source string | id string | question string | options list | answer string | reasoning string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1001 | thermodynamics, electromagnetic-radiation, blackbody
What generally happens is that after an e.g. visible photon comes in and gets absorbed, the energy is converted to heat, and it is later emitted by a thermal emission as described above.
This thermal emission may be in the infra-red range (for practical temperatures... | [
"an inherited characteristic",
"a fabricated characteristic",
"a manufacturing characteristic",
"an age characteristic"
] | A | the color of fur is an inherited characteristic |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1002 | species-identification, zoology, ornithology
Title: Identification by tail feather I saw the remains of a bird today I did not recognize, and it was pretty mangled so it was hard to describe it. It was about the size of a robin. However, it had a dark brown mottled body like nothing I have ever seen. I have included b... | [
"Skin",
"Feathers",
"Scales",
"Fur"
] | B | chickens cluck |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1003 | environmental-protection, natural-disasters
Title: The impact of red mud near Hamburg On October 4, 2010 a disaster started at a site in Ajka, Hungary. A red mud reservoir near an alumina plant broke, and the toxic material moved through nature and on into the northern half of Devecser village and killed 10 people, in... | [
"San Francisco",
"Houston",
"Mexico City",
"Tokyo"
] | B | heavy rains cause flooding |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1004 | dating
Title: Can we carbon-date the remains of homo floresiensis found in 2003? According to the Wikipedia article on the species Homo floresiensis, the remains discovered in 2003 consist of unfossilized bones. I would assume that means they are still composed of the original organic material left behind when the hum... | [
"because we drive cars",
"because they are in our memories",
"because we still see them",
"because we miss them"
] | A | heat and pressure change the remains of prehistoric living things into natural gas |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1005 | inorganic-chemistry, decomposition
Title: Why doesn't CaO decompose into Ca and O2? Many metal oxides decompose into the free metal and oxygen gas at high temperatures, but why doesn't $\ce{CaO}$ do that? What happens to $\ce{CaO}$ at high temperatures?
This is from problem 2 of the 2011 USNCO local exam:
Oxygen gas ... | [
"Silicon",
"Phosphorus",
"Carbon",
"Hydrogen"
] | C | decomposition increases amount of organic matter in soil |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1006 | meteorology, mesoscale-meteorology
In a sense, the fact pressure at one elevation induces changes\motion in another elevation maybe shouldn't seem any less weird than the fact that a low-level low pressure system can affect the wind and weather hundreds of miles away from it horizontally. This isn't spooky action at ... | [
"water damage will be more apparent",
"flood damage will be decreased",
"flooding will be less of a risk",
"more floodwater will be clean"
] | A | as elevation of a place decreases , how much a flood will affect that place will increases |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1007 | magnetic-fields, earth
Title: Would a compass on its side point at the ground? From a point just north of the equator, A straight line to the Magnetic North would be through the earth. If a compass was turned on it's side, would the north pointing arrow point toward the ground along that straight line? A compass is us... | [
"turns right",
"turns left",
"turns around",
"keeps straight"
] | C | when the needle of a compass lines up with Earth 's magnetic poles , the needle points north |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1008 | everyday-life
Title: Strange pattern on car windows
A couple of days ago I was in a friend's car, and I noticed this pattern on the windows; I took a picture of the sun through the window to make it clearly visible.
The night before had been quite cold, but I don't think that the temperature went below $0$ °C, even ... | [
"the sun is setting",
"vapor transformed into droplets",
"the moon is rising",
"the windshield is dissolving"
] | B | beads of water are formed by water vapor condensing |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1009 | human-biology, reproduction, human-genetics
Title: Very frequent multiple births in humans 18th century Feodor Vassilyev is said to have had children by two wives, each of whom only ever had twins, triplets or quadruplets. His first wife has 16 sets of twins, 7 of triplets and 4 of quads; his second had 6 sets of twin... | [
"hallucinate",
"nurse",
"scream",
"are born"
] | B | An example of an instinct is the kangaroo 's ability to crawl into its mother 's pouch to drink milk |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1010 | spectroscopy
Title: Why does the tungsten filament in a lightbulb produce a full(ish) spectrum instead of tungsten's emission spectrum? I only roughly understand how a spectroscope works, so that may be part of the problem. I don't understand what is different about what causes the materials to emit light. The light e... | [
"light bulbs get very warm",
"filaments are able to freeze",
"the filament glows warmly",
"the filament catches fire"
] | C | an incandescent light bulb converts electricity into light by sending electricity through a filament |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1011 | human-physiology, digestion, stomach
The stomach accomplishes much of its function by mechanically breaking down the swallowed food particles and mixing them with acid and enzymes into a sort of slurry. To do this, there are three major layers of muscle surround the stomach - from the outside, the longitudinal layer, ... | [
"it is bad to eat",
"it is dismantling nutrients",
"food is cleared out",
"it is time for dinner"
] | B | the digestive system breaks food into nutrients for the body |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1012 | zoology
Title: Can my dog really understand me? Are dogs capable to understands human language ( for example after order sit it sit because he know that word) Or can sence our order by body language and intonation if so why this type of communication developed only at dogs? Some researchers say that dogs have the inte... | [
"eat food when it is hungry",
"lean back and accept having nails trimmed",
"bark when it wants to",
"urinate when its bladder is full"
] | B | if an animal is trained to do something then that something is a learned behavior |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1013 | human-biology, evolution, reproduction, human-physiology, sexual-reproduction
Hypothesis 1: Profet (1993) hypothesized that shedding the endometrium may be an effective way to get rid of sperm-based pathogens. The accompanying bleeding, Profet hypothesizes, delivers immune cells into the uterine cavity that can comba... | [
"pills",
"waste",
"blood",
"flu"
] | B | An example of avoiding waste is using an object more than once |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1014 | electrophysiology, ichthyology, bioenergetics, energy, limnology
Containment
They also, as an aside, have to be careful to not electrocute themselves and stop their own hearts, and they have to take care not to electrocute each other. The father will keep his fry in his mouth, and signal them as to where they should g... | [
"masonry will come in handy",
"use all copper wire",
"aluminum should be useful",
"use all silver fillings"
] | A | brick is an electrical insulator |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1015 | bacteriology, food, hematology, toxicology, parasitology
Title: Blood consumption Is consumption of blood more "dangerous" compared to meat?
There was a news-article about unnatural chemicals found in the blood of mothers. This reminded me about a question I have pondered upon from time to time. Now, I am not a vampir... | [
"hiking boots",
"hybrid cars",
"anti bacteria soap",
"bike"
] | C | good bacteria grow on the skin |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1016 | meteorology, weather-forecasting, barometric-pressure
Title: Do high pressure systems draw air towards them? I refer to the this very recent article, which quotes Andrew Watkins (Manager of Climate Prediction Services at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology).
My understanding has always been that air flows away from h... | [
"heavy coat",
"mittens",
"shorts",
"ski mask"
] | C | winter in the Northern Hemisphere is during the summer in the Southern Hemisphere |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1017 | thermodynamics, absorption
When you want to boil water efficiently, you do two things: cover the pot (limit loss due to evaporation) and put the heat inside if you can: for example the submerged heater element in electric kettles. Other forms of boilers also put the heat in the middle of the water (think water heaters... | [
"ice cube",
"car tire?",
"embers",
"bathtub"
] | C | a hot substance is a source of heat |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1018 | homework-and-exercises, newtonian-mechanics, forces, string
Title: How could a cord withstand a force greater than its breaking strength? How could a 100 N object be lowered from a roof using a cord with a breaking strength of 80 N without breaking the cord?
My attempt to answer this question is that we could use a c... | [
"a notebook",
"a pair of glasses",
"a wall",
"a hardcover book"
] | B | as the thickness of an object increases , the resistance to breaking will increase |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1019 | newtonian-mechanics, momentum, everyday-life, collision
Title: Why do the pieces of breaking objects scatter? If I were to drop most objects to a level floor, they would land with a thud or bounce a few times without gaining any lateral velocity.
But a fragile object will not only break into two or more pieces, but th... | [
"rubbing an emery board across your nail",
"rubbing a cloth over a counter",
"using a towel after you shower",
"wiping your chin after drinking some milk"
] | A | scraping an object may cause small particles to break off of that object |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1020 | electricity
Title: Why does this automatic night light advertise money savings? I just bought a night light to light the hallway since it receives no outside light. The one I bought advertises that it saves money because it turns on only during the night or (dark hours). I did the calculations and I am confused as to ... | [
"dripping the sink at night",
"taking a bath twice a day",
"flushing the toilet more",
"repairing all his pipes"
] | D | using less resources usually causes money to be saved |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1021 | meteorology, tropical-cyclone, extreme-weather
Title: Why would Google's map of areas affected by Hurricane Harvey have advisories for the west coast and other far away areas?
What behavior of this hurricane would lead to advisories for the west coast and even parts of Canada and Alaska, when the hurricane is in the ... | [
"the salt from the ocean",
"the ocean being quite wet",
"seas have humidity from raised temperatures and fluid",
"the sea being cool and calm"
] | C | an ocean is a source of heat and moisture for a hurricane |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1022 | Best Japanese Brown Rice, Air Fryer Burgers And Fries, østfold University College Vacancies, Band T-shirts Walmart, How To Become An Anglican Priest, Too Much Fennel Taste, Porter Cable Circular Saw Cordless, Utmb My Chart, Iams Large Breed Dog Food Nutrition Facts,
The following is multiple choice question (with opti... | [
"plants",
"eukaryotes",
"apes",
"amoebas"
] | C | bears eat insects |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1023 | astronomy, everyday-life, popular-science, climate-science
It is for much the same reason that Winter is colder than Autumn, even though they have the same amount of daylight hours.
The following is multiple choice question (with options) to answer.
The air was cold, so all night the sheep kept | [
"sleeping",
"shaking",
"jumping",
"running."
] | B | shivering is when an animal creates heat by shaking to keep the body warm |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1024 | newtonian-mechanics, momentum, everyday-life, collision
Title: Why do the pieces of breaking objects scatter? If I were to drop most objects to a level floor, they would land with a thud or bounce a few times without gaining any lateral velocity.
But a fragile object will not only break into two or more pieces, but th... | [
"it is always a positive thing to the object",
"the object fails to be impacted",
"all of these",
"the item suffers a negative impact"
] | D | cracking something usually has a negative impact on that something |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1025 | water, spectrometry
Title: How much oxygen did the Warwick/Cambridge study find in the rocky debris around white dwarf GD 61? There are several articles out saying that a Warwick/Cambridge study of ultraviolet spectroscopy data from the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope found a large amount of ... | [
"Desert",
"Cities",
"Ocean",
"Forest"
] | C | oceans cover 70% of the surface of the earth |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1026 | organic-chemistry, everyday-chemistry, aqueous-solution, ions
How and why do they get released from tea leaf? Since you don't usually see any "big" differences between tea leaf and a soaked tea leaf? (I'm not looking for the how of solution)
If your tea leaves are crushed or broken in any way, this really is just sim... | [
"smoke.",
"sing",
"flower",
"grow"
] | A | chemical reactions cause chemical change |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1027 | c++, object-oriented, database
void Client::getSmallestLectureHallForGivenStudents() {
int students;
while ((students = input<int>("Enter Students (>0): ")) <= 0)
;
LectureHall* r = rbs->getSmallestLectureHallByStudents(students);
if (r->getChairs() > 0) {
cout << "The required Lecture ... | [
"the projector screen behind the teacher",
"a laptop held by a student walking outside the window",
"the student's own laptop",
"a neighboring student laptop"
] | B | as distance to an object increases , that object will appear smaller |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1028 | $7|61$ gives $61=7\cdot 8 +5$
He would have 5 cows left over. So 61 can't be an answer
5. Hello, swimalot!
A cowboy was asked how many cows were on the ranch.
He replied that he was unsure, but he knew that when he counted them
by twos, threes, fours, fives, or sixes, he always had one left over.
When counted by sev... | [
"they eat roughage",
"they hunt meat",
"they eat insects",
"they eat prey"
] | A | cows only eat plants |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1029 | solvents, solubility, melting-point, phase
Similarities:
In each case, forces between the particles that comprise the solid are disrupted and that takes energy. (Whether it’s chemical bonds or intermolecular forces depends on the process and on the solid and on your definitions. (See this question.) But melting (rare... | [
"cooking stew in a crockpot",
"using an oven to heat a pizza",
"using a stove to warm frozen vegetables",
"using a hairdryer to turn ice to water"
] | D | melting means changing from a solid into a liquid by adding heat energy |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1030 | newtonian-mechanics
I should add that the above is simply what I, as a physicist with a fairly long experience, suspect is what is going on. It is not something I have read about and I am sure there is somewhere a more thorough discussion. So I hope I am right; I think I have a good argument. As I have described it ab... | [
"that is an unusual feature",
"most heads are round",
"a parent probably had a round head",
"there is fluid on the brain"
] | C | the shape of body parts is an inherited characteristic |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1031 | human-biology
Title: Why do we sweat after drinking water and running? Why do we sweat after running?
Also we sweat sometime after drinking lots of water. Why it is so?
Can someone please enlighten me in this regard? Exercise, such as running, increases muscle activity. This increases the energy demand of these ... | [
"it contracts",
"it falls",
"it expands",
"it rises"
] | B | matter in the liquid state drips |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1032 | visible-light, sun, weather
Title: Why are clouds lighter than the sky during the day but darker at night This is probably a very basic question but I couldn't find a good answer to it, most search results are about rain clouds or clouds appearing red at night (something I've never seen except for during sunset but ap... | [
"the clouds are thin",
"the sky is dark",
"the wind is strong",
"the sun is obscured"
] | D | cloudy means the presence of clouds in the sky |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1033 | ecology
Title: Statement about Tropical Rainforests I made a statement about tropical rainforests, and I want to know if it's somewhat true or not:
The soil in tropical rainforests is not exceptionally fertile, because it contains few minerals. The reason that a tropical rainforest has a huge amount of vegetation is b... | [
"the vitamin would evaporate",
"the vitamin would leak back into the ground",
"the trees would mutate and die",
"the squirrels would have that vitamin in their system"
] | D | if some nutrients are in the soil then those nutrients are in the food chain |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1034 | acoustics
Title: Amplified Sound in another room I was sitting in my room with my door open, because I have a cooler in my room that has a lot of noise when turned on. I was watching a video on my phone, but because of the noise from the cooler, I couldnt hear it and I had to increase the volume. However, my brother c... | [
"light",
"electric charge",
"delayed reflection",
"video"
] | C | when a sound is produced inside of a room , there is sometimes an echo after the sound |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1035 | species-identification, zoology, entomology
Title: Species identification; clusters of big plump red bugs in Taipei I saw these red insects in Taipei near XinBeitou MRT station in the last week of April 2017, around lunch time. They were fairly active and would keep checking each other out with their antennae for a mo... | [
"landmarks",
"road signs",
"eggs",
"magnetic patterns"
] | D | Earth 's magnetic patterns are used for finding locations by animals that migrate |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1036 | energy, phase
Title: How can melting point equal freezing point? I don't understand how the freezing point of a substance is the same temperature as the melting point of the same substance.
For example, if liquid water freezes at 0 °C how can ice also melts at 0 °C? Because melting point and freezing point describe th... | [
"the temperature below which gas turns to liquid",
"the temperature above which liquid stops being liquid",
"the temperature below which solid turns to liquid",
"the temperature below which liquid stops being liquid"
] | D | freezing point means temperature below which a liquid freezes |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1037 | organic-chemistry, catalysis, green-chemistry
Title: How does the work that won the 2012 Sustainable Chemistry Award contribute to sustainable chemistry? I'm seeking a lay explanation for how the work of Dr Marc Taillefer that won the 2012 European Sustainable Chemistry Award, contributes to sustainable chemistry.
Fro... | [
"drive to work",
"quit her job",
"walk to work",
"visit a friend"
] | C | An example of protecting the environment is reducing the amount of pollutants |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1038 | meteorology, tornado, coriolis
And then conversely, Australia doesn't have a lot of land Poleward yet is still a reasonably busy tornado spot.
Mountain ranges Poleward also generally aren't a big deal... even pretty large ones; one of the biggest tornado areas is Bangladesh\India, despite the disruption the Himalayas ... | [
"disperse them",
"plant them",
"destroy them",
"drown them"
] | A | a disperser disperses |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1039 | glaciology, glacier, ice
What would be a good average to take? This is a non-trivial issue. When you look at volume change of a glacier, you typically subtract two digital elevation models to obtain the difference between the two. First, you must differentiate between ice sheets where ice berg calving reduces volume a... | [
"is an effect of too many polar bears",
"is an effect of an abundance of CO2 in the environment",
"is an effect of deforestation",
"is an effect of oxygen saturation"
] | B | if the atmospheric temperature rises then the glaciers will melt |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1040 | resources, soil
Title: Is soil a renewable resource? My geology textbook tells me that soil is not renewable, and I agree with this, but there was some question in my class as to whether this is true.
Some soils take more than a human lifetime to regenerate. However, in crop production, it seems as if soil can be reg... | [
"Plastic",
"Metal",
"Concrete",
"Rain"
] | D | renewable resources can be used over again |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1041 | human-biology, cardiology
Title: How quickly can the human heart rate rise and fall? How quickly can the human heart rate rise and lower?
For example lets say a human heart rate is rested and is at 60BPM and that person is suddenly scared to trigger their fight or flight reaction. Lets say their heart rate rises to do... | [
"the quicker the pace of a runner",
"when a person falls asleep",
"as a runner slows down",
"while holding yoga poses"
] | A | as energy required for an activity increases , pulse will increase |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1042 | rotation, habitable-zone, weather, astrobiology
One of the interesting historical facts of life on Earth, at least to me, is how long it took what we might consider advanced life to develop. One celled life in various forms was around for over 3 billion years but the first fossils are about 650 million years old. ... | [
"seasons",
"tides",
"sunset",
"clocks"
] | A | winter in a hemisphere occurs when the Pole located in that hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1043 | ##### Motivating Questions
• In a setting where a situation is described for which optimal parameters are sought, how do we develop a function that models the situation and use calculus to find the desired maximum or minimum?
Near the conclusion of Section 3.3, we considered two examples of optimization problems where... | [
"makes books out of trees",
"makes rocks out of wood",
"makes corn out of dogs",
"makes fur out of tableclothes"
] | A | if something is a raw material then that something comes directly from a source |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1044 | electromagnetism, electric-circuits, electric-fields, potential, potential-energy
Once the energy flows through $a$ we no longer know if the fields inside $a$ are conservative. But that is not required because we are only concerned about the currents, voltages, and power entering and leaving $a$.
The following is mul... | [
"incomplete conductive paths",
"complete conductive paths",
"closed circuits",
"low-resistant electrons"
] | A | electricity can not flow through an open circuit |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1045 | thermodynamics, heat-conduction
However, the dependency of $c$ on starting temperature and pressure can often be ignored in practical contexts, e.g. when working in narrow ranges of those variables.
After looking up the tables for $\kappa$, $c_p$, etc. for the materials involved, they don't seem to vary much more tha... | [
"heating element",
"building device",
"conduction",
"convection"
] | C | if an object is exposed to a source of heat then that conductor may become hot |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1046 | everyday-chemistry, water, crystallography
Spin-off question:
I heard (not sure where) that each snowflake assumes a unique shape. How true is this?
Now, as I understand it, all processes proceed so as to maximize the "randomness" of its constituent particles. (Oversimplified version of the Second Law of Thermodynami... | [
"vapor",
"hot",
"liquid",
"cold"
] | D | sleet is made of ice |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1047 | resources, soil
Title: Is soil a renewable resource? My geology textbook tells me that soil is not renewable, and I agree with this, but there was some question in my class as to whether this is true.
Some soils take more than a human lifetime to regenerate. However, in crop production, it seems as if soil can be reg... | [
"refilling a lake that evaporated",
"planting a flower in a garden",
"growing a bush in a yard",
"planting a berry patch"
] | A | An example of replacing a natural resource is planting new trees where a forest once stood |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1048 | atmospheric-chemistry
But some researchers have argued it does make a notable contribution in the lower atmosphere, but indirectly. There doesn't appear to be a consensus on how big this effect is (and the Wikipedia reference is old and obsolete). The argument for ozone being a notable contributor is based on the foll... | [
"by purchasing products made from recycled products",
"by switching to energy efficient appliances",
"by leaving behind refuse on public beaches",
"by frequently recycling paper and plastic"
] | C | pollution is when humans pollute the environment with pollutants |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1049 | visible-light, electromagnetic-radiation, frequency, sun
(Note, there are other possible emission spectra, but those are associated with different materials doing the emissions and, for the purposes of this discussion, they aren't too important. We can just claim the emissions are all blackbody)
If you notice, as you... | [
"flashlight",
"laser",
"light bulb",
"fluorescent light"
] | B | a laser is used for producing light |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1050 | geochemistry, chemistry-in-fiction, minerals
They look like extremely poor sources of metals like aluminum, lithium, iron, sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium.
Now micas. Micas are described by the formula
$\ce{X_2Y_{4–6}Z_8O_{20}(OH,F)_4}$
in which
X is K, Na, or Ca or less commonly Ba, Rb, or Cs;
Y is Al, Mg, o... | [
"a power plant",
"a factory",
"a shopping mall",
"an oil field"
] | D | if something is a raw material then that something comes directly from a source |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1051 | orbit, earth
Title: Average amount of annual daylight at any place on earth If this is the wrong group please direct me to the correct one.
It seems intuitively obvious that the amount of daylight per annum should be the same for any latitude on earth. For example, 12 hours per day at the equator. The poles have dayli... | [
"October",
"July",
"January",
"April"
] | D | the amount of daylight is greatest in the summer |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1052 | zoology, ecology, species-distribution, migration
Title: How do animals end up in remote areas? I was thinking specifically about random marshy water holes on farmers fields. It seems that you can visit just about any one of these and you will find frogs if you look hard enough.
They usually don't seem to be connected... | [
"the type of animal",
"lacking ability to conform",
"ability to stay in one place",
"the ability to adapt"
] | D | changes in an environment cause animals to adapt to survive |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1053 | charge, electric-current, flow
http://amasci.com/miscon/eleca.html#cflow
Energy, however, is not transmitted by one electron moving all the way around the circuit to the load, but rather through waves in the electrons and more importantly, the associated electric field. It's the same way that mechanical energy is tran... | [
"an electric grill",
"an electric stove",
"an electronic torch",
"a microwave oven"
] | C | a battery is a source of electrical energy |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1054 | phase-transition, biophysics, medical-physics, glass, amorphous-solids
313 6003 pp573-5 (1985).
This outcome was identified as early as the 1960s by electron microscopy of thawed cells, which revealed many puncture holes in the membrane.
Both freezing and rethawing are opportunities for damage, as recrystallization ca... | [
"roads in wintery areas need constant fixing after winter",
"houses are falling down soon",
"some trees split after they start to grow tall",
"ice is cold enough to kill"
] | A | ice wedging is when ice causes rocks to crack by expanding in openings |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1055 | food, nutrition, energy-metabolism
Title: What are the bare minimum nutrients required to survive as a human? I am trying to determine the bare minimum nutritional requirements to survive as a human, ignoring energy (caloric) requirements. Another way to ask this question is: What elements can humans not live without?... | [
"Akvavit",
"Jeggings",
"Carmex",
"Floss"
] | A | lack of food causes starvation |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1056 | reproduction, nutrition, ornithology
Title: Do chickens always lay eggs? http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hühnerei says it takes up to 24 h for a chicken to produce an egg.
Is that dependent on the chickens nutrition, i.e., if it does not get enough food or the wrong kind, meaning it can survive on the food but it does no... | [
"sticks",
"gum",
"rocks",
"tape"
] | A | a nest is made of branches |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1057 | species-identification, zoology, ornithology
Title: Identification by tail feather I saw the remains of a bird today I did not recognize, and it was pretty mangled so it was hard to describe it. It was about the size of a robin. However, it had a dark brown mottled body like nothing I have ever seen. I have included b... | [
"Vacation",
"Friends",
"Insurance",
"a different climate"
] | D | An example of migration is birds flying south in the winter |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1058 | predators (y2) die of natural causes (Reaction 3). At the same time , a trio of coming-of-age Predators have arrived to collect the skulls of the aliens as trophies , and the humans are caught between a deadly battle between the Spectacular and decent Aliens/Predators movie set in Antarctica where a motley group takes ... | [
"prey numbers will boom",
"the amount of prey will go down",
"new predators will arrive",
"all populations will increase"
] | A | as population of predators decreases , the population of prey will increase in an environment |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1059 | python, object-oriented, random
def start_delay(self):
'''Return random delay within <start_delay_range>.'''
return random.randint(start_delay_range[0], start_delay_range[1])
def run(self):
'''Turn on the light to <brightness> after <start_delay> for <duration>.'''
if self.dimmable... | [
"the circuit has shorted out",
"the television is pretty short",
"the path of electricity is completed",
"the button was plastic"
] | C | pushing a button sometimes completes a circuit |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1060 | rocks, remote-sensing, archaeology, ground-truth
Together, #1, #2, and #3 tell us that it's probably early summer just after the river ice has broken up.
The tooth-like features in the left image are simply erosional remnants sticking out of the riverbank. They could be bedrock (not likely), ice wedges, unmelted perm... | [
"white powder",
"ice cold drinks",
"warm water",
"fluffy white dirt"
] | A | the arctic environment is covered in snow |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1061 | human-biology, reproduction
Title: Why are animal births not taken as seriously as human births? When humans give birth, more than often medical assistance is needed. Others gather around and frantically look for any way to help. But when an animal gives birth, it is usually seen as a moment where you give the female ... | [
"coming through a tough shell",
"digging out of the sand",
"cooking up an egg",
"living in a nest"
] | A | if an animal hatches from an egg then that animal is born |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1062 | power-engineering, inductive-charging
Title: Efficiency of wireless charging for moving cars The UK is about to start trials of wireless charging for moving cars.
What kind of power transfer efficiency is likely to be achievable in such a system, compared to just plugging in the car directly? This is not exactly a com... | [
"all of these",
"battery operated",
"getting energy",
"alternative fueling"
] | A | alternative fuel is usually a renewable resource |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1063 | climate-change, geography, rivers, rainfall, agriculture
Today Climate change and its consequences are some of the biggest challenges facing Humanity, with water scarcity being the big factor in Sub-Sahara Africa.
By Ultimately raising the Rainfall in the entire Southern Africa, through the managed and controlled fill... | [
"ponds may dry up and kill off the fish population",
"plants will continue to flourish",
"animals will experience a boom in reproduction",
"tadpoles will mature faster into frogs"
] | A | the decrease of something required by an organism has a negative impact on that organism 's survival |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1064 | species-identification, zoology, entomology
Title: Species identification; clusters of big plump red bugs in Taipei I saw these red insects in Taipei near XinBeitou MRT station in the last week of April 2017, around lunch time. They were fairly active and would keep checking each other out with their antennae for a mo... | [
"they will flourish and thrive",
"their kind will dwindle",
"they will become predators",
"all of these"
] | B | hawks eat lizards |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1065 | fluid-statics
Title: Is this watering with gravity concept possible with physics?
I was thinking of putting together a auto watering scheme for my plants. Main objective is to just have one place to fill water, and it will disperse to several cups equally. I might have the physics wrong but i remember some force whic... | [
"sprinkler",
"xylem",
"flowering pistols",
"leaves"
] | B | xylem carries water from the roots of a plant to the leaves of a plant |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1066 | fluid-statics, surface-tension
So, it would be very helpful if you could explain why does a metal paper clip float even though it has an acute contact angle with water.
Please note that the question Surface tension: the paper clip experiment is not same as this one. It doesn't discuss about the obtuse contact angles ... | [
"cobalt",
"wood",
"styrofoam",
"paper"
] | A | a paper clip is often made of ferromagnetic metals |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1067 | orbit, the-sun, earth
Notes:
It takes the Earth 365.256363004 days to revolve around
the Sun with respect to the fixed stars, but the time
between vernal equinoxes is slightly less (365.242190402
days) because the position of the vernal equinox moves
(precesses) with respect to the stars. Source:
http://hpiers.obspm.... | [
"23 hours",
"twenty-one hours",
"twenty-four hours",
"22 hours"
] | C | one day is equal to 24 hours |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1068 | entomology
Title: Constantly wiggling moth pupa - will it emerge soon? Today I found a moth pupa in the soil in my garden in western Sweden. It's about 15 mm long.
I have found similar ones before, but this one is wiggling a lot more, even after I put it down and put a bit of dirt over it. It's been moving for more t... | [
"it releases itself from a self-made chamber",
"it is entirely reborn",
"it is fully recreated",
"it becomes a winged creature"
] | A | a moth undergoes metamorphosis |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1069 | human-biology, breathing
Our lungs work off of pressure. Specifically our lungs inflate by using "negative pressure" (a word I've always hated). The pressure is not actually negative it is simply lower than the surroundings. Since there is less air in your lungs the air from the atmosphere rushes in because the pressu... | [
"uses unusable byproduct",
"lives in trash",
"scraps unusable byproduct",
"moves around frequently"
] | C | all living things eliminate waste |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1070 | soil, moon
Title: What is the difference between lunar and earth soil I know that the moon has lunar regolith and earth has earth soil, but what is the difference between them? The single biggest difference is the lack of chemical weathering in lunar soils which are subject to physical weathering almost exclusively. I... | [
"Non-volcanic Mountains",
"Life-filled Oceans",
"Volcanic Mountains",
"Multiple Land Masses"
] | A | the surface of the Moon contains mountains |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1071 | fluid-dynamics, states-of-matter
Title: Why does sweetness of coke change after freezing completely I freeze my coke in a freezer completely to solid and then keep it out to melt and as it melts portion by portion I starts to drink, initially It will be very sweet and later it wont be sweet at all. why does this happe... | [
"milk",
"lemonade",
"juice",
"tea"
] | B | sugar dissolves in water when they are combined |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1072 | geophysics, plate-tectonics
Title: Equatorial bulge and tectonic plates It is well known that the Earth is not a sphere, but rather it bulges at the equator. Also it is well known that the Earth's crust is composed of 7 or 8 (depending on definition) major tectonic plates, which are able to move on top of the asthenos... | [
"planar fractures",
"error lines",
"triangular fractures",
"defect line"
] | A | a tectonic plate moves along a fault line |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1073 | orbit, the-moon, earth
Title: What is the distance of the Earth's orbit around the Moon? I realize the Earth and the Moon both orbit around their shared center of mass, and that in the case of the Earth and Moon this center is "inside" the Earth. However, I'm looking for an approach to determine the distance the Earth... | [
"once",
"twice",
"three times",
"four times"
] | A | the moon orbiting the Earth approximately occurs 13 times per year |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1074 | seismology, earthquakes, seismic-hazards, drilling
Title: Why aren't seismic stations installed very deep underground so as to pre-warn from earthquakes? The velocity of p-waves emanating from earthquakes is in the range of 5-8 km/s (link)--let's assume it is 5 km/s. The earthquake depth is up to hundreds of kms deep ... | [
"crash through car windows",
"shift on top of one another",
"pile up on houses",
"kill small animals and birds"
] | B | earthquakes cause rock layers to fold on top of each other |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1075 | evolution, human-evolution
Apes
The split between the line leading to modern humans and the line leading to modern chimpanzees occured somewhere around 4 to 7 million years ago. The clade is called Hominini. The split between those and the line leading to modern gorillas occured around 8 to 19 million years ago (yes, ... | [
"wider",
"deeper",
"grander",
"less deep"
] | D | the Grand Canyon was formed by the Colorado River flowing over long periods of time |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1076 | climate-change, geography, rivers, rainfall, agriculture
Today Climate change and its consequences are some of the biggest challenges facing Humanity, with water scarcity being the big factor in Sub-Sahara Africa.
By Ultimately raising the Rainfall in the entire Southern Africa, through the managed and controlled fill... | [
"January",
"November",
"March",
"July"
] | D | snow falls during the winter in some environments |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1077 | In the beautiful diagram above, we have a ball on the end of a string being swung around a center point.
Baby Devsman did not understand. Baby Devsman reasoned that if there is a force $T$ supplied by the string, then the ball must be getting closer to the center point except for this mystical magical force $F_c$ whic... | [
"motion occurs",
"babies whine",
"movement stops",
"people cry"
] | A | pushing an object requires force |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1078 | earth, amateur-observing, fundamental-astronomy
Title: Does weight influence Earth's spin? If put enough weight on a particular point on Earth's surface disturbing the balance between hemispheres, is it possible that the Earth's spin could change like an unbalanced spinning top? The Earth does spin like an unbalanced ... | [
"22",
"24",
"twenty hours",
"twenty one hours"
] | B | a Rotation of the Earth on itself takes one day |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1079 | thermodynamics, water
Title: Energy efficiency: better to heat hot tub constantly or twice a day for a longer period? I've got a hot tub in my garden with 1,500 litres of water in it and the target temperature is 38° centigrade.
The tub has two operating modes:
Economy: circulate water twice for 3 hours within 24 hou... | [
"will increase water usage",
"will aid in preserving the water supply",
"will aid in consumption of the water supply",
"will overwork the water heater"
] | B | as time spent taking a shower decreases , water used will decrease |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1080 | electricity, electrical-engineering
So what really is the problem in creating transformers in such a way to reduce losses much more than the current status ?
All relevant opinions and comments appreciated
My original post : http://thinklo.blogspot.in/2013/10/improving-transformers.html Well a problem with your concept... | [
"Flashlight",
"Television",
"Laptop",
"Drill"
] | A | a flashlight emits light |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1081 | environmental-chemistry, iron
Title: How is there still iron on earth? Iron rusts and the earth is pretty old, so how is it that there is still iron left that has not oxidized(/rusted)?
I tried looking it up, and the amount of iron on earth is mind boggling, but is that it?
Is there simply enough iron that not all of ... | [
"the ocean",
"the air",
"a mine",
"a forest"
] | C | rocks sometimes contain iron |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1082 | It just turns out nicely for C that he is one of the people whose hat colors D and C both know about.
To introduce a modified challange: if the task were to yell out C's hat color right away, D would know for certain, C would have the increased probability of $2/3$ and A and B would be stuck with the random guess of $... | [
"washing face",
"falling asleep",
"eating breakfast",
"crying"
] | A | skills are learned characteristics |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1083 | thermodynamics
You can use Fourier analysis to solve this for any configuration and boundary conditions. Bottom line is that the heat that is leaving the hotter object will warm up the cooler object, and reduce the thermal gradient. This will slow down the heat flow.
If you are interested, there is quite an extensive... | [
"freezing",
"solidifying",
"burning",
"moving"
] | C | if too much heat is transferred to an object then that object may burn |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1084 | How about this? There is a 30% chance you'll go to New York and a 100% chance you'll go to the Empire State Building if you go to New York (because why else would you go to New York? kidding...). Does this mean there's a 100% chance you'll go to the Empire State Building? Well, since you have to go to NY to go to the E... | [
"the sun traveling around the earth",
"none of these",
"the sun orbiting Mars",
"the earth traveling around the sun"
] | D | planets orbit stars |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1085 | zoology
Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex ruminant digestive system. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft fecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. Consuming thes... | [
"coyote",
"horse",
"deer",
"buffalo"
] | A | some predators move quickly to catch prey |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1086 | thermodynamics, aqueous-solution, solutions, concentration
Title: Can we determine apriori the volume of solvent in an electrolyte Suppose I would like to create a one molar solution of NaCl in water. The molar concentration is defined as
$c_i=\frac{n_i}{V} $
$n_i=1$ in this case. I need to take 58.5 grams of NaCl (at... | [
"circumference of a head",
"the contents of a wine jar",
"the length of a pen",
"the width of a window"
] | B | milliliters mL is a unit used for measuring volume generally used for values between 1 and 1000 |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1087 | human-biology, physiology
Title: Ammonia smell after physical exercise? What is the explanation? After exercising vigorously one can sometimes smell ammonia and it feels like it's coming from within the nose actually. There is no indication that others can smell it when I do (i.e. seems to be internal rather than exte... | [
"His body is trying to lower its temperature",
"His heart is pumping too fast",
"His body is too cold",
"The girls watching him play think he looks hot"
] | A | sweat cools a body |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1088 | virus
Assuming that you're not going splunking in bat inhabited caves in West Africa, it's safe to assume that what we are worried about is human to human transmission through infectious fluids. Ebola actual isn't that stable in water, so just soaking a surface in water and a little oil might help you out (if you don... | [
"eviction",
"flooding",
"fire",
"bomb"
] | B | heavy rains cause flooding |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1089 | geology
Title: Where do riverbed stones come from? Have they always been here since the river was formed? Are some newer than others? Riverbed 'stones' - I assume you mean things like pebbles, boulders, etc. are pieces of rock that have weathered out and been deposited in the river. Some come from rock that is very... | [
"pterodactyl bodies",
"flutes",
"pebbles",
"wings."
] | A | nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1090 | optics, visible-light, quantum-electrodynamics, reflection
Title: Is the glass made up of holes that let the light to go through it? The following passage has been extracted from the book "The Magic of Science-A.Frederick Collins" (1917):
Substances of all kinds
have pores or holes in them. A sponge has pores tha... | [
"difficult",
"loud",
"easy",
"long"
] | A | a mirror reflects light |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1091 | species-identification, zoology, entomology
Title: Can you identify this red insect? Location: Lansdowne, Uttarakhand, India
Date: 27 May 2017
Time: 5.33 pm
The insect was found walking upwards on a plastic table. It was about 3-4cm long, as far as I remember; its been a long time since I encountered it.
Spotted near ... | [
"water",
"forest",
"ocean",
"sky"
] | B | adult amphibians live on land |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1092 | the-sun, light, rotation, planetary-atmosphere
Title: Why is twilight longer in summer than winter and shortest at the equinox I recently decided to set my alarm clock to wake me up when it is "dark" out. In the end, I decided to set my clock to the earliest time that nautical sunrise is in my state (Illinois) and st... | [
"the time California is closest to the sun",
"the time Australia is closest to the sun",
"the time Europe is closest to the sun",
"the time Mexico is closest to the sun"
] | B | winter is when a hemisphere is tilted away from the sun |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1093 | biochemistry, food
Title: Who creates first nitrogen compounds in the food supply chain As I understand the food supply chain, organic compounds have to be created from a unlimited source (air, water...).
For instance, I figure that plants transform CO2 from air to organic carbon compounds, mainly carbohydrates, which... | [
"are self sufficient",
"rely on predators",
"struggle to survive",
"decompose organisms"
] | A | a producer produces its own food |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1094 | optics, geometric-optics, lenses
I found a hand magnifier whose focal length was approximately $5$ cm and set it up to be about $4$ cm from the lens so that the virtual image would be about 25 cm from the lens.
I then put another grid 25 cm from the lens as shown in the photograph.
What was pleasing was that the iPhon... | [
"make objects appear",
"find better sights",
"increase object size",
"increase seeing potential"
] | D | magnifying glass is used to see small things by making objects appear bigger |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1095 | evolution, ecology, natural-selection, adaptation
Title: What are Some Classical Examples of Local Adaptation? Question
Can you please give a list of classical (textbook) examples of local adaptations?
How to answer
Examples don't necessarily need to include what evidence supports this specific example of local adapt... | [
"Geese leaving Michigan for Florida when temperatures are dropping",
"Cattle going to the barn to sleep at night",
"Bats flying at night to catch mosquitoes",
"Bees flying to a patch of clover flowers"
] | A | An example of migration is birds flying south in the winter |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1096 | newtonian-mechanics, forces, energy-conservation, work, free-body-diagram
Title: Pulling yourself upward with a pulley — How is this consistent with energy conservation? Suppose you are in a cage suspended by a massless rope that goes around an ideal frictionless pulley. You are supposed to pull yourself up using the ... | [
"banner",
"thermometer",
"plants",
"food"
] | A | a pulley is used to lift a flag on a flagpole |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1097 | experimental-chemistry, home-experiment, teaching-lab
Title: In which country is it allowed to practice non-clandestine amateur chemistry? I travel a bit so am flexible where I live, and have taken a recent interest in chemistry to try to gain an understanding of physical reality. I find learning from textbooks to be ... | [
"eat food around the chemicals",
"forego using safety protocols",
"leave writing down data until everything is done",
"guard against spilling hydrogen chloride"
] | D | chemical splashing sometimes occurs during experiments |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1098 | quantum-spin, atoms
The bonds between the atoms are obviously split when the paper is torn, but is there a way to put them back together?
the answer is yes, because this is precisely why paper recycling works. The incoming used paper is washed, to remove ink and other contaminants, and then left to soak in a particul... | [
"all the mentioned options",
"the shape becomes different",
"it takes a new structure",
"it loses its original form"
] | A | tearing an object changes that object 's shape |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1099 | zoology, ichthyology, marine-biology
Switek goes on to to talk about exceptions in some marine mammals:
At this point some of you might raise the point that living pinnipeds like seals and sea lions move in a side-to-side motion underwater. That may be true on a superficial level, but pinnipeds primarily use their mo... | [
"black inky ocean",
"in water sources",
"in liquid places",
"bottom of rivers"
] | A | deep sea animals live deep in the ocean |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1100 | paleontology
Title: How to start studying dinosaurs and pre-historic mammals/sea creatures I'm kind new to this hole thing of dinosaurs that I'm really interested in, are there any good books/websites/webpages to study the biology of pre-historic creatures? Dinosaurs, mammals, fishes, anything that is not alive anymor... | [
"Stars",
"Grass",
"Old Animal Feces",
"Cats"
] | C | An example of a fossil is a paw print in rock |
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