed into the possession of the University of Maine after her death and was used for student accommodation. By the 1990s it was deemed to be in violation of various codes of safety and was destined for demolition, and an arrangement was made to allow it to be burned down as a training exercise for firefighters. In 1997, a few days before it was due to go up in flames, activists managed to get it added to Maine's list of most endangered properties and it was saved for posterity. In 2001 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. See also Timeline of women in science References External links Collection guide to the Patch, (Edith M.) papers (1900-1991) held by the Raymond H. Folger Library Special Collections of the University of Maine 1876 births 1954 deaths Writers from Worcester, Massachusetts American entomologists University of Minnesota alumni University of Maine alumni University of Maine faculty People from Old Town, Maine Women entomologists Cornell University alumni South High School (Minnesota) alumni

<mask> (27 July 1876 – 28 September 1954) was an American entomologist and writer. Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, she received a degree from the University of Minnesota in 1901 and originally embarked on a career as an English teacher before receiving the opportunity to organize the entomology department at the University of Maine. She became the head of the entomology department in 1904, and, despite misgivings from several male colleagues about having a female department head, she remained in this post until her retirement in 1937. <mask> is recognized as the first truly successful professional woman entomologist in the United States. <mask> earned her master's degree from the university of Maine in 1910 and a Ph.D. from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York in 1911. During her career, she was recognized as an expert on aphids and published Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphids in 1938. She was elected president of the American Nature Study Society and in 1930 became the first female president of the Entomological Society of America.<mask>'s residence in Old Town, Maine, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. Early life <mask> <mask> was the youngest of six children of William Whipple <mask>. and Salome Jenks. After the American civil war, the family moved to New Vinton, Iowa but returned to Worcester in 1872. Her interest in natural history became evident at an early age and she used to ramble near her home, studying the animals, flowers and plants she saw there. The family moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1881, when she was eight and then out into the countryside again two years later, when she was able to resume her interests in natural history. She was sufficiently knowledgeable while still at school to write an essay on the monarch butterfly which won her a prize in a competition. She invested her $25 reward in a copy of John Henry Comstock's "Manual for the Study of Insects" with illustrations by Anna Botsford Comstock.After graduating from Minneapolis's South High School in 1896, <mask> went to the University of Minnesota, graduating with a BSc in 1901. At first she was unable to find suitable employment as an entomologist and spent two years teaching English at a high school, but she got her chance when Dr. Charles D. Woods offered her an unpaid post. The job was at the University of Maine in the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station to start up an entomology department. Woods decision to appoint based on merit and not gender was vindicated when she was granted a full-time job the following year. Career <mask> was always concerned with the practical applications of entomology and wrote bulletins about the pests of agricultural and horticultural crops of Maine and forest trees. Her specialism was the aphid family with their complex life histories, their capacity to transmit viruses and their alternating host plants. She may have been influenced in this choice by the fact that she had worked with Professor Oestlund, an expert on aphids, in Minnesota before going to University.She remained at the University of Maine throughout her career, obtaining her master's degree in 1911 and her doctorate from Cornell University a year later. While at Cornell, she became friends with the Comstock family. She published about eighty scientific papers on aphids, their identification, their biology and the role they played in the environment. She made the important discovery that the eggs of the melon aphid overwintered on a weed, (Sedum purpureum), and that removing this weed from the vicinity reduced infestation of crops the following year. In 1938, she published an important book, the "Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphids", which listed her discoveries on the host plants used by different species of aphids. She also published articles in the "Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin" and wrote others for the general public in horticultural magazines and the Atlantic Monthly Magazine, the Maine naturalist and the Scientific Monthly Magazine. She realised how useful beneficial insects could be in controlling pests and disapproved of the indiscriminate application of pesticides.In this, her ideas pre-dated Rachel Carson and her "Silent Spring" by forty years. <mask> made an extensive collection of Aphididae which is maintained as part of the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa. It contained both winged and wingless forms of each species and has been widely used by researchers. She was considered a world authority on aphids and had two genera, five species and one sub-species named in her honor. She herself was the author of a number of newly described species. In 1924, <mask> became the first woman to head the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. In 1926, she was named to the Committee of Nomenclature for the American Association of Economic Entomologists, later to become the Entomological Society of America.<mask> was elected president of the American Nature Study Society in 1930. The same year, she also became the first female president of the Entomological Society of America at a time when this male-dominated society admitted few women. Toward the end of her career, the University of Maine awarded her an honorary doctorate in 1937, and in 1940 she was inducted into the honorary scientific fraternity Sigma Delta Epsilon. Writing career After acquiring her PhD, <mask> embarked on writing books and magazine articles on natural history for children, designed to stimulate their interest and enthusiasm for the natural world. They were published at first by the Pine Cone Publishing Company in Orono, which seems to have been her own enterprise. In 1913, <mask> published Dame Bug and her Babies, a collection of 18 stories about insect mothers and their young. This invoked a passion in <mask> to continue to educate young minds about nature through her writings.An additional publishing, Little Gateways to Science, told the story of 12 birds and the unpropitious effects human activity can have on the natural world. Later, after her reputation as a natural history writer for children was established, she was taken on by the better known Macmillan Publishers. With them she produced the "Holiday Series", on the wildlife and plants found in various habitats, the "Neighbor Series", with information on wild animals in their natural settings, and the "Science Readers" for schools, covering scientific topics for children up to eighth grade. Patch House In 1913, <mask> purchased an old farmhouse with fifty acres of land at Old Town, Maine and lived there for the rest of her life. She called the house "Braeside" but it later became known as "Patch House". Built in the 1840s, "Braeside" is a derivative of the Scottish word brae meaning bank, which refers to its location alongside the Stillwater River. The property consists of 50 acres of wild garden, home to bustling societies of insects where <mask> spent most of her free time studying and writing about the natural world.It passed into the possession of the University of Maine after her death and was used for student accommodation. By the 1990s it was deemed to be in violation of various codes of safety and was destined for demolition, and an arrangement was made to allow it to be burned down as a training exercise for firefighters. In 1997, a few days before it was due to go up in flames, activists managed to get it added to Maine's list of most endangered properties and it was saved for posterity. In 2001 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. See also Timeline of women in science References External links Collection guide to the Patch, (Edith M.) papers (1900-1991) held by the Raymond H. Folger Library Special Collections of the University of Maine 1876 births 1954 deaths Writers from Worcester, Massachusetts American entomologists University of Minnesota alumni University of Maine alumni University of Maine faculty People from Old Town, Maine Women entomologists Cornell University alumni South High School (Minnesota) alumni

<mask> was an American entomologist and writer. She received a degree from the University of Minnesota in 1901 and went on to organize the entomology department at the University of Maine. She was the head of the entomology department until her retirement in 1937, despite the fact that several male colleagues were against her having a female department head. <mask> is the first professional woman entomologist in the United States. <mask> received her masters degree from the University of Maine in 1910 and her PhD from Cornell University in 1911. She published a food plant catalogue of the aphids in 1938. She was the first female president of the Entomological Society of America in 1930.In 2001, <mask>'s residence in Old Town, Maine, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. <mask> was the youngest of six children. After the American civil war, the family moved to New Vinton, Iowa. She was interested in natural history at an early age and used to visit her home to look at flowers and animals. She was able to resume her interest in natural history after the family moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, when she was eight. She won a prize in a competition for her essay on the monarch butterfly, which she wrote while still at school. She used her $25 reward to purchase a copy of John Henry Comstock's "Manual for the Study of Insects".<mask> graduated from the University of Minnesota with a degree in 1901. She spent two years teaching English at a high school after being unable to find a job as an entomologist. The entomology department was started at the University of Maine in the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. Woods decision to appoint based on merit and not gender was vindicated when she was given a full-time job the following year. Career <mask> was always interested in the practical applications of entomology and wrote about the pests of Maine and forest trees. Her specialty was the aphid family with their ability to transmit Viruses and their alternating host plants. She may have been influenced by the fact that she had worked with a professor in Minnesota.She obtained her master's degree from the University of Maine in 1911 and her doctorate from Cornell University a year later. She became friends with the Comstock family while at Cornell. She published about eighty scientific papers on aphids, their biology, and the role they played in the environment. She discovered that removing the weed from the vicinity reduced the number of crops that were affected by the insect. The "food plant catalogue of the aphids", published in 1938, listed her discoveries on the host plants used by different species of aphids. She wrote for the general public in a number of magazines, including the "Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin" and the Atlantic Monthly Magazine. She disapproved of the indiscriminate application of pesticides because she realized how beneficial insects could be in controlling pests.By forty years, her ideas pre-dated Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring". As part of the Canadian National Collection, <mask> made an extensive collection of Aphididae. It was used by researchers for both winged and wingless forms of each species. She had two genera, five species and one sub-species named in her honor. She was the author of a number of new species. The first woman to head the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station was <mask>. She was a member of the Committee of Nomenclature for the American Association of Economic Entomologists.<mask> was elected president of the American Nature Study Society in 1930. She became the first female president of the Entomological Society of America at a time when few women were admitted. In 1940, at the end of her career, she was given a doctorate from the University of Maine, and in 1937, she became a member of the sigma Delta Epsilon. After obtaining her PhD, <mask> embarked on writing books and magazine articles on natural history for children that stimulated their interest and enthusiasm for the natural world. The Pine Cone Publishing Company in Orono published them. Dame Bug and her Babies was published in 1913 by <mask>. <mask> had a passion to educate young minds about nature through her writings.The story of 12 birds and the effects human activity can have on the natural world was told in Little Gateways to Science. She was taken on by the better known Macmillan Publishers after her reputation as a natural history writer for children was established. She produced the "Holiday Series", on the wildlife and plants found in various habitats, the "Neighbor Series", with information on wild animals in their natural settings, and the "Science Readers" for schools, covering scientific topics for children up to eighth grade. <mask> lived in Old Town, Maine for the rest of her life after she purchased an old farmhouse there in 1913. She called the house "Braeside" but later changed it to "Patch House". The name "Braeside" is derived from the Scottish word brae meaning bank, which refers to the location of the river. <mask> spent most of her time studying and writing about the natural world at the 50 acres of wild garden.The University of Maine used it for student accommodations after her death. By the 1990s it was deemed to be in violation of various codes of safety and was destined for demolition, and an arrangement was made to allow it to be burned down as a training exercise for firefighters. It was added to Maine's list of most threatened properties a few days before it was due to go up in flames. The National Register of Historic Places was added in 2001. The collection guide to the Patch is held by the Raymond H. Folger Library and contains papers from the University of Maine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choekyi%20Gyaltsen%2C%2010th%20Panchen%20Lama

Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama

Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen (born Gönbo Cêdän; 19 February 1938 – 28 January 1989) was the tenth Panchen Lama, officially the 10th Panchen Erdeni (), of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. According to Tibetan Buddhism, Panchen Lamas are living emanations of the buddha Amitabha. He was often referred to simply as Choekyi Gyaltsen. Recognition The Paṇchen Lama incarnation line began in the seventeenth century after the 5th Dalai Lama gave Chokyi Gyeltsen the title, and declared him to be an emanation of Buddha Amitaba. Officially, he became the first Panchen Lama in the lineage, while he had also been the sixteenth abbot of Tashilhunpo Monastery. The 10th Panchen Lama was born as Gonpo Tseten on 19 February 1938, in Bido, today's Xunhua Salar Autonomous County of Qinghai, known as Amdo. His father was also called Gonpo Tseten and his mother was Sonam Drolma. After the Ninth Panchen Lama died in 1937, two simultaneous searches for the tenth Panchen Lama produced different boys, with the government in Lhasa preferring a boy from Xikang, and the Ninth Panchen Lama's khenpos and associates choosing Gonpo Tseten. On 3 June 1949, the Republic of China (ROC) government declared its support for Gonpo Tseten. On 11 June 1949, at twelve years of age in Tibetan counts, Gonpo Tseten was enthroned at the major Gelugpa monastery in Amdo, Kumbum Jampa Ling monastery as the 10th Panchen Lama and given the name Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen. Attending were also Guan Jiyu, the head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, and ROC Kuomintang Governor of Qinghai, Ma Bufang. Still in Lhasa, the Dalai Lama recognized the Panchen Lama Choekyi Gyaltsen a few years later, after they met. The ROC wanted to use Choekyi Gyaltsen to create a broad anti-Communist base in Southwest China. The ROC's Kuomintang formulated a plan where three Tibetan Khampa divisions would be assisted by the Panchen Lama to oppose the Communists. When Lhasa denied Choekyi Gyaltsen the territory the Panchen Lama traditionally controlled, he asked Ma Bufang to help him lead an army against Tibet in September 1949. Ma tried to persuade the Panchen Lama to come with the Kuomintang government to Taiwan when the Communist victory approached, but the Panchen Lama declared his support for the Communist People's Republic of China instead. In addition, the Dalai Lama regime was shaky, and the Kuomintang used this to their advantage to expand into the Lhasa regime of the Dalai Lama. Early life The Panchen Lama reportedly supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet, and supported China's reform policies for Tibet. Radio Beijing broadcast the religious leader's call for Tibet to be "liberated" into China, which created pressure on the Lhasa government to negotiate with the People's Republic. At Kumbum Monastery, the Panchen Lama gave a Kalacakra initiation in 1951. That year, the Panchen Lama was invited to Beijing as the Tibetan delegation was signing the 17-Point Agreement and telegramming the Dalai Lama to implement the Agreement. He was recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama when they met in 1952. In September 1954, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama went to Beijing to attend the first session of the first National People's Congress, meeting Mao Zedong and other leaders. The Panchen Lama was soon elected a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and in December 1954 he became the deputy chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In 1956, the Panchen Lama went to India on a pilgrimage together with the Dalai Lama. When the Dalai Lama fled to India in 1959, the Panchen Lama publicly supported the Chinese government, and the Chinese brought him to Lhasa and made him chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region. Petition and arrest 70,000 Character Petition After a tour through Tibet in 1962, the Panchen Lama wrote a document addressed to Prime Minister Zhou Enlai denouncing the abusive policies and actions of the People's Republic of China in Tibet. This became known as the 70,000 Character Petition. According to Isabel Hilton, it remains the "most detailed and informed attack on China's policies in Tibet that would ever be written." The Panchen Lama met with Zhou Enlai to discuss the petition he had written. The initial reaction was positive, but in October 1962, the PRC authorities dealing with the population criticized the petition. Chairman Mao called the petition "... a poisoned arrow shot at the Party by reactionary feudal overlords." For decades, the content of this report remained hidden from all but the very highest levels of the Chinese leadership, until one copy surfaced in 1996. In January 1998, upon the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the birth of the Tenth Panchen Lama, an English translation by Tibet expert Robert Barnett entitled A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Report of the 10th Panchen Lama, was published. Arrest In 1964, he was publicly humiliated at Politburo meetings, dismissed from all posts of authority, declared 'an enemy of the Tibetan people', had his dream journal confiscated and used against him, and was then imprisoned. He was 26 years old at the time. The Panchen's situation worsened when the Cultural Revolution began. The Chinese dissident and former Red Guard Wei Jingsheng published in March 1979 a letter under his name but written by another anonymous author denouncing the conditions at Qincheng Prison, where the 10th Panchen Lama was imprisoned. In October 1977 he was released, but held under house arrest in Beijing until 1982. After his release, he was considered by the PRC authorities to be politically rehabilitated and he then rose to important positions. He served as Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress. Later life In 1978, after giving up his vows of an ordained monk, he travelled around China, looking for a wife to start a family. He began courting Li Jie, daughter of Dong Qiwu, a general in PLA who had commanded an Army in the Korean War. She was a medical student at Fourth Military Medical University in Xi'an. At the time, the Lama had no money and was still blacklisted by the party, but the wife of Deng Xiaoping and widow of Zhou Enlai saw the symbolic value of a marriage between a Tibetan Lama and a Han woman. They personally intervened to wed the couple in a large ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in 1979. One year later, the Panchen Lama was given the Vice Chairmanship of the National People's Congress and other political posts, and he was fully politically rehabilitated by 1982. Daughter Li Jie bore a daughter in 1983, named Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo (). Popularly known as the "Princess of Tibet", she is considered important in Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan-Chinese politics, as she is the only known offspring in the over 620-year history of either the Panchen Lama or Dalai Lama reincarnation lineages. Of her father's death, Rinzinwangmo reportedly refused to comment, allegedly attributing his early death to his generally poor health, extreme weight gain, and chronic sleep deprivation. The 10th Panchen Lama's death sparked a six-year dispute over his assets amounting to $US20 million between his wife and daughter and Tashilhunpo Monastery. Return to Tibet The Panchen Lama made several journeys to Tibet from Beijing, during 1980 and afterwards. While touring eastern Tibet in 1980, the Panchen Lama also visited the famous Nyingma school master Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok at Larung Gar. In 1987, the Panchen Lama met Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok again in Beijing, bestowed the teaching of the Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva, and blessed as well as endorsed Larung Gar and conferred its name as Serta Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling (gser rta bla rung lnga rig nang bstan blob gling), commonly translated as Serta Larung Five Science Buddhist Academy. With the Panchen Lama's invitation, Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok joined him in 1988 on a consecration ritual in central Tibet, which became a monumental pilgrimage of sacred Buddhist sites in Tibet, among them the Potala Palace, the Norbulinka, the Nechung Monastery, then to Sakya Monastery and Tashilhunpo Monastery, and also to Samye Monastery. Also in 1987, the Panchen Lama established a business called the Tibet Gang-gyen Development Corporation, envisioned for the future of Tibet whereby Tibetans could take the initiative to develop and join in their own modernization. Plans to rebuild sacred Buddhist sites destroyed in Tibet during 1959 and after were included. Gyara Tsering Samdrup worked with the business, but was arrested in May 1995 after the 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was recognized. Early in 1989, the 10th Panchen Lama returned again to Tibet to rebury recovered bones from the graves of the previous Panchen Lamas, graves that had been destroyed at Tashilhunpo Monastery in 1959 by the Red Guards, and consecrated in a chorten built as the receptacle. On 23 January 1989, the Panchen Lama delivered a speech in Tibet in which he said: "Since liberation, there has certainly been development, but the price paid for this development has been greater than the gains." He criticized the excesses of the Cultural Revolution in Tibet and praised the reform and opening up of the 1980s. Five days later on 28 January, the Panchen Lama died in Shigatse at the age of 50. Although the official cause of death was said to have been from a heart attack, some Tibetans suspect foul play. Many theories spread among Tibetans about the Panchen Lama's death. According to one story, he foresaw his own death in a message to his wife on their last meeting. In another, a rainbow appeared in the sky before his death. Other people, including the Dalai Lama, believe that he was poisoned by his own medical staff. Supporters of this theory cite remarks the Panchen Lama made on 23 January to high-ranking officials and that were published in the People's Daily and the China Daily. In 2011, the Chinese dissident Yuan Hongbing declared that Hu Jintao, then the Communist Party Secretary of Tibet and the Political Commissar of the PLA's Tibet units, had masterminded the death of the 10th Panchen Lama. According to the state-run Peoples Daily, the Dalai Lama was invited by the Buddhist Association of China to attend the Panchen Lama's funeral and to take the opportunity to contact Tibet's religious communities. The Dalai Lama was unable to attend the funeral. See also Panchen Lama History of Tibet (1950–present) Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 14th Dalai Lama References Citations Sources Feigon, Lee. Demystifying Tibet: Unlocking the Secrets of the Land of the Snows (1996) Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. . Goldstein, Melvyn C. The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama (1997) University of California Press. . Hilton, Elizabeth. The Search for the Panchen Lama (2000) W. W. Norton & Company. . Kapstein, Matthew T. The Tibetans (2006) Blackwell Publishing. . Laird, Thomas. (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama. Grove Press, New York. . McKay, Alex (ed.). Tibet and Her Neighbours: A History (2003) Walther Konig. . External links The Panchen Lama's Last Speech: Full Text (Columbia.edu) 1938 births 1989 deaths Panchen Lama 10 Tibetan people Tibetan Buddhists from China 20th-century lamas People from Haidong People's Republic of China politicians from Qinghai Political office-holders in Tibet Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen (born Gönbo Cêdän; 19 February 1938 – 28 January 1989) was the tenth Panchen Lama, officially the 10th Panchen Erdeni (), of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. According to Tibetan Buddhism, Panchen Lamas are living emanations of the buddha Amitabha. He was often referred to simply as <mask>. Recognition The Paṇchen <mask> incarnation line began in the seventeenth century after the 5th <mask> gave Chokyi Gyeltsen the title, and declared him to be an emanation of Buddha Amitaba. Officially, he became the first Panchen Lama in the lineage, while he had also been the sixteenth abbot of Tashilhunpo Monastery. The 10th Panchen <mask> was born as Gonpo Tseten on 19 February 1938, in Bido, today's Xunhua Salar Autonomous County of Qinghai, known as Amdo. His father was also called Gonpo Tseten and his mother was Sonam Drolma.After the <mask> <mask> died in 1937, two simultaneous searches for the tenth Panchen <mask> produced different boys, with the government in Lhasa preferring a boy from Xikang, and the Ninth Panchen <mask>'s khenpos and associates choosing Gonpo Tseten. On 3 June 1949, the Republic of China (ROC) government declared its support for Gonpo Tseten. On 11 June 1949, at twelve years of age in Tibetan counts, Gonpo Tseten was enthroned at the major Gelugpa monastery in Amdo, Kumbum Jampa Ling monastery as the 10th Panchen <mask> and given the name Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen. Attending were also Guan Jiyu, the head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, and ROC Kuomintang Governor of Qinghai, Ma Bufang. Still in Lhasa, the Dalai <mask> recognized the Panchen <mask> Gyaltsen a few years later, after they met. The ROC wanted to use Choekyi Gyaltsen to create a broad anti-Communist base in Southwest China. The ROC's Kuomintang formulated a plan where three Tibetan Khampa divisions would be assisted by the Panchen <mask> to oppose the Communists.When Lhasa denied <mask> Gyaltsen the territory the <mask> <mask> traditionally controlled, he asked Ma Bufang to help him lead an army against Tibet in September 1949. Ma tried to persuade the Panchen <mask> to come with the Kuomintang government to Taiwan when the Communist victory approached, but the <mask> <mask> declared his support for the Communist People's Republic of China instead. In addition, the Dalai <mask> regime was shaky, and the Kuomintang used this to their advantage to expand into the Lhasa regime of the Dalai <mask>. Early life The Panchen <mask> reportedly supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet, and supported China's reform policies for Tibet. Radio Beijing broadcast the religious leader's call for Tibet to be "liberated" into China, which created pressure on the Lhasa government to negotiate with the People's Republic. At Kumbum Monastery, the <mask> <mask> gave a Kalacakra initiation in 1951. That year, the <mask> <mask> was invited to Beijing as the Tibetan delegation was signing the 17-Point Agreement and telegramming the Dalai <mask> to implement the Agreement.He was recognized by the 14th Dalai <mask> when they met in 1952. In September 1954, the Dalai <mask> and the <mask> <mask> went to Beijing to attend the first session of the first National People's Congress, meeting Mao Zedong and other leaders. The <mask> <mask> was soon elected a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and in December 1954 he became the deputy chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In 1956, the <mask> <mask> went to India on a pilgrimage together with the Dalai <mask>. When the Dalai <mask> fled to India in 1959, the <mask> <mask> publicly supported the Chinese government, and the Chinese brought him to Lhasa and made him chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region. Petition and arrest 70,000 Character Petition After a tour through Tibet in 1962, the <mask> <mask> wrote a document addressed to Prime Minister Zhou Enlai denouncing the abusive policies and actions of the People's Republic of China in Tibet. This became known as the 70,000 Character Petition.According to Isabel Hilton, it remains the "most detailed and informed attack on China's policies in Tibet that would ever be written." The Panchen <mask> met with Zhou Enlai to discuss the petition he had written. The initial reaction was positive, but in October 1962, the PRC authorities dealing with the population criticized the petition. Chairman Mao called the petition "... a poisoned arrow shot at the Party by reactionary feudal overlords." For decades, the content of this report remained hidden from all but the very highest levels of the Chinese leadership, until one copy surfaced in 1996. In January 1998, upon the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the birth of the Tenth Panchen Lama, an English translation by Tibet expert Robert Barnett entitled A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Report of the 10th Panchen Lama, was published. Arrest In 1964, he was publicly humiliated at Politburo meetings, dismissed from all posts of authority, declared 'an enemy of the Tibetan people', had his dream journal confiscated and used against him, and was then imprisoned.He was 26 years old at the time. The Panchen's situation worsened when the Cultural Revolution began. The Chinese dissident and former Red Guard Wei Jingsheng published in March 1979 a letter under his name but written by another anonymous author denouncing the conditions at Qincheng Prison, where the 10th <mask> <mask> was imprisoned. In October 1977 he was released, but held under house arrest in Beijing until 1982. After his release, he was considered by the PRC authorities to be politically rehabilitated and he then rose to important positions. He served as Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress. Later life In 1978, after giving up his vows of an ordained monk, he travelled around China, looking for a wife to start a family.He began courting Li Jie, daughter of Dong Qiwu, a general in PLA who had commanded an Army in the Korean War. She was a medical student at Fourth Military Medical University in Xi'an. At the time, the <mask> had no money and was still blacklisted by the party, but the wife of Deng Xiaoping and widow of Zhou Enlai saw the symbolic value of a marriage between a Tibetan Lama and a Han woman. They personally intervened to wed the couple in a large ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in 1979. One year later, the Panchen <mask> was given the Vice Chairmanship of the National People's Congress and other political posts, and he was fully politically rehabilitated by 1982. Daughter Li Jie bore a daughter in 1983, named Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo (). Popularly known as the "Princess of Tibet", she is considered important in Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan-Chinese politics, as she is the only known offspring in the over 620-year history of either the Panchen <mask> or Dalai <mask> reincarnation lineages.Of her father's death, Rinzinwangmo reportedly refused to comment, allegedly attributing his early death to his generally poor health, extreme weight gain, and chronic sleep deprivation. The 10th Panchen <mask>'s death sparked a six-year dispute over his assets amounting to $US20 million between his wife and daughter and Tashilhunpo Monastery. Return to Tibet The <mask> <mask> made several journeys to Tibet from Beijing, during 1980 and afterwards. While touring eastern Tibet in 1980, the Panchen <mask> also visited the famous Nyingma school master Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok at Larung Gar. In 1987, the Panchen <mask> met Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok again in Beijing, bestowed the teaching of the Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva, and blessed as well as endorsed Larung Gar and conferred its name as Serta Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling (gser rta bla rung lnga rig nang bstan blob gling), commonly translated as Serta Larung Five Science Buddhist Academy. With the Panchen <mask>'s invitation, Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok joined him in 1988 on a consecration ritual in central Tibet, which became a monumental pilgrimage of sacred Buddhist sites in Tibet, among them the Potala Palace, the Norbulinka, the Nechung Monastery, then to Sakya Monastery and Tashilhunpo Monastery, and also to Samye Monastery. Also in 1987, the <mask> <mask> established a business called the Tibet Gang-gyen Development Corporation, envisioned for the future of Tibet whereby Tibetans could take the initiative to develop and join in their own modernization.Plans to rebuild sacred Buddhist sites destroyed in Tibet during 1959 and after were included. Gyara Tsering Samdrup worked with the business, but was arrested in May 1995 after the 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun <mask> Nyima was recognized. Early in 1989, the 10th Panchen Lama returned again to Tibet to rebury recovered bones from the graves of the previous Panchen Lamas, graves that had been destroyed at Tashilhunpo Monastery in 1959 by the Red Guards, and consecrated in a chorten built as the receptacle. On 23 January 1989, the Panchen <mask> delivered a speech in Tibet in which he said: "Since liberation, there has certainly been development, but the price paid for this development has been greater than the gains." He criticized the excesses of the Cultural Revolution in Tibet and praised the reform and opening up of the 1980s. Five days later on 28 January, the Panchen <mask> died in Shigatse at the age of 50. Although the official cause of death was said to have been from a heart attack, some Tibetans suspect foul play.Many theories spread among Tibetans about the <mask> <mask>'s death. According to one story, he foresaw his own death in a message to his wife on their last meeting. In another, a rainbow appeared in the sky before his death. Other people, including the Dalai <mask>, believe that he was poisoned by his own medical staff. Supporters of this theory cite remarks the <mask> <mask> made on 23 January to high-ranking officials and that were published in the People's Daily and the China Daily. In 2011, the Chinese dissident Yuan Hongbing declared that Hu Jintao, then the Communist Party Secretary of Tibet and the Political Commissar of the PLA's Tibet units, had masterminded the death of the <mask> <mask>. According to the state-run Peoples Daily, the Dalai <mask> was invited by the Buddhist Association of China to attend the <mask> <mask>'s funeral and to take the opportunity to contact Tibet's religious communities.The Dalai <mask> was unable to attend the funeral. See also Panchen Lama History of Tibet (1950–present) Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 14th Dalai <mask> References Citations Sources Feigon, Lee. Demystifying Tibet: Unlocking the Secrets of the Land of the Snows (1996) Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. . Goldstein, Melvyn C. The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai <mask> (1997) University of California Press. . Hilton, Elizabeth. The Search for the Panchen Lama (2000) W. W. Norton & Company. . Kapstein, Matthew T. The Tibetans (2006) Blackwell Publishing. . Laird, Thomas. (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai <mask>. Grove Press, New York. . McKay, Alex (ed.).Tibet and Her Neighbours: A History (2003) Walther Konig. . External links The Panchen <mask>'s Last Speech: Full Text (Columbia.edu) 1938 births 1989 deaths Panchen <mask> 10 Tibetan people Tibetan Buddhists from China 20th-century lamas People from Haidong People's Republic of China politicians from Qinghai Political office-holders in Tibet Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

The tenth Panchen Lama was named after Gnbo Cdn, who was born on February 19, 1938. Panchen Lamas are living emanations of the buddha. He was often referred to as Choekyi. The Pachen Lama incarnation line began in the 17th century after the 5th <mask> gave the title of emanation of Buddha. He was the 16th Abbot of the Tashilhunpo Monastery and the first Panchen <mask>. The 10th Panchen <mask> was born in Bido in the Xunhua Salar Autonomous County of Qinghai. Sonam Drolma was the mother of his father.After the Ninth Panchen <mask> died in 1937, two simultaneous searches for the tenth Panchen <mask> produced different boys, with the government in Lhasa preferring a boy from Xikang. On June 3, 1949, the Republic of China (ROC) government declared its support. On 11 June 1949, at twelve years of age, the 10th Panchen <mask> was enthroned at the major Gelugpa monastery in Amdo and given the name Lobsang Trinley Lhndrub. The ROC Governor of Qinghai, Ma Bufang, and the head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission were also present. The Dalai <mask> recognized the Panchen <mask> after they met. The ROC wanted to create an anti-Communist base in Southwest China. The ROC's Kuomintang came up with a plan where the Panchen <mask> would help oppose the Communists.Ma Bufang was asked by the <mask> <mask> to help him lead an army against Tibet. The Panchen <mask> declared his support for the Communist People's Republic of China when Ma tried to convince him to join the Taiwan government. The Dalai <mask> regime was shaky, and the Kuomintang used this to expand into the Lhasa regime of the Dalai <mask>. The <mask> <mask> is said to have supported China's reform policies for Tibet. Radio Beijing broadcasted a religious leader's call for Tibet to be "liberated" into China, which created pressure on the Lhasa government to negotiate with the People's Republic. The Panchen <mask> gave a Kalacakra initiation in 1951. The <mask> <mask> was invited to Beijing as the Tibetan delegation was signing the 17-Point Agreement and telegramming the Dalai <mask> to implement it.The 14th Dalai <mask> recognized him when they met. The first session of the first National People's Congress was attended by the Dalai <mask> and the <mask> <mask>. The <mask> <mask> became the deputy chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in December of 1954. The <mask> <mask> went to India with the Dalai <mask>. In 1959 when the Dalai <mask> fled to India, the <mask> <mask> publicly supported the Chinese government, and the Chinese brought him to Lhasa and made him the chairman of the committee. In 1962, after a tour through Tibet, the Panchen <mask> wrote a letter to Zhou Enlai, the Prime Minister of the People's Republic of China. The petition was called the 70,000 Character Petition.It is the most detailed and informed attack on China's policies in Tibet that would ever be written. The Panchen <mask> met with Zhou Enlai. The initial reaction was positive, but in October 1962, the PRC authorities criticized the petition. Chairman Mao said the petition was shot at the Party by reactionary feudal overlords. The report's content was hidden from all but the very highest levels of the Chinese leadership until one copy surfaced in 1996. A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Report of the 10th Panchen <mask> was published in 1998 on the 60th anniversary of the birth of the Tenth Panchen <mask>. He was publicly humiliated at Politburo meetings, dismissed from all posts of authority, had his dream journal seized and used against him, and was then imprisoned after being declared an enemy of the Tibetan people.He was 26 years old at the time. When the Cultural Revolution began, the Panchen's situation worsened. In March 1979 a letter was published under the name of a Chinese dissident and former Red Guard, but it was written by someone else and criticized the conditions at the prison where the 10th <mask> <mask> was imprisoned. He was held under house arrest in Beijing until 1982. He rose to important positions after being politically rehabilitated by the PRC authorities. He was a member of the National People's Congress. After giving up his vows as a monk, he traveled around China looking for a wife to start a family.Li Jie is the daughter of a general who commanded an Army in the Korean War. She was a medical student. The wife of Deng Xiaoping and widow of Zhou Enlai saw the symbolic value of a marriage between a Tibetan Lama and a Han woman, even though the <mask> had no money and was still blacklisted by the party. The couple were wed in a large ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in 1979. After one year, the Panchen <mask> was given the Vice Chairmanship of the National People's Congress and other political posts. Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo was the daughter of Li J 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 She is the only known offspring of the Panchen Lama and the Dalai <mask>, which makes her important in Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan- Chinese politics.Rinzinwangmo refused to comment on her father's death due to his poor health, extreme weight gain, and chronic sleep deprivation. The Panchen <mask>'s death caused a dispute over his assets amounting to 20 million dollars. The <mask> <mask> made several trips to Tibet from Beijing. During his tour of eastern Tibet in 1980, the <mask> <mask> paid a visit to the school master Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok. In 1987, the <mask> <mask> met Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok again in Beijing and bestowed the teaching of the Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva. With the Panchen <mask>'s invitation, Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok joined him in 1988 on a consecration ritual in central Tibet, which became a monumental pilgrimage of sacred Buddhist sites in Tibet. The Tibet Gang-gyen Development Corporation was established in 1987 by the <mask> <mask>, who wanted Tibetans to take the initiative to develop and join in their own modernization.The sacred Buddhist sites were destroyed in 1959 in Tibet. The 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun <mask> Nyima was recognized in 1995 and that's when Gyara Samdrup was arrested. The 10th Panchen Lama returned to Tibet in 1989 to rebury bones from the graves of the previous Panchen Lamas, which had been destroyed in 1959 by the Red Guards. The Panchen <mask> said in a speech in Tibet in 1989 that the price of development has been greater than the gains. The excesses of the Cultural Revolution in Tibet were criticized by him. The Panchen <mask> died at the age of 50. The official cause of death was a heart attack, but some Tibetans suspect foul play.There are many theories about the death of the <mask> <mask>. He foresaw his own death in a message to his wife, according to one story. There was a rainbow in the sky before he died. The Dalai <mask> believes that he was poisoned by his own medical staff. The <mask> <mask>'s comments to high-ranking officials were published in the People's Daily and the China Daily. The 10th <mask> <mask>'s death was masterminded by Hu Jintao, the Communist Party Secretary of Tibet and the Political Commissar of thePLA's Tibet units, according to a Chinese dissident. The Dalai <mask> was invited by the Buddhist Association of China to attend the <mask> <mask>'s funeral and to contact Tibet's religious communities, according to the Peoples Daily.The funeral was not attended by the Dalai <mask>. There have been protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950. The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai <mask> was published by the University of California Press. The search for the <mask> <mask> was published by W. W.Norton & Company. They did it in (2006). The story of Tibet is told through conversations with the Dalai <mask>. McKay, Alex is a writer.A history of Tibet and her neighbours. The <mask> <mask>'s Last Speech: Full Text can be found on Columbia.edu.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20L.%20Feightner

Edward L. Feightner

Rear Admiral Edward Lewis Feightner (October 14, 1919 – April 1, 2020) was a United States Navy officer who fought in a number of significant battles in the World War II Pacific Theater of Operations. During two combat tours, he shot down nine enemy aircraft to become a flying ace. He was an early member of the Blue Angels flight demonstration squadron and flew the lead "solo" position. His work as a test pilot included aircraft, electronic systems, and operational tactics such as developing techniques for delivering nuclear weapons from small fighter aircraft. He commanded increasingly larger air units including VF-11 and Carrier Air Group Ten as well as training organizations that helped the Navy transition from propeller to jet aircraft. He commanded two Navy ships, served as the head of Navy Fighter Design, and was a key contributor to fighter studies that resulted in the development of jet aircraft that are still in active service. Feightner was the only pilot to land the dash-1 variant of the Vought F7U Cutlass aboard a carrier. He led VF-11 to become the first Atlantic fleet unit in which every pilot received the coveted "E" award (excellent) in a single exercise. After retiring from the Navy, Feightner promoted aviation and shared his experiences with others. Early life Feightner was born on October 14, 1919 in Lima, Ohio, a small town in the northwest part of the state, to Amos Evan and Mary Story (Roths) Feightner. He attended the University of Findlay in Findlay, Ohio and learned to fly in the Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP). The CPTP was a flight training program sponsored by the United States government to increase the number of civilian pilots and thereby create a pool of trained aviators from which the military could draw. By 1940, Feightner received his private pilot license. He graduated from Findlay College in 1941. World War II service With war approaching and because of his strong desire to fly, Feightner attempted to sign up with the United States Army Air Corps. But he faced an eight-month delay before acceptance since the Army flight program could not cope with the large influx of people. When Feightner found that the Navy would accept him immediately, he made up his mind to pursue naval aviation. On June 16, 1941, Feightner enlisted in the United States Navy Reserve and entered the Naval Aviation Cadet Training Program. He completed flight training at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas on April 3, 1942 thereby earning his commission as an ensign and designation as a naval aviator. He finished advanced carrier training at Naval Air Station Norfolk and received orders to VF-5 aboard . Yorktown, however, was sunk by the Japanese at the Battle of Midway before Feightner could arrive. Feightner was reassigned to VF-3 at Naval Air Station Pu'unene on Maui, Hawaii. VF-3's commanding officer was Edward "Butch" O'Hare who had recently returned from a combat tour in the Pacific as the Navy's first fighter ace. O'Hare gave Feightner the nickname "Whitey" for his inability to tan despite hours in the sun during the squadron's many spearfishing trips. VF-10 Grim Reapers In October 1942, Feightner was assigned to VF-10, the Grim Reapers, aboard flying the Grumman F4F Wildcat. The commanding officer of VF-10 was James H. Flatley whom Feightner described as "a true leader [who] epitomizes what you think of as a squadron commander." Enterprise left Pearl Harbor on October 16, 1942 for the South Pacific as part of Task Force King. Less than ten days later, Feightner performed his first night carrier landing after the search and attack group for which he provided cover became lost and did not return to the carrier until after dark. On October 26, 1942, during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, Feightner shot down his first enemy aircraft—an Aichi D3A dive bomber that was attacking Enterprise. He was also credited with a probable kill of another aircraft. Feightner was awarded an Air Medal and gold award star for his actions that day. After several weeks of repair, Enterprise sortied to oppose an Imperial Japanese battle fleet that was threatening the Solomon Islands. The Japanese convoy included eleven transports with over seven thousand soldiers headed down the "Slot" to Guadalcanal to retake Henderson Field. On November 14, 1942, Feightner protected U.S. dive bombers and strafed enemy vessels during the strikes that destroyed seven of the troop carriers—a significant event in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. After the attacks, VF-10 remained at Henderson Field on Guadalcanal to reinforce the 1st Marine Division and deal with the Japanese ships and troops from the remaining transports that had intentionally beached themselves. Conditions on the island were primitive and dangerous for pilots of the Cactus Air Force. Many of the servicemen came down with malaria. Japanese soldiers hid in trees and waited to ambush the Americans. Sleep was disrupted by night bombardment. Fortunately, Feightner had to endure the hazardous conditions on Guadalcanal less than a week, as VF-10 left their old aircraft at Henderson Field and returned to Enterprise on November 25, 1942, where they received new F4Fs. On January 30, 1943, the second day of the Battle of Rennell Island, Feightner shot down three Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" torpedo bombers in a single engagement. In this engagement, a force of twelve Bettys approaching Enterprise were intercepted by VF-10 aircraft. The Bettys turned away from Enterprise and went after , a heavy cruiser that had been disabled the night before. VF-10 destroyed six of the Bettys before they could reach the cruiser, but the remaining aircraft released their torpedoes with devastating effect—Chicago sank within minutes. Two more of the Bettys were dispatched by the pursuing VF-10 Wildcats as they passed the ring of destroyers that had been protecting the cruiser. Flatley shot down another and the remaining three fell to his wingman, Feightner, who had been delayed due to a balky engine but arrived at just the right time. Feightner was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and an air medal for downing three aircraft on that day and ended his first combat tour with four confirmed kills. VF-8 In May 1943, Feightner received orders to VF-8 flying the Grumman F6F Hellcat at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Pungo—a satellite airfield near Naval Station Norfolk. This second squadron to be designated VF-8 was established on June 1, 1943 and led by Lt Cdr William M. Collins Jr. who would himself become a nine-victory ace. Fighting Eight was initially assigned to the new carrier that had been launched just weeks prior. During Intrepids sea trials in the fall of 1943, Feightner performed initial takeoffs, landings, and catapult shots flying the F6F. In March 1944, Carrier Air Wing Eight began operations from . Part of the Fast Carrier Task Force TF 58 commanded by Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, Bunker Hill participated in a series of attacks against Japanese positions in the Pacific Theater of Operations. VF-8 saw their first combat during a two-day strike on Palau. On the first day of the raid, March 30, 1944, Feightner became an ace when he shot down a Mitsubishi A6M "Zeke" over the island of Peleliu. The Palau battle also marked the first combat use of the 'Berger' Gradient Pressure Suit—an air inflatable G-suit that allowed a pilot to maneuver his aircraft more aggressively without blacking out. The "Z-suit" proved so successful that all but three of the VF-8 pilots chose to wear the equipment. As TF 58 followed the U.S. strategy of leapfrogging toward Japan, Feightner participated in strikes at the Yap coral atoll of Woleai helping to isolate the Japanese garrison there. At the end of April, the task force returned to Truk in the Caroline Islands. Once a major Japanese stronghold, Truk had been badly damaged during Operation Hailstone earlier that year, but the Japanese had since reinforced the island with aircraft from Rabaul. On April 29, 1944, Feightner shot down a Zeke over Truk, raising his total to six aircraft destroyed. In June 1944, the U.S. initiated the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign. Feightner flew during the Battle of the Philippine Sea that was better known to American pilots as the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' due to the overwhelming losses inflicted upon the naval air forces of Japan. He fought in a series of actions over the next few months including the Battle of Saipan, the Battle of Guam, strikes on Okinawa, and the Battle of Tinian. As U.S. forces pushed toward the Philippines, the fast carriers of Task Force 38 (TF 38) moved to subdue Japanese air power on the island of Formosa—known today as Taiwan. During the Aerial Battle of Taiwan–Okinawa, VF-8 destroyed thirty aircraft near Taien Airfield. Flying in this battle on October 12, 1944, Feightner shot down three Zekes (although at least one source states the aircraft were "Oscars") bringing his total to nine aircraft destroyed. Feightner continued to fly missions with VF-8 until Bunker Hill returned to the United States for an overhaul in November 1944. Fighter Instructor Upon returning to the United States in November 1944, Feightner was assigned as a fighter instructor with VF-98 at NAS Los Alamitos in Orange County, California, and later at Naval Air Facility (NAF) Thermal in Thermal, California. Near the end of World War II in 1945, Feightner was assigned as gunnery officer to VF-21 at NAS San Diego in California. Victory credits The following table summarizes Feightner's aerial victories and provides the date, number of aircraft destroyed, types of aircraft destroyed, and the battle at which the victory occurred. In total, he was assessed with 9 destroyed and 4 probables. However, another source claims two probable kills for Feightner. Post-war service Flight test After serving for several years in staff assignments, Feightner received orders to attend the U.S. Navy Test Pilot School at NAS Patuxent River in Maryland. He graduated in July 1949 with the school's second class and served with the Flight Test Division at the Naval Air Test Center where he flew a variety of aircraft including helicopters and the Navy's largest transport, the Lockheed R6V Constitution. Feightner also tested the Grumman F8F Bearcat, the Vought F4U Corsair, and the Grumman F7F Tigercat. When Colonel Charles Lindbergh came to evaluate the Tigercat, Feightner, as F7F project pilot, provided the pre-flight instruction. Feightner was assigned as the Navy's project pilot for the Vought F7U Cutlass, a carrier-based jet fighter-bomber with swept wings and an unusual tailless design. From July 23 to August 14, 1951, he performed carrier suitability tests of the Cutlass on board the . Feightner survived a number of near-fatal incidents in the Cutlass. During a test using the NAS Patuxent River air field catapult, an engine exploded and caught fire on takeoff. Unable to eject at such a low altitude, Feightner made use of a low spot in the river bank to turn the aircraft and return safely to the field where firefighters extinguished the burning engine. On July 23, 1951, he performed the first (and only) carrier takeoff and landing of the dash-1 variant on the aircraft carrier USS Midway. Landing the Cutlass was hazardous due to the extreme nose-up attitude that restricted visibility forward and below. Feightner was unable to see the flight deck and relied on the Landing Signal Officer (LSO) to provide the indication to reduce engine power. Despite assistance from the LSO, Feightner landed short of the desired position and nearly struck the ramp. Although the fleet received the improved F7U-3, the Cutlass did not live up to its potential and remained in service less than four years. Blue Angels In January 1952, Feightner received orders to the U.S. Navy's flight demonstration squadron—the Blue Angels. The squadron had been directed to add the Cutlass to their performance although neither Feightner nor Blue Angels commander "Butch" Voris believed the aircraft was ready for formation flying. The F7U was the Navy's first operational aircraft fitted with a hydraulic flight control system and reliability was still poor. In the event of failure, the mechanical backup system required eleven seconds before control was restored. The solution was to fly the F7Us separately from the rest of the team thereby creating the diamond and solo roles that remain to the present day. Feightner recruited former Blue Angel Lt. Harding C. "Mac" Macknight to fly the second Cutlass. At the start of the 1952 show season, fuel control problems grounded the team's Grumman F9F Panthers leaving the Cutlasses to put on the primary demonstration between March and June. During a show at Saufley Field in Florida, Feightner experienced a total loss of hydraulics on a full afterburner takeoff and steep climb. While trying to gain enough altitude for ejection he was able to stay with the aircraft until the back up control system engaged. He clipped trees on the end of the runway, causing the left engine to flame out. With hydraulic fluid streaming back in a bright flame, he made a hard turn and got the plane back on the runway, much to the excitement of the crowd. Feightner and Macknight performed maneuvers that showed off the best attributes of the F7U. The two solos would approach each other from opposite ends of the runway and, after passing each other, would roll the aircraft, deploy speed brakes, and light afterburners. In Feightner's opinion, "There just is not an airplane like it anywhere." Maintenance issues and additional near-fatal accidents put an end to Blue Angel Cutlass performances. While traveling to an airshow at Naval Air Station Glenview in Chicago, Illinois, both F7Us experienced in-flight emergencies. One of Feightner's engines failed shortly after takeoff, but before he could land, Macknight's right engine caught fire and the left engine quit soon after. Although Feightner called for him to eject, Macknight stayed with the burning aircraft and landed at Glenview. With the runway closed, Feightner was redirected to make his landing at Chicago's former Orchard Airpark, which had been expanded and renamed O'Hare Airport after Feightner's former VF-3 commander. The runway had just been completed and was covered with peach baskets to prevent aircraft from landing until it was opened. Feightner was told to ignore the baskets and land on the new runway. As a result, Feightner's F7U became the first aircraft to land on the new runway for Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. After yet another in-flight emergency resulted in a forced landing at Naval Air Station Memphis, the F7Us were given to the station's training center. Return to testing In September 1952, Feightner returned to flight test as the development officer for Air Development Squadron Three (VX-3). VX-3 was located at NAS Atlantic City, New Jersey, and was responsible for testing fighter aircraft, systems, and munitions. In this new role, he tested aircraft systems (rather than the airplanes themselves) and determined what tactics would most effectively utilize those systems. On December 3, 1953, Feightner participated in the first public demonstration of the steam catapult chosen to launch heavy jet aircraft from the short decks of aircraft carriers. Flying a propeller-driven AD Skyraider at the Naval Air Material Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Feightner described the steam-powered launch as "much better for the pilot" due to the relatively gentle start that eliminated the shock of other catapult techniques. Feightner contributed to the development of weapon delivery tactics for the McDonnell F2H Banshee. The F2H-2B was modified for the attack role and had strengthened wings and pylons to accommodate a heavy weapon such as the Mark 7 or Mark 8 nuclear bomb. The F2H-2B testing on which Feightner worked included the longest non-stop, round trip flight from a carrier—more than 2,800 miles. He also participated in an 18-hour, low-level, non-stop, round-trip flight from a carrier with weapon delivery in a Douglas AD-3 Skyraider. Aviation commands VF-11 Red Rippers In January 1955, Feightner assumed command of VF-11 also known as The Red Rippers. Flying the McDonnell F2H-4 Banshee, he led VF-11 to top honors in toss bombing during the annual fleet competition in 1956. All fourteen VF-11 pilots received the Navy's Battle Effectiveness Award for precision accuracy with this unusual and difficult technique used to deliver nuclear weapons. With this award, VF-11 became the first Atlantic fleet unit to have all of its pilots receive an "E" in the same exercise. In August 1956, VF-11 embarked as part of Carrier Air Group Ten on the and deployed to the Mediterranean. Just two months into the cruise, the Suez Crisis provided tense moments for all personnel as the carrier prepared for battle and to evacuate American citizens that might be caught in the conflict. In March 1957, Feightner was assigned as officer in charge of the Jet Transitional Training Unit (JTTU) at Naval Air Station Olathe in Gardner, Kansas. Established on April 4, 1955, the mission of the JTTU was to train pilots of propeller-driven aircraft to operate jets and to provide refresher training for aviators transferring from shore to sea duty. Carrier Air Group Ten Feightner received orders in February 1959 to relieve the air wing commander of Carrier Air Group Ten (CVG-10) on the that was deployed in the Mediterranean. He continued to serve as CAG-10 when the air wing embarked on the the following month and returned to the "Med" for another tour. From February to July 1960, Feightner served on the staff of Carrier Air Group Four (CVG-4) where he helped write some of the first Naval Air Training and Operating Procedures Standardization (NATOPS) manuals with the goal of reducing the Navy's aircraft accident rate. In July 1960, he reported to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island to study areas such as military tactics and wargaming. Feightner graduated in 1961. Fighter Design In July 1961, Feightner was assigned as the project officer for the F4H-1 Phantom II and later the Tactical Fighter Experimental (TFX) that evolved into the F-111 Aardvark at the Bureau of Naval Weapons in Washington, D.C. A year later, he was selected as the head of Navy Fighter Design where he participated in the development of the F-8 Crusader, FJ-4 Fury, and the E-2 Hawkeye. The Hawkeye, , remains in active service with the U.S. Navy. From August 1963 to November 1964, Feightner served as operations officer to the Commander of Carrier Division Two aboard the USS Enterprise. Senior leader From 1964 to 1967, Feightner served as captain of two U.S. Navy ships—the fleet oiler and the amphibious assault ship . Chikaskia deployed to the Mediterranean to provide underway replenishment to the fleet and in the process set a refueling record for the shortest time to begin pumping fuel—74 seconds. After learning the techniques of amphibious operations at the Naval Amphibious Warfare School at Little Creek, Virginia, Feightner commanded Okinawa during a tour of the Caribbean in 1966. During Feightner's tour as captain, Okinawa received the Flatley Award for Aviation Safety. At the conclusion of this deployment in 1967, he brought Okinawa to Naval Base San Diego, where she became part of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. in 1967, Feightner was assigned to the office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) for Air in the Pentagon under Noel Gayler. In this role, Feightner was responsible for supervising and coordinating the efforts of CNO air warfare program officers. Between 1969 and 1970, he also served as the director of Naval Aviation Weapons Systems Analysis Group. In June 1970, Feightner was promoted from captain to the two-star rank of rear admiral. In September 1970, Feightner served his final tour with the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) where he participated in several fighter studies that resulted in the development of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat and McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. He also served as assistant commander for Logistics/Fleet Support responsible for incorporating test program modifications into production aircraft, ensuring the fleet obtained maximum effectiveness of air assets, and supporting the aircraft throughout their operational life. On May 20, 1972, former VF-11 skipper Feightner delivered introductory remarks at the Red Rippers change of command ceremony commemorating 45 years as the Navy's oldest continuous fighter squadron. After 33 years of service, Feightner retired from active duty on June 30, 1974. Later years Feightner remained active in aviation after his retirement from the Navy. He shared his flight experiences at many events including: A Conversation with Whitey Feightner—A speech at the National Air and Space Museum where Feightner shared the experiences of his Navy career. The event was held on November 16, 2007 and was one of the Donald D. Engen Lecture and Flight Jacket Night lectures held that year at the museum. Memoirs from an Aviator's Logbook—A speech at the National Air and Space Museum where Feightner recounted his experiences as a fighter pilot, an early Blue Angel, and a Navy test pilot. The event was held on May 24, 2011 and was the Charles A. Lindbergh Memorial lecture held that year at the museum. 100 years of U.S. Naval Aviation—A discussion where Feightner and fellow panelists RADM George M. "Skip" Furlong, Jr., Mr. Hill Goodspeed, Capt. Robert "Hoot" Gibson, Capt. Kenneth Wallace, and RADM Patrick McGrath discussed the past, present, and future of naval aviation. The panel was part of the National Aviation Hall of Fame's presentation of the 2011 Milton Caniff "Spirit of Flight" Award to the Blue Angels on July 15, 2011. The Milton Caniff "Spirit of Flight" award recognizes exceptional contributions to the advancement of flight. 70th anniversary of Victory in Europe (V-E) Day—Feightner participated in the United States Capitol flyover on May 8, 2015 celebrating the 70th anniversary of the Allies of World War II Victory in Europe Day flying as a passenger in one of the vintage aircraft. In addition to attending seminars, Feightner helped lead groups including the American Fighter Aces Association and the Golden Eagles. The Golden Eagles are also known as the Early and Pioneer Naval Aviators Association—a group founded in 1956 to provide a living memorial to early naval aviators. in 2017, Feightner was one of five veterans presented with a handmade quilt created by volunteers of the North Idaho chapter of the Quilts of Valor organization. The quilts were presented in honor of each veteran's service to their country. Feightner died on April 1, 2020, in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, where he had lived since 2016 with his nephew and family at age 100. He will be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Awards and decorations Feightner was awarded the following decorations for his military service. Distinguished Flying Cross (first of four) While in a combat patrol over the USS Chicago 30 January 1943 east of Rennell Island they intercepted a force of twelve Japanese torpedo bombers which were preparing to raid the cruiser. In the ensuing engagement ... Lieutenant (jg) Feightner downed three. Other honors On October 7, 1998, Feightner was inducted into the Carrier Aviation Test Pilot Hall of Fame. He is also an Honorary Fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. For his work on the International Midway Memorial Foundation, Feightner was made an honorary member of the United States Naval Academy (USNA) class of 1942. The class of '42 had approximately 75 members at the Battle of Midway and remains involved in commemorating the action. In 2013, Feightner was honored as a distinguished alumnus of the University of Findlay. On May 20, 2015, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner presented the Congressional Gold Medal to Feightner and 37 other fighter aces. See also Awards and decorations of the United States military List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons List of United States Navy aircraft wings List of World War II aces from the United States World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft Notes References External links 1919 births 2020 deaths American centenarians American test pilots Aviators from Ohio Congressional Gold Medal recipients Military personnel from Ohio Men centenarians People from Lima, Ohio Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Recipients of the Air Medal United States Naval Test Pilot School alumni United States Navy rear admirals (upper half) United States Navy pilots of World War II University of Findlay alumni American World War II flying aces

Rear Admiral <mask> (October 14, 1919 – April 1, 2020) was a United States Navy officer who fought in a number of significant battles in the World War II Pacific Theater of Operations. During two combat tours, he shot down nine enemy aircraft to become a flying ace. He was an early member of the Blue Angels flight demonstration squadron and flew the lead "solo" position. His work as a test pilot included aircraft, electronic systems, and operational tactics such as developing techniques for delivering nuclear weapons from small fighter aircraft. He commanded increasingly larger air units including VF-11 and Carrier Air Group Ten as well as training organizations that helped the Navy transition from propeller to jet aircraft. He commanded two Navy ships, served as the head of Navy Fighter Design, and was a key contributor to fighter studies that resulted in the development of jet aircraft that are still in active service. Feightner was the only pilot to land the dash-1 variant of the Vought F7U Cutlass aboard a carrier.He led VF-11 to become the first Atlantic fleet unit in which every pilot received the coveted "E" award (excellent) in a single exercise. After retiring from the Navy, Feightner promoted aviation and shared his experiences with others. Early life <mask> was born on October 14, 1919 in Lima, Ohio, a small town in the northwest part of the state, to Amos Evan and Mary Story (Roths) <mask>. He attended the University of Findlay in Findlay, Ohio and learned to fly in the Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP). The CPTP was a flight training program sponsored by the United States government to increase the number of civilian pilots and thereby create a pool of trained aviators from which the military could draw. By 1940, Feightner received his private pilot license. He graduated from Findlay College in 1941.World War II service With war approaching and because of his strong desire to fly, Feightner attempted to sign up with the United States Army Air Corps. But he faced an eight-month delay before acceptance since the Army flight program could not cope with the large influx of people. When Feightner found that the Navy would accept him immediately, he made up his mind to pursue naval aviation. On June 16, 1941, Feightner enlisted in the United States Navy Reserve and entered the Naval Aviation Cadet Training Program. He completed flight training at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas on April 3, 1942 thereby earning his commission as an ensign and designation as a naval aviator. He finished advanced carrier training at Naval Air Station Norfolk and received orders to VF-5 aboard . Yorktown, however, was sunk by the Japanese at the Battle of Midway before Feightner could arrive.Feightner was reassigned to VF-3 at Naval Air Station Pu'unene on Maui, Hawaii. VF-3's commanding officer was <mask>Butch" O'Hare who had recently returned from a combat tour in the Pacific as the Navy's first fighter ace. O'Hare gave Feightner the nickname "Whitey" for his inability to tan despite hours in the sun during the squadron's many spearfishing trips. VF-10 Grim Reapers In October 1942, Feightner was assigned to VF-10, the Grim Reapers, aboard flying the Grumman F4F Wildcat. The commanding officer of VF-10 was James H. Flatley whom Feightner described as "a true leader [who] epitomizes what you think of as a squadron commander." Enterprise left Pearl Harbor on October 16, 1942 for the South Pacific as part of Task Force King. Less than ten days later, Feightner performed his first night carrier landing after the search and attack group for which he provided cover became lost and did not return to the carrier until after dark.On October 26, 1942, during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, Feightner shot down his first enemy aircraft—an Aichi D3A dive bomber that was attacking Enterprise. He was also credited with a probable kill of another aircraft. Feightner was awarded an Air Medal and gold award star for his actions that day. After several weeks of repair, Enterprise sortied to oppose an Imperial Japanese battle fleet that was threatening the Solomon Islands. The Japanese convoy included eleven transports with over seven thousand soldiers headed down the "Slot" to Guadalcanal to retake Henderson Field. On November 14, 1942, Feightner protected U.S. dive bombers and strafed enemy vessels during the strikes that destroyed seven of the troop carriers—a significant event in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. After the attacks, VF-10 remained at Henderson Field on Guadalcanal to reinforce the 1st Marine Division and deal with the Japanese ships and troops from the remaining transports that had intentionally beached themselves.Conditions on the island were primitive and dangerous for pilots of the Cactus Air Force. Many of the servicemen came down with malaria. Japanese soldiers hid in trees and waited to ambush the Americans. Sleep was disrupted by night bombardment. Fortunately, Feightner had to endure the hazardous conditions on Guadalcanal less than a week, as VF-10 left their old aircraft at Henderson Field and returned to Enterprise on November 25, 1942, where they received new F4Fs. On January 30, 1943, the second day of the Battle of Rennell Island, Feightner shot down three Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" torpedo bombers in a single engagement. In this engagement, a force of twelve Bettys approaching Enterprise were intercepted by VF-10 aircraft.The Bettys turned away from Enterprise and went after , a heavy cruiser that had been disabled the night before. VF-10 destroyed six of the Bettys before they could reach the cruiser, but the remaining aircraft released their torpedoes with devastating effect—Chicago sank within minutes. Two more of the Bettys were dispatched by the pursuing VF-10 Wildcats as they passed the ring of destroyers that had been protecting the cruiser. Flatley shot down another and the remaining three fell to his wingman, <mask>, who had been delayed due to a balky engine but arrived at just the right time. Feightner was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and an air medal for downing three aircraft on that day and ended his first combat tour with four confirmed kills. VF-8 In May 1943, Feightner received orders to VF-8 flying the Grumman F6F Hellcat at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Pungo—a satellite airfield near Naval Station Norfolk. This second squadron to be designated VF-8 was established on June 1, 1943 and led by Lt Cdr William M. Collins Jr. who would himself become a nine-victory ace.Fighting Eight was initially assigned to the new carrier that had been launched just weeks prior. During Intrepids sea trials in the fall of 1943, Feightner performed initial takeoffs, landings, and catapult shots flying the F6F. In March 1944, Carrier Air Wing Eight began operations from . Part of the Fast Carrier Task Force TF 58 commanded by Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, Bunker Hill participated in a series of attacks against Japanese positions in the Pacific Theater of Operations. VF-8 saw their first combat during a two-day strike on Palau. On the first day of the raid, March 30, 1944, Feightner became an ace when he shot down a Mitsubishi A6M "Zeke" over the island of Peleliu. The Palau battle also marked the first combat use of the 'Berger' Gradient Pressure Suit—an air inflatable G-suit that allowed a pilot to maneuver his aircraft more aggressively without blacking out.The "Z-suit" proved so successful that all but three of the VF-8 pilots chose to wear the equipment. As TF 58 followed the U.S. strategy of leapfrogging toward Japan, Feightner participated in strikes at the Yap coral atoll of Woleai helping to isolate the Japanese garrison there. At the end of April, the task force returned to Truk in the Caroline Islands. Once a major Japanese stronghold, Truk had been badly damaged during Operation Hailstone earlier that year, but the Japanese had since reinforced the island with aircraft from Rabaul. On April 29, 1944, Feightner shot down a Zeke over Truk, raising his total to six aircraft destroyed. In June 1944, the U.S. initiated the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign. Feightner flew during the Battle of the Philippine Sea that was better known to American pilots as the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' due to the overwhelming losses inflicted upon the naval air forces of Japan.He fought in a series of actions over the next few months including the Battle of Saipan, the Battle of Guam, strikes on Okinawa, and the Battle of Tinian. As U.S. forces pushed toward the Philippines, the fast carriers of Task Force 38 (TF 38) moved to subdue Japanese air power on the island of Formosa—known today as Taiwan. During the Aerial Battle of Taiwan–Okinawa, VF-8 destroyed thirty aircraft near Taien Airfield. Flying in this battle on October 12, 1944, Feightner shot down three Zekes (although at least one source states the aircraft were "Oscars") bringing his total to nine aircraft destroyed. Feightner continued to fly missions with VF-8 until Bunker Hill returned to the United States for an overhaul in November 1944. Fighter Instructor Upon returning to the United States in November 1944, Feightner was assigned as a fighter instructor with VF-98 at NAS Los Alamitos in Orange County, California, and later at Naval Air Facility (NAF) Thermal in Thermal, California. Near the end of World War II in 1945, Feightner was assigned as gunnery officer to VF-21 at NAS San Diego in California.Victory credits The following table summarizes Feightner's aerial victories and provides the date, number of aircraft destroyed, types of aircraft destroyed, and the battle at which the victory occurred. In total, he was assessed with 9 destroyed and 4 probables. However, another source claims two probable kills for Feightner. Post-war service Flight test After serving for several years in staff assignments, Feightner received orders to attend the U.S. Navy Test Pilot School at NAS Patuxent River in Maryland. He graduated in July 1949 with the school's second class and served with the Flight Test Division at the Naval Air Test Center where he flew a variety of aircraft including helicopters and the Navy's largest transport, the Lockheed R6V Constitution. Feightner also tested the Grumman F8F Bearcat, the Vought F4U Corsair, and the Grumman F7F Tigercat. When Colonel <mask> came to evaluate the Tigercat, Feightner, as F7F project pilot, provided the pre-flight instruction.Feightner was assigned as the Navy's project pilot for the Vought F7U Cutlass, a carrier-based jet fighter-bomber with swept wings and an unusual tailless design. From July 23 to August 14, 1951, he performed carrier suitability tests of the Cutlass on board the . Feightner survived a number of near-fatal incidents in the Cutlass. During a test using the NAS Patuxent River air field catapult, an engine exploded and caught fire on takeoff. Unable to eject at such a low altitude, Feightner made use of a low spot in the river bank to turn the aircraft and return safely to the field where firefighters extinguished the burning engine. On July 23, 1951, he performed the first (and only) carrier takeoff and landing of the dash-1 variant on the aircraft carrier USS Midway. Landing the Cutlass was hazardous due to the extreme nose-up attitude that restricted visibility forward and below.Feightner was unable to see the flight deck and relied on the Landing Signal Officer (LSO) to provide the indication to reduce engine power. Despite assistance from the LSO, Feightner landed short of the desired position and nearly struck the ramp. Although the fleet received the improved F7U-3, the Cutlass did not live up to its potential and remained in service less than four years. Blue Angels In January 1952, Feightner received orders to the U.S. Navy's flight demonstration squadron—the Blue Angels. The squadron had been directed to add the Cutlass to their performance although neither Feightner nor Blue Angels commander "Butch" Voris believed the aircraft was ready for formation flying. The F7U was the Navy's first operational aircraft fitted with a hydraulic flight control system and reliability was still poor. In the event of failure, the mechanical backup system required eleven seconds before control was restored.The solution was to fly the F7Us separately from the rest of the team thereby creating the diamond and solo roles that remain to the present day. Feightner recruited former Blue Angel Lt. Harding C. "Mac" Macknight to fly the second Cutlass. At the start of the 1952 show season, fuel control problems grounded the team's Grumman F9F Panthers leaving the Cutlasses to put on the primary demonstration between March and June. During a show at Saufley Field in Florida, Feightner experienced a total loss of hydraulics on a full afterburner takeoff and steep climb. While trying to gain enough altitude for ejection he was able to stay with the aircraft until the back up control system engaged. He clipped trees on the end of the runway, causing the left engine to flame out. With hydraulic fluid streaming back in a bright flame, he made a hard turn and got the plane back on the runway, much to the excitement of the crowd.<mask> and Macknight performed maneuvers that showed off the best attributes of the F7U. The two solos would approach each other from opposite ends of the runway and, after passing each other, would roll the aircraft, deploy speed brakes, and light afterburners. In Feightner's opinion, "There just is not an airplane like it anywhere." Maintenance issues and additional near-fatal accidents put an end to Blue Angel Cutlass performances. While traveling to an airshow at Naval Air Station Glenview in Chicago, Illinois, both F7Us experienced in-flight emergencies. One of Feightner's engines failed shortly after takeoff, but before he could land, Macknight's right engine caught fire and the left engine quit soon after. Although Feightner called for him to eject, Macknight stayed with the burning aircraft and landed at Glenview.With the runway closed, Feightner was redirected to make his landing at Chicago's former Orchard Airpark, which had been expanded and renamed O'Hare Airport after Feightner's former VF-3 commander. The runway had just been completed and was covered with peach baskets to prevent aircraft from landing until it was opened. Feightner was told to ignore the baskets and land on the new runway. As a result, Feightner's F7U became the first aircraft to land on the new runway for Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. After yet another in-flight emergency resulted in a forced landing at Naval Air Station Memphis, the F7Us were given to the station's training center. Return to testing In September 1952, Feightner returned to flight test as the development officer for Air Development Squadron Three (VX-3). VX-3 was located at NAS Atlantic City, New Jersey, and was responsible for testing fighter aircraft, systems, and munitions.In this new role, he tested aircraft systems (rather than the airplanes themselves) and determined what tactics would most effectively utilize those systems. On December 3, 1953, Feightner participated in the first public demonstration of the steam catapult chosen to launch heavy jet aircraft from the short decks of aircraft carriers. Flying a propeller-driven AD Skyraider at the Naval Air Material Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Feightner described the steam-powered launch as "much better for the pilot" due to the relatively gentle start that eliminated the shock of other catapult techniques. Feightner contributed to the development of weapon delivery tactics for the McDonnell F2H Banshee. The F2H-2B was modified for the attack role and had strengthened wings and pylons to accommodate a heavy weapon such as the Mark 7 or Mark 8 nuclear bomb. The F2H-2B testing on which Feightner worked included the longest non-stop, round trip flight from a carrier—more than 2,800 miles. He also participated in an 18-hour, low-level, non-stop, round-trip flight from a carrier with weapon delivery in a Douglas AD-3 Skyraider.Aviation commands VF-11 Red Rippers In January 1955, <mask> assumed command of VF-11 also known as The Red Rippers. Flying the McDonnell F2H-4 Banshee, he led VF-11 to top honors in toss bombing during the annual fleet competition in 1956. All fourteen VF-11 pilots received the Navy's Battle Effectiveness Award for precision accuracy with this unusual and difficult technique used to deliver nuclear weapons. With this award, VF-11 became the first Atlantic fleet unit to have all of its pilots receive an "E" in the same exercise. In August 1956, VF-11 embarked as part of Carrier Air Group Ten on the and deployed to the Mediterranean. Just two months into the cruise, the Suez Crisis provided tense moments for all personnel as the carrier prepared for battle and to evacuate American citizens that might be caught in the conflict. In March 1957, Feightner was assigned as officer in charge of the Jet Transitional Training Unit (JTTU) at Naval Air Station Olathe in Gardner, Kansas.Established on April 4, 1955, the mission of the JTTU was to train pilots of propeller-driven aircraft to operate jets and to provide refresher training for aviators transferring from shore to sea duty. Carrier Air Group Ten Feightner received orders in February 1959 to relieve the air wing commander of Carrier Air Group Ten (CVG-10) on the that was deployed in the Mediterranean. He continued to serve as CAG-10 when the air wing embarked on the the following month and returned to the "Med" for another tour. From February to July 1960, Feightner served on the staff of Carrier Air Group Four (CVG-4) where he helped write some of the first Naval Air Training and Operating Procedures Standardization (NATOPS) manuals with the goal of reducing the Navy's aircraft accident rate. In July 1960, he reported to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island to study areas such as military tactics and wargaming. Feightner graduated in 1961. Fighter Design In July 1961, Feightner was assigned as the project officer for the F4H-1 Phantom II and later the Tactical Fighter Experimental (TFX) that evolved into the F-111 Aardvark at the Bureau of Naval Weapons in Washington, D.C. A year later, he was selected as the head of Navy Fighter Design where he participated in the development of the F-8 Crusader, FJ-4 Fury, and the E-2 Hawkeye.The Hawkeye, , remains in active service with the U.S. Navy. From August 1963 to November 1964, Feightner served as operations officer to the Commander of Carrier Division Two aboard the USS Enterprise. Senior leader From 1964 to 1967, Feightner served as captain of two U.S. Navy ships—the fleet oiler and the amphibious assault ship . Chikaskia deployed to the Mediterranean to provide underway replenishment to the fleet and in the process set a refueling record for the shortest time to begin pumping fuel—74 seconds. After learning the techniques of amphibious operations at the Naval Amphibious Warfare School at Little Creek, Virginia, Feightner commanded Okinawa during a tour of the Caribbean in 1966. During Feightner's tour as captain, Okinawa received the Flatley Award for Aviation Safety. At the conclusion of this deployment in 1967, he brought Okinawa to Naval Base San Diego, where she became part of the U.S. Pacific Fleet.in 1967, Feightner was assigned to the office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) for Air in the Pentagon under Noel Gayler. In this role, Feightner was responsible for supervising and coordinating the efforts of CNO air warfare program officers. Between 1969 and 1970, he also served as the director of Naval Aviation Weapons Systems Analysis Group. In June 1970, Feightner was promoted from captain to the two-star rank of rear admiral. In September 1970, Feightner served his final tour with the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) where he participated in several fighter studies that resulted in the development of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat and McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. He also served as assistant commander for Logistics/Fleet Support responsible for incorporating test program modifications into production aircraft, ensuring the fleet obtained maximum effectiveness of air assets, and supporting the aircraft throughout their operational life. On May 20, 1972, former VF-11 skipper Feightner delivered introductory remarks at the Red Rippers change of command ceremony commemorating 45 years as the Navy's oldest continuous fighter squadron.After 33 years of service, Feightner retired from active duty on June 30, 1974. Later years Feightner remained active in aviation after his retirement from the Navy. He shared his flight experiences at many events including: A Conversation with Whitey <mask>—A speech at the National Air and Space Museum where Feightner shared the experiences of his Navy career. The event was held on November 16, 2007 and was one of the Donald D. Engen Lecture and Flight Jacket Night lectures held that year at the museum. Memoirs from an Aviator's Logbook—A speech at the National Air and Space Museum where Feightner recounted his experiences as a fighter pilot, an early Blue Angel, and a Navy test pilot. The event was held on May 24, 2011 and was the Charles A<mask> Memorial lecture held that year at the museum. 100 years of U.S.Naval Aviation—A discussion where Feightner and fellow panelists RADM George M. "Skip" Furlong, Jr., Mr. Hill Goodspeed, Capt. Robert "Hoot" Gibson, Capt. Kenneth Wallace, and RADM Patrick McGrath discussed the past, present, and future of naval aviation. The panel was part of the National Aviation Hall of Fame's presentation of the 2011 Milton Caniff "Spirit of Flight" Award to the Blue Angels on July 15, 2011. The Milton Caniff "Spirit of Flight" award recognizes exceptional contributions to the advancement of flight. 70th anniversary of Victory in Europe (V-E) Day—Feightner participated in the United States Capitol flyover on May 8, 2015 celebrating the 70th anniversary of the Allies of World War II Victory in Europe Day flying as a passenger in one of the vintage aircraft. In addition to attending seminars, Feightner helped lead groups including the American Fighter Aces Association and the Golden Eagles.The Golden Eagles are also known as the Early and Pioneer Naval Aviators Association—a group founded in 1956 to provide a living memorial to early naval aviators. in 2017, Feightner was one of five veterans presented with a handmade quilt created by volunteers of the North Idaho chapter of the Quilts of Valor organization. The quilts were presented in honor of each veteran's service to their country. Feightner died on April 1, 2020, in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, where he had lived since 2016 with his nephew and family at age 100. He will be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Awards and decorations Feightner was awarded the following decorations for his military service. Distinguished Flying Cross (first of four) While in a combat patrol over the USS Chicago 30 January 1943 east of Rennell Island they intercepted a force of twelve Japanese torpedo bombers which were preparing to raid the cruiser.In the ensuing engagement ... Lieutenant (jg) Feightner downed three. Other honors On October 7, 1998, Feightner was inducted into the Carrier Aviation Test Pilot Hall of Fame. He is also an Honorary Fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. For his work on the International Midway Memorial Foundation, Feightner was made an honorary member of the United States Naval Academy (USNA) class of 1942. The class of '42 had approximately 75 members at the Battle of Midway and remains involved in commemorating the action. In 2013, Feightner was honored as a distinguished alumnus of the University of Findlay.On May 20, 2015, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner presented the Congressional Gold Medal to Feightner and 37 other fighter aces. See also Awards and decorations of the United States military List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons List of United States Navy aircraft wings List of World War II aces from the United States World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft Notes References External links 1919 births 2020 deaths American centenarians American test pilots Aviators from Ohio Congressional Gold Medal recipients Military personnel from Ohio Men centenarians People from Lima, Ohio Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Recipients of the Air Medal United States Naval Test Pilot School alumni United States Navy rear admirals (upper half) United States Navy pilots of World War II University of Findlay alumni American World War II flying aces

Rear Admiral <mask> was a United States Navy officer who fought in the World War II Pacific Theater of Operations. He became a flying ace after shooting down nine enemy aircraft. He flew the lead "solo" position in the Blue Angels flight demonstration squadron. As a test pilot, he developed techniques for delivering nuclear weapons from small fighter aircraft. He commanded larger air units including VF-11 and Carrier Air Group Ten as well as training organizations that helped the Navy transition from propeller to jet aircraft. He commanded two Navy ships, served as the head of Navy Fighter Design, and was a key contributor to fighter studies that resulted in the development of jet aircraft that are still in active service. The only pilot to land the dash-1 variant was Feightner.VF-11 was the first Atlantic fleet unit in which every pilot received the coveted "E" award in a single exercise. Feightner shared his experiences after retiring from the Navy. Amos Evan and Mary Story <mask> were born on October 14, 1919 in a small town in the northwest part of the state. He learned to fly in the Civilian Pilot Training Program after attending the University of Findlay. The United States government sponsored a program to increase the number of civilian pilots in order to create a pool of trained pilots for the military. Feightner had a private pilot license by 1940. He graduated from college.Feightner tried to join the United States Army Air Corps because of his desire to fly during World War II. The Army flight program could not cope with the large influx of people, so he faced an eight-month delay before acceptance. Feightner decided to pursue naval aviation after he was accepted by the Navy. Feightner joined the United States Navy Reserve on June 16, 1941. He earned his commission as an ensign and designation as a naval aviator after completing flight training in 1942. He received orders to VF-5 after finishing advanced carrier training. At the Battle of Midway, the Japanese sunk Yorktown before Feightner could arrive.Feightner was assigned to Naval Air Station Pu'unene in Hawaii. <mask> "Butch" O'Hare had recently returned from a combat tour in the Pacific as the Navy's first fighter ace. Feightner was nicknamed "Whitey" for his inability to tan despite hours in the sun during the squadron's many spearfishing trips. In October 1942, Feightner was assigned to VF-10, the Grim Reapers. Feightner described James H. Flatley as a true leader who epitomizes what you think of as a squadron commander. Task Force King left Pearl Harbor on October 16, 1942. After the search and attack group for which he provided cover became lost, Feightner did not return to the carrier until after dark.The Aichi D3A dive bomber was shot down by Feightner during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. A probable kill of another aircraft was credited to him. <mask> received an Air Medal and a gold award star for his actions that day. The Imperial Japanese battle fleet was threatening the Solomon Islands after several weeks of repair. Over seven thousand soldiers were headed down the "Slot" to Henderson Field in the Japanese convoy. In the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Feightner protected U.S. dive bombers and strafed enemy vessels during the strikes that destroyed seven of the troop carriers. VF 10 remained at Henderson Field on Guadalcanal to deal with the Japanese ships and troops from the remaining transports that beached themselves.The conditions on the island were dangerous for pilots. The servicemen came down with Malaria. Japanese soldiers hid in trees to ambush the Americans. Night bombardment disrupted sleep. VF-10 left their old aircraft at Henderson Field and returned to Enterprise on November 25, 1942, where they received new F4Fs, as Feightner had to endure the hazardous conditions on Guadalcanal less than a week. Feightner shot down three torpedo bombers on the second day of the Battle of Rennell Island. A force of twelve Bettys were stopped by VF-10 aircraft.The heavy cruiser was disabled the night before and the Bettys went after it. VF-10 destroyed six of the Bettys before they could reach the cruiser, but the remaining aircraft released their torpedoes and Chicago sank within minutes. Two more Bettys were dispatched by the VF-10) as they passed the ring of destroyers that had been protecting the cruiser. Flatley shot down another and the remaining three fell to his wingman, <mask>, who had been delayed due to a malfunctioning engine but arrived at the right time. <mask> was awarded theDistinguished Flying Cross and an air medal for downing three aircraft on that day and ended his first combat tour with four confirmed kills. In May 1943, Feightner received orders to fly the Grumman F6F Hellcat at a satellite airfield near Naval Station Norfolk. The second squadron to be designated VF-8 was established on June 1, 1943, and led by Lt Cdr William M. Collins Jr., who would become a nine-victory ace.Fighting Eight was assigned to a new carrier that had just been launched. Feightner flew the F6F during the fall of 1943 sea trials. In 1944, Carrier Air Wing Eight began operations. Bunker Hill participated in a series of attacks against Japanese positions in the Pacific Theater of Operations. VF-8 fought their first combat on the island. Feightner became an ace when he shot down the A6M "Zeke" on the first day of the raid. The first combat use of the 'Berger' Gradient Pressure suit, an air inflatable G-suit, allowed a pilot to maneuver his aircraft more aggressively without blacking out.The "Z-suit" was so successful that all but three of the VF-8 pilots wore it. Feightner played a role in isolating the Japanese garrison at Yap coral atoll as part of the U.S. strategy of leapfrogging toward Japan. The task force returned to Truk at the end of April. The Japanese reinforced the island with aircraft after it was badly damaged during the operation. On April 29, 1944, <mask> shot down a Zeke over Truk, raising his total to six aircraft destroyed. The U.S. started the campaign in June 1944. The Battle of the Philippine Sea was known to American pilots as the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' due to the heavy losses inflicted upon the naval air forces of Japan.He fought in the Battle of Saipan, the Battle of Guam, and the Battle of Tinian over the course of a few months. Task Force 38 moved to subdue Japanese air power on the island of Formosa as U.S. forces pushed toward the Philippines. VF-8 destroyed thirty aircraft during the Battle of Taiwan–Okinawa. Flying in this battle on October 12, 1944, Feightner shot down three Zekes, bringing his total to nine aircraft destroyed. Feightner flew missions with VF-8 until Bunker Hill returned to the United States. Feightner was assigned as a fighter instructor with VF-98 at the Naval Air Facility in Orange County, California, and later at the Naval Air Facility in Thermal, California. Feightner was assigned to VF-21 at the end of World War II.The following table summarizes <mask>'s aerial victories and provides the date, number of aircraft destroyed, types of aircraft destroyed, and the battle at which the victory occurred. He was assessed with 9 destroyed and 4 probables. Two probable kills for Feightner were claimed by another source. Feightner received an order to attend the U.S. Navy Test Pilot School. He served in the Flight Test Division at the Naval Air Test Center after graduating from the school's second class. The F8F Bearcat, the Vought F4U Corsair, and the Grumman F7F Tigercat were all tested by Feightner. Feightner provided the pre-flight instruction when Colonel <mask>h came to evaluate the Tigercat.Feightner was assigned as the Navy's project pilot for the Vought F7U Cutlass, a carrier-based jet fighter-bomber with swept wings and an unusual tailless design. From July 23 to August 14, 1951, he did carrier suitability tests on the Cutlass. Feightner survived a number of close calls. An engine exploded and caught fire during a test of the air field catapult. Feightner used a low spot in the river bank to turn the plane and return to the field after the engine caught fire. He performed the first takeoff and landing of the dash-1 variant of the carrier on July 23, 1951. The extreme nose-up attitude made landing the Cutlass hazardous.Feightner relied on the LSO to tell him to reduce engine power because he couldn't see the flight deck. Feightner nearly struck the ramp despite assistance from the LSO. The Cutlass did not live up to its potential and remained in service for less than four years. Feightner received orders to the Blue Angels. The squadron was told to add the Cutlass to their performance, but neither Feightner nor Blue Angels commander "Butch" Voris believed the aircraft was ready for formation flying. The Navy's first operational aircraft fitted with a flight control system was the F7U. Control of the mechanical backup system was lost in the event of a failure.The diamond and solo roles that remain to the present day were created by flying the F7Us separately from the rest of the team. Macknight was recruited by Feightner to fly the second Cutlass. At the start of the 1952 show season, fuel control problems grounded the team's Grumman F9F Panther leaving the Cutlasses to put on the primary demonstration between March and June. Feightner was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was able to stay with the aircraft until the back up control system started working. The left engine flamed out after he clipped trees on the end of the runway. He made a hard turn and got the plane back on the runway, much to the excitement of the crowd.The best attributes of the F7U were shown by <mask> and Macknight. After passing each other, the two solo pilots would approach each other from opposite ends of the runway and roll the aircraft. In Feightner's opinion, there is not an airplane like it anywhere. Blue Angel Cutlass performances were stopped due to maintenance issues and accidents. Both F7Us experienced in-flight emergencies while traveling to an airshow. Shortly after takeoff, one of Feightner's engines failed, but before he could land, Macknight's right engine caught fire and the left engine quit. Macknight stayed with the burning aircraft, even though Feightner called for him to leave.After the runway was closed, Feightner was diverted to O'Hare Airport, which was renamed after Feightner's former commander. The runway was covered with peach baskets to keep aircraft out until it was opened. Feightner was told to ignore the baskets and land on the new runway. The first aircraft to land on the new runway was <mask>'s F7U. After another in-flight emergency resulted in a forced landing at Naval Air Station Memphis, the F7Us were given to the station's training center. In September 1952, Feightner returned to flight test as the development officer for Air Development Squadron Three. The Naval Air Station Atlantic City, New Jersey, was the location for testing fighter aircraft, systems, and munitions.He tested aircraft systems rather than the airplanes themselves and determined what tactics would most effectively utilize those systems. <mask> participated in the first public demonstration of the steam catapult on December 3, 1953. The steam-powered launch of the AD Skyraider was described by Feightner as much better for the pilot due to the relatively gentle start. Feightner was involved in the development of weapon delivery tactics. The F2H-2B was modified to accommodate a heavy weapon such as the Mark 7 or Mark 8 nuclear bomb. The longest non-stop, round trip flight from a carrier was more than 2,800 miles. He participated in an 18-hour, low-level, non-stop, round-trip flight from a carrier with weapon delivery in a Douglas AD-3 Skyraider.<mask> assumed command of VF-11 in January 1955. VF-11 was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Fourteen VF-11 pilots received the Navy's Battle Effectiveness Award for their precision accuracy with this unusual and difficult technique used to deliver nuclear weapons. VF-11 became the first Atlantic fleet unit to have all of its pilots receive an "E" in the same exercise. VF-11 was part of Carrier Air Group Ten and deployed to the Mediterranean. The Suez Crisis provided tense moments for all personnel as the carrier prepared for battle and to evacuate American citizens that might be caught in the conflict. In March 1957, Feightner was assigned as the officer in charge of the Jet Transitional Training Unit.On April 4, 1955, the mission of the jttu was to train pilots of propeller-driven aircraft to operate jets and to provide refresher training for aviators transferring from shore to sea duty. The air wing commander of Carrier Air Group Ten was relieved of his duties in February 1959 after being deployed in the Mediterranean. When the air wing embarked on the following month, he continued to serve as CAG-10. Feightner helped write some of the first Naval Air Training and Operating Procedures Standardization (NATOPS) manuals with the goal of reducing the Navy's aircraft accident rate while he was on the staff of Carrier Air Group Four. He went to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island in July 1960 to study military tactics and wargaming. Feightner graduated in 1961. Fighter Design In July 1961, Feightner was assigned as the project officer for the F4H-1 Phantom II and later the Tactical Fighter Experimental that evolved into the F-111 Aardvark at the Bureau of Naval Weapons in Washington, D.C.The Hawkeye is still in active service with the U.S. Navy. Feightner was operations officer to the Commander of Carrier Division Two aboard the ship. The fleet oiler and the amphibious assault ship were both captained by Feightner. Chikaskia set a record for the shortest time to begin pumping fuel, 74 seconds, when they deployed to the Mediterranean. Feightner commanded Okinawa during a tour of the Caribbean in 1966 after learning amphibious operations at the Naval Amphibious Warfare School at Little Creek, Virginia. The Flatley Award for Aviation Safety was given to Okinawa during Feightner's tour as captain. At the end of her deployment in 1967, she became part of the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Naval Base San Diego.Feightner was assigned to the office of the deputy chief of naval operations in the Pentagon. Feightner was in charge of coordinating the efforts of CNO air warfare program officers. He was the director of Naval Aviation Weapons Systems Analysis Group from 1969 to 1970. Feightner was promoted to the two-star rank of rear admiral in June 1970. During his final tour with the Naval Air Systems Command in 1970, Feightner participated in several fighter studies that resulted in the development of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat and the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. As assistant commander for Logistics/Fleet Support, he was responsible for incorporating test program modifications into production aircraft, ensuring the fleet obtained maximum effectiveness of air assets, and supporting the aircraft throughout their operational life. On May 20, 1972, former VF-11 skipper Feightner delivered introductory remarks at the Red Rippers change of command ceremony to commemorate 45 years as the Navy's oldest continuous fighter squadron.<mask> retired from active duty on June 30, 1974. <mask> was active in aviation after he retired from the Navy. He gave a speech at the National Air and Space Museum where Whitey <mask> gave a speech about his Navy career. The event was held on November 16, 2007, at the museum. Feightner spoke at the National Air and Space Museum about his experiences as a fighter pilot, an early Blue Angel, and a Navy test pilot. The lecture was held at the museum in 2011. 100 years of the U.S.There was a discussion with Feightner and others. Robert "Hoot" Gibson was a captain. They talked about the past, present, and future of naval aviation. The Blue Angels received the "Spirit of Flight" Award from the National Aviation Hall of Fame on July 15, 2011. The "Spirit of Flight" award is given to exceptional contributions to the advancement of flight. The 70th anniversary of Victory in Europe (V-E) Day was celebrated on May 8, 2015, with Feightner flying as a passenger in one of the vintage aircraft. In addition to attending seminars, Feightner helped lead groups.The Early and Pioneer Naval Aviators Association was founded in 1956 to provide a living memorial to early naval aviators. Feightner was one of five veterans presented with a handmade quilt. Each veteran received a quilt in honor of their service. On April 1, 2020, Feightner died in Idaho, where he had lived since 2016 with his nephew and family. He will be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Feightner received awards and decorations for his military service. A force of twelve Japanese torpedo bombers were preparing to raid the cruiser when they were intercepted by the Flying Cross.In the next engagement... Feightner downed three. On October 7, 1998, Feightner was inducted into the Carrier Aviation Test Pilot Hall of Fame. He is a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. Feightner was a member of the USNA class of 1942 for his work on the International Midway Memorial Foundation. Approximately 75 members of the class of '42 were at the Battle of Midway. Feightner was a graduate of the University of Findlay.The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives presented the Congressional Gold medal to Feightner. Awards and decorations of the United States military List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons List of United States Navy aircraft wings List of World War II ace from the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Franklin

Joe Franklin

Joe Franklin (March 9, 1926 – January 24, 2015), born Joseph Fortgang, was an American radio and television host personality, author and actor from New York City. His television series debuted in January 1951 on WJZ-TV (later WABC-TV), moving to WOR-TV (later WWOR-TV) in 1962, remaining there until 1993, one of the longest running uninterrupted careers in broadcasting history. Early life Franklin was born Joseph Fortgang on March 9, 1926, in The Bronx, New York, the elder of two children, to Austrian Jewish parents, Anna (Heller) and Martin Fortgang. He acknowledged in his memoirs, Up Late With Joe Franklin, (which was written with R. J. Marx), that his press materials had long said, purposely, that he had been born in 1928, but he planned to come clean about his real birth date. As a teenager, Franklin "followed around" Al Jolson and Eddie Cantor, the latter of whom eventually began buying jokes from the young Franklin and whose Carnegie Hall show he later produced. At age 18, Franklin was drafted into the United States Army, serving in World War II. Career At 14, Franklin began writing skits for The Kate Smith Hour; and at 16, Franklin officially began his entertainment career as a record picker on radio sensation Martin Block's Make Believe Ballroom where he became known as "The Young Wreck with the Old Records". By the time he was 21, he embarked on a radio career. He was also considered to be an authority on popular culture of the first half of the 20th century, including silent films. He was called "The King of Nostalgia" and "The Wizard of Was" for focusing on old-time show-business personalities. Franklin was also a pioneer in promoting products such as Hoffman Beverages and Canada Dry ginger ale on the air. A&E's documentary It's Only Talk, The Real Story Of America's Talk Shows credits Franklin as the creator of the television talk show. Franklin was listed in the Guinness World Records as the longest running continuous on-air TV talk show host, more than a decade longer than Johnny Carson's run. In 1999, Franklin partnered with Producer Steve Garrin and Restaurant Mogul Dennis Riese to open Joe Franklin's Memory Lane Restaurant on West 45th Street in Broadway's theater district. After the restaurant closed in 2003 it reopened the following year as "Joe Franklin's Comedy Club" on West 50th Street. Many name comedians came to the club and performed on stage to break in their new material, and many aspiring comics got their first stage time there. It closed in 2005. After retiring from his television show, Franklin concentrated on his overnight radio show, playing old records on WOR-AM on Saturday evenings and mentoring thousands of aspiring entertainers who for decades sought an audience with him at his notoriously cluttered Times Square office. Franklin's celebrity interviews, known as "Nostalgia Moments", appeared daily on the Bloomberg Radio Network until mid-January 2015, shortly before his death. Famous guests Franklin's guests included an eclectic mix of actual celebrities and low level performers, sometimes on the same panel. He claimed to have had Charlie Chaplin on his program, a dubious statement since Chaplin left the United States in 1952, shortly after Franklin's TV debut. Franklin took credit for discovering or giving early exposure to Al Pacino, Bette Midler, Barbra Streisand, Michael Jackson, Garth Brooks and Woody Allen. He interviewed Andy Warhol and Howard Stern, William F. Buckley and Abbie Hoffman, Jack LaLanne and Muhammad Ali, Fred Astaire and John Wayne. Other guest claims include Judy Garland, Marilyn Monroe (with whom Franklin co-authored "The Marilyn Monroe Story" in 1953), Jayne Mansfield, The Beastie Boys, Cary Grant, Sam Levene, Lena Horne, Tony Bennett, Salvador Dalí, Rudy Vallee, Jimmy Durante, Madonna, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Bing Crosby, Jerry Lewis, Roger Williams, The Belmonts, Elvis Presley, The Ramones, Lou Albano and five US presidents (including John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon). As with the Chaplin claim, some of these appearances were unable to be independently confirmed based on a lack of evidence, since still pictures taken on the set do not exist for several of the people listed, and little video from before the 1970s survives. Bette Midler was the show's in-house singer for a time, and Barry Manilow her accompanist. Elizabeth Joyce was his in-house psychic/astrologer. Franklin never employed a co-host, but his producer, Richie Ornstein, was a standard feature on the Joe Franklin Show who interacted with guests and discussed trivia. Woody Allen, Andy Kaufman, Liza Minnelli, Barbra Streisand, Julia Roberts, Bruce Springsteen, Robin Williams, John Belushi and Richard Pryor got their first television exposure on The Joe Franklin Show. Frank Sinatra reportedly appeared four times. Franklin frequently appeared at his restaurant, where he conducted live, in-person interviews with entertainers such as Carol Channing, Anita O'Day and Billy Crystal, who impersonated Franklin on Saturday Night Live. In media Franklin appeared as himself in such New York-based films as Ghostbusters, Broadway Danny Rose, and 29th Street. Franklin appeared on the first episode of This American Life giving host Ira Glass advice on how to have a successful show. He was also a guest on an early episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast. He also made appearances in various works by New York low-budget film company Troma Entertainment, making a cameo as himself in their 1999 meta-fictional slasher film Terror Firmer, as well as the 1993 infomercial The Troma System as the result of the commercial's host transforming into "the ultimate talk show host". Franklin appeared as himself in comedian Tracey Ullman’s 1993 HBO comedy special Tracey Ullman Takes on New York, interviewing character Linda Granger on his talk show. Franklin's show was first parodied by Billy Crystal during the 1984–1985 season of Saturday Night Live. On the locally produced program The Uncle Floyd Show, host Floyd Vivino parodied Franklin as "Joe Frankfurter". In 1997, Franklin was profiled in the documentary film 50,000,000 Joe Franklin Fans Can't Be Wrong (1997), directed by Joshua Brown. Also in 1997, Franklin was satirized by Drew Friedman in * Any Similarity to Persons Living or Dead is Purely Coincidental (with Josh Alan Friedman) (Fantagraphics Books, 1997) Franklin appears in the 2005 documentary The Aristocrats, an anthology of absurdly crude humor. In 2014, Franklin starred in Owen Kline and Andrew Lampert's comedic short film Jazzy for Joe, which featured Franklin raising an abandoned baby discovered on his doorstep. The film was programmed by Robert Downey Sr. and run as the finale of a 2014 retrospective of his own filmography at the late West Hollywood theater Cinefamily. "It's a 13-minute film that's just great and the right spirit of those years, way back, when we were all helping each other. This film is great." Personal life Franklin married Lois Meriden, a onetime performer with Sally Rand's burlesque-style "fan dancers". They had a son, Bradley. Later, Franklin's longtime companion was Jodi Fritz. Franklin died of prostate cancer at a Manhattan hospice on January 24, 2015, aged 88. Selected books 1953 The Marilyn Monroe Story, R. Field Company; Greenberg. 1959 Classics of the Silent Screen: A Pictorial Treasury, The Citadel press (reprinted in 2013 by Literary Licensing, LLC); attributed to Franklin but actually written by noted film historian William K. Everson 1974 Joe Franklin's Memory Lane Cookbook, Lion Books, 1978 A Gift for People , M. Evans Company, 1980 Joe Franklin's Awfully Corny Joke Book, Chelsea House Publishers, 1981 Seventy Years of Great Film Comedians: A Joe Franklin Memory Lane Scrapbook, Global Communications, 1985 Joe Franklin's Encyclopedia of Comedians, Bell Pub. Co., 1992 Joe Franklin's Movie Trivia, Hastings House, 2001 Up Late with Joe Franklin, Scribner, 2012 The Marilyn Monroe Story: The Intimate Inside Story of Hollywood's Hottest Glamour Girl., Campfire Network, . References External links Theatre Museum Award Radio interview (7 mins, 2015) on NPR's Fresh Air Joe Franklin Interview NAMM Oral History Library (1995) 1926 births 2015 deaths American television talk show hosts Jewish American male actors Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Deaths from prostate cancer Radio personalities from New York City Writers from the Bronx United States Army personnel of World War II 21st-century American Jews

<mask> (March 9, 1926 – January 24, 2015), born Joseph Fortgang, was an American radio and television host personality, author and actor from New York City. His television series debuted in January 1951 on WJZ-TV (later WABC-TV), moving to WOR-TV (later WWOR-TV) in 1962, remaining there until 1993, one of the longest running uninterrupted careers in broadcasting history. Early life <mask> was born Joseph Fortgang on March 9, 1926, in The Bronx, New York, the elder of two children, to Austrian Jewish parents, Anna (Heller) and Martin Fortgang. He acknowledged in his memoirs, Up Late With <mask>, (which was written with R. J. Marx), that his press materials had long said, purposely, that he had been born in 1928, but he planned to come clean about his real birth date. As a teenager, <mask> "followed around" Al Jolson and Eddie Cantor, the latter of whom eventually began buying jokes from the young <mask> and whose Carnegie Hall show he later produced. At age 18, <mask> was drafted into the United States Army, serving in World War II. Career At 14, <mask> began writing skits for The Kate Smith Hour; and at 16, <mask> officially began his entertainment career as a record picker on radio sensation Martin Block's Make Believe Ballroom where he became known as "The Young Wreck with the Old Records".By the time he was 21, he embarked on a radio career. He was also considered to be an authority on popular culture of the first half of the 20th century, including silent films. He was called "The King of Nostalgia" and "The Wizard of Was" for focusing on old-time show-business personalities. <mask> was also a pioneer in promoting products such as Hoffman Beverages and Canada Dry ginger ale on the air. A&E's documentary It's Only Talk, The Real Story Of America's Talk Shows credits <mask> as the creator of the television talk show. <mask> was listed in the Guinness World Records as the longest running continuous on-air TV talk show host, more than a decade longer than Johnny Carson's run. In 1999, <mask> partnered with Producer Steve Garrin and Restaurant Mogul Dennis Riese to open <mask>'s Memory Lane Restaurant on West 45th Street in Broadway's theater district.After the restaurant closed in 2003 it reopened the following year as "<mask>'s Comedy Club" on West 50th Street. Many name comedians came to the club and performed on stage to break in their new material, and many aspiring comics got their first stage time there. It closed in 2005. After retiring from his television show, <mask> concentrated on his overnight radio show, playing old records on WOR-AM on Saturday evenings and mentoring thousands of aspiring entertainers who for decades sought an audience with him at his notoriously cluttered Times Square office. <mask>'s celebrity interviews, known as "Nostalgia Moments", appeared daily on the Bloomberg Radio Network until mid-January 2015, shortly before his death. Famous guests <mask>'s guests included an eclectic mix of actual celebrities and low level performers, sometimes on the same panel. He claimed to have had Charlie Chaplin on his program, a dubious statement since Chaplin left the United States in 1952, shortly after <mask>'s TV debut.<mask> took credit for discovering or giving early exposure to Al Pacino, Bette Midler, Barbra Streisand, Michael Jackson, Garth Brooks and Woody Allen. He interviewed Andy Warhol and Howard Stern, William F. Buckley and Abbie Hoffman, Jack LaLanne and Muhammad Ali, Fred Astaire and John Wayne. Other guest claims include Judy Garland, Marilyn Monroe (with whom <mask> co-authored "The Marilyn Monroe Story" in 1953), Jayne Mansfield, The Beastie Boys, Cary Grant, Sam Levene, Lena Horne, Tony Bennett, Salvador Dalí, Rudy Vallee, Jimmy Durante, Madonna, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Bing Crosby, Jerry Lewis, Roger Williams, The Belmonts, Elvis Presley, The Ramones, Lou Albano and five US presidents (including John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon). As with the Chaplin claim, some of these appearances were unable to be independently confirmed based on a lack of evidence, since still pictures taken on the set do not exist for several of the people listed, and little video from before the 1970s survives. Bette Midler was the show's in-house singer for a time, and Barry Manilow her accompanist. Elizabeth Joyce was his in-house psychic/astrologer. <mask> never employed a co-host, but his producer, Richie Ornstein, was a standard feature on the <mask> Show who interacted with guests and discussed trivia.Woody Allen, Andy Kaufman, Liza Minnelli, Barbra Streisand, Julia Roberts, Bruce Springsteen, Robin Williams, John Belushi and Richard Pryor got their first television exposure on The <mask> Show. Frank Sinatra reportedly appeared four times. <mask> frequently appeared at his restaurant, where he conducted live, in-person interviews with entertainers such as Carol Channing, Anita O'Day and Billy Crystal, who impersonated <mask> on Saturday Night Live. In media <mask> appeared as himself in such New York-based films as Ghostbusters, Broadway Danny Rose, and 29th Street. <mask> appeared on the first episode of This American Life giving host Ira Glass advice on how to have a successful show. He was also a guest on an early episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast. He also made appearances in various works by New York low-budget film company Troma Entertainment, making a cameo as himself in their 1999 meta-fictional slasher film Terror Firmer, as well as the 1993 infomercial The Troma System as the result of the commercial's host transforming into "the ultimate talk show host".<mask> appeared as himself in comedian Tracey Ullman’s 1993 HBO comedy special Tracey Ullman Takes on New York, interviewing character Linda Granger on his talk show. <mask>'s show was first parodied by Billy Crystal during the 1984–1985 season of Saturday Night Live. On the locally produced program The Uncle Floyd Show, host Floyd Vivino parodied <mask> as "<mask>". In 1997, <mask> was profiled in the documentary film 50,000,000 Joe Franklin Fans Can't Be Wrong (1997), directed by Joshua Brown. Also in 1997, <mask> was satirized by Drew Friedman in * Any Similarity to Persons Living or Dead is Purely Coincidental (with Josh Alan Friedman) (Fantagraphics Books, 1997) <mask> appears in the 2005 documentary The Aristocrats, an anthology of absurdly crude humor. In 2014, <mask> starred in Owen Kline and Andrew Lampert's comedic short film Jazzy for Joe, which featured <mask> raising an abandoned baby discovered on his doorstep. The film was programmed by Robert Downey Sr. and run as the finale of a 2014 retrospective of his own filmography at the late West Hollywood theater Cinefamily."It's a 13-minute film that's just great and the right spirit of those years, way back, when we were all helping each other. This film is great." Personal life <mask> married Lois Meriden, a onetime performer with Sally Rand's burlesque-style "fan dancers". They had a son, Bradley. Later, <mask>'s longtime companion was Jodi Fritz. <mask> died of prostate cancer at a Manhattan hospice on January 24, 2015, aged 88. Selected books 1953 The Marilyn Monroe Story, R. Field Company; Greenberg.1959 Classics of the Silent Screen: A Pictorial Treasury, The Citadel press (reprinted in 2013 by Literary Licensing, LLC); attributed to <mask> but actually written by noted film historian William K. Everson 1974 <mask>'s Memory Lane Cookbook, Lion Books, 1978 A Gift for People , M. Evans Company, 1980 <mask>'s Awfully Corny Joke Book, Chelsea House Publishers, 1981 Seventy Years of Great Film Comedians: A <mask> Memory Lane Scrapbook, Global Communications, 1985 <mask>'s Encyclopedia of Comedians, Bell Pub. Co., 1992 <mask>'s Movie Trivia, Hastings House, 2001 Up Late with <mask>, Scribner, 2012 The Marilyn Monroe Story: The Intimate Inside Story of Hollywood's Hottest Glamour Girl., Campfire Network, . References External links Theatre Museum Award Radio interview (7 mins, 2015) on NPR's Fresh Air <mask> Interview NAMM Oral History Library (1995) 1926 births 2015 deaths American television talk show hosts Jewish American male actors Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Deaths from prostate cancer Radio personalities from New York City Writers from the Bronx United States Army personnel of World War II 21st-century American Jews

<mask> was an American radio and television host personality who was born in New York City. His television series began in January 1951 on WJZ-TV, moved to WABC-TV in 1962, and finally to WWOR-TV in 1993. <mask> was the elder of two children to Austrian Jewish parents, Anna and Martin Fortgang, who were born on March 9, 1926, in The Bronx, New York. He admitted in his memoirs, Up Late With <mask>, that he had been born in 1928, but he was going to come clean about it. As a teenager, <mask> followed around Al Jolson and Eddie Cantor, the latter of whom eventually began buying jokes from the young <mask> and whose Carnegie Hall show he later produced. <mask> was drafted into the United States Army at the age of 18. At 14, <mask> began writing sketches for The Kate Smith Hour, and at 16 he began his entertainment career as a record picker for Martin Block's Make Believe Ballroom.He began his radio career when he was 21. He was an authority on popular culture of the first half of the 20th century, including silent films. He was referred to as "The King of Nostalgia" and "The Wizard of Was". <mask> was a pioneer in promoting products on the air. <mask> is credited in A&E's documentary It's Only Talk, The Real Story Of America's Talk Shows. <mask> was listed in the Guinness World Records as the longest running continuous on-air TV talk show host, more than a decade longer than Johnny Carson's run. In 1999, <mask>, Steve Garrin, and Dennis Riese opened <mask>'s Memory Lane Restaurant on West 45th Street in Broadway's theater district.It reopened as "<mask>'s Comedy Club" in the year after it closed. Many name comedians came to the club and performed on stage to break in their new material, and many aspiring comics got their first stage time there. It closed in 2005. After retiring from his television show, <mask> concentrated on his overnight radio show, playing old records on WOR-AM on Saturday evenings and mentoring thousands of aspiring entertainers who for decades sought an audience with him. Shortly before his death, <mask>'s celebrity interviews appeared daily on the radio network. A mix of actual celebrities and low level performers were included in <mask>'s guests. After <mask>'s TV debut, he claimed to have had Charlie Chaplin on his program.<mask> gave early exposure to Barbra Streisand and Al Pacino. Jack LaLanne, Muhammad Ali, Fred Astaire and John Wayne were interviewed. Judy Garland and Marilyn Monroe are two of the guest claims. Some of these appearances were unable to be independently confirmed due to a lack of evidence, since still pictures taken on the set do not exist for several of the people listed, and little video from before the 1970s survives. Barry Manilow was the show's in-house singer for a time. He had an in-house psychic named Elizabeth Joyce. <mask> never employed a co-host, but his producer was a standard feature on the show.Woody Allen, Andy Kaufman, Liza Minnelli, Barbra Streisand, Julia Roberts, Bruce Springsteen, Robin Williams, John Belushi and Richard Pryor were all on The <mask> Show. According to reports, Frank Sinatra appeared four times. Billy Crystal, who impersonated <mask> on Saturday Night Live, was interviewed live at <mask>'s restaurant. <mask> appeared in New York-based films such as Ghostbusters, Broadway Danny Rose, and 29th Street. <mask> gave Ira Glass advice on how to have a successful show on the first episode of This American Life. He was a guest on the first episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast. He made a brief appearance in the 1999 meta-fictional slasher film Terror Firmer, as well as the 1993 infomercial The Troma System, as the result of the commercial's host transforming into ".<mask> appeared in a comedy special as himself, interviewing a character on his talk show. Billy Crystal parodied <mask>'s show on Saturday Night Live. <mask> was parodied as "<mask>er" on The Uncle Floyd Show. 50,000,000 <mask> Fans Can't Be Wrong was a documentary film directed by Joshua Brown. Drew Friedman satirized <mask> in * Any Similarity to Persons Living or Dead is Purely Coincidental (with Josh Alan Friedman) in 1997. <mask> starred in the short film Jazzy for Joe, which featured him raising an abandoned baby on his doorstep. The final film in Robert Downey Jr.'s retrospective of his own filmography was programmed by his father.It's a 13-minute film that's great and the right spirit of those years, when we were all helping each other. The film is great. <mask> was married to a onetime performer with Sally Rand's "fan dancers". Bradley was their son. Later, <mask>'s companion was a woman. <mask> died of cancer on January 24, 2015, at the age of 88. The Marilyn Monroe Story was one of the books selected.In 1959 Classics of the Silent Screen: A Pictorial Treasury, The Citadel press was attributed to <mask> but actually written by William K. Everson, a noted film historian. Co., 1992 <mask>'s Movie Quiz, Hastings House, 2001 Up Late with <mask>, Scribner, and 2012 The Marilyn Monroe Story: The Intimate Inside Story of Hollywood's Hottest Glamour Girl. The Theatre Museum Award Radio interview can be found on NPR's Fresh Air.