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wiki_199900_chunk_0
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Mesh processing
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One particularly important property of a 3D shape is its Euler characteristic, which can alternatively be defined in terms of its genus. The formula for this in the continuous sense is χ = 2 c − 2 h − b {\displaystyle \chi =2c-2h-b} , where c {\displaystyle c} is the number of connected components, h {\displaystyle h} is number of holes (as in donut holes, see torus), and b {\displaystyle b} is the number of connected components of the boundary of the surface. A concrete example of this is a mesh of a pair of pants. There is one connected component, 0 holes, and 3 connected components of the boundary (the waist and two leg holes).
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199901_chunk_0
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Cyclopropyne
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One particularly intriguing mode of reactivity is the ring insertion of cyclohexyne into cyclic ketones. The reaction is initiated by the alkoxide-mediated generation of the reactive cycloalkyne species in situ, followed by the α-deprotonation of the ketone to yield the corresponding enolate. The two compounds then undergo a formal -photocycloaddition to yield a highly unstable cyclobutanolate intermediate which readily decomposes to the enone product.This reaction was utilized as the key step in Carreira's total synthesis of guanacastapenes O and N. It allowed for the expedient construction of the 5-7-6 ring system and provided useful synthetic handles for subsequent functionalization.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199902_chunk_0
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Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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One particularly notable theory of vmPFC function is the somatic marker hypothesis, accredited to António Damásio. By this hypothesis, the vmPFC has a central role in adapting somatic markers—emotional associations, or associations between mental objects and visceral (bodily) feedback—for use in natural decision making. This account also gives the vmPFC a role in moderating emotions and emotional reactions because whether the vmPFC decides the markers are positive or negative affects the appropriate response in a particular situation. However, a critical review of this hypothesis concluded that there is a need for additional empirical data to support the somatic marker theory.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199903_chunk_0
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Glass-ceramic
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One particularly notable use of glass-ceramics is in the processing of ceramic matrix composites. For many ceramic matrix composites typical sintering temperatures and times cannot be used, as the degradation and corrosion of the constituent fibres becomes more of an issue as temperature and sintering time increase. One example of this is SiC fibres, which can start to degrade via pyrolysis at temperatures above 1470K. One solution to this is to use the glassy form of the ceramic as the sintering feedstock rather than the ceramic, as unlike the ceramic the glass pellets have a softening point and will generally flow at much lower pressures and temperatures. This allows the use of less extreme processing parameters, making the production of many new technologically important fibre-matrix combinations by sintering possible.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199904_chunk_0
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Multiple System Atrophy
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One particularly serious problem, the drop in blood pressure upon standing up (with risk of fainting and thus injury from falling), often responds to fludrocortisone, a synthetic mineralocorticoid. Another common drug treatment is the alpha-agonist midodrine.Non-drug treatments include "head-up tilt" (elevating the head of the whole bed by about 10 degrees), salt tablets or increasing salt in the diet, generous intake of fluids, and pressure (elastic) stockings. Avoidance of triggers of low blood pressure, such as hot weather, alcohol, and dehydration, are crucial. The patient can be taught to move and transfer from sitting to standing slowly to decrease risk of falls and limit the effect of postural hypotension. Instruction in ankle pumping helps to return blood in the legs to the systemic circulation. Other preventative measures are raising the head of the bed by 8 in (20.3 cm), and the use of compression stockings and abdominal binders.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199905_chunk_0
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Homomorphism density
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One particularly useful inequality to analyze homomorphism densities is the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. The effect of applying the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality is "folding" the graph over a line of symmetry to relate it to a smaller graph. This allows for the reduction of densities of large but symmetric graphs to that of smaller graphs. As an example, we prove that the cycle of length 4 is Sidorenko.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199906_chunk_0
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Homomorphism density
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The same technique can be used to show t ( K 1 , 2 , G ) ≥ t ( K 2 , G ) 2 {\displaystyle t(K_{1,2},G)\geq t(K_{2},G)^{2}} , which combined with the above verifies that C 4 {\displaystyle C_{4}} is a Sidorenko graph. The generalization Hölder's inequality can also be used in a similar manner to fold graphs multiple times with a single step. It is also possible to apply the more general form of Cauchy-Schwarz to fold graphs in the case that certain edges lie on the line of symmetry.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199907_chunk_0
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Reciprocal lattice vector
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One path to the reciprocal lattice of an arbitrary collection of atoms comes from the idea of scattered waves in the Fraunhofer (long-distance or lens back-focal-plane) limit as a Huygens-style sum of amplitudes from all points of scattering (in this case from each individual atom). This sum is denoted by the complex amplitude F {\displaystyle F} in the equation below, because it is also the Fourier transform (as a function of spatial frequency or reciprocal distance) of an effective scattering potential in direct space: F = ∑ j = 1 N f j e 2 π i g → ⋅ r → j . {\displaystyle F=\sum _{j=1}^{N}f_{j}\!\lefte^{2\pi i{\vec {g}}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{j}}.} Here g = q/(2π) is the scattering vector q in crystallographer units, N is the number of atoms, fj is the atomic scattering factor for atom j and scattering vector g, while rj is the vector position of atom j. The Fourier phase depends on one's choice of coordinate origin.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199908_chunk_0
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Reciprocal lattice vector
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For the special case of an infinite periodic crystal, the scattered amplitude F = M Fh,k,ℓ from M unit cells (as in the cases above) turns out to be non-zero only for integer values of ( h , k , ℓ ) {\displaystyle (h,k,\ell )} , where F h , k , ℓ = ∑ j = 1 m f j e 2 π i ( h u j + k v j + ℓ w j ) {\displaystyle F_{h,k,\ell }=\sum _{j=1}^{m}f_{j}\lefte^{2\pi i\left(hu_{j}+kv_{j}+\ell w_{j}\right)}} when there are j = 1,m atoms inside the unit cell whose fractional lattice indices are respectively {uj, vj, wj}. To consider effects due to finite crystal size, of course, a shape convolution for each point or the equation above for a finite lattice must be used instead. Whether the array of atoms is finite or infinite, one can also imagine an "intensity reciprocal lattice" I, which relates to the amplitude lattice F via the usual relation I = F*F where F* is the complex conjugate of F. Since Fourier transformation is reversible, of course, this act of conversion to intensity tosses out "all except 2nd moment" (i.e. the phase) information.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199909_chunk_0
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Reciprocal lattice vector
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For the case of an arbitrary collection of atoms, the intensity reciprocal lattice is therefore: I = ∑ j = 1 N ∑ k = 1 N f j f k e 2 π i g → ⋅ r → j k . {\displaystyle I=\sum _{j=1}^{N}\sum _{k=1}^{N}f_{j}\leftf_{k}\lefte^{2\pi i{\vec {g}}\cdot {\vec {r}}_{\!\!\;jk}}.}
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199910_chunk_0
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Reciprocal lattice vector
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Here rjk is the vector separation between atom j and atom k. One can also use this to predict the effect of nano-crystallite shape, and subtle changes in beam orientation, on detected diffraction peaks even if in some directions the cluster is only one atom thick. On the down side, scattering calculations using the reciprocal lattice basically consider an incident plane wave. Thus after a first look at reciprocal lattice (kinematic scattering) effects, beam broadening and multiple scattering (i.e. dynamical) effects may be important to consider as well.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199911_chunk_0
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CTL-mediated cytotoxicity
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One pathway is the cytotoxic protein pathway. In this pathway perforins and granzymes are taken up by the target cell. In this pathway, the perforins facilitate the entry of granule contents into the cell. The granzymes then activate the endogenous apoptosis pathway, which induces cell death without necrosis. This leaves packages of fragmented DNA material from the target cell for the macrophages to dispose of.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199912_chunk_0
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Farm subsidies
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One peer-reviewed research suggests that any effects of US farm policies on US obesity patterns must have been negligible. However, some critics argue that the artificially low prices resulting from subsidies create unhealthy incentives for consumers. For example, in the US, cane sugar was replaced with cheap corn syrup, making high-sugar food cheaper; beet and cane sugar are subject to subsidies, price controls, and import tariffs that distort the prices of these products as well. The lower price of energy-dense foods such as grains and sugars could be one reason why low-income people and food insecure people in industrialized countries are more vulnerable to being overweight and obese. According to the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, meat and dairy production receive 63% of subsidies in the United States, as well as sugar subsidies for unhealthy foods, which contribute to heart disease, obesity and diabetes, with enormous costs for the health sector.Market distortions due to subsidies have led to an increase in corn fed cattle rather than grass fed. Corn fed cattle require more antibiotics and their beef has a higher fat content.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199913_chunk_0
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Intel MIC
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One performance and programmability study reported that achieving high performance with Xeon Phi still needs help from programmers and that merely relying on compilers with traditional programming models is insufficient. Other studies in various domains, such as life sciences and deep learning, have shown that exploiting the thread- and SIMD-parallelism of Xeon Phi achieves significant speed-ups.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199914_chunk_0
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Cayley–Hamilton theorem
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One persistent elementary but incorrect argument for the theorem is to "simply" take the definition and substitute A for λ, obtaining There are many ways to see why this argument is wrong. First, in the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, p(A) is an n × n matrix. However, the right hand side of the above equation is the value of a determinant, which is a scalar. So they cannot be equated unless n = 1 (i.e. A is just a scalar).
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199915_chunk_0
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Cayley–Hamilton theorem
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Second, in the expression det ( λ I n − A ) {\displaystyle \det(\lambda I_{n}-A)} , the variable λ actually occurs at the diagonal entries of the matrix λ I n − A {\displaystyle \lambda I_{n}-A} . To illustrate, consider the characteristic polynomial in the previous example again: If one substitutes the entire matrix A for λ in those positions, one obtains in which the "matrix" expression is simply not a valid one. Note, however, that if scalar multiples of identity matrices instead of scalars are subtracted in the above, i.e. if the substitution is performed as then the determinant is indeed zero, but the expanded matrix in question does not evaluate to A I n − A {\displaystyle AI_{n}-A} ; nor can its determinant (a scalar) be compared to p(A) (a matrix).
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199916_chunk_0
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Cayley–Hamilton theorem
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So the argument that p ( A ) = det ( A I n − A ) = 0 {\displaystyle p(A)=\det(AI_{n}-A)=0} still does not apply. Actually, if such an argument holds, it should also hold when other multilinear forms instead of determinant is used. For instance, if we consider the permanent function and define q ( λ ) = perm ( λ I n − A ) {\displaystyle q(\lambda )=\operatorname {perm} (\lambda I_{n}-A)} , then by the same argument, we should be able to "prove" that q(A) = 0. But this statement is demonstrably wrong: in the 2-dimensional case, for instance, the permanent of a matrix is given by So, for the matrix A in the previous example, Yet one can verify that One of the proofs for Cayley–Hamilton theorem above bears some similarity to the argument that p ( A ) = det ( A I n − A ) = 0 {\displaystyle p(A)=\det(AI_{n}-A)=0} . By introducing a matrix with non-numeric coefficients, one can actually let A live inside a matrix entry, but then A I n {\displaystyle AI_{n}} is not equal to A, and the conclusion is reached differently.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199917_chunk_0
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Beer bong
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One person holds a clear pipe to their mouth, while a second holds the other end of the pipe with a large plastic funnel attached. The pipe is part-filled with beer, with the remainder of the pipe and the bottom of the funnel filling with a foamy head.Drinking from a beer bong is different from drinking beer normally (or other carbonated beverage). This is because the drinker is not in control of the volume of liquid entering the mouth. In addition, the force of gravity pushes the beer into the drinker's mouth and thus 'forces' the beer down.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199918_chunk_0
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Colossal Cave Adventure
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Woods continued releasing updated editions in Fortran until 1995. Crowther later said that Woods's bringing fantasy elements earlier into the gameplay was an improvement to his version, though Crowther's daughters also recall him telling them when they were frustrated at puzzles in the game that it was one of Woods's additions, not his.Crowther did not distribute the source code to his version to anyone else, and it was later believed to be lost until it was rediscovered on an archive of Woods's student account at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in 2005. Woods, however, distributed the code to his version alongside the compiled executable. Woods's 1977 version became the more recognizable and widespread version of Colossal Cave Adventure, in part due to its wider code availability, as it led to several other variants of the game being produced.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199919_chunk_0
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Welfare dependency
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However, William Julius Wilson, in The Truly Disadvantaged, urges caution in initiating race-based programs as there is evidence they may not benefit the poorest Black people, which would include people who have been on welfare for long periods of time. The design of certain social welfare programs inherently disadvantage Black communities. The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) has been historically disproportionately harmful to black women, specifically because of the program's requirements and time limits. The sanctions for not meeting the rules of the program or a certain time limit resulted in a higher likelihood for black and brown women to lose benefits in comparison to white women.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199920_chunk_0
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Philosophy of biology
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One perspective on the philosophy of biology is how developments in modern biological research and biotechnologies have influenced traditional philosophical ideas about the distinction between biology and technology, as well as implications for ethics, society, and culture. An example is the work of philosopher Eugene Thacker in his book Biomedia. Building on current research in fields such as bioinformatics and biocomputing, as well as on work in the history of science (particularly the work of Georges Canguilhem, Lily E. Kay, and Hans-Jörg Rheinberger), Thacker defines biomedia as entailing "the informatic recontextualization of biological components and processes, for ends that may be medical or non-medical...biomedia continuously make the dual demand that information materialize itself as gene or protein compounds.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199921_chunk_0
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Philosophy of biology
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This point cannot be overstated: biomedia depend upon an understanding of biological as informational but not immaterial. "Some approaches to the philosophy of biology incorporate perspectives from science studies and/or science and technology studies, anthropology, sociology of science, and political economy. This includes work by scholars such as Melinda Cooper, Luciana Parisi, Paul Rabinow, Nikolas Rose, and Catherine Waldby.Philosophy of biology was historically associated very closely with theoretical evolutionary biology, but more recently there have been more diverse movements, such as to examine molecular biology.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199922_chunk_0
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Meristic trait
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One phenotype may directly affect another phenotype, by influencing development, metabolism, or behavior.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199923_chunk_0
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Fine-art photography
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Whether a work shows aesthetic qualities or not it is designated 'Pictorial Photography' which is a very ambiguous term. The photographer himself must have confidence in his work and in its dignity and aesthetic value, to force recognition as an Art rather than a Craft".Until the late 1970s several genres predominated, such as nudes, portraits, and natural landscapes (exemplified by Ansel Adams).
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199924_chunk_0
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Bloom (shader effect)
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The Airy disc function falls off very quickly but has very wide tails (actually, infinitely wide tails). As long as the brightness of adjacent parts of the image are roughly in the same range, the effect of the blurring caused by the Airy disc is not particularly noticeable; but in parts of the image where very bright parts are adjacent to relatively darker parts, the tails of the Airy disc become visible and can extend far beyond the extent of the bright part of the image. In HDRR images, the effect can be reproduced by convolving the image with a windowed kernel of an Airy disc (for very good lenses), or by applying Gaussian blur (to simulate the effect of a less perfect lens), before converting the image to fixed-range pixels.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199925_chunk_0
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AdS/QCD correspondence
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One physical system which has been studied using the AdS/CFT correspondence is the quark–gluon plasma, an exotic state of matter produced in particle accelerators. This state of matter arises for brief instants when heavy ions such as gold or lead nuclei are collided at high energies. Such collisions cause the quarks that make up atomic nuclei to deconfine at temperatures of approximately two trillion kelvins, conditions similar to those present at around 10 − 11 {\displaystyle 10^{-11}} seconds after the Big Bang.The physics of the quark–gluon plasma is governed by quantum chromodynamics, but this theory is mathematically intractable in problems involving the quark–gluon plasma.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199926_chunk_0
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AdS/QCD correspondence
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In addition, the authors conjectured that this universal constant provides a lower bound for η / s {\displaystyle \eta /s} in a large class of systems. In 2008, the predicted value of this ratio for the quark–gluon plasma was confirmed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory.Another important property of the quark–gluon plasma is that very high energy quarks moving through the plasma are stopped or "quenched" after traveling only a few femtometers. This phenomenon is characterized by a number q ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {q}}} called the jet quenching parameter, which relates the energy loss of such a quark to the squared distance traveled through the plasma. Calculations based on the AdS/CFT correspondence have allowed theorists to estimate q ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {q}}} , and the results agree roughly with the measured value of this parameter, suggesting that the AdS/CFT correspondence will be useful for developing a deeper understanding of this phenomenon.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199927_chunk_0
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AdS/CFT correspondence
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One physical system which has been studied using the AdS/CFT correspondence is the quark–gluon plasma, an exotic state of matter produced in particle accelerators. This state of matter arises for brief instants when heavy ions such as gold or lead nuclei are collided at high energies. Such collisions cause the quarks that make up atomic nuclei to deconfine at temperatures of approximately two trillion kelvins, conditions similar to those present at around 10−11 seconds after the Big Bang.The physics of the quark–gluon plasma is governed by quantum chromodynamics, but this theory is mathematically intractable in problems involving the quark–gluon plasma.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199928_chunk_0
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AdS/CFT correspondence
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In addition, the authors conjectured that this universal constant provides a lower bound for η / s {\displaystyle \eta /s} in a large class of systems. In 2008, the predicted value of this ratio for the quark–gluon plasma was confirmed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory.Another important property of the quark–gluon plasma is that very high energy quarks moving through the plasma are stopped or "quenched" after traveling only a few femtometers. This phenomenon is characterized by a number q ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {q}}} called the jet quenching parameter, which relates the energy loss of such a quark to the squared distance traveled through the plasma. Calculations based on the AdS/CFT correspondence have allowed theorists to estimate q ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {q}}} , and the results agree roughly with the measured value of this parameter, suggesting that the AdS/CFT correspondence will be useful for developing a deeper understanding of this phenomenon.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199929_chunk_0
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Sleep in fish
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The frequency of mouth and gill movement is reduced by almost half and they are twice as hard to arouse as during the day. If they are deprived of this sleep-like behaviour, the sleep bouts thereafter are longer and the arousal threshold is higher than usual, suggesting a rebound effect. Similarly, in the convict cichlid, activity decreases on days that follow an experimental disruption of the fish's normal rest behaviour at night.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199930_chunk_0
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Epinephrine (neurotransmitter)
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The development of extraction methods and enzyme–isotope derivate radio-enzymatic assays (REA) transformed the analysis down to a sensitivity of 1 pg for adrenaline. Early REA plasma assays indicated that adrenaline and total catecholamines rise late in exercise, mostly when anaerobic metabolism commences.During exercise, the adrenaline blood concentration rises partially from the increased secretion of the adrenal medulla and partly from the decreased metabolism of adrenaline due to reduced blood flow to the liver. Infusion of adrenaline to reproduce exercise circulating concentrations of adrenaline in subjects at rest has little hemodynamic effect other than a slight β2-mediated fall in diastolic blood pressure.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199931_chunk_0
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Epinephrine (neurotransmitter)
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Exercise induces progressive airway dilation in normal subjects that correlates with workload and is not prevented by beta-blockade. The progressive airway dilation with increasing exercise is mediated by a progressive reduction in resting vagal tone. Beta blockade with propranolol causes a rebound in airway resistance after exercise in normal subjects over the same time course as the bronchoconstriction seen with exercise-induced asthma. The reduction in airway resistance during exercise reduces the work of breathing.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199932_chunk_0
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Cypriot units of measurement
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One pic was equal to 2 feet (0.6096 m). Prior to the adoption of the metric system for units of length in 1986, this was the base unit for length. Other units used were the following: 1 inch = 2.54 cm or 1⁄12 foot, 1⁄24 pic, or 1⁄36 yard 1 foot = 30.48 cm or 12 inches, 1⁄2 pic, or 1⁄3 yard 1 yard = 0.9144 m or 3 feet, or 1+1⁄2 pics 1 chain = 20.1168 m or 66 feet, 33 pics, or 22 yards 1 mile = 1.609344 km or 5280 feet, 2640 pics, 1760 yards, or 80 chains
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199933_chunk_0
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Calvin Hooker Goddard
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In 1927, the defense raised the suggestion that the fatal bullet had been planted, calling attention to the awkward scratches on the base of the bullet that differed from those on other bullets. The Lowell Commission dismissed this claim as desperate but in 1985, historians William Kaiser and David Young made a compelling case for a switch in their book "Post-Mortem: New Evidence in the Case of Sacco and Vanzetti." == References ==
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199934_chunk_0
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Vibration-powered generator
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One piezoelectric generator being developed uses water droplets at the end of a piezoelectric cantilever beam. The water droplets hang from the end of the beam and are subjected to excitation by the kinetic energy of the vibrations. This results in the water droplet oscillating, which in turn causes the beam they are hanging from to deflect up and down. This deflection is the strain which is converted to energy through the piezoelectric effect.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199935_chunk_0
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Vibration-powered generator
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A major advantage to this method is that it can be tailored towards a wide range of excitation frequencies. The natural frequency of the water droplet is a function of its size; therefore changing the size of the water droplet allows for the matching of the natural frequency of the droplet and the frequency of the pressure wave being converted into electrical energy.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199936_chunk_0
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Vibration-powered generator
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Matching these frequencies produces the largest amplitude oscillation of the water droplet, resulting in a large force and larger strain on the piezoelectric beam.Another application seeks to use the vibrations created during flight in aircraft to power the electronics on the plane that currently rely on batteries. Such a system would allow for a reliable energy source, and reduce maintenance as batteries would no longer need to be replaced and piezoelectric systems have a long service life. This system is used with a resonator, which allows the airflow to form a high amplitude steady tone.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199937_chunk_0
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Vibration-powered generator
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The same principle is used in many wind instruments, converting the airflow provided by the musician into a loud steady tone. This tone is used as the vibration that is converted from kinetic to electric energy by the piezoelectric generator. This application is still in the early stages of development; the concept has been proven on a scale model but the system still needs to be optimized before it is tested on a full scale.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199938_chunk_0
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Ugi reaction
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One plausible reaction mechanism is depicted below: Amine 1 and ketone 2 form the imine 3 with loss of one equivalent of water. Proton exchange with carboxylic acid 4 activates the iminium ion 5 for nucleophilic addition of the isocyanide 6 with its terminal carbon atom to nitrilium ion 7. A second nucleophilic addition takes place at this intermediate with the carboxylic acid anion to 8. The final step is a Mumm rearrangement with transfer of the R4 acyl group from oxygen to nitrogen.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199939_chunk_0
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Ugi reaction
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All reaction steps are reversible except for the Mumm rearrangement, which drives the whole reaction sequence. In the related Passerini reaction (lacking the amine) the isocyanide reacts directly with the carbonyl group but other aspects of the reaction are the same. This reaction can take place concurrently with the Ugi reaction, acting as a source of impurities.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199940_chunk_0
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Core–mantle differentiation
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One plausible scenario is that the primordial, cold silicate core fragmented in response to instabilities induced by the denser surrounding iron layer. At the end, chunks of such a fragmented core ("rockbergs") migrated upward and incorporated into the mantle, whereas the iron alloy settled at the center of the Earth. This process would take place faster than the two models mentioned above. == References ==
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199941_chunk_0
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Scotland Yard (board game)
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Mr. X also has a supply of black tickets (one per detective in play or always five in the Milton Bradley version) that are valid for any mode of transport available at his current location. These tickets can also be used to move between the ferry stops on the River Thames, joined by black lines; Mr. X is the only one who can travel in this manner. In addition, he is given three tokens that allow him to make two moves in a single turn.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199942_chunk_0
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Scotland Yard (board game)
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At five specific times during the game, Mr. X has to reveal his current position. Detectives may take this opportunity to refine their search and, if possible, plan ways to encircle him based on where he is and the next few moves he makes.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199943_chunk_0
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Scotland Yard (board game)
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The detectives win the game if any of them lands on Mr. X's current location, or if it becomes impossible for him to move without landing on a detective. Mr. X wins by avoiding capture until all detectives can no longer move because they have either exhausted their ticket supplies or reached positions from which they cannot move because they have no usable tickets. The game contains: 1 game board (a map of Central London) 6 colored playing pieces 130 transportation tickets 1 label sheet 29 start cards 3 double-move tokens 1 travel log and paper inserts 1 storage tray to be used to store tickets, start cards and playing piecesThere are two mainboard editions, one typically associated with Milton Bradley, and another typically associated with Ravensburger. The primary difference between these is in the numbering of the stations: five stations are numbered differently, with 108 missing from the Milton Bradley boards and 200 missing from the Ravensburger boards. There are also minor differences in the routes, such as a bus line between stations 198 and 199 that is changed to a taxi line in later editions, and the removal of a taxi line between stations 13 and 14 sometime after the renumbering.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199944_chunk_0
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Three Musketeers (game)
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The enemy can move one enemy piece to any orthogonally adjacent empty space.The enemy wins if it can force the three musketeers to be all on the same row or column. The musketeers win if on their turn they cannot move due to there being no enemy pieces adjacent to any musketeer and they are not all on the same row or column. As long as one musketeer can move, the game is not won.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199945_chunk_0
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Prehensile tail
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One point of interest is the distribution of animals with prehensile tails. The prehensile tail is predominantly a New World adaptation, especially among mammals. Many more animals in South America have prehensile tails than in Africa and Southeast Asia. It has been argued that animals with prehensile tails are more common in South America because the forest there is denser than in Africa or Southeast Asia.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199946_chunk_0
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Probabilistic Risk Assessment
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One point of possible objection interests the uncertainties associated with a PSA. The PSA (Probabilistic Safety Assessment) has often no associated uncertainty, though in metrology any measure shall be related to a secondary measurement uncertainty, and in the same way any mean frequency number for a random variable shall be examined with the dispersion inside the set of data. For example, without specifying an uncertainty level, the Japanese regulatory body, the Nuclear Safety Commission issued restrictive safety goal in terms of qualitative health objectives in 2003, such that individual fatality risks should not exceed 10−6/year. Then it was translated in a safety goal for nuclear power plants: for reactors of type BWR-4, in: Core Damage Frequency (CDF): 1.6 × 10−7 /year, Containment Failure Frequency (CFF): 1.2 × 10−8 /yr for reactors of type BWR-5, in: CDF: 2.4 × 10−8 /year, and CFF: 5.5 × 10−9 /yr forThe second point is a possible lack of design in order to prevent and mitigate the catastrophic events, which has the lowest probability of the event and biggest magnitude of the impact, and the lowest degree of uncertainty about their magnitude.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199947_chunk_0
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Probabilistic Risk Assessment
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A cost-effective of the factor of safety, contribute to undervaluate or completely ignore this type of remote safety risk-factors. Designers choose if the system has to be dimensioned and positioned at the mean or for the minimum level of probability-risk (with related costs of safety measures), for being resilient and robust in relation to the fixed value. Such external events may be natural hazard, including earth quake and tsunami, fire, and terrorist attacks, and are treated as a probabilistic argument. Changing historical context shall condition the probability of those events, e.g. a nuclear program or economic sanctions.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199948_chunk_0
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Systems approach
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One policy, one system, universal service —Theodore VailIn 1876 Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone and later founded Bell Telephone and its successors. The term universal service, came from Theodore Vail in 1907, and has economic, legal and business ramifications including the communications systems of the Bell System. The difficulties of reliably transmitting messages at continental scale required entire departments of the Bell system, and generations of technologies to overcome the problems. By the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, who were both employed by Bell, the sampling frequency must be 8 kHz for reasonable transmission of human voices.The bipolar junction transistor (1948). invented at Bell Laboratories, helped to usher in the integrated circuit, particularly by the invention of the self-aligned gate (1967). The discovery of the cosmic microwave background occurred at Bell Laboratories and was awarded the Nobel prize in 1975.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199949_chunk_0
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Magneto
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One popular and common use of magnetos of today is for powering lights and USB powered devices on bicycles. Most commonly, a small magneto, termed a bottle dynamo, rubs against the tire of the bicycle and generates power as the wheel turns. More expensive and less common but more efficient is the hub dynamo that rotates neodymium magnets around a copper coil in a claw pole cage inside the hub of a wheel. Commonly referred to as dynamos, both devices are in fact magnetos, producing alternating current as opposed to the direct current produced by a true dynamo.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199950_chunk_0
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Sexual behavior of pinnipeds
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One popular hypothesis suggested that pinnipeds are diphyletic (descended from two ancestral lines), with walruses and otariids sharing a recent common ancestor with bears and phocids sharing one with Musteloidea. However, morphological and molecular evidence support a monophyletic origin. A 2021 genetic study found that pinnipeds are more closely related to musteloids.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199951_chunk_0
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Sexual behavior of pinnipeds
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The discovery of Puijila in a lake deposit suggests that pinniped evolution went through a freshwater transitional phase. Enaliarctos, a fossil species of late Oligocene/early Miocene (24–22 mya) California, closely resembled modern pinnipeds; it was adapted to an aquatic life with a flexible spine, and limbs modified into flippers. Its teeth were adapted for shearing (like terrestrial carnivorans), and it may have stayed near shore more often than its extant relatives.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199952_chunk_0
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Sexual behavior of pinnipeds
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Enaliarctos was capable of swimming with both the fore-flippers and hind-flippers, but it may have been more specialized as a fore-flipper swimmer. One species, Enaliarctos emlongi, exhibited notable sexual dimorphism, suggesting that this physical characteristic may have been an important driver of pinniped evolution. A closer relative of extant pinnipeds was Pteronarctos, which lived in Oregon 19–15 mya.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199953_chunk_0
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Sexual behavior of pinnipeds
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As in modern seals, Pteroarctos had an orbital wall that was not limited by certain facial bones (like the jugal or lacrimal bone), but was mostly shaped by the maxilla. The extinct family Desmatophocidae lived 23–10 mya in the North Atlantic and had elongated skulls, fairly large eyes, cheekbones connected by a mortised structure and rounded cheek teeth. They also were sexually dimorphic and may have been capable of propelling themselves with both the foreflippers and hindflippers.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199954_chunk_0
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Spherically symmetric spacetime
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One popular metric, used in the study of mass inflation, is d s 2 = g μ ν d x μ d x ν = − d t 2 α 2 + 1 β r 2 ( d r − β t d t α ) 2 + r 2 g ( Ω ) . {\displaystyle ds^{2}=g_{\mu \nu }dx^{\mu }dx^{\nu }=-{\frac {dt^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{\beta _{r}^{2}}}\left(dr-\beta _{t}{\frac {dt}{\alpha }}\right)^{2}+r^{2}\,g(\Omega ).} Here, g ( Ω ) {\displaystyle g(\Omega )} is the standard metric on the unit radius 2-sphere Ω = ( θ , ϕ ) {\displaystyle \Omega =(\theta ,\phi )} . The radial coordinate r {\displaystyle r} is defined so that it is the circumferential radius, that is, so that the proper circumference at radius r {\displaystyle r} is 2 π r {\displaystyle 2\pi r} . In this coordinate choice, the parameter β t {\displaystyle \beta _{t}} is defined so that β t = d r / d τ {\displaystyle \beta _{t}=dr/d\tau } is the proper rate of change of the circumferential radius (that is, where τ {\displaystyle \tau } is the proper time). The parameter β r {\displaystyle \beta _{r}} can be interpreted as the radial derivative of the circumferential radius in a freely-falling frame; this becomes explicit in the tetrad formalism.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199955_chunk_0
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Serial memory processing
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During serial memory processing, declarative memory works to encode the physical positions of the items in the original memory set. As well, the production memory works to help organize the later recall of the items in the memory set. The ACT-R is a limited-capacity model meaning that there is a limited amount of activation available to use for processing.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199956_chunk_0
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Serial memory processing
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This limited-capacity helps to explain the linear relationship between time of recall and size of memory set. According to the ACT-R, the longer the original memory set, the longer the recall because the amount of available activation is being divided amongst more items now.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199957_chunk_0
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Serial memory processing
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More evidence exists for the ACT-R modeling serial memory processing. It has been found that the ACT-R models the serial position error nearly perfectly. It produces the same primacy and recency effects found in earlier studies.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199958_chunk_0
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Serial memory processing
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This decision is either positive or negative, depending on whether the target item matches the representation of an item in the memory set. After each comparison, and individual decision, is completed, the responses are organized and finally expressed. This model demonstrates the relationships between lengths of memory set and longer recall time.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199959_chunk_0
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Dual boot
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One popular multi-boot configuration is to dual-boot Linux and Windows operating systems, each contained within its own partition. Windows does not facilitate or support multi-boot systems, other than allowing for partition-specific installations, and no choice of boot loader is offered. However, most current Linux installers accommodate dual-booting (although some knowledge of partitions is desirable). Commonly installations proceed without incident but upon restart, the boot loader will recognize only one of the two operating systems.There are some advantages to installing a Linux boot manager/loader (usually GRUB) as the primary bootloader pointed to by the master boot record.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199960_chunk_0
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Dual boot
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However, if a partition is added or deleted at the beginning or middle of a hard drive, the numbering of subsequent partitions may change. If the number of the system partition changes, it requires boot loader reconfiguration in order for an operating system to boot and function properly. Windows must be installed into a primary partition (and in older systems this must be the first partition). Linux can be installed into a partition in any position on the hard drive and can also be installed into logical partitions (within the extended partition). If Linux is installed into a logical partition within the extended partition, it is unaffected by changes in the primary partitions.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199961_chunk_0
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Ribbon diagram
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KiNG is the Java-based successor to Mage (examples: α-hemolysin top view and side view). UCSF Chimera is a powerful molecular modeling program that also includes visualizations such as ribbons, notable especially for the ability to combine them with contoured shapes from cryo-electron microscopy data. PyMOL, by Warren DeLano, is a popular and flexible molecular graphics program (based on Python) that operates in interactive mode and also produces presentation-quality 2D images for ribbon diagrams and many other representations.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199962_chunk_0
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Nakamoto consensus
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One popular system, used in Hashcash, uses partial hash inversions to prove that computation was done, as a goodwill token to send an e-mail. For instance, the following header represents about 252 hash computations to send a message to calvin@comics.net on January 19, 2038: X-Hashcash: 1:52:380119:calvin@comics.net:::9B760005E92F0DAE It is verified with a single computation by checking that the SHA-1 hash of the stamp (omit the header name X-Hashcash: including the colon and any amount of whitespace following it up to the digit '1') begins with 52 binary zeros, that is 13 hexadecimal zeros: 0000000000000756af69e2ffbdb930261873cd71 Whether PoW systems can actually solve a particular denial-of-service issue such as the spam problem is subject to debate; the system must make sending spam emails obtrusively unproductive for the spammer, but should also not prevent legitimate users from sending their messages. In other words, a genuine user should not encounter any difficulties when sending an email, but an email spammer would have to expend a considerable amount of computing power to send out many emails at once. Proof-of-work systems are being used by other, more complex cryptographic systems such as bitcoin, which uses a system similar to Hashcash.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199963_chunk_0
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Thermal conductivity measurement
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One popular technique for electro-thermal characterization of materials is the 3ω-method, in which a thin metal structure (generally a wire or a film) is deposited on the sample to function as a resistive heater and a resistance temperature detector (RTD). The heater is driven with AC current at frequency ω, which induces periodic joule heating at frequency 2ω due to the oscillation of the AC signal during a single period. There will be some delay between the heating of the sample and the temperature response which is dependent upon the thermal properties of the sensor/sample. This temperature response is measured by logging the amplitude and phase delay of the AC voltage signal from the heater across a range of frequencies (generally accomplished using a lock-in-amplifier).
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199964_chunk_0
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Thermal conductivity measurement
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Note, the phase delay of the signal is the lag between the heating signal and the temperature response. The measured voltage will contain both the fundamental and third harmonic components (ω and 3ω respectively), because the Joule heating of the metal structure induces oscillations in its resistance with frequency 2ω due to the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the metal heater/sensor as stated in the following equation: V = I R = I 0 e i ω t ( R 0 + ∂ R ∂ T Δ T ) = I 0 e i ω t ( R 0 + C 0 e i 2 ω t ) {\displaystyle V=IR=I_{0}e^{i\omega t}\left(R_{0}+{\frac {\partial R}{\partial T}}\Delta T\right)=I_{0}e^{i\omega t}\left(R_{0}+C_{0}e^{i2\omega t}\right)} ,where C0 is constant. Thermal conductivity is determined by the linear slope of ΔT vs. log(ω) curve.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199965_chunk_0
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Coppola cap
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One popular theory of the coppola is that it originates in Anglo-Saxon land, where the tradition of civil caps has been found at least since the late 16th century during the reign of the Tudors, when on Sundays and on holidays all males over six years old – with the exception of nobles and high-ranking people – had to wear woolen headdresses produced only and exclusively in England: so, in fact, it provided for an act of parliament of 1571, the short purpose of which was to support the domestic production of wool, thus protecting it from the import of foreign goods. This type of headgear belonged to the so-called "flat cap", a type of cap initially known as bonnet which is characterized primarily by its flat dome; at the same time, for example, the "Tudor bonnet" also belongs, a variant of the flat cap accompanied by a circular aquifer, now in use especially in academic clothing. First used by English nobles during the late 18th century, the coppola began to be used in Sicily and Calabria in the early 20th century as a driving cap, usually worn when at the wheel driving the car. The coppola is usually made in tweed.To date, however, the flat cap is no longer relegated to the Anglo-Saxon culture alone but is present in numerous countries, although its diffusion is now more limited than in the past. Vintage fashion, however, has revitalized the image of the flat cap at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, thanks also to the popularity of various actors, singers, sportsmen, etc. who sometimes wear flat caps of different shapes, thus promoting a relaunch on the market.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199966_chunk_0
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Radio over fiber
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One popular use for RF over fiber is for cable TV systems. Content providers may transport their entire CATV channel lineup over a single-fiber optic cable, because this way they can transport the signal for hundreds of km. It works like this: An electrical RF signal usually in the range of 54–870 MHz is converted to modulated light using RF 1310 nm or 1550 nm laser optics. The light travels over single-mode fiber to the fiber optic RF receiver where is converted back to electrical RF.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199967_chunk_0
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Marshmallow creme
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One popular use for marshmallow creme is in the "fluffernutter", a Fluff and peanut butter sandwich. According to a 2006 Boston Globe article, Massachusetts State Senator Jarrett Barrios proposed a restriction on the number of weekly servings of fluffernutter sandwiches in the form of an amendment to a bill that would limit junk food in schools. The proposal was later dropped.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199968_chunk_0
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HYSPLIT
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Several methods for identifying the contribution of high concentrations exist, including frequency based approaches, potential source contribution function, concentration weighted trajectory, and trajectory clustering. For example, HYSPLIT back trajectories show that most air pollution in Door County, Wisconsin originates from outside the county. This map shows how air travels to the pollution monitor in Newport State Park.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199969_chunk_0
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Frets on Fire
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One popular version of the game is Frets on Fire X (commonly abbreviated FoFiX), a fork developed from a series of mods of version 1.2.451 of Frets on Fire. As well as having support for four players, this fork supports custom graphical themes (which enables users to create a Guitar Hero or Rock Band look-alike), bass and drum tracks and preliminary support for lyrics. The latest stable version of FoFiX is 3.123 released on December 16, 2021. Currently in development for version 4.000 is the inclusion of Online-Multiplayer, Video Background Support, and support for both Guitar Hero and Rock Band styles of play.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199970_chunk_0
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Force control
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One possibility for force control is parallel force/position control. The control is designed as a cascade control and has an external force control loop and an internal position control loop. As shown in the following figure, a corresponding infeed correction is calculated from the difference between the nominal and actual force. This infeed correction is offset against the position command values, whereby in the case of the fusion of X s o l l {\displaystyle X_{soll}} and X k o r r {\displaystyle X_{korr}} , the position command of force control ( X k o r r {\displaystyle X_{korr}} )has a higher priority, i.e. a position error is tolerated in favor of the correct force control.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199971_chunk_0
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Force control
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The offset value is the input variable for the inner position control loop. Analogous to an inner position control, an inner velocity control can also take place, which has a higher dynamic. In this case, the inner control loop should have a saturation in order not to generate a (theoretically) arbitrarily increasing velocity in the free movement until contact is made.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199972_chunk_0
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Quantum Cryptography
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One possibility to construct unconditionally secure quantum commitment and quantum oblivious transfer (OT) protocols is to use the bounded quantum storage model (BQSM). In this model, it is assumed that the amount of quantum data that an adversary can store is limited by some known constant Q. However, no limit is imposed on the amount of classical (i.e., non-quantum) data the adversary may store. In the BQSM, one can construct commitment and oblivious transfer protocols. The underlying idea is the following: The protocol parties exchange more than Q quantum bits (qubits).
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199973_chunk_0
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Quantum Cryptography
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Since even a dishonest party cannot store all that information (the quantum memory of the adversary is limited to Q qubits), a large part of the data will have to be either measured or discarded. Forcing dishonest parties to measure a large part of the data allows the protocol to circumvent the impossibility result, commitment and oblivious transfer protocols can now be implemented.The protocols in the BQSM presented by Damgård, Fehr, Salvail, and Schaffner do not assume that honest protocol participants store any quantum information; the technical requirements are similar to those in quantum key distribution protocols. These protocols can thus, at least in principle, be realized with today's technology.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199974_chunk_0
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Quantum Cryptography
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The communication complexity is only a constant factor larger than the bound Q on the adversary's quantum memory. The advantage of the BQSM is that the assumption that the adversary's quantum memory is limited is quite realistic. With today's technology, storing even a single qubit reliably over a sufficiently long time is difficult.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199975_chunk_0
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Polymer field theory
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One possibility to face the problem is to calculate higher-order corrections to the MF approximation. Tsonchev et al. developed such a strategy including leading (one-loop) order fluctuation corrections, which allowed to gain new insights into the physics of confined PE solutions (Tsonchev 1999). However, in situations where the MF approximation is bad many computationally demanding higher-order corrections to the integral are necessary to get the desired accuracy.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199976_chunk_0
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Warm dark matter
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One possible WDM candidate particle with a mass of a few keV comes from introducing two new, zero charge, zero lepton number fermions to the Standard Model of Particle Physics: "keV-mass inert fermions" (keVins) and "GeV-mass inert fermions" (GeVins). keVins are overproduced if they reach thermal equilibrium in the early universe, but in some scenarios the entropy production from the decays of unstable heavier particles may suppress their abundance to the correct value. These particles are considered "inert" because they only have suppressed interactions with the Z boson. Sterile neutrinos with masses of a few keV are possible candidates for keVins.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199977_chunk_0
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Warm dark matter
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Their properties are consistent with astrophysical bounds coming from structure formation and the Pauli principle if their mass is larger than 1-8 keV. In February 2014, different analyses have extracted from the spectrum of X-ray emissions observed by XMM-Newton, a monochromatic signal around 3.5 keV. This signal is coming from different galaxy clusters (like Perseus and Centaurus) and several scenarios of warm dark matter can justify such a line. We can cite, for example, a 3.5 keV candidate annihilating into 2 photons, or a 7 keV dark matter particle decaying into a photon and a neutrino.In November 2019, analysis of the interaction of various galactic halo matter on densities and distribution of stellar streams, coming off the satellites of the Milky Way, they were able to constrain minimums of mass for density perturbations by warm dark matter keVins in the GD-1 and Pal 5 streams. This lower limit on the mass of warm dark matter thermal relics mWDM > 4.6 keV; or adding dwarf satellite counts mWDM > 6.3 keV
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199978_chunk_0
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Marcescence
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Because some marcescent species' leaves do not decompose well, the increased photodegradation may allow them to decompose better once they finally fall off the tree.Others theorize that leaves which remain on a tree due to marcescence allow the tree to trap snow during the winter months. By using their dead leaves to collect additional snow, trees are able to provide themselves more water in spring when the snow begins to melt.Marcescent leaves may protect some species from water stress or temperature stress. For example, in tropical alpine environments a wide variety of plants in different plant families and different parts of the world have evolved a growth form known as the caulescent rosette, characterized by evergreen rosettes growing above marcescent leaves. Examples of plants for which the marcescent leaves have been confirmed to improve survival, help water balance, or protect the plant from cold injury are Espeletia schultzii and Espeletia timotensis, both from the Andes.The litter-trapping marcescent leaf crowns of Dypsis palms accumulate detritus thereby enhancing their nutrient supply, but in trapping nutrient-rich detritus, palms with marcescent leaf bases are also more likely to allow the germination of epiphytic figs in the marcescent leaves, with the figs possibly subsequently strangling the palms. Palm genera with taxa having marcescent leaf bases and attracting epiphytic fig growth include Attalea, Butia, Caryota, Copernicia, Elaeis, Hyphaene, Livistona, Phoenix, Sabal, and Syagrus.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199979_chunk_0
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Mental poker
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One possible algorithm for shuffling cards without the use of a trusted third party is to use a commutative encryption scheme. A commutative scheme means that if some data is encrypted more than once, the order in which one decrypts this data will not matter. Example: Alice has a plaintext message. She encrypts this, producing a garbled ciphertext which she gives then to Bob. Bob encrypts the ciphertext again, using the same scheme as Alice but with another key. When decrypting this double encrypted message, if the encryption scheme is commutative, it will not matter who decrypts first.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199980_chunk_0
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San Francisco Digital Inclusion Strategy
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One possible alternative to such an institutionalized wireless system, is the product line from Meraki The mini, a low-cost and lower power type of repeater box, assists in creating a free wi-fi network by allowing users to broadcast their unused bandwidth and coordinate this with bandwidth broadcast by other Minis in its area. While it may not be a feasible citywide plan, and raises some serious terms of service questions with ISPs, it shows some creativity and demonstrates an alternative to the massive plan set to move forward in San Francisco. Existing is SFLAN, a project of the Internet Archive, for over five years is San Francisco's first and only prolific community Wi-Fi network. It boasts network neutrality and ample bandwidth without any additional or special hardware other than one's current wireless devices. Its difference is its solid, stable connection when wireless equipment is mounted on the roof of a building plus the ability to maintain a wired inside environment.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199981_chunk_0
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Scanning Electron Microscopy
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One possible application is measuring the roughness of ice crystals. This method can combine variable-pressure environmental SEM and the 3D capabilities of the SEM to measure roughness on individual ice crystal facets, convert it into a computer model and run further statistical analysis on the model. Other measurements include fractal dimension, examining fracture surface of metals, characterization of materials, corrosion measurement, and dimensional measurements at the nano scale (step height, volume, angle, flatness, bearing ratio, coplanarity, etc.).SEM is also used by art conservationists to discern threats to paintings' surface stability due to aging, such as the formations of complexes of zinc ions with fatty acids. Forensic scientists use SEM to detect art forgeries.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199982_chunk_0
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General artificial intelligence
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One possible approach to achieving AGI is whole brain emulation: A brain model is built by scanning and mapping a biological brain in detail and copying its state into a computer system or another computational device. The computer runs a simulation model sufficiently faithful to the original that it behaves in practically the same way as the original brain. Whole brain emulation is discussed in computational neuroscience and neuroinformatics, in the context of brain simulation for medical research purposes. It is discussed in artificial intelligence research as an approach to strong AI. Neuroimaging technologies that could deliver the necessary detailed understanding are improving rapidly, and futurist Ray Kurzweil in the book The Singularity Is Near predicts that a map of sufficient quality will become available on a similar timescale to the computing power required to emulate it.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199983_chunk_0
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Multi-agent pathfinding
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One possible approach to face the computational complexity is prioritized planning. It consists in decoupling the MAPF problem into k {\displaystyle k} single-agent pathfinding problems. The first step is to assign to each agent a unique number { 1 , 2 , . .
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199984_chunk_0
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Multi-agent pathfinding
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Each node is composed by two entries ( v , t ) {\displaystyle (v,t)} , where v {\displaystyle v} is the node name and t {\displaystyle t} is the time step. Each node ( v , t ) {\displaystyle (v,t)} is linked to the nodes ( u , t + 1 ) {\displaystyle (u,t+1)} such that u {\displaystyle u} is adjacent to v {\displaystyle v} and u {\displaystyle u} is not occupied at time step t + 1 {\displaystyle t+1} . The drawback of prioritized planning is that, even if it is a sound approach (it returns valid solutions), it is neither optimal nor complete. This means that it is not assured that the algorithm will return a solution and, even in that case, the solution may not be optimal.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199985_chunk_0
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Credit bubble
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These measures may include raising interest rates, which tends to make investors become more risk averse and thus avoid leveraged capital because the costs of borrowing may become too expensive. There may also be countermeasures taken pre-emptively during periods of strong economic growth, such as increasing capital reserve requirements and implementing regulation that checks and/or prevents processes leading to over-expansion and excessive leveraging of debt. Ideally, such countermeasures lessen the impact of a downturn by strengthening financial institutions while the economy is strong. Advocates of perspectives stressing the role of credit money in an economy often refer to (such) bubbles as "credit bubbles", and look at such measures of financial leverage as debt-to-GDP ratios to identify bubbles. Typically the collapse of any economic bubble results in an economic contraction termed (if less severe) a recession or (if more severe) a depression; what economic policies to follow in reaction to such a contraction is a hotly debated perennial topic of political economy.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199986_chunk_0
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Transformer ratio arm bridge
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One possible configuration using two transformers is shown in Fig. 2. (The two transformers allow both the signal source and the null detector to be isolated from the measured component.) The unknown Z x {\displaystyle Z_{x}} and the standard Z s {\displaystyle Z_{s}} are both driven by T1, feeding currents to the primary of T2. Because of the winding sense of the two halves of the T2 primary, these currents are in antiphase.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199987_chunk_0
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Transformer ratio arm bridge
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If Z x {\displaystyle Z_{x}} and Z s {\displaystyle Z_{s}} have the same value and are fed from the same tap on T1, the antiphase currents cancel out perfectly and the null detector will show balance. When Z x {\displaystyle Z_{x}} and Z s {\displaystyle Z_{s}} are unequal, balance can be approached by connecting Z s {\displaystyle Z_{s}} to a different tap on the T1 secondary. An exact balance may be achieved by using two or more standards connected to suitable taps.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199988_chunk_0
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Transformer ratio arm bridge
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Fig. 2 shows Z x {\displaystyle Z_{x}} and Z s {\displaystyle Z_{s}} as single components. Fig. 3 shows separate standards for conductance G {\displaystyle G} and susceptance B {\displaystyle B} , allowing minor as well as major terms of Y x {\displaystyle Y_{x}} to be resolved. The standards are shown as variable components connected to fixed taps on the T1 secondary, but bridges can equally be made with fixed standards connected to variable taps.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199989_chunk_0
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Transformer ratio arm bridge
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The unknown component too may be connected to a tap part-way along the T1 secondary. Also the numbers of turns on the two arms of the T1 secondary are not necessarily equal, and likewise those on the T2 primary. Combinations of these various options offer great flexibility of construction, allowing measurements over a wide range of values while using only a small number of standards – essentially one per significant figure of the resistance or conductance value and one per significant figure of the reactance or susceptance value. In Fig. 3, at balance Y x = Y s e s n s e x n x {\displaystyle Y_{x}=Y_{s}{\frac {e_{s}n_{s}}{e_{x}n_{x}}}} The bridge may be balanced (nulled) by manual switching of the standards, but "autobalance" bridges, in which the switching is wholly or partially automated, are also made.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199990_chunk_0
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Algebraic K-theory
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One possible definition of higher algebraic K-theory of rings was given by Quillen K n ( R ) = π n ( B GL ( R ) + ) , {\displaystyle K_{n}(R)=\pi _{n}(B\operatorname {GL} (R)^{+}),} Here πn is a homotopy group, GL(R) is the direct limit of the general linear groups over R for the size of the matrix tending to infinity, B is the classifying space construction of homotopy theory, and the + is Quillen's plus construction. He originally found this idea while studying the group cohomology of G L n ( F q ) {\displaystyle GL_{n}(\mathbb {F} _{q})} and noted some of his calculations were related to K 1 ( F q ) {\displaystyle K_{1}(\mathbb {F} _{q})} . This definition only holds for n > 0 so one often defines the higher algebraic K-theory via K n ( R ) = π n ( B GL ( R ) + × K 0 ( R ) ) {\displaystyle K_{n}(R)=\pi _{n}(B\operatorname {GL} (R)^{+}\times K_{0}(R))} Since BGL(R)+ is path connected and K0(R) discrete, this definition doesn't differ in higher degrees and also holds for n = 0.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199991_chunk_0
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Fuzzy string searching
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p m {\displaystyle P=p_{1}p_{2}...p_{m}} and a text string T = t 1 t 2 … t n {\displaystyle T=t_{1}t_{2}\dots t_{n}} , find a substring T j ′ , j = t j ′ … t j {\displaystyle T_{j',j}=t_{j'}\dots t_{j}} in T, which, of all substrings of T, has the smallest edit distance to the pattern P. A brute-force approach would be to compute the edit distance to P for all substrings of T, and then choose the substring with the minimum distance. However, this algorithm would have the running time O(n3 m). A better solution, which was proposed by Sellers, relies on dynamic programming.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199992_chunk_0
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Fuzzy string searching
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In fact, we can use the Levenshtein distance computing algorithm for E(m, j), the only difference being that we must initialize the first row with zeros, and save the path of computation, that is, whether we used E(i − 1,j), E(i,j − 1) or E(i − 1,j − 1) in computing E(i, j). In the array containing the E(x, y) values, we then choose the minimal value in the last row, let it be E(x2, y2), and follow the path of computation backwards, back to the row number 0. If the field we arrived at was E(0, y1), then T ... T is a substring of T with the minimal edit distance to the pattern P. Computing the E(x, y) array takes O(mn) time with the dynamic programming algorithm, while the backwards-working phase takes O(n + m) time.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199993_chunk_0
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Fuzzy string searching
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Another recent idea is the similarity join. When matching database relates to a large scale of data, the O(mn) time with the dynamic programming algorithm cannot work within a limited time. So, the idea is to reduce the number of candidate pairs, instead of computing the similarity of all pairs of strings. Widely used algorithms are based on filter-verification, hashing, Locality-sensitive hashing (LSH), Tries and other greedy and approximation algorithms. Most of them are designed to fit some framework (such as Map-Reduce) to compute concurrently.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199994_chunk_0
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Cable telephony
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In an emergency, if mains power is lost and without the battery backup unit provided at an additional cost by the cable provider, this telephone service ceases to function. Traditional landline service from phone companies supply phantom power over the communication wires and therefore keep attached devices operational. == References ==
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199995_chunk_0
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Carbon monoxide/oxygen engine
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The pregnant woman and child would need additional nutrition from the rations aboard, as well as special treatment and care. The pregnancy would impinge on the pregnant crew member's duties and abilities. It is still not fully known how the environment in a spacecraft would affect the development of a child aboard. It is known however that a fetus would be more susceptible to solar radiation in space, which would likely have a negative effect on its cells and genetics. During a long trip to Mars, it is likely that members of craft may engage in sex due to their stressful and isolated environment.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199996_chunk_0
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Childhood amnesia
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It is theorized that this part of the hippocampus plays a large role in the ability to form and retrieve memories. The ability to store and recall memories gradually increases along with the postnatal development of the dentate gyrus.The physiological approach appears to support findings of memory loss in relation to amnesiacs and others who have experienced damage to the hippocampus. They cannot efficiently store or recall memories from past events, but still exhibit perceptual and cognitive skills and can still learn new information.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199997_chunk_0
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Childhood amnesia
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This discovery that three-year-olds can retrieve memories from earlier in their life implies that all necessary neurological structures are in place to recall episodic information over the short-term, but evidently not over the long-term into adulthood. The finding that all altricial species experience profound forgetting of episodic information formed during infancy suggests that human-centric explanations of infantile amnesia are inherently incomplete. A comprehensive understanding of infantile amnesia will require a neurobiological explanation of why infants forget. There are reasons to believe that different associations within the cerebral hemisphere have an effect on remembering events from a very early period in a person's life. Mixed-handedness and bilateral saccadic eye movements (as opposed to vertical or pursuit eye movements) have been associated with an earlier offset of childhood amnesia, leading to the conclusion that interactions between the two hemispheres correlate with increased memory for early childhood events.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199998_chunk_0
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African superswell
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One possible explanation for the immense uplift of Africa causing the superswell is dynamic topography. This phenomenon describes changes in the topography of the surface of the Earth due to circulation of the underlying mantle. In the case of dynamic topography, the uplift in Africa would be supported by flow from the lower mantle. A deep, low-velocity anomaly under the uplifted region can be seen in tomographic surveys and has been interpreted as a low-density anomaly coming from the deepest region of the mantle.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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wiki_199999_chunk_0
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Argleton
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One possible explanation for the presence of Argleton is that it was added deliberately as a copyright trap, or "paper town" as they are sometimes known, to catch any violations of copyright, though such bogus entries are typically much less obvious. It has been noted that "Argle" seems to echo the word "Google", while the name is also an anagram of "Not Large" and "Not Real G", with the letter G perhaps representing Google. Alternatively, it has been suggested that "Argleton" is merely a misspelling of "Aughton", although both names appear on the map. "Argle" is also a somewhat common metasyntactic variable, the kind of placeholder names used by computer programmers.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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